Geometry Project

Eiffel Tower

Crystal Danos Math 5 March 27, 2014

Although the Eiffel Tower is a world-renowned landmark, initially people despised it. During development, Parisians thought of the tower as ugly and impractical, even though it has become a cherished monument. It was built within two years, which was an architectural achievement at the time, and it has since served many purposes. The Eiffel Tower is located in Paris on the left bank of the Seine River. In 1889, a monument building competition took place in Paris. The World Fair Committee chose a 984-foot (300 meter) open-lattice wrought iron structure, known as the Eiffel Tower. Geometry played a huge role in the development of the tower. Gustave Eiffel, having extensive experience with bridge building, was the most notable engineer to work on the tower, which is how it got its name. In addition to geometry, aerodynamics played an important role in building the Eiffel Tower. Gustave Eiffel, as stated before, was an experienced bridge builder. He developed useful techniques involving efficiency and wind resistance that he applied to the Eiffel Tower. The curvature used in the Eiffel Tower was mathematically calculated to be wind resistant. Mathematical theories have been proposed over the years; the most recent is based on counterbalancing wind pressure with tension. An observation of the tower curvature reveals that the lower half has a stronger resistance to wind forces. The tower resists wind force, allowing the wind to go safely through and move around the object. Gustave Eiffel used calculations that helped him determine the right shapes and angles for the structure. The triangle was a very important shape used. It is strong, can support weight well, and resists deformity. A triangle helps a square or rectangle become sturdier. It adds strength and eliminates lateral movement. Architects use a type of framework called a truss to make bridges or towers. A truss is made out of triangles and strengthens the structure. The official Eiffel Tower website describes the truss as the most important structure of the tower. (www.tour-eiffel.fr) During the first floor assembly, the engineers chose precise angles for the truss frame to create a sturdy base. In an effort to make the Eiffel Tower more appealing, the two chief engineers Emile Nouguier and Maurice Koechiln hired an architect named Stephen Sauvestre. Although Stephen suggested many additions, the architects decided to use only one. At the end of construction, it was decided to add arches between the legs of the tower. Lattice and lacing were two structural techniques that were used for support, but they also contributed to the Eiffel Towers unique look. The legs resemble a four-sided pyramid, making the Eiffel Tower a sturdy structure and adding to its attractive style. Rarely is the idea of mathematics connected to things such as the Eiffel Tower, but clearly, geometry was essential in making the famous landmark. Aerodynamics, shapes, and visual appearance were crucial in making the Eiffel Tower. Would this well-known structure exist without geometry?

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