Stator Earth Fault Protection 100 % Protection Range

Dr. Hans-Joachim Herrmann Power Transmission and Distribution

Content Basics of stator earth fault protection Fault locations Disturbances from the high voltage side 100%-stator-earth-fault protection with 20-Hz-injection method Basic idea Practical design Numerical measuring technique Frequency operating range Design of the protection schemes Examples of real practical failures

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Basics of Stator Earth Fault Protection Fault Location Region of earth faults Earth fault locations in the stator

U0
Low displacement voltage at earth faults close to the star point

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Basics of Stator Earth Fault Protection Disturbances from the High Voltage Side

An additional load resistor limits the disturbance influence The design of the load resistor determines the protective range (80% or 90 % or 95%)

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100%-Stator-Earth-Fault Protection with 20-HzInjection Method Goal and Basic Idea Goal Basic idea

max. 200 V

20 Hz RE I

Protection principle should cover 100 % protection range Different measuring principles
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With injection of a 20-Hzvoltage into the star point a e.m.f. is available in case of an earth fault
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100%-Stator-Earth-Fault Protection with 20-HzInjection Method Practical Design

Two connections are possible

The protection measures the injected 20-Hz-voltage and current

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100%-Stator-Earth-Fault Protection with 20-HzInjection Method Numerical Measuring Technique

Replica:
isSEF RE
RE = Fault resistance CE

RB

20Hz CE = Ground capacitance in stator circuit

iSEF 1) Filtering VSEF iSEF

VSEF 2) Calculation of the real part

Fourierfilter
(20Hz)

V20 = Vr + jVi I20 = Ir + jIi

I 20 Re = V 20

Vr . Ir + Vi . Ii V2r + V2i

3) Impedance replica of fault

4) Calculation of fault resistor from 2) and 3)

Yers

CE

RE

Yers =

1 + j CE RE

RE =

V2r + V2i Vr . Ir + Vi . Ii

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100%-Stator-Earth-Fault Protection with 20-Hz-Injection Method Relay Settings (secondary values)

Two Stages Backup overcurrent Supervision Calibration

Primary fault resistances: 1 to 3 k Trip stage 5 to 8 k Alarm stage

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100%-Stator-Earth-Fault Protection with 20-HzInjection Method Frequency Operating Range

Stand still Rated frequency

0Hz

10Hz

40Hz

50Hz

70Hz

100%-Stator earth fault protection with 20 Hz injection

90% Stator earth fault protection with displacement voltage

Protection uses a frequency tracking for all protection functions 20-Hz-generator is activated before starting the generator Due to disturbances from zero sequence system during starting (e.q. static frequency converter) or braking of the generator an internal blocking avoids an overfunction of the injection method
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Design of the Protection Schemes Application used in Three Gorges

100% stator earth fault protection

Option: 90% stator earth fault protection with calculated U0

90% stator earth fault protection

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Design of the Protection Schemes Redundancy of 100%-Stator Earth Fault Protection Group1
90% U0 calculated
UL

Group2

90% U0 calculated
UL

7UM62 UE

7UM62

100% SEF-1
IEE1 UE IEE1
Neutral transformer

100% SEF-2

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Commissioning Primary Tests on a Generator (stand still and running)

Phase to ground voltage

Displacement voltage

The secondary signals are very small

The capacitive current is visible. This disturbance current will be eliminated by the algorithm.

Ground current

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Real Practical Failures External insulation test equipment failed

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Real Practical Failures Calculated Secondary Fault Resistance

200 200

150

REm R in Ohm

k k 100 86

SES100Aus GAnr k

Drop off Pickup

60 50

0 100 100

200

300

400 k .ta t in ms

500

600

700 687.5

Resistance Trip Pickup

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Real Practical Failures Earth Fault in the Cable of Static Frequency Converter

SFC

Starting of the generator with static frequency converter

G
Permanently pickup by 100%-stator earth fault protection

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Real Practical Failures Earth Fault in the Cable of Static Frequency Converter Fault Record
frequency appr. 1,7 Hz

Input signals of the 100% SEF

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Real Practical Failures Earth Fault in the Cable of Static Frequency Converter Calculated Secondary Fault Resistance
100 100

80

R in Ohm

REmk 10 SES100Ausk GAnr k

60

57

Drop off
48

Pickup
40

20

0 99.92

100

200

300 k ta t in ms

400

500

600

700 686.95

Resistance Trip Pickup

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