Dutch East Indies

http://en.wikipedia.
org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies
11/02/2014 11:19
Coordinates: 2.0S 118.0E
Dutch East Indies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Dutch East Indies (or Netherlands East Indies; Dutch: Nederlands-Oost-Indi;
Indonesian: Hindia-Belanda) was a Dutch colony that became modern Indonesia following
World War II. It was formed from the nationalised colonies of the Dutch East India Company,
which came under the administration of the Dutch government in 1800 until 1950 while
Indonesia declared Independence from the Netherlands to Commemorate the 5th Anniversary
of Independence from Japan as Unrecognised State after United Indonesian States Dissolved.
During the 19th century, Dutch possessions and hegemony were expanded, reaching their
greatest territorial extent in the early 20th century. This colony which later formed modern-day
Indonesia was one of the most valuable European colonies under the Dutch Empire's rule,[2]
and contributed to Dutch global prominence in spice and cash crop trade in the 19th to early
20th century.[3] The colonial social order was based on rigid racial and social structures with a
Dutch elite living separate but linked to their native subjects.[4] The term Indonesia came into
use for the geographical location after 1880. In the early 20th century, local intellectuals began
developing the concept of Indonesia as a nation state, and set the stage for an independence
movement.[5]
Japan's World War II occupation dismantled much of the Dutch colonial state and economy.
Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, Indonesian nationalists declared
independence which they fought to secure during the subsequent Indonesian National
Revolution. The Netherlands formally recognized Indonesian sovereignty at the 1949 Dutch
Indonesian Round Table Conference as the Autonomous Republic within the Netherlands with
the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea), which was ceded to
Indonesia in 1963 under the provisions of the New York Agreement.
Contents
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Company rule
2.2 Dutch conquests
2.3 World War II and independence
2.4 Economic history
2.5 Social history
3 Government
3.1 Education
3.2 Law and administration
3.3 Administrative divisions
3.4 Armed forces
4 Culture
4.1 Language and literature
4.2 Visual art
4.3 Theatre and film
4.4 Science
4.5 Cuisine
4.6 Architecture
5 Colonial heritage in the Netherlands
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 Further reading
10 External links
Etymology
The word Indies comes from Latin: Indus. The original name Dutch Indies (Dutch:
Nederlandsch-Indi) was translated by the English as the Dutch East Indies, to keep it distinct
from the Dutch West Indies. The name Dutch Indies is recorded in the Dutch East India
Company's documents of the early 1620s.[6]
Netherlands East Indies

Nederlands-Oost-Indi
Hindia-Belanda
Dutch colony
18001942
19451950a
Flag
Coat of arms
Map of the Dutch East Indies showing its territorial expansion

from 1800 to its fullest extent prior to Japanese occupation in
1942.
Capital
Batavia (now Jakarta)
Languages
Indonesian
Dutch
Indigenous languages
Religion
Sunni Islam
Christianity
Hinduism
Buddhism
Government
Governor-General
- 18001801 (first)
- 1949 (last)
Colonial administration
History
- VOC era
- VOC nationalised
- Japanese occupation[1]
- Independence proclaimed
- Dutch recognition as the
Autonomous Republic
within the Netherlands
- Independence from the
Netherlands after United
Indonesian States
Dissolved
Pieter G. van Overstraten

A. H. J. Lovinka
16031800
1 January 1800
Feb 1942 Aug 1945
17 August 1945
27 December 1949
17 August 1950
Population
- 1930 est.
60,727,233
Currency
Dutch East Indies gulden
Today part of
Indonesia
a. Occupied by Japanese forces between 1942 and 1945, followed

by the Indonesian National Revolution until 1949. Indonesia
proclaimed its independence on 17 August 1945. Netherlands
New Guinea was transferred to Indonesia in 1963.
Scholars writing in English use the terms Indi, the Dutch East Indies, the Netherlands Indies, and colonial Indonesia interchangeably.[7]
History
Company rule
Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies
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See also: Dutch East India Company in Indonesia and Economic history of the Netherlands (15001815)
Centuries before Europeans arrived, the Indonesian archipelago supported various states including commercially oriented coastal trading states and
inland agrarian states.[8] The first Europeans to arrive were the Portuguese in the late fifteenth century and following disruption of Dutch access to
spices in Europe,[9] the first Dutch expedition set sail for the East Indies in 1595 to access spices directly from Asia. When it made a 400% profit on its
return, other Dutch expeditions soon followed. Recognizing the potential of the East Indies trade, the Dutch government amalgamated the competing
companies into the United East India Company (VOC).[9]
The VOC was granted a charter to wage war, build fortresses, and make treaties across Asia.[9] A capital was established at Batavia (now Jakarta),
which became the centre of the VOC's Asian trading network.[10] To their original monopolies on nutmeg, mace spice, cloves and cinnamon, the
company and later colonial administrations introduced non-indigenous cash crops like coffee, tea, cacao, tobacco, rubber, sugar and opium, and
safeguarded their commercial interests by taking over surrounding territory.[10] Smuggling, the ongoing expense of war, corruption and
mismanagement lead to bankruptcy by the end of the 18th century. The company was formally dissolved in 1800 and its colonial possessions in the
Indonesian archipelago (including much of Java, parts of Sumatra, much of Maluku, and the hinterlands of ports such as Makasar, Manado, and
Kupang) were nationalized under the Dutch Republic as the Dutch East Indies.[11]
Dutch conquests
From the arrival of the first Dutch ships in the late sixteenth century, to the declaration of independence in 1945, Dutch control over the Indonesian
archipelago was always tenuous.[12] Although Java was dominated by the Dutch,[13] many areas remained independent throughout much of this time
including Aceh, Bali, Lombok and Borneo.[12] There were numerous wars and disturbances across the archipelago as various indigenous groups
resisted efforts to establish a Dutch hegemony, which weakened Dutch control and tied up its military forces.[14] Piracy remained a problem until the
mid-19th century.[12] Finally in the early 20th century, imperial dominance was extended across what was to become the territory of modern-day
Indonesia.
In 1806, with the Netherlands under French domination, Napoleon appointed his brother Louis Bonaparte to the
Dutch throne which led to the 1808 appointment of Marshall Herman Willem Daendels to Governor General of
the Dutch East Indies.[15] In 1811, British forces occupied several Dutch East Indies ports including Java and
Thomas Stamford Raffles became Lieutenant Governor. Dutch control was restored in 1816.[16] Under the 1824
Anglo-Dutch Treaty, the Dutch secured British settlements such as Bengkulu in Sumatra, in exchange for
ceding control of their possessions in the Malay Peninsula and Dutch India. The resulting borders between
British and Dutch possessions remain between Malaysia and Indonesia.
Since the establishment of the VOC in the seventeenth century, the expansion of Dutch territory had been a
business matter. Graaf van den Bosch's Governor-generalship (18301835) confirmed profitability as the
foundation of official policy was to restrict its attention to Java, Sumatra and Bangka.[17] However, from about
1840, Dutch national expansionism saw them wage a series of wars to enlarge and consolidate their possessions
in the outer islands.[18] Motivations included: the protection of areas already held; the intervention of Dutch
officials ambitious for glory or promotion; and to establish Dutch claims throughout the archipelago to prevent
intervention from other Western powers during the European push for colonial possessions.[17] As exploitation of Indonesian resources expanded off
Java, most of the outer islands came under direct Dutch government control or influence.
The submission of Prince Diponegoro
to General De Kock at the end of the
Java War in 1830
The Dutch 7th Battalion advancing in

Bali in 1846.
The Dutch subjugated the Minangkabau of Sumatra in the Padri War (182138)[19] and the Java War (182530)
ended significant Javanese resistance.[20] The Banjarmasin War (18591863) in southeast Kalimantan resulted
in the defeat of the Sultan.[21] After failed expeditions to conquer Bali in 1846 and 1848, an 1849 intervention
brought northern Bali under Dutch control. The most prolonged military expedition was the Aceh War in which
a Dutch invasion in 1873 was met with indigenous guerrilla resistance and ended with an Acehnese surrender in
1912.[20] Disturbances continued to break out on both Java and Sumatra during the remainder of the 19th
century,[12] however, the island of Lombok came under Dutch control in 1894,[22] and Batak resistance in
northern Sumatra was quashed in 1895.[20] Towards the end of the nineteenth century, the balance of military
power shifted towards the industrialising Dutch and against pre-industrial independent Indonesian states as the
technology gap widened.[17] Military leaders and Dutch politicians said they had a moral duty to free the
Indonesian peoples from indigenous rulers who were oppressive, backward, or did not respect international
law.[23]
Although Indonesian rebellions broke out, direct colonial rule was extended throughout the rest of the archipelago from 1901 to 1910 and control taken
from the remaining independent local rulers.[24] Southwestern Sulawesi was occupied in 190506, the island of Bali was subjugated with military
conquests in 1906 and 1908, as were the remaining independent kingdoms in Maluku, Sumatra, Kalimantan, and Nusa Tenggara.[20][23] Other rulers
including the Sultans of Tidore in Maluku, Pontianak (Kalimantan), and Palembang in Sumatra, requested Dutch protection from independent
neighbours thereby avoiding Dutch military conquest and were able to negotiate better conditions under colonial rule.[23] The Bird's Head Peninsula
(Western New Guinea), was brought under Dutch administration in 1920. This final territorial range would form the territory of the Republic of
Indonesia.
World War II and independence

Main articles: Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese occupation of Indonesia, and Indonesian National Revolution
On 10 January 1942, during the Dutch East Indies Campaign, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies as part of the Pacific War.[25] The rubber
plantations and oil fields of the Dutch East Indies were considered crucial for the Japanese war effort.[citation needed] Allied forces were quickly
overwhelmed by the Japanese and on 8 March 1942 the Royal Dutch East Indies Army surrendered in Java.[26][27]
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Fuelled by the Japanese Light of Asia war propaganda[28] and the Indonesian National Awakening, a vast
majority of the indigenous Dutch East Indies population first welcomed the Japanese as liberators from the
colonial Dutch empire, but this sentiment quickly changed as the occupation turned out to be far more
oppressive and ruinous than the Dutch colonial government.[29][30] The Japanese occupation during World War
II brought about the fall of the colonial state in Indonesia,[31] as the Japanese removed as much of the Dutch
government structure as they could, replacing it with their own regime.[32] Although the top positions were held
by the Japanese, the internment of all Dutch citizens meant that Indonesians filled many leadership and
administrative positions. In contrast to Dutch repression of Indonesian nationalism, the Japanese allowed
indigenous leaders to forge links amongst the masses, and they trained and armed the younger generations.[33]
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Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer

and B.C. de Jonge, the last and
second-to-last Governor-General of
the Dutch East Indies before Japanese
invasion.
According to a UN report, four million people died in Indonesia as a result of the Japanese occupation.[34]
Following the Japanese surrender in August 1945, nationalist leaders Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta declared
Indonesian independence. A four and a half-year struggle followed as the Dutch tried to re-establish their
colony; although Dutch forces re-occupied most of Indonesia's territory a guerilla struggle ensued, and the
majority of Indonesians, and ultimately international opinion, favoured Indonesian independence. In December
1949, the Netherlands formally recognised Indonesian sovereignty with the exception of the Netherlands New Guinea (Western New Guinea).
Sukarno's government campaigned for Indonesian control of the territory, and with pressure from the United States, the Netherlands agreed to the New
York Agreement which ceded the territory to Indonesian administration in May 1963.
Economic history
See also: Cultivation System and Liberal Period (Dutch East Indies)
The economic history of the colony was closely related to the economic health of the mother country.[35]
Despite increasing returns from the Dutch system of land tax, Dutch finances had been severely affected by the
cost of the Java War and the Padri War, and the Dutch loss of Belgium in 1830 brought the Netherlands to the
brink of bankruptcy. In 1830, a new Governor-General, Johannes van den Bosch, was appointed to make the
Indies pay their way through Dutch exploitation of its resources. With the Dutch achieving political domination
throughout Java for the first time in 1830,[36] it was possible to introduce an agricultural policy of governmentcontrolled forced cultivation. Termed cultuurstelsel (cultivation system) in Dutch and tanam paksa (forced
plantation) in Indonesian, farmers were required to deliver, as a form of tax, fixed amounts of specified crops,
Workers pose at the site of a railway
such as sugar or coffee.[37] Much of Java became a Dutch plantation and revenue rose continually through the
tunnel under construction in the
nineteenth century which were reinvested into the Netherlands to save it from bankruptcy.[12][37] Between 1830
mountains, 1910.
and 1870, 1 billion guilders were taken from Indonesia, on average making 25 per cent of the annual Dutch
Government budget.[38] The Cultivation System, however, brought much economic hardship to Javanese
peasants, who suffered famine and epidemics in the 1840s.[12]
Critical public opinion in the Netherlands led to much of the Cultivation System's excesses being
eliminated under the agrarian reforms of the "Liberal Period". Dutch private capital flowed in after
1850, especially in tin mining and plantation estate agriculture. The Billiton Company's tin mines
off the eastern Sumatra coast was financed by a syndicate of Dutch entrepreneurs, including the
younger brother of King William III. Mining began in 1860. In 1863 Jacob Nienhuys obtained a
concession from the sultan of Deli (East Sumatra) for a large tobacco estate.[39] From 1870,
producers were no longer compelled to provide crops for exports, but the Indies were opened up to
private enterprise. Dutch businessmen set up large, profitable plantations. Sugar production
doubled between 1870 and 1885; new crops such as tea and cinchona flourished, and rubber was
introduced, leading to dramatic increases in Dutch profits. Changes were not limited to Java, or
agriculture; oil from Sumatra and Kalimantan became a valuable resource for industrialising
Europe. Dutch commercial interests expanded off Java to the outer islands with increasingly more
Map of the Dutch East Indies in 1818
territory coming under direct Dutch control or dominance in the latter half of the 19th century.[12]
However, the resulting scarcity of land for rice production, combined with dramatically increasing
populations, especially in Java, led to further hardships.[12]
The colonial exploitation of Indonesia's wealth contributed to the industrialisation of the Netherlands, while simultaneously laying the foundation for
the industrialisation of Indonesia. The Dutch introduced coffee, tea, cacao, tobacco and rubber and large expanses of Java became plantations
cultivated by Javanese peasants, collected by Chinese intermediaries, and sold on overseas markets by European merchants.[12] In the late 19th century
economic growth was based on heavy world demand for tea, coffee, and cinchona. The government invested heavily in a railroad network (150 miles
long in 1873, 1,200 in 1900), as well as telegraph lines, and entrepreneurs opened banks, shops and newspapers. The Dutch East Indies produced most
of the world's supply of quinine and pepper, over a third of its rubber, a quarter of its coconut products, and a fifth of its tea, sugar, coffee, and oil. The
profit from the Dutch East Indies made the Netherlands one of the world's most significant colonial powers.[12] The Koninklijke PaketvaartMaatschappij shipping line supported the unification of the colonial economy and brought inter-island shipping through to Batavia, rather than through
Singapore, thus focussing more economic activity on Java.[40]
The worldwide recession of the late 1880s and early 1890s saw the commodity prices on which the colony depended collapse. Journalists and civil
servants observed that the majority of the Indies population were no better off than under the previous regulated Cultivation System economy and tens
of thousands starved.[41] Commodity prices recovered from the recession, leading to increased investment in the colony. The sugar, tin, copra and
coffee trade on which the colony had been built thrived, and rubber, tobacco, tea and oil also became principal exports.[42] Political reform increased
the autonomy of the local colonial administration, moving away from central control from the Netherlands, whilst power was also diverged from the
central Batavia government to more localised governing units.
The world economy recovered in the late 1890s and prosperity returned. Foreign investment, especially by the British, were encouraged. By 1900,
foreign-held assets in the Netherlands Indies totalled about 750 million guilders ($300 million), mostly in Java.[43]
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After 1900 upgrading the infrastructure of ports and roads was a high priority for the Dutch, with the goal of modernizing the economy, facilitating
commerce, and speeding up military movements. By 1950 Dutch engineers had built and upgraded a road network with 12,000 km of asphalted
surface, 41,000 km of metalled road area and 16,000 km of gravel surfaces.[44] In addition the Dutch built, 7,500 kilometers (4,700 mi) of railways,
bridges, irrigation systems covering 1.4 million hectares (5,400 sq mi) of rice fields, several harbours, and 140 public drinking water systems. Wim
Ravesteijn has said that, "With these public works, Dutch engineers constructed the material base of the colonial and postcolonial Indonesian state."[45]
Social history
See also: Dutch Ethical Policy
In 1898, the population of Java numbered 28 million with another 7 million on Indonesia's outer islands.[46] The first
half of 20th century saw large-scale immigration of Dutch and other Europeans to the colony, where they worked in
either the government or private sectors. By 1930, there were more than 240,000 people with European legal status in
the colony, making up less than 0.5% of the total population.[47] Almost 75% of these Europeans were in fact native
Eurasians known as Indo-Europeans.[48]
Rank
1930 census of the Dutch East Indies[49]

Group
Number
Percentage
Indigenous islanders
59,138,067 97.4%
Chinese
1,233,214
2.0%
European
240,417
0.4%
Other foreign orientals 115,535
0.2%
Total
60,727,233 100%
As the Dutch secured the islands they eliminated slavery, widow burning, head-hunting, cannibalism, piracy, and
internecine wars.[20] Railways, steamships, postal and telegraph services, and various government agencies all
served to introduce a degree of new uniformity across the colony. Immigration within the archipelago
particularly by ethnic Chinese, Bataks, Javanese, and Bugisincreased dramatically.[50]
Volksraad members in 1918:

D. Birnie (Dutch), Kan Hok
Hoei (Chinese), R. Sastro
Widjono and M.N. Dwidjo
Sewojo (Javanese).
The Dutch colonialists formed a privileged upper social class of soldiers, administrators, managers, teachers and
pioneers. They lived together with the "natives", but at the top of a rigid social and racial caste system.[51][52]
The Dutch East Indies had two legal classes of citizens; European and indigenous. A third class, Foreign
Easterners, was added in 1920.[53]
In 1901 the Dutch adopted what they called the Ethical Policy, under which the colonial government had a duty
'Selamatan' feast in Buitenzorg, a
to further the welfare of the Indonesian people in health and education. Other new measures under the policy
common feast among Javanese
included irrigation programs, transmigration, communications, flood mitigation, industrialisation, and
Muslims.
protection of native industry.[12] Industrialisation did not significantly affect the majority of Indonesians, and
Indonesia remained an agricultural colony; by 1930, there were 17 cities with populations over 50,000 and their combined populations numbered 1.87
million of the colony's 60 million.[24]
Government
Education
The Dutch school system was extended to Indonesians with the most prestigious schools admitting Dutch
children and those of the Indonesian upper class. A second tier of schooling was based on ethnicity with
separate schools for Indonesians, Arabs, and Chinese being taught in Dutch and with a Dutch curriculum.
Ordinary Indonesians were educated in Malay in Roman alphabet with "link" schools preparing bright
Indonesian students for entry into the Dutch-language schools.[54] Vocational schools and programs were set up
by the Indies government to train indigenous Indonesians for specific roles in the colonial economy. Chinese
and Arabs, officially termed "foreign orientals", could not enrol in either the vocational schools or primary
schools.[55]
Graduates of Dutch schools opened their own schools modelled on the Dutch school system, as did Christian
missionaries, Theosophical Societies, and Indonesian cultural associations. This proliferation of schools was
further boosted by new Muslim schools in the Western mould that also offered secular subjects.[54] According
to the 1930 census, 6% of Indonesians were literate, however, this figure recognised only graduates from
Western schools and those who could read and write in a language in the Roman alphabet. It did not include
graduates of non-Western schools or those who could read but not write Arabic, Malay or Dutch, or those who could write in non-Roman alphabets
such as Batak, Javanese, Chinese, or Arabic.[54]
Students of the School Tot Opleiding
Van Indische Artsen (STOVIA) aka
Sekolah Doctor Jawa.
Some of higher education institutions were also established. In 1898 the Dutch East Indies government established a school to train medical doctors,
named School tot Opleiding van Inlandsche Artsen (STOVIA). Many STOVIA graduates later played important roles in Indonesia's national
movement toward independence as well in developing medical education in Indonesia, such as Dr. Wahidin Soedirohoesodo, who established the Budi
Utomo political society. De Technische Hoogeschool te Bandung established in 1920 by the Dutch colonial administration to meet the needs of
technical resources at its colony. One of Technische Hogeschool graduate is Sukarno whom later would lead the Indonesian National Revolution. In
1924, the colonial government again decided to open a new tertiary-level educational facility, the Rechts Hogeschool (RHS), to train civilian officers
and servants. In 1927, STOVIA's status was changed to that of a full tertiary-level institution and its name was changed to Geneeskundige Hogeschool
(GHS). The GHS occupied the same main building and used the same teaching hospital as the current Faculty of Medicine of University of Indonesia.
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The old links between the Netherlands and Indonesia are still clearly visible in such technological areas as
irrigation design. To this day, the ideas of Dutch colonial irrigation engineers continue to exert a strong
influence over Indonesian design practices.[56] Moreover the two highest internationally ranking universities of
Indonesia, the University of Indonesia est.1898 and the Bandung Institute of Technology est.1920, were both
founded during the colonial era.[57][58]
Education reforms, and modest political reform, resulted in a small elite of highly educated indigenous
Indonesians, who promoted the idea of an independent and unified "Indonesia" that would bring together
disparate indigenous groups of the Dutch East Indies. A period termed the Indonesian National Revival, the first
half of the 20th century saw the nationalist movement develop strongly, but also face Dutch oppression.[12]
Law and administration
Dutch, Eurasian and Javanese

professors of law at the opening of
the Rechts Hogeschool in 1924.
See also: Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies

Traditional rulers who survived displacement by the Dutch conquests were installed as regents and indigenous
aristocracy became an indigenous civil service. While they lost real control, their wealth and splendour under
the Dutch grew.[24] They were placed under a hierarchy of Dutch officials; the Residents, the Assistant
Residents, and District Officers called Controlers. This indirect rule did not disturb the peasantry and was
cost-effective for the Dutch; in 1900, only 250 European and 1,500 indigenous civil servants, and 16,000 Dutch
officers and men and 26,000 hired native troops, were required to rule 35 million colonial subjects.[59] From
1910, the Dutch created the most centralised state power in Southeast Asia.[20]
Since the VOC era, the highest Dutch authority in the colony resided with the 'Office of the Governor-General'.
During the Dutch East Indies era the Governor-General functioned as chief executive president of colonial
government and served as commander-in-chief of the colonial (KNIL) army. Until 1903 all government officials
and organisations were formal agents of the Governor-General and were entirely dependent on the central
administration of the 'Office of the Governor-General' for their budgets.[60] Until 1815 the Governor-General had the absolute right to ban, censor or
restrict any publication in the colony. The so-called Exorbitant powers of the Governor-General allowed him to exile anyone regarded as subversive
and dangerous to peace and order, without involving any Court of Law.[61]
House of Resident (colonial
administrator) in Surabaya.
Until 1848 the Governor-General was directly appointed by the Dutch monarch, and in later years via the Crown and on
advise of the Dutch metropolitan cabinet. During two periods (18151835 and 18541925) the Governor-General ruled
jointly with an advisory board called the Raad van Indie (Indies Council). Colonial policy and strategy were the
responsibility of the Ministry of Colonies based in The Hague. From 1815 to 1848 the Ministry was under direct
authority of the Dutch King. In the 20th century the colony gradually developed as a state distinct from the Dutch
metropole with treasury separated in 1903, public loans being contracted by the colony from 1913, and quasi diplomatic
ties were established with Arabia to manage the Haji pilgrimage from the Dutch East Indies. In 1922 the colony came
on equal footing with the Netherlands in the Dutch constitution, while remaining under the Ministry of Colonies.[62]
Governor-General's palace in
A People's Council called the Volksraad for the Dutch East Indies commenced
Batavia (1880-1900).
in 1918. The Volksraad was limited to an advisory role and only a small portion
of the indigenous population were able to vote for its members. The Council
comprised 30 indigneous members, 25 European and 5 from Chinese and other populations, and was
reconstituted every four years. In 1925 the Volksraad was made a semilegislative body; although decisions were
still made by the Dutch government, the governor-general was expected to consult the Volksraad on major
issues. The Volksraad was dissolved in 1942 during the Japanese occupation.[63]
The Dutch government adapted the Dutch codes of law in its colony.
The highest court of law, the Supreme Court in Batavia, dealt with
Opening of the Volksraad, Batavia 18
appeals and monitored judges and courts throughout the colony. Six
May 1918.
Councils of Justice (Raad van Justitie) dealt mostly with crime
committed by people in the European legal class[64] and only indirectly
with the indigenous population. The Land Councils (Landraden) dealt with civil matters and less serious
offences like estate divorces, and matrimonial disputes. The indigenous population was subject to their
respective adat law and to indigenous regents and district courts, unless cases were escalated before Dutch
judges.[65][66] Following Indonesian independence, the Dutch legal system was adopted and gradually a
national legal system based on Indonesian precepts of law and justice was established.[67]
By 1920 the Dutch had established 350 prisons throughout the colony. The Meester Cornelis prison in Batavia
incarcerated the most unruly inmates. In Sawah Loento prison on Sumatra prisoners had to perform manual
Supreme Court Building, Batavia.
labour in the coal mines. Separate prisons were built for juveniles (West Java) and for women. In the female
Boeloe prison in Semarang inmates had the opportunity to learn a profession during their detention, such as
sewing, weaving and making batik. This training was held in high esteem and helped re-socialise women once they were outside the correctional
facility.[68][69] In response to the communist uprising of 1926 the prison camp Boven-Digoel was established in New Guinea. As of 1927 political
prisoners, including indigenous Indonesians espousing Indonesian independence, were 'exiled' to the outer islands.[70]
Politically, the highly centralised power structure, including the exorbitant powers of exile and censorship,[71] established by the Dutch administration
was carried over into the new Indonesian republic.[20]
Administrative divisions
The Dutch East Indies was divided into residencies.[72] In 1942, the residencies were:-
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Name
Dutch name
Local name
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Area Population
Current English (km) (1942)
name
Modern area
Primary resource(s)
Aceh
Residency of
Aceh and
Dependencies
n/a
Aceh, consist of division (afdeeling) of GrootAtjeh, Nordkust van Atjeh, Oostkust van
n/a
opium,gold
Atjeh, Gajo en Alaslanden and Westkust van
Atjeh
Residentie Tapanoeli
Tapanuli
Residency of
Tapanuli
n/a
western part of North Sumatra, consist of

n/a division (afdeeling) of Sibolga en Omstreken, camphor
Nias, Bataklanden and Padang Sidempoean
Residentie Oostkust
van Sumatra
Residency of
Sumatra Timur Sumatra's East
Coast
n/a
eastern part of North Sumatra and northern

part of Riau, consist of division (afdeeling) of
n/a Langkat, Deli en Serdang, Asahan and
tobacco
Simaloengoen en Karolanden; with
municipality (stadsgemeente) of Medan
Residentie Sumatra's
Westkust
Residency of
Sumatra Barat Sumatra's West
Coast
n/a
West Sumatra including Mentawai Islands,

consist of division (afdeeling) of Padangsche
n/a Bovenlanden, Agam, Solok, Limapoeloe Koto coal,black pepper,salt
and Zuid Benedenlanden; with municipality
(stadsgemeente) of Padang
Residentie Riouw en
Onderhoorigheden
Riau
Residency of
Riau and
Dependencies
n/a
southern part of Riau and Riau Islands, consist

n/a of division (afdeeling) of Siak, Benkalis,
oil,fish
Indragiri and Tandjoengpinang
Residentie Djambi
Jambi
Residency of
Jambi
n/a
n/a
Jambi, consist of division (afdeeling) of

Djambi
black pepper
Residentie Benkoelen
Bengkulu
Residency of
Bengkulu
n/a
n/a
Bengkulu, consist of division (afdeeling) of

Benkoelen
black pepper
Residentie Palembang Palembang
Residency of
Palembang
n/a
South Sumatra, consist of division (afdeeling)

of Palembang Bovenlanden, Palembang
n/a Benedenlanden and Ogan en Komering-oeloe; black pepper
with municipality (stadsgemeente) of
Palembang
Residentie Banka en
Onderhoorigheden
Bangka
Residency of
Bangka and
Dependencies
n/a
n/a
Bangka and Belitung Islands, consist of

division (afdeeling) of Banka and Blitong
Residentie
Lampongsche
Districten
Lampung
Residency of
Lampung District
n/a
n/a
Lampung, consist of division (afdeeling) of

Teloek Betoeng
Residentie Bantam
Banten
Residency of
Banten
n/a
n/a
Banten consist of regency (regentschap) of

Serang, Lebak and Pandeglang
black
pepper,gold,poultry
Residentie Batavia
Betawi
Residency of
Batavia
n/a
n/a
Jakarta and surroundings, consist of regency

(regentschap) of Batavia, Meester-Cornelis
and Krawang; with municipality
(stadsgemeente) of Batavia
rice,coffee
n/a
Bogor and surroundings, consist of regency

(regentschap) of Buitenzorg, Soekaboemi and
n/a
coffee
Tjiandjoer; with municipality (stadsgemeente)
of Buitenzorg and Soekaboemi
n/a
Bandung and surroundings, consist of regency

(regentschap) of Bandoeng, Soemedang,
tea,coffee,quinine
n/a
Tasikmalaja, Tjiamis and Garoet; with
municipality (stadsgemeente) of Bandoeng
n/a
Cirebon and surroundings, consist of regency

(regentschap) of Cheribon, Koeningan,
n/a
Indramajoe and Madjalengka; with
municipality (stadsgemeente) of Cheribon
black pepper,fish
fish,indigo,rice,sugar
Residentie Atjeh en
Onderhoorigheden
Residentie Buitenzorg Bogor
Residency of
Buitenzorg
Residentie Preanger
Priangan
Residency of
Preanger
Cirebon
Residency of
Cirebon
Residentie Cheribon
Residentie Pekalongan Pekalongan
Residency of
Pekalongan
n/a
Pekalongan, Tegal and surroundings, consist

of regency (regentschap) of Pekalongan,
n/a Batang, Pemalang, Tegal and Brebes; with
municipality (stadsgemeente) of Pekalongan
and Tegal
Residentie Samarang
Residency of
Semarang
n/a
n/a
Semarang
Semarang and surroundings, consist of

regency (regentschap) of Samarang, Kendal,
Demak and Grobogan; with municipality
tin
timber,indigo
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(stadsgemeente) of Samarang and Salatiga

Residentie DjaparaRembang
JeparaRembang
Residentie Banjoemas Banyumas
Residency of
Jepara-Rembang
Residency of
Banyumas
n/a
Jepara, Rembang and surroundings, consist of

n/a regency (regentschap) of Pati, Djapara,
timber,rice,cotton
Rembang, Blora and Koedoes
n/a
Banyumas, Purwokerto and surroundings,

consist of regency (regentschap) of
n/a
Banjoemas, Poerwokerto, Poerbolinggo,
Tjilatjap, Karanganjar and Bandjarnegara
oil
Residentie Kedoe
Kedu
Residency of
Kedu
n/a
Magelang and surroundings, consist of

regency (regentschap) of Magelang,
n/a Wonosobo, Temanggoeng, Poerworedjo,
tobacco
Koetoardjo and Keboemen; with municipality
(stadsgemeente) of Magelang
Residentie Jogjakarta
Yogyakarta
Residency of
Yogyakarta
n/a
Yogyakarta, consist of regency (regentschap)

n/a of Adikarto, Koelon-Progo, Jogjakarta,
Bantoel and Goenoeng-Kidul
Residentie Klaten
Klaten
Residency of
Klaten
n/a
n/a
Residentie Soerakarta
Surakarta
Residency of
Surakarta
n/a
Surakarta, consist of regency (regentschap) of

n/a Sragen, Soerakarta, Mangkoenagaran and
tobacco
Wonogiri
Residentie
Bodjonegoro
Bojonegoro
Residency of
Bojonegoro
n/a
Bojonegoro and surroundings, consist of

n/a regency (regentschap) of Bodjonegoro,
Toeban, Grisse and Lamongan
Residentie Madioen
Madiun
Residency of
Madiun
n/a
n/a
n/a
Kediri and surroundings, consist of regency

(regentschap) of Kediri, Ngandjoek, Blitar,
n/a Toeloengagoeng and Trenggalek; with
municipality (stadsgemeente) of Kediri and
Blitar
tobacco
n/a
Malang and surroundings, consist of regency

(regentschap) of Malang, Pasoeroean and
n/a
Bangil; with municipality (stadsgemeente) of
Malang and Pasoeroean
fruit
n/a
Surabaya and surroundings, consist of regency

(regentschap) of Soerabaja, Sidoardjo,
n/a
fish
Modjokerto and Djombang; with municipality
(stadsgemeente) of Soerabaja
Klaten and surroundings, consist of regency

(regentschap) of Klaten and Bojolali
Madiun and surroundings, consist of regency

(regentschap) of Madioen, Magetan, Ngawi,
Ponorogo and Patjitan; with municipality
(stadsgemeente) of Madioen
tobacco
tobacco
fish
sugar
Kediri
Residency of
Kediri
Malang
Residency of
Malang
Surabaya
Residency of
Surabaya
Residentie
Probolinggo
Probolinggo
Residency of
Probolinggo
n/a
Probolinggo and surroundings, consist of

regency (regentschap) of Probolinggo,
n/a
sulphur
Kraksaan and Loemadjang; with municipality
(stadsgemeente) of Probolinggo
Residentie Besoeki
Besuki
Residency of
Besuki
n/a
Banyuwangi and surroundings, consist of

n/a regency (regentschap) of Bondowoso,
Panaroekan, Djember and Banjoewangi
tobacco
Residentie Madoera
Madura
Residency of
Madura
n/a
Madura, consist of regency (regentschap) of

n/a Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan and
Soemenep
salt
Residentie
Westerafdeeling van
Borneo
Kalimantan
Barat
Residency of
Western
Kalimantan
n/a
West Kalimantan, consist of division

n/a (afdeeling) of Singkawang, Pontianak,
Ketapang and Sintang
gold
Residentie Zuider en
Oosterafdeeling van
Borneo
Kalimantan
Selatan dan
Timur
Residency of
South and East
Kalimantan
n/a
Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, East

Kalimantan and North Kalimantan, consist of
n/a division (afdeeling) of Barito, Bandjermasin,
Hoeloe Soengei, Pasir, Samarinda and
Boeloengan en Berau
diamond,oil,black
pepper
Sulawesi
Residency of
Celebes and
Dependencies
n/a
South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi and Southeast

Sulawesi, consist of division (afdeeling) of
n/a Makassar, Bone, Pare-pare, Mandar, Loewoe fish,cotton,gold
and Boetoeng en Laiwoei; with municipality
(stadsgemeente) of Makassar
Residentie Kediri
Residentie Malang
Residentie Soerabaja
Residentie Celebes en
Onderhoorigheden
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Residentie Manado
Manado
Residency of
Manado
n/a
Central Sulawesi, Gorontalo and North

Sulawesi, consist of division (afdeeling) of
n/a Poso, Donggala, Gorontalo, Manado and
fish
Sangihe en Talaud eilanden; with municipality
(stadsgemeente) of Manado
Residentie Bali en
Lombok
Bali dan
Lombok
Residency of Bali
and Lombok
n/a
n/a
Timor
Residency of
Timor and
Dependencies
n/a
eastern part of West Nusa Tenggara and East

Nusa Tenggara, consist of division (afdeeling)
n/a
sandalwood
of Soembawa, Soemba, Flores and Timor en
eilanden
Maluku
Residency of
Molucca
n/a
North Maluku and Maluku, consist of division

(afdeeling) of Ternate, Amboina and Tual;
n/a
clove,nutmeg,mace
with municipality (stadsgemeente) of
Amboina
n/a
West Papua and Papua, consist of division

(afdeeling) of West-Nieuw-Guinea, Fak Fak,
n/a Geelvinkbaai, Centraal-Nieuw-Guinea,
Noordkust van Nieuw-Guinea and Zudkust
van Nieuw-Guinea
Residentie Timor en
Onderhoorigheden
Residentie Molukken
Residentie NieuwGuinea
Papua
Residency of
New Guinea
Bali and Lombok, consist of division

(afdeeling) of Bali and Lombok
rice
timber
Armed forces
Main articles: Royal Dutch East Indies Army, Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force, and
Government Navy
The Royal Dutch East Indies Army (KNIL) and the Royal Netherlands East Indies Army Air Force (ML-KNIL)
were established in 1830 and 1915 respectively. Naval forces of the Royal Netherlands Navy were based in
Surabaya, but were never part of the KNIL. The KNIL was a separate branch of the Royal Netherlands Army,
commanded by the Governor-General and funded by the colonial budget. The KNIL was not allowed to recruit
Dutch conscripts and had the nature of a 'Foreign Legion' recruiting not only Dutch volunteers, but many other
European nationalities (especially German, Belgian and Swiss mercenaries).[73] While most officers were
Europeans, the majority of soldiers were indigenous Indonesians, the largest contingent of which were Javanese
and Sundanese.[74]
Decorated indigenous KNIL soldiers,

1927.
Dutch policy before the 1870s was to take full charge of strategic points and work out treaties with the local
leaders elsewhere so they would remain in control and cooperate. The policy failed in Aceh, in northern Sumatra, where the sultan tolerated pirates
who raided commerce in the Strait of Malacca. Britain was a protector of Aceh and it gave the Netherlands permission to eradicate the pirates. The
campaign quickly drove out the sultan but across Aceh numerous local Muslim leaders mobilized and fought the Dutch in four decades of very
expensive guerrilla war, with high levels of atrocities on both sides.[75]
Colonial military authorities tried to forestall a war against the population by means of a strategy of awe. When a guerrilla war did take place the
Dutch used either a slow, violent occupation or a campaign of destruction.[76] By 1900 the archipelago was considered "pacified" and the KNIL was
mainly involved with military police tasks. The nature of the KNIL changed in 1917 when the colonial government introduced obligatory military
service for all male conscripts in the European legal class[77] and in 1922 a supplemental legal enactment introduced the creation of a Home guard
(Dutch: Landstorm) for European conscripts older than 32.[78] Petitions by Indonesian nationalists to establish military service for indigenous people
were rejected. In July 1941 the Volksraad passed law creating a native militia of 18,000 by a majority of 43 to 4, with only the moderate Great
Indonesia Party objecting. After the declaration of war with Japan, over 100,000 natives volunteered.[79] The KNIL hastily and inadequately attempted
to transform into modern military force able to protect the Dutch East Indies from Imperial Japanese invasion. On the eve of the Japanese invasion in
December 1941, Dutch regular troops in the East Indies comprised about 1,000 officers and 34,000 men, of whom 28,000 were indigenous. During the
Dutch East Indies campaign of 194142 the KNIL and the Allied forces were quickly defeated.[80] All European soldiers, which in practice included
all able bodied Indo-European males were interned by the Japanese as POW's. 25% of the POW's did not survive their internment.
Following World War II, a reconstituted KNIL joined with Dutch Army troops to re-establish colonial "law and order". Despite two successful military
campaigns in 1947 and 1948, Dutch efforts to re-establish their colony failed and the Netherlands recognised Indonesian sovereignty in December
1949.[81] The KNIL was disbanded by 26 July 1950 with its indigenous personnel being given the option of demobilising or joining the Indonesian
military.[82] At the time of disbandment the KNIL numbered 65,000, of whom 26,000 were incorporated into the new Indonesian Army. The remainder
were either demobilised or transferred to the Netherlands Army.[83] Key officers in the Indonesian National Armed Forces that were former KNIL
soldiers include: Suharto second president of Indonesia, Nasution supreme commander of the Indonesian army and E.Kawilarang founder of the elite
special forces Kopassus.
Culture
Language and literature
See also: Dutch Indies literature
Across the archipelago, hundreds of native languages are used, and Malay or Portuguese Creole, the existing languages of trade were adopted. Prior to
1870, when Dutch colonial influence was largely restricted to Java, Malay was used in government schools and training programs such that graduates
could communicate with groups from other regions who immigrated to Java.[84] The colonial government sought to standardise Malay based on the
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version from Riau and Malacca, and dictionaries were commissioned for governmental communication and
schools for indigenous peoples.[85] In the early 20th century, Indonesia's independence leaders adopted a form
of Malay from Riau, and called it Indonesian. In the latter half of the nineteenth century, the rest of the
archipelago, in which hundreds of language groups were used, was brought under Dutch control. In extending
the native education program to these areas, the government stipulated this "standard Malay" as the language of
the colony.[86]
Dutch was not made the official language of the colony and was not widely used by the indigenous Indonesian
population.[87] The majority of legally acknowledged Dutchmen were bi-lingual Indo Eurasians.[88] Dutch was
only used by a limited educated elite, and in 1942, around two percent of the total population in the Dutch East
Indies spoke Dutch including over 1 million indigenous Indonesians.[89] A number of Dutch loan words are
used in present-day Indonesian, particularly technical terms (see List of Dutch loan words in Indonesian). These
words generally had no alternative in Malay and were adopted into the Indonesian vocabulary giving a
linguistic insight into which concepts are part of the Dutch colonial heritage. Hendrik Maier of the University of
California says that about a fifth of contemporary Indonesian language can be traced to Dutch.[90]
Perhimpunan Pelajar-Pelajar
Indonesia (Indonesian Students
Union) delegates in Youth Pledge, an
important event where Indonesian
language was decided to be the
national language. 1928
Dutch language literature has been inspired by both colonial and post-colonial Indies from the Dutch Golden Age to the present day. It includes Dutch,
Indo-European and Indonesian authors. Its subject matter thematically revolves around the Dutch colonial era, but also includes postcolonial discourse.
Masterpieces of this genre include Multatuli's Max Havelaar: Or The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company, Louis Couperus's Hidden Force,
E. du Perron's Country of Origin, and Maria Dermot's The Ten Thousand Things.[91][92]
Most Dutch literature was written by Dutch and Indo-European authors, however, in the first half of the twentieth century under the Ethical Policy,
indigenous Indonesian authors and intellectuals came to the Netherlands to study and work. They wrote Dutch language literary works and published
literature in literary reviews such as Het Getij, De Gemeenschap, Links Richten and Forum. By exploring new literary themes and focusing on
indigenous protagonists, they drew attention to indigenous culture and the indigenous plight. Examples include the Javanese prince and poet Noto
Soeroto, a writer and journalist, and the Dutch language writings of Soewarsih Djojopoespito, Chairil Anwar, Kartini, Sutan Sjahrir and Sukarno.[93]
Much of the postcolonial discourse in Dutch Indies literature has been written by Indo-European authors led by the "avant garde visionary" Tjalie
Robinson, who is the best read Dutch author in contemporary Indonesia[94] and second generation Indo-European immigrants like Marion Bloem.
Visual art
The natural beauty of East Indies has inspired the works of artists and painters, that mostly capture the romantic
scenes of colonial Indies. The term Mooi Indie (Dutch for "Beautiful Indies") was originally coined as the title
of 11 reproductions of Du Chattel's watercolor paintings which depicted the scene of East Indies published in
Amsterdam in 1930. The term became famous in 1939 after S. Sudjojono used it to mock the painters that
merely depict all pretty things about Indies.[95] Mooi Indie later would identified as the genre of painting that
occurred during the colonial East Indies that capture the romantic depictions of the Indies as the main themes;
mostly natural scenes of mountains, volcanos, rice paddies, river valleys, villages, with scenes of native
servants, nobles, and sometimes bare-chested native women. Some of the notable Mooi Indie painters are
European artists: F.J. du Chattel, Manus Bauer, Nieuwkamp, Isaac Israel, PAJ Moojen, Carel Dake and
The romantic depiction of De Grote
Romualdo Locatelli; East Indies-born Dutch painters: Henry van Velthuijzen, Charles Sayers, Ernest Dezene,
Postweg near Buitenzorg.
Leonard Eland and Jan Frank; Native painters: Raden Saleh, Mas Pirngadi, Abdullah Surisubroto, Wakidi,
Basuki Abdullah, Mas Soeryo Soebanto and Henk Ngantunk; and also Chinese painters: Lee Man Fong, Oei
Tiang Oen and Biau Tik Kwie. These painters usually exhibit their works in art galleries such as Bataviasche Kuntkringgebouw, Theosofie
Vereeniging, Kunstzaal Kolff & Co and Hotel Des Indes.
Theatre and film

See also: List of films of the Dutch East Indies, List of film producers of the Dutch East Indies, and List of film directors of the Dutch East Indies
A total of 112 fictional films are known to have been produced in the Dutch East Indies between 1926 and the
colony's dissolution in 1949. The earliest motion pictures, imported from abroad, were shown in late 1900,[96]
and by the early 1920s imported serials and fictional films were being shown, often with localised names.[97]
Dutch companies were also producing documentary films about the Indies to be shown in the Netherlands.[98]
The first locally-produced film, Loetoeng Kasaroeng, was directed by L. Heuveldorp and released on
31 December 1926.[99] Between 1926 and 1933 numerous other local productions were released. During the
mid-1930s, production dropped as a result of the Great Depression.[100] The rate of production declined again
after the Japanese occupation beginning in early 1942, closing all but one film studio.[101] The majority of films
produced during the occupation were Japanese propaganda shorts.[102] Following the Proclamation of
Indonesian Independence in 1945 and during the ensuing revolution several films were made, by both
pro-Dutch and pro-Indonesian backers.[103][104]
Cinema Bioscoop Mimosa in Batu,

Java dated 1941.
Generally films produced in the Indies dealt with traditional stories or were adapted from existing works.[105] The early films were silent, with Karnadi
Anemer Bangkong (Karnadi the Frog Contractor; 1930) generally considered the first talkie;[106] later films would be in Dutch, Malay, or an
indigenous language. All were black-and-white. The American visual anthropologist Karl G. Heider writes that all films from before 1950 are lost.[107]
However, JB Kristanto's Katalog Film Indonesia (Indonesian Film Catalogue) records several as having survived at Sinematek Indonesia's archives,
and Biran writes that several Japanese propaganda films have survived at the Netherlands Government Information Service.[108]
Theatre plays by playwrights such as Victor Ido (18691948) were performed at the Shouwburg Weltevreden, now known as Gedung Kesenian Jakarta.
A less elite form of theatre, popular with both European and indigenous people, were the traveling Indo theatre shows known as Komedie Stamboel,
made popular by Auguste Mahieu (18651903).
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Science
The rich nature and culture of the Dutch East Indies attracted European intellectuals, scientists and researchers.
Some notable scientists that conducted most of their important research in the East Indies archipelago are
Teijsmann, Junghuhn, Eijkman and Wallace. Many important art, culture and science institutions were
established in Dutch East Indies. For example the Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen,
(Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences), the predecessor of the National Museum of Indonesia, was
established in 1778 with the aim to promote research and publish findings in the field of arts and sciences,
especially history, archaeology, ethnography and physics. The Bogor Botanical Gardens with Herbarium
Bogoriense and Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense was a major center for botanical research established in 1817,
with the aim to study the flora and fauna of the archipelago.
Cuisine
Museum and lab of the Buitenzorg

Plantentuin.
See also: Indonesian cuisine

The Dutch colonial families through their domestic helps and cooks were exposed to Indonesian cuisine, as the
result they have developed a taste for native tropical spices and dishes. A notable Dutch East Indies colonial
dish is rijsttafel, the rice table that consists of 7 to 40 popular dishes from across the colony. More an
extravagant banquet than a dish, the Dutch colonials introduced the rice table not only so they could enjoy a
wide array of dishes at a single setting but also to impress visitors with the exotic abundance of their
colony.[109]
Through colonialism the Dutch introduced European dishes such as bread, cheese, barbecued steak and
pancake. As the producer of cash crops; coffee and tea were also popular in the colonial East Indies. Bread,
Dutch family enjoying a succulent
butter and margarine, sandwiches filled with ham, cheese or fruit jam, poffertjes, pannekoek and Dutch cheeses
Rijsttafel dinner, 1936.
were commonly consumed by colonial Dutch and Indos during the colonial era. Some of the native upperclass
ningrat (nobles) and a few educated native were exposed to European cuisine, and it was held with high esteem
as the cuisine of upperclass elite of Dutch East Indies society. This led to the adoption and fusion of European cuisine into Indonesian cuisine. Some
dishes which were created during the colonial era are Dutch influenced: they include selat solo (solo salad), bistik jawa (Javanese beef steak), semur
(from Dutch smoor), sayur kacang merah (brenebon) and sop buntut. Cakes and cookies also can trace their origin to Dutch influences; such as kue
bolu (tart), pandan cake, lapis legit (spekkoek), spiku (lapis Surabaya), klappertaart (coconut tart), and kaastangel (cheese cookies). Kue cubit
commonly found in front of schools and marketplaces are believed to be derived from poffertjes.[110]
Architecture
Main article: Colonial architecture of Indonesia
The 16th and 17th century arrival of European powers in Indonesia introduced masonry construction to Indonesia where previously timber and its
by-products had been almost exclusively used. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Batavia was a fortified brick and masonry city.[111] For almost two
centuries, the colonialists did little to adapt their European architectural habits to the tropical climate.[112] They built row houses which were poorly
ventilated with small windows, which was thought as protection against tropical diseases coming from tropical air.[112] Years later the Dutch learnt to
adapt their architectural styles with local building features (long eaves, verandahs, porticos, large windows and ventilation openings),[113] and the 19th
century Indo-European hybrid villa was one of the first colonial buildings to incorporate Indonesian architectural elements and adapt to the
climate.[114]
From the end of the 19th century, significant improvements to technology, communications and transportation
brought new wealth to Java. Modernistic buildings, including train stations, business hotels, factories and office
blocks, hospitals and education institutions, were influenced by international styles. The early 20th century
trend was for modernist influencessuch as art-decobeing expressed in essentially European buildings with
Indonesian trim. Practical responses to the environment carried over from the earlier Indo-European hybrids,
included overhanging eaves, larger windows and ventilation in the walls.[115] The largest stock of colonial era
buildings are in the large cities of Java, such as Bandung, Jakarta, Semarang, and Surabaya. Notable architects
and planners include Albert Aalbers, Thomas Karsten, Henri Maclaine Pont, J. Gerber and C.P.W.
Schoemaker.[116] In the first three decades of the 20th century, the Department of Public Works funded major
public buildings and introduced a town planning program under which the main towns and cities in Java and
Sumatra were rebuilt and extended.[117]
Ceremonial Hall, Bandung Institute

of Technology, Bandung, by architect
Henri Maclaine-Pont
A lack of development in the Great Depression, the turmoil of the Second World War and the Indonesia's independence struggle of the 1940s, and
economic stagnation during the politically turbulent 1950s and 60s, meant that much colonial architecture has been preserved through to recent
decades.[118] Colonial homes were almost always the preserve of the wealthy Dutch, Indonesian and Chinese elites, however the styles were often rich
and creative combinations of two cultures, so much so that the homes remain sought after into 21st century.[114] Native architecture was arguably more
influenced by the new European ideas than colonial architecture was influenced by Indonesian styles; and these Western elements continue to be a
dominant influence on Indonesia's built environment today.
Colonial heritage in the Netherlands

In The Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, the Netherlands urbanised considerably, mostly financed by corporate revenue from the Asian trade
monopolies.[citation needed] Social status was based on merchants' income, which reduced feudalism and considerably changed the dynamics of Dutch
society.
When the Dutch Royal Family was established in 1815, much of its wealth came from Colonial trade.[119]
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Universities such as the Royal Leiden University founded in the 16th century have developed into leading
knowledge centres about Southeast Asian and Indonesian studies.[120] Leiden University has produced
academics such as Colonial adviser Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje who specialised in native oriental
(Indonesian) affairs, and it still has academics who specialise in Indonesian languages and cultures. Leiden
University and in particular KITLV are educational and scientific institutions that to this day share both an
intellectual and historical interest in Indonesian studies. Other scientific institutions in the Netherlands include
the Amsterdam Tropenmuseum, an anthropological museum with massive collections of Indonesian art, culture,
ethnography and anthropology.[56]
The traditions of the KNIL are maintained by the Regiment Van Heutsz of the modern Royal Netherlands Army
and the dedicated Bronbeek Museum, a former home for retired KNIL soldiers, exists in Arnhem to this day.
Many surviving colonial families and their descendants who moved back to the Netherlands after Independence
tended to look back on the colonial era with a sense of the power and prestige they had in the colony, with such
items as the 1970s book Tempo Doeloe (Old times) by author Rob Nieuwenhuys, and other books and materials
that became quite common in the 1970s and 1980s.[122] Moreover since the 18th century Dutch literature has a
large number of established authors, such as Louis Couperus, the writer of "The Hidden Force", taking the
colonial era as an important source of inspiration.[123] In fact one of the great masterpieces of Dutch literature is
the book "Max Havelaar" written by Multatuli in 1860.[124]
The majority of Dutchmen that repatriated to the Netherlands after and during the Indonesian revolution are
Indo (Eurasian), native to the islands of the Dutch East Indies. This relatively large Eurasian population had
developed over a period of 400 years and were classified by colonial law as belonging to the European legal
community.[125] In Dutch they are referred to as 'Indische Nederlanders' (Indies Dutchmen) or Indo (short for
Indo-European). Of the 296,200 so called Dutch 'repatriants' only 92,200 were expatriate Dutchmen born in the
Netherlands.[126]
Dutch imperial imagery representing

the Dutch East Indies (1916). The
text reads "Our most precious jewel".
Including their 2nd generation descendants, they are currently the largest foreign born group in the Netherlands. In 2008,
the Dutch Census Buro for Statistics (CBS)[127] registered 387,000 first and second generation Indos living in the
Netherlands.[128] Although considered fully assimilated into Dutch society, as the main ethnic minority in the Netherlands,
these 'Repatriants' have played a pivotal role in introducing elements of Indonesian culture into Dutch mainstream culture.
Practically each town in the Netherlands will have a 'Toko' (Dutch Indonesian Shop) or Indonesian restaurant[129] and
many 'Pasar Malam' (Night market in Malay/Indonesian) fairs are organised throughout the year.
Many Indonesian dishes and foodstuffs have become commonplace in the Netherlands. Rijsttafel, a colonial culinary
concept, and dishes such as Nasi goreng and sateh are still very popular in the Netherlands.[110]
See also
Freemasonry in the Dutch East Indies
List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta
Postage stamps and postal history of the Dutch East Indies
Spanish East Indies
Dutch newsreel dated

1927 showing a Dutch
East Indian fair in the
Netherlands featuring
Indo and Indigenous
people from the Dutch
East Indies performing
traditional dance and
music in traditional
attire.[121]
Notes
1. ^ Friend (1942), Vickers (2003), Ricklefs (1991), Reid (1974), Taylor
(2003).
2. ^ Jonathan Hart, Empires and Colonies, page 200 (http://books.google.co.id
/books?id=LnevC1FYdnEC&pg=PA201&
dq=Empires+and+Colonies,+Indonesia+and+Dutch&hl=id&
sa=X&ei=-GElT4rTMcbprAe-gKGZCA&
ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Empires%20and%20Colonies
%2C%20Indonesia%20and%20Dutch&f=false)
3. ^ Booth, Anne, et al. Indonesian Economic History in the Dutch Colonial
Era (1990), Ch 8
4. ^ R.B. Cribb and A. Kahin, p. 118
5. ^ Robert Elson, The idea of Indonesia: A history (2008) pp 1-12
6. ^ Dagh-register gehouden int Casteel Batavia vant passerende daer ter
plaetse als over geheel Nederlandts-India anno 16241629."English: "The
official register at Catle Bavaria, of the census of the Dutch East Indies
VOC. 1624.
7. ^ Gouda, Frances. Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the
Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942 (1996) online (http://www.questia.com
/read/37803874/dutch-culture-overseas-colonial-practice-in-thenetherlands)
8. ^ Taylor (2003)
9. ^ a b c Ricklefs (1991), p. 27
10. ^ a b Vickers (2005), p. 10
11. ^ Ricklefs (1991), p. 110; Vickers (2005), p. 10
12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l *Witton, Patrick (2003). Indonesia. Melbourne: Lonely
Planet. pp. 2325. ISBN 1-74059-154-2.
13. ^ Luc Nagtegaal, Riding the Dutch Tiger: The Dutch East Indies Company
and the Northeast Coast of Java, 16801743 (1996)
14. ^ Schwarz, A. (1994). A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s.

Westview Press. pp. 34. ISBN 1-86373-635-2.
15. ^ Kumar, Ann (1997). Java. Hong Kong: Periplus Editions. p. 44.
ISBN 962-593-244-5.
16. ^ Ricklefs (1991), pp. 111114
17. ^ a b c Ricklefs (1991), p. 131
18. ^ Vickers (2005), p. 10; Ricklefs (1991), p. 131
19. ^ Ricklefs (1991), p. 142
20. ^ a b c d e f g Friend (2003), p. 21
21. ^ Ricklefs (1991), pp. 138-139
22. ^ Vickers (2005), p. 13
23. ^ a b c Vickers (2005), p. 14
24. ^ a b c Reid (1974), p. 1.
25. ^ Morison (1948), p. 191
26. ^ Ricklefs (1991), p. 195
27. ^ L., Klemen, 19992000, The Netherlands East Indies 194142,
"Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 19411942
(http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html)".
28. ^ Shigeru Sat: War, nationalism, and peasants: Java under the Japanese
occupation, 19421945 (1997), p. 43
29. ^ Japanese occupation of Indonesia
30. ^ Encyclopdia Britannica Online (2007). "Indonesia :: Japanese
occupation" (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-22819/Indonesia).
Retrieved 2007-01-21. "Though initially welcomed as liberators, the
Japanese gradually established themselves as harsh overlords. Their
policies fluctuated according to the exigencies of the war, but in general
their primary object was to make the Indies serve Japanese war needs."
11 of 14
31. ^ Gert Oostindie and Bert Paasman (1998). "Dutch Attitudes towards
Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves" (http://muse.jhu.edu
/journals/eighteenth-century_studies/v031/31.3oostindie.html). EighteenthCentury Studies 31 (3): 349355. doi:10.1353/ecs.1998.0021
(http://dx.doi.org/10.1353%2Fecs.1998.0021).; Ricklefs, M.C. (1993).
History of Modern Indonesia Since c.1300, second edition. London:
MacMillan. ISBN 0-333-57689-6.
32. ^ Vickers (2005), page 85
33. ^ Ricklefs (1991), p. 199
34. ^ Cited in: Dower, John W. War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the
Pacific War (1986; Pantheon; ISBN 0-394-75172-8)
35. ^ Dick, et al. (2002)
36. ^ Ricklefs (1991), p 119
37. ^ a b Taylor (2003), p. 240
38. ^ The Jakarta Globe (http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/opinion/indonesiasinfrastructure-problems-a-legacy-from-dutch-colonialism/437111)
39. ^ Dick, et al. (2002), p. 95
40. ^ Vickers (2005), p. 20
41. ^ Vickers (2005), p. 16
42. ^ Vickers (2005), p. 18
43. ^ Dick, et al. (2002), p. 97
44. ^ Marie-Louise ten Horn-van Nispen and Wim Ravesteijn, "The road to an
empire: Organisation and technology of road construction in the Dutch East
Indies, 1800-1940," Journal of Transport History (2009) 10#1 pp 40-57
45. ^ Wim Ravesteijn, "Between Globalization and Localization: The Case of
Dutch Civil Engineering in Indonesia, 18001950," Comparative
Technology Transfer and Society, 5#1 (2007) pp. 3264, quote p 32. online
(http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals
/comparative_technology_transfer_and_society/v005/5.1ravesteijn.html)
46. ^ Furnivall, J.S. (1939 [reprinted 1967]). Netherlands India: a Study of
Plural Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 9.
ISBN 0-521-54262-6. Cited in Vicker, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern
Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
47. ^ Beck, Sanderson, (2008) South Asia, 1800-1950 - World Peace
Communications ISBN 0-9792532-3-3, ISBN 978-0-9792532-3-2 - By
1930 more European women had arrived in the colony, and they made up
113,000 out of the 240,000 Europeans.
48. ^ Van Nimwegen, Nico De demografische geschiedenis van Indische
Nederlanders, Report no.64 (Publisher: NIDI, The Hague, 2002) P.36 ISBN
9789070990923
49. ^ Van Nimwegen, Nico (2002). "64" (http://www.nidi.knaw.nl/Content
/NIDI/output/reports/nidi-report-64.pdf). De demografische geschiedenis
van Indische Nederlanders [The demography of the Dutch in the East
Indies]. The Hague: NIDI. p. 35. ISBN 9789070990923.
50. ^ Taylor (2003), p. 238
51. ^ Vickers (2005), p. 9
52. ^ Reid (1974), p. 170, 171
53. ^ Cornelis, Willem, Jan (2008). [[[:id:Vreemde Oosterlingen]] and [1]
(http://www.tongtong.nl/indische-school/contentdownloads
/tjiook_09web.pdf) De Privaatrechterlijke Toestand: Der Vreemde
Oosterlingen Op Java En Madoera ( Don't know how to translate this, the
secret? private? hinterland. Java nd Madoera)]. Bibiliobazaar.
ISBN 978-0-559-23498-9.
54. ^ a b c Taylor (2003), p. 286
55. ^ Taylor (2003), p. 287
56. ^ a b TU Delft Colonial influence remains strong in Indonesia
(http://www.tudelft.nl/live/pagina.jsp?id=890cbbcfa9ce-4ea6-9b38-4fdbecbee3ce&lang=en)
57. ^ Note: In 2010, according to University Ranking by Academic
Performance (URAP), Universitas Indonesia was the best university in
Indonesia.
58. ^ "URAP - University Ranking by Academic Performance"
(http://www.urapcenter.org/2010).
59. ^ Vickers (2005), p. 15
62. ^ R.B. Cribb and A. Kahin, pp. 87, 295
63. ^ Harry J. Benda, S.L. van der Wal, "De Volksraad en de staatkundige
ontwikkeling van Nederlandsch-Indi: The Peoples Council and the
political development of the Netherlands-Indies." (With an introduction and
survey of the documents in English). (Publisher: J.B. Wolters, Leiden,
1965.)
64. ^ Note: The European legal class was not solely based on race restrictions
and included Dutch people, other Europeans, but also native
Indo-Europeans, Indo-Chinese and indigenous people.
65. ^ Virtual Indies Website, multi media conservation project by Pelita. See:
Raad van Indie. (http://www.virtueelindie.nl
/index.php?pagina=virtueelindie&locatie=7)
66. ^ Note: Adat law communities were formally established throughout the
archipelago e.g. Minangkabau. See: Cribb, R.B., Kahin, p. 140
67. ^ http://alterisk.ru/lj/IndonesiaLegalOverview.pdf
11/02/2014 11:19
68. ^ Note: The female 'Boeloe' prison in Semarang, which housed both
European and indigenous women, had separate sleeping rooms with cots
and mosquito nets for elite indigenous women and women in the European
legal class. Sleeping on the floor like the female peasantry was considered
an intolerable aggravation of the legal sanction. See: Baudet, H., Brugmans
I.J. Balans van beleid. Terugblik op de laatste halve eeuw van NederlandsIndi. (Publisher: Van Gorcum, Assen, 1984)
69. ^ Virtual Indies Website, multi media conservation project by Pelita. See:
Gevangenissen. (http://www.virtueelindie.nl
/index.php?pagina=virtueelindie&locatie=7)
70. ^ Baudet, H., Brugmans I.J. Balans van beleid. Terugblik op de laatste
halve eeuw van Nederlands-Indi. (Publisher: Van Gorcum, Assen, 1984)
P.76, 121, 130
71. ^ Cribb, R.B., Kahin, pp. 140 & 405
72. ^ http://www.indonesianhistory.info/pages/chapter-4.html, sourced from
Cribb, R. B (2010), Digital atlas of indonesian history, Nias,
ISBN 978-87-91114-66-3 from the earlier volume Cribb, R. B; Nordic
Institute of Asian Studies (2000), Historical atlas of Indonesia, Curzon ;
Singapore : New Asian Library, ISBN 978-0-7007-0985-4
73. ^ Blakely, Allison (2001). Blacks in the Dutch World: The Evolution of
Racial Imagery in a Modern Society. Indiana University Press. p. 15 ISBN
0-253-31191-8
74. ^ Cribb, R.B. (2004) Historical dictionary of Indonesia. Scarecrow Press,
Lanham, USA.ISBN 0 8108 4935 6, p. 221 [2] (http://books.google.co.uk
/books?id=SawyrExg75cC&dq=number+of+javanese+in+KNIL&
source=gbs_navlinks_s); [Note: The KNIL statistics of 1939 show at least
13,500 Javanese and Sundanese under arms compared to 4,000 Ambonese
soldiers]. Source: Netherlands Ministry of Defense (http://www.defensie.nl
/nimh/geschiedenis/tijdbalk/1814-1914_nederlands-indi/).
75. ^ Nicholas Tarling, ed. (1992). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia:
Volume 2, the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries (http://books.google.com
/books?id=pBfsaw64rjMC&pg=PA104). Cambridge U.P. p. 104.
ISBN 9780521355063.
76. ^ Petra Groen, "Colonial warfare and military ethics in the Netherlands
East Indies, 18161941," Journal of Genocide Research (2012) 14#3 pp
277-296
77. ^ Willems, Wim Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600-1942). (COMT,
Leiden, 1994). Chapter I, P.32-33 ISBN 90-71042-44-8
78. ^ Willems, Wim Sporen van een Indisch verleden (1600-1942). (COMT,
Leiden, 1994). Chapter I, P.32-36 ISBN 90-71042-44-8
79. ^ John Sydenham Furnivall, Colonial Policy and Practice: A Comparative
Study of Burma and Netherlands India (Cambridge: Cambridge University
Press, 1948), 236.
80. ^ Klemen, L (1999-2000). "Dutch East Indies 1941-1942"
(http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html). Dutch East Indies
Campaign website.
81. ^ "Last Post the End of Empire in the Far East", John Keay ISBN
0-7195-5589-2
82. ^ plechtigheden in Djakarta bij de opheffing van het KNIL Polygoon 1950
3 min. 20;embed=1 Video footage showing the official ceremony
disbanding the KNIL (http://cgi.omroep.nl/cgi-bin/streams?/tv/vpro
/GE/sb.Plechtighedendjakartapolygoon.asf?title=De)
83. ^ John Keegan, page 314 "World Armies", ISBN 0-333-17236-1
84. ^ Taylor (2003), p. 288
85. ^ Sneddon, james (2003)The Indonesian language: its history and role in
modern society.(UNSW Press, Sydney, 2003) P.87-89 [3]
(http://books.google.nl/books?id=A9UjLYD9jVEC&printsec=frontcover&
dq=The+Indonesian+language:+its+history+and+role+in+modern+society
&hl=nl&ei=trWZTN_OK8eQjAfW5a0i&sa=X&oi=book_result&
ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false)
86. ^ Taylor (2003), p. 289
87. ^ Groeneboer, Kees. Weg tot het Westen (Road to the West).; Corn, Charles;
Glasserman, Debbie (1999). The Scents of Eden: A History of the Spice
Trade. (http://books.google.com/?id=8oEHVFx6YD0C&
dq=The+Scents+of+Eden). Kodansha America. p. 203.
ISBN 1-56836-249-8.
88. ^ Meijer, Hans (2004) In Indie geworteld. Publisher: Bert bakker. ISBN
90-351-2617-3. P.33, 35, 36, 76, 77, 371, 389 [4] (http://www.nrcboeken.nl
/boek/in-indie-geworteld-druk-1-meijer-h)
89. ^ Groeneboer, K (1993) Weg tot het westen. Het Nederlands voor Indie
16001950. Publisher: KITLEV, Leiden.[5] (http://www.nrcboeken.nl
/boek/in-indie-geworteld-druk-1-meijer-h)
90. ^ Maier, H.M.J. "A Hidden Language Dutch in Indonesia"
(http://escholarship.org/uc/item/2cg0m6cq). Institute of European Studies,
University of California. Retrieved 16 August 2010.
91. ^ Nieuwenhuys (1999) pp. 126, 191, 225.
92. ^ Note: In December 1958 American Time magazine praised the translation
of Maria Dermot's The Ten Thousand Things, and named it one of the best
books of the year, among several (other) iconic literary works of 1958:
'Breakfast at Tiffanys' by Truman Capote, 'Doctor Zhivago' by Pasternak
and 'Lolita' by Nabokov. See: Official Maria Dermout Website.
(http://mariadermout.wordpress.com/wetenswaardigheden/)
12 of 14
93. ^ 'International Conference on Colonial and Post-Colonial Connections in

Dutch Literature.' University of California, Berkeley, Website, 2011.
(http://dutch.berkeley.edu/?p=1056) Retrieved: 24 September 2011
94. ^ Nieuwenhuys, Rob. Oost-Indische spiegel. Wat Nederlandse schrijvers
en dichters over Indonesi hebben geschreven vanaf de eerste jaren der
Compagnie tot op heden., (Publisher: Querido, Amsterdam, 1978) p.555
[6] (http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/nieu018oost02_01
/nieu018oost02_01_0077.php)
95. ^ Aliran Mooi Indie (http://www.jakarta.go.id/jakv1/encyclopedia/detail
/1931)
96. ^ Biran 2009, p. 27.
97. ^ Biran 2009, p. 35.
98. ^ Biran 2009, p. 54.
99. ^ Biran 2009, pp. 61, 68.
100. ^ Biran 2009, p. 145.
101. ^ Biran 2009, pp. 319, 332.
102. ^ Biran 2009, pp. 334, 340.
103. ^ Biran 2009, pp. 367370.
104. ^ Kahin 1952, p. 445.
105. ^ Heider (1991), p. 15
106. ^ Prayogo 2009, p. 14.
107. ^ Heider (1991), p. 14
108. ^ Biran 2009, p. 351.
109. ^ Bob Martin: The Rise and Fall of Indonesia's Rice Table
(http://www.culturebriefings.com/articles/indrcetb.html)
110. ^ a b Culinary Influences on the Dutch Kitchen (http://dutchfood.about.com
/od/aboutdutchcooking/a/FoodInfluences.htm)
111. ^ Schoppert (1997), pp. 3839
112. ^ a b Dawson, B., Gillow, J., The Traditional Architecture of Indonesia, p. 8,
1994 Thames and Hudson Ltd, London, ISBN 0-500-34132-X
113. ^ W. Wangsadinata and T.K. Djajasudarma (1995). "Architectural Design
Consideration for Modern Buildings in Indonesia"
(http://www.wiratman.co.id/ximages/architecture.pdf). INDOBEX Conf. on
Building Construction Technology for the Future: Construction Technology
for Highrises & Intelligence Buildings. Jakarta. Retrieved 2007-01-18.
114. ^ a b Schoppert (1997), pp. 7277
115. ^ Schoppert (1997), pp. 104105
116. ^ Schoppert (1997), pp. 102105
117. ^ VIckers (2005), p. 24
118. ^ Schoppert (1997), p. 105
11/02/2014 11:19
119. ^ To this day the Dutch Royal family is in fact the wealthiest family of the
Netherlands, one of the foundations of its wealth was the colonial trade."In
Pictures: The World's Richest Royals" (http://www.forbes.com/2007/08
/30/worlds-richest-royals-biz-royals07cx_lk_0830royalintro_slide_15.html?thisSpeed=30000). Forbes.com.
2007-08-30. Retrieved 2010-03-05.
120. ^ Some of the University faculties still include: Indonesian Languages and
Cultures; Southeast Asia and Oceania Languages and Cultures; Cultural
Anthropology
121. ^ Note: 1927 garden party, at the country estate Arendsdorp on the
Wassenaarse weg near The Hague, for the benefit of the victims of the
storm disaster of 02-06-1927 in the Netherlands. The market is opened by
the minster of Colonies dr. J.C. Koningsberger.
122. ^ Nieuwenhuys, Robert, (1973) Tempo doeloe : fotografische documenten
uit het oude Indie, 18701914 [door] E. Breton de Nijs (pseud. of Robert
Nieuwenhuys) Amsterdam : Querido, ISBN 90-214-1103-2 noting that
the era wasn't fixed by any dates noting the use of Tio, Tek Hong,(2006)
Keadaan Jakarta tempo doeloe : sebuah kenangan 18821959 Depok :
Masup Jakarta ISBN 979-25-7291-0
123. ^ Nieuwenhuys (1999)
124. ^ Etty, Elsbeth literary editor for the NRC handelsblad "Novels: Coming to
terms with Calvinism, colonies and the war." (NRC Handelsblad. July
1998) [7] (http://retro.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Profiel/Nederland/novels.html)
125. ^ Bosma U., Raben R. Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of
creolisation and empire, 15001920 (University of Michigan, NUS Press,
2008), ISBN 9971-69-373-9 [8] (http://books.google.nl
/books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C&dq=Carel+Pieter+Brest+van+Kempen&
source=gbs_navlinks_s)
126. ^ Willems, Wim, De uittocht uit Indie 19451995 (Publisher: Bert
Bakker, Amsterdam, 2001) pp.1213 ISBN 90-351-2361-1
127. ^ Official CBS website containing all Dutch demographic statistics.
(http://www.cbs.nl/nl-NL/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/default.htm)
128. ^ De Vries, Marlene. Indisch is een gevoel, de tweede en derde generatie
Indische Nederlanders. (Amsterdam University Press, 2009) ISBN
978-90-8964-125-0 [9] (http://www.imes.uva.nl/research
/IMESsecondthirdgenerationsDutchEurasians.html) [10]
(http://books.google.nl/books?id=PNo0ZYamYsUC&printsec=frontcover&
dq='Indisch+is+een+gevoel'&source=bl&ots=2PpWDDOQo4&
sig=SBvaqropvzfBt9UcH8wKGMXqIXw&hl=nl&
ei=H8zGS4KzFYyTOJq69MgM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&
resnum=7&ved=0CB0Q6AEwBg#v=twopage&q&f=false) P.369
129. ^ Overview website (incomplete) (http://indisch-eten.startpagina.nl/)
References
Biran, Misbach Yusa (2009). Sejarah Film 19001950: Bikin Film di Jawa [History of Film 19001950: Making Films in Java] (in Indonesian).
Jakarta: Komunitas Bamboo working with the Jakarta Art Council. ISBN 978-979-3731-58-2.
Cribb, R.B., Kahin, A. Historical dictionary of Indonesia (Scarecrow Press, 2004)
Dick, Howard, et al. The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000 (U. of Hawaii Press, 2002) online
edition (http://www.questia.com/read/101433400/the-emergence-of-a-national-economy-an-economic-history)
Friend, T. (2003). Indonesian Destinies. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-01137-6.
Heider, Karl G (1991). Indonesian Cinema: National Culture on Screen (http://books.google.ca/books?id=m4DVrBo91lEC). Honolulu:
University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1367-3.
Reid, Anthony (1974). The Indonesian National Revolution 19451950. Melbourne: Longman Pty Ltd. ISBN 0-582-71046-4.
Nieuwenhuys, Rob Mirror of the Indies: A History of Dutch Colonial Literature - translated from Dutch by E. M. Beekman (Publisher: Periplus,
1999) Google Books (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I4I7D3U19OsC&printsec=frontcover&
dq=Mirror+of+the+Indies:+a+history+of+Dutch+colonial+literature&hl=en&ei=L5SkTOS_MpWQ4Qa6sJTuDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&
ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false)
Prayogo, Wisnu Agung (2009). "Sekilas Perkembangan Perfilman di Indonesia" [An Overview of the Development of Film in Indonesia].
Kebijakan Pemerintahan Orde Baru Terhadap Perfilman Indonesia Tahun 19661980 [New Order Policy Towards Indonesian Films
(19661980)] (Bachelour's of History Thesis) (in Indonesian). University of Indonesia.
Ricklefs, M.C. (1991). A Modern History of Indonesia, 2nd edition. MacMillan. chapters 1015. ISBN 0-333-57690-X.
Taylor, Jean Gelman (2003). Indonesia: Peoples and Histories. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-10518-5.
Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
Further reading
Booth, Anne, et al. Indonesian Economic History in the Dutch Colonial Era (1990)
Bosma U., Raben R. Being "Dutch" in the Indies: a history of creolisation and empire, 15001920 (University of Michigan, NUS Press, 2008),
ISBN 9971-69-373-9 [11] (http://books.google.nl/books?id=47wCTCJX9X4C&dq=Carel+Pieter+Brest+van+Kempen&source=gbs_navlinks_s)
Bosma, Ulbe. Emigration: Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century (http://nbn-resolving.de
/urn:nbn:de:0159-20110201137), European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, 2011, retrieved: May 23, 2011.
Colombijn, Freek, and Thomas Lindblad, eds. Roots of violence in Indonesia: Contemporary violence in historical perspective (Leiden: KITLV
Press, 2002)
Dick, Howard, et al. The Emergence of a National Economy: An Economic History of Indonesia, 1800-2000 (U. of Hawaii Press, 2002) online
edition (http://www.questia.com/read/101433400/the-emergence-of-a-national-economy-an-economic-history)
13 of 14
11/02/2014 11:19
Elson, Robert. The idea of Indonesia: A history (Cambridge University Press, 2008)
Braudel, Fernand, The perspective of the World, vol III in Civilization and Capitalism, 1984
Furnivall, J. S. (1944). Netherlands India: A Study of Plural Economy (http://books.google.com/books?id=qiARYzj_QL8C&pg=PR9).
Cambridge U.P. p. viii. ISBN 9781108011273., comprehensive coverage
Gouda, Frances. Dutch Culture Overseas: Colonial Practice in the Netherlands Indies, 1900-1942 (1996) online (http://www.questia.com
/read/37803874/dutch-culture-overseas-colonial-practice-in-the-netherlands)
Nagtegaal, Luc. Riding the Dutch Tiger: The Dutch East Indies Company and the Northeast Coast of Java, 16801743 (1996) 250pp
Robins, Nick. The Corporation that Changed the World: How the East India Company Shaped the Modern Multinational (2006) excerpt and text
search (http://www.amazon.com/The-Corporation-that-Changed-World/dp/0745325238/)
Taylor, Jean Gelman. The Social World of Batavia: Europeans and Eurasians in Colonial Indonesia (1983)
Lindblad, J. Thomas (1989). "The Petroleum Industry in Indonesia before the Second World War". Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies 25
(2): 5377.
External links
11 Dutch Indies objects in 'The European Library Harvest' (http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/?lang=en&coll=collections:a0077&
q=(%22dutch+indies%22))
Dutch East Indies 1602-1949 part I-III (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7Z6rZhPcCY)
The Aceh War 1873-1914 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1WFPITMkIiQ)
J.B. van Heutsz - "The Pacifier of Aceh" 1851-1924 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXcBjZO4kqo)
The Battle of Java 1942 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FScJKiU1jk4)
Dutch East Indies - Colonial Reserve 1890-1951 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlKTVVjA4-0)
Indonesian war of Independence 1945-1949 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9rXm9NjXA7g)
Demobilisation of the Moluccan soldiers to the Netherlands 1951 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1RdmqbvblXw)
The Dutch New Guinea Dispute 1949-1962 (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xtFO0n8pfCc)
Cribb, Robert, Digital Atlas of Indonesian History [12] (http://www.indonesianhistory.info/pages/chapter-4.html)
Historical Documents of the Dutch Parliament 18141995 (http://search.theeuropeanlibrary.org/portal/en/search/publisher/KB/%28
%22netherlands+indies%22%29.query)
Parallel and Divergent Aspects of British Rule in the Raj, French Rule in Indochina, Dutch Rule in the Netherlands East Indies (Indonesia), and
American Rule in the Philippines (http://www.houseofdavid.ca/frnlus.htm)
Yasuo Uemura, "The Sugar Estates in Besuki and the Depression" Hiroshima Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, Vol.4 page.30-78
(http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/metadb/up/kiyo/AA11747932/KJ00004184403.pdf)
Yasuo Uemura, "The Depression and the Sugar Industry in Surabaya" Hiroshima Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, Vol.3 page.1-54
(http://ir.lib.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/metadb/up/kiyo/AA11747932/KJ00004184387.pdf)
Forts of the Spice Islands of Indonesia (http://www.spiceislandsforts.com)
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_East_Indies&oldid=593949915"
Categories: Former countries in Asia Former Dutch colonies States and territories established in 1800 States and territories disestablished in 1950
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States and territories established in 1945 States and territories disestablished in 1949 Former countries in Indonesian history
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Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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http://en.wikipedia.

Coordinates: 2.0S 118.0E

Netherlands East Indies

Map of the Dutch East Indies showing its territorial expansion

Batavia (now Jakarta)

Pieter G. van Overstraten

Dutch East Indies gulden

a. Occupied by Japanese forces between 1942 and 1945, followed

Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Dutch 7th Battalion advancing in

World War II and independence

Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tjarda van Starkenborgh Stachouwer

Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1930 census of the Dutch East Indies[49]

Other foreign orientals 115,535

Volksraad members in 1918:

Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Law and administration

Dutch, Eurasian and Javanese

See also: Governor-General of the Dutch East Indies

Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

western part of North Sumatra, consist of

eastern part of North Sumatra and northern

West Sumatra including Mentawai Islands,

southern part of Riau and Riau Islands, consist

Jambi, consist of division (afdeeling) of

Bengkulu, consist of division (afdeeling) of

Residentie Palembang Palembang

South Sumatra, consist of division (afdeeling)

Bangka and Belitung Islands, consist of

Lampung, consist of division (afdeeling) of

Banten consist of regency (regentschap) of

Jakarta and surroundings, consist of regency

Bogor and surroundings, consist of regency

Bandung and surroundings, consist of regency

Cirebon and surroundings, consist of regency

Residentie Buitenzorg Bogor

Residentie Pekalongan Pekalongan

Pekalongan, Tegal and surroundings, consist

Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Semarang and surroundings, consist of

(stadsgemeente) of Samarang and Salatiga

Residentie Banjoemas Banyumas

Jepara, Rembang and surroundings, consist of

Banyumas, Purwokerto and surroundings,

Magelang and surroundings, consist of

Yogyakarta, consist of regency (regentschap)

Surakarta, consist of regency (regentschap) of

Bojonegoro and surroundings, consist of

Kediri and surroundings, consist of regency

Malang and surroundings, consist of regency

Surabaya and surroundings, consist of regency

Klaten and surroundings, consist of regency

Madiun and surroundings, consist of regency

Probolinggo and surroundings, consist of

Banyuwangi and surroundings, consist of

Madura, consist of regency (regentschap) of

West Kalimantan, consist of division

Central Kalimantan, South Kalimantan, East

South Sulawesi, West Sulawesi and Southeast

Dutch East Indies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia