INDEX

Sr. No.
1. 2. 3. 4. %. '. (. *. +. 1-. 11. 12. 13.

Contents
Certificate of Completion Acknowledgement Preface Introduction; Laser based oice !ransmitter and "ecei#er &lectronic Components Leads Identification )C %4' )C %4* ,A (41 .L 1-L/ 3*' L1401 Conclusion

Page No.

1 2 4$% '$12 13$14 1%$1( 1*$1+ 2-$22 23$24 2%$2( 2*$2+ 3-

LASER TORCH-BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER

Using t1is circuit 2ou can communicate wit1 2our neig1bors wirelessl2. Instead of "0 signals3 lig1t from a laser torc1 is used as t1e carrier in t1e circuit. !1e laser torc1 can transmit lig1t up to a distance of about %-- meters. !1e p1ototransistor of t1e recei#er must be accuratel2 oriented towards t1e laser beam from t1e torc1. If t1ere is an2 obstruction in t1e pat1 of t1e laser beam3 no sound will be 1eard from t1e recei#er. !1e transmitter circuit 40ig. 15 comprises condenser microp1one transistor amplifier )C%4* 4!15 followed b2 an pomp stage built around 6A(41 4IC15. !1e gain of t1e op$amp can be controlled wit1 t1e 1elp of 1$mega$o1m potmeter "1.!1e A0 output from IC1 is coupled to t1e base of transistor )713+ 4!253 w1ic13 in turn3 modulates t1e laser beam.

!1e transmitter uses + power suppl2. 8owe#er3 t1e 3$#olt laser torc1 4after remo#al of its batter25 can be directl2 connected to t1e circuit9wit1 t1e bod2 of !1e torc1 connected to t1e emitter of)713+ and t1e spring$loaded lead protruding from inside t1e torc1 to circuit ground. !1e recei#er circuit 40ig. 25 uses an npn p1ototransistor as t1e lig1t sensor t1at is followed b2 a two$stage transistor preamplifier and L/3*'$based audio Power amplifier. !1e recei#er does not need an2 complicated alignment. :ust keep t1e p1ototransistor oriented towards t1e remote transmitter;s laser point and ad<ust !1e #olume control for a clear sound. !o a#oid %-8= 1um noise in t1e speaker3 keep t1e p1ototransistor awa2 from AC lig1t sources suc1 as bulbs. !1e reflected sunlig1t3 1owe#er3 does not cause an2 problem. )ut t1e sensor s1ould not directl2 face t1e sun.

A )"I&0 7I.C"IP!I>? >0 LA.&" !>"C8 )A.&7 !"A?./I!!&" A?7 "&C&I &"
PROJECT DESCRIPTION

(a) A. LASER BASED VOICE TRANSMITTER

The circuit is based u !" the ri"ci #e !$ LI%&T MOD'LATION (here i"stead !$ radi! $re)ue"c* si+"a#s, #i+ht $r!- a #aser t!rch is used as the carrier i" the circuit. &ere. the tra"s-itter uses /V !(er su #*.

Audi! si+"a# !r 0!ice is ta1e" as i" ut $r!- the c!"de"ser -ic. (hich is. $!##!(ed tra"sist!r a- #i$ier BC234 a#!"+ (ith ! 5asta+e bui#t ar!u"d 'A637. The +ai" !$ the ! 5a!h-s !t-eter. The A8 !ut ut $r!- ! 5a'A637 is c!u #ed t! the base !$ the ca" be c!"tr!##ed (ith the he# !$ 7 -e+a

!(er tra"sist!r BD79/. (hich i" tur". -!du#ates the #aser. &!(e0er. the three 0!#ts #aser t!rch ca" be direct#* c!""ected t! the e-itter !$ BD79/ a"d the s ri"+ #!aded #ead the t!rch t! the +r!u"d. r!trudi"+ $r!- i"side

I" the tra"s-itter circuit. audi! si+"a# !$ the "!"5si"us!ida# (a0e$!r- a"d ha0i"+ a $e( -V !$ a- #itude is ta1e" as i" ut $r!c!"de"ser -ic.

C!"de"ser -ic is direct#* $!##!(ed b* the tra"sist!r a- #i$ier sta+e c!"sist !$ BC234. Tra"sist!r BC234 is c!""ected i" c!--!" e-itter c!"$i+urati!". Resist!r R7 is the s!urce resist!r. (hich is direct#* c!""ected t! the !(er5su #*.

R:. R9 a"d ca acit!r C7 are acti"+ as se#$5biasi"+ circuits. (hich is used $!r the biasi"+ tra"sist!r. These circuit arra"+e-e"ts r!0ide !r estab#ish a stab#e ! erati"+ !i"t. The biasi"+ 0!#ta+e is !btai"i"+ b* R: a"d R9 resist!rs "et(!r1. Se#$5bias is used $!r !btai"i"+ e"tire audi! si+"a# as i" ut. Ca acit!r C7 is the c!u #i"+ ca acit!r. si"ce audi! i" ut si+"a# is ha0i"+ a "!"5si"us!ida# (a0e$!r- !$ di$$ere"t a- #itude a"d $re)ue"c*. c!u #i"+ ca acit!r is used t! re;ect s!-e !$ the dc "!ise<#i"e as (e## as #e0e# $r!- audi! i" ut si+"a#. The se#$5biased circuit is c!""ected (ith the BC234 i" CE c!"$i+urati!". It is tra"sist!r a- #i$ier sta+e. (here the #!( a- #itude audi! si+"a# is a- #i$ied t! the desired 0!#ta+e. The !ut ut is ta1e" $r!- the c!##ect!r ter-i"a#, s! i"0erted audi! i" ut si+"a# is !btai"ed. Tra"sist!r re5a- #i$ier sta+e is c!u #ed (ith ! 5a- sta+e bui#t b* ua637. C: is the b#!c1i"+ ca acit!r (hi#e R3 is the ! 5asta+e

resist!r.

O 5a-

ua637

is

easi#*

a0ai#ab#e

+e"era#5 ur !se

! erati!"a# a- #i$ier. Pi" c!"$i+urati!" !$ 'A637 is sh!(" i" the +#!ssar*. &ere i" "!. 7 a"d 2 are "!t c!""ected i" !rder t! "u##i$* i" ut5!$$set 0!#ta+e. Pi" "!. 6 a"d 3 are VCC as (e## as =VEE su i"0erti"+ i" ut (hi#e #* 0!#ta+e. Pi" "!. 9 is "!"5 i" "!. : i" "!. : is i"0erti"+ i" ut. Bet(ee"

a"d >. 7 -e+a5!h- !t-eter is c!""ected as 0!#ta+e series "e+ati0e $eedbac1. (hich c!"tr!# the i"$i"ite +ai" !$ the ! 5a- . Resist!rs R2 a"d R> !$ it 0a#ue acts as a 0!#ta+e5di0ider "et(!r1. thus it +i0es a $i?ed 0!#ta+e at the "!"5i"0erti"+ i". I" ut i"0erted audi! si+"a# is a #ied t! the i"0erti"+ i". O 5a-

(!r1s !" the di$$ere"ces i"t! the a

#ied t(! i" ut 0!#ta+e a"d #ied t! the i"0erti"+

r!0ide a !ut ut at i" "!. >. Si"ce. i" ut is a hi+h !(er a"d hi+h a- #itude #e0e# audi! si+"a#.

i" the !ut ut is a#s! a" i"0erti"+ !"e. Thus. a+ai" (e +et i" hase

Ca acit!rs C9. C3 a"d resist!r R6 are acti"+ as di$$usi!" ca acit!rs a"d $eedbac1 resist!r res ecti0e#*. These di$$usi!" ca acit!rs st!red the carriers #i1e h!#es a"d e#ectr!"s i" the base a"d thus se#$5biasi"+ !$ the tra"sist!r. P!(er dissi ati!" rate !$ 'A637 is 0er* hi+h. (hich is "!t ractica# $!r dri0i"+ !ther e#ectr!"ics de0ices. s! heat si"1 BD79/ is used. P!(er tra"sist!r BD79/ abs!rbs -!st !$ the !(er a"d su suitab#e !(er t! dri0e the #aser t!rch. #ies the !(er tra"sist!r r!0ide

 This i" tur"s -!du#ates the #aser bea-. si"ce #aser t!rch acts #i1e a ba#a"ced -!du#at!r. (here t(! si+"a#s = !"e is -essa+e si+"a# (audi! si+"a#) a"d carrier #aser si+"a#. su eri- !sed. S!. #aser bea-!du#ates a"d tra"s-its the si+"a#s t! #ar+e dista"ces.

B. LASER BASED VOICE RECEIVER

The recei0er circuit uses a" NPN #i+ht se"s!r.

h!t!tra"sist!r (:N2666) as the

&ere. the h!t!tra"sist!r recei0es the audi! si+"a# !$ #!( !(er a"d #!( a- #itude that is $!##!(ed b* a t(!5sta+e tra"sist!r re5a- #i$ier. I" the re5a- #i$ier sta+e R4 is a s!urce resist!r. (hich is direct#* #*.

c!""ected t! the !(er su

The re a- #i$ier sta+e is RC c!u #ed a- #i$ier i" CE c!"$i+urati!". C2. C> are the ;u"cti!" ca acita"ces. (hich are ta1e" i" t! the acc!u"t (he" (e c!"sider hi+h $re)ue"c* res !"se. (hich is #i-ited b* their rese"ce. Resist!rs R/ a"d R7: are used t! estab#ish the biasi"+ !$ the tra"sist!r BC23/. R77 is se#$5bias resist!r. (hich is used t! a0!id de+e"erati!". C6 is a b* ass ca acit!r. (hich acts as t! a- #i$icati!" due t! "e+ati0e $eedbac1 arra"+e-e"t. re0e"t #!ss !$

 Tra"sist!rs BC23/ are the a- #i$ier tra"sist!rs. (hich a- #i$ies the si+"a# because the si+"a# !btai"ed b* the -V. C4 is the b#!c1i"+ ca acit!r. (hich is c!""ected t! the 0ariab#e resist!r VR:. (hich i" tur" $!##!(ed b* audi! !(er a- #i$ier IC LM94>. Pi" c!"$i+urati!" !$ LM94> is sh!(" i" the +#!ssar*. Pi" "!. 7 a"d 7@ is $!##!(ed b* C7@. (hich is a" e?ter"a# ca acit!r. used t! c!- e"sate i"ter"a# err!r a- #i$ier a"d thus a0!id i"stabi#it*. V!#u-e c!"tr!# ca" be ad;usted $r!- 0ariab#e resist!r VR: !$ 7@ 1i#!5 !h-s. LM94> r!0ides suitab#e !(er !ut ut use$u# $!r dri0e the h!t!tra"sist!r is !$ $e(

#!uds ea1er !$ @.2A. 8r!- the i" "!. 2. the hi+h !(er as (e## as suitab#e a- #itude

recei0ed audi! si+"a# is ta1e" as !ut ut. R73 a"d C79 are b* ass arra"+e-e"t used t! a- #i$icati!". C7: ca acit!r is used $!r r!duced b* the ac s!urces. 8r!- the #!uds ea1er. the audi! !ut ut is heard. re0e"ti"+ the "!ise as (e## as the hure0e"t #!ss !$

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF COMPONENTS USED

@1en a beginner to electronics first looks at a circuit board full of components 1eAs1e is often o#erw1elmed b2 t1e di#ersit2 of do$dads. In t1ese neBt few sections we will 1elp 2ou to identif2 some of t1e simple components and t1eir sc1ematical s2mbol. !1en 2ou s1ould be able to call t1em resistors and transistors instead of C@1atc1amacallitsD. E e!tron"! !o#$onent are ! asse% "nto e"t&er 'e"ng Pass"(e %e("!es Or A!t"(e %e("!es. A Pass"(e De("!e is one t1at contributes no power gain 4amplification5 to a circuit or s2stem. It 1as not control action and does not reEuire an2 input ot1er t1an a signal to perform its function. In ot1er words3 CA components wit1 no brainsFD &Bamples are "esistors3 Capactitors and Inductors A!t"(e De("!es are components t1at are capable of controlling #oltages or currents and can create a switc1ing action in t1e circuit. In ot1er words3 C7e#ices wit1 smartsFD &Bamples are 7iodes3 !ransistors and Integrated circuits. /ost acti#e components are semiconductors.

Res"stors)
!1is is t1e most common component in electronics. It is used mainl2 to control current and #oltage wit1in t1e circuit. Gou can identif2 a simple resistor b2 its simple cigar s1ape wit1 a wire lead coming out of eac1 end. It uses a s2stem of color coded bands to identif2 t1e #alue of t1e component 4measured in >1ms5 HA surface mount resistor is in fact mere millimeters in si=e but performs t1e same function as its bigger brot1er3 t1e simple resistor. A potentiometer is a #ariable resistor. It lets 2ou #ar2 t1e resistance wit1 a dial or sliding control in order to alter current or #oltage on t1e fl2. !1is is opposed to t1e CfiBedD simple resistors.

PRESET RESISTOR
Preset resistor allows ad<ustments to be arri#ed out on electronic circuits wit1out t1e need to make c1anges to fiBed resistors. arious forms of present resistors are commonl2 a#ailable including open carbon tracks skeleton presents and full2 encapsulated carbon and multiturn cermet t2pe

s.no

$ara#eters

Present res"stor t*$e O$en s+e ton !ar'on En! ose% !ar'on 230 to 410 0.-7 Poor M, t"t,rn !er#et -00 to 4-0 0.17 goo% S#a s"gna A#$ "9"ers:test an% #eas,r"ng e;,"$#ent.

1 5 2 7

Res"stan!e range ./ to eran!e Po6er rat"ng sta'" "t* a$$ "!at"on

-00 to 1.1 4 10 0.1 Poor

8enera $,r$ose 8enera $,r$ose

Con%ensers<Ca$a!"tors)

Capacitors3 or IcapsI3 #ar2 in si=e and s1ape $ from a small surface mount model up to a 1uge electric motor cap t1e si=e of a paint can. It storages electrical energ2 in t1e form of electrostatic c1arge. !1e si=e of a capacitor generall2 determines 1ow muc1 c1arge it can store. A small surface mount or ceramic cap will onl2 1old a minuscule c1arge. A c2lindrical electrol2tic cap will store a muc1 larger c1arge. .ome of t1e large electrol2tic caps can store enoug1 c1arge to kill a person. Anot1er t2pe3 called !antalum Capacitors3 store a larger c1arge in a smaller package.

In%,!tors)
Gou ma2 remember from science class t1at adding electrical current to a coil of wire produces a magnetic field around itself. !1is is 1ow t1e inductor works. It is c1arged wit1 a magnetic field and w1en t1at field collapses it produces current in t1e opposite direction. Inductors are used in Alternating Current circuits to oppose c1anges in t1e eBisting current. /ost inductors can be identified b2 t1e IcoilI appearance. >t1ers actuall2 look like a resistor but are usuall2 green in color.

D"o%es)
7iodes are basicall2 a one$wa2 #al#e for electrical current. !1e2 let it flow in one direction 4from positi#e to negati#e5 and not in t1e ot1er direction. !1is is used to perform rectification or con#ersion of AC current to 7C b2 clipping off t1e negati#e portion of a AC wa#eform. !1e diode terminals are cat1ode and anode and t1e arrow inside t1e diode s2mbol points towards t1e cat1ode3 indicating current flow in t1at direction w1en t1e diode is forward biased and conducting current. /ost diodes are similar in appearance to a resistor and will 1a#e a painted line on one end s1owing t1e direction or flow4w1ite side is negati#e5. If t1e negati#e side is on t1e negati#e end of t1e circuit3 current will flow. If t1e negati#e is on t1e positi#e side of t1e circuit no current will flow.

LEDs .L"g&t E#"tt"ng D"o%es/

L&7s are simpl2 diodes t1at emit lig1t of one form or anot1er. !1e2 are used as indicator de#ices. &BampleJ L&7 lit eEuals mac1ine on. !1e general purpose silicon diode emits eBcess energ2 in t1e form of 1eat w1en conducting current. If a different semiconductor material suc1 as gallium3 arsenide p1osp1ide is used3 t1e eBcess energ2 can be released at a lower wa#elengt1 #isible to 1uman e2e. !1is is t1e composition of L&7. !1e2 come in se#eral si=es and colors. .ome e#en emit Infrared Lig1t w1ic1 cannot be seen b2 t1e 1uman e2e.

S6"t!& )
!1is is a mec1anical part w1ic1 w1en pressed makes t1e current to flow t1roug1 it. If t1e switc1 is released t1e current stops flowing t1roug1 it. !1is 1elps to control a circuit.

Trans"stors)
!1e transistor performs two basic functionsJ 15 It acts as a switc1 turning current on and off. 25 It acts as a amplifier.!1is makes an output signal t1at is amagnified #ersion of t1e input signal.!ransistors come in se#eral si=es dependingon t1eir application. It can be a big power transistor suc1 as is used in power applifiers in 2our stereo3 down to a surface mount 4./!5 and e#en down to .% microns wide 4I.&.J /uc1o .mallF5 suc1 as in a microprocessor or IntegratedCircuit.

NPN Trans"stor) )ipolar <unction perform t1e function of amplifications w1ere a small #ar2ing #oltage or current applied to t1e base 4t1e lead on t1e left side of t1e s2mbol5 is proportionatel2 replicated b2 a muc1 larger #oltage or current between t1e collector and emitter leads. )ipolar <unction refers to sandwic1 construction of t1e semiconductor3 w1ere a wedge of IPI material is placed between two wedges of I?I material. In t1is ?P? construction a small base current controls t1e larger current flowing from collector to emitter 4t1e lead wit1t1e arrow5.

PNP Trans"stor) .imilar to ?P? transistors3 P?PKs 1a#e a wedge of I?I material between two wedges of IPI material. In t1is design3 a base current regulates t1e larger current flowing from emitter to collector3 as indicated b2 t1e direction of t1e arrow on t1e emitter lead. In C&7 pla2ers3 P?P transistors are used less freEuentl2 t1at t1e ?P? t2pe for amplification functions.

PCB=s)
PC) stands for printed circuit board w1ic1 are used for wiring up of t1e components of a circuit. PC)s are made of paper p1enolic 0"2 grade 4low cost3 for low freEuenc2 and low power circuit assembl25 and glass epoB2 0"4 grade 4for 1ig1 freEuenc23 1ig1 power circuits5 copper clad laminates 4a#ailable in 1.'mm3 2.4mm and 3.'mm t1ickness5. .inglesided PC)s 1a#e copper foil onl2 on one side w1ile double$sided PC)s 1a#e copper foil on bot1 side of t1e laminate. !1ickness of copper foil is 3% micrometer minimum on c1eaper PC)s and (micrometer on slig1tl2 costlier PC)s. !racks 4conducti#e pat1s5 are made b2 masking 4co#ering5 t1e track part of copper wit1 etc1$resist enamel paint 42ou can e#en use nail polis15 and later dipping t1e laminate in ferric c1loride solutions to dissol#e all copper eBcept under t1e masked part. 8oles in PC)s are drilled after etc1ing is o#er. !1e tracks on two sides of a PC) are <oined using printed t1roug1 1ole 4P!85 tec1niEue3 w1ic1 is eEui#alent to using slotted copper ri#ets for <oining tracks on bot1 sides. >n c1eaper PC)s3 P!8 are not pro#ided3 onl2 Pads 4i.e. circular copper land wit1 centre 1ole5 are pro#ided and 2ou 1a#e to <oin t1e tracks on bot1 sides b2 soldering a copper wire to t1e pads wit1 a copper wire. In singlesided PC) components are mounted on t1e side w1ic1 1as no track 4called component side5. In a double$sided PC) t1e component side is defined 4marked before 1and5 or it will s1ow component outline 4also called silk screen5 Lreen masking is t1e process of appl2ing a la2er of green colour insulation #arnis1 on all parts of tracks eBcept near t1e 1oles3 to protect t1e tracks from eBposure to atmosp1ere and t1us prolong its life and reliabilit2.

Batter"es)
.2mbol of batteries s1ows M#e terminal b2 a longer line t1an t1e N#e terminal. 0or low power circuit dr2 batteries are used.

S$ea+ers)
!1ese con#ert electrical signals to accoustic #iberations. It comprises a permanent magnet and a mo#ing coil 4t1roug1 w1ic1 electrical signal is passed5. !1is mo#ing coil is fiBed to t1e diap1ram w1ic1 #ibrates to produce sound.

ICs .Integrate% C"r!,"ts/)

Integrated Circuits3 or ICs3 are compleB circuits inside one simple package. .ilicon and metals are used to simulate resistors3 capacitors3 transistors3 etc. It is a space sa#ing miracle. !1ese components come in a wide #ariet2 of packages and si=es. Gou can tell t1em b2 t1eir Imonolit1ic s1apeI t1at 1as a ton of IpinsI coming out of t1em. !1eir applications are as #aried as t1eir packages. It can be a simple timer3 to a compleB logic circuit3 or e#en a microcontroller 4microprocessor wit1 a few added functions5 wit1 erasable memor2 built inside.

M"!ro$ro!essors .MPUs/)
/icroprocessors and ot1er large scale ICs are #er2 compleB ICs. At t1eir core is t1e transistor w1ic1 pro#ides t1e logic for computers3 cars3 ! s and <ust about e#er2t1ing else electronic. Packages are becoming smaller and smaller as companies are learning new tricks to make t1e transistors e#er tinier.

General PurposeSingle Opeartional Amplifier

SL -00
NPN Po6er Trans"stor

CONCLUSION
@e got to 1a#e a practical o#er#iew of w1at we studied so far in our curriculum. @e got a lot of knowledge .