1.

Development of the cartilage model: mesenchymal cells form shape of the bone
and develop into chondroblasts that form hyaline cartilage model.
2. Growth of the cartilage model: Chondroblast become chondrocytes. Some
chondrocytes hypertrophy-burst; causing a pH change which initiates calcification
of cartilage model. Growth in length: chondroblasts go through interstitial growth.
Growth in thickness: new chondroblasts are produced by perichondrium.
3. Development of the primary ossification center: nutrient artery penetration in
the middle diaphysis induces perichondrium cells in the perichondrium to
differentiate into osteoblasts; later becomes periosteum. Osteoblasts deposit
spongy bone; primary ossification spreads from out to inward and towards both
ends of cartilage model.
4. Development of marrow cavity: Osteoclast breaks down some of the newly
formed spongy bone trabeculae leaving a marrow cavity and osteoblasts replace
spongy bone with compact bone in the diaphysis.
5. Development of the secondary ossification center: Blood vessels penetrate the
epiphyses, allowing ossification to start in the middle of the epiphysis and work
outwards in both directions.
6. Formation of the articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: Hyaline
cartilage becomes the articular cartilage and later becomes the epiphyseal plate

Hip Joint (Coxal joint): ball and socket joint formed by the head of the femur and the
acetabulum of the hip bone. Movement includes extension, abduction, adduction,
circumduction, medial rotation and lateral rotation of the thigh.

Components
1. Articular capsule, one of the strongest structure in the body
2. Ischiofemoral ligament strengthen the articular capsule
3. Iliofemoral ligament the strongest and prevents hyperextension of the femur at the hip
joint during standings
4. Pubofemoral ligament prevents overabduction of the femur at the hip joint
5. Transverse ligament of the acetabulum: supports part of the acetabular labrum
6. Acetabular labrum fibrocartilage rim enhances the depth of the acetabulum
7. Ligament of the head femur extends from fossa of the acetabulum to head of the femur