Fizzy Drink Experiment: An Inquiry-Oriented and Differentiated Lab Goal Statement: This version of the fizzy drink lab

(Rohrig, 2000) has been modified to be inquiry-oriented and differentiated for varying student readiness levels !t is a "ulminating a"tivity for stoi"hiometry and an introdu"tion to limiting rea"tants Relevant State Standard #$ $% &es"ribe a reason for a given "on"lusion using eviden"e from an investigation #$ $g 'ased on em(iri"al eviden"e, e)(lain and "ritique the reasoning used to dra* a s"ientifi" "on"lusion or e)(lanation #+ ,a #al"ulate the number of moles of any "om(ound or element given the mass of a substan"e #- 2. 'alan"e sim(le "hemi"al equations a((lying the "onservation of matter #- 2d #al"ulate the mass of a (arti"ular "om(ound formed from the masses of starting materials #- /e !dentify the limiting reagent *hen given the masses of more than one rea"tant

Student Learnin! Ob"e#tive 0iven the formula for "itri" a"id and sodium bi"arbonate, students *ill be able to determine molar masses 0iven the (rodu"ts of a rea"tion bet*een "itri" a"id and sodium bi"arbonate, students *ill be able to balan"e the "hemi"al equation 0iven a s(e"ifi" mass of a rea"tant, students *ill be able to "al"ulate the moles or mass of another "om(ound used and1or formed 0iven initial amounts of the rea"tants, students *ill be able to determine *hi"h rea"tant is limiting 0iven alternative (ositions, students *ill be able to identify "ommon mis"on"e(tions about mass, moles, and volume

$a#k!r%und The first man-made non-al"oholi" "arbonated beverage is attributed to 2ose(h 3riestley *ho a""om(lished the feat in $4,4 (3riestly, $442) 5e used "halk ("al"ium "arbonate) and sulfuri" a"id to (rodu"e "arbon dio)ide *hi"h *as bubbled into *ater #arbonated beverages had been (rodu"ed before this time, but the (ro"ess used sugar and yeast to yield "arbon dio)ide and $

al"ohol through fermentation 6any different non-al"oholi" "arbonated beverages have been "reated sin"e in"luding "olas, (hos(hates, root beers, ginger ales, toni" *aters, seltzer *aters, and others This a"tivity uses "itri" a"id and baking soda to (rodu"e the fizz in a beverage #itri" a"id, 5/#,5-74, is a tri(roti" a"id *ith (8a values ranging from / to , + !t is highly soluble and often used in beverages to enhan"e flavor and add a (leasant sour fruity taste 'aking soda (9a5#7/) is a *hite (o*der also kno*n as sodium bi"arbonate, bi"arbonate of soda, sodium hydrogen "arbonate, or sodium a"id "arbonate The "hemi"al and (hysi"al (ro(erties of baking soda afford it a *ide range of a((li"ations, in"luding "leaning, deodorizing, buffering, and fire e)tinguishing . mole of baking soda *ill rea"t *ith an a"id to (rodu"e a mole of "arbon dio)ide !n this e)(eriment, the follo*ing rea"tion o""urs *hen baking soda "ombines *ith "itri" a"id: 5/#,5-74 : /9a5#7/ 9a/#,5-74 : /527 : /#72

The citric acid molecule: note the three acidic hydrogens

3rior to this lesson, the students should have kno*ledge of atomi" mass and nomen"lature !n addition, the unit (lan des"ribed on the ';.<T-'# *ebsite (*** *mi"h edu1s"ien"e1blast) in"ludes (rin"i(les and lesson ideas taught (rior to this lesson These in"lude the "on"e(t of the mole, balan"ing "hemi"al equations, "onversions bet*een grams and moles, and mass to mass "onversions bet*een different substan"es Differentiati%n in t&e Fizzy Drink Lab &ifferentiated instru"tion allo*s students *orking at different levels and different (a"es to a"hieve the same learning out"omes (Tomlinson,200$) The need for differentiation is es(e"ially a((arent in "hemistry units that require "om(utational skills !n this arti"le *e fo"us on stoi"hiometry =e have modified a lesson originally (ublished by Rohrig (2000) to a""ommodate students *ith different readiness levels ;esson handouts *ere "reated for three levels: students requiring additional s"affolding to su""essfully "om(lete the "al"ulations, students *ith average skill levels, and students *ho need more "hallenging and inde(endent *ork The learning out"omes for all students *ere identi"al <ee table belo*

<tudent ;evel

.ttributes

.""ommodations 2

;evel one

<truggle *ith mathemati"al "on"e(ts &iffi"ulty envisioning a multi-ste( solution to stoi"hiometri" questions .verage readiness

3roblems requiring a series of "al"ulations are broken do*n into individual ste(s .dditional tables and "ues are (rovided <ome "al"ulations broken into individual ste(s 6inimal s"affolding (resent <tudents develo( a (ro"edure for determining an unkno*n amount of rea"tant 9o s"affolding in"luded

;evel t*o

;evel three

9eed more "hallenging and inde(endent *ork

'ea#&er (%te Target grade: 5igh <"hool #hemistry Time requirement: .((ro)imately >0 minutes Materials (Class of 24 students working in pairs : / (a"kages 8ool-.id? @ uns*eetened / "u(s <ugar (food grade) #itri" ."id (food grade) 'aking <oda (food grade) $2 3lasti" s(oons /, 3a(er baking "u(s $20 (a(er "u(s (/ oz) $2 3lasti" #u(s ($, oz) 2-/ 'alan"es / 3it"hers (2 qt) Total estimated cost: A20 (balan"e e)"luded)

Readiness-level based (ro"edures are in"luded in student versions found in the .((endi) 3rior to student arrival, (re(are the 8ool-.id? a""ording to (a"kage dire"tions 9ote that 8ool-.id? "ontains "itri" a"id and as"orbi" a"id, both of *hi"h rea"t *ith baking soda to form "arbon dio)ide Bor e)am(le, an C oz "u( of orange 8ool-.id? "ontains about $ g of "itri" a"id and 0 00$ g of as"orbi" a"id (8atz, 2000) This *ill "ause some fizzing to take (la"e *hen only the baking soda is added in Trial / !"#T $ !rocedure %otes Trial $: 3lain 8ool-.id? (#ontrol) The students make initial observations (rior to adding anything to the 8ool-.id? by follo*ing this (ro"edure 3our 8ool-.id? into a / oz (a(er "u( until it is a((ro)imately D full 7bserve general "hara"teristi"s and taste mi)ture Re"ord observations in the a((ro(riate data table on the student *orksheet Trial 2: 8ool-.id? and #itri" ."id 7bservations of 8ool-.id? *ith "itri" a"id only <tudents should note that there is a very sour taste Re(eat Trial $ but add 0 -g of "itri" a"id to the 8ool-.id? (rior to making observations Trial /: 8ool-.id? and 'aking <oda 7bservations of 8ool-.id? *ith baking soda only <tudents should note that there is an un(leasant salty and bitter taste Re(eat Trial $ but add 0 -g of baking soda to the 8ool-.id? (rior to making observation !"#T 2 !rocedure %otes #ondu"t an all-"lass dis"ussion of observations and ideas for ho* to "reate a tasty fizzy drink This guided dis"ussion should lead students to the idea of "ombining both "itri" a"id and baking soda to "reate a fizzy, better-tasting drink (!n a "lassroom trial, this "on"lusion *as qui"kly rea"hed by the learners !f (rom(ting is ne"essary, you may *ish to have students "onsider *hat "ombinations *ere already used and the results su"h as 8ool-.id? and sugarE 8ool-.id?, sugar, and "itri" a"idE 8ool-.id?, sugar, and baking soda) Then ask *hat other "ombinations are (ossible 7n"e students have "ome to the "on"lusion that both "itri" a"id and baking soda are ne"essary, end the grou( dis"ussion <tudents then *ork in individual grou(s on the "al"ulations se"tion of the handouts *ith tea"her fa"ilitation as ne"essary &ther Considerations !f both rea"tants are in solution (rior to being "ombined, the rea"tion *ill be more dramati" . rea"tion *ill still o""ur and the lab *ill run smoothly even if both rea"tants are simultaneously added as solids to the 8ool-.id? !f /-oz "u(s are used for mi)ing the rea"tant solutions, it is likely that the mi)ture *ill overflo* Fse the $,-oz "u(s for mi)ing to (revent this ;eave (a(er baking "u(s beside ea"h balan"e to be used for measuring +

Bood grade "itri" a"id "an be (ur"hased online or at health food stores 7ne +-oun"e "ontainer should be enough for at least +-- "lasses Common misconception: <tudents often "on"e(tualize mass ratio, volume ratio, and mole ratio inter"hangeably The final question in the student handout addresses this mis"on"e(tion

Safety &o not (erform this e)(eriment in a laboratory setting Fse food grade sodium bi"arbonate and "itri" a"id 9o laboratory equi(ment should be used !f needed, thoroughly "lean ele"troni" balan"es <odium bi"arbonate is slightly to)i" if ingested in mass quantities so limit "onsum(tion &ust may be irritating to the res(iratory system so use a room that is adequately ventilated #itri" a"id is a severe eye irritant and may "ause moderate skin irritation

Exten i%n : .nalysis of <o"ietal !ssue: .n arti"le that "an be used to start a debate about the issue of soda (o( in s"hools "an be found at htt(:11findarti"les "om1(1arti"les1miGm0%3B1isG$>>CG9ovG201aiG-/2,C+$/1 This addresses 6i"higan #ontent %)(e"tation #$ 2' ."ids and 'ases: The basi" rea"tion in this lab is bet*een "itri" a"id and a base, sodium bi"arbonate !t in"ludes a neutralization rea"tion This addresses 6i"higan #ontent %)(e"tation #- 4) #hemi"al Rea"tions: The "hemi"al rea"tion is both a double-re(la"ement and de"om(osition <olubility and Rates of Rea"tion: <tudents "an e)(lore rea"tion rate as a fun"tion of "on"entration, tem(erature, (ressure, stirring rate, et" This addresses 6i"higan #ontent %)(e"tation #- r$) 0ases: <tudents "an measure the "arbon dio)ide given off from the rea"tion This addresses 6i"higan #ontent %)(e"tation #+ -) Referen#e and Furt&er Readin! Blinn <"ientifi" Material Safety 'ata Sheets available at htt(:11*** flinns"i "om1sear"hG6<&< as( (a""essed 2une, 200>) & . 8atz htt(:11*** "hymist "om17rangeH20&rink (df (a""essed 2une, 200>) 6i"higan &e(artment of %du"ation (igh School Content )*pectations (200,) available at htt(:11*** mi"higan gov1do"uments1#5%6G5<#%G$,C20-G4 (df (a""essed 2une, 200>) 2 3riestley 'irections for impregnating water with fi*ed air+ in order to communicate to it the peculiar spirit and ,irtues of !yrmont water- and other mineral waters of a similar nature -

;ondon: 2 2ohnson, ($442) available from htt(:11*** truete) "om1(riestley-$442im(regnatingG*aterG*ithGfi)edGair (df (a""essed 2une, 200>) ' Rohrig, IBizzy &rinks: <toi"hiometry Jou #an TasteK ./ Chem/ )duc/ )), $,0C. (2000) <olarnavigator Citric "cid available at htt(:11*** solarnavigator net1solarG"ola1"itri"Ga"id htm (a""essed 2une, 200>) # . Tomlinson, (ow to 'ifferentiate 0nstruction in Mi*ed1"2ility Classrooms, 2nd edition, (200$) .le)andria, L.: .sso"iation for the <u(ervision and #urri"ulum &evelo(ment

Appendix: Student *and%ut #ondensed versions of the student handouts are sho*n belo* <tudent-ready versions *ith a((ro(riate s(a"ing for (rinting "an be found at the follo*ing *ebsite: *** *mi"h edu1s"ien"e1blast FI++, DRI(- LA$: Level . ! 'ell Ringer: =hat is the molar mass of "itri" a"id, 5/#,5-74M 5N g1mol <ho* your "al"ulations for molar mass here: #N g1mol 7N g1mol 6olar mass of 5/#,5-74 N GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG !! &ata Table /art . Trial !ngredients 7bservations Taste $ D &i)ie "u(ful 8ool-.id? 2 D &i)ie "u(ful of 8ool-.id? : 0 - g #itri" ."id / D &i)ie "u(ful of 8ool-.id? : 0 - g 'aking soda (sodium bi"arbonate, 9a5#7/) <ummarize the "on"lusions from the grou( dis"ussion in the s(a"e belo*: /art 0 8ool-.id? : !!! The #hemi"al Rea"tion $ =rite the "hemi"al equation for this rea"tion GGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGG "itri" a"id : baking soda sodium "itrate : *ater : "arbon dio)ide 2 &etermine if the equation is balan"ed in the table belo*: %lement O of atoms on the rea"tant O of atoms on the (rodu"t side side 5 # 7 9a !s the rea"tion balan"edM !f not, re*rite the equation belo* and add "oeffi"ients as needed + #he"k *ith the tea"her before "ontinuing Tea"her initials: GGGGGGGGGGGGGG !L #al"ulations T5% '!0 !&%.: Jou *ill be given e)a"tly 0 / grams of "itri" a"id Jou need to "al"ulate ho* many grams of baking soda (9a5#7/) should be added to make a fizzy 8ool-.id? drink that is IPust rightK $ #onvert 0 / grams of "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) into m%le N GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG mol 5/#,5-74 /

Refer to your balan"ed equation a =hat is the m%le rati% of baking soda (9a5#7/) to "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74)M GGGGGGGmol 9a5#7/1 GGGGGmol 5/#,5-74 b 5o* many m%le %f bakin! %da (9a5#7/) *ill rea"t *ith the number of moles of "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) that you determined in O$M N GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG mol baking

soda (9a5#7/) " #al"ulate the molar mass of baking soda (9a5#7/) 5N g1mol <ho* your "al"ulations for molar mass here: #N g1mol 7N g1mol 9aN g1mol .ns*er: GGGGGGGGGGG g 9a5#7/ 1mol 9a5#7/ #onvert the moles of 9a5#7/ to !ram : N GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG g baking soda (9a5#7/) L 3re(are the &rink Jou no* have your re"i(e for your Bizzy &rink: GGGGGGG g of "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) GGGGGGG g of baking soda (9a5#7/) 'efore "ontinuing, have the tea"her "he"k your re"i(e Tea"her initials: GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG 07 T7 T5% 9%QT 3.0% for (ro"edure before mi)ingR /r%#edure $ Bill a &i)ie "u( *ith 8ool-.id? 3our the 8ool-.id? from the &i)ie "u( into a larger "u( (to (revent bubble-overs) 2 9o* add your "al"ulated amounts of "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) and baking soda (9a5#7/) in the re"i(e above to the 8ool-.id? / 6i) and taste ((our into several small "u(s if more than one (erson *ants to try it) + Re"ord observations on the data table L! Suestions $ 5o* did your drink turn outM 2 5o* "ould you modify your re"i(e to make it betterM / !f you have $0 0 grams of "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) *ith enough baking soda (9a5#7/) ho* many moles of "arbon dio)ide "an you (rodu"eM a #al"ulate m%le of "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74): b N GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG mol 5/#,5-74 5o* many m%le %f #arb%n di%xide *ill be (rodu"ed from the number of moles of "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) that you determined in /aM (5!9T: Fse the balan"ed "hemi"al equation from earlier in the a"tivity to get the mole ratio) N GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG mol #72 + !f you have $0 0 grams of baking soda (9a5#7/) *ith enough "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74), ho* many moles of "arbon dio)ide "an you (rodu"eM a #al"ulate m%le of baking soda (9a5#7/): C

N GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG mol baking soda (9a5#7/) b 5o* many m%le %f #arb%n di%xide *ill be (rodu"ed from the number of moles of baking soda (9a5#7/) that you determined in +aM (5!9T: Fse the balan"ed "hemi"al equation from earlier in the a"tivity to get the mole ratio) N GGGGGGGGGGGGGGG mol #72 , 4 Refer to the moles of #72 (rodu"ed in questions / and + =hi"h rea"tant, "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) or baking soda (9a5#7/), (rodu"ed less #72M !f you mi)ed $0 grams of ea"h rea"tant in a "ontainer, *ould both of them be used u( "om(letelyM 5o* do you kno*M The mole ratio of "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) to baking soda (9a5#7/) is $:/ Randy *ants to add $ gram of "itri" a"id to / grams of baking soda <am (oints out that this is not "orre"t =hy isnTt it "orre"tM

FI++, DRI(- LA$: Level 0 ! !! /art . Trial $ 2 !ngredients 7bservations Taste D &i)ie "u(ful 8ool-.id? D &i)ie "u(ful of 8ool.id? : 0 - g #itri" ."id D &i)ie "u(ful of 8ool/ .id? : 0 - g 'aking soda (sodium bi"arbonate, 9a5#7/) <ummarize the "on"lusions from the grou( dis"ussion in the s(a"e belo*: /art 0 !!! $ 8ool-.id? : The #hemi"al Rea"tion =rite the "hemi"al equation for this rea"tion GGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGG GGGGGG GGGGGGGGGGGG #itri" a"id : baking soda sodium "itrate : *ater : "arbon dio)ide !s the rea"tion balan"edM !f not, re*rite the equation belo* and add "oeffi"ients as needed #he"k *ith the tea"her before "ontinuing Tea"her initials: GGGGGGGGGGGGGG > 'ell Ringer: =hat is the molar mass of "itri" a"id, 5/#,5-74M &ata Table

2 /

!L

#al"ulate your re"i(e:

T5% '!0 !&%.: Jou *ill be given e)a"tly 0 / grams of "itri" a"id Jou need to "al"ulate ho* many grams of baking soda (9a5#7/) should be added to make a fizzy 8ool-.id? drink that is IPust rightK $ 2 / + L #onvert 0 / grams of "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) into m%le Fse the m%le rati% of baking soda (9a5#7/) to "itri" (5/#,5-74 ) to "al"ulate ho* many moles of baking soda *ill rea"t *ith the number of moles of "itri" a"id that you determined in O$ #al"ulate the molar mass of baking soda (9a5#7/) #onvert the moles of 9a5#7/ to !ram of 9a5#7/: 3re(are the &rink

Jou no* have your re"i(e for your Bizzy &rink: GGGGGGG g of "itri" a"id (9a5#7/) 'efore "ontinuing, have the tea"her "he"k your re"i(e GGGGGGGGGGGGGGGG /r%#edure $ 2 / + L! $ 2 / Bill a &i)ie "u( *ith 8ool-.id? 3our the 8ool-.id? from the &i)ie "u( into a larger "u( (to (revent bubble-over of mi)ture) 9o* add your "al"ulated amounts of "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) and baking soda (9a5#7/) in the re"i(e above to the 8ool-.id? 6i) and taste ((our into several small "u(s if more than $ (erson *ants to try it) Re"ord observations on the data table Suestions GGGGGGG g of baking soda Tea"her initials:

5o* did your drink turn outM 5o* "ould you modify your re"i(e to make it betterM !f you have $0 0 grams of "itri" a"id *ith enough baking soda (9a5#7/) ho* many moles of "arbon dio)ide "an you (rodu"eM a #al"ulate moles of "itri" a"id: b 5o* many moles of "arbon dio)ide *ill be (rodu"ed from the number of moles of "itri" a"id that you determined in /aM + !f you have $0 0 grams of baking soda (9a5#7/) *ith enough "itri" a"id, ho* many moles of "arbon dio)ide "an you (rodu"eM - Refer to the moles of #72 (rodu"ed in questions / and + =hi"h rea"tant, "itri" a"id or baking soda (9a5#7/), (rodu"ed less #72M , !f you mi)ed $0 grams of ea"h rea"tant in a "ontainer, *ould both of them be used u( "om(letelyM 5o* do you kno*M 4 The mole ratio of "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) to baking soda (9a5#7/) is $:/ Randy *ants to add $ gram of "itri" a"id to / grams of baking soda !s this "orre"tM =hy or *hy notM FI++, DRI(- LA$: Level 1 $0

! !! /art . Trial $

'ell Ringer: =hat is the molar mass of 5/#,5-74M &ata Table

!ngredients 7bservations Taste D &i)ie "u(ful of 8ool-.id? D &i)ie "u(ful of 8ool-.id? : 2 0 - g #itri" ."id D &i)ie "u(ful of 8ool-.id? : / 0 - g 'aking <oda <ummarize the "on"lusions from the grou( dis"ussion in the s(a"e belo*: /art 0 . 8ool-.id? : ' 8ool-.id? : =hen dissolved in solution, "itri" a"id (5/#,5-74) rea"ts *ith baking soda (sodium bi"arbonate, 9a5#7/) to form three se(arate (rodu"ts Fse your kno*ledge of ty(es of "hemi"al rea"tions to (redi"t the (rodu"ts of this rea"tion =rite the "om(lete balan"ed equation belo* 3art 2, Trial .: 5o* do you (lan to (re(are your o(timal fizzy drink given 0 / g of "itri" a"idM (&es"ribe *hat you mean by o(timal Trial and error is not allo*ed <u((ort *ith logi" and "al"ulations as ne"essary ) "fter completion of Trial "- create your fi33y drink4 #ecord o2ser,ations on front page ta2le/ 3art 2, Trial ': 0iven a "u( of 8ool-aid *ith an unkno*n amount of "itri" a"id dissolved, determine the mass of "itri" a"id (resent (&es"ribe the (ro"edure used and ho* you *ill determine *hen you are finished #he"k (ro"edure *ith instru"tor ) &2tain drink from instructor+ follow your procedure/ #ecord o2ser,ations and mass ,alues on front page/ Suestions: $ 5o* did your drink in (art 2. turn outM 2 5o* "ould you modify your re"i(e to make it betterM / !f you added too mu"h baking soda in (art 2', you *ouldnTt have been able to "al"ulate the amount of "itri" a"id (resent =hy notM + !f you have $0 0 grams of "itri" a"id and $0 0 grams of baking soda, *hi"h rea"tant *ill run out firstM - 2ordan de"ides that to make the fizziest drink you should use / grams of baking soda for ea"h gram of "itri" a"id #hris thinks that to make the fizziest drink you should use / teas(oons of baking soda for ea"h teas(oon of "itri" a"id =hat are your thoughts on ea"h of these ideasM

$$