Reactions in Aqueous Solution 1.

Single Replacement Reduction and Oxidation (Redox) Transfer of Electrons Reduction gains electron Oxidation loses electron To determine which substance is reduced and which is oxidized we assign oxidation numbers, value that allows transfer of electrons to be tracked (p 586) Element in its elemental state = 0 Group 1 and 2 metals = ion charge Fluorine = -1 (except in elemental form) Oxygen = -2 (except in elemental form, peroxides (-1)and with fluorine) Ag = +1, Zn = +2, Al = +3 Hydrogen combined with nonmetals = +1 except H2 , hydride For a neutral compound, the sum of all oxidation numbers = 0 For an ion, the sum of all oxidation numbers is equal to the ion charge The more electronegative element has an oxidation number equal to its ion charge Balancing Redox with Half- reactions (split reaction into reduction and oxidation) Mg(s) + 2KCl(aq) -> 2K(s) + MgCl2 (aq) - full equation Steps 1. Assign oxidation numbers ex. (0) (+1)(-1) -> (0) (+2)(-1) 2. Remove spectator ions [chloride] (they do not change in the reaction) ex. Mg0 + K-1 -> K0 + Mg+2 3. Split the reaction into two halves (oxidation and reduction) ex. Mg 0 -> Mg +2 and K +1 -> K 0 4. Balance charge by adding electrons ex. Mg 0 -> Mg +2 + 2e- and K +1 + e- -> K 0 5. Multiply half-reactions to get an equal number of electrons (if needed) ex. 2K+1 + 2e- -> 2K0 6. Recombine the two half-reactions ex. Mg + 2K-1 -> Mg+2 + 2K (net ionic equation), 2e- are exchanged for each Mg Major Steps I. full equation II. identify and write half-reactions III. spectator ions IV. + e- transferred V. net ionic reaction