Ethan Klemons 03/25/2014 English 1101 Annotated Bibliography "CBO Says $10.

10 Minimum Wage Would Help Many, Hurt Some." UPI Top News (2014): Points of View Reference Center. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. This article came from UPI Top News and showed a clear favor of raising the minimum wage. The article was very biased and presented information that may be accurate but could lack the examination of other factors. For example, the site said that many small business owners agree with raising the minimum wage which is contradictory to another source which showed them divided on the issue. The article opened up by using data released by the US Congressional Budget Office projecting a job loss of 500,000 employees if the minimum wage was increased to $10.10 which is a relatively small number. What this fails to account for is the additional jobs lost when less hiring takes place. The number could potentially be significantly higher. It is difficult to use numbers in an issue such as this where a number of factors come into play. The author of this also states that more than 70% of Americans are in favor of raising the federal minimum wage. The article did show that there is a large number of economists who are in favor of raising the minimum wage yet did not show the number of economists who oppose it. I felt that this source was very useful, however failed to show the other perspective. Driscoll, SallyGrant, Richard A. "Raising The Minimum Wage: An Overview." Points Of View: Raising The Minimum Wage (2013): 1. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. This source was classified as a book under the points of view database written by Driscoll, Sally, Grant, and Richard A. The source did an excellent job at giving the history of minimum wage and also explaining the two opposing viewpoints while presenting little to no bias. By providing mostly common facts on the issue, it allows the reader to gain a general understanding of the subject without having particular views subjected upon them. According to this article, minimum wage was at one point considered an unconstitutional concept. It was introduced several times in the 1920s but never really passed. When certain minimum wage laws were put into place, they were immediately over-ruled due to the liberty of

contract grounds which basically said that the employers had the freedom to enter into a mutually-acceptable agreement with employees. The minimum wage was later implemented in 1938 under the Fair Labor Standards Act. Since then, the minimum wage has increased progressively to the rates that we are familiar with today. The article explained the two different viewpoints stating that republicans generally view the minimum wage as an intrusion into the free marketplace and as another welfare program. Republicans also are concerned that raising the minimum wage would result in lower profits for businesses, layoffs of teenage workers, and increased costs of goods and services. In addition, many employers are already paying their employees slightly above the required minimum wage which shows that the businesses are no longer abusing the system. Democrats, with the support of labor unions, believe that the government is responsible for making sure all employees earn a fair wage that is tied to inflation. Overall, this article did a very good job at explaining the history of minimum wage and managed to show very little bias. Dugan, Andrew. "U.S. Small-Business Owners Split On Raising Minimum Wage." Gallup Poll Briefing (2013): 2. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. In this article by Andrew Dugan, the results for a recent survey on small business owners are expressed. According to the poll, small business owners are divided on the issue of whether or not the minimum wage is beneficial or harmful to them. These results came from the fourthquarter update of the Wells Fargo/Gallup Small Business Index. These results were based on telephone interviews with up to 605 small-business owners. Approximately 47% approved while 50% disapproved the proposed minimum wage increase. This article did a good job at speaking for the voice of small business employers. Many of these employers felt that an increase in the minimum wage would cause them to either reduce their workforce, reduce worker benefits, or reduce capital spending. They also believe that they would not be able to hire more skilled workers as a result of the increase. The other group of employers felt that it would have little effect on small business employees. However, some outcomes of the increase are not necessarily noticeable for the perspective of employee. This article did an excellent job at using a poll to analyze the voice of small business employers. We often hear too much from the employees and it is always important to hear from the people who are simply trying to make the business survive. Ford, AdamMarlanda. "Point: The Minimum Wage Should Be Raised." Points Of View: Raising The Minimum Wage (2013): 3. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. In this article, we are shown the side in favor of raising the minimum wage. This article starts out by giving statistical information on poverty and previous minimum wage levels.

The minimum wage was formed in 1938 and started at .25 cents an hour. Since then, it has grown to $7.25 and close to $10/hr in some states. This article seemed to stress that due to the rising cost of living, families cannot live off minimum wage. The author also believes that the main purpose of the minimum wage is to give more purchasing power in anticipation of it stimulating the economy. Overall, this article presents a clear bias in favor of raising the minimum wage. The author presented probably the most common arguments that we hear every day. The article was not as interesting as any of the others; however, it showed the general consensus among supporters of a growing minimum wage. Jacobs, W.E.Hoagland, Steve. "Counterpoint: Minimum Wages Are Unwarranted Economic Interference." Points Of View: Raising The Minimum Wage (2013): 2. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 23 Mar. 2014. This source above is a somewhat brief in its nature yet is especially interesting when looking at the side that opposes raising the minimum wage. Although a slight bias is present in this article, the author presented his facts and used those facts to establish his viewpoints. According to the author(s), minimum wage serves as a floor for wages of many jobs and raising it leads to the raising of wages for many other workers. This is described as an unwarranted interference by the author. The article started by discussing the brief history of minimum wage and then showing how it applies in todays economy. The authors claim that today the United States finds itself out-priced in the global competition to sell manufactured goods. As a result it is argued that raising the minimum wage leaves American companies a tough choice: continue to operate inside the United States, and pay wages well above companies competing for orders, or move factories overseas where labor costs are lower. The author believes that this is threatening Americas continued economic strength. The author believes that the government should not raise everyones wages and a better approach would be to allow low-skilled workers to achieve new skills that would make them more competitive. Again, this article has its own bias but it did an excellent job at introducing a different issue with raising the minimum wage. Lester, Aaron. "Minimum wage milestone: Why Washington State surpassed $9 an hour." Christian Science Monitor 02 Jan. 2012: N.PAG. Points of View Reference Center. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. In this article by Aaron Lester, Washingtons new minimum wage hike has brought in the discussion of whether or not raising the minimum wage affects us negatively or positively. After

reading this article, it is clear that this author is In favor of raising the minimum wage yet is aware of both sides. Washington has recently increased their minimum wage to levels higher than $9.00/hr. This is currently the highest minimum wage across the nation. According to Paul Sonn of the National Employment Law Project, Washington bases its minimum wage on the consumer price indexwhen the cost of living increases, so does the minimum wage there. Based on the information provided in this particular article, approximately 80 % of minimum-wage earners are older than 20 years old. Lester also mentions the opposing view of raising minimum wage: When you raise the price of something, including entry-level labor, youre going to decrease demand for it. This article also claims that there is no evidence of any loss of employment or hours that correspond to minimum wage changes. By incorporating Washingtons minimum wage changes into this article, the article presented information that gave insight in favor of raising the minimum wage. While there was some mild bias in the article, it contains useful information that can be used to evaluate. Mantel, Barbara. "Minimum Wage." CQ Researcher 24 Jan. 2014: 73-96. Web. 24 Mar. 2014. This source provided a wide variety of information. It gave the reader a general background and eventually led to a pros and cons analysis. The pros and cons analysis shows the perspectives of both sides by using to different people to express them. This was very effective in creating a nonbiased study. In the pro side of minimum wage, the man argues that raising the minimum wage creates more spending power that can be used to boost the economy. The opposing side disagrees. Critics of minimum wage believe that as a result of raising the minimum wage, less minimum wage employees will be hired which is not antipoverty nor stimulating the economy. In addition to the pros of raising the minimum wage, the author argues that the raise would not result in large minimum wage loss. To counter that view point, the other side agreed that the minimum wage does not always result in more layoffs but results in less hiring. This source was really effective to me because it presented both sides of the issue without displaying a clear and present bias. It was also beneficial by providing the general overview and background information on the issue. Williams, Steve. "OPINION: Minimum wage hike makes minimum sense." Daily Press (Victorville, CA) 24 Sept. 2013: Points of View Reference Center. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. In this opinion based article by Steve Williams, we are shown some additional arguments made against minimum wage. Williams believes that an increase in the minimum wage results in jobs being lost. This article particularly talks about Californias proposed increase to minimum wage but still contains facts that could be used when discussing minimum wage on the federal level.

According to one study, just a 10% increase in minimum wage would reduce employment for 2.5% of white males in the age group of 16-24. It would reduce employment by 6.5% for blacks. The author stresses that this is extremely harmful considering the jobless rate among these groups is already at a stunning 16.3%. The author argues that simple economics shows that raising the minimum wage is a bad idea. Overall, this paper did an excellent job at introducing Californias law. This example in California can be used to further examine the effects of an increase on a federal level. The article was biased; however, it still managed to present its facts and then present its viewpoint.