Vien Tham Ung Dung

http://www.ebook.edu.
vn 1
chNG I
nhng vn chung v cng ngh vin thm
1.1. Cc vn chung v vin thm
Vin thm l khoa hc nghin cu cc phng php thu thp, o lng v
phn tch thng tin ca vt th m khng cn tip xc trc tip vi chng.
Hu ht cc i tng t nhin u hp th, phn x hay bc x sng
in t vi cng v theo nhng cch khc nhau. Cc c trng ny
thng c gi l c trng ph. Thng tin thu c trong vin thm c lin
quan trc tip n nng lng phn x t cc i tng, nn vic nghin cu
c trng phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin trn cc bc sng khc
nhau ng vai tr quan trng trong vic khai thc, ng dng c hiu qu cc
thng tin thu c.
1.1.1. c trng phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin
1. Tm quan trng ca vic nghin cu c trng phn x ph cc i
tng t nhin
Do cc thng tin vin thm c lin quan trc tip n nng lng phn
x t cc i tng t nhin, nn vic nghin cu cc tnh cht quang hc
(ch yu l c trng phn x ph) ca cc i tng t nhin ng vai tr
ht sc quan trng i vi vic ng dng c hiu qu phng php vin
thm. S ra i v pht trin ca k thut vin thm gn lin vi nhng kt
qu nghin cu trong lnh vc ny. Phn ln cc phng php ng dng vin
thm c s dng hin nay u c lin quan trc tip hoc gin tip vi vic
nghin cu c trng phn x ph ca cc i tng hay nhm cc i tng
t nhin. Cc thit b ghi nhn, cc loi phim nh chuyn dng vi nhy
ph ph hp c ch to da trn cc kt qu nghin cu v quy lut
phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin.
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Trong lnh vc vin thm, kt qu ca vic gii on cc thng tin ph
thuc rt nhiu vo s hiu bit mi tng quan gia c trng phn x ph
v bn cht, trng thi ca i tng t nhin. Nhng thng tin v c trng
phn x ph s cho php cc nh chuyn mn chn knh ph ti u cha
nhiu thng tin v i tng nghin cu nht, ng thi cng l c s
phn tch cc tnh cht ca i tng a l, tin ti phn loi cc loi i
tng .
T nhng nm 70 tr li y, bn cnh phng php gii on bng
mt trn cc h my quang c th phng php x l thng tin trn cc nh
tng hp mu, trn cc h my tnh v phn mm chuyn dng ngy cng
pht trin v ng dng rng ri. Tuy nhin, mc chi tit ca kt qu phn
loi, x l chi tit cc nh t hp mu ti u trn my ph thuc rt nhiu vo
s nghin cu c trng theo thi gian (ma, thi k sinh trng, thay i
cc loi hnh canh tc ...) v mi quan h gia cc i tng v tnh cht ha-l
cng nh trng thi ca i tng. Trn c s , ta c th xc nh ngng
xm.
u im c bn ca vic s dng thng tin ph l nhanh, d x l v
chnh xc cao v khng chu nh hng ca sai s sinh ra do hin tng
tn x trong bung chp v trong qu trnh x l phim nh.
2. Mc tiu v phng php nghin cu c trng phn x ph cc i
tng t nhin
Vit Nam phng php vin thm c ng dng kh sm (t
nhng nm 1960) nhng kt qu ng dng cn hn ch do cha c iu kin
k thut tin hnh cc nghin cu c bn v c trng quang hc ca cc
i tng t nhin. Nhng trong mt vi nm tr li y, vic nghin cu
ny c quan tm hn trong cc phng, cc trung tm vin thm trn
ton quc.
Vic nghin cu c trng phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin da
trn cc mc tiu c bn sau:
- Xc nh quy lut phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin nc ta
trong vng sng nhn thy v gn hng ngoi.
- Xc nh s thay i c trng phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin.
- nh gi mc nh hng ca mt s yu t ngoi cnh, iu kin
a l ti kh nng phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin trong iu kin
Vit Nam.
Chnh nh nghin cu ny s cho php loi tr nh hng ca mt s
yu t m trong iu kin ngoi thc a khng thc hin c.
Tin hnh o ph ngoi thc a cho php ta xc nh c trng phn
x ph ca cc i tng t nhin trong cc iu kin thc so snh vi cc
thng tin nh v s thay i ca cc c trng ny theo thi gian. Do vy,
vic nghin cu c trng phn x ph ca cc yu t t nhin l cn thit
nghin cu hin trng lp ph b mt bng t liu vin thm.
3. c trng phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin
c tnh phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin ph thuc vo nhiu
yu t nh iu kin chiu sng, mi trng, kh quyn v b mt i tng
cng nh bn thn cc i tng ( m, lp nn, thc vt, cht mn, cu
trc b mt ...). Nh vy, cc i tng khc nhau s c kh nng phn x
ph khc nhau. Phng php vin thm da ch yu trn nguyn l ny
nhn bit, pht hin cc i tng, hin tng trong t nhin. Cc thng tin
v c trng phn x ph ca i tng t nhin s gip cc nh chuyn mn
la chn c knh ph ti u cha nhiu thng tin v i tng nghin cu.
y chnh l c s phn tch nghin cu cc tnh cht ca i tng, tin
ti phn loi chng.
Nng lng mt tri (E
0
) chiu xung mt t di dng sng in t,
khi nng lng ny tc ng ln b mt mt i tng no th mt phn
b phn x tr li (E
PX
), mt phn b i tng hp th v chuyn thnh dng
nng lng khc (E
HT
), phn cn li b truyn qua hay cn gi l hin tng
thu quang nng lng (E
TQ
). C th m t qu trnh trn theo cng thc:
E
0
= E
PX
+ E
HT
+ E
TQ
(1.1)

Ph thuc vo cu trc b mt ca i tng, nng lng phn x ph
c th phn x ton phn, phn x mt phn hoc tn x ton phn. V vy
cn phi lu khi gii on nh v tinh, nh my bay, nht l khi x l nh
cn phi c cc thng tin v cc khu vc ang kho st v phi bit r cc
thng s k thut ca thit b s dng, iu kin chp nh v cc yu t ny
c vai tr nht nh trong vic gii on hoc x l nh. ng thi, nng
lng phn x t cc i tng khng nhng ph thuc vo cu trc b mt
i tng m cn ph thuc vo bc sng ca nng lng chiu ti. Do vy,
hnh nh ca i tng c ghi nhn bng nng lng phn x ph ca cc
bc sng khc nhau s khc nhau.
nghin cu s ph thuc ca nng lng phn x ph vo bc
sng, ngi ta a ra khi nim v kh nng phn x ph. Kh nng phn x
ph r() ca bc sng c nh ngha bng cng thc:
r() = [E
PX
()/E
0
()] x 100% (1.2)
Cc i tng t nhin trn mt t rt a dng v phc tp, song xt
cho cng n c cu thnh bi ba loi i tng c bn, l: thc vt, th
nhng v nc. Hnh 1.1 th hin r c tnh phn x ph ca cc i tng
ph thuc vo bc sng .
a. c trng phn x ph ca thc vt
c tnh chung nht ca thc vt l kh nng phn x ph ph thuc
vo chiu di bc sng v cc giai on sinh trng khc nhau ca thc vt.


Hnh 1.1: c tnh phn x ph ca mt s i tng t nhin
1. ng cong c trng phn x ph ca thc vt
2. ng cong c trng phx ph ca th nhng
3. ng cong c trng phn x ph ca nc
y l i tng c quan tm nht. Cc trng thi lp ph thc vt
khc nhau c tnh cht phn x ph khc nhau. Bc x mt tri (E
0
) khi ti
b mt l cy mt phn b phn x ngay (E
1
). Bc x vng sng chm v
sng b cht dip lc hp th thc hin qu trnh quang hp. Bc x
vng sng lc khi gp dip lc trong l cy s phn x tr li (E
G
). Bc x
vng sng hng ngoi (E
IR
> 720nm) cng s phn x khi gp cht dip lc
ca l. Nh vy, nng lng phn x t thc vt (E
PX
) bao gm:
E
PX
= E
1
+ E
G
+ E
IR
(1.3)
Trong thnh phn nng lng (E
G
+ E
IR
) cha ng nhng thng tin
cn thit v bn cht v trng thi ca thc vt, cn phn nng lng E
1
ch
c tc dng to ra chi ca i tng . S khc nhau v c trng phn x
ph ca thc vt c xc nh bi cc yu t cu to trong v ngoi l cy
(cht dip lc, cu to m b, thnh phn v cu to biu b, hnh thi cy ...),
thi k sinh trng (tui cy, giai on sinh trng ...) v cc tc ng ngoi

0 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6
20
40
60
r (%)
()
2
1
cnh (iu kin chiu sng, thi tit, v tr a l ...). Tuy vy, c trng phn
x ph ca lp ph thc vt vn mang nhng c im chung: phn x mnh
vng sng hng ngoi gn ( > 720nm), hp th mnh vng sng
( = 680 720nm).
Trong vng nh sng nhn thy, sc t ca l cy nh hng n c
tnh phn x ph ca n, c bit l cht dip lc trong l cy, ngoi ra cn
c mt s sc t khc cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic phn x ph
ca thc vt.

Hnh 1.2: c tnh phn x ph ca thc vt
Theo th ta thy sc t hp ca l cy th bc x vng sng nh
sng nhn thy v vng cn hng ngoi, ngoi ra do trong l cy c nc nn
n hp th bc x vng hng ngoi. Cng t th trn, ta thy kh nng
phn x ph ca l cy xanh vng sng ngn v vng nh sng l thp.
Hai vng suy gim kh nng phn x ph ny tng ng vi hai di sng b
cht dip lc hp th. hai di sng ny, cht dip lc hp th phn ln
nng lng chiu ti, do vy nng lng phn x ca l cy khng ln. Vng
sng b phn x mnh nht l vng nh sng lc tng ng vi bc sng
540nm. Do , l cy ti c mt ta cm nhn c mu lc. Khi l a hoc

0 0,5 0,7 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,5 1,7 1,9 2,1 2,3 2,5
20
40
60
r (%)
()
2
1
3
4
1. m < 40%
2. m 40 54%
3. m 54 66%
4. m > 66%
cy b bnh -l cy mu vng hm lng dip lc trong l gim i do kh
nng phn x ph cng s b thay i.
Nh vy, c th thy kh nng phn x ph ca mi loi thc vt l
khc nhau v c tnh chung nht v kh nng phn x ph ca thc vt l:
- vng nh sng nhn thy, vng cn hng ngoi v hng ngoi kh
nng phn x ph khc bit r rt.
- vng nh sng nhn thy, phn ln nng lng b hp th bi cht
dip lc c trong l cy, mt phn nh thu qua l cn li b phn x.
- vng cn hng ngoi, cu trc l nh hng ln n kh nng phn
x ph, y kh nng phn x ph tng ln r rt.
- vng hng ngoi, nhn t nh hng ln n kh nng phn x
ph ca l l hm lng nc. Khi m trong l cao, nng lng hp th l
cc i; nh hng ca cc cu trc t bo l vng hng ngoi i vi kh
nng phn x ph khng ln bng hm lng nc trong l.
b. c trng phn x ph ca th nhng
Th nhng l nn ca lp ph thc vt, cng vi lp ph thc vt to
thnh mt th thng nht trong cnh quan t nhin. c tnh chung nht ca
chng l kh nng phn x ph tng theo di bc sng, c bit l
vng cn hng ngoi v hng ngoi (hnh 1.3).
Mt phn bc x mt tri chiu ti s phn x ngay trn b mt i
tng (E
1
), phn cn li i vo b dy ca lp ph th nhng. Mt phn
nng lng ny c hp th lm tng nhit ca t, mt phn sau khi tn
x gp cc ht nh v cc thnh phn vt cht khc c trong t (nc v cc
cht khong) s phn x tr li (E
2
). Nh vy, phn nng lng E
2
s cha
ng nhng thng tin c bn v thnh phn, bn cht cc loi t. C th
biu din nng lng phn x di dng:
E
PX
= E
1
+ E
2
(1.4)
Kh nng phn x ph ca th nhng ph thuc ch yu vo bn cht ha
- l ca t, hm lng cht hu c, m, trng thi b mt, thnh phn c gii
ca t ...
Cu trc ca t ph thuc vo thnh phn, t l cu st, bi, ct. St
l ht mn c ng knh nh hn 0.002mm, bi c ng knh 0.002
0.05mm, ct c ng knh 0.05mm 2mm. Tu thuc vo t l thnh phn
ca st,bi v ct m c cc loi t khc nhau.

Hnh 1.3: c tnh phn x ph ca th nhng
t ct mn th khong cch gia cc ht nh v chng gn nhau
hn. Vi ht ln khong cch gia chng ln hn, do vy kh nng vn
chuyn khng kh v m cng d dng hn. Khi m ln, trn mi ht
ct s bc mt mng mng nc, do vy m v lng nc trong loi t
ny s cao hn v do m cng nh hng n kh nng phn x ph
ca chng.
Nhn vo th ta thy: khi m tng ln th kh nng phn x ph
s gim. Do vy, khi ht nc ri vo ct kh ta thy ct c mu thm hn,
2
3
3
1
1

0 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6
20
40
60
r(%)
()

3. t ct
80
2. t bi
1. t mn
l nguyn nhn c s chnh lch r rt gia cc ng c trng 1, 2, 3.
Tuy nhin, nu ct m nu c thm nc cng s khng thm mu i my.
Thnh phn cht hu c c trong t cng nh hng ti kh nng
phn x ph ca cc i tng, vi hm lng cht hu c t 0,5 5,0% t
c mu nu sm. Nu hm lng hu c thp hn t s c mu nu sng.
xt st cng nh hng ti kh nng phn x ph ca t. Kh nng
phn x ph tng khi hm lng xt st trong t gim xung. Khi loi b
xt st ra khi t, th kh nng phn x ph ca t tng ln r rt di
sng t 500nm 1100nm nhng vi bc sng ln hn 1100nm th hu nh
khng c tc dng.

Hnh 1.4: Kh nng phn x ph ca th nhng ph thuc vo m
Nh trn ni, c nhiu yu t nh hng n kh nng phn x ph
ca th nhng, tuy nhin chng c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Vng phn
x v bc x ph mnh dng ghi nhn thng tin hu ch v th nhng
cn hnh nh hai vng ph ny l du hiu on c iu v cc c
tnh ca th nhng.

0 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,4 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,2 2,4 2,6
20
40
60
r(%)
()
2
3. m 2232 %
80
2. m 512 %
1. m 0-4 %
1
3
c. c trng phn x ph ca nc
Kh nng phn x ph ca nc cng thay i theo bc sng ca bc
x chiu ti v thnh phn vt cht c trong nc. Ngoi ra n cn ph thuc
vo b mt nc v trng thi ca nc. Trn nh chp bng knh hng
ngoi v cn hng ngoi, ng b nc c pht hin rt d dng, cn mt
s c tnh khc ca nc cn phi s dng nh chp bng knh nhn thy
nhn bit.
Phn ln nng lng bc x mt tri chiu ti u b nc hp th cho
qu trnh tng nhit nc. Phn nng lng phn x trn b mt kt hp
vi phn nng lng sinh ra sau qu trnh tn x vi cc ht vt cht l lng
trong nc phn x li, to thnh nng lng phn x ca nc. V vy, nng
lng phn x ca cc loi nc l thp v gim dn theo chiu tng ca
bc sng. Bc x mt tri hu nh b nc hp th hon ton vng hng
ngoi v cn hng ngoi. Nc c phn x mnh hn nc trong, c bit
vng sng .

Hnh 1.5: Kh nng phn x v hp th ca nc

0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7
10
20
30
r(%)
()
2
2. Phn x
40
1. Hp th
50
1
Trong iu kin t nhin, mt nc hoc mt lp nc mng s hp
th rt mnh nng lng di cn hng ngoi v hng ngoi, do vy nng
lng phn x rt t. V kh nng phn x ph ca nc di sng di kh
nh nn vic s dng cc knh sng di chp cho ta nhiu kh nng gii
on cc yu t thu vn. V d: ng b nc s c gii on d dng
trn nh chp bng knh hng ngoi v cn hng ngoi.
1.1.2. Mt s yu t chnh nh hng ti kh nng phn x ph ca cc
i tng t nhin
1. nh hng ca cc yu t khng gian - thi gian n kh nng phn x
ca cc i tng t nhin
a. Yu t thi gian
Thc ph mt t v mt s i tng khc thng thay i theo thi
gian v do vy kh nng phn x ph cng thay i theo thi gian. V d:
cy rng l vo ma ng v xanh tt vo ma xun, ma h, hoc cy la
c mu khc nhau theo thi v. V vy khi gii on nh cn bit r thi v,
thi im ghi nhn nh v c im ca i tng cn on c iu v.
b. Yu t khng gian
Ngi ta chia lm hai loi:
- Yu t khng gian cc b: th hin khi chp nh cng mt loi cy
nhng trng theo hng v trng theo mng ln s c kh nng phn x ph
khng nh nhau.
- Yu t khng gian a l: th hin khi cng loi thc vt nhng sinh
trng cc vng a l khc nhau th kh nng phn x ph s khng nh
nhau. Yu t khng gian cng th hin khi chp nh vng ni lc mt tri
khng v tr thin nh, khi cng mt i tng trn sn c chiu
sng v sn khng c chiu sng s c kh nng phn x ph khc nhau.
c. nh hng ca kh quyn
Khi xem xt h thng ghi nhn thng tin vin thm ta thy rng: nng
lng bc x t mt tri xung cc i tng trn mt t phi qua tng
kh quyn, sau khi phn x t b mt tri t nng lng li c truyn
qua kh quyn ti thit b ghi thng tin trn v tinh. Do vy kh quyn c
nh hng rt ln n kh nng phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin.
C hai con ng nh hng chnh ca kh quyn l tn x v hp th.
- Hin tng tn x ch lm i hng tia chiu m khng lm mt
nng lng. Tn x l do cc ht vt cht nh c trong khng kh hoc cc
ion c trong kh quyn phn x tia chiu ti, hoc do tia chiu truyn qua lp
kh quyn dy c c mt khng kh khng ng nht gy nn.
- Hin tng hp th xy ra khi tia sng khng c tn x m truyn
qua lp nguyn t khng kh trong kh quyn v lm nng lp kh quyn .
Hin tng tn x tuyt i xy ra khi khng c s hp th nng lng.
1.2. Kh nng thng tin ca nh vin thm
Trong nhng nm va qua, nc ta c nhiu nghin cu v sn
xut th nghim v vic s dng nh v tinh cc loi thnh lp bn
HTSD cc cp. Qua cho php rt ra mt s kt lun sau:
- S dng nh v tinh kt hp vi cc ti liu khc v kt qu iu tra
thc a c th thnh lp mi t u cc bn HTSD t l 1: 5.000 -
1:10.000 v t l nh hn.
- nh v tinh c th dng chnh l cc bn HTSD cc cp hin
c nu nhng bn ny m bo c chnh xc ca bn theo quy
nh v c s thay i v ni dung khng ln lm (khong 30%).
- nh v tinh l ti liu h tr rt tt thnh lp bn HTSD bng
bn a chnh hoc bn gii tha mi o v.
- Kh nng nhn bit trn nh c th xc nh c cc i tng c
kch thc nh nht khong 2,5 - 20m trn thc a. C ngha l p ng
c yu cu v ch tiu biu th trn bn HTSD(bn cpx - 10mm
2
,
bn cp huyn - 4mm
2
).
- Da vo nh ta c th xc nh c cc i tng sau:
+ t nng nghip: t trng la, la mu; t nng ry ( ch r
hnh tha); t trng cy hng nm khc; t trng cy lu nm; t c mt
nc nui trng thu sn; t rng; vn m cy ging.
+ t phi nng nghip: bao gm t mt nc chuyn dng; t ; t
an ninh quc phng; t tr s c quan x nghip; t chuyn dng (giao
thng, thu li, yt, di tch vn ho, ch, th thao, nguyn vt liu xy dng);
t bi rc thi; t ngha trang, ngha a; t mt nc chuyn dng.
+ t cha s dng: t bng cha s dng; ni khng c rng; t
i ni cha s dng.
Mt s loi hnh s dng t kh xc nh hoc khng xc nh c
trn nh m phi dng cc ti liu khc hoc phi tin hnh iu tra thc a
b sung.
c im ca nh v tinh l bao ph mt din tch ln li c ghi
nhn thng tin b mt trong cng mt thi im s l mt yu t ht sc
quan trng i vi ni dung ca bn hin trng, bi l bn ny phi
m bo tnh hin thi ca cc i tng trong cng mt thi gian.
khu vc con ngi kh hoc khng n c (vng ni cao, hi
o, vng bi bi...), nh v tinh l ti liu tt nht thnh lp bn
HTSD m khng c mt ti liu no c th thay th c.
Do kh nng ghi nhn nh lp li theo chu k nn cho php c th cp
nht cc thng tin v HTSD, c bit l i vi cc vng c bin ng ln
nh vng ven , cc khu cng nghip, cc khu ch xut, cc vng c
chuyn dch c cu cy trng, vt nui vi quy m ln...
1.3. Cc phng php gii on nh vin thm
Gii on nh vin thm l qu trnh tch thng tin nh tnh cng
nh nh lng ca hnh nh da trn cc tri thc chuyn ngnh hoc kinh
nghim ca ngi gii on. Vic tch thng tin trong cng tc vin thm
c th phn thnh 5 loi:
- Phn loi a ph.
- Pht hin bin ng.
- Chit tch cc thng tin t nhin.
- Xc nh cc ch s.
- Xc nh cc i tng c bit.
Phn loi a ph l qu trnh tch gp thng tin da phn gii ph,
phn gii khng gian v thi gian ca hnh nh i tng. Pht hin bin
ng l pht hin bin ng da trn t liu nh a thi gian. Chit tch cc
thng tin t nhin tng ng vi vic o nhit , trng thi kh quyn,
m ca vt th da trn cc c trng ph hoc th sai ca cp nh lp th.
Xc nh cc ch s l vic tnh ton cc ch s mi, v d ch s thc vt.Xc
nh cc c tnh hoc hin tng c bit nh thin tai, cu trc, cc du vt
tm kim kho c.
Qu trnh tch thng tin t nh c th c thc hin bng mt cng
vi b c ca con ngi hoc bng my tnh.
Vic gii on nh bng mt c u im l c th khai thc c cc
tri thc chuyn mn v kinh nghim ca con ngi, mt khc vic gii on
nh bng mt c th phn tch c cc thng tin phn b khng gian. Tuy
nhin phng php ny c nhc im l tn km thi gian v kt qu thu
c khng ng nht.
Vic x l bng my tnh c u im l nng sut cao, thi gian x l
ngn, c th xc nh c cc ch s c trng t nhin nhng n c nhc
im l kh kt hp vi tri thc v kinh nghim ca con ngi, kt qu phn
tch thng tin km. khc phc nhc im ny, nhng nm gn y ngi
ta ang nghin cu cc h chuyn gia, l cc h chng trnh my tnh c
kh nng m phng tri thc chuyn mn ca con ngi phc v cho vic gii
on nh t ng.
1.3.1. Phng php gii on nh bng mt
Gii on nh bng mt c th p dng trong mi iu kin trang thit
b. Gii on nh bng mt l vic s dng mt thng cng vi cc dng c
quang hc nh knh lp, knh lp th, my tng hp mu xc nh cc i
tng. C s gii on nh bng mt l cc chun gii on c v kha
gii on nh.
1. Cc chun gii on nh v tinh
Nhn chung c th chia cc chun gii on thnh 8 nhm chnh sau:
a. Chun kch thc
Cn phi chn t l nh ph hp gii on. Kch thc ca i
tng c th xc nh bng cch ly kch thc o c trn nh nhn vi
mu s t l nh.
b. Chun hnh dng
Hnh dng c ngha quan trng trong gii on nh. Hnh dng c
trng cho mi i tng khi nhn t trn cao xung v c coi l chun gii
on quan trng.
c. Chun bng
Bng ca vt th d dng nhn thy khi ngun sng khng nm chnh
xc nh u hoc trng hp chp nh xin. Da vo bng ca vt th c
th xc nh c chiu cao ca n.
d. Chun en
en trn nh en trng bin thin t trng n en. Mi vt th
c th hin bng mt cp sng nht nh t l vi cng phn x
nh sng ca n. V d: ct kh phn x rt mnh nh sng nn trn nh ton
sc bao gi cng c mu trng, trong khi ct t do phn x km hn
nn c mu ti hn. Trn nh hng ngoi en trng, do cy l nhn phn x
mnh tia hng ngoi nn c nh mu trng v nc li hp th hu ht bc
x trong di sng ny nn bao gi nh cng c mu en.
e. Chun mu sc
Mu sc l mt chun rt tt trong vic xc nh cc i tng. V d:
cc kiu loi thc vt c th c pht hin d dng ngay c cho nhng
ngi khng c nhiu kinh nghim trong gii on nh khi s dng nh hng
ngoi mu. Cc i tng khc nhau cho cc tng mu khc nhau, c bit
khi s dng nh a ph tng hp mu.
f. Chun cu trc
Cu trc l mt tp hp ca nhiu hnh mu nh. V d: mt bi c
khng xen ln cc loi cy khc cho ta nh c cu trc mn, ngc li rng
hn giao cho nh c cu trc sn si. ng nhin iu ny cn ph thuc
vo t l nh c s dng.
g. Chun phn b
Chun phn b l mt tp hp ca nhiu hnh dng nh phn b theo
mt quy lut nht nh trn nh. V d: hnh nh ca cc dy nh, hnh nh
ca rung la nc, cc i trng ch ... to ra nhng hnh mu c trng
ring cho cc i tng .
h. Chun mi quan h tng h
Mt tng th cc chun gii on mi trng xung quanh hoc mi lin
quan ca cc i tng nghin cu vi cc i tng khc cung cp mt thng tin
gii on quan trng.
Nhm tr gip cho cng tc gii on, ngi ta thnh lp cc kha gii
on cho cc i tng khc nhau. Kha gii on l tp hp cc chun
dng gii on mt i tng nht nh. Kt qu gii on ph thuc vo
kha gii on. Mc ch ca vic s dng kha gii on l lm chun ha
cc kt qu gii on ca nhiu ngi khc nhau. Thng thng, kha gii
on do nhng ngi c kinh nghim v hiu bit thnh lp da trn nhng
vng nghin cu th nghim c iu tra k lng. Tt c 8 chun gii
on cng vi cc thng tin v thi gian chp, t l nh, ma chp u phi
a vo kha gii on. Mt b kha gii on gm khng ch phn nh m
cn m t bng li na.
2. nh tng hp mu
T liu nh dng gii on bng mt tt nht l nh tng hp mu.
c im c bn ca nh tng hp mu l s m ha bng mu cc khc bit
v ph ca cc i tng. y chun gii on chnh l s tng phn mu
c nhn mnh nh s la chn mt cch c thc phng n tng hp
mu. Trong trng hp t liu gc tha mn cc iu kin k thut nu, s
dng phng n tng hp mu chun v iu kin x l ha nh cht ch th
mu l mt chun gii on tng i n nh.
Nh kh nng phn bit cao ca mu sc nn n c th truyn t s
khc bit v ph ca i tng nghin cu cho ngi gii on, nh tng hp
mu c tnh trc quan sinh ng hn nh ph en trng.i vi nh ph
chp vng hng ngoi, nh tng hp mu cho ta bc tranh mu gi khng
c thc trong t nhin.
V mu sc, nh tng hp mu so vi nh mu v tinh chp trn phim
mu c nhiu mu sc hn vi tng phn mu cao hn. So vi nh a
ph th nh tng hp mu cng c nhiu mu sc hn v tng phn cao
hn, nhng phn gii li km hn nh ph mu. Kh nng gii on cc
i tng trn nh tng hp mu ph thuc vo vic la chn phng n
tng hp mu tc l ph thuc vo nhim v gii on, kh nng ng dng
ca nh tng hp mu gii on cc i tng c th.
La chn knh ph tng hp mu l mt cng vic quan trng
quyt nh cht lng thng tin ca nh tng hp mu. Vic la chn knh
ph c xc nh trn c s nh sau:
- c tnh phn x ph ca cc i tng cn gii on.
- Nhim v ca vic gii on.
- Yu cu i vi phn gii ca nh dng gii on.
- c im ca khu vc cn gii on.
chn knh ph mang tnh thng tin cao cn phn loi nhm i
tng chnh cn gii on. Trn c s cc knh ph mang thng tin, ta chn
ra knh chnh v knh ph tng hp mu.
Mt khc, la chn knh ph c th s dng biu sng
(histogram).
Cc thit b dng cho tng hp mu a ph thng dng trn th gii
v nc ta l:
- My chiu hnh a ph chuyn dng MSP-4C (CHLB c) v AC-90B
(Nht).
- My nn Rectimat - C, Dust 2000 c gn u mu.
- Cc my vi tnh PC c mn hnh mu VGA v cc trm lm vic WS.
1.3.2. Phng php gii on nh bng x l s
1.Thut ton phn loi
Thut ton phn loi c s dng quy mt pixel cha bit vo mt
loi i tng no . Vic la chn cch phn loi ring bit hoc lut
quyt nh ph thuc vo tnh cht ca ch tiu u vo v yu cu ca d
liu u ra.
Di y l mt s thut ton phn loi thng dng trong Vin thm.
a. Phn loi theo khong cch ngn nht (Minimum distance classifier)
Phn loi theo khong cch ngn nht c s dng phn loi cc
i tng trong khng gian ph a chiu. Khong cch gia cc pixel c
s dng nh chun nh gi s ph thuc v mt lp no ca pixel
ang kho st. Cc khong cch thng dng bao gm:
- Khong cch clit
d
k
2
= (X -
k
)
t
(X -
k
) (1.5)
Khong cch ny c s dng trong trng hp phng sai ca cc
lp khc nhau. Khong cch clit c th coi nh h s ng dng.
- Khong cch clit chun ha
d
k
2
= (X -
k
)
t
k
-1
(X -
k
) (1.6)
- Khong cch Mahalanobs
Trong trng hp gia cc knh ph c mi tng quan th khong
cch Mahalanobs c s dng thay cho cc khong cch khc. Khong
cch Mahalanobs c nh ngha nh sau:
d
k
2
= (X -
k
)
t
k
-1
(X -
k
) (1.7)
Trong : X : vector gi tr cp sng, X = x
1
, x
2
,..., x
n

k
: vector trung bnh ,
k
= m
1,
m
2,...,
m
n

k
: ma trn phng sai,

k
: Ma trn phng sai - hip phng sai.

k
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
nn
... . 0
. ... . .
. ... . .
0 ... 0
0 ... 0
22
11

k
=
(
(
(
(
(
(
nn n
n
n

... .
. ... . .
. ... . .
...
...
1
2 22 21
1 12 11

Nguyn l phn loi theo khong cch ngn nht c th hin trn
hnh sau:
Hnh 1.6: Nguyn l phn loi theo khong cch ngn nht
Thut ton khong cch ngn nht kh n gin v mt ton hc v c
hiu qu v mt tnh ton nhng c hn ch l khng nhy cm vi mc
bin i trong d liu ph thu nhn c. Do vy thut ton ny khng s
dng cho vic phn loi ph gn ging nhau trong khng gian v c
bin thin cao.
b. Phn loi theo xc sut cc i (Maximum likelihood classifier)
Phng php phn loi theo xc sut cc i c s dng thng
xuyn trong x l nh vin thm. Mi pixel c tnh xc sut thuc vo mt
lp no v n c gn vo lp c xc sut thuc vo lp ln nht.
Xc sut ny c nh ngha nh sau:
L
k
= P(k/X) = P(k) *P(X/k)/P(i)*P(X/i) (1.8)
Trong : P(k) : xc sut tin nh ca lp k
d
A
Lp A
Lp C
Lp B
d
B
d
C
O
Knh 2 O: i tng cha bit
d
A
: khong cch gia im
cha bit n gi tr trung
bnh lp A

: gi tr trung bnh ca lp C
Knh 1
P(X/k) : xc sut iu kin c th thay c X thuc vo lp k
Thng thng ngi ta coi P(k) l hng s cho tt c cc lp v
P(i)*P(X/i) cng c coi nh vy cho nn thc cht xc sut L
k
c th
c vit nh sau:

) ( ) ( 2 / 1
2 / 1
2 /
1
) 2 (
1
) (

=
X X
k
n
k
k
e X L (1.9)
Trong : X : vector cp xm ca mt pixel no
L
k
: xc sut m X thuc vo lp k
k
: nh thc ca ma trn phng sai - hip phng sai
Nguyn l phn loi theo phng php xc sut cc i nh sau:

Hnh 1.7: Nguyn l phn loi theo xc sut cc i
Xc sut
thuc vo
lp B: ln
Xc sut thuc
vo lp A: nh

Knh 1
Knh 2
Lp B
Lp A
Phn loi theo cc lp
Gi s cc
gi tr chnh ca
phn b chun
Knh 1
Xc sut phn b
Theo l thuyt xc sut, phng php phn loi theo xc sut cc i
c nhiu u vit. Tuy vy, khi s dng n cn ch ti my vn sau:
- S lng cc khu vc ly mu thc a phi ln cc gi tr trung
bnh cng nh ma trn phng sai - hip phng sai tnh cho mt lp no c
gi tr ng vi thc t.
- Ma trn nghch o ca ma trn phng sai - hip phng sai s khng
n nh trong mt s trng hp tng quan gia cc knh ph rt gn
nhau. Khi cn p dng phng php lm gim s knh ph, v d nh
phng php phn tch thnh phn chnh.
Trong trng hp hm phn b ca cc i tng nghin cu khng
theo lut phn b chun Gauss th khng nn s dng phng php ny.
c. Phn loi hnh hp (Box Classifier)

Hnh 1.8: Bn cht hnh hc ca phn loi hnh hp
Phn loi hnh hp thuc vo nhm phng php phn loi c gim
nh n gin nht. Trong phng php ny mi trc ph c chia thnh
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
10
20
30
40
50
t nng
nghip
t
t hoang
t ct
nhiu lp da trn cc gi tr ti a, ti thiu ca tp mu tng ng. Hay ni
cch khc l trong khng gian ph ny ta xc nh cc "hp" bao bc mt
nhm cng tnh cht. Cc pixel nm trong "hp" khng gian gii hn bi cc
min xc nh trn trc ph nh vy s c phn loi. Phng php ny c
tc tnh ton cao nhng chnh xc v kh nng p dng cn b hn ch.
Bn cht hnh hc c m t nh hnh 1.8.
Qu trnh phn loi theo phng php hnh hp c tin hnh nh sau:
- Xc nh ng bao cho tt c cc hp c trng theo cc vng lin
tc (vng ly mu). Tc l vng c c trng xc nh nh t, nc, thc
vt...trn nh gc v c xc nh thc a. i vi tng lp lin tc
c gi tr xm trung bnh v c phng sai ca s phn b en cn
thit tnh ton:
=
=
i
n
k
ij ij
X
n
1
1
(1.10)
( ) 1
2
1 1
2
2
|
|
\
|
=

= =
i i
n
k
ijk
n
k
ijk i
ij
n n
X X n
i i
(i = 1,2,..., n
i
; j = 1,2,..., N
B
) (1.11)
Trong : i - s th t ca lp trong tng N lp,
j - s th t ca knh trong tng N
B
knh,
k - s th t ca pixel trong tng N
i
pixel.
Khi s dng
ij
v
ij
cho cc vng bao ca tng hp, ta c th dng
biu thc sau:
(X
min
)
ij
=
ij
- k.
ij
(1.12)
(X
max
)
ij
=
ij
+ k.
ij
(1.13)
y k l h s t l la chn, (X
min
)
ij
, (X
max
)
ij
l gii hn thng nht
v cao nht ca vng bao lp i trn knh nh j.
- i vi tt c cc pixel trn nh gc, vic gii on cc c trng s
thc hin theo iu kin: Nu (X
min
)
ij
< X
ik
< (X
max
)
ij
, (j = 1,2...N
B
) th pixel
k thuc lp j v ngc li pixel k khng thuc lp j.
- Trong qu trnh x l, kt qu phn loi nh th t ca lp c gn
cho tng pixel.
2. Phng php phn loi bng x l s
Cc t liu thu c trong vin thm phn ln l di dng s cho nn
vn gii on nh bng x l s gi mt vai tr quan trng v c l cng
l phng php c bn trong vin thm hin i. Gii on nh bng x l s
trong vin thm bao gm cc giai on sau:
a. Nhp s liu
C hai ngun t liu chnh l nh tng t do cc my chp nh
cung cp v nh s do cc my qut cung cp. Trong trng hp nh s th t
liu nh c chuyn t cc bng t lu tr mt cao HDDT vo cc bng
t CCT, dng ny my tnh no cng c c s liu. Trong trng hp
nh tng t th t liu nh c chuyn thnh dng s thng qua cc my qut
chuyn dng.
b. Khi phc v hiu chnh nh
y l giai on m cc tn hiu s c hiu chnh h thng nhm
to ra mt t liu nh c th s dng c. Giai on ny thng c thc
hin trn cc my tnh ln ti cc Trung tm thu s liu v tinh.
c. Bin i nh
Cc qu trnh x l nh tng cng cht lng, bin i tuyn tnh ... l
giai on tip theo. Giai on ny c th thc hin trn cc my tnh nh nh
cc my vi tnh khun kh ca mt phng th nghim.
d. Phn loi
Phn loi a ph tch cc thng tin cn thit phc v vic theo di
cc i tng hay lp bn chuyn l khu then cht ca vic khai thc
t liu vin thm.
C hai phng php phn loi a ph :
- Phng php phn loi c gim nh
Phn loi c gim nh l mt hnh thc phn loi m cc ch tiu
phn loi c xc lp da trn cc vng mu. Vng mu l khu vc m trn
nh ngi gii on bit chc chn n thuc vo mt trong cc lp cn tm.
Da vo cc vng mu, cc tham s thng k s c xc nh v chnh l
cc ch tiu thng k s dng trong qu trnh phn loi sau ny.
- Phng php phn loi khng gim nh
Ti nhng khu vc khng c mt thng tin no v i tng cn phn
loi, ngi ta s dng k thut phn loi khng gim nh. Phn loi khng
gim nh ch s dng thun tu thng tin nh. Trnh t thc hin c th tm
tt nh sau:
+ u tin, cc pixel trn nh c gp thnh cc nhm c c trng
ph tng i ng nht bng k thut ghp lp.
+ Cc nhm ny c s dng tnh cc tham s thng k cho qu
trnh phn loi tip theo.
Vic xc nh cc tham s thng k tp mu ph thuc vo cc phng php
phn loi s c s dng. Tuy nhin phn ln cc phng php phn loi
u s dng cc tham s nh gi tr trung bnh tp mu, ma trn, phng sai.
e. Xut kt qu
Kt qu c th xut di dng nh tng t, nh s hay cc bn
ng nt. Cc kt qu dng s ny c khai thc, s dng nhiu v chng
l u vo rt tt cho cng ngh s dng h thng thng tin a l. Trn c
s ng dng h thng thng tin a l, nhiu loi thng tin khc nhau cng
c a vo x l to mt kt qu chnh xc v phong ph hn so vi
trng hp ch s dng ring t liu vin thm.

1.4 nh gi chnh xc ca kt qu phn loi
Phn loi a ph l qu trnh tch gp thng tin d trn cc tnh cht
ph khng gian v thi gian ca i tng. Phn loi a ph chit tch
cc thng tin cn thit phc v cho vic theo di cc i tng hay thnh lp
bn chuyn l khu then cht ca vic khai thc cc t liu vin thm.
nh gi chnh xc phn loi l vn ang c cc chuyn gia vin
thm ch n. Ngy nay cha c phng php no n gin v chun mc
c chp nhn i tr xc nh chnh xc phn loi. C hai phng
php c s dng ph bin nht nh gi chnh xc cng tc phn
loi a ph. C hai u so snh cc kt qu thu c t cch phn loi bng
i s vi c tnh bit ca mt t trong cc vng th nghim t cc ti
liu tham kho. Cc khu vc th nghim c i din in hnh bng mt
hoc t hp ca:
- Cc khu vc th nghim ng nht cho ngi gii on la chn.
- Cc khu vc th nghim hoc cc pixel c chn mt cch ngu
nhin.
1.4.1 Phng php th nht
Ta bit cch s dng mt bng ngu nhin lm cng c nh gi
chnh xc phn loi ca khu vc ly mu. Cn nh l phng thc ny ch
nu ra cc s liu thng k ly ra t cc khu vc mu c th s dng tt
phn loi cc khu vc . Nu cc kt qu tt th iu chng t khu vc
mu l ng nht v cch phn loi ang s dng c th phc v tt trong
cc khu vc mu. iu ny tr gip trong qu trnh chn lc b mu nhng
n t ch ra yu t c phn loi ra sao trn khu vc khc.
Cc khu vc th nghim l nhng khu vc c lp ph mt t i din
ng nht khc v rng hn cc vng mu. Chng thng c b tr trong
giai on ly mu phn loi c kim nh bng cch chn thm cc vng
mu d tr nhiu hn so vi yu cu nghin cu xy dng thng k phn
loi. Khi , mt phn ca chng c th c gi li nh gi chnh
xc sau khi phn loi v li dng mt bng ngu nhin biu th cc kt
qu. chnh xc thu c trong cc khu vc ny biu th gn ng cht
lng phn loi trn ton b khu o. Tuy nhin, v l ng nht nn cc din
tch th nghim c th khng a ra chnh xc phn loi cho tng pixel
ring bit ca s bin ng.
Mt phng php c th dng nh gi chnh xc l so snh kt
qu phn loi lp ph mt t ti mi pixel trong nh vi ti liu tham kho.
Tuy nhin,vic thu thp thng tin lp ph mt t tham kho cho mt khu
vc l kh tn km.
1.4.2 Phng php th hai
Vic ly mu mt cch ngu nhin s khc phc c cc nhc im
trn nhng n b nh hng do s lng vng mu c hn. Trc ht, do vic
thu thp cc ti liu tham kho cho cc mu i din cho cc im phn b
ngu nhin thng rt kh khn v tn km bi v vic i li v vic tip cn
cc im ly mu ngu nhin gp kh khn. Hai l, gi tr ca vic ly mu
ngu nhin ph thuc vo kh nng ghi li chnh xc cc ti liu tham kho.
Bin php khc phc nhc im ny l ch ly mu ti nhng pixel m
c im nhn dng chng khng b nh hng ca cc sai s ghi chp
(chng hn cc im cch ranh gii gia cc vng ly mu t nht mt vi
pixel).
Cc pixel th nghim phi chn mt cch ngu nhin nhng phi i
din v mt a l cho tp hp d liu phn tch. Vic chn mu ngu nhin
phi theo cc lp, m ti mi loi t ph c th xem l mt lp c s
dng. V vy, phng php ly mu thch hp cho vic thng k t nng
nghip s khc vi phng php ly mu thnh lp bn vng m ly.
Ngoi ra, khi thit k vng mu cn phi ch n din tch khu vc c
nghin cu v cc loi lp ph cn c phn loi.
Mt cch ph bin thc hin vic ly mu ngu nhin l chng cc
d liu kt qu phn loi ln mt li vung. Sau s chn ngu nhin
cc th nghim. Cc lp ph mt t hin c c xc nh thng qua vic
kim tra ngoi thc a (hoc cc ngun d liu tham kho khc) v so snh
vi cc d liu phn loi. Sau s ghi li cc kt qu vo trong mt bng
ngu nhin.
Trong vic xc nh chnh xc phn loi, iu quan trng khng ch
nu ln t l cc pixel c phn loi ng m cn cn xc nh tnh cht sai
st phm phi ca tng loi mt.
Ch tiu Kappa ny nm trong phm vi t 0 n 1 v biu th s gim
theo t l v sai s c thc hin bng mt yu t phn loi hon ton ngu
nhin. Do vy, gi tr 0,75 s ch ra rng cc yu t phn loi trnh c
75% cc sai s m mt qu trnh hon ton ngu nhin c th sinh ra.
Kch thc ca vng mu cng cn phi c cn nhc cn thn trong
vic xy dng v gii thch chnh xc phn loi. nh gi chnh xc
trung bnh ca mt loi vi sai s 5% cn phi c nhiu hn 250 pixel th
nghim. Khi s lng pixel th nghim c ly mu t hn th chnh xc
s b gim ng k. Tm li, s lng cc im cn ly mu ph thuc vo
quy trnh ly mu c s dng, chnh xc ca vic c tnh, s lng
pixel c mt trong mt chng loi v chnh xc phn loi yu cu.
Ngoi ra, khi nh gi chnh xc phn loi cn lu n hai vn
: th nht l cht lng ca bt k vic nh gi chnh xc no cng ch
tt khi thng tin c s dng thit lp loi t thc c mt trong cc
vng th nghim. Vi mt chng mc no , sai s c lng c mt trong
ti liu tham kho phi c a vo qu trnh nh gi chnh xc. Th
hai l quy trnh nh gi chnh xc phi c thit k sao cho phn nh
ng mc ch ca vic phn loi . Chng hn, mt pixel n l b phn
loi sai l m ly nm gia mt vng trng mu c th khng c ngha
trong vic xy dng k hoch s dng t ca mt vng, nhng sai st li
khng th b qua nu vic phn loi lm c s nh thu t nng
nghip.
.


chng 2 chng 2 chng 2 chng 2
cc vn chung v h thng tin a l
2.1 - nh ngha v cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng tin
a l
2.1.1 - nh ngha
H thng tin a l (Geographical Information System - GIS) c
nh ngha nh mt h thng thng tin vi kh nng truy nhp, tm kim,
x l, phn tch v truy xut d liu a l hoc d liu khng gian, nhm h
tr quy hoch th, qun l ti nguyn thin nhin v mi trng.
H thng tin a l (HTTL) l mt cng c my tnh lp bn v
phn tch cc s vt, hin tng thc trn Tri t. Cng ngh h thng tin
a l kt hp cc thao tc c s d liu thng thng (nh cu trc hi -
p) v cc php phn tch thng k, phn tch a l, trong php phn
tch a l v hnh nh c cung cp duy nht t cc bn . Nhng kh
nng ny phn bit h thng tin a l vi cc h thng thng tin khc v
khin cho h thng tin a l c phm vi ng dng rng trong nhiu lnh vc
khc nhau (phn tch cc s kin, d on tc ng v hoch nh chin lc).
Hin nay, nhng thch thc chnh m chng ta phi i mt l bng n
dn s, nhim, ph rng, thin tai... chim mt khng gian a l quan trng.
Khi xc nh mt cng vic kinh doanh mi (nh tm mt vng t
thch hp cho vic trng ch, hoc tnh ton l trnh ti u cho mt chuyn
xe khn cp...), HTTL cho php to lp bn , phi hp thng tin, khi
qut cc vin cnh, gii quyt cc vn phc tp, v pht trin cc gii
php hiu qu m trc y khng thc hin c. HTTL l mt cng c
c cc c nhn, t chc, trng hc, chnh ph v cc doanh nghip s
dng nhm hng ti cc phng thc mi gii quyt cc vn i hi.
Lp bn v phn tch a l khng phi l k thut mi, nhng
HTTL thc thi cc cng vic ny tt hn v nhanh hn cc phng php
th cng c. Trc y, ch c mt s t ngi c nhng k nng cn thit
s dng thng tin a l gip ch cho vic gii quyt vn v a ra cc
quyt nh.
Ngy nay, HTTL l mt ngnh cng nghip hng t la vi s tham
gia ca hng trm nghn ngi trn ton th gii. HTTL c dy trong cc
trng ph thng, trng i hc trn ton th gii. Cc chuyn gia ca mi
lnh vc u nhn thc c nhng u im ca s kt hp cng vic ca h v
HTTL.
2.1.2 - Cc thnh phn c bn ca HTTTL
HTTL c kt hp bi nm thnh phn chnh: phn cng, phn mm,
d liu, con ngi v phng php.

Hnh 2.1 - Cc thnh phn c bn ca HTTL
1. Phn cng:
Phn cng l h thng my tnh m trn mt h HTTL hot ng.
Ngy nay, phn mm HTTL c kh nng chy trn rt nhiu dng phn
cng, t my ch trung tm n cc my trm hot ng c lp hoc lin
kt mng.
My tnh hay b x l trung tm (CPU) c ni vi thit b lu tr l
a, tc l ni cha d liu v cc chng trnh. Bn s ha hoc thit b
khc c s dng chuyn i d liu bn v cc vn bn sang dng s
v gi chng ti cho my tnh. My v hoc mt loi thit b khc dng
hin th kt qu x l d liu, cn bng t c dng lu tr d liu hoc
cc chng trnh vo bng t hoc dng trao i vi cc h thng khc.
Vic trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh cng c th c trao i qua h
thng mng s dng cc ng truyn ti d liu c bit hoc ng dy
in thoi c gn thm mem. Ngi s dng kim sot my tnh v cc
thit b ngoi vi (thut ng chung ch my v, my in, bn s ha v cc
thit b khc c kt ni vi my tnh) thng qua mn hnh (VDU) hay cn
gi l thit b u cui (terminal). Thit b u cui c th l mt my vi
tnh, hoc c th kt hp thm cc phn cng c bit c th th hin bn
mt cch nhanh chng. C mt lot cc thit b p ng c cc yu cu
ca mt phn cng chung.

Hnh 2.2 - Cc b phn cu thnh phn cng my tnh.
2. Phn mm:
B chng trnh phn mm ca h thng thng tin a l gm c 5
m- un k thut c bn (hnh 2.3). Nhng mun ny chnh l cc h thng
con dng :
a. Nhp v chnh sa d liu,
Bn s ho
(Digitizer)
a
Disk Drive
My v
Plotter
bng
Tape drive
B x l
trung tm
C.P.U
Mn hnh
V.D.U
b. Lu tr d liu v qun l c s d liu,
c. Xut v th hin d liu,
d. Bin i d liu,
e. Trao i vi ngi dng.

Hnh 2.3 - Cc modul phn mm ca HTTL
3. D liu:
.
C th coi thnh phn quan trng nht trong mt h HTTL l d liu. Cc d liu
a l v d liu thuc tnh lin quan c th c ngi s dng t tp hp hoc c mua
t nh cung cp d liu thng mi. H HTTL s kt hp d liu khng gian vi cc
ngun d liu khc, thm ch c th s dng DBMS t chc lu gi v qun l d liu

B cm ng Quan trc thc a Bn c
Files vn
bn
Files vn
bn
Bn s
ho
Files vn
bn
Terminal
trao i
Nhp d liu
Nhp lnh
hi p
Nhp d liu
C s d liu
a l
Hin th v
bo co
Truyn tin
Hnh 2.4 - Cng tc nhp d liu

Nhp d liu (hnh 2.4) bao gm tt c cc cng on ca vic chuyn
i d liu thu c t cc bn c, cc s liu quan trc thc a v t
cc b cm (gm c vic chp nh my bay, nh v tinh v cc thit b ghi
li) sang dng s tng thch. C mt lot cc cng c my tnh dnh cho
cng vic ny, k c terminal trao i hoc mn hnh, bn s ha, cc file
vn bn d liu, my qut (dng trong cc v tinh hoc my bay ghi li
trc tip d liu hay chuyn i cc loi bn v nh hng khng) v cc
thit b cn thit ghi li d liu c sn trn cc vt mang tin t tnh nh
bng, a t. Vic nhp v chnh sa d liu i hi phi xy dng mt c s
d liu.
Lu tr d liu v qun l c s d liu (hnh 2.5) quan h vi cch
thc m d liu v v tr lin kt (topology) v cc thuc tnh ca cc yu t
a l (im, ng v vng ti hin cc i tng ca b mt Tri t)
c cu trc v t chc.Chng phi c vn hnh trong my tnh v c
ngi dng lnh hi nh th no. Chng trnh my tnh c s dng t
chc c s d liu gi l h qun tr c s d liu (DBMS)

Nhp d liu
C s d liu a l
V tr
Topology Thuc tnh

CSDL
V tr
H thng qun l
Query input
Chuyn i
X l

Hnh 2.5 - Lu tr v qun l c s d liu

Vic a ra v th hin d liu lin quan n cch thc th hin d
liu v kt qu phn tch cho ngi dng. D liu c th hin l cc bn
, bng biu v cc hnh v ( th v biu ) theo cc cch thc khc
nhau, t mt bc nh tc thi trn mn hnh hay v ra trn my v, my in
cho ti cc thng tin dng s c ghi li trn cc vt mang (hnh 2.6).

Hnh 2.6 - Cc hnh thc th hin d liu
Bin i d liu bao gm hai loi thao tc:
* Bin i loi b cc sai s ca d liu, hoc cp nht chng, hoc
lm chng thch hp vi cc tp hp d liu khc.
Th hin v bo co
Vt mang My v My in Mn hnh
Hnh v Bng biu Bn
* Mt mng rng ln cc phng php phn tch c th p dng i vi
d liu tm ra cu tr li cho cc cu hi ca HTTL.
Cc bin i c th c thao tc trn kha cnh khng gian v phi
khng gian ca d liu, mt cch n l hoc c phi hp. Nhiu cc php
bin i chng hn nh thay i t l, a d liu vo trong mt php chiu
hnh mi, x l logic d liu, tnh chu vi v din tch cng c chung mt bn
cht m ngi ta tm thy chng trong tt c cc loi HTTL di dng ny
hay dng khc. Cc loi thao tc khc l nhng ng dng chuyn mn ring
bit v vic a chng vo mt h HTTL c bit c th ch p ng
yu cu cho nhng ngi dng c bit ca h thng ny.
4- Con ngi:
Cng ngh HTTL s b hn ch hiu qu nu khng c con ngi
tham gia qun l h thng v pht trin nhng ng dng HTTL trong thc
t. Ngi s dng HTTL c th l nhng chuyn gia k thut, ngi thit
k v duy tr h thng, hoc ngi dng HTTL gii quyt cc nhim v
ca h.
5. Phng php:
Mt h HTTL thnh cng theo kha cnh thit k l c m phng
v thc thi duy nht cho mi t chc.
2.2 - Cu trc d liu ca bn
2.2.1. Cu trc d liu ca h thng tin a l
Cc thng tin v v tr, v mi lin kt Topo tt yu v v thuc tnh
ca cc i tng c ghi nhn to ra d liu a l. H thng thit k cho
bn to ra tnh cht Topo v khng gian ca d liu a l. Kiu d liu
ny khc vi cc kiu h thng d liu c s dng trong ngn hng, th
vin, phng v my bay...
D liu a l hng vo cc v tr trn b mt Tri t bng vic s
dng h thng t hp chun. H thng ny c th mang tnh cht cc b nh
trong trng hp kho st mt khu vc nh hoc c th l ta Quc gia
nh h thng UTM, Gauss...D liu a l thng c cng nhn v m t
trong cc giai on thit lp i tng hoc hin tng a l. Mi ngnh hc
ca a l u s dng cc khi nim th trn, sng, bi ph sa,...lm
c s phn tch v t hp cc thng tin phc tp xy dng nn cc khi.
Cc khi ny thng c nhm li hoc chia ra cc nhm di gc khc
nhau dng nh ngha nguyn tc cp thp. V d, s phn cp Quc gia -
thnh ph - qun - phng - t dn ph hay s phn cp ca lp ng thc
vt ... Chng ta ch , mc d nhiu hin tng a l c cc nh khoa
hc m t nh l cc i tng c th song chnh xc ca chng c th
thay i theo thi gian .
2.2.2. Cc im, ng v vng
Mi d liu a l cn phi quy v 3 khi nim Topo c bn l im,
ng v vng. Mi hin tng a l v nguyn tc phi c biu din
bng mt im, mt ng hoc mt vng cng vi mt nhn ni ln n l
g. V d, ngoi thc a c mt im nc ngm c th biu din bng mt
thc th bao gm mt cp ta X, Y v mt nhn nc ngm; mt con
ng st c th biu din bng thc th gm c hai cp ta X, Y u v
cui cng vi nhn ng st; mt bi c c biu din bng thc th
mt gm tp cc cp ta X, Y cng vi nhn bi c. Cc nhn c th l
tn r rng nh trn hoc c th l cc con s c ch ra trong ch thch.
Tt c cc k thut ny u c s dng khi v bn .
2.2.3 nh ngha bn
Bn l tp cc im, cc ng v cc vng c nh ngha cho c
v tr ca chng trong khng gian v cho c thuc tnh phi khng gian
(hnh2-7)
Ch thch bn l kha lin kt cc thuc tnh phi khng gian ti cc
thc th khng gian. Cc thuc tnh phi khng gian c th c ch ra mt
cch r rng bng cc mu, cc k hiu, hoc m nht m ngha ca n
c nh ngha trong ch thch bn . i vi HTTL cc thuc tnh phi
khng gian cn phi c m ha theo dng phn tch d liu. Vng l tp
cc min hoc cc a gic c m t bng mt nhm ch thch n gin.
Mt vng c th c to bng mt vi thnh phn ring bit ( hnh 2-7d)
hoc l thnh phn ny c th cha cc min thuc cc vng ca loi khc
(hnh 2-7e). Mc d mt thng c th phn bit d dng cc quan h Topo
gia cc vng trong (hnh 2-7e,f) nhng quan h ny cn phi c xy dng
mt cch r rng bng cc con s tng ng.
A
A
A
(a) (b) (c)

(d) (e) (f)

2.2.4. D liu a l trn my tnh
Khi d liu a l a vo my tnh, phn ln s c s dng d
dng nu HTTL chp nhn cc cu trc d liu hin tng m h vn
1
2
Y
X
Hnh 10. Bn l cc tp, ng v vng (a,b,c). Vng l tp
hp cc a gic cch bit (d), hoc trong a gic c a gic rng
(e) hoc n c th gm mt s vng con (f).
thng dng, nhng cc my tnh khng t chc nh con ngi m phi c
chng trnh ha th hin cc cu trc hin tng mt cch thch hp.
Hn na, c nhng d liu a l c ch ra mt cch r rng do thi quen
ca ngi s dng li khng phi l cch hiu qu nht i vi cu trc c s
d liu. t chc d liu a l trn my tnh cn phi tri qua cc giai
on sau:
A B C D

Chng ta ch xem xt cc giai on A, B v C cn kha cnh phn cng
c xt trong cc ti liu v cu trc my tnh

2.2.5. Cc cu trc c s d liu - t chc d liu trn my tnh
Trc ht cn xem xt cc phng php chung m d liu c t
chc lu tr v truy nhp. Chng ta cn phi nh gi c kh nng v
hn ch ca chng. Trong iu ch yu l h thng lu tr c kh nng
cho php truy nhp nhanh.
1. Cc tp v vic truy nhp d liu
a.- Tp danh sch n gin
Mi n v d liu mi a vo s cui danh sch.
u im l b sung d liu n gin.Nhc im l tra cu d liu lu,
thi gian tm kim trung bnh l ( n + 1)/2, vi n l s lng n v d liu.
b.-. Tp sp xp tun t
D liu c sp xp theo mt trng kha.
u im l tm kim trn trng kha nhanh. Nu dng phng php
tm kim nh phn th thi gian trung bnh tm kim mt n v d liu l
log
2
(n+1).
Cc cu trc hin
tng quen thuc
ca ngi dng
Biu din GIS ca
cu trc hin tng
Cu trc ca c
s d liu
Cu trc
phn cng
Nhc im l mi d liu mi c b sung cn phi t ch trc.
Khi tm kim theo cc trng khc trng kha th ging nh trng hp a.
c.-. Tp ch s
Trn c s tp chnh xy dng cc tp ch s.Vi tp ch s, vic truy
nhp ti d liu gc c tng tc theo hai cch. Nu cc mc d liu
trong cc tp t cung cp mt th t chnh ca tp th cc tp ny c bit
nh l tp trc tip. Nu v tr ca cc mc trong tp chnh cng cn c xc
nh theo mt ch , th ch ny c a ra trong tp th hai, dng ny
gi l tp o.
u im l truy nhp d liu nhanh nhng khi b sung hoc loi b d
liu trong tp trc tip phi sa i c trong tp ny ln tp ch s ca n.
Khi b sung d liu ch cn a vo cui tp chnh nhng tp ch s
phi nhp li. Vic s i tp c chi ph rt ln, c bit trong mi trng c
s nh hng ln nhau.
2. Cc cu trc d liu
C s d liu gm nhiu tp d liu. Cn thit phi tun theo s sp t
v cu trc hay t chc c th truy nhp d liu t mt hay nhiu tp mt
cch d dng. C 3 loi m hnh cu trc d liu c cng nhn l:m hnh
phn cp, m hnh mng v m hnh quan h.
a. Cu trc phn cp
D liu c phn cp theo quan h cha/ con hoc 1 -> nhiu, v d nh
qun l nh dn dng theo cp I, cp II, cp III, cp IV. Cu trc ny to
thun li cho vic truy nhp d liu. H thng phn cp chp nhn mi phn
ca mt cp a ra s dng mt kha m n th hin y cu trc d liu.
Cho php c mt tng quan gia thuc tnh kha v thuc tnh kt hp v
mc d liu c th c.
H thng ny tin li cho vic b sung, sa i v m rng, tin li cho
vic truy nhp d liu theo thuc tnh kha, nhng kh khn cho nhng thuc
tnh khng phi l thuc tnh kha.
Bt li ca cu trc d liu phn cp l phi duy tr tp ch s ln v gi
tr ca thuc tnh phi lp li nhiu ln gy d tha d liu lm tng chi ph
lu tr v truy nhp.
b. Cu trc mng
Trong cu trc d liu a l, vic th hin cc i tng trn bn
hay s gn nhau th li khc xa nhau. H thng mng rt cn cho vic th
hin dng ny. Thng thng trong th, cu trc mng c th hin bng
cu trc vng trn cc im ( hnh 2-8). Cu trc mng ph hp khi quan h
v mi lin kt c xc nh trc, trnh c d tha d liu. Vic sa i
v duy tr c s d liu khi thay i cu trc cc im i hi chi ph ln...
c. Cu trc d liu quan h
Cu trc d liu quan h rt mm do, n c th tha mn vi tt c cc
i hi ca cc lut logic bool v cc thao tc ton hc. N cho php tm
kim, so snh cc loi d liu khc nhau, vic b sung v di chuyn cc mc
d liu d dng.
a) Bn M b) Vng I v II

d) Cu trc d liu th bc
c)Mngktni

iu bt tin l nhiu thao tc i hi phi tm kim tun t. i vi c
s d liu ln, iu ny mt nhiu thi gian tm kim. Ngi ta xut
cc bin php bo m thi gian tm kim hp l.
3. Cu trc bn ghi
Trong cc loi cu trc d liu, d liu thng c vit di dng cc
bn ghi. Loi n gin nht ca dng bn ghi l mng mt chiu vi di
c nh. Dng ny ch ph hp khi tt c cc mc trong quan h c cc thuc
tnh c cng di ( hnh 2-10 a). Nhng khi di cc thuc tnh thay i
i vi cc mc d liu, v d khi cc a gic khng cng s cnh- khi
nn dng dng bn ghi c di thay i. Nhng thuc tnh ph c a
thm vo u bn ghi cha cc thng tin v kiu ca thng tin trong bn
ghi cha di thay i v tng s cc ch c cp ( hnh 2-10b).

- Bn - ng

- Vng

I a B c d

I

a

1

2
I b 2 3
I c 3 4
I d 4 I
II e 3 5
II f 5 6
II g 6 4
II c 4 3
M

I

II
Hnh 11. Cu trc d liu m hnh mng v m hnh phn cp
II c E f g

4. Cu trc d liu v th hin d liu a l
Con ngi d dng cng nhn mt kiu hnh dng no , nhng my
tnh cn phi ch dn mt cch chnh xc v kiu khng gian s dng v biu din.
C hai cch biu din l cch tng minh v cch ngm nh.
a) Cch tng minh l cch biu din m hnh dng ci gh c xy
dng bi tp hp cc im trn bn v hoc s k ( hnh 2-11). cho
my tnh bit y l tp hp cc im biu din ci gh ch khng phi l ci
bn, mi ca n s mang gi tr ging nhau l G. Trong thc t gi tr G
khng c th hin m thay vo l mt gi tr s hoc mt mu hoc l
xm. Ta c cu trc d liu ca ci gh l:
Thuc tnh gh k hiu/ mu X
b) Cch ngm nh l cch biu din bng tp hp cc ng c nh
ngha t im u n im cui v mt dng lin kt no ca chng.
im u v im cui ca cc ng biu din hnh dng ca gh. im
gia cc ng cho bit cc ng lin kt vi nhau nh th no to ra
hnh dng ca ci gh. Cu trc d liu ny l:
Thuc tnh gh tp cc vc t mi kt ni.
R
1
R
2
R
3
R
4
Hnh 12. Cu trc d liu quan h
X
X + J
X + 2J
X + 3J
X + 4J
X + 1
X + H
1
X + H
1
+ 1
X + H
1
+ H
2
X + H
1
+ H
2
+1
X + H
1
+ H
2
+H
3
X
H
1
H
2
H
3
R
1
R
2
R
3
Hnh 13. Cu trc bn ghi
Ta thy cch th hai cn t ch hn cch th nht khi lu gi s liu v
ci gh ( cch th nht cn 60 , cn cch th hai cn 11 cp ta X, Y v
14 im kt ni). V mt thm m, cch biu din th hai tt hn ( v nu
biu din theo cch th nht cho ra kt qu p nh cch th hai ta cn 470
cp ta X, Y), nhng khi biu din s thay i v hnh dng v kch thc
ca vt th cch th nht li d dng hn.
C hai cch c bn biu din Topo l:
Dng biu din raster: tp cc c nh v bng cc t hp; mi
c a ch ha mt cch tch bit vi gi tr ca thuc tnh.
Dng biu din vector: ba thc th a l chnh im, ng, vng.
im tng ng vi mt . ng v vng l tp cc t hp lin kt vi
nhau v chng cn phi ni vi cc thuc tnh a ra.
C khi ta lu d liu dng vector nhng khi th hin li dng raster.

Hnh 14. Ci gh c biu din dng raster v dng vector

G

G
G
G G G
G G G G
G G G G
G G G
G G
G G G G
G G G G G G
G G G G G G G
G G G G G G G
G G G G G
G G G
G G G
G
G
G

2.2.6. Cu trc d liu kiu raster
Cu trc n gin nht l mng gm cc ca bn ( hnh 2-12). Mi
trn bn c biu din bng t hp ta ( hng, ct), v mt gi tr
biu din kiu hoc thuc tnh ca trn bn . Trong cu trc ny, mi
mt tng ng vi mt im. Khi nim ng l mt dy cc lin nhau,
vng l mt nhm cc lin nhau. Dng d liu ny d lu tr, thao tc v
th hin. cu trc d liu ny, nhng khu vc c kch thc nh hn mt
th khng th hin c.

Dng biu din ny coi mi lp nh mt mt phng. Khi nim chng
lp c dng nhm mc ch khng hn ch k thut v bn trn my
tnh. V d: hnh 2-13 l mt vng thc a c biu th bng cc lp.

Dng n gin hn, khi nim chng lp c th hin bng cc mng
hai chiu hoc l mt cu trc ba chiu ( hnh 2-14).

Hnh 15. nh hng ca vic biu th
bng dng raster ti vic o khong
cch v din tch
Hnh 16. Khi nim chng lp: th gii thc c biu din bng
cc lp
Lp thy vn
Lp giao thng
Lp thc vt
Lp a hnh

1. Biu din cu trc raster cc lp bng cc pixel
Nu tp bn dng raster c xy dng theo quan nim ca ngi
dng coi bn l cc lp chng ln nhau, th trn my tnh phi t chc nh
th no ti u vic truy nhp v lu tr d liu. Nu mi trn mi lp l
a)
Tp bn

im

To X

To Y

Lp chng
im khc
Gi tr %

b) Bn
Tp bn

Lp chng
im

To X

To Y

Ga tr Z
Lp chng khc
c)
Hnh 17. Mng 3 chiu dng
m ha cc lp ca bn trong
cu trc raster
Tp bn

Lp chng 1
Nhn

T l

Bn 1

Nhn
K hiu hin th
Gi tr lin kt

Bn 2 im
Bn 3

Lp chng 2 To X, Y
Lp chng 3

Hnh 2.15 Ba loi cu trc c s d liu Raster:
a) Mi c biu din trc tip; b) Mi lp c biu din trc tip;
c) Mi vng c biu din trc tip
mt n v c lp trong c s d liu th cc phng php t chc d liu l
tng ng. V d hnh 2-15a l cu trc c dng trong chng trnh
GRID, v trong h thng MAGI. Mi mt im trn bn c biu din
bng mt mng cc gi tr, trong mi phn t ca mng, tng ng vi
mt lp. Trong hnh 2-15b mi lp c xem nh mt mng hai chiu, cu
trc ny c dng trong IMGRID. Trong hnh 2-15c ch ra cu trc phn
cp. Nu cc im trn cng mt lp c chung mt thuc tnh th phng
php ny rt thch hp.
2 Cc phng php nn d liu raster
i vi lp n hng * m ct *3 ( X, Y v gi tr thuc tnh ca ) gi tr.
Nu mt tp m cc trong mt vng c cng mt thuc tnh th ta cn tm
cch gim bt cc gi tr cn lu tr. Chng ta hy xt bn cch lu tr d
liu: m chui, m di thay i, m khi v m cy t phn.
a. M chui
Xt hnh 2- 16: ranh gii ca mt vng c xc nh bng cc vector
n v lin tc xut pht t mt im gc. V d quy nh cc chiu l 0, 1, 2,
3 (0 tng ng vi hng ng, 1 ng vi hng Bc, 2 ng vi hng Ty,
3 ng vi hng Nam) v im gc l hng 10 ct 1, ta c th m ha ranh
gii ca vng ny nh sau:
0, 1, 0
2
, 3, 0
2
, 1, 0, 3, 0, 1, 0
3
, 3
2
, 2, 3
3
, 0
2
, 1, 0
5
, 3
2
, 2
2
, 3, 2
3
, 1, 2
2
, 1, 2
2
,
1, 2
2
, 1, 2
2
, 1
3

1 6 1 5 1 4 1 3 1 2 1 1 1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1 6
1 5
1 4
1 3
1 2
1 1
1 0
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

Hnh 2.16 Mt vng c th hin Hnh 2.17 Vng trong H.2.16 th
theo cu trc raster hin bng phng php m khi

M chui cho ta cch nn d liu ng vi vic biu din mt vng v
cho php ta d dng c lng chu vi v din tch hoc tm ra s i hng
t ngt v cc mt li lm mt cch d dng.
Mt khc, cc thao tc chng lp rt kh thc hin.Ngoi ra vic vit li
hai ln ranh gii gia hai vng k nhau cng rt bt tin.
b. M di thay i
Cc im mi v tr bn c lu tr theo tng hng t tri qua
phi. V d, vng bao m trong hnh 2-17 c lu tr nh sau:
Hng 9 2,3 6,6 8,10
Hng 10 1,10
Hng 11 1,9
Hng 12 1,9
Hng 13 3,9 12,16
Hng 14 5,16
Hng 15 7,14
Hng 16 9,11
T hnh v trn ta thy trong 69 ny ta ch cn m ha 22 s, do
khi lng nh c gim ng k. Phng php ny ci tin cch lu tr
d liu vi dng a quan h rt thch hp vi cc my tnh c dung lng
nh nh.
Mt khc c nhiu php so snh d liu lm cho qu trnh v bn v
thao tc phc tp thm. M di thay i c ch trong vic gim bt d liu
u vo.
c. M khi
tng m di thay i c th m rng ra hai chiu bng cch dng
cc hnh vung lt vng ca bn cn s ha. Hnh 2-17 ch ra cch
lm i vi bn raster trong hnh 2-16. Cu trc d liu ch bao gm 3 s:
ta (tm) v chiu di cnh hnh vung. Cch ny c gi l php bin
hnh cc ta trung bnh. Vng trong hnh 2-16 c th c lu gi bng
17 hnh vung n v + 9 hnh vung bn + 1 hnh vung mi su.
Gi s rng c hai ta ( X, Y) lu tr c mt hnh vung, th hnh
ang xt c lu tr bng 57 s ( 54 s lu tr ta X, Y v 3 s lu
tr kch thc hnh vung). R rng l hnh vung cng ln th cng ph hp
vi nhng hnh c ng bin n gin. Cch m ha ny thch hp hn cch
m ha bng di thay i. C hai m di v m khi u thch hp
cho vic biu th cc hnh nh phc tp c vng ln hn hnh vung n v
mt t ln.
M khi c u im l thch hp cho vic biu din php hp, giao ca
cc vng v d dng bin i thnh cc dng d liu raster n gin.
d. M cy t phn
Phng php th t biu din d liu da trn c s php chia lin
tc mng 2n x 2n thnh cc gc phn t. Mi vng c ln lt chia nh
thnh cc kh gc phn t v ghi ch nhng gc phn t no nm trong
vng . Gii hn thp nht ca php chia l pixel n. Hnh 2-18 ch ra kh
nng chia lin tc mt vng hnh 2-16 thnh cc khi gc phn t. Cu trc
khi ny c th m t bng cy t phn. Vic biu din cy t phn ca hnh
19 c a ra hnh 2-18.

Hnh 2.18 Cu trc cy t phn ca vng trong hnh 2.16
Ton mng 2n x 2n im l gc ca cy, chiu cao ca cy l bc n cao
nht. Mi nt c 4 nhnh tng ng vi gc NW, NE, SW, SE. Nt tng
ng vi cc gc phn t khng cn phi chia nh na. Mi nt trong cy t
phn c th biu din bng 2 bit, c xc nh bng mt im vo ( ),
im ra ( ) hay nt vo ti mc hin thi ( ). Bi th, vng trong hnh
2-16 c th c m ha bng 92 bit. Cy t phn c nhiu thun li hn cc
phng php biu din raster khc. Tnh cht vng chun c th tnh ton
c mt cch d dng v hu hiu. M cy t phn l gii php ph hp
khng d tha b nh cho nhng chi tit khng c.
2.2.7. Cu trc d liu kiu vector
Nh ch ra phn trn, biu din vector mt s i tng l mt c
gng biu din i tng cng chnh xc cng tt. Gi s c mt khng
gian ta lin tc ( khng lng t ha nh khng gian raster) cho php
xc nh chnh xc tt c cc v tr, di, v kch thc ca cc i tng.
Ngoi ra, khi lu tr d liu bng phng php vector ta phi s dng
mi quan h n lu tr mi quan h phc tp trong mt khong cha b
SW
NW NE SE
Nt
pixel ra
pixel vo
nht. Di y s trnh by cu trc vector s dng trong h thng thng tin
a l biu th v lu gi im, ng v vng.
1. Thc th im
im c th c xem l i din chung nht cho tt c cc thc th a
l v ha c xc nh bng mt cp ta X, Y . Nh cp ta X, Y
ny, nhng d liu lu tr loi khc c chiu ln im v nhng thng tin
b tr khc. V d, mt im c th l mt k hiu khng lin h n mt
thng tin no khc. Bn ghi d liu bao gm thng tin v k hiu, kch thc
ca k hiu. Nu im l vn bn th bn ghi d liu bao gm thng tin v
cc k t c biu din, kiu ch, kiu cn l ( tri, phi, gia), t l chia
hng... Hnh 2-19 minh ha mt cu trc d liu cho cc thc th im.
2. Thc th ng
ng l c trng tuyn tnh xy dng t nhng on thng ni hai
hay nhiu cp ta . ng thng n gin nht i hi phi lu tr ta
im u v im cui ( hai cp ta X, Y) v mt bn ghi v k t c
biu din. V d k hiu tham s c th c dng biu th nhng ng
nt lin hay ng t qung trn thit b hin th mc d tt c cc on ca
ng t qung hin th y khng c lu gi trong c s d liu.
im
ng nht duy nht
Dng im n
Th t seria Vn bn
Giao im
Ta X,Y
Lin kt cc thuc tnh khng ha
hin th v kt hp cc c s d liu to ra
(Nu n gin)
K hiu T l
Hng
(Nu vn bn)
T l k t
Hng
Kiu ch
Sp xp
Nu giao im
K hiu im ti ng
Gc gia cc ng
Lin kt cc thuc tnh khng ha

Hnh 2.19 Cu trc d liu vctor ca thc th im n
Mt cung, mt chui hoc mt xu l tp hp ca n cp ta m t
mt ng lin tc. Khng gian lu tr d liu c tit kim nhng tn thi
gian x l. Vic lu tr cc cp s ( cp ta ) thch hp cho vic s dng
cc hm ni suy ton hc v dng a d liu ra cc thit b hin th. Vi
cc im v cc ng n gin, cc chui c th c lu tr thnh cc bn
ghi cng vi k hiu ng dng hin th.
3. Thc th vng
Vng l a gic c biu din bng nhiu cch khc nhau trong mt c
s d liu vector. Hu ht bn chuyn s dng trong h thng thng tin
a l u phi lm vic vi cc a gic (cc min).
Mc ch ca cu trc d liu vng l kh nng m t c trng Topo
ca vng ( l hnh dng, mi quan h, s phn cp) ca cc thc th sao
cho cc tnh cht lin kt ca khi khng gian c biu din, qun l v
hin th trong bn chuyn .
Trc tin, mi vng thnh phn trn bn c mt hnh dng, chu vi
v din tch duy nht, khng c mt chun n no trong tp hp raster. i
vi khu o v bn a l tnh ng dng v khng gian v kch thc r
rng l khng c.
Th hai, cc phn tch a l yu cu cu trc d liu phi c kh nng
ghi nhn nhng vng bin ca mi vng theo cch lin kt trong mng.
Th ba, cc vng trn bn chuyn khng phi trn cng mt
mc (chng hn nh o trong h ny li nm trn hn o ln hn...)
4. Cc nt khc ca cc cu trc vector
Khi bn v cu trc c s d liu raster, c lu l lm th no mi
thuc tnh c th v trn mt lp ring bit tin ti mt ma trn d liu ba
chiu. V nguyn tc khng gii hn s lp, nhng s hn ch y l dung
tch b nh. Khi nim chng lp rt quen thuc vi nhng ngi lm cng
tc bn v nhng ngi quy hoch thit k, ch n thng c to nn
trong h vector, c bit l n s dng cho thit k nh tr gip ca my tnh.
Khng ging nh cc h raster ch mi thuc tnh mi trong c s d liu
l mt lp mi, h thng lp c s dng trong h thng vector kp c
dng phn bit cc lp chnh ca thc th khng gian, ch yu cho mc
ch ha v hin th.
Thng tin cc lp thng c cng vo d liu ha bng cch m
ha chui cc bit c mt u gn vo bn ghi d liu ca mt thc th
ha. Ph thuc vo h thng , cc chui cho php c 64 hay 256 lp
biu din. Ni mt cch khc, cc u thm ch c th c biu din mt
cch trn tru trong nhng yu t ca cc thuc tnh phi ha m chng
c ngi s dng nh ngha, v d nh ng tu ha, ng t chnh,
sng sui. H thng lp chng cho php d dng m, nh du v biu din
mt cch c chn lc nhng thc th ha.
2.2.8. Cu trc d liu cho bn - s la chn gia raster v vector
1. Cu trc d liu
Phng php raster v vector i vi cu trc d liu khng gian l cc
cch tip cn hon ton khc nhau s m phng thng tin a l, nhng
chng c loi b ln nhau khng? Trc y, ngi ta thng cho rng cc
cu trc d liu raster v vector l nhng la chn khng i lp nhau. Gn
y, ngi ta cho rng chng khng th ha hp vi nhau c v phng
php raster cn mt b nh rt ln lu tr v x l hnh nh c phn
gii khng gian nh hnh nh c cu trc vector. Ngi s dng thy rng
php phn tch khng gian trong phng php raster d dng nhng li to ra
bn khng p; cn phng php vector th cung cp c s d liu vi
kch thc c th kim sot c v sn phm ha p hn nhng vic
phn tch khng gian li kh khn hn.
Cht lng ca ha khng ch l gii hn ca k thut. K thut sm
nht c pht trin hon tt vic x l vector v cu trc vector l dng
gn gi nht ca biu th bn . Ngi ta ch ra rng nhiu thut ton
pht trin cho cu trc d liu vector, nhng trong mt s trng hp s dng
d liu raster s c li hn, do s sp xp li cu trc ta , vic phn tch,
ct bt, gi li cc thnh phn v tr trong cu trc raster d hn trong cu
trc vector. Mt khc, vic ni mng ch kh thi trong m hnh vector, iu
ny c ngha l cu trc d liu raster thch hp hn cho bn phn tch
cc mng li giao thng.
Dung tch lu tr d liu dng raster c th gim bng cch nn d liu
raster nu phn trn, chng hn nh phng php dng m di thay
i hay m cy t phn. Ngc li, ta c th gim kch thc c s d liu
cu trc vector trong cu trc cha thng tin v Topo hoc trong cu trc d
liu quan h c thng tin tha.
Kh khn ca phng php raster hay phng php vector s c khc
phc v c hai u l nhng phng php hp l biu din d liu khng
gian v c hai cu trc u c th chuyn i qua li ln nhau. Chuyn t
vector sang raster kh n gin v c nhiu thut ton ni ting. Chuyn t
vector sang raster c thc hin t ng bng cch qut nh. Php ton
chuyn t raster sang vector cng c th thc hin nhng n l bi ton phc
tp hn.
2. So snh phng php vector v phng php raster
a. Phng php vector
u im:
- C th biu din nhng cu trc d liu biu tng,
- Cu trc d liu c ng,
- Mi quan h Topo c th c hon ton m t bng nhng mi ni
mng,
- Cc ha chnh xc,
- C th tm kim, cp nht v khi qut ha ca cc ha v cc
thuc tnh.
Nhc im:
- Cu trc d liu phc tp,
- Kh khn khi t hp mt vi bn vng vector hay cc bn raster
v vng thng qua cc tng,
- Kh m phng bng mt n v c dng Topo khc,
- Gi thnh cao khi biu din v v nht l khi v mu v khi chi nt,
- Cng ngh t, nht l i vi phn mm v phn cng phc tp,
- Trong mt s bi ton nht nh mt nhiu thi gian tnh ton, thut
ton phc tp hn.
b. Phng php raster
u im:
- Cc cu trc d liu n gin,
- C kh nng kt hp d liu bn vi d liu vin thm,
- D dng phn tch khng gian,
- D m phng v mi n v khng gian c cng mt dng v mt kch
thc,
- Cng ngh r v ang c pht trin mt cch rng ri.
Nhc im:
- Dung tch ca ha ln,
- Vic s dng cc ln gim dung tch d liu c th lm mt mt
nhiu thng tin,
- Cc bn raster th v khng p,
- Kh khn khi thit lp nhng mi ni mng.
Cn lu l nu mi cha cc gi tr khc nhau th cc ci tin trn l
kh. Khi cc vng c mt cc phng php m chui, m di thay i, m
khi v m cy t phn th nh lu tr d liu s gim ng k. M
di thay i c hiu qu cao khi kch thc cc pixel ln i vi din tch ca
cc vng c biu din v lu tr, nhng du sao m khi v m cy t
phn vn thch hp hn.
H thng tin a l lm vic vi hai dng m hnh d liu a l khc
nhau v c bn - m hnh vector v m hnh raster. Trong m hnh vector,
thng tin v im, ng v vng c m ho v lu di dng tp hp cc
to X, Y. V tr ca i tng im (nh l khoan) c th c biu din
bng to n X, Y. i tng dng ng (nh ng giao thng, sng
sui) c th c lu gi di dng tp hp cc to im. i tng dng
vng (khu vc bun bn hay vng lu vc sng) c lu gi nh mt vng
khp kn ca cc im.
M hnh vector rt hu ch i vi vic m t cc i tng ring bit,
nhng km hiu qu hn trong m t cc i tng c s chuyn i lin
tc nh kiu t hoc chi ph c tnh cho cc bnh vin. M hnh raster
c pht trin cho vic m phng cc i tng c s chuyn i lin tc
nh vy, nh raster l mt tp hp cc li. C m hnh vector v raster
u c dng lu d liu a l vi nhng u im, nhc im ring,
cc h HTTL hin i c kh nng qun l c hai loi m hnh ny.
Trong mt s trng hp, s c li nu nh c d liu khng gian c
hai dng raster v vector, c bit l khi d liu ranh gii hay ng cn
c biu hin bng mt mng lin kt hoc c v theo mt kiu ring
bit v cc khong gia phi c lp y bng bi cc chm raster theo
k hiu hoc mu sc cho trc.
Tm tt - cu trc d liu:
Nu mi th hin mt gi tr khc nhau th mt mng cu trc n
gin N * N rt kh hon thin. Nhng hn ch ca n phn ln lin quan n
khi lng d liu v kch thc i hi ca b nh. Khi mt khu vc (tc l
cc vng c cng mt gi tr) ging nh bn chuyn , cc yu cu lu
tr d liu c th gim ng k bng cch s dng chui m, m di thay
i, m khi hay m cy t phn. M di thay i ph hp nht khi kch
thc ca Pixel ln lin quan n din tch ca cc khu vc c th hin v
xp loi v l mt gii php ci tin v s lng cc pixel theo tng khu vc
tng ln. S th hin bng cy t phn c nhng li im b sung cho cc
gii php thay i. Tnh d dng ca vic x l tip theo khc nhau ph
thuc vo cu trc d liu s dng.

Hnh 2.20 - Minh ho v hai loi m hnh vertor v raster vi th gii thc
2.3 M hnh s cao
2.3.1 Khi nim
Khng ging nh cc i lng a l khc, b mt a hnh l mt b
mt bin thin lin tc, khng th m hnh ho mt cch thch hp bng m
hnh bn nh trc y. B mt bin thin lin tc ny th hin bng
ng ng mc, c coi l tp cc a gic ng kn lng nhau. Do ,
khng cn mt phng php s ho hoc lu tr tp cc ng ng mc
khc hn vi bn c gii thiu 2.3. Mc d tp cc ng ng
mc ph hp cho vic biu th mt b mt bin thin lin tc, nhng chng
li khng ph hp cho vic phn tch s v m hnh ho. V vy ngi ta
nghin cu phng php biu din v s dng hiu qu thng tin v s
bin thin lin tc ca mt thuc tnh (thng l cao) trn mt vng
khng gian.
Mi biu din bng s cho s bin thin lin tc ca a hnh trn mt
vng khng gian gi l m hnh s cao (Digital Elevation model - DEM)
hay m hnh s a hnh (Digital Terrene Model - DTM). V thut ng a
hnh thng ni n n cc thuc tnh ca mt vng t hn l cao ca
b mt t nn thut ng m hnh s cao c dng cho cc m hnh ch
cha cc d liu v cao. Tuy th cc m hnh s cao cng c th c
dng m hnh ho s bin thin lin tc ca thuc tnh Z trn b mt hai
chiu
2.3.2 Cng dng ca m hnh s cao
C rt nhiu nhu cu s dng m hnh s cao, c th lit k mt vi
nhu cu quan trng nht:
- Lu tr d liu cao cho cc bn a hnh trong c s d liu
quc gia.
- Cc bi ton o v p trong vic thit k ng x, trong cc d n
xy dng dn s v qun s, trong quy hoch chiu cao khu t xy dng.
- Hin th ba chiu cc dng a hnh cho nhng mc ch qun s (h
thng dn ng cho tn la, hun luyn phi cng), thit k quy hoch cc
danh lam thng cnh trong cng tc thnh lp bn du lch
- Phn tch kh nng quan st a hnh ( cho mc ch qun s v quy
hoch th).
- Quy hoch cc tuyn ng, quy hoch thy li, khu cng nghip.
- Tnh ton cc bn dc, bn hng, cc mt nghing dng
thit k bn a hnh t bng, gip cho vic nghin cu hnh thi a l
nh xi mn, thot nc
- Lm nn hin th cc thng tin chuyn hoc kt hp vi cc
d liu chuyn .
- Cung cp d liu m phng hnh nh cc phong cnh.
- Khi thay th cao bng mt thuc tnh bin thin lin tc khc, m
hnh cao dng thnh lp bn v tn sut thi gian i li, chi ph dn
s, mc tng dn s, b mt mc nc bin v.v
Mc ny trnh by cc phng php biu din m hnh s cao, cch
thu thp d liu (ngun d liu v k thut ly mu), v cui cng l cc kt
qu thu c t nhng m hnh ny.
2.3.3 Cc phng php biu din m hnh s cao
S bin thin cao b mt trn mt min c m hnh ho theo
nhiu cch. M hnh s cao c th c biu din bng cc b mt ton
hc hoc bng hnh nh im hay ng nh sau:
-Phng php ton hc
+ Ton cc:
- Chui Fourier,
- a thc bc cao.
+Cc b:
- Cc mnh c quy tc,
- Cc mnh bt quy tc.
- Phng php hnh nh:
+ Dng d liu im:
- C quy tc:
. Mt u,
. Mt bin i.
- Bt quy tc:
. Li tam gic,
. Mng gn ng.
- c trng gii hn:
. nh,
. H,
. o,
. Bin.
+ Dng d liu ng:
- Lt ct ngang (ng ng mc),
- Lt ct dc (mt thng ng),
- ng ti hn:
. ng g,
. Dng chy,
. ng b,
. Mt dc gy.
1. Phng php ton hc
Phng php ny da trn cc hm ba chiu lin tc c kh nng din
t cc dng b mt phc tp vi mn cao. Phng php cc b chia b mt
ra thnh cc hnh vung hoc cc mnh bt quy tc v khi b mt ph
hp vi vic quan st im trong cc mnh ny. Hm ton hc dng bi ton
gn ng t thun li khi v bn nhng li c dng rng ri trong h
thng my tnh tr gip thit k m hnh ho cc b mt phc tp.
2. Phng php hnh nh
a. M hnh ng
M hnh ny cho bi mt tp cc ng ng mc m t cao. Cc
mt nghing l h qu thu c phn tch dc, cu trc ca bn nh
chiu thng hoc s khi. V cc ng ng mc c v trn bn
nn chng l ngun d liu sn c v ngi ta a chng vo mt cch t
ng nh my qut. Phng php xy dng m hnh s cao t cc ng
ng mc trn bn c cht lng km hn so vi phng php o nh trc
tip.
Cc ng ng mc khng thch hp tnh ton dc hoc lm
m hnh c bng v v vy chng c bin i sang m hnh im, chng
hn nh cc ma trn cao ri rc t tp a gic biu din cc ng ng
mc. Cc ng ng mc ny c s ho th cng t my qut. H thng
ny gi l m hnh a hnh GRAZ v c coi l mt phng php hin
i bin i cc ng ng mc khp kn thnh dng ma trn cao.
T m hnh GRAZ, ta c th to ra ma trn cao bng cch ph mt
li vung ln cc ng ng mc. Tt c cc nm trn hoc gn ng
ng mc s c nhn gi tr cao ca ng ng mc , cc khc
s c nhn gi tr cao trong bc tip sau l bc ni suy tuyn tnh
cho tp cc hnh ch nht hoc cc ca s ca c s d liu. Php ni suy
thng dng 4 ng c cc hng N-S, E-W, NE-SW v NW-SE. Vic ni
suy s thc hin tnh ton mt dc ln nht ca cc trong mt ca s. y
l sai phn n gin gia cao ca cc c gn gi tr.
b. M hnh im
- Ma trn cao
Dng chung nht ca m hnh s cao hoc li hnh vung c quy
tc c th thu c nh cng tc o v nh lp th. Ma trn cao cng c
th thu c nh php chiu ni suy t tp cc im c quy tc hoc bt quy
tc.
V cc ma trn c th d dng x l bng my tinh, c bit trong h
thng thng tin a l da trn d liu raster, nn ma trn cao tr thnh
dng ph bin nht ca m hnh s cao.
Mc d cc ma trn cao rt c ch cho vic tnh ton cc ng
ng mc, gc nghing, hng, v bng v t ng m phng cc lu vc
sng ngi, h thng li thy vn c quy tc nhng vn c nhng bt li sau:
- Tha d liu cc vng a hnh ng nht.
- Lun phi thay i kch thc li khi phc tp a hnh thay i.
- Nhn mnh qu mc vo cc tnh ton dc theo trc ca li chng
hn nh tnh ton ng ngm
Vn tha d liu c gii quyt bng cch ly mu ly tin
trong , nh lp th c qut t ng theo cc li c iu chnh theo
phn gii tng dn. Vic tha d liu nh hng n vic lu tr chng.
Tuy nhin, b mt c cao lin tc khng th m ho d dng di dng
thu gn lu tr d liu raster dng cho bn . Vi cu trc d liu li
vung, ma trn cao cn qu th th hin cc c trng a hnh nh
nh ni, h, o, ng g v dng chy, do gy kh khn cho vic phn
tch nh lng hnh thi a hnh. Tuy nhin, ma trn cao l dng d thu
nhn nht ca m hnh s cao.
M hnh im bt quy tc c th to ra m hnh s cao theo hai
cch. Cch th nht l ph mt li c quy tc ln trn cc im v sau
dng k thut ni suy to ra ma trn cao. Php ni suy cng c th to
ra ma trn cao tt hn ma trn th trc . Cch th hai l s dng d
liu cc im bt quy tc lm c s cho mt h thng li tam gic.
- Li tam gic
Phng php ny trnh c s d tha s liu trong ma trn cao,
ng thi tnh ton nhanh hn phng php da vo cc ng ng mc.
Li tam gic l phng php biu din m hnh s cao s dng cc mt
tam gic lin nhau da trn s tam gic ho cc nt bt quy tc hoc cc
im quan st (hnh 2.21a).
Khng ging nh ma trn cao, li tam gic cho php thu thp cc
thng tin ph trong min a hnh phc tp m khng lm d tha d liu.
Do , qu trnh ly s liu cho li tam gic c th thc hin bng vic s
ho cc ng g, dng chy v cc c trng a hnh quan trng khc.
M hnh li tam gic coi cc nt ca mng l cc thc th c bn
trong c s d liu. Mi quan h Topo c a vo trong c s d liu bng
cch to ra cc con tr t mi nt n cc nt ln cn. Danh sch cc nt ln
cn c sp xp theo chiu kim ng h bt u t nt pha Bc. Vng bn
ngoi m hnh c biu hin bng mt nt gi. Nt gi ny tr gip cho
vic m t cc bin v gim nh vic x l.
Hnh 2.21b cho thy mt phn ca cu trc d liu dng nh ngha
mt li tam gic. Trn hnh c 3 nt v 2 tam gic ti ra ca mt vng. C
s d liu gm 3 tp bn ghi l danh sch cc nt, danh sch cc tr v danh
sch cc tam gic.
Danh sch cc nt cha bn ghi ca tng nt gm to ca tng nt,
s cc nt ln cn v v tr bt u ca cc nt ln cn ny trong danh sch
cc tr. Cc nt bin ca vng c mt tr gi c t gi tr 32 000
biu th rng chng trn ranh gii vi bn ngoi. V danh sch cc nt v
danh sch cc tr cha tt c cc thng tin cao v cc lin kt cn
thit, nn chng c ng dng nhiu. Li tam gic c th xy dng t d
liu thu c bng s ho th cng hoc bng trm x l nh s. Li tam
gic dng to ra bn dc, bn vn bng, bn ng ng
mc, mt nghing, mt ngang, s khi

a)

Xxx

L

N
1

Xxx M N
2

xxx P N
3

Hinh 2.21 a) Li tam gic m hnh s cao
b) Cu trc d liu ca li tam gic

xxx
2
3
xxx

xxx
-32000

3
1
xxx

xxx
1
2
-32000
xxx
1
2
3
b)
2.3.4 Cc ngun d liu v phng php ly mu
D liu cao mt t thng thu c t nh hng khng bng cc
dng c o nh. Ngoi ra cn c th thu c t cc thit b o c a hnh,
thit b qut m thanh hoc thit b qut radar.
Cc phng php ly mu cho m hnh s cao l:
- Ly mu chn lc: cc im ly mu c chn trc hoc trong khi
ly mu.
- Ly mu tng hp: cc im tha c loi b trong qu trnh ly
mu v chng c t thng tin ph.
- Ly mu ly tin: l phng php tin hnh ng thi vic ly mu
v phn tch d liu, sau khi phn tch d liu li quyt nh cch ly mu
tip theo.
C cc cch thc ly mu sau:
- Ly mu bng tay do cc thao tc vin iu khin my o nh lp
th, cch ny chm, nng sut lao ng thp.
- Ly mu bn t ng do h thng my o v nh hng dn cho
thao tc vin thc hin vic ly mu, cch ny c tc v chnh
xc cao.
- Ly mu t ng: tuy nhanh nhng cha chnh xc.
Vic la chn ch ly mu ph thuc vo mc ch l ly mu
s ho cc ng ng mc hoc cc mt nghing. Tuy nhin, khi cn mt
s m hnh s cao khi qut hn nn da vo ma trn cao ly mu
bng cch dng li vung c quy tc hoc li tam gic bt quy tc. V
mt ny, cao ca cc im mt li khi ly mu bng cng tc o nh lp
th khng khc nhiu lm so vi k thut ly mu khc (chng hn nh bng
cch ngu nhin, ngu nhin xp tng, li c quy tc...).
im thun li r nht khi ly mu bng tay l thao tc vin c th
thy im ly mu c cha thng tin hu ch hay khng. Li vung c
quy tc t thch hp khi ly mu b mt a hnh c s bin thin ln:
vng bng phng th c qu nhiu im ly mu, cn vng a hnh phc
tp th s im ly mu li qu t, khng . Khi ly mu, nu thao tc vin
quan st trc tip m hnh lp th th kt qu ly mu s thch hp hn.
Phng php ly mu ly tin l phng php ly mu a hnh mt
cch khch quan v t ng to ra ma trn cao. ly mu ly tin,
u tin ta xy dng mt li th sau x l vi cc li c mt cao hn
( hnh 2.22). Mt li c tng gp i sau mi bc ly mu. My tnh
s phn tch d liu thu c bc ly mu trc quyt nh vic ly
mu trong bc tip theo.

Hnh 2.22: Ly mu ly tin

Vic phn tch c tin hnh nh sau: t mt hnh vung 9 im trn
li th nht c chn v ngi ta tnh chnh lch cao cho tng cp
im k nhau theo hng v ct. chnh lch ny mang thng tin v mp
m ca a hnh. Nu mp m ny qu mt ngng no th mt
im ly mu s c tng ln.
Phng php ly mu ly tin c hiu qu khi khng c cc vng d
thng trn nh, chng hn nh vng b my m hoc vng b nh ca,cy
ci... che ph. Phng php ny thch hp cho cc dng a hnh c quy tc
hoc bn quy tc vi cc mt phng nm ngang, hi nghing hoc nhp nh
u n.
Vi cc dng a hnh g gh, c nhiu vng d thng, ngi ta dng
phng php ly mu ly tin b sung - cn gi l phng php ly mu hn
hp. Trong phng php ny, cc vng d thng c x l th cng trc
khi ly mu. Cc vng c a hnh g gh vi nhiu thay i d thng
khng th ly mu bng phng php bn t ng hoc hn hp th phi ly
mu chn lc.
Cc d liu thu c t ly mu ly tin v hn hp phi c bin
i t ng in vo ma trn cao.
To thu c t cc nh lp th cha c quy vo mt h to
c quy tc no v cha c hiu chnh sai lch do bin thin cao ca
min a hnh, do nghing ca my baydo chng phi c a vo
mt h to chung v vi t l chnh xc v giao din vi d liu
khng gian trn cng min .
H to n gin nht l li vung, h thng ny ph hp vi cc
vng nh. i vi cc vng rng hn, ngi ta dng li chiu bn nh
li chiu UTM. Khi d liu c quy vo mt h to , chng c th i
cho nhau bng cch s dng cc php bin i tng ng. i vi mt tp
ln cc d liu raster th y l hot ng tn thi gian, ngay c khi chy
trn cc my tnh ln tr khi c phn cng c bit.
2.3.5 Cc kt qu thu c t m hnh s cao
C th thu c nhiu kt qu khc nhau t m hnh s cao tu
theo m hnh ny c th hin di dng ma trn cao, tp d liu im
bt quy tc hoc li tam gic.
T m hnh s cao, ta c th thu c :
- Biu khi, mt ct v cc tng a hnh,
- Khi lng mt ct,
- Bn ng ng mc,
- Bn ng ngm,
- Bn dc, li, lm v hng dc,
- Bn a hnh t bng,
- M t thy vn v lu vc sng ngi.
1 Biu khi, mt ct v cc tng a hnh
a,nh ngha:
Biu khi l mt trong nhng dng quen thuc ca m hnh a
hnh, l mt phng php trc quan th hin s bin thin gi tr ca mt
bin nh lng (khng nht thit l cao) trn mt vng a hnh.
b,Cng dng:
- Rt c ch cho vic hin th nhiu dng thng tin a hnh.
- Dng lm nn cho vic thit k phong cnh hoc m phng cc a
hnh trong cng tc thnh lp bn du lch.
c,Yu cu:
- Phi xc nh mt im quan st v h s t l cho vic phng i
theo chiu thng ng.
- S dng lut phi cnh tng tnh trc quan ca m hnh.
- Cn p dng phng php gii bi ton cc ng khut, chng hn
nh thut ton ng khut v mt khut ca Pavlidis.
2. c tnh khi lng t trong bi ton o p
Gi thit cn m hnh ho mt lp t c tnh khi lng cn
o i hoc p vo chun b xy dng. Vic tnh ton ng n khi
lng vt liu ny s gip cho vic tnh ton chi ph mt cch chnh xc.
Mun vy, trc v sau khi thi cng ta phi xy dng m hnh s cao cho
khu vc . chnh lch gia hai m hnh ny l phn vt liu o p.
3. Bn ng ng mc
a, Cch xy dng th nht
Thu c t ma trn cao bng cch phn chia cc vo cc lp
cao v in ra vi gam mu hoc xm tng ng. Cc ng ng mc thu
c tuy hin th bng tng mu v to ra cc bn v n gin nhng
vn cn qu th v v th phi dng cc thut ton c bit ni cc c
cng cao li vi nhau. Nu ngun d liu phn b khng u hoc qu
rng th vic ni ng ng mc c th dng php ni suy.
b, Cch xy dng th hai
Thu c t m hnh li tam gic bng cch tm vt ca cc mt ct
ngang vi tam gic . Khi s cn thm cu trc d liu b sung v cc
g v cc rnh xc nh im xut pht ca ng ng mc.
Ngoi ra, ng ng mc i khi cn phi x l b sung loi b
cc phn ra ca tam gic.
4. Bn tm ngm
Kh nng xc nh tm ngm t mt im trn mt khu vc a hnh
rt quan trng trong hot ng qun s, trong vic lp mng thng tin viba,
trong vic thit k ng cao tc. Nu ch da trn bn ng ng mc
th rt kh v phi tch ra v so snh mt s lng ln cc mt nghing. Bn
tm ngm thu c t ma trn cao v li tam gic bng cch s dng
th tc tm vt l bin th ca thut ton ng khut. Khi , khu vc v v
tr quan st c xc nh trn m hnh s cao, t v tr ngi ta v
cc tia ti tt c cc im khc trn m hnh. Cc im (hay cc ) khng b
cc im khc che khut c m ho tng ng to nn mt bn n
gin.
Do m hnh s cao thng c m ho mt cch trc tip t nh
hng khng nn cao c ghi li khng ni g v cc c im nh rng
cy, nh ca... ngoi thc a do ngi ta phi th hin chng ln trn cc
bn kt qu. V d: trong trng hp cao ca cc yu t a vt c
a vo m hnh s cao m hnh ho nh hng ca chng ti tm
nhn trn a hnh.
Trong khu vc c a hnh gn nh phng th tm nhn hon tan ph
thuc vo cy v cc yu t khc. Lc c s d liu s bao gm cao
ca cc cy v ta nh. Thng tin ny c dng v bn tm ngm ca
khu vc c cy v nh cao tng v nh gi xem v tr no c th ngm
thng ti im khc.
5. Bn dc, li, lm v hng dc
Trc khi c m hnh s cao, ngi ta dng rt nhiu k thut
nh tnh v na nh lng m t v so snh a hnh. Vic phn tch
nh lng l kh khn do cn mt lng lao ng khng l thu thp s
liu ngoi thc a hoc trn nh hng khng. Khi cc s liu cao c
thu thp v bin i vo trong mt ma trn cao hoc li tam gic th ch
cn mt vi th tc l c bn dc v cc c im khc ca a hnh.
+ Mt dc: l mt mt phng tip xc vi b mt m hnh s cao ti
mt im bt k cho trc. N bao gm hai thnh phn: dc v hng dc.
- dc l t l thay i ln nht ca cao (tnh bng %).
- Hng dc l phng la bn ca dc (tnh theo ).
- li l t l thay i ca mt dc ( trn n v di).
- lm ngc vi li.
+ Cch tnh thnh phn:
- Dng mt ca s 3 3 tnh o hm ca ng ng mc.
Ca s ny s di chuyn ln lt trn khp bn (hnh 2.23).
- Tnh dc:
tgG =
) / ( ) / (
2 2
X Z X Z
+
- Tnh hng dc:
tg A =
X Z
Y Z

/
/
( < < A )

Hnh 2.23 Cch tnh thnh phn
Sau khi tnh cc o hm tng ng cho tng trn ma trn cao,
cn phn lp hin th trn bn . Ngi ta dng bng xc nh lp
mu hoc xm tng ng. Gi tr ca mi s c so snh vi lp mu
hoc xm hin th thit b u ra.
+ V bn hng dc:

Z
i-1,j+1

Z
i,j+1

Z
i+1,j+1

Z
i-1,j

Z
i,j

Z
i+1,j

Z
i-1 j-1

Z
i,j-1

Z
i+1 j-1

Chia 9 lp tng ng vi 8 hng
N, NE, E, SE, S, SW,WNW v mt lp cho a hnh phng.
+ V bn dc:
Dng m hnh li tam gic tnh cc dc cho ring tng mt tam
gic v t bng cc mt ny theo dc.
Bn v t ma trn cao s sai khc mt t so vi b mt tht v
vic ly o hm s lm tng g gh ln. khc phc ngi ta dng
phng php t bng, v mu hoc dng thut ton trung bnh di chuyn cc
b.
6. Bn a hnh t bng
Khi cn nng cao cht lng bn , c bit khi m t s khc bit v
dng a hnh i v ni, ngi ta dng phng php t bng a hnh. y
l phng php tt nht trong cc phng php c xut.
Vic t bng a hnh da trn k thut s dng nh sng v bng m
m t vt th. Cc hiu ng cn thit c to ra nh k thut dng bt
lng v t bng bng tay. Tuy kt qu trng ni bt nhng tn km v ph
thuc nhiu vo k nng con ngi. Vi d liu s c th v bn a hnh
t bng mt cch t ng, chnh xc.
Mun vy, ta phi to ra mt m hnh trng ging nh a hnh tht.
N ging vi nh ni l dng k thut v bng mu hoc xm lin tc
nhng khc vi nh ni l:
- Khng hin th ton b a hnh m ch th hin cc b mt s
ho.
- Ngun sng c t trn cao 45
0
so vi phng nm ngang, chiu
theo hng ng Bc.
- M hnh a hnh u n v khi qut hn.
Cch thc hin:
Tnh cc hng dc ca b mt cho trc (hay cc thnh phn ca mt
dc).
To m hnh th hin s phn chiu nh sng ca b mt c chiu
sng bng ngun sng t 45
0
trn cao theo hng ng Bc.
sng ti ca b mt ph thuc vo hng ca n ngun sng chiu
vo n. Vy vn c bn l phi bit c phn chiu nhng tnh theo
cng thc s rt phc tp. Sau y l cc cch tnh phn chiu hiu qu
hn v tn t b nh hn.
- Tnh phn chiu:
+ To bng tm kim bin i t mt dc sang phn chiu.
+ Bin i gi tr phn chiu ca tng thnh gam mu hoc xm.
+ Gi cc gam mu xm ti thit b u ra.
- Dng m hnh cao dng li tam gic.
Ging nh khi dng m hnh dng ma trn cao tr mt iu:
phn chiu c tnh cho tng mt tam gic ch khng phi tng . Cc mt
ny c t bng bng cch gch mt tam gic bng nhng ng thng
song song c dy tha tu theo cng nh sng phn chiu.
Bn a hnh t bng dng th hin hnh nh a hnh 3 chiu
chnh xc, dng trong phn tch nh tnh cho hnh thi t, lm tng tnh
trc quan ca bn ln khi kt hp vi cc thng tin chuyn .
7. M t a hnh t ng nh m hnh s cao
Khi cc ng rnh hoc ng g cha c s ho ring bit th
phi ly chng t ng t ma trn cao. Chng hn, cn xc nh mt
ng dn nc theo nh hng khng c chng trn mt m hnh s
cao. Yu cu i vi li tam gic m hnh ny phi cha tt c cc thng tin
v g v rnh cn thit cng nh nhng thng tin cn c a vo khi s
ho. Mt khc, cc ma trn cao s trong vic tnh cc nh lng khc
nh chi ph, thi gian i li s rt hu ch nu dng phng php m t
c im ng v vng.
Nu ta c m hnh s cao th phi dng phng php t ng pht
hin g v rnh to li tam gic b sung.
Cho ti nay, trc khi phn tch nh tnh cc mng thu vn v lu
vc sng ngi, ngi ta phi sao chp nhiu s liu t bn in v t
nh hng khng. Ngoi tnh bun t ra cng vic ny cn a n nhiu sai
s d liu hn.
Vn ln nht trong vic s dng ma trn cao pht hin cc
c im ng, vng l vic tn ti cc h do nhiu gy ra. Li qu th
c th lm mt i vi ng g, ng rnh ri rc nhau.
Ngi ta c th pht hin cc h ny bng mt ca s 3 3 . Mt
c coi l mt h nu cao ca n nh hn hoc bng cao ca 8 ln
cn.
a, Pht hin ng g, ng rnh
pht hin ng g cn phi xc nh v tr cc ch li ln, cn
pht hin ng rnh th cn phi xc nh v tr nhng ch lm xung.
- Thut ton th nht:
Dng ca s 4 . pht hin ng rnh, ngi ta phi nh du
vung c cao ln nht. Sau , di chuyn ca s trn khp cc ma trn
cao. Khi , cc khng c nh du s th hin rnh. Tip theo ch vic
ni cc khng c nh du li thnh ng rnh. Cn pht hin
ng g cng lm tng t, nhng ta ch nh du cc c cao nh
nht.
- Thut ton th hai:
Ging nh nh l Cauchy: Khong cch nhn nht t mt im bt
k trn mt mt cong ti im thp nht chnh l ng dc nht. Thut
ton ny cn mt ca thot nc (im dng ca thut ton) v v tr ca
bt u. Vi mi tr ca thot nc, cao ca n c so snh vi cao
ca 8 ln cn. ln cn no c cao nh nht c nh du v nc s
chy vo . Sau , ca s s chuyn ti va c nh du v qu trnh
trn s c lp li. ung rnh s c m ho bng xm tng ng vi
lng nc chy qua n. Thut ton ny tn thi gian v b nh (chm hn
N
E
S
7
1
2
3
20 ln so vi thut ton th nht). Tuy th, n rt d pht hin cc h trong
d liu cao.
b, Xc nh bin ca mt ng dn nc
Pht hin ng g l mt vic tt yu phi lm nhng thc ra cng
vic ny ch cn tm bin ca mt ng dn nc phn cch n vi
ng cn li ca c s d liu. u tin ngi ta tnh dc v hng dc
cc b cho tt c cc . Sau xc nh ca thot nc ca ng dn. Tip
theo, my tnh s tm tt c cc nm trn cng ng dn nc nhng
ngc dng vi ca thot nc (i ngc t di ln).
Thut ton: Ca s 3 3 s bt u t v tr m tm ( trung tm)
ca n l ca thot nc. Mt s l ngc dng vi tm ca s nu ny
hng mt v trung tm (hnh 2.24). Ti mt im bn trong ta s kim
tra 8 ln cn k c gc v ra lu vc. Nu mt ln cn nh du bn
trong th c b qua, tri li c coi l ngc dng hoc gn nh nm
ngang s c chn lm tm mi ca ca s. Thut ton ny s duyt trn
m hnh s cao cho ti khi tm thy ng g hoc ra ra lu vc. Sau
, n quay li v lp li cho n khi ton b lu vc c nh du.
Phng php ny s duyt mi mt ln v b qua cc bn ngoi lu vc .

Hnh 2.24: Xc nh bin ca ng dn nc

4 hoc 5

3 hoc 4

3 hoc 2

6 hoc 5

im bn
trong

1 hoc 2

6 hoc 7

0 hoc 7

0 hoc 1

W
2.4 Gii thiu kh nng qun l bn bng mt s phn mm c bn
2.4.1. GIS MAPINFO
MAPINFO tuy cha phi l mt HTTL hon chnh nhng
MAPINFO cng c cc chc nng chnh ca mt h HTTL xy dng
mt h bn . u im ni bt ca n l kh nng hi p c s d liu a
l. Cc chc nng chnh ca MAPINFO l:
- Nhp, xut d liu.
- Cp nht, sa i d liu.
- Phn tch a l.
- Hin th d liu.
- Tra cu, qun l thng tin.
- To cc ni dung chuyn .
- In n.
Giao din ca MAPINFO c thc hin trc tip trn mi trng
Windows vi cc menu, ca s, hp thoi nn rt nhanh chng v thun li.
Ngoi ra, MAPINFO cn c mt lot cng c cho php thc hin cc thao
tc thng gp nh v cc i tng, la chn, tra cu thng tin... tng i
nhanh. Bn cnh , MAPINFO Corporation a ra ngn ng lp trnh
MapBasic to kh nng xy dng cc ng dng ring cho MAPINFO. D
liu khng gian trong MAPINFO c th hin di dng im, ng,
vng v cng c phn lp theo c tnh ca i tng nh h thng thu
vn, h thng ng, ranh gii tha, ranh gii nh... Kh nng phn lp ny
gip cho nh qun l thun tin trong vic qun l thng tin khng gian.
1. Kh nng qun l d liu trong MAPINFO
- Qun l d liu thuc tnh
D liu thuc tnh trong MAPINFO c lu di dng bng. Mt s
thng tin nh tn ch h, loi nh, loi t, a ch... c th vo trc tip qua
bng, cn cc thng tin nh din tch, chu vi, chiu di,... c th cp nht
thng qua cc hm ton hc trong MAPINFO.
Hai loi d liu khng gian v thuc tnh trn c lin kt vi nhau
thng qua trng kho chung bng lnh Update.
- Qun l thng tin a chnh
Qun l thng tin tha t: d cp qun l no th thng tin quan
trng nht cn qun l vn l thng tin ti tng tha t ca tng h gia nh,
tng c quan s hu tha t . MAPINFO c cc cu lnh rt thun tin
cho vic tra cu thng tin.
Tra cu thng tin theo v tr a l: i tng dng im, i tng
dng ng, i tng dng vng...
Tra cu thng tin theo thuc tnh: tra cu theo biu thc thng thng
(Select), tra cu theo dng ngn ng hi p cu trc cho mt m hnh d
liu quan h SQL Select.
2. Tng hp hin trng s dng t t thng tin tha t
Ngoi vic qun l ti tha t, tng h gia nh, c quan qun l
cn phi qun l tng hp v hin trng s dng t ca a phng mnh.
Cn b qun l c th tnh tng din tch t ca mt x, huyn no bng
cu lnh SQL Select, hoc to mi bn hin trng s dng t bng cch
s dng cu lnh SQL Select chn nhng tha t cng loi, sau dng
lnh COMBINE tng hp tt c cc tha li. Ngoi kh nng qun l
CSDL, trn Mapinfo cn c kh nng trnh by bn rt hon ho gip
cho cc nh bn trnh by bn a chnh, c bit l bn hin trng
s dng t c d dng.

2.4.2. Phn mm MAPPING OFFICE
L b phn mm ca hng INTERGRAPH (Hoa K) bao gm cc
phn mm cng c phc v cho vic xy dng bn c tch hp trong
mt mi trng thng nht.
- MICROSTATION: l mi trng ha cao cp, cung cp cc
cng c cho vic s ho cc i tng trn nn nh (raster), sa cha, bin
tp v trnh by bn . MICROSTATION c s dng lm nn cho cc
ng dng khc nh: GEOVEC, I/RASB, I/RASC, MSFC...
- I/RASB: l phn mm hin th v bin tp d liu, cung cp cc
cng c lm sch cc nh c qut vo t ti liu c, nn cc file nh
raster t ta hng ct ca cc pixel v ta thc ca bn , phc v
cho phn mm GEOVEC chuyn i t d liu raster sang vector. I/RASB
cho php ngi s dng ng thi thao tc vi c hai dng d liu raster v
vector trong cng mt mi trng.
- I/RASC: l phn mm x l nh, cung cp y cc chc nng
phc v cho vic hin th, tng cng x l nh thng qua cc my qut nh
hoc cc d liu c c trc tip nu l nh s v xut d liu. Phn mm
ny h tr hin th c nh n sc, nh ton sc v nh t hp mu.
- GEOVEC: c chc nng chuyn dng chuyn i bn t ng cc
d liu raster sang dng vector, gim c rt nhiu thi gian cho qu trnh
x l, chuyn i ti liu. GEOVEC cho php thao tc vi cc nh ln, rt
thun tin trong cng tc sn xut.
- MSFC (Microstation Feature Collection): cho php ngi dng
khai bo v t cc c tnh ho cho cc lp thng tin khc nhau ca bn
phc v cho qu trnh s ho v cung cp mt lot cc cng c s ho
bn trn nn MICROSTATION. MSFC c s dng :
+ To bng phn lp v nh ngha cc thuc tnh ha cho i tng.
+ Qun l cc i tng.
+ X l mt s i tng c trng ca bn : Cc k hiu bn ,
lc im, lm trn ng i vi tng i tng ring l,...
2.4.3. Phn mm MGE (Modular GIS Environment
L mt h thng phn mm ca hng INTERGRAPH phc v cho
vic thu nhn, lu tr, phn tch v hin th cc d liu khng gian. MGE
cung cp cc cng c tin ch cho vic tch hp cc d liu khng gian v
cc thng tin thuc tnh thnh mt h thng thng nht.
MGE cung cp mt s cng c s ho cc bn c sn, xy dng
cc bng thuc tnh cho cc i tng, xc nh cc c tnh ca i tng
trong c s d liu MGE, tm kim thng tin, hin th d liu...


Chng Chng Chng Chng 3 33 3
cng ngh tch hp t liu vin thm v
h thng tin a l
3.1. Tch hp l g?
Tch hp ting Anh l integrate c ngha l hp thnh mt th thng
nht, b sung thnh mt th thng nht, hp nht.Nh vy, tch hp t liu
vin thm v GIS l vic hp nht cc u im ca hai loi t liu vin thm
v GIS thnh mt th thng nht, ng thi tm cch hn ch cc yu im
ca hai loi t liu ni trn.
3.2 Ti sao phi tch hp?
Ngi ta phi tch hp t liu vin thm v HTTL v nhng l do
sau:
- Vin thm l mt trong nhng cng ngh thu thp d liu quan trng
v hiu qu nht cho vic cp nht v xy dng c s d liu HTTL.
- Ngun cung cp thng tin a l l s liu trc a - bn , nh hng
khng, nh vin thm, s liu iu tra, thng k.
hu hiu cho vic thu thp d liu cp nht cho HTTL, nhng nhng d
liu sn c c lu tr trong GIS cng l ngun thng tin b tr rt tt cho
vic phn loi v x l nh vin thm. Gii php x l tch hp vin thm
v HTTL l phi hp u th ca hai cng ngh trong vic thu thp, lu
tr, phn tch v x l d liu a l nng cao nng sut trong vic xy
dng v cp nht d liu khng gian (hnh 3.1).
- Tch hp t liu vin thm v HTTL nhm to ra cng ngh cung
cp d liu a l cn thit cho HTTL, nhm p ng nhu cu a dng
trong cng tc qun l ti nguyn thin nhin v gim st mi trng
- Cng ngh vin thm l mt trong nhng cng ngh thu thp d liu
khng gian quan trng v hiu qu nht. S tch hp t liu vin thm
HTTL da trn t liu raster rt kh thi v cu trc d liu ging nhau,
hn na c s tng ng gia k thut x l nh vin thm v HTTL,
c hai k thut ny u x l d liu khng gian v c th thnh lp bn
s, c bit l c cng mt s thut ton x l d liu khng gian s. Khi
nh v tinh c x l v cung cp di dng tng thch vi HTTL,
nhng chc nng phn tch ca HTTL c th p dng hiu qu i vi t
liu vin thm. Do , cng ngh tch hp t liu vin thm v HTTL
khng ch s dng nh vin thm phi hp vi d liu vector ca HTTL
(ranh gii, to , cao), phi hp cc chc nng sn c ca hai cng
ngh m cn c th khai thc ti a d liu thuc tnh nhm t hiu qu cao
nht trong vic cung cp thng tin p ng nhanh cc nhu cu trong quy
hoch, theo di bin ng s dng t v thnh lp bn chuyn
Hnh 3.1 Vai tr ca Vin thm trong vic xy dng v cp nht c s d
liu HTTL
nh s v tinh sau khi c gii on hoc phn tch, x l to
ra d liu c t l thch hp theo yu cu ng dng, hoc c s dng
xy dng m hnh s cao (DEM), hay thnh lp bn hin trng s
dng t s l ngun cung cp thng tin quan trng cho HTTL.
- Vi kh nng cung cp nh s phn gii cao v chu k lp ngn
(cp nht thng tin trong vi ngy), t liu vin thm gp phn nng cao
hiu qu ng dng HTTL trong qun l, quy hoch v pht trin th
nh hng
khng
nh s
Bn giy
D liu
thc a
M hnh
s cao
o c v
tr im
M hnh
ton hc
GIS

Vin thm/
khng nh
a l - kinh
t - x hi
(hnh 3.2). Ngoi ra, t liu vin thm a thi gian l cng c hu hiu cho
php chng lp bn v phn tch bin ng p ng cc yu cu ca
ngi s dng.

Hnh 3.2 - chnh xc ca nh v tinh v yu cu cp nht d liu.

- Vic s dng cng ngh tch hp t liu vin thm v HTTL cho
php cp nht, xy dng d liu v phn tch bin ng hiu qu v ng vai
tr kh quan trng cho vic h tr ra quyt nh nhanh, trn phm vi rng vi
gi thnh r (hnh 3.3)
a

h
n
h

1
3
5
C
n
g

t
r
n
h

D
c
h

v
n
g

c
n
g

Q
u
n

l
m

n
g
h
i
p
,

n
n
g

n
g
h
i
p

a hnh Quy hoch s dng t
nh IKONOS
SPOT LANDSAT AVHRR
Thi gian cp
nht (nm)
chnh xc khng gian (m)
0.5
0.01 0.1 1 10 25 50 100

Hnh 3.3 - Vai tr ca HTTL v Vin thm trong vic h tr ra quyt nh.

Vi chc nng tch hp, HTTL thc hin vic chng xp nhng lp
thng tin khc nhau thng qua vic s dng ngun d liu a dng c
xy dng trn mt h quy chiu thng nht.
Cng ngh vin thm cho php thnh lp bn t ng trn mt
phm vi rng ln v cp nht nhanh d liu. Cc thng tin chuyn to ra
dng s t cng ngh vin thm d dng c t chc thnh cc lp thng tin
hp l cho vic lu tr, qun l, phn tch v hin th trong mi trng
HTTL. Ngc li, ngun d liu sn c trong HTTL lun c cp nht
m bo tnh hin thi nhm phn nh chnh xc th gii thc s l ngun
thng tin b tr rt tt cho vic nn chnh hnh hc, to d liu mu, phn
loi v nh gi cht lng sau khi x l nh trong HTTL nh im khng
ch mt t rt cn thit cho nn chnh hnh hc, lp polygon v ranh gii
hnh chnh, loi hnh s dng t quan trng cho cng tc gii on nh.
Cng ngh tch hp t liu vin thm v HTTL s cp nht hay xy
dng c s d liu HTTL trn din rng v tit kim nhiu cng sc v
thi gian thc hin.
Chnh sch nh hng;
Dn s, gio dc v y t, vn ho - x hi;
Kinh t, cng ngh,
Tc ng ca con ngi;
th ho, cng nghip ho;
Pht trin xy dng.
Quyt nh thc thi;
Lp k hoch, chnh sch;
Bin php qun l.
Chuyn i mi trng;
Bin ng s dng t, thay i kh hu;
nhim mi trng, st l t, l lt, ph
rng, thay i tp qun,
Thng k Thng bo cho cng chng Hot ng ca con ngi
Ph. tch,nh gi bi HTTL Gim st bi Vin thm
C s d liu
- Mc d,t liu Vin thm c tr lng thng tin kh ln ( phn
gii khng gian, phn gii thi gian v phn gii ph ln) song khi gii
on chng, i khi ta gp phi trng hp kh gii on hoc khng gii
on c.Nhng trng hp nh vy, nu c t liu HTTL h tr th vic
gii on chng s d dng v chnh xc hn rt nhiu.V d, khi gii on
vng trng ng v vng trng ma: c hai loi cy trng ny u c iu kin
sinh trng,chiu cao cy, kh nng phn x ph,... gn nh nhau nn rt kh
phn bit, th nhng nu bit c phong tc,tp qun canh tc ca c dn
vng th s c cu tr li chnh xc cho vic phn loi cy trng vng
ni trn ( V d, vng ni H Giang,Cao Bng ng bo Mo thng n
mn mn, ung ru ng nn cy lng thc ch yu ca h l cy ng, nu
bit c tp qun canh tc ca h th chng ta s gii on chnh xc loi
cy trng ny). Mt khc,trong mt s bi ton phn loi nh vin thm,
HTTL l cng c h tr c lc cho cc chuyn gia vin thm trong vic
cung cp thng tin b tr nh ranh gii, cao, dc
3.3 C th tch hp t liu vin thm v HTTL c khng?
T liu vin thm v HTTL c th tch hp c v nhng l do sau:
- D liu vin thm c x l v lu tr di dng cu trc raster
Trong HTTL, hai m hnh d liu vector v raster thng c s
dng lu tr d liu khng gian, trong khi d liu vin thm c x l
v lu tr di dng raster, do vic tch hp t liu vin thm v HTTL
rt d dng thc hin.
-nh vin thm chuyn i d dng vo loi d liu HTTL mong
mun
Chc nng chng xp cc lp d liu cho php tch hp v hin th
ng thi c hai lp vector v raster, iu ny cho php cp nht nhanh cc
lp d liu v giao thng, thu h, thc ph trong d liu nn, cng nh cc
lp d liu chuyn ca HTTL (hnh 3.4).

S ho
Chuyn i
vector-raster
Cu trc d liu raster
Kt ni
c s d liu
nh v tinh
Phn tch khng gian Phn tch nh
Cu trc d liu vector
Sn phm xut ra ca kt qu
Hnh 3.4 M hnh chuyn i d liu Vin thm v HTTL
-T liu vin thm v HTTL c cng to quy chiu
T liu vin thm v HTTL c cng ta quy chiu nn s tng ng
gia k thut x l nh vin thm v HTTL to iu kin tt cho vic tch
hp hai loi t liu ny.
3.4 Kh nng ng dng cng ngh tch hp t liu vin thm v h
thng tin a l
nh vin thm sau khi phn loi s th hin s phn b ca cc i
tng theo khng gian v thi gian. Do , kt qu x l mt nh vin thm
s ch ra hin trng s dng t ti thi im chp nh v vi nh a thi
gian cho php thnh lp cc lp chuyn s dng t trn vng t c th
nhng cc thi im khc nhau. Bng chc nng chng xp v phn tch,
GIS cho php tch hp t cc kt qu phn loi ca nhiu thi im chp
thnh lp nhanh v chnh xc bn bin ng s dng t ca khu vc. Vi
chc nng t ng cung cp thng tin v s thay i gia cc loi hnh s
dng t theo tng thi im yu cu hoc theo n v hnh chnh, HTTL
cho php ngi s dng gim st qu trnh bin ng s dng t theo bt k
loi hnh no v bt k khong thi gian no.
Gii php truyn thng l so snh bn hin trng s dng t
thnh lp ti hai thi im yu cu, nhng khu vc thay i s c th hin
trn t bn th ba gi l bn bin ng t cho ta thy nhng thay i
ca cc loi hnh s dng t. Tuy nhin, khu vc m loi hnh s dng t
thay i nhanh th gii php ny khng p ng c yu cu. chnh xc
v tnh hin thi ca bn b gim v phi mt nhiu thi gian xy dng
bn hin trng s dng t bng phng php tng hp. Ngoi ra, bn
bin ng t loi ny thng cha nhiu sai st v hai bn hin trng s
dng t thnh lp ti hai thi im khng cng thng nht v chi tit ni
dung v chnh xc yu cu.
Nu s dng cng ngh tch hp t liu vin thm v HTTL th s
m bo c tnh hin thi ca thng tin, d dng kim tra mc chi tit
v tnh thng nht ca d liu, cng nh khng b nh hng do t l v php
chiu ca bn gy ra.
Vic tch hp t liu vin thm v HTTL cng rt c hiu qu trong
vic thnh lp bn bin ng lp ph thc vt, bn bin ng mi
trng v.v...

Chng 4
ng dng cng ngh tch hp vin thm
v h thng tin a l
B cm bin l thit b quan trng dng thu nhn nng lng sng
in t phn x hay bc x t vt th theo tng bc sng xc nh, mi loi
cm bin c thit k p ng tng mc tiu c th. B cm bin quang hc
tp trung ch yu vo s knh ph c thu nhn, trong khi , b cm to
nh radar th gc ti ca sng v tuyn cao tn v knh sng c s dng
gi vai tr quan trng trong vic xc nh cc i tng. Do , ng dng
Vin thm vo tng lnh vc khc nhau cn phi chn loi nh thch hp
nht, ngha l loi b cm c phn gii khng gian, phn gii ph v
phn gii thi gian thch hp vi yu cu c th ca lnh vc ng dng. V
d, nh ton sc s ghi nhn mc phn x ph ca thc vt khng tt
bng nh thu nhn bng sng do cht dip lc hp thu rt mnh nng
lng tia . phn gii khng gian quan h rt mt thit n t l ca bn
cn thnh lp cng nh mc chi tit c th phn bit c trn nh
gii on v thu nhn chnh xc cc thng tin cn thit. Ring i vi
phn gii thi gian c xem nh l khong thi gian gia cc thi im tin
hnh chp nh, c nhiu ng dng i hi nh phi chp lp thng xuyn
(nh d bo bo, theo di chy rng, gim st l lt,...), nhng cng c
nhng ng dng ch yu cu chp nh theo ma (nh xc nh v ma,
m ca t,...) hoc nhng ng dng ch cn nh chp mt ln (thnh lp bn
cu trc a cht). R rng, hu ht cc ng dng lin quan n yu t
thi gian u yu cu chu k lp ca v tinh ngn, qu trnh x l nh nhanh
kp thi cung cp thng tin hu ch cho ngi s dng.
Cc b cm quang hc thng b hn ch do my (che khut i tng
trn nh), vng nhit i th my nh hng kh trm trng n nh chp,
nhng vng gn cc cc th li khng nng lng chiu sng ca mt
Tri. Nhng hn ch ny c khc phc bng Vin thm radar do kh nng
t cung cp nng lng n cc i tng v sng in t c s dng
trong k thut radar c bc sng di nn d dng xuyn qua my hay sng
m, m bo thu nhn hnh nh bt k thi im hay v tr no trn mt
t.
Lnh vc ng dng ca chng rt a dng, nn b cm thng c cu
to bng nhiu b tch sng p ng hu ht cc yu cu t ra. Ngoi ra,
nhiu ng dng i hi phi s dng phi hp nhiu ngun d liu nn cn
c gi l x l tch hp v i khi m bo yu cu v chnh xc,
ngi gii on cn phi s dng thm mt s d liu b sung gii on
nh, cc d liu ny c gi l d liu b tr. ng dng tt k thut
Vin thm, ngi gii on cn phi lu n nhng vn sau:
- Tng knh nh c thu nhn t b cm cha d liu quan trng v
ng nht ng vi bc sng khc nhau, nn gi tr sng ca cng i
tng thng c gi tr khc nhau cho bi cc knh nh (do mc hp th,
phn x hoc tn x nng lng khc nhau). Do , ngi gii on cn phi
xc nh knh ph ti u trong b d liu nh a ph xc nh tng i
tng c th ph hp vi yu cu. Ngoi ra, nhiu i tng thng b thay
i theo thi gian nn nhiu ng dng i hi tch thng tin chnh xc cn
phi s dng nhiu ngun thng tin lin quan n i tng hoc khu vc
nghin cu.
- Cc b cm khc nhau ca cng v tinh thng to nh cung cp
thng tin b tr cho nhau, nn khi tch hp c th h tr rt tt cho cng tc
gii on v phn loi nh. V d, khi ta phi hp nh ton sc phn gii
cao vi nh a ph c phn gii thp, hoc tch hp nh v tinh quang hc
v nh radar.
- nh a thi gian (c chp vo cc ngy, tun, thng khc nhau hoc
vo cc nm trc ) s cung cp rt tt thng tin bin ng dng theo
di s thay i ca lp ph mt t hoc s pht trin trong khu vc no
ca thnh ph (m rng hay th ho). Cng vic ny thng lin quan n
phn loi nh chp cc thi im khc nhau trn cng mt khu vc, tin
hnh so snh kt qu phn loi xc nh nhng bin ng v ranh gii
gia cc loi. Do cn ch n vic chn cng b d liu mu v d liu
thm tra c c s nh gi chnh xc v mt tnh cht cng nh quy m
ca nhng bin ng
Cng vi s pht trin nh v bo ca khoa hc k thut, c bit l
vin thm v h thng tin a l, cng ng tch hp vin thm v h thng tin
a l ang c ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh thnh lp bn hin
trng s dng t, bn bin ng s dng t, bn rng,thnh lp v
hin chnh bn a hnh, ng dng trong lnh vc bo v mi trng v
nhiu lnh vc khc. trong chng ny s cp n kh nng ng dng
cng ngh tch hp t liu vin thm v h thng tin a l thnh lp bn
hin trng s dng t v nghin cu bin ng s dng t.
4.1. ng dng cng ngh tch hp Vin thm v h thng tin a l
thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t
4.1.1. Nhng vn chung v bn hin trng s dng t
Bn hin trng s dng t (HTSD) l loi bn th hin trng
thi lp ph b mt t bao gm lp ph t nhin v nhn to, phn nh
trng thi s dng qu t thng qua cc loi hnh s dng t ti thi im
nghin cu. HTSD lun thay i di tc ng ca cc quy lut t nhin v
nhng hot ng kinh t x hi ca con ngi. S thay i ny c bit ln
cc nc cha ph cp hiu bit v cc quy lut t nhin, cn bng sinh thi,
con ngi thiu tnh ton, nghin cu khi khai thc t nhin, thiu quan tm
bo v mi trng. iu tra nghin cu HTSD c ngha khoa hc v thc
tin ht sc to ln v cc kt qu iu tra nghin cu HTSD lm r c cu
v tnh trng s dng qu t, to c s cho vic kim k, xy dng cc
phng n quy hoch trn cc lnh th a l c th nhm s dng ti u
tim nng t nhin v bo v mi trng.
Bn HTSD cn p ng cc yu cu sau:
- Th hin c HTSD ca mt n v hnh chnh thi im yu
cu.
- t c chnh xc cao ph hp vi t l, mc ch ca bn cn
thnh lp.
- p ng ng b v hiu qu cc yu cu cp bch ca cng tc kim
k t ai v quy hoch s dng t.
Bn HTSD c lp ra nhm mc ch:
- Th hin kt qu thng k, kim k t.
- Xy dng ti liu c bn phc v qun l lnh th, qun l t ai.
- L ti liu phc v xy dng quy hoch, k hoch s dng t v kim
tra thc hin quy hoch t c ph duyt ca cc a phng v cc
ngnh kinh t.
4.1.2. ng dng cng ngh tch hp t liu vin thm v h thng tin
a l thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t
Trc y, vic nghin cu hin trng lp ph b mt cc tnh, huyn,
x trong c nc phc v cho cng tc kim k t trn phm vi ton quc
ch yu da vo ngun s liu thng k v cc loi hnh s dng theo mt
quy trnh thng nht. Chnh v vy, gii quyt c hiu qu vic nghin cu
cc loi hnh hin ang s dng, ngi ta phi tin hnh iu tra nhm pht
hin ra cc quy lut hay nghin cu nh gi din bin, t thu thp nhng
ti liu, s liu cn thit phc v cho cng tc kim k sau ny.
o v bn HTSD l cng tc iu tra tng hp tin hnh ngoi
tri. iu tra nghin cu HTSD theo phng php truyn thng c u im
l n gin v cc kt qu thng k c xem l tng i st vi thc t
cc a phng ti thi im tin hnh iu tra, o v kho st, lp bo co.
Tuy nhin, phng php ny trong thc t bc l mt s nhc im sau:
- Quy trnh cp nht chnh l s liu mt nhiu thi gian.
- Ni dung, k hiu v chnh xc ca bn khng thng nht.
- S liu t ai khng ph hp vi bn khi xut bn.
Nhng nhc im ny nh hng rt ln ti cng tc t ng ha, o
v v hin chnh bn trong giai on hin nay.
Khong 10 nm tr li y t liu vin thm tr thnh mt phng
tin k thut hin i c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc k thut
khc nh nhng u th vn c ca n m nhng ngun t liu v phng
php nghin cu truyn thng khng th c c nh:
- Kh nng cp nht thng tin.
- Tnh cht a thi gian ca t liu.
- Tnh cht phong ph ca thng tin a ph vi cc di ph ngy cng
c m rng.
- Tnh cht a dng ca nhiu tng, nhiu dng thng tin nh hng
khng, nh chp v tr.
- Tnh a dng ca t liu: bng t, phim, nh, a t ...
- S kt hp ca thng tin vin thm vi h thng thng tin a l,
thng tin lin lc t v tr, nh v t xa ...
Tuy nhin phng php ny cng cn mt s mt hn ch nh:
- Nhiu dng khc nhau ca lp ph b mt c th khng c phn
bit trn nh.
- Thng tin theo chiu thng ng c gi tr phn loi nhng i
tng s dng t thng b mt i hoc khng r nt.
- i vi mt vng nh th chi ph cho cc t liu vin thm t hn so
vi cc phng php truyn thng, v vy s khng kinh t.
Thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t bng nh vin thm, v thc
cht l qu trnh x l, phn tch nh kt hp vi cc ngun ti liu khc c
lin quan cng nh kho st ngoi nghip xc nh cc loi t theo loi
hnh s dng, v tr phn b trong khng gian v th hin kt qu di
dng m hnh bn .
Quy trnh thnh lp bn hin trng s dng t bng nh vin thm
c phn thnh hai loi chnh:
- Quy trnh thnh lp bn s dng t bng phng php tng t.
- Quy trnh thnh lp bn s dng t bng phng php s.
Trn thc t ngoi hai loi quy trnh trn cn c loi quy trnh kt hp
phng php s v phng php tng t. Cc loi quy trnh trn khc nhau
v mt k thut, nhng s cng ngh chung u bao gm cc bc sau:
1. Nhp nh
C hai ngun t liu chnh l nh tng t do cc my chp nh
cung cp v nh s do cc my qut cung cp. Trong trng hp nh s th t
liu nh c chuyn t cc bng t lu tr mt cao HDDT vo cc bng
t CCT. dng ny my tnh no cng c th c c s liu.
2. Xy dng nh t hp mu
th hin mu trn t liu nh vin thm ngi ta phi t hp mu
v hin mu gi.
a. T hp mu
Mt bc nh mu c th c t hp trn c s gn 3 knh ph no
cho 3 mu c bn. C hai phng php t hp mu l cng mu v tr
mu.
Nu ta chia ton b di sng nhn thy thnh 3 vng c bn l , lc,
chm v sau li dng nh sng trng chiu qua lnh lc , lc, chm
tng ng ta thy hu ht cc mu t nhin u c khi phc li. Phng
php t hp mu c gi l phng php t hp mu t nhin.

a: T hp cng mu b: T hp tr mu
Hnh 4.1: Nguyn l t hp mu
Trong vin thm, cc knh ph khng c chia u trong di sng
nhn thy nn khng th ti to li c cc mu t nhin mc d cng s
dng 3 mu c bn , lc, chm. T hp mu nh vy c gi l t hp
mu gi. T hp mu thng dng nht trong vin thm l t hp mu gi khi
gn mu cho knh hng ngoi, mu lc cho knh , v mu chm cho
knh lc. Trn t hp mu ny cc i tng c th hin theo cc gam
mu chun nh thc vt c mu . Vi cc mc khc nhau ca mu
trn nh t hp mu ny,ta bit c mc dy c ca lp thm thc vt.

b. Hin mu gi
Chm
Tm
Lam
Trng
Vng

Lc
Lam
Chm
Lc
en

Tm
Vng
T hp mu ch thc hin c trong trng hp c 3 knh tr ln. Trong
trng hp ch c mt knh ph, c th thc hin c trong khng gian
mu ngi ta s dng phng php hin mu gi, trong phng php ny
ng vi mt khong cp xm nht nh s c gn mt mu no .
Cch gn mu nh vy khng c quy lut no c v hon ton ph thuc vo
ngi thit k. Thng thng cch ny hay c s dng cho nh sau phn
loi, nh ch s thc vt, nh nhit...
3. Nng cao cht lng nh
Tng cng cht lng nh v chit tch c tnh l mt thao tc
chuyn i nhm tng tnh d c, d hiu cho ngi lm cng tc gii on
nh, mt thao tc nhm phn loi sp xp cc thng tin c sn trong nh theo
cc yu cu hoc ch tiu a ra di dng hm s. Cho n nay, ngi ta
vn cha a ra mt tiu chun c th no v nng cao cht lng nh s. V
vy, vic nng cao cht lng nh thng theo yu cu v mc ch ca
ngi s dng. Thc cht vic nng cao tng phn l lng t ho
xm ca nh. S sp xp xm sau qu trnh ny nm trong khong 0 n
255 bc. Nhng php tng cng cht lng nh thng c s dng l bin
i cp xm, bin i histogram, t hp mu, bin i mu gia 2 h RGB v HIS.
Mt s phng php nng cao tng phn c s dng trong cc
thit b x l nh c k ti nh nng cao tuyn tnh, nng cao phi tuyn
tnh v nng cao theo php bin i histogram.
C 2 phng php tng cng cht lng nh l vic s dng kt
qu tnh histogram ca cc hnh v phng php loi tr mt s pixel mang
t gi tr thng tin. Vic p dng cc bin php ny ph thuc vo mc ch
cng nh cht lng ca t liu vin thm s dng.
Cc t liu khc
Bn a hnh

T liu v tinh

S liu thc a

Nhp nh

Xy dng nh
T hp mu

Nng cao cht
Lng nh

Nn chnh
Hnh hc

Gii on s
(Phn loi c gim
nh, phn loi khng
gim nh)

nh phn loi

Chn mu kim chng

So snh - i chiu

nh gi chnh xc kt qu phn loi

4. Nn chnh hnh hc
Hnh 4.2: Quy trnh cng ngh thnh lp bn HTSD
bng phng php x l s
Qu trnh nn nh vin thm gi vai tr rt quan trng trong
cng ngh
x l nh vin thm. Vic nn chnh ny s gip ta hon thin cc qu trnh
x l gia cng cc thng tin trong bi ton phn loi, thnh lp hoc hin
chnh bn , chng xp thng tin chuyn , xy dng c s d liu trong
h thng thng tin a l.
Mo hnh hnh hc l sai lch v tr gia to nh thc t o c
v to nh l tng thu c t b cm c thit k hnh hc l tng v
trong cc iu kin thu nhn l tng.
a cc to nh thc t v to nh l tng phi hiu chnh hnh
hc. Bn cht ca hiu chnh hnh hc l xy dng mi tng quan gia h
to nh o v h to quy chiu chun c th l h to mt t hoc
h to nh khc.
5. Gii on s
Gii on s da trn phng php phn loi c gim nh v phn
loi khng gim nh. Phng php phn loi c gim nh l mt hnh thc
phn loi m cc ch tiu phn loi c xc lp da trn cc vng mu. Cc
vng mu l khu vc m trn nh ngi gii on bit chc chn thuc vo
mt trong cc lp cn tm. Da vo cc vng mu, cc tham s thng k
c xc nh v chnh l cc ch tiu thng k s dng trong qu trnh
phn loi sau ny. S khc nhau gia phng php phn loi c gim nh v
khng gim nh l ch chng ta gim ti a cng tc ngoi nghip m
thay vo l vic s dng cc ti liu, t liu... phc v cng tc gii on
nh.
a. Phng php phn loi khng gim nh
Phn loi khng gim nh hay phn loi khng kim tra l mt dng
phn loi in hnh ca vic x l nh s n thun. Kiu phn loi ny ch
s dng thun ty cc thng tin trn nh, nht l nhng khu vc khng c
mt cht thng tin no v i tng cn phn loi th phng php ny gip
cho ngi x l tm cc phng hng c th hay a ra mt nhn xt khch
quan v cc i tng.
Nguyn l c bn ca phng php ny l cc gi tr ph trong mt
loi lp ph phi gn ging nhau trong khng gian o, trong khi gi tr ph
ca cc loi khc nhau phi c phn bit r rng vi nhau.
Trnh t ca cng tc phn loi khng gim nh nh sau:
- Phn lp cc pixel trn nh thnh cc nhm ph ng nht.
- Lc d liu sau khi phn lp.
- Ghp nhm.
- Phn tch, xc nh cc nhm chuyn .
b. Phng php phn loi c gim nh
Phn loi c gim nh l mt hnh thc kt hp gia gii on nh
s tr gip ca my tnh vi kt qu iu tra thc a, cc ch tiu phn loi
c xc lp da trn cc vng mu. Cc vng mu l khu vc trn nh m
ngi gii on bit chc chn thuc vo mt trong cc lp cn tm.
chnh xc ca vic phn loi ny ph thuc vo din tch, mt phn b v
chnh xc ca cc mu trn khu vc nghin cu.
Trong phng php phn loi c gim nh, ngi gii on nh s
kim tra qu trnh phn loi pixel bng vic quy nh c th theo thut
ton my tnh, cc ch s m t bng s cc th loi lp ph mt t khc
nhau c mt trn mt nh. lm vic ny, cc im ly mu i din ca
loi lp ph bit (gi l cc vng mu) c s dng bin tp thnh
mt kho gii on bng s m t cc thuc tnh ph cho mi th loi in
hnh. Sau mi pixel trong tp hp d liu s c so snh vi mi chng
loi trong kho gii on v c gn nhn bng tn ca chng loi m n
c v ging nht.
Nu nh trong phng php phn loi khng gim nh, nhng c
tnh ca lp ph b mt c phn loi t nh khng qua s hiu bit
thc t hoc l nhng i tng b mt c xc nh khng tt th i
vi phng php phn loi c gim nh khc phc c nhng nhc
im ny.
Ngi x l c th s dng phn loi khng gim nh xy dng s
lng thng tin tng i vi s lp hin trng hin c ca khu vc, sau
s dng cc phng php che lp i tng tin hnh phn loi bng
vic la chn vng mu b sung th cng tc x l s nhanh hn rt nhiu
nu chng ta ch la chn vng mu ngay t u.
Cc bc thc hin bao gm:
- nh ngha cc lp.
- Chn vng mu.
- Tnh ch s thng k.
- Phn lp s b.
- Phn tch, kim tra ghp nhm cc i tng.
6. Phn loi nh
- Tnh din tch
- Lc nh: l bin php x l nh nhm tng cng kh nng suy gii
cc chi tit ca nh. C hai phng php x l nhiu:
+ So snh vi tn hiu chun ca 1 hnh nh mu.
+ Ly trung bnh cc hnh nh chp khu vc nghin cu gim bt
nhiu.
7. Xut kt qu ra
Cng dng ca bt k phng php phn loi nh no cui cng s
ph thuc vo sn phm cc kt qu a ra m chuyn ti mt cch hu hiu
thng tin c gii on cho ngi s dng. y, ranh gii gia vin thm,
bn my tnh, lm bn s v h thng thng tin a l b xa nho. C
th la chn mt cch khng hn ch cc sn phm u ra.
Ba dng tng qut thng c s dng gm:
- Cc sn phm ha
- Cc d liu a ra bng bng
- Cc file thng tin bng s
7.nh gi chnh xc ca kt qu phn loi
kim tra v nh gi chnh xc kt qu phn loi th phng
php chnh xc v hiu qu nht l kim tra thc a. Mu kim tra thc a
khng c trng v tr vi mu s dng khi phn loi v m bo phn
b u trn khu vc nghin cu.
chnh xc phn loi nh khng nhng ph thuc vo chnh xc
cc vng mu m cn ph thuc vo mt v s phn b cc mu.
chnh xc ca cc mu gim nh v ca nh phn loi c th hin bng
ma trn sai s.
Ma trn ny th hin sai s nhm ln sang lp khc (c th hin
theo hng) v sai s do b st (c th hin theo ct). Do vy nh gi
hai ngun sai s ny c hai chnh xc phn loi tng ng: chnh xc
phn loi c tnh n sai s nhm ln (do sai s nhm ln gy nn) v
chnh xc phn loi c tnh n sai s b st (do sai s b st gy nn).
chnh xc phn loi c tnh bng tng s pixel phn loi ng trn tng s
pixel ca ton b mu.
nh gi tnh cht ca cc sai st phm phi trong qu trnh phn
loi ngi ta da vo ch s Kappa (), ch s ny nm trong phm vi t 0
n 1.

Ch s c tnh theo cng thc sau [12]:

=
+ +
= =
+ +
=
r
i
i i
r
i
r
i
i i ii
x x N
x x x N
1
2
1 1
) . (
) . (

Trong :
N: Tng s pixel ly mu
r: S lp i tng phn loi
xii: S pixel ng trong lp th 1
xi+: Tng pixel lp th i ca mu
Hnh 4.3 nh sau khi phn loi
t trng la
t cy hng nm
Sng
t xy dng
t cy lu nm
Mt nc
t cha s dng
Ch gii
x+i: Tng pixel ca lp th i sau phn loi.
Sau khi phn loi nh bng phn mm ENVI v nh gi kt qu phn
loi t c chnh xc nh sau:
Ma trn sai s th hin trong bng 4.1, chnh xc phn loi c tnh
n sai s nhm ln v chnh xc phn loi c tnh n sai s b st c
th hin trong bng 4.2.
Bng 4.1 Ma trn sai s phn loi nh
Trong bng 4.1, cc s liu trn ng cho in m l s pixel phn
loi ng tng ng ca cc loi t, cc s cn li trong cc hng l s
pixel phn loi nhm sang loi t khc. Tng hng l tng s pixel phn
loi ng v s pixel phn loi nhm ca cc loi t c trong tp mu. Tng
ct l tng s pixel tng loi t sau phn loi bao gm s pixel phn loi
ng v s pixel b st.
Sai s nhm ln khi phn loi bng t s gia s pixel phn loi nhm
sang cc loi t khc v tng s pixel c trong tp mu.
Loi t
(1)
(pixel)
(2)
(pixel)
(3)
(pixel)
(4)
(pixel)
(5)
(pixel)
(6)
(pixel)
(7)
(pixel)
Tng
hng
(pixel)
t xy dng (1) 799 0 0 2 14 5 14 834
t trng la (2) 0 1114 0 0 0 0 0 1114
Sng (3) 0 0 1018 0 0 0 0 1018
Mt nc (4) 0 0 0 1001 0 0 0 1001
Cy lu nm (5) 6 0 0 2 798 103 0 909
Cy hng nm (6) 81 0 0 0 113 928 3 1125
t cha s dng (7) 187 0 0 0 0 0 1018 1205
Tng ct (pixel) 1073 1114 1018 1005 925 1036 1035 7206
Sai s b st khi phn loi bng t s gia s pixel b st do s phn
loi nhm ln t cc loi t khc v tng s pixel ca loi t sau phn loi.
Bng 4.2 chnh xc phn loi nh
chnh xc phn
loi c tnh n sai
s nhm ln
chnh xc phn
loi c tnh n sai
s b st
Loi t
Sai s
nhm
ln (%)
(pixel) (%)
Sai s
b st
( %)
(pixel) (%)
t xy dng (1)
4,20 799/834 95,80 25,54 799/1073 74,46
t trng la (2)
0,00 1114/1114 100,00 0,00 1114/1114 100,00
Sng (3)
0,00 1018/1018 100,00 0,00 1018/1018 100,00
Mt nc (4)
0,00 1001/1001 100,00 0,40 1001/1005 99,60
Cy lu nm (5)
12,21 798/909 87,79 13,73 798/925 86,27
Cy hng nm (6)
17,51 928/1125 82,49 10,42 928/1036 89,58
t cha s dng (7)
15,52 1018/1205 84,48 1,64 1018/1035 98,36
chnh xc
Phn loi
6676/7206 (pixel) 92,64%
Kappa
0,91
chnh xc phn loi c tnh n sai s nhm ln bng t s gia s
pixel phn loi ng v tng s pixel ca mu.
chnh xc phn loi c tnh n sai s b st bng t s gia s
pixel phn loi ng v tng s pixel ca loi t tng ng sau phn loi.
chnh xc phn loi bng t l % tng s pixel phn loi ng trn
tng s pixel c trong tp mu.
chnh xc phn loi ca nh l 92,64%, ch s bng 0,91.
4. 2 ng dng cng ngh tch hp vin thm v h thng tin a l
nghin cu bin ng s dng t
4.2.1 Nhng vn chung v nghin cu bin ng s dng t
Bin ng l s bin i, thay i, thay th trng thi ny bng mt
trng thi khc ca s vt, hin tng tn ti trong mi trng t nhin cng
nh mi trng x hi.
Pht hin bin ng l qu trnh nhn dng s bin i, s khc bit
v trng thi ca s vt, hin tng bng cch quan st chng ti cc thi
im khc nhau.
nghin cu bin ng s dng t, ngi ta c th s dng nhiu
phng php khc nhau t s liu thng k, t cc cuc iu tra.Cc phng
php ny mc d c u im l chnh xc cao nhng nhc im ca
chng l tn km thi gian v kinh ph ng thi chng khng th hin c
s thay i s dng t t loi t g sang loi t g v din ra khu vc
no (v tr khng gian ca s thay i).
Phng php thnh lp nghien cuu bin ng s dng t t t liu
vin thm a thi gian s khc phc c cc nhc im .
Bn bin ng s dng t l bn chuyn phn nh tnh hnh
bin ng s dng t theo nhng ni dung v t l khc nhau.
Bn bin ng s dng t ngoi cc yu t ni dung c bn ca
cc bn chuyn nh a hnh, a vt, giao thng, thy vn phi th
hin c s bin ng v s dng t theo thi gian.
Cc thng tin v tnh hnh s dng t, bin ng s dng t kt hp
vi cc thng tin c lin quan l mt yu t quan trng tnh ton hng lot
cc ch tiu phn tch phc v cng tc quy hoch, k hoch v qun l t
ai m bo s dng t bn vng, hiu qu, thn thin mi trng v
quan trng nht l m bo an ninh lng thc.
Cc s liu iu tra v tnh hnh bin ng s dng t c th c
phn tch v thng k tng hp di dng bng biu nhng cha phn tch
hay trnh by s liu ny di dng khng gian a l hoc lm chng d
tip cn hn i vi cc nh nghin cu hoc cc nh hoch nh chnh sch.
Tim nng ca h thng thng tin a l hin i trong vic phn tch d liu
khng gian thnh lp bn vn cha c ng dng rng ri. Vic th
hin s bin ng ca s liu theo khng gian a l lm tng gi tr ca s
liu ln rt nhiu c bit i vi nc ta, mt nc c lnh th tri di trn
3000km, hai vng ng bng chu th rng ln tng phn vi cc vng
min ni bao la. S a dng v c im kinh t x hi v nng nghip c
nh gi r hn di dng bn .
u im ca bn bin ng s dng t l th hin c r s bin
ng theo khng gian v theo thi gian. Din tch bin ng c th hin
r rng trn bn ng thi cho chng ta bit c bin ng hay khng
bin ng, hay bin ng t loi t no sang loi t no. N c th c
kt hp vi nhiu ngun d liu tham chiu khc phc v c hiu qu cho
rt nhiu mc ch khc nhau nh qun l ti nguyn, mi trng, iu tra
v nng nghip nng thn
V c bn, bn bin ng s dng t c thnh lp trn c s hai
bn hin trng s dng t ti hai thi im nghin cu v vy chnh
xc ca bn ny ph thuc vo chnh xc ca cc bn hin trng s
dng t ti hai thi im nghin cu.
Tin c bn s dng d liu vin thm nghin cu bin ng l
nhng thay i lp ph trn b mt t phi a n s thay i v bc x
ln hn so vi nhng thay i v bc x do cc yu t khc nh: s khc
bit v iu kin kh quyn, s khc bit v gc chiu tia mt tri, s khc
bit v m ca t. nh hng ca cc yu t ny c th c gim tng
phn bng cch chn d liu thch hp.
Vic la chn phng php nghin cu bin ng rt quan trng.
Trc tin, chng ta phi xc nh c phng php phn loi nh m ta
s dng. Sau cn xc nh r yu cu nghin cu c cn bit chnh xc
thng tin v ngun gc ca s bin ng hay khng. T c s la chn
phng php thch hp. Tuy nhin, tt c cc nghin cu u cho thy rng,
cc kt qu v bin ng u phi c th hin trn bn bin ng v
bng tng hp. Cc phng php nghin cu bin ng khc nhau s cho
nhng bn bin ng khc nhau. C nhiu phng php nghin cu bin
ng thng c s dng. Di y l mt s phng php c s dng
rng ri nghin cu bin ng v thnh lp bn bin ng.
1. Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng php so snh sau
phn loi

nh 1

nh 2

Phn loi

Phn loi
Bn
hin trng 1
Bn
hin trng 2
Bn
bin ng
Hnh 4.4 Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng php
so snh sau phn loi
Bn cht ca phng php ny l t kt qu phn loi nh hai thi
im khc nhau ta thnh lp c bn hin trng s dng t ti hai thi
im . Sau chng ghp hai bn hin trng xy dng bn bin
ng. Cc bn hin trng c th thc hin di dng bn raster.
Quy trnh thnh lp bn bin ng s dng t theo phng php
ny c th tm tt nh hnh 4.4
Phng php so snh sau phn loi c s dng rng ri nht, n
gin, d hiu v d thc hin. Sau khi nh v tinh c nn chnh hnh hc
s tin hnh phn loi c lp to thnh hai bn . Hai bn ny c
so snh bng cch so snh pixel to thnh ma trn bin ng.
Theo J. Jensen [12] u im ca phng php ny cho bit s thay
i t loi t g sang loi t g v chng ta cng c th s dng cc bn
hin trng s dng t c thnh lp trc .

Nhc im ca phng php ny l phi phn loi c lp cc nh
vin thm nn chnh xc ph thuc vo chnh xc ca tng php phn
Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4

Phn
loi
Bn bin
ng
nh thi
im 1

nh thi
im 2

Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4

nh bin
ng

Hnh 4.5 Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng php
phn loi trc tip nh a thi gian
loi v thng chnh xc khng cao v cc sai st trong qu trnh phn
loi ca tng nh vn c gi nguyn trong bn bin ng.
2. Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng php phn loi
trc tip nh a thi gian
Phng php ny thc cht l chng xp hai nh vi nhau to
thnh nh bin ng. Sau da vo nh bin ng ta tin hnh phn loi v
thnh lp bn (hnh 4.5).
u im ca phng php ny l ch phi phn loi mt ln. Nhng
nhc im ln nht ca n l rt phc tp trong ly mu v phi ly tt c
cc mu bin ng v khng bin ng. Hn na, nh hng ca s thay
i theo thi gian (cc ma trong nm) v nh hng ca kh quyn ca cc
nh cc thi im khc nhau cng khng d c loi tr, do nh
hng n chnh xc ca phng php.
Thm vo bn bin ng s dng t c thnh lp theo
phng php ny ch cho ta bit c ch bin ng v ch khng bin
ng ch khng cho bit c bin ng nh th no.
3. Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng php phn tch
vect thay i ph

Hnh 4.6 Vc t thay i ph

Knh
y
Knh
x
1
2
Khi trong khu vc nghin cu c bin ng xy ra th n c th
hin bng s khc bit v ph gia hai thi im trc v sau bin ng.
Gi s xc nh c gi tr ph trn hai knh x v y ti hai thi im trc
v sau bin ng nh trn biu hnh 4.6
im 1 biu th gi tr ph ti thi im trc khi xy ra bin ng,
im 2 biu th gi tr ph ti thi im sau khi xy ra bin ng. Khi vc
t 12 chnh l vc t thay i ph, v c biu th bi gi tr (khong cch
t 1 n 2) v hng thay i (gc ).
Gi tr ca vc t thay i ph tnh trn ton cnh theo cng thc [12]:
CM
pixel
= [ ]
2
1
, , , ,
) 2 ( ) 1 (
n
k
k j i k j i
BV BV
Trong CM
pixel
l gi tr ca vc t thay i ph, BV
i,j,k
(1), BV
i,j,k
(2)
l gi tr ph ca pixel ij, knh k ca nh trc v sau khi xy ra bin ng.

Hnh 4.7 Thut ton phn tch thay i ph
Vic phn tch vc t thay i c ghi li thnh hai tp d liu: mt
tp cha cc m ca khu vc, mt tp cha ln ca cc vc t thay i
ph. Thng tin v s thay i c to ra t hai tp d liu v c th
Knh
y
Knh x
Thi
im1
Thi
im2
Ngng
Khng thay i
hoc thay i
nh
Knh
y
Knh
x
Thi
im1
Thi
im2
Thay i
Knh
y
Knh
x
Thi
im1
Thi
im2
Thay i
a.
b.
c.
hin bng mu sc ca cc pixel tng ng vi cc m quy nh. Trn
nh a ph thay i ny s kt hp c hng v gi tr ca vc t thay i
ph. S thay i c xy ra hay khng c quyt nh bi vc t thay i
ph c vt ra khi ngng quy nh hay khng. Gi tr ngng c xc
nh t kt qu thc nghim da vo cc mu bin ng v khng bin
ng.
Trn hnh 4.7 th hin thut ton phn tch thay i ph. Trng hp
a, khng xy ra bin ng hoc bin ng nh v vc t thay i ph khng
vt khi gi tr ngng, trng hp b, c c xy ra bin ng v hng ca
vc t thay i ph th hin tnh cht ca bin ng trong trng hp b khc
trng hp c, v d trng hp b c th xy ra s bin mt ca thc vt,
cn trong trng hp c ch l s khc bit giai on tng trng ca cy
trng.
Sau lp thng tin th hin s thay i hay khng thay i s c
t ln trn tm nh thnh lp bn bin ng.
Phng php phn tch vc t thay i ph c ng dng hiu qu
trong nghin cu bin ng rng nht l bin ng h sinh thi rng ngp
mn. Nhng nhc im ca phng php ny l kh xc nh ngng ca
s bin ng.
4. Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng php s hc
y l phng php n gin xc nh mc bin ng gia hai
thi im bng cch s dng t s gia cc nh trn cng mt knh hoc s
khc nhau trn cng mt knh ca cc thi im nh.
Trc tin cc nh c nn v cng mt h ta . Sau dng php
cc bin i s hc to ra cc nh thay i. Php tr v php chia s hc
c s dng trong trng hp ny.
Nu nh thay i l kt qu ca php tr s hc th khi gi tr
xm ca cc pixel trn nh thay i l mt dy s m v dng. Cc kt qu
m v dng biu th mc bin i ca cc vng, cn gi tr 0 th hin s
khng thay i. Vi gi tr xm t 0 n 255 th gi tr pixel thay i
trong khong t -255 n + 255. Thng thng trnh kt qu mang gi tr
m ngi ta cng thm mt hng s khng i.
Cng thc ton hc biu din l:
D
ijk
= BV
ijk
(1) - BV
ijk
(2) + c
Trong :
D
ijk
: gi tr xm ca pixel thay i
BV
ijk
(1): gi tr xm ca nh thi im 1
BV
ijk
(2): gi tr xm ca nh thi im 2
c: l mt hng s (c = 127)
i: ch s dng; j: ch s ct
k: Knh nh (v d knh 4 trn nh Landsat TM)
nh thay i c to ra bng cch t hp gi tr xm theo lut
phn b chun Gauss. V tr no c pixel khng thay i, xm biu din
xung quanh gi tr trung bnh, v tr c pixel thay i c biu din phn
bin ca ng phn b.
Cng tng t nh vy, nu nh thay i c to ra t php chia s
hc th gi tr ca cc pixel trn nh l mt t s chng t c s thay
i, nu bng 1 th khng c s thay i.
Gi tr gii hn trn nh thay i (to ra bi php tr s hc) v nh t
s knh s quyt nh ngng gia ranh gii s thay i - khng thay i, v
c biu th bng biu xm ca nh thay i.
Thng thng lch chun s c la chn v kim tra theo kinh
nghim. Nhng ngc li, hu ht cc nh phn tch u s dng phng
php th nghim nhiu hn phng php kinh nghim. Gi tr ngng ca
s thay i s c xc nh khi bt gp gi tr thay i trn thc t.
V vy xc nh c ta cn phi hiu r v khu vc nghin cu,
thm ch phi la chn mt s vng bin ng v ghi li hin th trn
vng nghin cu m ngi la chn bit r. Tuy nhin k thut ny c th
kt hp vi cc k thut khc nghin cu bin ng v thnh lp bn
bin ng hiu qu.
5. Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng php s dng mng
nh phn
y l mt phng php xc nh bin ng rt hiu qu [12]. u
tin tin hnh la chn phn tch nh th nht ti thi im n. nh th 2
c th sm hn nh th nht (n-1) hoc mun hn (n+1). Cc nh u c
nn chnh v cng mt h ta .
Tin hnh phn loi nh th nht theo phng php phn loi thng
thng. Tip theo ln lt chn 1 trong cc knh (v d knh 3) t hai nh
to ra cc tp d liu mi. Cc tp d liu ny s c phn tch bng cc
php bin i s hc (nh t s knh, cc php cng , tr, nhn, chia to
s khc nhau ca nh hoc phng php phn tch thnh phn chnh) tnh
ton cc ch s v to ra mt nh mi.

Hnh 4.8 Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng php s
dng mng nh phn
Sau s dng k thut phn ngng xc nh cc vng thay i
v khng thay i trn nh mi ny theo phng php s hc trnh by
trn. nh thay i s c ghi li trn mt tp "mng nh phn" ch c hai
gi tr "thay i" v "khng thay i". V phi ht sc cn thn trong vic

nh 2 sau phn loi

nh 1 sau phn loi
nh 1

Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4

Knh 3 - nh 1
Knh 3 - nh 2

Php bin
i s hc

Pht hin pixel
thay i to ra
mng nh phn

nh 2

nh 1 sau phn loi

Bn bin ng

Knh 2
Knh 3
Knh 4

thnh lp mng li ny. Sau mng nh phn ny c chng ph ln nh
th hai phn tch v ch ra cc pixel thay i. Khi ch c cc pixel
c xc nh l c s thay i c phn loi trn nh th hai ny. Sau ,
phng php so snh sau phn loi truyn thng c ng dng tm ra
thng tin v bin ng. S ca phng php th hin trong hnh 4.8
u im ca phng php ny l gim c sai s xc nh bin ng
do b st hoc do nhm ln v cung cp c th thng tin v s bin ng t
loi g sang loi g. Phng php ny c th phn tch c s lng nh cc
vng thay i gia hai thi im. hu ht cc vng nghin cu, trong giai
on t 1-5 nm th din tch bin ng thng khng ln qu 10% din tch
ton b vng nghin cu, v vy phng php ny kh thch hp thnh
lp bn nhng vng c bin ng nh.Nhng bt li ln nht ca phng
php ny l rt phc tp, i hi mt s bc thc hin v kt qu cui cng
ph thuc vo vo cht lng ca mng nh phn c s dng phn
tch. Tuy nhin nghin cu bin ng v thnh lp bn bin ng s
dng t th y l mt phng php rt hu dng.
6.Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng php chng xp nh
phn loi ln bn c
Trong mt s trng hp m khu vc nghin cu c bn hin
trng s dng t c thnh lp t nh vin thm hoc c bn c
s ha th thay v s dng nh vin thm thi im 1 chng ta s dng cc
ngun d liu sn c. Tin hnh phn loi nh thi im th hai, sau
tin hnh so snh cc pixel tng t nh phng php so snh sau phn loi
tm ra bin ng v thng tin bin ng.
u im ca phng php ny l s dng c ngun d liu bit,
gim c ngun sai s do b st hay nhm ln v bit c thng tin chi
tit v s bin ng. Hn na ch cn phn loi c lp nh thi im 2.
Tuy nhin phng php ny cng c nhc im l d liu s ha c
th khng chnh xc hoc d liu bn khng tng thch vi h
thng phn loi.
7. Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng php cng mu
trn mt knh nh
Trong phng php ny ta chn mt knh nh nht nh (v d knh
1) sau ghi tng nh cc thi im ln mt bng t c bit ca h thng
x l nh s. Khi mu sc ca d liu nh chng xp s cho thy s bin
ng hay khng bin ng theo nguyn l t hp mu.

V d c hai nh Landsat TM nm 2000 v nm 2005. Gn mu lc
cho knh 1 ca nh nm 2000, gn mu cho knh 1 ca nh nm 2005,
gn mu chm cho mt knh 1 ca nh trng. Khi tt c cc vng khng
c s thay i gia hai thi im s c mu vng (theo nguyn l cng mu,
nh mu
nh mu lc
nh mu chm
nh 1
nh 2
nh 3
Knh n
Knh n
Knh n
Hnh 4.9 Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng
php cng mu trn mt knh nh
nh bin ng
Bn bin ng
t hp mu chm v mu to thnh mu vng). Nh vy cn c vo mu
sc ta c th nh lng c s thay i (hnh 4.9).
u im ca phng php ny c th xc nh c bin ng ca
hai thm ch ba thi im nh cng mt ln x l nh.
Tuy nhin k thut x l nh theo phng php ny khng cung cp
c s liu c th v din tch bin ng t loi t ny sang loi t khc.
Tuy vy y l phng php ti u nghin cu bin ng trn phm vi
rng ln nh vng hoc lnh th.
8. Nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng phng php kt hp
Thc cht vic thnh lp bn bin ng bng phng php ny l
vc t ha nhng vng bin ng t t liu nh c phn gii cao nh nh
SPOT Pan 10x10m, hoc nh hng khng.
Nu d liu nh ti mt thi im c phn gii thp hn ta tin
hnh phn loi nh theo phng php phn loi khng kim nh. T nh
phn loi khng kim nh to ra c bn hin trng ti thi im .
Tip theo chng xp bn ln trn nh c phn gii cao pht hin
bin ng. Sau tin hnh vc t ha nhng vng bin ng. Vic khoanh
v nhng vng xy ra bin ng trn nh c thc hin d dng nh
phng php gii on bng mt da vo cc chun on c nh chun
hnh dng, chun cu trc, chun kch thc Chnh v vy, phng php
ny rt thng dng khi ngi x l s dng phng php gii on bng mt
nh hng khng ca c hai thi im.
Qu trnh x l c thc hin d dng hn nu tha mn hai yu t:
- Nu hai nh c hin th trn mn hnh cng lc, bn cnh nhau.
- Cc tnh cht hnh hc ca nh l nh nhau, c nh hng nh
nhau th khi v mt i tng trn mt nh th trn nh kia i tng c
cng kch thc, hnh dng.
u im ca phng php ny l chnh xc cao v cung cp y
thng tin v bin ng tuy nhin phng php ny ch thc hin trn nh
phn gii cao.
9. So snh cc phng php nghin cu bin ng s dng t bng t
liu vin thm v h thng tin a l
T cc kt qu thc nghim ca cc nghin cu cng b cho thy:
- Cc phng php thnh lp bn bin ng tr cc phng php
lin quan n php phn loi thng thng, cc phng php cn li u
phi xc nh ngng phn chia bng thc nghim tch cc pixel bin
ng v khng bin ng. Trn thc t, vic xc nh ngng chnh xc l
vn khng n gin.
- Cc phng php nh phn loi trc tip nh a thi gian, phng
php s hc, phng php mng nh phn, phng php cng mu u i
hi ngi x l phi c trnh v hiu bit nht nh v k thut x l nh.
V vy kh thc hin vi nhng ngi khng phi thuc c quan chuyn
mn. Thm vo , pht hin bin ng thc s, cc phng php ny
i hi nhng t liu vin thm phi c thu thp cng thi im trong cc
nm. Tuy nhin, rt kh c th thu nhn c d liu vin thm trong
cng mt thi im ca cc nm, c bit l vng nhit i, ni m my
che ph ph bin nhiu ngy trong nm. ng thi cng phi lu ti
m ca t v lng nc cn trn thm thc vt trong trng hp thi tit
lu ngy khng ma v va mi ma xong ti thi im thu nhn nh.
- Phng php so snh sau phn loi l mt trong s cc phng php
c s dng rng ri nht. Bn bin ng c thnh lp t kt qu
phn loi c kim nh t chnh xc cao nht [13].
- Trong phng php so snh sau phn loi, nh ca tng thi im
c phn loi c lp nn trnh c nhiu vn nh khng phi chun
ha nh hng ca kh quyn v b cm ng in t trn nh chp ti cc
thi im khc nhau, khng phi ly mu li kch thc pixel trong trng
hp d liu a thi gian khng cng phn gii khng gian. Ngoi ra,
phng php ny cng l phng php ph hp cho vic chuyn kt qu
phn loi v h thng tin a l phn tch bin ng sau phn loi.
Phng php ny c cho l t nhy cm vi nhng thay i ph ca
i tng do s khc nhau ca m t v ch s thc vt.
Tuy nhin phng php ny c hn ch l ph thuc vo chnh xc
ca tng nh phn loi v tn km kh nhiu thi gian.
4.2.2. Trnh t cc bc nghin cu bin ng bng cng ngh tch
hp t liu vin thm v h thng tin a l
Pht hin bin ng s dng t l vic lm cn thit tr gip cho
vic theo di v qun l ti nguyn thin nhin.
C rt nhiu cc phng php nghin cu bin ng khc nhau, tuy
nhin c th chia thnh hai nhm chnh l: phng php so snh sau phn
loi (t bn v bn ); phng php quang ph (t nh v nh). Vic s
dng cch ny hay cch khc ph thuc vo i tng bin ng cn xc
nh, d liu thu thp c, chnh xc yu cu
Trnh t cc bc nghin cu bin ng c th tm tt nh sau:

1. Xc nh vn nghin cu
Xc nh vng nghin cu, nh r bin ng theo thi gian (theo ma
hoc theo nm). nh ngha cc lp tng ng vi h thng h thng phn
loi lp ph
2. Nghin cu cc thng s ca nh v tinh la chn phng php
xc nh bin ng s dng t
l cc thng s c trng cho thng tin ca nh bao gm phn
gii khng gian v gc nhn, phn gii thi gian, phn gii ph,
phn gii radiometric v cc iu kin mi trng.
phn gii khng gian ca nh l khong cch ti thiu gia hai i
tng m chng c phn chia v tch bit nhau trn nh. phn gii
khng gian c quyt nh bi gc nhn tc thi ca b thu. phn gii
khng gian thng c th hin bi kch thc cc pixel. V d, nh
Landsat TM c phn gii 30x30m. Nu hai nh c cng phn gii
khng gian th vic nh hng mt nh ny theo mt nh khc c thc
hin d dng. Tuy nhin nu hai nh thu c t cc b cm c trng nhn
tc thi khc nhau v d nh nh Landsat TM (30x30m) ti thi im 1, nh
SPOT XS (20x20m) ti thi im 2. Trong trng hp ny ta phi quyt
nh chn n v biu din nh nht trn bn l bao nhiu (20x20m) v
phi ti chia mu cc nh c cng kch thc pixel. Thng thng ta phi
chn phn gii khng gian nh hn.
Trong trng hp ny yu cu sai s nn chnh hnh hc nh hn 0,5
pixel.
Ngoi ra chng ta cng cn lu ti gc nhn ca nh, nu nh thu
thp c c gc nhn khc nhau s nh hng n kt qu bin ng. H
thng thu nhn nh v tinh nh nh SPOT thng chp gc 20
0
. R rng
l vi gc nhn 20
0
v gc nhn 0
0
th din tch cng mt vng thay i rt
ln. V vy khi nghin cu bin ng, ta nn chn nhng t liu nh c gc
nhn xp x nhau.
phn gii ph: Tn hiu phn x t i tng trn mt t c th
thu nhn theo cc di sng khc nhau. Mi di sng gi l mt knh.
Nu d liu vin thm thu thp c c phn gii ph khc nhau th khi
x l d liu nghin cu bin ng nn chn cc knh nh c di sng
gn nhau. V d nh nh SPOT knh 1 (lc), knh 2 (), knh 3 (gn hng
ngoi) c th kt hp hiu qu nht nh Landsat TM knh 2 (lc), knh 3
(), knh 4 (gn hng ngoi) hoc nh Landsat MSS knh 4 (lc), knh 5
() v knh 7 (gn hng ngoi).
phn gii radiometric ca nh c nh ngha l s thay i nh
nht v xm c th pht hin c bi b thu. Trn thc t phn gii
radiometric ca nh s c xc nh bi s bc c dng biu din gi
tr xm ca mi pixel, thng l 8bit. Trong hp l tng nht l d liu
vin thm thu thp c c cng phn gii radiometric. Nu d liu ti
mt thi im c phn gii thp hn (Landsat MSS - 6bit) so vi d liu
ti thi im khc (Landsat TM - 8bit) th d liu c phn gii thp hn
(6bit) nn gim nn thnh 8 bit x l. Tuy nhin chnh xc ca d liu
c gim nn khng bao gi tt hn so vi d liu bnh thng khi cha
gim nn.
phn gii thi gian: C hai vn quan trng quyt nh n vic
la chn cch thc nghin cu bin ng lin quan n phn gii thi
gian. Mt l, thi gian chp trong ngy. Nu d liu vin thm thu c t
mt b cm th thi gian chp l gn nh nhau, v d nh i vi nh
Landsat TM th thi gian chp nh nhau khong trc 9h45' i vi cc
vng trn lnh th M, khi gc chiu mt tri nh hng nh nhau vi
cc d liu . Th hai l thi gian thu d liu cng ngy trong nm, v d
nh ngy 1/4/1999 v 1/4/2000 th nh hng do s thay i v ma trong
nm c loi b v khng c s khc nhau trong chu k sinh trng ca
thc vt.
Cc iu kin mi trng: Bao gm cc iu kin v kh quyn,
m t, chu k sinh ha, thy triu.
D liu vin thm phi c thu nhn vo nhng ngy khng my,
tri quang ng, ch cn mt lp mng sng m cng dn ti s thay i
v ph trn nh v tinh to nn s khc bit v ph gia cc thi im thu
nhn nh. R rng l khi che ph ca my l 0% th tt hn c, nu ln
hn 20% th khng th chp nhn c.
Trong iu kin l tng, m t nh nhau vi tt c cc thi im
nh dng nghin cu bin ng. t c m ti a v t kh l nguyn
nhn dn n nhng sai st nghim trng trong bin ng. V vy khi la
chn t liu vin thm nghin cu bin ng cn phi bit r ngy chp
nh v xem xt li nhng ghi chp v lng ma trong ngy v trong tun
trc khi d liu vin thm c thu nhn.
Cc thng tin v cc chu k sinh trng ca cy trng, thy triu cng
ng vai tr quan trng quyt nh n nhng bin ng tht s trn t liu
nh vin thm.
3. X l d liu vin thm xc nh bin ng
Qu trnh ny bao gm cc bc:
-Thu thp s liu bin ng v cc ti liu lin quan.
- Nn chnh nh, tng cng cht lng hnh nh.
- La chn phng php nghin cu bin ng
- La chn phng php phn loi nh nh phn loi khng kim nh,
c kim nh hoc phng php kt hp phn loi nh.
- Thnh lp bn bin ng v tnh ton cc ch s thng k bin
ng.
4. nh gi chnh xc: chnh xc ca kt qu thng k ph
thuc vo chnh xc ca tng nh phn loi v ca bn bin ng
c thnh lp.
5. Biu th kt qu: Kt qu th hin di dng tng t hoc lu gi
di dng s .


MC LC
Chng 1: Nhng vn chung v cng ngh vin thm
1.1. Cc vn chung v vin thm 1
1.1.1. c trng phn x ph ca cc i tng t nhin 1
1.1.2. Mt s yu t chnh nh hng ti kh nng phn x ph ca
cc i tng t nhin 11
1.2. Kh nng thng tin ca nh vin thm 12
1.3. Cc phng php gii on nh vin thm 14
1.3.1. Phng php gii on nh bng mt 15
1.3.2. Phng php gii on nh bng x l s 19
1.4. Dnh gi chnh xc phn loi trong phng php vin thm
Chng 2: Cc vn chung v h thng thng tin a l
2.1. nh ngha v cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin a l 37
2.1.1. nh ngha 37
2.1.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng thng tin a l 38
2.2. Cu trc v m hnh d liu ca h thng thng tin a l 43
2.2.1 Cu trc d liu ca h thng tin a l 43
2.2.2 Cc im, ng v vng 43
2.2.3 nh ngha bn 44
2.2.4 D liu a l trn my tnh 45
2.2.5 Cc cu trc c s d liu- t chc d liu trn my tnh 46
2.2.6 Cu trc d liu kiu raster 51
2.2.7 Cu trc d liu kiu vector 57
2.2.8 Cu trc d liu cho bn - s la chn gia raster v vector 60
2.3. M hnh s cao 64
2.3.1 Khi nim 64
2.3.2 Cng dng ca m hnh s cao 64
2.3.3 Cc phng php biu din m hnh s cao 65
2.3.4 Cc ngun d liu v phng php ly mu 70
2.3.5 Cc kt qu thu c t m hnh s cao 73
2.4. Gii thiu mt s phn mm HTTDDL c bn
Chng 3: Cng ngh tch hp t liu vin thm v h thng
thng tin a l
3.1. Tch hp l g? 65
3.2. S tng thch gia t liu vin thm v h thng thng tin a l
3.3. S cn thit phi tch hp gia t liu vin thm v h thng thng 67
tin a l

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