Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
mvimsGc
vaxbZvi ci ZrKvjxb fviGZ gZvmxb KsGMm miKvGii AvgGj eez kL gywReyi
ingvGbi kvmbKvj ch evsjvG`k I fviGZi mK AvwiK I D wQj| eezi
nZvKvGi ci KsGMm miKvi evsjvG`Gki bZzb miKvGii cwZ KGVvi Aevb bb| KviY,
fviGZi cavbgx Bw`iv Mvx evsjvG`Gki mvgwiK kvmK RbvGij wRqvDi ingvb KZK
msweavGb bZzb aviv msGhvRb I ciivbxwZi G Avgj cwieZbGK mnRfvGe bbwb|
cieZxKvGj 1977 mvGji mvaviY wbevPGb KsGMm civwRZ nq es gviviwR `kvBGqi
bZGZ RbZv `j gZvq eGm cwZGekx `kGjvi mvG^ mGKi Dqb KGi| dGj 1977
mvGji 5 bGfi evsjvG`k I fviGZi gGa cvwb Pzw vwiZ nq| RbZv cvwU wcvwKZv
bxwZGK `wY wkqvi ivGjvi G KvhKifvGe cGqvM KGiwQj| bxwZi DGk nj
`wY wkqvi ivGjv hvGZ h^fvGe fviGZi weiG Aevb bv wbGZ cvGi| wcvwKZv
bxwZGK fviZ `wY kxq AvwjK mnGhvwMZv msv mvK- cGqvM KGi| hyd miKvi
gZvq Gm cwZGekx `kGjvi cwZ mgGSvZvgjK Rivj gZev` NvlYv KGiwQj|
1996 mvGj evsjvG`Gki mvG^ cvwb Pzwi evcvGi fviGZi Qvo I mgGSvZvgjK gGbvfvGe
Rivj gZevG`i eve cgvY cvIqv hvq| weGRwc `wY wkqvi ivGjvi cwZ cviwiK
kvi wfwGZ AvwjKZvevG`i Ici Rvi `q| fviGZi eo eo ivRbwZK `jGjvI
gvGS gvGS KgGekx AfixY ivRbwZK vG^ evsjvG`k mswk wewf BmyGK eenvi KGi|
cKZcG fviGZi KZZev`x bxwZ me mgq evsjvG`kmn cwZGekx Abvb ivGjvGK nZvk
I fviGZi cwZ eix fvevc KGiGQ| evsjvG`Gki cwZ fviZxq kvmKGMvxi gGbvfve
ceG DcvcGbi Pv Kiv nGqGQ|
fwgKv
eZgvb wek eevq ivGjvi gGa cviwiK mGKi DwZi G I ciivbxwZ
MVGbi G wewf wbaviK KvR KGi| weGkl KGi cwieZb ceY MwZkxj
AvRvwZK cwiGek -GG RvivGjv fwgKv ivGL| mvaviYZ A^bwZK jvf I
RvZxq wbivcvi cvcU KZZkxj wbaviK wnGmGe h-GKvGbv wcvwK I
ecvwK mKGK cwiPvjbv KGi| fvGe wewf ivGi mGKi G ciGii
*
98
99
100
1947 mvGji 15 AvM vaxbZvi ci nGZ fviZ RInijvj bGnii bZGZ KsGMm
`j viv kvwmZ nGqGQ es 1977 mvGj jvKmfv wbevPGb c^gevGii gZ KsGMm
`jGK civwRZ KGi RbZv Kvqvwjkb `j gZvq AvGm| cieZx mgGq 1980
mvGji wbevPGb KsGMm Rqjvf KiGj Bw`iv Mvx wZxqevi cavbgx nGqwQGjb
es Zvui QGj ivRxe Mvx 1989 mvj ch gZvq wQGjb| 1989 mvGj wf. wc.
wmsGqi bZGZ AKsGMmx bvkbvj d miKvGii vwqZ wQj gv 13 gvm es 1991
mvGji wbevPGb cybivq KsGMm gZvq AwawZ nq| 1996 mvj ^GK 1998 mvj
ch AKsGMmx hyd miKvi gZvq wQj| 1998 mvGj fviZxq RbZv cvwUi
(weGRwc) bZGZ bvkbvj WGgvGwUK jvGq (bwW) miKvi gZvq AvGm
es 2004 mvGji gvSvgvwS ch fviZ kvmb KGi | Avevi 2004 mvGji g gvGm
evg mgw^Z KsGMm bZZvaxb BDbvBGUW cGMwmf jvGq (BDwc) miKvi
gZvq AvGm I kvmbKvj cY KGi es 2009 mvGji wbevPGbi gvaGg KsGMm
Avevi gZvmxb nGqGQ, hv AvRI fviGZ AevnZ iGqGQ| cKZcG fviZ KsGMm
`j vivB ewkifvM mgq kvwmZ nGqGQ es nGQ| bxGP evsjvG`Gki cwZ bxwZ
cYqGb fviGZi cavb cavb ivRbwZK `jGjvi gZv`k AvGjvPbv Kiv nj|
KsGMm
1885 mvGj wKQz msLK weLvZ BsGiR es fviGZi wjU kYxi mnvqZvq
cwZwZ nq fviZxq RvZxq KsGMm| GG fviZ `iw` wmwfwjqvb AvGjb
AKGUwfqvb wnDg (Allen Octavian Hume) KsGMm MVGb iZcY DG`vM bb|
ZLb fviGZi ivRbwZK G h cej DGRbv weivR KiwQj, Zv KgvGbv es
bxwZwbaviYmn ckvmwbK welGq fviZxq eywRxexG`i gGbvfve I ZvG`i gZvgZ
mGK miKviGK AewnZ Kivi DGk wbGqB KsGMm cwZwZ nq| Aek cwZvi
ci ^GKB RvZxq KsGMm miKvwi cGcvlKZv I AbyGciYv jvf KGi| evOvwj
evwivi DGgkP` evbvwR KsGMGmi c^g mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb|7 KsGMGmi bZGZ
fviZ 1947 mvGj 15 AvM vaxb nGqGQ| vaxbZvi ci KsGMm fviGZi kvmbfvi
MnY KGi| fviGZi msweavb cYqGb KsGMm wbaviGKi fwgKv cvjb KGi es 1969
mvj ch KG` I ekxi fvM ivGR gZvmxb `j wnGmGe fviZ kvmb KGi| 1969
mvGji kGli w`GK KsGMm (AvB), KsGMm (Avi), KsGMm (I) es KsGMm (m)
bvGg `jwU KGqKwU fvGM fvM nGq hvq| KsGMm (AvB)-K wbevPb Kwgkb jvKmfv
I ivRmfvMyGjvGZ evcK RqjvGfi KviGY kwai gZvmxb `j wnGmGe AbyGgv`b
101
`q| 1985 mvGj KsGMm (AvB) `jwUi cwZvkZevwlKx D`hvcb KGi| kxgvb
bvivqY fviGZi RvZxq KsGMm mGK ge KGib h,
that the greatest service that the congress has rendered to India is the
maintenance of national unity and solidarity in the face of great dangers
and difficulties before and since independence.8
fviZxq RvZxq KsGMm wewf fvlv, RvwZ, DcRvwZ I wewf jvKvi RvwZMZ `j
Dc`j wbGq MwVZ es mevBGK `Gj ivLvi Rb mywbw` `jxq Av`k AvGQ|9
RInijvj bGnii bZGZ KsGMm RvU wbiGcZvGK ciivbxwZi wfw wnGmGe
MnY KGi AvRvwZK welqvejxGZ mwqfvGe AskMnY KGi es civkwGjvi eK
^GK `Gi ^vGK|
cwZ RInijvj bGni fviGZi ciivbxwZ MVGb ewMZfvGe RvivGjv fwgKv
iGLGQb| wZwb KB mgGq cavbgx I ciivgx wnGmGe `vwqZ cvjb KGiGQb|
wZwb fviGZi ciivbxwZi mKj eo eo wmvGjv wbGqGQb| RInijvj bGni
fviGZi c^g iZcY bZv whwb wekeevi mgmvGjvi cwZ Mfxi `w
w`GqwQGjb es mGK fviGZi gGbvfve cmvwiZ KGiwQGjb| wZwb 1949 mvGji
8 gvP KbwwUDGq vGmwjGZ (Constituent Assembly) fvlY `qvi mgq
KsGMGmi ciivbxwZ mGK eGjwQGjb,
... our foreign policy is one of keeping aloof from the big blocks-rivals-and
being friendly to all countries and not becoming entangled in any alliances,
military or other, that might drag us into any possible conflict.10
102
103
evOvwj wbaGb mwq fwgKv cvjb KGib gb wKQz ewGK Afz KGiGQb eGj
Bw`iv Mvx mG`n KGib|14
kxjsKvGZ Zvwgj-wmsnjx MvxMZ Gi cvcGU Bw`iv WKwUGbi Avwefve
NGUwQj| hvGK fviZ WKwUb, ivRxe WKwUb, `wY kxq WKwUb es gbwK
gbGiv WKwUGbi `wY kxq msiYI ejv nq| mvgwiK weGklK fevbx mb D
ZGi cGYZv I ZvwK| mvqyhyGvi cwiwwZGZ `wY wkqvq enr kwGjvi
cwZGhvwMZvgjK AskMnY KGg hvIqvq ZrKvjxb KsGMm bZZvaxb fviZ miKvi
`wY wkqvGZ D WKwUb evevqGb RvivGjv c`Gc bq| kxjsKvi MnhyG
fviGZi b nGc A^vr 1987 mvGji RyjvB gvGm weZwKZ BG`v-kxjsKvb Pzwi
(Pzwi AbZg kZ wQj KjGv Ab KvGbv `kGK kxjsKvq NvuwU vcb KiGZ
G`Ge bv) AvIZvq mLvGb fviZxq kvwix evwnbx gvZvGqb, 1988 mvGj gvjxGc
Afzvb cGPv `gGb nGc es 1989 mvGj evwYR I UvbwRU Pzw msv
gZvbKGK K` KGi fviZ KZK jGewZ `yej iv bcvGji Ici AeGiva
AvGivc Bwqv WKwUGbi eve cGqvM I Rj D`vniY|
`wY wkqvGZ `ywU wbaviK fviZGK Bwqv WKwUb cGqvM KiGZ mvnvh KGi|
mGjv nj- 1. fviZGKw`K `wY wkqv eev; 2. `wY wkqvi `kGjv
fviGZi Rb myweavRbK wcvwKZv bxwZGK ZvG`i gGa AvtmGKi G I
fviGZi mvG^ `wY wkqvi Abvb `Gki mGKi G gj wbqYKvix bxwZ
wnGmGe MnY Kiv|15 Bwqv WKwUGbi gj K^v nGQ, `wY wkqvi wbivcv nGe
fviZGKw`K es AGji iv
Gjvi wbivcv `qv cavbZ fviGZi `vwqZ| dGj
vfvweKfvGeB fviGZi cfve ejq wnGmGe weGewPZ `wY wkqvi ivGjvi
fviGZi mwZ Qvov AGji evBGi KvGbv `Gki mvgwiK mvnvh PvIqv mgxPxb
nGe bv| fviGZi aiGbi AvPiGY `wY wkqvGZ fviZweGivax gGbvfve mw nq
es cwZGekx mKj `Gki mvG^ fviGZi wZZv j Kiv hvq| Zv Qvov
evsjvG`Gki mvG^ fviGZi weGivacY welGq AvGcvlweGivax gGbvfvGeI Bwqv
WKwUGbi cGqvGMi cgvY cvIqv hvq|
RbZv cvwU
eZgvb RbZv cvwU 1977 mvj ^GK 1979 mvj ch fviGZi Kvqvwjkb miKvGii
Ask weGkl wQj| mB mgq RbZv cvwU RbmsN, fviZxq jvK`j, mvmvwj cvwU
es KsGMm (I)-i mgGq MwVZ nGqwQj| cieZxKvGj RMRxeb ivGgi MYZGi
104
Rb KsGMm MGc hvM `q| hw`I cGZK Mc ZvG`i Avjv`v cwiwPwZ bZzb
`Gji mvG^ wgwkGq `q| ZeyI RbZv cvwUi cyGiv kvmbKvj AfixY weGivGa
cwicY wQj| RbZv miKvGii cZGbi ci jvK`j Avjv`vfvGe cybMwVZ nq es
weGRwc bZzb `j wnGmGe MwVZ nq| wKQz cfvekvjx bZv wbR ew Kw`K `j
MVb KGib es Abvb `Gj hvM`vb KGib| dGj Aewkvsk wbGqB MwVZ nq
AvRGKi RbZv cvwU| RbZv cvwUi gviviRx `kvB I P`GkLi fviGZi mvGeK
cavbgx wQGjb| RvZxq chvGq wbevPbx ivRbxwZGZ RbZv cvwU Kg fwgKv ivLGjI
ivR mfvq weGkl KGi KbvUGK msLvMwiZv jvf KGi| RbZv cvwU Mvov Mvwev`x
mvmvwj (Orthodox Gandhian Socialists) Av`k AbymiY KGi| RqcKvk
bvivqY Av`Gki KRb Abymvix|16 1977 mvGji Rvbyqvwi gvGmi mvaviY wbevPGb
KsGMm civwRZ nq es gviviRx `kvBGqi bZGZ RbZv `j gZvq eGm|
gviviRx `kvB gZv MnGYi ci NvlYv KGib, Zvui miKvi cwZGekx `kGjvi
mvG^ mGKi Dqb KiGZ AvMnx es cwZGekxG`i weiG mKj cKvi Abvq
KvR eGi Avkv e KGib|
RbZv cvwUi Kvqvwjkb miKvGi mvmvwj cvwU Qvov Ab wZbwU `j ciivbxwZi
G cvvZcx I Av^-mvgvwRK cGk Wvbcx bxwZ Aejb KGiwQj| mvmvwj
cvwU mvgvwRK mgZvev` xKvi KiZ, wK RbZv`Gji Abvb kixKG`i mvG^
cvvZcx (Pro-western) ciivbxwZi mvG^ KgZ wQj|17 RbZv `Gji
ciivgx AUj wenvix evRGcqx fviGZi ciivbxwZi j I DGk mGK eGjb,
It has been the purpose of Indias foreign policy to promote harmony, trust
and a co-operative spirit among nations. Such a relationship among nations
would strengthen peace, eliminate tensions and reduce the danger of
conflict. The main object of our foreign policy is to create around us an
environment of peace, trust and stability which would permit optimum
utilization of our natural and man power resources for economic, social and
cultural advancement. It is only in a climate of trust and peace that the
creative forces of our people can be released and harnessed for improving
the well being of society.18
105
106
weGivax AvIqvgx jxGMi weG`vnxG`i fviZ QvoGZ eva KGi Zv cgvY KGi|
mGK AvIqvgx jxM bZv dwYflY gRyg`vi eGjb,
Some of our workers had sought refuge in India (after the 1975
crackdown). But since the new government came to power in New Delhi,
these workers have been sent back, often at gun point, only to be jailed or
tortured by the military rulers.21
gbwK AvIqvgx jxM bZv KvG`i wmwKxGKI AcgvwbZ KGi evsjvG`Gk wdGi
AvmGZ RbZv miKvi eva KGi| cKZcG fviZ cwZGekx `kGjvi mvG^
KkjMZ welGq KvGbv mgGSvZv KGiwb|
Bwqv WKwUGbi gj ewk nj `wY wkqvGK AwZ AvwjK kwGjvi cfve
^GK gy ivLv| wcvwKZvbxwZ wU mv`b KiGZ mvnvh KGi| mGK
AavcK AGkvK KvcyGii gZvgZ cwYavbGhvM| Zuvi gGZ:
Bilateralism is the opposite of internationalism as well as of regionalism.
Bilateralism is a negation of the super power doctrine that the super powers
have a right to be involved in regional disputes because they know no
frontiers and have worldwide interests. Bilateralism, therefore, is an
approach that seeks to reduce and, whenever possible, to eliminate the
harmful influences of superpowers in regional affairs. In this way,
bilateralism is meant to choke foreign interference by cutting off the
external supply of oxygen in the form of foreign support for the locally
dissatisfied state.22
107
fviGZi wcvwKZv bxwZ AejGbi Ab KwU DGk nj, hvGZ `wY wkqvi
ivGjv fviGZi mvG^ mGKi G h^fvGe fviGZi weiG Aevb bv wbGZ
cvGi| bxwZ fviZ `wY wkqvi ivGjvi gGa mdjfvGe cGqvM KGiwQj| ay
ZvB bq, fviZxq bZe` wcvwKZv bxwZGK `wY kxq AvwjK mnGhvwMZv msv
mvKGKI Afz KGib|23
1976 mvGji g gvGm BvyGj AbywZ Bmjvgx ciivgx mGjGb I 1976 mvGji
AvM gvGm KjGvGZ AbywZ RvU wbiGc kxl mGjGb evsjvG`k dvivv Bmy
Dvcb KGi| KjGv mGjGb evsjvG`k Kvb mg^b bv cvIqvq evsjvG`k RvwZmsN
mvaviY cwilG`i 31Zg AwaGekGb BmywU ZzGj aGi| mGbMvj, AGwjqv es
kxjsKvi AbyGivGa RvwZmsN mvaviY cwilG`i ivRbwZK KwgwU dvivv BmywU wMZ
KGi es wee`gvb `kGjvGK wcvwKfvGe mgvavGbi Avnevb Rvbvq|24
evsjvG`Gki ebv mgmv mgvavGb KvGbv cKvi AvwjK ev AvRvwZK KgGKkGji
evcvGi fviGZi Zxe Abxnv| evsjvG`k 1987 I 1988 mvGj asmKvix ebvq
Avv nGqwQj| b`xi vfvweK cvKwZK KviGYB Mv I ecy evsjvG`Gki fZi
w`Gq AwZg KGiGQ| dGj evsjvG`k AGji h-KvGbv `Gki Zzjbvq AwaKZi
ebvceY| `xNvqx mgmv mgvavb I mvaviY gvbyGli KjvGYi DGGk evsjvG`k
cvwb m` eenvGii gvaGg we`yr Drcv`Gbi Rb fviZ, Pxb, bcvjGK mshy
KGi AvwjKfvGe mgvavGbi cve KGi| evsjvG`Gki AbyGivGai cwicwGZ 1988
mvGj RvwZmsN mvaviY cwilG`i weGkl AwaGekGb ebv cwiwwZGK weGePbvq bqv
nq| evsjvG`Gki ebv mgmv mgvavGbi Lmov cvGe fviZ AvwjK mgvavGb KvGbv
aviv msGhvRb mdjfvGe cwZGiva KGi| XvKv cvGe evsjvG`Gki ebv-mgmv
mgvavGb `wY wkqvi ivGjvGK KwU AvwjK cwiKbvq Afz KiGZ
PGqwQj| fviZ ebv-mgmv mgvavGb egyLx cwZi cGqvRGbi weGivwaZv KGi es
h^ ebv wbqY cvMvGg bcvj I PxGbi Afzwi mvebv weGePbvi AGhvM eGj
NvlYv KGi|
Zv Qvov fviZ evsjvG`Gki ebv wbqGY hw` KvGbv AvwjK cwZi DGL ^vGK
ZvnGj RvwZmsN mvaviY cwilG`i cvGei Ici fvU bqvi gwK `q| fviGZi
Zxe weGivwaZvi gyGL RvwZmsN mgmv mgvavGb ^nxb mg^b `q es mvaviY
cwilG` memZ cve cvGki gvaGg mKj m`m `kGK evsjvG`Gki ebv wbqY
cvMvGg mnvqZv Kivi Avnvb Rvbvq| wK cvGe mgmv mgvavGb KvGbv mywbw`
ecvwK KkGji DGL wQj bv| fviZ 1985 mvGj wWGmi gvGm AbywZ c^g
108
mvK kxl mGjGb wcvwKZvbxwZ mvK mbG`i Afz KGi| `wY wkqvi
`kGjv fviGZi mvG^ mGKi G wcvwKZvGK bxwZ wnGmGe MnY Kivq
DcgnvG`Gki wewf weGivacY BmyGZ ecvwK KkjGK fviZ weGePbvi AGhvM
gGb KGi| wK wewf mgmvi cKwZi KviGY mgvavGbi Rb `yB ev ZGZvwaK ivGi
cGqvRb| ZGe Uv me bq KviGY h `wY wkqvi ivGjv fviGZi mvG^
ZvG`i mgmv mgvavGb KKfvGe Aevb wbGqGQ| iKg cwiwwZGZ wbwZfvGe
`iKlvKwli myweavUv fviGZi nvGZB ^vGK|25 cieZx KsGMm miKvGii kvmbvgGj
(1980-1989) `wY wkqvi cwZGekx `kGjvi mvG^ fviGZi mK RbZv
cvwUi kvmbKvGji PGq fvj wQj bv Zv wbwZfvGe ejv hvq|26
1996 mvGji Ryb gvGm fviGZ bZzb hyd miKvi gZvq Avmvi ci cwZGekx
`kGjvi Avkv-AvKvv I vG^i cwZ AwaK mgGSvZvgjK gGbvfve cKvk KGi|
hyd miKvGii ZrKvjxb ciivgx I cGi cavbgx B`i Kzgvi Rivj 1997
mvGji Rvbyqvwi gvGm Rivj gZev` (Gujral Doctrine) NvlYv KGib| B`i Kzgvi
Rivj wgfvlx, AgvwqK, wePY ivRbwZK bZv wQGjb| wZwb fviGZi `yevi
ciivgx es Kevi cavbgx wnGmGe `vwqZ cvjb KGib| wZwb cwZGekx
`kGjvi wbKU m`vPvix wnGmGeI mycwiwPZ| fviGZi cwZGekx `kGjvi mvG^
ciiv mK cwiPvjbvi Rb Rivj cvuPwU bxwZ ceZb KGib| GjvGK KG
Rivj Z (Gujral Doctrine) ejv nq| Rivj WKwUb nj: 1. evsjvG`k, fUvb,
gvjxc, bcvj, kxjsKvi gZ cwZGekxG`i wbKU ^GK fviZ cviwiK Av`vbc`vGbi w`GK `w bv w`Gq mij wekvGm mvagZ c`vb I AvGcvmidv KiGe| 2.
`wY wkqvi Kvb iv AGji Ab GKvb ivGi weiG wbGRi fL eenvGii
AbygwZ `Gebv| 3. K iv Ab ivGi AfixY G nGc KiGe bv| 4.
`wY wkqvi mKj iv Ab ivGi fGMvwjK ALZv es mveGfgZGK mvb
c`kb KiGe| 5. cGZGK kvwcY es wcvwK AvGjvPbvi gvaGg wbGRG`i gGa
m weev` gxgvsmv KiGe|27
cKZcG cwZGekxG`i cwZ fviGZi Amg bxwZ (asymmetrical policy), Zvi
cwZGekxiv hv KiGe Zvi PGq ekx Kivi bxwZ es wcvwK AvGjvPbvi gvaGg
mgmvi mgvavb nGjv Rivj ZGi gj mvigg| i gGa bB cviwiK Av`vbc`vGbi (Reciprocity) Kvb welq, bB Kvb fvimvg cwZv (Check and
Balance), gbwK bB ecxq AvGjvPbvi (Multilateral Deliberations) D`vi
Kvb |28 Rivj gZevG` fviGZi KkjMZ `kGb bZzb aiGbi AvGcwK
109
110
G^GK GmwQj| fviZxq RbmsN c^gw`GK knGii Wvbcx gawe kYxi wn`yG`i
`j wQj| weGRwc mvc`vwqK `j wnGmGe gymwjg I Lxvb weGivax wQj es `j
fviZxq mswZi Ici Rvi `q I wnw`GK RvZxq fvlv wnGmGe cPvi KGi|31
cieZxKvGj KkjMZ KviGY fviZxq RbmsGNi bvg cwieZb KGi fviZxq RbZv
cvwU (weGRwc) ivLv nq| weGRwci AfixY KgmPxGZ Av`wkK cwiwPwZ
evcKfvGe fviZ I Abvb `Gk weGkl chvGq MGelYvi `vwe ivGL| wK ZvG`i
ciivbxwZi evcvGi hG^ iZ wKsev `w AvKlY KGiwb| weGRwc RvivGjv
wn`yZev`x KgmwP evevqGbi Avkv wbGq gZvq GjI ciivbxwZGZ gymwjg weGki
mvG^ fvimvgcY mK eRvq ivGL es cvwKvGbi cwZ AvGcvmgjK bxwZ MnY
KGi| Zv Qvov weGRwc KsGMm cvwU ^GK wf `wfw MnY KGi es `wY wkqvi
ivGjvi gGa GK AcGii cwZ cviwiK kvi wfwGZ AvwjKZvevG`i Ici
weGePbvGhvM iZ `q es fviGZi Z^vKw^Z eo fvBmyjf Aevb ZvM KGi|
wbKUZg cwZGekx `kGjvi cwZ weGRwci ciivbxwZ nj:
The BJP considers improvement of relations with our immediate
neighbours like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Ceylon and India and Bhutan
as one of the major achievements of Janatas foreign policy. The BJP will
continue to pay special attention to the development of these mutually
beneficial with our neighbours.32
wbivcvi aviYv
fviZ Di-cevGji ivRGjvi mnR hvMvGhvGMi Rb evsjvG`Gki fZi w`Gq
UvbwRU myweav Pvq| Aciw`GK evsjvG`k fviGZi fZi w`Gq fUvb I bcvGji mG
evwYR-msGhvM Pvq| evGe bcvGji mG 1997 mvGji evwYR hvMvGhvM fviGZi
AmnGhvwMZvi KviGY kl ch eRvq ^vGKwb| fUvb-evsjvG`k evwYwRK mKI
fviZxq fL eenvGii Ici wbfikxj| fviZ miKvi wbivcvi ARynvGZ
evsjvG`kGK myGhvM w`GZ Avcw KGi| Zv Qvov fviGZi mvGeK ciiv mwPe R
b `xwZ Zvui AvZK^v gGgvqvi Ad Av dGib mGUvwi MG aiGbi
UvbwRGUi dGj Aea evsjvG`kxG`i fviGZ Mgb es fviGZi Di cevjxq
weG`vnxG`i evsjvG`Gki Avkqjvf mnR nGe eGj DGL KGib|34 `wY wkqvq
111
fviZ h Zvi mKj QvU cwZGekx `kGjvi fxwZi KviY Zv mKj wbivcv wekvi`
RvGbb| me QvU iv `wY wkqvi evBGii Kvb kwi wbKU ^GK Kvb
AvgY ev AvMvmGbi Avkv KGibv| `wY wkqvq fviZ-fxwZ mGK kxjsKvi
wbivcv wekvi` kjUb KvwWKviv eGjb,
A Perception of threat from India is currently common to all its neighbours
and it is one of the dilemmas of South Asian politics that while India
perceives its neighbours as being integral to its own security. The
neighbours perceive India itself as the entity against which security is
necessary.35
wZbweNv Bmy
112
fviZxq RbZv cvwU fviZ miKvGii evsjvG`Gki wbKU wZbweNv nvGii Zxe
mgvGjvPbv KGi es fviGZi wbivcvi weN NUv QvovI mxgvG PvivPvjvb I gv`K
eemv evoGe eGj AwfGhvM KGiwQj| 1992 mvGji 26 Ryb evsjvG`Gki wbKU
wZbweNv nvi AbyvGbi w`b cwgeGi fviZxq RbZv cvwUi GbZvKgxiv
ZvrwYK cwZev` wgwQj ei KGiwQj|40 fviZxq RbZv cvwUi bZvKgxG`i kvMvb
wQj wZbweNv w`wQ bv, `Gev bv, i `Gev, wZbweNv `Gev bv, mycxg KvGUi
ivq gvwb bv, gvbGev bv, `nMvg nGe wfGqZbvg.... BZvw`|41 Zv Qvov dGivqvW
eGKi KUv Ask I RbZv cvwU evsjvG`Gki wbKU wZbweNv diZ`vGbi weGivwaZv
KGi|42 Aek RbZv `Gji ciivgx AvB, K, Rivj I cwgeGi gyLgx
RvwZemy AvbyvwbKfvGe wZbweNv c`vGbi wbqZv w`GqwQGjb| ZGe wZbweNv
BmyGZ KsGMm evsjvG`Gki cG KvR KGiwQj|43
cvwb Pzw Bmy
1977 mvGji 5 bGfi fviGZi RbZv cvwUi mvG^ evsjvG`Gki vwiZ cvwb Pzw
mGK KsGMm, KwgDwb cvwUmn mKj ivRbwZK `j ZvG`i `jxq Av`k wbweGkGl
Pzwi KGVvi mgvGjvPbv KGi es fviGZi RvZxq v^ iwZ nqwb eGj ge KGi|
Zv Qvov fviGZi ccwKv, wgwWqv I eywRxex mc`vq weGkl KGi cwge
miKvi wgk cwZwqv e KGi| 1977 mvGji dvivv Pzw mGK eywRxex I
MGelK Rq Kzgvi ivq mgvGjvPbv KGi eGjb,
After all, the aim of the Farakka project was to save the Calcutta port at an
expense of Rs 1,560 million, not to create cordial relations with
Bangladesh. There can be other ways of achieving friendly relations with
Bangladesh without defeating the aim of the Farakka project.45
KsGMm `Gji gwc mMZ ivq PzwGZ evsjvG`kGK Zvi cGqvRGbi AwZwi
cvwb `qv nGqGQ es KjKvZv e`Gii vG^i wZ nGqGQ eGj mgvGjvPbv KGib|
Qvov wZwb eGjb,
... it will serve the interests of military Junta, the political interests; they are
torturing the people of Bangladesh. This is what the agreement amounts
to.46
1996 mvGj wWGmi gvGm mvw`Z cvwb Pzwi cwZevG` 15 wWGmi 96 weGRwci
cwge kvLv Mvq bKvq PGo Pzwi weiG Awfbe cwZev` KGiwQj| 16
wWGmi 96 cwgeGi nveovq weGRwc AvGqvwRZ Rbmfvq weGRwci mfvcwZ
113
114
115
ivRbwZK wec` mGK RvwZGK mZK KGi `q| weGRwc evsjvG`kx AbycGeGki
ivRbwZK `Gji myweav mGK memgq DGL KGi AvmGQ| AbycGeGki dGj
cwgeG fvU 1987 mvGj kZKiv 0.5 nGZ 1991 mvGj kZKiv 11.4 ew cGqGQ
es ZzjbvgjKfvGe RvZxq chvGq 1984 mvGj kZKiv 7.4 nGZ 1991 mvGj
kZKiv 21.9 ew cGqGQ|53 AbycGek mGK b b Sv eGjb, mxgvG eov
wbgvY nGj mxgvG nvvgv, nZv I Aea AbycGek KgGe|54 fviGZ evsjvG`kx
AbycGekGK weGRwc fviGZi mvc`vwqK ivRbwZK BmyGZ cwiYZ KGiGQ| Zv Qvov
weGRwci Qv msMVb AwLj fviZxq we`v^x cwil` (Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi
Parishad) evsjvG`kx gymwjg AbycGekKvixiv fviGZ mvmev` mgmvi R w`GQ
eGj wbqwgZ cPvi KiGQ es mvmev` wbgj Kivi Rb KGVvi c`Gc bqvi
civgk w`GQ| wK weGRwci bZZv axb bvkbvj WGgvvwUK jvGq Kvqvwjkb
miKvGii kvmbKvGj mgmv mgvavGb Kvb KvhKi bxwZ MnY KGiwb| KsGMm,
wmwcg I ZYgj KsGMGmi cwgeG kwkvjx Aevb ^vKv mGI Aea
AbycGekGK mgmv wnGmGe gGb KGiGQ, ZGe weGRwci gZ KGVvi I mvc`vwqK
mgmv wnGmGe MY KGi bv|55 A^P weGRwc gZvq ^vKvKvGj Aea AbycGek ivGa
KvGbv KvR KGiwb|56 cKZcG weGRwc Aea AbycGeGki BmywU AfixY
ivRbwZK vG^ eenvi KGi|
fviGZi mvGeK KUbxwZKiv cwZGekx z` `kGjvi cwZ fviGZi eo fvBmyjf
AvPiY, I AeGnjvcY gGbvfve mGK G`vlvGivc KGib| mGK fviGZi
KRb mvGeK KUbxwZK eGjb,
Indias policy towards neighbours suffered from a sense of Superiority
and Neglect. Prime Ministers and foreign ministers often feel shy in
visiting neighbouring capitals and senior diplomats falter on the count of
being polite and courteous towards their neighbouring counterparts. There
is a lingering shadow of the British imperial mindset of the Indian
bureaucracy when it comes to dealing with neighbouring countries and
their citizens.57
KvGbv cwZGekx `Gki mvG^B fviGZi mymK bB| dGj mgmvcY wcxq
mGKi KviGY AvwjK cwiGekI AbvKvwZ| RInijvj bGni wekw`vjGqi
AvRvwZK mK wefvGMi AavcK Awbi Zvui A Brahmanic Framework
of Power in South Asia ceG `wY wkqvi cwZGekxG`i cwZ fviGZi `wfw I
bxwZi mgvGjvPbv KGi eGjb, The Indian mindset of treating its neighbours as
116
AbymiY KGi, hw`I GKevGi DGcv KGi bv| cmG KRb MGelGKi ee:
The Bangladesh-India relations are further complicated by the fact that
while their exists an Indian factor for Bangladesh, there exists no such
corresponding Bangladesh factor for India. Indias inertia, lack of political
will and sympathy to settle the outstanding contentious issues is indicative
of this. For New Delhi, these are irritants, but for Dhaka, these are vital
issues. Delhis attitude only sharpens Bangladeshs hostility towards India
and militates against pulling the relationship too close.59
Dcmsnvi
vaxbZvi ci ZrKvjxb fviGZ gZvmxb KsGMm miKvGii AvgGj eez kL
gywReyi ingvGbi kvmbKvj ch evsjvG`k I fviGZi mK AvwiK I D wQj|
eezi nZvKvGi ci KsGMm miKvi evsjvG`Gki bZzb miKvGii cwZ KGVvi
Aevb MnY KGi| KviY, fviGZi cavbgx Bw`iv Mvx evsjvG`Gki mvgwiK kvmK
RbvGij wRqvDi ingvb KZK msweavGb bZzb aviv msGhvRb I ciivbxwZi G
Avgj cwieZbGK mnRfvGe bbwb| cieZx mgGq 1977 mvGji mvaviY wbevPGb
KsGMm civwRZ nq es gviviwR `kvBGqi bZGZ RbZv `j gZvq eGm
cwZGekx `kGjvi mvG^ mGKi Dqb KGi| dGj 1977 mvGji 5 bGfi
evsjvG`k I fviGZi gGa cvwb Pzw vwiZ nq| KsGMm cvwb PzwGZ fviGZi
RvZxq vG^i Pig wZ nGqGQ eGj mgvGjvPbv KGiwQj| RbZv cvwU wcvwKZv
117
117
Z^wbG`k
Brigadier General M. Sakhawat Hussain, Regional Conflicts Impact on
Global Peace, Dhaka: Palok Publishers and Bangladesh Research Forum,
February 2008, c. 67
2. S. A. Zafar, Indo-Bangladesh Relations: Problems and Prospects, Pakistan
Horison, Vol. 46, No. 3&4, July-October 1993, c. 90
1.
3. `wbK c^g AvGjv, 7 wcj 2005, DZ, weGMwWqvi RbvGij g mvLvIqvZ nvGmb
(Ae:), `wY wkqv I evsjvG`Gki wbivcv, XvKv, cvjK cvewjkvm, deqvwi 2008,
c. 341-342
4. Brigadier General M. Sakhawat Hussain, cv, c. 70
5. J. N. Dixit, Makers of Indias Foreign Policy Raja Ram Mohun Roy to
Yashwant Sinha, New Delhi HarperColklins Publishers, 2004. c. 84
6. A. Appadorai and M. S. Rajan, Indiaa Foreign Policy and Relations, New
Delhi South Asian Publishers Private Ltd., March 1985, c. 32
7. gynv` Ave`yi iwng, Ave`yj gwgb Payix, .we.g. gvngy` I wmivRyj Bmjvg,
evsjvG`Gki BwZnvm, XvKv: bIGivR wKZvwevb, v`k msiY, mGi 2006, c.
395
8. P. Sharan, Congress and The Making of Modern India, in N. S. Gehlot
(ed.), The Congress Party in India Policies. Culture. Performance, New
Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications, 1991, c. 1-2
118
11. P. Sharan, Congress and The Making of Modern India, cv, c. 12-13
12. George E. Delury (ed.), World Encyclopedia of Political Systems and
Parties, Vol. 1, Afghanistan-Luxembourg, New York: Facts and File
Publications, 1987, c. 492
13. mvvrKvi, ivfwb VvKzi, hy mv`K, ciiv welqK wefvM, RvZxq KsGMm es
AavcK, B wkqvb vwWR, w`x wekwe`vjq, bqvw`x, 25 gvP 2010
14. Harun ur Rashid, Indo-Bangladesh Relations: An Insiders View, New
Delhi: Har-Anand Publications PVT LTD, 2002, c. 60-61
15. Ishtiaq Hossain, Indias Policy in South Asia, Regional Studies, Vol. 8, No.
3, Summer 1990, c. 87
16. George E. Delury (ed.), cv, c, 496
17. Naveed Ahmad, Recent Developments in Indian Foreign Policy, Pakistan
Horizon, Vol. xxxiii, No.3, 1980, c. 49
18. Atal Behari Vajpayee, Indias Foreign Policy Today, in Bimal Prasad (ed.),
Indias Foreign Policy Studies in Continuity and Change, New Delhi:
Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd, 1979, c. 3
19. S. D. Muni, Indias Beneficial Bilateralism in South Asia, India Quarterly,
Vol. 35, No. 4, Oct-December 1979, c. 417-418
20. cv, c. 418
28. gvRDxb Avng`, evsjvG`k ivRbxwZ wKQz K^v I K^KZv, XvKv, gwj cKvkbx,
eBGgjv 1999, c. 53
29. Aveyj Kvjvg, AvRvwZK mK `wY wkqv I evsjvG`k Zxq `wGKvY, XvKv, evsjv
KvGWgx, bGfi 1999, c. 279
119
33. mvvrKvi: b b Sv, mvGeK iv`Z I AvnvqK, ciiv welqK mj, weGRwc,
bqvw`x, 26 gvP 2010
34. AvKgj nvGmb, mvcwZK `k weG`Gki mgvR I bxwZ, XvKv, MKvbb, mGi
2001, c. 64-65
35. gvRDxb Avng`, k ce, XvKv, wkKo, 21 eBGgjv 2002, c. 234
36. cGev, c. 236
37. cGev, c. 236
38. mvvrKvi, cv^ m. Nvl, AavcK, zj Ae Bvibvkbvj vwWR, RInijvj bGni
wekwe`vjq, bqvw`x, 26 gvP 2010
39. Ishtiaq Hossain, Indias Policy in South Asia, cv, c. 85
40. R C Mishra (IPS), Security in South Asia, New Delhi: Authors Press, 2000,
c. 67
41. mq` AvGbvqvi nvGmb, ciivbxwZ 90 `vZv `Gki Pvc I wec fvegwZi eQi,
mvvwnK wewPv, 4 Rvbyqvwi, 1991, c. 67
42. ZvGiK kvgmyi ingvb, evsjvG`k I AvRvwZK ivRbxwZ, XvKv, g. Ave`yvn
m, AGvei 1993, c. 20
43. A.K.M. Abdus Sabur, Some Reflections on the Dynamics of BangladeshIndia Relations, in Iftekharuzzaman and Imtiaz Ahmed (eds.), Bangladesh
and SAARC Issues, Perspectives and Outlook, Dhaka: Academic
Publishers, 1992, c. 143
44. P. Sukumaran Nair, Indo-Bangladesh Relations, New Delhi: A. P. H.
Publishing Corporation, 2008, c. 158-159
45. Jayanta Kumar Roy, The Farakka Agreement, International Studies, Vol.
17, No. 1, January-March, 1978, c. 245
120
54. mvvrKvi, b b Sv, mvGeK iv`Z I AvnevqK, ciiv welqK mj, weGRwc,
bqvw`x, 26 gvP 2010
55. Partha S. Ghosh, Foreign Policy and Indian Politics: Issues Before the 15th
General Election, in Ajay K. Mehra (ed.), Emerging Trends in Indian
Politics: The 15th General Election, New Delhi: Routledge, 2010, c. 325
c. 167
60. mvvrKvi: g. gvGk` Lvb, mvGeK ciivgx, 29 wcj 2010
61. S. A. Zafar, Indo-Bangladesh Relations: Problems and Prospects, Pakistan
Horizon, Vol. 46, No. 3&4, July-October 1993, c. 100