SPH3U2 Formula Sheet

Δ𝑑𝑑⃗ = 𝑣𝑣⃗𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 Δ𝑡𝑡 𝐸𝐸𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 = 𝐸𝐸𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 ′

𝑣𝑣⃗1 + 𝑣𝑣⃗2
Δ𝑑𝑑⃗ = � � Δ𝑡𝑡 𝑊𝑊 = 𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴 Δ𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
2
𝑊𝑊 = 𝐹𝐹𝐴𝐴 Δ𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1
Δ𝑑𝑑⃗ = 𝑣𝑣⃗1 Δ𝑡𝑡 + 𝑎𝑎⃗Δ𝑡𝑡 2
2 𝐸𝐸𝑔𝑔 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚Δℎ
1
Δ𝑑𝑑⃗ = 𝑣𝑣⃗2 Δ𝑡𝑡 − 𝑎𝑎⃗Δ𝑡𝑡 2 𝑊𝑊
2 𝑃𝑃 =
𝑡𝑡
𝑣𝑣⃗22 = 𝑣𝑣⃗12 + 2𝑎𝑎⃗Δ𝑑𝑑⃗
1
𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2
𝑣𝑣⃗2 = 𝑣𝑣⃗1 + 𝑎𝑎⃗Δ𝑡𝑡 2

𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠2𝜃𝜃 1 1
Δ𝑥𝑥 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚Δℎ1 + 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣12 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚Δℎ2 + 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣22
𝑔𝑔 2 2
Useful energy out
Efficiency = � � × 100%
Energy in
𝐹𝐹𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 = 𝑚𝑚𝑎𝑎⃗
𝑄𝑄 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚Δ𝑡𝑡
𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 where c is the specific heat capacity in J/kg°C
𝜇𝜇 =
𝐹𝐹𝑁𝑁
𝑄𝑄𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑙𝑙𝑣𝑣
where FN is the normal force
where lv is the latent heat of vaporization constant
𝐺𝐺𝑚𝑚1 𝑚𝑚2
𝐹𝐹𝑔𝑔 = 𝑄𝑄𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 = 𝑚𝑚 × 𝑙𝑙𝑓𝑓
(Δ𝑑𝑑)2
𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚2 where lf is the latent heat of fusion constant
−11
𝐺𝐺 = 6.673 × 10
𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔2 1
𝐸𝐸𝑒𝑒 = 𝑘𝑘𝑥𝑥 2
2
𝐹𝐹𝑔𝑔 = 𝑚𝑚𝑔𝑔⃗
where k is the spring constant and x is the
extension/compression

𝑎𝑎 = 100(𝑑𝑑2 − 𝑑𝑑1 ) 𝐹𝐹 = 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

in rapid analysis 𝑝𝑝⃗ = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣⃗
Δ𝑝𝑝⃗ = 𝐹𝐹⃗ Δ𝑡𝑡
𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑖 = 𝑝𝑝𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑓𝑓

𝑚𝑚1 𝑣𝑣1 + 𝑚𝑚2 𝑣𝑣2 = 𝑚𝑚1 𝑣𝑣1′ + 𝑚𝑚2 𝑣𝑣2 ′

𝑚𝑚1 𝑣𝑣1 + 𝑚𝑚2 𝑣𝑣2 = (𝑚𝑚1 + 𝑚𝑚2 )𝑣𝑣 ′

𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 > 𝐸𝐸𝑘𝑘 ′

in inelastic collisions
1 1 1 1
= + 𝑓𝑓 =
𝑓𝑓 𝑑𝑑𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖 𝑇𝑇
𝑐𝑐 = 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
ℎ𝑖𝑖 𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑖
𝑀𝑀 = =− 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠
ℎ𝑜𝑜 𝑑𝑑𝑜𝑜 𝑓𝑓2 = 𝑓𝑓1 � �
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 ± 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜
𝑐𝑐 where + is receding and – is approaching
𝑛𝑛 =
𝑣𝑣𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠
𝑓𝑓2 = 𝑓𝑓1 � �
𝑛𝑛1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃1 = 𝑛𝑛2 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝜃𝜃2 𝑣𝑣𝑠𝑠 ± 𝑣𝑣𝑜𝑜
𝑐𝑐 where + is receding and – is approaching
index of refraction =
𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 = 332 + 0.6𝑇𝑇
𝑛𝑛2
𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = arcsin � � 𝑃𝑃
𝑛𝑛1 𝐼𝐼 =
4𝜋𝜋𝑟𝑟 2
where n2 is the refractive index of the optically less
dense medium 𝐼𝐼1 𝑟𝑟22
=
𝐼𝐼2 𝑟𝑟12

𝐼𝐼2
𝛽𝛽 = 10 log � �
𝐼𝐼1

𝜆𝜆1 𝑣𝑣1
=
𝜆𝜆2 𝑣𝑣2

2𝑛𝑛 − 1
𝐿𝐿 = 𝜆𝜆
4
in closed air columns
𝑛𝑛
𝐿𝐿 = 𝜆𝜆
2
in open air columns

𝑓𝑓1 𝐿𝐿2
=
𝑓𝑓2 𝐿𝐿1

𝑓𝑓1 �𝑇𝑇1
=
𝑓𝑓2 �𝑇𝑇2

𝑓𝑓1 𝑑𝑑2
=
𝑓𝑓2 𝑑𝑑1

𝑓𝑓1 �ρ2
=
𝑓𝑓2 �ρ1
where rho is the density