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5
T r u n k i n g a n d G r a d e o f Se r v i c e
5 1
Fr o m Fi g u r e

A / A U
8 0 . 9 / 0 . 1 = 8 0 9

c ha n n e l s .

2 % 0 . 0 2
1 9
X H 2 0 . 1
0 . 0 2 1 9 ,

A / A ,, 1 2 / a t 1 2 0 .

4 7 2 8 0 .

2 % 0 . 0 2
5 7
A l l 2 0 . 1
0 . 0 2 5 7 ,

A / A ,, 4 5 / 0 . 1 4 5 0 .

4 4 1 W .

0 . 0 2
1 0 0
X H 2 0 . 1
0 . 0 2 1 0 0 ,

5 2
U
A / A n 8 8 / 0 1 = 8 8 0 .
t he r e 4 9 o f s u b s c r i b e r s t ha t
t o 4 3 1 2 0
T he r e f o r e , c e l l u l a r b e b y
t hr e e s y s t e m s a r e 4 7 2 8 0 + 4 4 1 0 0 + 4 3 1 2 0 = 1 3 4 5 0 0 u s e r s .

b e r o f c e l l u l a r s u b s c r i b e r s i n Sy s t e m A i s e q u a l t o 4 7 2 8 0 , t he pe r c e n t a g e m a r -
k e t pe n e t r a t i o n i s e q u a l t o
4 7 2 8 0 / 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 2 . 3 6 %
Si m i l a r l y , m a r k e t pe n e t r a t i o n o f Sy s t e m B i s e q u a l t o
4 4 1 0 0 / 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 2 ,2 0 5 %
a n d t he m a r k e t pe n e t r a t i o n o f Sy s t e m C i s e q u a l t o
4 3 1 2 0 / 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 2 3 5 6 %
T he m a r k e t pe n e t r a t i o n o f t he t hr e e s y s t e m s c o m b i n e d i s e q u a l t o
1 3 4 5 0 0 / 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 6 . 7 2 5 %
E x a m pl e 2 . 6
A c e r t a i n c i t y ha s a n a r e a o f 1 ,3 0 0 s q u a r e m i l e s a n d i s c o v e r e d b y a c e l l u l a r
s y s t e m u s i n g a 7 -c e l l r e u s e pa t t e r n . E a c h c e l l ha s a r a d i u s o f 4 m i l e s a n d t he
c i t y i s a l l o c a t e d 4 0 M H z o f s pe c t r u m wi t h a f u l l d u pl e x c ha n n e ] b a n d wi d t h o f
6 0 k H z. A s s u m e a G OS o f 2 % f o r a n E r l a n g B s y s t e m i s s pe c i f i e d . I f t he o f f e r e d
t r a f f i c pe r u s e r i s 0 . 0 3 E r l a n g s , c o m pu t e ( a ) t he n u m b e r o f c e l l s i n t he s e r v i c e
a r e a , ( b ) t he n u m b e r o f c ha n n e l s pe r c e l l , ( c ) t r a f f i c i n t e n s i t y o f e a c h c e l l , ( d ) t he
m a x i m u m c a r r i e d t r a f f i c ; ( e ) t he t o t a l n u m b e r o f u s e r s t ha t c a n b e s e r v e d f o r
2 % G OS, ( f ') t he n u m b e r o f m o b i l e s pe r c ha n n e l , a n d ( g ) t he t he o r e t i c a l m a x i -
m u m n u m b e r o f u s e r s t ha t c o u l d b e s e r v e d a t o n e t i m e b y t he s y s t e m .
So l u t i o n
G i v e n :
T ht a l c o v e r a g e a r e a = 1 3 0 0 m i l e s
C e l l r a d i u s = 4 m i l e s
T he a r e a o f a c e l l ( he x a g o n ) c a n b e s ho wn t o b e 2 . 5 9 8 1 R 2 , t hu s e a c h c e l l c o v -
e r s
2 . 5 9 8 1 x
( 4 ) 2
= 4 1 . 5 7 s q m i .
H e n c e , t he t o t a l n u m b e r o f c e l l s a r e = 1 3 0 0 / 4 1 . 5 7 = 3 1 c e l l s .
( b ) T he t o t a l n u m b e r o f c ha n n e l s pe r c e l l ( C )
= a l l o c a t e d s pe c t r u m I ( c ha n n e l wi d t h x f r e q u e n c y r e u s e f a c t o r )
= 4 0 , 0 0 0 ,0 0 0 / ( 6 0 ,0 0 0 x 7 ) = 9 5 c ha n n e l s / c e l l
( c ) G i v e n :
C = 9 5 , a n d G OS = 0 . 0 2
Fr o m t he E r l a n g B c ha r t , we ha v e
t r a f f i c i n t e n s i t y pe r c e l l A = 8 4 E r l a n g s / c e l l
( d ) M a x i m u m c a r r i e d t r a f f i c = n u m b e r o f c e l l s x t r a f f i c i n t e n s i t y pe r c e l l
= 3 1 x 8 4 = 2 6 0 4 E r l a n g s .
( e ) G i v e n t r a f f i c pe r u s e r = 0 . 0 3 E r l a n g s
I b t a l n u m b e r o f u s e r s = T ht a l t r a f f i c / t r a f f i c pe r u s e r
T r u n k i n g a n d G r a d e o f Se r v i c e 5 3
= 2 6 0 4 / 0 . 0 2 = 8 6 ,8 0 0 u s e r s .
( 1 ) c ha n n e l n u m b e r
8 6 ,8 0 0 1 3 0

C x

9 5 2 9 4 5

1 . 3 8 7

= 5
4
6 0
6 0 1 5
I S,
9 . 0
t o t a l
3 1 0
3 1 0 6 2
1 ho l d i n g

A s / A
0 . 0 2 9 1 0 4 . 4

e x p( . ( C . -A ) t / H )
e x p( ( I 5 9 . 0 ) I 0 / l 0 4 . 4 ) 5 6 . 2 9
5 % 0 . 0 5

0 . 0 5 2 . 8 1

5 4
C h. 2 T he C e l l u l a r C o n c e pt Sy s t e m Oe s n Fu n d a m e n t a l s
C l e a r l y ,

t ha n

C a pa c i t y I n C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s
A s

( s e e

I m pr o v i n g C a pa c i t y i n C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s
5 5
A n

2 . 8

a t

( 2 . 2 0 )

P 1 2 ( R / 2 { "

whe r e po we r s
i s 4

( 2 . 2 2 )

A s s u m e
k m
k m , k m 3 k m
I m pr o v i n g C a pa c i t y i n C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s 5 7
s q u a r e t he
t e r e d

3 0 0

6 1 1 .
6 6 0 c ha n n e l s .

1 2 1 7

1 0 2 0

A s

5 8 C l i . 2 T he C e l l u l a r C o n c e pt Sy s t e m De s i g n Fu n d a m e n t a l s
Fi g u r e 2 . 9
i l l u s t r a t i o n a 3 a r o u n d
o f

T he

s e c t o r s

I m pr o v i n g C a pa c i t y i n C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s 5 9
Fi g u r e 2 . 1 0
( a ) 1 2 0 0 s e c t o r i n g .

t i o n t o

( a )

Fi g u r e 2 . 1 1

I m pr o v i n g C a pa c i t y C e l l u l a r Sy s t e m s 6 1
E r l a n g s
1 0 0 8

2 9 d B

A No v e l M i c r o c e l l Z o n e C o n c e pt
T he

6 2 C h. 2 T he C e l l u l a r C o n c e pt Sy s t e m De s i g n
Fi g u r e 2 . 1 2
T he

3 3 .
7 3

Su m m a r y 6 3
B y

I n

P r o v e

,j i N, + i j . i . c o s i n e

4

3

3 ?
7 I

I
Fi g u r e 2 . 1 3
De f i n i n g a m i c r o c e l l wi t h N = 7 .

a f t e r

1 0 5 1

1 0 5
6 5
f o r

= I

3 .

4 ,

6 6 G b . 2 T he C e l l u l a r C o n c e pt Sy s t e m De s i g n Fu n d a m e n t a l s

d o u M e s

o f

C H A P T E R
3
M o b i l e

t o R a d i o W a v e P r o pa g a t i o n
T he

7 0 C h. 3 - M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
t i o n .

Fr e e Spa c e P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l
T he

Fr e e Spa c e P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l 7 1
-3 0
-3 5

1 5 1 6
Fi g u r e 3 . 1
Sm a l l -s c a l e

t r
( 3 . 1 )

I

( 3 . 2 )

whe r e

i s

1 )

7 2 C h. 3 ' M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
T he

( 3 . 4 )

t o

=
l Ol o g
. r ,.
( 4 7 t ) d J
W he n

1

2 1

d J
T he f o r

( 3 . 7 . a )

Fr e e Spa c e P r o pa g a t i c n M o d e l
7 3
a n d

( 3 7 . c )
Fu r t he r m o r e , 0 .

d 0 , a t

d

9 0 0
c / f =

7 4 C h. 3 . M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s

6 m

5 0
= 9 0 0

=

= l Dl o g L 5 ( ) 4 7 . 0

l o l o g [ 5 0 J
1 7 . 0 d B W .
T he

= t t r = /
= 3 . 5 x 1 0 3 . 5
( I 0 0 ) ( J )

= x m W ) = 2 4 . 5
k m e x pr e s s e d i n d B m
1 0 0 1 0 k m

6 4 . 5
R e l a t i n g P o we r t o E l e c t r i c Fi e l d
T he i s

R e l a t i n g P o we r t o E l e c t r i c Fi e l d
Fi g u r e 3 . 2

7 5
( 3 . 1 0 )
( 3 . 1 1 )

I f )
I
2
4 )
x
V
< X )

I
C )
E
j e
2 i t c 0 c

E

+ +
_ _ _ _ _
d C )
4 7 t c ( ) c
a :

J L U ( i d
H
_ _ _ _ _ _
d

H r
H 0 0 .

2 =
_ _ _ _
= = W / m

I 2 Ozr

7 6
C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
=
W 1 m 2

P d A e
=
E I R P

4 ,t d 2

t o m a t c he d
r e c e i v e r

V
( b )
Fi g u r e 3 . 3
P o we r po i n t s o u r c e .
M o d e l f o r v o l t a g e a ppl i e d t o t he o f a r e c e i v e r .

= r

( 4 i t ) d

I .

A e Fa t i n g P o we r t o E l e c t r i c Fi e l d
a n t e n n a

V

1 ,

2 ,

5 0
= 9 0 0

2
5 0
1 0

P r ( d )
2
I Ol o g j
2
( 4 1 r ) d ( 4 n )
9 1 . 5 6 1 . 5

t
2
=
= 0 . 0 0 3 9

/ 4 m 2 x 0 . 3 3
( c )
A j P r ( d ) x 0 . 3 7 4
7 8 C h, 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
3 . 4 T he T hr e e B a s i c P r o pa g a t i o n M e c ha n i s m s
R e f l e c t i o n ,

W he n

R e f l e c t i o n 7 9
I n

R e f l e c t i o n f r o m Di e l e c t r i c s
Fi g u r e

a n d

a n d
a . ,

s u c h c 0 c ,,

= ( 3 . 1 7 )

( 3 . 1 8 )

a /

) . Fo r

8 0 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s

/ / , ,, / / ,1 ' 1 7 ,,,,,,,
C 2 0 2

Fi g u r e 3 . 4
G e o m e t r y f o r c a l c u l a t i n g r e f l e c t i o n t wo d i e l e c t r i c s .
T a b l e 3 . 1 M a t e r i a l P a r a m e t e r s a t Va r i o u s Fr e q u e n c i e s
M a t e r i a l R e l a t i v e
P e r m i t t i v i t y
C o n d u c t i v i t y Fr e q u e n c y
a ( s / r n ) ( M H z)
P o o r G r o u n d 1 0 0
1 5 0 . 0 0 5 1 0 0
G o o d G r o u n d 2 5 0 . 0 2 1 0 0
Se a W a t e r 8 1 5 . 0 1 0 0
1 0 0
B r i c k 4 . 4 4 0 . 0 0 1 4 0 0 0
L i m e s t o n e 7 . 5 1 0 . 0 2 8 4 0 0 0
4 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 8 1
G l a s s , C o r n i n g 7 0 7 4 0 . 0 0 0 0 2 7 1 0 0
G l a s s , C o r n i n g 7 0 7 4 0 . 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 0

o f

P 2 .

R e f l e c t i o n
8 1
r
=

a n d

=
=
whe r e

i r
( 3 2 4 )
c o s 2 O1

r
( 3 . 2 5 )
c o s 2

8 2 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
ho r i zo n t a l a x i s
Fi g u r e 3 . 5
A x e s

R T DC R

whe r e
a n d a r e

P 4 ,

[ c o s o

1 1 ) 1 1
0
whe r e

= 1 )

= 4 , a n d
1 2 .
R e f l e c t i o n
8 3
1
0 . 8
O. 6 H ,H

O. 4 [
0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0
A n g l e

7 0 8 0 9 0
A n g l e

3 . 6

4 ' 1 r
1 2 ,

E x a m pl e

a ppr o a c h

0 0

_ E r Si f l O+ * J C r _ c 0 5 2 0

E r Sl f l O
8 4 G b . 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a i e P a t h L o s s
r
Su b s t i t u t i n g 0

T hi s

I
A n g l e
T he

C I
s i n
+

C ?
Fo r

( 3 . 2 8 )

4 .
G r o u n d R e f l e c t i o n ( 2 -r a y ) M o d e l
So l u t i o n
i n

=
=
= s i n 1 2 6 . 5 6
T hu s = 4 i s
R e f l e c t i o n f r o m P e r f e c t C o n d u c t o r s
Si n c e
t he

( 3 . 2 9 )

E r
( E -f i e l d

0 r
( 3 . 3 1 )

( E -f i e l d

1 , -I .

3 . 6 G r o u n d R e f l e c t i o n ( 2 -r a y ) M o d e l
I n c ha n n e l ,

8 6
C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
t ha t

E r r

Fi g u r e 3 . 7
T wo -r a y

a n d

d 0 ,

d

E 0 d 0 / d

d

(
E , ( c i , = r c o s l
( 3 . 3 5 )
g

A c c o r d i n g
( 3 . 3 6 )
d 0 1
G r o u n d R e f l e c t i o n ( 2 -r a y ) M o d e l 8 7

E ,= ( 1 r ) E 1

0 )

I E r o r l =

- E 0 d 0
E VOT ( d ,t )
d '

d ' d

Fi g u r e 3 . 8
T he

j i i i
8 8 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t n b j s s
W he n
e q u a t i o n

d
r
( 3 . 4 1 )

b e t we e n

= s
( 3 . 4 2 )
a n d

d '/ c ,

) =
c o s O
E 0 d 0
c i '

2
( E d \ 2

s i n 2 e a

=

2

G r o u n d R e f l e c t i o n ( 2 -r a y ) M o d e i
8 9
/
/
/
/
E 0 d 0
3 . 9
P ha s o r d i a g r a m s ho wi n g t he e l e c t r i c
E -f i e l d s ,

i s

r

V/ r n

t he

i t , t he n

( 4 ht hr )

/
T O
9 0
r e c e i v e r

5
I
= 9 0 0
= - = =
X / 4 0 . 3 3 3 / 4 0 . 0 8 3 3 8 . 3 3

2 . 5 5

A d
2 * ( I i )
1 1 3 . 1 *

P

1 1 3 . 1
)
[ 1 . 8 ( 0 . 3 3 3 ) 2
3 7 7
P ( d 5 5 . 4 1 2 2 . 6 8

Di f f r a c t i o n

Di f f r a c t i o n 9 1
o b s t r u c t e d ( s ha d o we d ) r e g i o n ,
pr o d u c e u s e f u l

Z o n e G e o m e t r y
C o n s i d e r

c a n

d d 2

+ y

a a ,
( a

whi c h
+ d ,)

h/

whe r e

c a n
1 t 2
( 3 . 5 7 )

C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a 'e P a t h L o s s

a r e a n d

3 . 1 0

7

Di f l r a c t e o n 9 3
Fr o m

d
= A J d
( 3 . 5 8 )

i s

= 1

2 ,

9 4
C h. 3 ' M o b i 'e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
- ;
Fi g u r e 3 . 1 1
C o n c e n t r i c

K n i f e -e d g e Di f f r a c t i o n M o d e l
E s t i m a t i n g

a 2
-
--
(
Di f f r a c t i o n

N
( a )

-. ---
'C . . '

( b )

s _
N

Fi g u r e 3 . 1 2

T
= F( v )

U
whe r e

9 6 C i t 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a m L o s s

I

= 2 Ol o g I F( v ) ! ( 3 . 6 0 )

v s I

2 OI o g ( O. 5 0 . 6 2 v )

2 Ol o g ( O. Se x p( 0 . 9 5 v ) )

4 5 v

1 k m ,

2 5
( 3 . 6 1 . e ) .
r
Fi g u r e 3 . 1 3
I l l u s t r a t i o n k n i f e -e d g e d i f f r a c t i o n T he r e c e i v e r i n s ha d o w

"

=

0
5
-- - - -
-
U
c c
-1

3 . 1 4
Fr e s n e l
t he s e

X = I / 3 m
= 1 k m
I
2 5 m .

2 ( 1 0 0 0 + 1 0 0 0 )

-
Fr o m

9 8

d 1 d , l 0 0 0 x l 0 0 0
T o
whi c h = n X / 2 . I / 3 m ,
= 0 . 6 2 5
0 . 6 2 5
= T = 0 . 3 3 3 3
=
T he r e f o r e ,

0
0 .

0 , 0 ,

2 5

9 0 0

l OOm

c

= =
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
= - m .
9 0 0 x 1 0
R e d r a w
T

R

1 0 k m
t a t r
)
= 0 . 2 8 6 5
= = 2 . 1 5

j 3 = 2 . 4 3 4
O. 0 4 2 4 r a d

/
2 x 1 0 0 0 0 x 2 0 0 0
V
= ( 1 0 0 0 0 + 2 0 0 0 )
-

= 0 . m a y

y )
- R
1 0 k m

= 4 . 1 6
M u l t i pl e K n i f e -e d g e Di f f r a c t i o n
I n

1 0 0 C h, 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
e a s i l y

3 . 1 5
B u ] l i n g t o n 's
Sc a t t e r i n g
T he

g i v e n
( 3 . 6 2 )

s i n g l e e q u i v a l e n t
k n i f e
Sc a t t e r i n g 1 0 1
P s

e x p[ _ s (

>

= P s r '
( 3 6 5 )
Fi g u r e

C r o s s Se c t i o n M o d e l
I n

1 0 2
C h. 3 ' M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
[ Va n 8 7 ] ,

1 0
2
we r e
P r a c t I c a l L i n k B u d g e t De s i g n u s i n g P a t h L o s s M o d e l s
M o s t

P a t h L o s s M o d e l

P L ( d 0 )

P r a c t i c a l L i n k B u d g e t De s i g n u s i n g P a t h L o s s M o d e l s
1 0 3
M e a s u r e d R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s o f R o u g h St o n e W a l l
f = 4 0 H z C > P a r a l l e l P o l a r i za t i o n ( ho r i zo n t a l a n t e n n a po l a r i za t i o n )
1 . 0
St o a . SS. c b l c
t o g ,a 7 S1 ; . a O. 0 2 t a O. f l
S
0 . 8 s . s . . u s . e t . o .
ha I t l r c e a 2 . Ss a u
- - - - a c a n
5 -, 0 M . . s n d
c ) " . 1
_ _ _ _
I o . s
0
I n c i d e n t A n g l e ? d e g r e e s )
( a )

R e f l e c t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s o f R o u g h St o n e W a l l
I ' 4 0 H z C > P e r pe n d i c u l a r P o l a r i za t i o n ( v e r t i c a l a n t e n n a po l a r i za t i o n )
1 . 0
I S. . . d a . a l . .
t 0 . 9
0 . 8 : - -- - t l s r n n -L 3 4 n I
t / 1 0
0
0
.
'2 0 0 .
.
/
3 0 4 0 0 6 7 0 SOg o
I n c i d e n t A n g l e ? c a e g r e e s '3
( b ) n o r m a l

3 . 1 6
M e a s u r e d

1 0 4 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
d i s t a n c e .

m

3 . 2 P a t h E x po n e n t s f o r Di f f e r e n t
E n v i r o n m e n t P a t h L o s s E x po n e n t , n
2
c e l l u l a r 2 . 7 t o 3 . 5

2 t o
3 . 9 . 2 L o g -n o r m a l Sha d o wi n g
T he

P L ( d ) + = P L ( d 0 ) l On l o g ( j -)
( 3 . 6 9 . a )

P j d B m

P r a c t i c a l L i n k B u d g e t De s i g n u s i n g P a t h L o s s M o d e l s 1 0 5
T he

a n d
m a y

Q ( z)

c a n

Q ( Y P r ( d ) J

Fi g u r e 3 . 1 7
Sc a t t e r

2 . 7 = 1 1 . 8
a n d
De t e r m i n a t i o n o f P e r c e n t a g e o f C o v e r a g e A r e a
I t
1 0 6 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e L o s s
A l l M e a s u r e m e n t L o c a t i o n s
1 4 0
t 3 o
1 2 0
m
1 1 0
n = 2
3
C
a
n = 1
3 0
7 0
0 . 1

T R Se pa r a t i o n ( k r n )
1 0

Q ( P r ( d )
- Y )

P r a c t i c a l L i n k B u d g e t De s i g n u s i n g P a t h L o s s M o d e l s
1 0 7
k n o wn
r
( r )
y J

r
t he n
R
U ( y )
-_ ! _ 4 P r [ P r ( r )
> y ] d A =
_ L 3 f

U s i n g
y J

Q
=
)
i
l On l o g ( r / d 0 ) ) ]
I n

R ) ,

( 3 . 7 6 )

[ P 1 --
l On l o g ( R / d 0 )

( l On l o g e ) / a . [ 2 ,

b l n j j d r

a b l o g

y 0 ) ,

I

( 3 . 7 9 )

4 8
C
-J
0
I
OD
'I i
I
F-
U i
>
0
-J
z
U )
1 0 8
3 . M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s

2 8
3 9
P r f P r ( r ) > y
0 . 9 5
0 . 9
0 . 8 5
0 . 8
0 . 7 5
r
I -
0 . 7
0 . 6 5
-J
I . 0 . 6
U -
0
z
o 0 . 5 5
I -
0
C
0 . 5
a / n
Fi g u r e 3 . 1 8
Fa m i l y

0 2 3 4 5 6 7 9

m , 1

1 0 0
( b )

2

B u d g e t De s i g n u s i n g P a t h L o s s M o d e l s 1 0 9

b e
pa t h

J ( n )
T he whi c h

= p1 ( d 0 ) I On l o g ( d 1 / l 0 0
0 i n d B m :
o , p, -3 n , = -I On , 1 4 . 7 7 n .

1
J ( n l ( O 0 ) '+ ( -2 0 ( -3 n ) Y + ( -3 5 ( -I On ) i
( 7 0
6 5 2 5 3 2 7 ,1 5 3 n

6 5 4 . 3 0 6 n

4 . 4 .
= J ( n 4 . 4
( O+ 0 ) + ( 2 0 +
1 5 2 . 3 6 .
5 2 . 3 6 / 4

= 6 . 1 7

2
2 k m ) 0 5 7 . 2 4
6 . 1 7
s i m u l a t e 2 k m .
1 1 0
( d )

> 0 d B m ] =
_ P r ( d ) )
=
6 0 + 5 7 . 2 4 )
6 7 . 4 % .
( e )

t he n

R a d i o

t he

M o d e l
T he
G H z,

Ou t d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l s 1 1 1
n a s ,

M o d e l A C a s e St u d y
A

1 1 2 C h. 3 -M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
we a k

St o r e d H e i g ht s
R o ws
3 . 1 9

t r a n s m i t t e r

g r o u n d e l e -

( i j

( a ) T o p v i e w o f i n t e r po l a t e d m a p
( b ) Si d e v i e w
b e t we e n T x a n d R x
t e r r a i n pr o f i l e b e t we e n T x a n d R x
Fi g u r e 3 . 2 0

= I

0 . 8 ) ,

.
K r
1 1 4
f o r

Fi g u r e 3 . 2 1

d 1 ,

d
R i
T x
Ou t d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e i s
1 1 5
f r a c t i o n

3 . 2 2

1 1 6 C h. 3 R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
3 . 1 0 . 3 Ok u m u r a M o d e l
Ok u m u r a 's

A m u ( f ,

G ( hr e )
( 3 . 8 0 )
whe r e

h,9

l i r e

i s o -

Fi g u r e 3 . 2 3
M e d i a n

1 0 0

5 0
4 0
3 0
2 0
g

2
2
2
1

I
I
Fi g u r e 3 2 4
C o r r e c t i o n

5 0 1 0 0
m ,

1 0

1 1 8 C h. 3 . M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e P a t h L o s s
3 5
3
2 5
2 0
1 5
1 0
5
0
1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 5 0 0 7 0 0 1 0 0 0
Fr . g u s n c y
2 0 0 0 3 0 0 0

l Ol o g
( 4 j t ) d 2 2
3 x 1 0 8 / 9 0 0 x 1 C 6 1 1
= l OI o g [ (
= 1 2 5 . 5
x ( 5 0 x 1 0 )

4 3

9 d B .
U s i n g
6 d B .

2 0 1 o g ( 1 j 9 ) 1 0 . 4 6 d B .

L F A m u ( f ,d ) G ( ht e ) G ( hr e )
= 1 2 5 . 5 d B + 4 3 d 8 ( 6 ) d R 1 0 . 4 d B 9 d 8
= 1 5 5 . 0 4 d B .

E J R P ( d B f l ) _ L 9 3 ( d B ) + G r ( d B )
6 Od B r n -1 5 5 . O4 d B + l J d B -9 5 . 0 4
H a t a M o d e l
T he

6 9 . 5 5 2 6 .
Q ( hr g )
( 4 4 . 9
i s

0 . 7 ) hr e

a n d
L M I ( u r b a n )
4 0 9 8

E x t e n s i o n t o H a t a M o d e l
T he

( 4 4 . 9
C M

3

:

W a l f i s c h a n d B e r t o n i M o d e l
A

g i v e s

Ou t d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l s
1 2 1
b a s e d

Fi g u r e 3 . 2 5
P r o pa g a t i o n

3 . 1 0 . 7 W l d e b a n d P C S M i c r o c e l l M o d e l

" p
d f =
A ) 2
( E 2 +
2
=

m e n t s .

( 3 . 9 2 . b )
I On 1 l o g d 1 + p1
( d 0 ) ( t he
I

3 8 . 0

[ d B ] = l On l o g ( d ) ( 3 . 9 2 . c )
i s

2 =
Fi g u r e 3 . 2 6

M H z [ Fr o m
I n d o o r P r Dpa g a t i o n M o d e l s 1 2 3
3 . 1 1 I n d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l s
W i t h

t he

P a r t i t i o n L o s s e s ( s a m e f l o o r )
B u i l d i n g s

T a b l e 3 . 3 A v e r a g e Si g n a l L o s s M e a s u r e m e n t s R e po r t e d b y Va r i o u s R e s e a r c he r s f o r
R a d i o P a t hs Ob s t r u c t e d b y C o m m o n B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l .
M a t e r i a l T y pe
A l l
L o s s ( d B ) Fr e q u e n c y 'R e f e r e n c e

1 0

6

4

1 0
1 0 2 0

M e t a l l i c

1 6 2 0
8

1 -8

1 0 -1 2

( l o o s e l y

I n d o o r P r o pa c a t i o n M o d e l s 1 2 5
T a b l e 3 . 3 A v e r a g e Si g n a l L o s s M e a s u r e m e n t s R e po r t e d b y Va r i o u s R e s e a r c he r s f o r
R a d i o P a t hs Ob s t r u c t e d b y C o m m o n B u i l d i n g M a t e r i a l .
M a t e r i S T y pe - L o s s ( d B ) Fr e q u e n c y R e f e r e n c e
s t o r a g e r a c k

5 r a c k m e t a l

1 3 0 0 M H z
T y pi c a l N/ C

8 -1 0 1 3 0 0 M H z

2
1
1
1

2

1
1
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
:

1 2 6 C h. 3 M o b i l e R a d i o P r o pa g a t i o n : L a r g e -Sc a l e L o s s
P a r t i t i o n L o s s e s b e t we e n Fl o o r s
T he

3 . 4 T o t a l Fl o o r A t t e n u a t i o n Fa c t o r a n d St a n d a r d
( d B ) f o r T hr e e B u i l d i n g s . E a c h
po i n t r e pr e s e n t s t he a v e r a g e pa t h l o s s o v e r a 2 0 k m e a s u r e m e n t t r a c k ( Se 1 9 2 a ] .
B u i l d i n g 9 1 5
M H z
FA F ( d B )
a ( d B ) Nu m b e r o f
l o c a t i o n s
1 9 0 0 M H z o ( d B )
FA F ( d B )
Nu m b e r o f
l o c a t i o n s

3 1 . 3 4 . 6 1 1 0
T wo Fl o o r s

3 . 1 1 . 3 L o g -d i s t a n c e P a t h L o s s M o d e l
I n d o o r

P L ( d 0 )

I n d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l s
1 2 7
T a b l e 3 . 5 A v e r a g e Fl o o r A t t e n u a t i o n Fa c t o r I n d B f o r On e , i wo , T hr e e , a n d Fo u r Fl o o r s i n T wo
Of f i c e B u i l d i n g s f Se l 9 2 b ] .
B u i l d i n g FA F ( d B ) a ( d B ) Nu m b e r o f l o c a t i o n s

1 8 . 7 2 . 8

d i f f e r e n t
B u i l d i n g Fr e q u e n c y ( M H z) n a ( d B )

3 . 3
3 . 1 1 . 4 E r i c s s o n M u l t i pl e B r e a k po i n t M o d e l
T he

t
= 9 0 0

Fi g u r e 3 . 2 7
E n c s s o n
3 0
5 0
7 0
9 0
1 1 0
pa t h

M E T E R
3 . 1 1 . 5 A t t e n u a t i o n Fa c t o r M o d e l
A n

d B A T T E NU A T I ON
2 0 d B
0 . 6

1 3 1 0 2 0
I n d o o r P r o pa g a t i o n M o d e l s 1 2 9
P L ( d ) i d B } = P L ( d 0 ) [ d B ] +

P L ( d 0 )

B u i l d i n g s [ Se i 9 2 b ]
i i a ( d B ) Nu m b e r o f l o c a t i o n s
A l l B u i l d i n g s :

4 . 1 9 5 . 1


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