Existence Magazine

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zJUG íjrcJ ikd f

wdkiwf nfvu kd rf nf
'gonfigwdeYk m;cd&
k m... Stone Wall Sculpture
Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Volume. 1, Issue. 1
t,f'Dwm aumif;jrwfausmfpGm
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Publication March 2008

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zJUG wnf&m r*¾Zif;wGif xnfo h iG ;f azmfjyxm;aom pmrsm;rSm a&;om;olrsm;\ rlyikd o f mjzpfNy;D pmrlrsm;udk tjcm;ae&mwGif
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kd jf zpfap? zJUG wnf&m r*¾Zif;rS wqifjh zpfap qufo, G í f cGijhf yKcsuaf wmif;,lMuyg&ef/
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vuf&mtrsm;tjym;udk bavmh*rf sm;? 0goemudt k &if;cHí wGif 0goemwl? apwemwl? wuf<urIwo l l pDpOforl sm;
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(Existence) udk zGUJ wnfvmapaom taMumif;cHrsm;xJrS jzpfvmcJo h nf/ uGsEykf w f Ykd apwemxm;í taumif;qH;k
wpfcjk zpfygonf/ zefw;D xm;ygonf/ uGsEykf w f \
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qd k c J h o nf h t wd k i f ; 0goemt&if ; cH j zif h ud k v nf ; xnf h o G i f ; jr § K yf E S H x m;ygonf / acwf E S i f h
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owdjyKryd gonf/ þae&mwGif pma&;om;rItwwfukd csiyf gonf/ okw? &o jrefrmh pmayawmtkyx f wJ iG f
ajymvdkonfr[kwfyg/ *sme,fvpfZiftwwfynmudk &moD t vd k u f a yguf v monf h tyif i ,f a v;tjzpf
toH k ; cs&ef v d k v monf h owif ; pm? r*¾ Z if ; yH k p H r sm; yg0ifp dr f; vef; ay;Edki fz dkY? tyifa umif; wpfy ifj zpfz dkY
zefw;D Mu&mü vdt k yfcsurf sm;udk owdjyKrjd cif;jzpfygonf/ uGsEykf wf w Ykd wfEikd o f avmuf BuKd ;yrf;oGm;ygrnf/
pmapmif a umif ; wpf c k j zpf & ef pma&m? jyif q if r I y g uRef a wmf w d k Y wwf E d k i f o nf h t csd e f w G i f
aumif;zdkYvdkygonf/ uGsEfkyfwdkYpDpOfolrsm;onfvnf; wwfEikd o f rSsukd vkyaf qmifMuonfh oabmom jzpfygonf/
*sme,fvpfZiftwwfynmü vG e f p G m wwf y G e f o nf tajctaeay;oavmuf uGsEykf w f Ykd BuKd ;pm;oGm;ygrnf/
r[k w f a o;yg/ od k Y a omf jref r mrD ' D , mavmuwG i f a0zeftMuaH y;rIrsm;udk tav;xm;vsu.f ..
tawmftwefusiv f nfz;l onfh tawGt Y MuKH ukd tajccHí
zefwD;Mujcif;jzpfygonf/ þodkYtm;jzifh tcsif;csif; t,f'wD m
tawGUtMuHKESifh twwfynmudk zvS,fEdkif? rSsa0Edkif rwfv? 2008
Murnf[k ,HMk unfryd gonf/ þonfrmS ]zGUJ wnf&m} (Ex- zGw
YJ nf&m (Existence) r*¾Zif;
existence
CONTENTS
rmwdum
&ifwGif;zJGUwnf&m poem
owd&jcif;taMumif;^vufwurf; - ndKrif;c 1
vGrf;w,f - cdkifpdk;vif; 1
udk,fydkiftbd"mef - nDvif;ol 2
EIwfqufjcif; - vif;jymaEG 2
ewforD;ESifhuckefjcif; - Albert Mine 3
acgif;pOfrhJ - autrfauZuf 4
pdwuf ;l ,OfyiG o
hf pf - atmNrKd if 4
umwGef;zJGUwnf&m cartoon
jyefvnfqef;opfazmfjyjcif; - armifpdef 5
jyefvnfqef;opfazmfjyjcif; - atmfyDus,f 6
pdwful;zJGUwnf&m essay
uRefawmfESifhtcsdef - mm Thinker 7
olcdk; - rif;*½kPm 9
Or®wu - cdik pf ;kd vif; 11
tnmjyef cHpm;rI - tnmom;armifarmif 42
uReaf wmfEiS hf ude;f *Pef;rsm; - vm&m 45
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m short story

okn eJY wpf - ql;&Sae 13
acgufqJGjyKwfESifh a&oefY - ausmfZifOD; 16
rSef + bDvl; - olvif;quf 17
tarSmifxJu ausmufacwf - au*Ref 20
rGef;wnfha&mif - ndKrif;c 22
wdwfwcdk; - pnfol 35
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m novel
csif;rdkif'dkif,m&D - [efopfNidrf 26
enf;ynmzJGUwnf&m IT
Photoshop Tutorial (3D Text) - MMPhotoshop 36
tjrifzJGUwnf&m movie review

ema&pGrf½kyf&Siftm; cHpm;jcif; - xGef;xGef;OD; 38
CONTENTS
rmwdum
ynm&yfzJzGUwnf
JUwnf&m philosophy
jrefrmESifh acwfopf 0g'^0g'Drsm; - oifum 47
Deconstruction - bke;f jrifO
h ;D 52
ynm&yfzJGUwnf&m architecture
Deconstruction in Architecture - udAk o
d u
k m 53
okwzJGUwnf&m knowledge
urÇmausmf vQKd U0Sucf surf sm; - azmfaumif 48
bmaMumifh - *sLyDwm 51
&nfñT
ñeT f;zJGYwnf&m reference
udo k ifum\ Zefe0g&D ydpYk ^f bavmh*f tñTe;f 55
English Section
Existence cartoon
International Cartoon - Johnny Hart 60
International Cartoon - Charles M. Schulz 61
Existence poem
Don't look at me like that - Mobius 62
Existence short story

Phase in Space - Paul O' Neill 63
Honey, I Love You - Han Thit Nyeim 64
The Man Who Married Himself - Charlie Fish 65
Existence knowledge
Fortune Telling - Maung Kyaa Nyo 67
Existence research
A Note on the Development of the
Burmese Language - U Pe Maung Tin 69
zJGUwnf&m r*¾Zif; Volume. 1, Issue. 1
poem
owd&jcif;taMumif;^vufwurf;
&ifcGifeJYvufwurf;rSm
ndKrif;c
&ifwGif;zJGUwnf&m
tJ'D&ifckefoHu zl;yGifhcJh
tJ'D&ifckefoHu uckefcJh
tJ'D&ifckefoHu &ifckefcJh.../
'geJYawmif
&ifcGif[m vufwpfurf;xuf ydkeD;rvmwJhtcg
&ufawG em&DawG owdw&eJyY J owd&&aecJ&h w,f..
terf;u xGuo f ufet
YJ wl
0ifoufxJ jyeft½du I ef YJ MuKH vu
kd &f wJt
h cg
vufz0g;wpfzufu vufwpfurf;rSm
aumfzDcGufcsif; &eHYcsif;eD;pyfcJh
ajcvSrf;csif; tvGrf;csif;eD;pyfcJh
&ifcGif[mvufwpfurf;xuf ydkeD;rvmwJhtcg
tvdv k akd 0;..
owd&wJt h cg owdw&eJyY J owd&&aecJ&h w,f
&ifcGifeJYvufwurf;rSm... ckawmha0;... a0;...
vufwrf;pmxuf ydak 0;cJ.h .. .../
vGr;f w,f
igxdkifvGrf;ae 'DnawGrSm
Mu,fa&mifawGrawmuf
v&dyfaysmufae
aemufusw d hJ pdwt
f pOfxJ
eifyJ a&mufa&mufaecJh
rtdyb
f rJ ufwhJ tdyrf ufawGvnf;
rjywf pdk;rdk;qJqdkawmh
Edk;xzdkUcuf qufrufaewwf
touf&Sdaeoa&GU
auGUywfra&SmifEdkif
{u&mZfawGvdIifwJh wpfaeY
xyfawGUcGifU&Sdrvm;
a00g;wJhESif;xkMum;u
pum;oHrJh t&dyfwpfckarSsmf&if;
a<uqif;oGm;wJh &ufawGvawG
vufcsK;d Ny;D a&a&aerd/ /
cdkifpdk;vif;
08-01-08
1
poem
ud,
k yf ikd t
f bd"mef
b0qdw k m? pmwpftyk f
&ifwGif;zJGUwnf&m
tem*wfqdkwm?
ausmfzwfr&wJhpmrsufESmjzpfr,fqdk
tcspfqdkwm...
uRefawmfzwfcsifwJh pmrsufESm
odrf;xm;csifwJh pum;pk
rodudef;tm;vHk;&JUtajz
vdktyfcsuftm;vHk;&JU arQmfvifhjcif;
,HkMunfcsuf&JU tvif;a&mifjyjy
uReaf wmfrydik w
f hJ ? uReaf wmft
h wå
NyD;awmh...
a,mif,rf;wrf;wrdwwfwJh
tdyfrufvSvSav;wpfckygyJ/
nDvif;ol
EIwq
f ufjcif;
q,fvfrefig;awG tdrfjyefNyDav
igwdYk EIwq f ufMupdYk
aumif;uifudk eifMunfY
vGwfvyfrIoufoufeJY
vrf;cGaJ w;udk toHww d n f nf;prf;
rsuf&nfruseJY
*Gw'f bf ikd v
f Ykd rqdek YJ
&Da0wJY cHpm;csufawGrygeJY
a&SUjzpfaemufaMumif;awG razmfeJY
wcrf;wem;Mu;D raMuuGJ ypfvu kd ef YJ
igYrsuf0ef;awGeJY a0;&mvJTxm;NyD;
oufNyif;wpfcsufyJ cdk;csMunfYprf;yg
igwdYk EIwq f ufjcif;
b,favmufawmif
oefpY ifomG ;rvJv/Ykd / vif;jymaEG
2
poem
tpu ightpfuekd aYJ ewm

tck olaY umifrav;aemuf vdu k o f mG ;Ny;D
b0ifjrifah ew,f xifwmyJ.. ar;vfawmifpw d yf grS jyefw,f?
&ifwGif;zJGUwnf&m
]aeYcif;ubmawGjzpfcw hJ ek ;f }
oli,fcsi;f wpfa,mufeYJ
uefawmfBu;D rSm "mwfyo kH mG ;½du k w f ek ;f uayghumG
½ky&f iS t f zJUG wpfcu k ½ky&f iS ½f u kd w f mawGUawmh
igvnf; rif;orD;oGm; ief;wmaygh
tm;yg;... rif;orD;uvnf;rpHG
rif;om;uvnf; qJaG wmifx;kd csiv f mwmeJY
jyefxu G v
f mcJw h ,f/
]Ny;D awmhaum}
tJ'geJY "mwfyq kH uf½u kd rf ,ftvkyf
ieJwpfaumifvmar;w,f
uifr&mcGeaf qmifNy;D oGm;yvm;aygh
Ny;D Nyv
D Ykd ajymNy;D yHq k uf½u kd w f maygh
rMumygbl;.. aemufwpfaumifvmjyefNy?D 'Dar;cGe;f yJ
oluajymao;w,f? ajypmudk uifr&mrSmcsw d xf m;ygwJh
rif;tarBu;D awmfryS ?J 'gyJ vmar;aeMuovm;...vdYk
ajymNy;D atmfxw k v f ukd w f ,f
uifr&mu ao;ao;av;uG
ajypmu olx Y ufEpS q f avmuf&w dS m
b,fae&moGm;csw d rf vJ/
]&Siaf emufxyf bmjzpfao;vJ}
aemuf *dw0f ifaMu;awGayghumG
uefawmfBu;D rSm *dwaf wG wtm;rsm;wm
ewforD;ESifh uckefjcif; ausmif;om;wpfpek YJ *dwaf pmifah yghumG ?
pum;rsm;aew,f?
olwu Ykd vltrsm;Bu;D eJq Y akd wmh
'Dtcef;av;xJrmS igwpfa,mufxJ &Sad ew,f *dw0f ifwikd ;f om ay;ae&&if b,foufomrvJ
tjyifuoGm;vmaewJh toHawGuv kd nf; rMum;csiaf wmhb;l aemufNy;D ... vl0ifcudk ajypmvnf;ray;bl;av?
wHcg;awGtvHyk w d vf u kd wf ,f aemufq;kH *dwaf pmifh a&Smv f u kd &f wmaygh
zkef;BudK;awGvnf; jzKwfvdkufw,f? igwdv Yk nf; 'DaumifawG pum;rsm;aewke;f *dwaf Mu;ray;bJ
rsuEf mS usuu f ntdyrf ;D tpdr;f a&mifav;wpfv;kH yJxeG ;f Ny;D tomav; vpfvmMuw,f/
usew f rhJ ;D awGywd vf ukd w f ,f? ]&Sifu 'grsdK;vnf; wwfwmyJaemf?}
a&SUwnfw h nfrh mS u aumfzcD u G af v;wpfcu G f at; tJ'g igwdeYk w YJ aGJ ewJh q&mydeyf ed af v; oifay;wm?
ol&Y eHaY v;u oif;vd?Yk olvnf; b0ifjrifah eygNyu D mG
olt Y aiGUav;awGu ightwGuaf wmh ighukd "mwfyo kH m½du k cf ikd ;f wm
uBuKd ;uuGuf pHv k ifwehJ wfrrd ,fav;aygh? tqifajy rajyav;awmif bmrSvnf; jyefrajymbl;/
wdik uf yfem&Du xGuv f mwJh acsmufcsuo f pH Ofav;awGeYJ
olr&JU uBuKd ;awGuawmh t[kwo f m;? uJu.J . igvnf; tdycf siNf yu
D mG
a[rmhvkd toHcsKd csKd av;eJY aemufrS qufajymMuwmaygh..../
olr jyKH ;&,fvsuf ujyae&if;u ar;w,f
]&Siw f pfa,mufxyJ J tjraJ ewmvm;} Albert Mine
3
poem
acgif;pOfrh J
(1)
usKyaf e&muMunf&h if
&ifwGif;zJGUwnf&m
aumif;jrwfausmpf mG qdwk m usKyrf [kwbf ;l / autrfauZuf

aumif;jrwfausmpf mG ae&muMunf&h if
aumif;jrwfausmpf mG qdw
k m usKy[f wk w
f ,f/
(2)
aumif;jrwfausmpf mG qdwk m tcGAH s
vdt
k yfcsuw f pfct
k wGuf jzpfwnfcw hJ ,f/
'gayr,f.h ..
aumif;jrwfausmpf mG tzdYk usKyu f w&m;ud, k Af s
usKyrf &S&d if olvnf; r&SEd idk b
f ;l /
(3)
'DED pS cf v
k ;kH udk usKyu
f awG;,lxm;wmAs
'Dvrkd aS wG;rxm;&if
usKyv f nf;r&Sad wmhb;l /
pdwful;,Of yGifhopf
ighrSm tonf;toefjzpfae&wmaygh
*pfwmav; rawmufwacgufeJYyJ jzpfjzpf
pmom;av;wpfydkif;wpfpudkyJ jzpfjzpf
ay:ay:wifwifBuD;vnf; rajymvdk
odvnf; odapcsifjyefao;qdkawmh
rif;BudKufzdkYuvnf; vdkvdrfhOD;rSm
tJovdkeJYygyJ
&ifbwf[m ajrrIefajraqG;awGeJYjzpfoGm;
tJ'DrSmtjrpfwG,fNyD;
tpdrf;a&mifopfwpfyif aygufowJh
odyfrMumcif aejcnfaEG;aEG;jzmwJhtcg
olYtzl;iHkuav; yGifhvmwmudkjrifNyD;
ighrSm ESpfodrfhjyHK;rsdK;jyHK;ae&wJhyHkrsm;aygh/
atmNrdKif
4
cartoon
umwGef;armifpdef
umwGef;zJGUwnf&m
5
cartoon
jyefvnfqef;opfazmfjyjcif;
umwGef;atmfyDus,f
umwGef;zJGUwnf&m
6
essay
pdwful;zJGUwnf&m
usaemfESifhtcsdef
mm Thinker
(1)
us aemfonf tcsed uf kd awmfveS cf ?hJ awmfveS q
awmfvSefaeOD;rnf jzpfonf/ usaemfonf
f ?J jy|mef ; ay;oif h y govm;/ usaemf o nf tcsd e f \
aus;uRef r [k w f / jy|mef ; ? ynwf c suf r sm;\
tcsed \
f aus;uRerf [kw/f aus;uRerf [kw/f
(2) (4)
txuf w ef ; ausmif ; om;b0wG i f j zpf o nf / usaemf tcsed u f kd pGeyYf pfvu
kd Nf y[D k aMunmaom
vufvSrf;rDorQpmtkyf? r*¾Zif;awGudk tvGwfray; tcg ]'gqdk pD;yGm;a&;orm;awGecYJ sw d jf y;D Advertisment
zwfaecsed /f a&;ol rrSwrf ad wmhaom aqmif;yg;wpfy'k f vkyaf e&wm 'kuy© }J [k udw k ;l unOf;onf/ ]tcsed u f kd
okwpG,fpHkr*¾Zif;rSmxifonf/ zwfrdonf/ vlonf ypf c sif y pf y g? 'gayr,f h Appointment &S d & if a wmh
tcsdef\ aus;uRefvm;[k apm'uwufxm;aom oGm;rSjzpfr,f}[k udw k ;l u ajymonf/ xdaYk Mumifh usaemfu
bmomjyefaqmif;yg;wpfyk'f jzpfonf/ awG;p&mawG tcsd e f u d k trnf a jymif ; ay;vd k u f o nf / avmuud k
wpfxrf;Bu;D &oGm;onf/ em&Dukd pdwyf suo f mG ;onf/ yHkoGif;aeaom þtcsdefþem&D? xdkYaMumifh ]avmu
tcsdefZ,m;awGudk oHo,0ifvmonf/ tcsdefESifh "mwfem&D}/ tjcm;olwdkYESifh Associate jzpfaom em&D
wd w f q d w f p G m pwif oabmxm; uG J v G J p jyKonf / jzpfonf/ usaemfhtcsdef? usaemfhem&Dr[kwf/ usaemf
usaemfonf tcsed \ f aus;uRerf [kw/f tpOftvm rsm;\ tdycf siaf om tcsed rf mS usaemf\ tdycf sed jf zpfjy;D ? pm;csed rf mS
aus;uRerf [kw/f Adkufqmaom tcsdefjzpfonf/ xdkYxufaumif;aom
owfrw S cf suu f kd ckxrd jrifao;/ usaemfonf tcsed \ f
(3) aus;uRerf [kw/f tjcm;jzpfwnfrrI sm;\ aus;uRerf [kw/f
wuú o d k v f a usmif ; om;b0wG i f j zpf o nf /
yef;csaD vmuxJuv kd nf; vufpykH pf0ifcjhJ y/D Time ESihf Clock (5)
udk qef;ppfMunfv h monf/ q&mvnf;jzpf? tpfuv kd v kd nf; usaemf r l ; aeonf / yef ; csD q &mawG E S i f h
cif & ol ud k w l ; u xrif ; pm;csd e f [ k ajymonf / aygif;aomtcg bDtD;wpfpdwfESifh pyguvifwpfvHk;
tdycf sed [
f ak jymonf/ usaemfapm'u wufwwfvmonf/ onfvnf; umvmoDtdk&Drsm;\ tpdwftydkif;wpf&yf
usaemf qmaomtcsdefonf omvQif xrif;pm;csdef jzpfvmonf/ ajryJ odkYr[kwf yJjcrf;okwf odkYr[kwf
jzpfoifhonf/ urÇmvnfaeí em&DuvdkufrSwfojzifh yckuLú jrpfajcom; ausmo f m;'Ge;f MuKd uw
f hJ tzd;k Mu;D okwf
usa&mufaomtcsdefonf usaemf\ xrif;pm;csdef[k (vufzufESyfeJY MuufoGefjzL? jiKyfoD;pdrf;)onfvnf;
7
essay
bDt;D cg;cg;ESiahf rQmcsp&m? xdt Yk jyif tjiif;yGrJ sm;\ Break xdpk OfwiG f ausmufajrmif; reufcif;\ awmfveS af &;oH
jzpf o nf (0g;ae&if ajymvd k Y r &)/ xd k Y a Mumif h xGuv f monf/ ]avmu "mwfem&Db,favmuf&jdS yv D J
usaemfr;l aeonf/ 0if;xGe;f }/ ]bmvJuUJG ? avmu"mwfem&D}/ wdwq f wd rf rI S
reuf Appointment &S d o nf w J h ud k w l ; &J h vl;vGefYvmaom
pdwful;zJGUwnf&m
wynfah usmBf u;D 0if;xGe;f u ajymonf/ reufb,ftcsed f ar;cGef;aMumifh

ponfjzifah yghav/ ]ighukd tcsed af wG? bmawG vmajymraeeJ}Y vefYoGm;onf/
[k rl;aecsdef &pfvdkufonf/ pmyif ra&;wwfonfh 0if;xGef;u tefwDhudk
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pdr;f apmfvnf;eHw,f/ pm;wJv h al wGuawmh trsm;Bu;D yJ/
ol i ,f c sif ; awG u d k v nf ; zwf a pcsif v d k Y a&;wmyJ /
r*¾Zif;awGtwGuf r[kwb f ;l vdaYk jym&wm *kP, f w l ,f/ cdik pf ;kd vif;
tckwavm bma&m*gxwmvJawmhrodb;l / pmawGukd (10:40 pm)
tquftpyfr&Sad &;&wm uRerf BuKduaf ew,f/ tquftpyf 18.10.07
r&Sad tmif renf;BuKd ;pm;&wm? vG,w f ,frxife/YJ
12
short story
okn eJY wpf

ql ; &S a e
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
at'D - 1200 ck
]]'Dvdk okn&? reufjzefus&if bk&ifBuD;&JU oknu EIwq f w

d af ew,f/
ude;f *Pef;yJaG wmf&w dS ,f/ tJ'g rif;udk zdwcf ikd ;f vdu k vf Ykd ]]tajzu ]0} yJ/ tJovdk ]okn}qdw k mudk
tJ'DrSm rif;eJYig udef;*Pef;wdkY&JU '@m&DtaMumif; pawGUwJt h csed rf mS *Pef;ocsmF avmu&JU Bu;D rm;wJh
pmwrf;zwf&rSm}} awmf v S e f a &;BuD ; pwif c J h w myJ ? wu,f y g?
]]bm? igrvdu k cf sib f ;l ? ude;f *Pef;ordik ;f rSm okn&JUta&;ygrIu tJ'u D pwmyJ}}
iguaemufq;kH u? rif;xuf tESpo f ;kH axmifausmaf wmif ]]xm;vdu k pf rf;yguGm? wpfxu J wpfEw I rf aS wmh
aemufusw[ hJ m}} bmuseaf wmhrmS vJ/ Zero has no value oknrSm rif;wdYk
]]r[k w f b l ; / ocsF m ord k i f ; rS m ok n [m txifBu;D avmufww hJ efz;kd bmwpfcrk u
S kd r&Sw d m}}
aemufq;kH rS qdak yrifh xdyq f ;kH u ta&;ygygw,fu/G ]]r[kwaf o;bl;? Oyrm igqdyk gawmh? ]1} qdw k m
rif;r&S&d if igwdo Yk csmF rSm tpGe;f xGuaf wGcsn;f jzpfaerSm? wpf c k q d k w J h ta&twG u f u d k ud k , f p m;jyKw,f /
10ç 100ç 1000 jzpfzo Ykd n
k awGvw kd ,fav}} tJ...rif;usawmh bmrSr&Sw d mudk ud,k pf m;jyKw,f/
]]'grif;avQmufajymaewm? t&m&mwdik ;f udk bmwpfcrk S r&Sw d [ hJ m (Nothing) qdwk mudk ud, k pf m;jyKzYkd
rif;zefqif;Edik w f myJ}} rif;&SdrSjzpfrSm? okn&SdrSjzpfrSm? tJvdkyJ reufjzef
pmwrf;zwfyrGJ mS vnf; rif;&Srd jS zpfrmS }}
1+1+1=3
1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1=10 1-1=0
100-100=0
]]aemufNy;D ? a&mrom;awGqkd ighut kd zufawmif
rvkyb f ;l / olwu Ykd ]1} udk ] I } vdaYk &;w,f? ]10} usawmh
]X} ? ]100} usawmh ]C} ? ]1000} usawmh ]M} wJ/h ]]aemufNy;D oknqdw k m taygif;vnf;r[kwf
b,frmS oknygvJ}} tEIwv f nf;r[kww f *hJ Pef;qdw
k m rif;arhaeNyv
D m;/
]]rif;rSm;aewm? okn&JUwefzdk;udkrodvdkY ude;f jynfah wGxrJ mS rif;[m bufrvdu k w
f wfwo hJ l
a&mrawG acwfaemufuscJhwm? 'DrSm igar;r,f? qdw
k mav}}
wpfxu J wpfEw I &f if bmuserf vJ}}
... -3 ç -2 ç -1 ç 0 ç 1 ç 2 ç 3 ...
1-1= ¿
13
short story
]]a[...}} ]okn} aysmo f mG ;w,f/ reufjzefreuf ud,

k u
hf ,
kd u
f kd jyefpm;&Jr,fah umifvnf; r[kwb f ;l ? pm;&if
pmwrf;zwfyuGJ kd vdu
k cf rhJ ,fvv
Ykd nf; uwday;vdu k wf ,f/ t"dymÜ ,fr&Sw
d ah J umif jzpfomG ;rSmwJ?h aemufNy;D olu
Y ,kd of vl nf;
b,fawmhhrS tajz&Sm0HhrSm r[kwfbl;? tJ'Dtcgvnf;
ààà oknawGyx J yf&OD;rSm? pifppf okn[m tqHr&Sw d ahJ umifw}hJ }
aemufwpfaeYnrSm ]wpf} xyfa&mufvmw,f/ 5÷0=¿

]]'Dvu
k d G okn/ 'Dreufpmwrf;zwfyrG J mS Mum;cJ&h wm/ 0÷0=¿
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
rif;ud;k ½d;k um;,m;Edik w f t

h J aMumif; ocsmF avmuom;awG 0+0+0+0=0
ajymaeMuwm}} 0_0=0
]]trf...'g[kwaf ewmyJ?
ajymMuygap}} oknu ajzawG;awG;w,f/ Ny;D rS
]]'geJ Y rif ; taMumif ; ajymaewmvnf ;
igMum;cJah o;w,f}}
]]a[...}} wpf tHMh ooGm;w,f/
]]rif; pdwrf qd;k wwfb;l qd&k if ajymcsiw
f ,f}}
]]ajymyg? &w,f}}
tckjyxm;wJh yHu
k One vnf;[kwf Zero vnf; ]]'DvdkuG ]1} qdkwJhaumif[mvnf; oknvdkyJ
[kww f ,f/ MuKd ;pm;Ny;D zwfMunfyh g bmwefzdk;rS&Sdwm r[kwfbl;wJh ? igwdkYuom olYudk
oGm;oGm;ajrm§ ufaewm igwdYk wefz;kd u t&iftwdik ;f yJ
jyef&wmcsn;f yJ/ oluom igwdw Yk efz;kd &oGm;w,f}}
]]b,fv.kd ..}} okn pdw0f ifpm;w,f/
]]igwu,fajym&if rif;pdwq f ;kd rSmvm;}} olu 1_0=0
]okn}rsuEf mS udk vSr;f tuJcwfw,f/ 1_5=5
]][ift h if;? aocsmaewJt h &mwpfcu k kd pdwq
f ;kd ½Hek YJ 1_10=10
acszsuv f rY k d rS &wm? olwrY k d mS ;ajymwm qd&k ifvnf; igpdwq f ;k d vdY k
tydyk J ajymNy;D oGm;wm bmwwfEikd rf mS vJ/ uJ...ajym}} ]]oleJYaygif;awmhaum tqifhwufvmr,f
]]'D v d k u G m ? ok n ud k usef w J h a umif a wG u xifvv Ykd m;? b0ajymif;oGm;wmyJ tzwfwifr,f? wefz;kd u
aygif;Muw,f? 'gayr,fh t&ifvdkyJ? olwdkY&JU wefzdk; wpfcyk w J ;kd vmrSm/ tJ'gudk ]1} qdw
k ahJ umifu oleaYJ ygif;vdYk
wufrvmbl;/ 'geJrYJ &awmh oknudk ajrm§ ufpm;Muw,fumG / usew
f *hJ Pef;awG wpfqifw h ufomG ;w,f vd*Yk P
k , f Nl y;D
oknawGyJ jzpfvmjyefw,f/ oGm;Ny?D okneJq Y ufqrH w d m avQmufajymaeao;wmwJ/h }}
vH;k 0udk rSm;Ny?D olwaYkd wmhh wefz;kd rJNh yD wJ}h }
1+0=1
0+5=5 1+5=6
0_5=0
0÷5=0 ]][Ge;f ? olwu Ykd tJvykd J ajymowJv h m; }} wpf
pdwwf vkd mw,f/
]][rf...}} okn awGomG ;w,f/ ]]aeOD;? useaf o;w,f/ wd*Yk Pef;wlawG tcsi;f csi;f
]]aemufNy;D ajymao;w,f}} pm;rdvdkY&Sd&if oluMum;xJuae ]1} jzpfoGm;NyDqdkNyD;
]]b,fvakd jymao;wmvJ}} aysmfaeao;wm/ tJ'gudkrif;wdkY rauseyfvdkY ]1}udk
]]okn[m olrsm;awGukd rpm;&Jovdk b,fawmhrh S oG m ;rpm;vd k u f e J Y ud k , f u sd K ;enf ; NyD o mrS w f ?
14
short story
jynfah ewJrh if;wdb

Yk 0awG tydik ;f cH&Nyo
D mrSww
f }hJ }
Joke Salary of Kisses
5÷5=1
1÷5= 1^5 Dear Sweetheart,
I can’t send my salary this month, so I am

sending 100 kisses.
] bm...'DaumifawG vGev f mNyuD mG }
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
]]tJ...aeOD;avuGm? rif;yJpw
d rf qd;k bl;qd}k } You are my sweetheart
Your husband
]tif;...ajymuGm} Allen.
]]rif;[m *Pef;awG&UJ zef;qif;&Siv f Ykd ajymw,f}}
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1+1=2 His wife replied back after some days to

1+1+1=3 her husband:
1+1+1+1=4 Dearest sweetheart,

1+1+1+1+1=5
Thanks for your 100 kisses, I am sending
the expenses details.
1. The Milk man agreed on 2 kisses for
]]at;? tJ'g[kww f myJ? bmjzpfvv Ykd }J } one month’s milk.
2. The electricity man only agreed after 7
]]olwaYkd wG ajymMuwmaemf? ude;f *Pef;awG&UJ kisses.
zefqif;&Sifudk,fwdkif[m *Pef;wpfvHk;jyefjzpfaewm 3. Your house owner is coming every day
and taking two or three kisses instead of
t"dymÜ ,fr&Sb
d ;l wJ}h }
the rent.
]awmuf...igjyefr,fumG } 4. Supermarket owner did not accept
]wpf } uawmh h pd w f q d k ; oG m ;NyD / ok n ud k a wmif kisses only, so I have given him some
other items...........
EIwq
f ufroGm;bl;/ 5. Other expenses 40 kisses
tJ'aD wmhrS ]okn}u owdxm;rdw,f/ ]wpf}[m Please don’t worry for me, I have a
remaining balance of 35 kisses and I hope
olv
Y kd jynfjh ynf0h 0rS r[kwb
f /J wpfjcrf;yJah ewmud;k / I can complete the month using this
balance.
Shall I plan same way for next months,
1 ≠ 0 Please Advise !!!
ql;&Sae Your Sweet Heart.
Joke aemufqHk;ay:aq;
]]*smreDEikd if H urÇmausmf ab,maq;ukrP Ü u
D plygaq;wpfrsKd ;udk wDxiG xf w
k v
f yk v
f u
kd o
f wJ?h Mum;Ny;D Nyv
D m;/}}
]][ift h if;? bmaq;vJ/}}
]]xd;k aq;/ 'Daq;&JU wpfq,frv D *D &rfukd aool&UJ vufarmif;xJx;kd vdu
k /f tJ'aD emuf oleEYJ pS ef m&DMum
cifAsm;pum;ajymEdik w f ,fw/hJ }}
]]w,f[w k yf gvm;/}}
]]'gayr,fh aowJv h ul awmh cifAsm;udk wpfceG ;f rSjyefrajymbl;wJ/h }}
15
short story
tqifoifh&SdwJh a&Al;av;udk wpfcsdKufNyD;wpfcsdKuf

armh&awmhwmaygh/
tcef;wHcg;awGydwfNyD; tif;,m;uefabmif
bufukd OD;wnfvmcJw h ,f/ uefab;rSm&Sw d hJ cHak wGrmS awmh
acgufqJGjyKwf ae&mr&Sad wmhb;l As/ 'gaMumifah vSum;av;wpfcek m;rSm
xdik af evdu k w
f ,f/ tJ'rD mS ayghAsm... pHw k aGJ v;wpfwGJ
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
ESifh uef a bmif a y:ud k w uf v mw,f / aumif r av;ud k

jrifzl;ovdkvdk&SdvdkY pOf;pm;rdvdkufw,f/ rMumygbl;
owd&rdygw,f/ usKy&f UJ 10wef;ausmif;om;b0wke;f u
a&oefY BuKd ucf w
olom igeJt
hJ hJ aumifrav;rsuEf mS eJY cyfqifqifu;kd / aMomf...
Y aMumif;ygcJv h Ykd orD;av;rsm;&cJ&h if...
'Dt½G,&f adS vmufa&mayghvYkd awG;rdw,f/ ajym&OD;r,f/
tJ'w D ek ;f u usKyu f om toJtrJBuKd uw f m? olr uawmh
ausmfZifOD; usKyv f akd umifukd &Sw d ,fvaYkd wmifrxifb;l As/ usKyu f vnf;
vGefygw,f/ bmvkyfvkyf tvJGvJGtacsmfacsmfawGyJ
jzpfcJhw,f/ b,fawmhrS taumif;rjrifcHcJh&bl;/
vlysKd aygufb0xJu tusKd ;ay;u tJoavmufaumif;wm/
vdk&if;ajym&&if oleJYvJGcJhw,fayghAsm/ aemuf...
aumvdyaf usmif;om;b0rSmvnf; wpfa,muf/ olu Y v kd nf;
xH;k pHtwdik ;f vJcG yhJ gw,f/ 'Dvekd YJ BuKd ucf w hJ rhJ ed ;f uav;awG
ig;a,mufajrmufxd vJGNyD;wJhtcgrSmawmh udk,fhb0
qJjG yKwt f xkyaf v;awGukd pm;zl;MurSmyg/
acguf wpfu, kd af &orm;awGtwGuu
oGm;a&pmtwGuw
f awmh
f if r[kwyf gbl;/
tusKd ;ay; ud, k ef m;vnfvmw,f/ b,fou
rBuKd u&f aJ wmhb;l / wpfu, kd wf nf;aecJw
Yl ,
h m cktouf 60
kd rf v S nf;
t½G,fawmifvGefcJhaygh/ tem;rSmvnf; b,folrS

xrif;avmuf wmoGm;ygw,f/ csujf yKwpf m;aomufzYkd
r&Sad wmhb;l / wl wlrav;awGuvnf; wcgw&Hy&J w d S wfwm/
rvG,b f ;l qdw k mxuf rcsucf siaf wmhwm rsm;ygw,f/
ud,
k ef t YJ jraJ ewmqdv k Ykd oGm;av&mygwwfwhJ wkwaf umuf
xrif;[if;awG csux f m;vnf; pm;r,fo h ul ud, k yf /J
wpf a csmif ; yJ a ygh / rsuf v H k ; awG u vnf ; t&if v d k
rif;vuf&m aumif;vdu k w
f mvdYk ajymazmfawmifr&Syd gbl;/
awmufyraeawmhbl;/ tjrJvdkvdk rIef&Da00g;eJY/
'gaMumif h csuf j yKwf p m;&rS m ud k 0ef a v;aewm/
wcgwcgqdk&if ai;csif&mudk ai;idkifaewwfygNyD/
usKyt f wGuaf wmh acgufqjGJ yKw[ f m r&Srd jzpfxaJ wmif
oG m ;vmvI y f & S m ;rI u vnf ; rl r rS e f c sif a wmh b l ; /
ygaeygNyD / tjrJ w rf ; vd k v d k acguf q J G j yKwf e J Y
txdik t f xrSmqd&k if wkwaf umufukd tm;,l&wmaygh/
a&Al;av;wpfA;l eJo Y m jzwfoef;Ny;D xrif; teyfaygif;rsm;pGm
tdy&f mtxrSmqd&k if wcgw&H acgif;u rl;rdu k rf u kd &f ,f/
vG w f v mcJ h N yD ; ygNyD / tjyif x rif ; [if ; awG v nf ;
tif;... rd;k vnf;csKyNf yq D akd wmh taqmifawmfuo kd m
odyrf pm;csib f ;l / 'gaMumifh acgufqjGJ yKwef YJ a&Al;wpfA;l [m
,Ge;f &NyaD ygh/ wHcg;zGiNhf y;D rD;cvkwaf wGuykd g zGiv hf u kd w f ,f
usKy&f UJ oauFw jzpfreS ;f rod jzpfvmygw,f/ Mumawmh
qdk&ifyJ naeupm;NyD; rodrf;rdcJhwJh acgufqJGjyKwf
jrifawmif rjrifcsiaf wmhb;l Asm? t&rf;rke;f aeNy/D b,fou l
yef;uefav;eJY a&Al;av;u EIwq f uf&mS ygw,f/ "See
pxGicf rhJ eS ;f udk rodb;l As/ wcgwcg tdyrf ufxt J xdawmif
you again" wJ/h tif;... pm;vufpawGuk d qufpm;Ny;D
'Daumifu ygvmNy;D ae&m,lw,f/ usKyt f yd rf ufxrJ mS
tdyfawmhr,f/ tdyfrufvSvSrufygapvdkY qkawmif;
acguf q J G a jcmuf txk y f a wG t rsm;BuD ; u
ay;MuayghAsm/
vufawGaygufvmNy;D usKyq f yH ifawGukd EIwaf ewmwJ/h
ausmZf ifO;D
usKyrf mS ]tm;} ueJ atmfNy;D vefEY ;kd vmw,f/ ab;em;rSm
16
short story
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
rSef + bDvl;
olvif;quf
uHw&m;&JU ESpcf sKd Upum;vH;k awG 0&efwmay:vufwif [d;k cyfvrS ;f vSr;f u opfajcmuf
reuf&,f? n&,f yifawG? tdraf [mif;awGukd pdu k Mf unfah ewm/
aumif;uif[m tjymxJuygyJ tJ ' D u d k uRef a wmf cyf a i;ai;Munf h a wmh
tJ'aD wmh... tcsdefukefcH Munfh&avmufatmif xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
ighukd rMunhMf uygeJY pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wmudkrawGUrdbl;/ tm;vHk;[m
okomefwpjyifvkd rJaG jcmufajcmufe&YJ ,f/ 'Dvekd YJ uReaf wmf
wu,fwrf; ajym&&if... tJ'D aumifrav;rSm tvk y f u jyef v d k Y 0&ef w mxG u f x d k i f w d k i f ; ol r ud k
pJrG ufavmufp&m bmrSurkd &Sw d myg/ xl;jcm;wmqdv k Ykd awG U awG U rd w ,f / awG U wd k i f ; rS m vnf ; rS e f b D v l ; eJ Y
olrrSm rSefbDvl;wpfvuf&Sdw,f/ NyD;awmh olr cyfvrS ;f vSr;f utdraf wG? opfyifawGukd Munfjh r/J
aewJw h ukd cf ef;[m uReaf wmfeu YJ yf&ufyg/ avSum;u odq Yk v
kd Qif olr\b0onf ysi;f p&maumif;ay
wufvm&if uReaf wmft h cef;u nmbufrmS ? olr tcef;u vdrrhf nf/
b,fbufrmS &Sw d ,f/
tJ'DaeY[m azazmf0g&DvxJu wpfckaom ààà
paeaeY y J / uRef a wmf naeapmif ; 0&ef w mxG u f
avñSi;f cHawmh olrudk awGUw,f/ xdik cf w kH pfv;kH eJx Y ikd Nf y;D uReaf wmf...
avmuud k ai;armaewJ h y H k p H r sd K ;eJ Y / *½k w pd k u f naebufa&muf&if Ed;k vmr,f
tuJcwfMunfah wmh vufxrJ mS rSeb f vD ;l cyfBu;D Bu;D wpfvuf reufqkd tdypf ufr,f
udik x f m;wm awGUw,f/ ta0;Munfrh eS b f v
D ;l yJ qdyk gawmh/ tJ't D wGuf
ta&mifu rnf;npfnpf&,f/ aerif;udrk ek ;f wD;aeNyv
D Ykd rxifygeJY
tcsed u f awmh arSmifpysKd ;aeNy/D 'Dvt kd csed rf mS
rsupf t d jrifeYJ tm½Hck zH q
Ykd wkd m ZD;uGuv f kd taumifawGrS wu,fqkd tJ'aD umifrav;rSm xl;jcm;wm qdv k Ykd
uRrf ; usif w mrsd K ;/ aemuf N yD ; ol r Munf h a ewJ h rSefbDvl;wpfvufuvJGNyD; bmqdkbmrS r&Sdwmyg/
[d;k cyfvrS ;f vSr;f rSmu arSmifayhqw kd hJ ae&mawGeYJ 0gusiu f sif tysi;f ajyMunfzh Ykd wDAv GD nf;&Syd rkH &bl;/ reufreufqkd
rSed jf yjyav; rD;vif;aewJt h rd af [mif;awGom &Sw d m/ a&'D,zkd iG o
hf aH wmh wpfcgwpfcg Mum;rdyg&JU/ywf0ef;usif
aemufwpfywf wevFmaeY uReaf wmftvkyu f tcef;awGuvnf; olreJaY r;xl;ac:ajym odyv f yk af vh
apmqif;vmw,f/ xrif;pm;Ny;D 0&efwmxGux f ikd af wmh r&S d o vd k y J / wpf c k a wmh & S d w ,f uRef a wmf
olrudk awGUjyefw,f/ tJ'Dtcgvnf; rSefbDvl;eJY/ tckajymif;vmaewJhywf0ef;usifu vlaeusJw,f/
17
short story
usyfusyfwnf;wnf; ½Iyf½IyfaxG;axG; odyfr&SdvSbl;/ awGUaeus jrifuiG ;f wpfcyk g/ tJ'aD umifrav;rSm tJovdk

t&ifaecJwh hJ NrKd v
Y nfacgifae&mxufpm&if enf;enf;awmh pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;wJh rSefbDvl;wpfvuf tjyif
ydw
k w
d q
f w
d wf m trSeyf /J bmrS&ydS rkH &ygbl;/
'gayr,ft h 'J v D kd pdw0f ifpm;p&m raumif;wmudu k
uRefawmfhtwGuf pdwf0ifpm;p&mvdk jzpfaerdw,f/
wu,f q d k tJ ' D a umif r av;rS m vufawGUrSm usiv f nf ae&aom uReaf wmf\ h b0onf
_________________________ rvSyyg/ tcspq f w kd mudv k nf; uReaf wmf rawGUMuKH csiyf g/
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
xl;jcm;wmqdkvdkY rSefbDvl;wpfvufu wu,f w rf ; vnf ; uRef a wmf [ mb,f t &mud k r S

_________________________ rufrufarmarm awG;rMunfzh ;l cJyh g/ 'gayr,fh olrvdk
vJNG y;D bmqdb
k mrS r&Sw
d myg/ tJ'Daumifrav;vdk rSefbDvl;wpfvufjzifh b0udk
abmifcwfNy;D pdwv f vkd uf&awmh xdik Mf unfch siyf gonf/
wpfnae uReaf wmf0&efwmxGuaf wmh olrudk ààà

awGUjyefw,f/ xH;k pHtwdik ;f xdik cf w kH pfv;kH eJx
Y ikd v
f suyf /J
*½kwpdu k f tuJcwfMunf&h ifawmh t&ifvykd J vufxrJ mS
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18
short story
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19
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20
short story
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21
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22
short story
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f ikd ;f udk olut0ga&mif[k olonf rGe;f wnfch sed rf sm;pGmudjk rifz;l onf/
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awmifuek ;f ay:rS rGe;f wnfah om tcsed o f nf tmz&duawmeufxJrS rGef;wnfhcsdefudkjrifzl;onf/
t0ga&mif[o k l rowfrw
S Ef ikd /f yifv,fex D rJ S rGe;f wnfch sed u f kd jrifz;l onf/ *smAm;uRe;f ay:rS
rGef;wnfhcsdefudk wckwfw& Munfhzl;onf/ armfpudkrS
rGe;f wnfch sed /f [m0dik t f rD rS eG ;f wnfch sed /f pdeyYf wD mpbwfrS
rGe;f wnfch sed /f [dr0EÅmrSreG ;f wnfch sed /f xdx k akd om rGe;f wnfch sed f
awmifuek ;f onf tcsKd U&moDrsm;wGif aeudak rmhMunfah e rsm;tm;vH;k udk olvu kd v f MH unfzh ;l onfcsn;f om/ odaYk omf
ovdk jzpfaevdrfhrnf/ qifajcavQm&Sdprf;acsmif;onf ol a &;csif a omrG e f ; wnf h c sd e f r S m xd k a e&mrsm;rS
ta&SUrStaemufodkYpD;qif;onf/ xdkYaMumifh aeonf rGe;f wnfch sed rf sm;ESihf ta&mifcsi;f rwlay/
awmifukef;\ rsufESmpmbufodkYr[kwf? ausmbuf xd k a wmif u k e f ; ay:rS rG e f ; wnf h c sd e f \ ta&mif u d k
od k Y r [k w f ? OD ; acgif ; ay:rS j zwf í tvk y f w m0ef u d k olreS af tmifrqGEJ ikd af o;/ olpY w d x
f wJ iG f ola&mufz;l aom
xrf;aqmifonf/ ae&mrsm;rSreG ;f wnfch sed u f kd azsmufí r&jzpfvaYkd eonf/
rG e f ; wnf h c sd e f w d k i f ; ud k ol u t0ga&mif [ k ,ck x d
yef;csaD &;olonf awmifuek ;f ay:odYk pa&mufz;l aomaeYrS xifaeqJjzpfonf/ awmifukef;ay:rS rGef;wnfhaom
ig;&ufcefw Y iG f yef;cspD a&;\/ awmifuek ;f onf olEiS hf tcsed o f nf t0ga&mif[o k l rowfrw S Ef ikd /f t0ga&mif[k
tawmftwef&if;ES;D aeonf/ olZY eD;onf oli,fpOfu olpY w d xf x
J ifaeonf/ xdaYk Mumift h 0ga&mifxnfq h rGJ ad om
oli,fcsi;f aumif; jzpfz;l onf/ xdaYk Mumifh 'Dawmifuek ;f ESihf yxryef;csDum;udk olz,fvdkufjcif;jzpfonf/ wquf
ol&if;ES;D atmif vkyaf y;Edik cf o
hJ nf/ olawmifuek ;f ay: wnf;rSmyif olt Y vkycf ef;xJrS t0ga&mifaq;Al;rSeo f rQukd
http://www.ngoinmyanmar.org
23
short story
olvdkufíydwfvdkufonf/ xdkaemuf rjrifuG,f&mwGif jyKMuonf/ bk&m;ocifxw H iG f qkawmif; ay;aeonf[k

xm;vdu k \f / Ny;D rS olowdjyef &onf/ awmifuek ;f ay:wGif qdMk uonf/ NyKH ;jyMuonf/ olw Y iG &f adS om*kPyf 'k rf sm;udk
wdkufaomavonf t0ga&mifjzpfonf/ odkYayr,fh ñTe;f jcif;trIukd jyKMuuke\ f / odaYk omf xdpk um;rsm;udk
oloufjyif;csEikd o f mG ;onf/ avt0ga&mifwu kd af eyHu
k kd Mum;ae&if; olonf awmifukef;ay:rS rGef;wnfhcsdef
ol p d w f wd k i f ; usjc,f N yD ; jzpf o nf / cuf a eonf u ta&mif u d k pOf ; pm;aeonf / rnf o l Y r suf v H k ; onf ?
rnfov Yl ufonf;cGrH sm;onf? rnfot Yl 0wftxnfrsm;
onf awmifuek ;f ay:rS rGe;f wnfch sed tf a&mifEiS w hf al ernfukd
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
rnforYl suv f ;kH onf? &SmazGvdkYae\/ xdktcg yxryef;csDum;udkz,fovdk

rnfov Yl ufonf;cGrH sm;onf? OD;aESmufxJrSaeí xdkyef;csDum;udk z,fcsifvmonf/
odaYk omf yef;csu
D m;u z,fray;/ xdjk yif oljrifz;l awGzY ;l cJah om
rnfot Yl 0wftxnfrsm;onf rGef;wnfhcsdefrsm;\ t0ga&mifudk oljiif;&efBudK;pm;rI
awmifuek ;f ay:rS uvHv Yk ravQmah o;acs/
rGe;f wnfch sed t
f a&mifEiS w
hf al ernfukd
"r®q&mu usr;f pmzwfaeonf/
&SmazGvaYkd e\
bk&m;ausmif;xJwiG f wdwq
f w
d af e\/
rGef;wnfhaomawmifukef;wcGifwGif&Sdonfhta&mif/ olvnf;wdwq
f w
d cf siaf e\/
oljrifc&hJ onfah wmifuek ;f ay:rS rGe;f wnfah &mif/
4/
ol Y r suf v H k ; tMunf h a &muf o G m ;aom yd w f x m;onf h bk&m;ausmif;rStjyefukd ol'aD vmufaemufruscsiaf y/
wHcg;atmufrS pmwpfapmiftcef;wGi;f odYk wd;k 0ifvmonf/ odkYaomf wu,fwrf;tm;jzifhawmh naeapmif;aeNyD
olYajcaxmufrsm;vIyfum wHcg;aygufem;odkY pdwfjzifh jzpfonf/ aeonf taemufbufoYkd vH;k vH;k ra&mufao;
a&mufomG ;onf/ pmudak wmh,rl aeawmh/ oloo d nf/ aomfvnf; olYykcHk;ESifhwwef;wnf;&Sdaomae&mwGif
xdpk monf bk&m;ausmif;oGm;&ef olZY eD;owday;aom a&mufaeayNy/D
pmyifjzpfvdrfhrnf/ olyef;csDa&;vQif 0ifpmxGufpm
bmrSvmrydkYaomfvnf; wpfywfwpfcg bk&m;ausmif; w&m;a[mq&mESifhpum;ajymjcif;onf yef;csDum;
oGm;&ef owday;onfph mudak wmh oltNr&J wwfonf/ tay:oHo,&Sv d mEdik af Mumif; oloo d nf/ oloo d nfukd
wpfcgw&Hxpkd mrsKd ; av;ig;apmifjzpfrS olawG&Y wwfonf/ w&m;a[mq&mvnf;odyHk&onf/ w&m;a[mq&m\
tck a wmh ol b k & m;ausmif ; oG m ;zd k Y o if h N yD j zpf o nf / rsuEf mS usyrkH mS olzY cifEiS q hf ifqifwo l nf/ rsucf ;kH rsm;
xdak Mumift h vkycf ef;0wf0wfpu kH ckd Rwí
f wdik af y:wifum aumif;\/ EIwfcrf;rsm;wif;wif;aphí wnfjidrf\/
tcef;xJrx S u G v
f u
kd \
f / pum;ajymvQif rsuv f ;kH rSm tndKa&mifjzpfonf/ wcgu
xd k w &m;a[mq&m\ yH k w l u d k qG J c J h z l ; onf /
bk&m;ausmif;odkYa&mufvmonf/ olYacgif;xJwGif? ]jrpfwpfbufurf;rS rdwaf qGrsm;} [k olemrnfay;xm;aom
&ifbwfxw J iG ?f vufacsmif;uav;rsm;wGif yef;csu D m; yef ; csD j yyG J w G i f wif í jyjzpf o nf / yef ; csD u m;\
ygvmonf/ bk&m;ausmif;rS "r®aw;oDcsif;rsm;onf atmufwiG af wmh ]a&mif;&efr[kwyf g} [ka&;xm;vdu k \f /
yef;csu
D m;udk tjyifqx JG w
k Ef ikd &f efBuKd ;pm;onf/ xdt
k cg odyrf Mumcifu pmapmifwpfcx k w
J iG f xdyk ef;csu
D m;xJrS
ol u tjyif ; txef j iif ; qef o nf / ol Y y ef ; csD u m; w&ma[mq&m\rsuf v H k ; tnd K rsm;taMumif ; ud k
olah cgif;xJwiG f &S&d OD;rnf/ &Sv d nf;&Sad eapcsio f nf/ pme,fZif;orm;wpfa,mufu wcrf;wem;ESihf trSww f &
a&;xm;onfukd awG&Y onf/ xdpk Ofwek ;f u w&m;a[m
ol b k & m;ausmif ; vmpOf u bk & m;ausmif ; a&S U wG i f q&mwGif rkwq f w d rf sm;onfavmufrrsm;ao;/ xdt k cgu
olYrdwfaqGrsm;ESifh awGYonf/ olYudkcsD;usL;axmyem
24
short story
xdw
k &m;a[mq&m\ rkwq f w
d o
f nf qdww f pfaumif\ ajymif;oGm;wwfonfh ta&mifukd naecif;aea&mifjzmí
rkwqf w
d Ef iS w
hf o
l nf/ odaYk omf a&Ta&mifjzpfonf/ usaomta&mif/
td y f , mES i f h ausmjyif E S i f h xd v d k u f a omtcsd e f w G i f 'Dta&mifonf olvckd siaf eaomrGew

f nfah &mifjzpfonf/
rsuv f ;kH rsm;udk tvdvk rkd w
Sd o
f mG ;atmifjyKí yef;csu D m;udk
rsufvHk;xJwGif yHkazmfMunfhaevdkuf\/ qifajcavQmrS w&m;a[mq&m\rk w f q d w f r sm;onf wcgwcg
prf;acsmif;onf? opfyifav;ig;yifonf? awmifuek ;f onf pum;ajym&if ; ol E S i f h ab;wd k u f t aetxm;rsKd ;
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
jzpf v mavh & S d o nf / nae\aea&mif o nf xd k r k w f

qdwfxJudkjzmíuscJhonfudk oljrifvdkuf&onfav/
w&m;a[mq&mESihf pum;ajymjcif;onf 'Dta&mifjzpfonf/ 'Dta&mifonf awmifuek ;f ay:wGif
yef;csu
D m; tay:oHo,&Sv d mEdik af Mumif; olawGaY omta&mifjzpfonf/
olood nf/ oloo

d nfukd tjref t jref a q;pyf v d k u f u m tom;usaeaom
w&m;a[mq&mvnf; ody&kH onf/ vufrsm;jzifh pkww f u H u kd ikd uf mpkwcf surf sm;wifvu kd of nf/
wpfcsucf si;f yDjyifvmonf/ xdrk ½S yk f vH;k ay:vmonf/
pk w f c suf r sm;wpf c suf x uf w pf c suf yd k o G u f v m\/
olaY e&mESio hf l tqifajyajy&SMd uonf/ ta&mifrsm;rSm yd k p d y f v monf / aemuf o H k ; em&D c ef Y t MumwG i f ol
vnf; olu, kd wf idk u
f kd pdww f ikd ;f usaeNyjD zpfonf/ pdr;f onfh yef;csu D m;em;rS cGmvdu k o f nf/ cyfa0;a0;rSMunfo h nf/
ae&m? pdr;f jyma&mif&o dS nfah e&m? 0gonfah e&m? jzLonfh Ny;D aemuf teD;uyfMunfo h nf/ pkww f u
H ckd u
G x
f jJ yefxnfu h m
ae&m? jymonfah e&m? EdEYk pS af &mif&o dS nfah e&m? teufa&mif Murf;jyifay:wGix f ikd í f Munfo h nf/ rwfwyf&yf vdu k pf Of
&Sdonfhae&m ponfjzifh&SdMuonf/ yxrqHk;pkwfcsuf olv Y ufrsm;wkeí f wkeí f vmonf/ olrY suEf mS eDaeonfukd
jzpfaom awmifukef;xdyfrSjrufyifrsm;udk oloabm olaY &SUwnfw h nfrh rS eS wf iG af y:aeonf/ olaY jcaxmufrsm;
tawG Y q H k ; / xd k a emuf opf y if r sm;Mum;xJ r S ñTwfvmonf/ xdkaemufolYvufrsm; yef;csDum;qDodkY
t&dyt f a&mifrsm;udk oltESpo f ufq;kH / prf;acsmif;atmufrS a&TUonf/ yef;csDum;udk oHk;acsmif;axmufpifay:rS
ay:vmaom ausmufpeG ;f Bu;D udk oltcspq f ;kH / avrsm;wdu k f jzKwv f u kd o
f nf/ rsuv f ;kH a&TomG ;aom yxryef;csu D m;
aomtcg jrufyifrsm;vIyaf eonfukd rsuv f ;kH xJrrS xGu/f &Sd&mtcef;axmifhbufudk OD;wnfí puf½kyfwpf½kyf\
awmifuek ;f onf ta&SUbufuk d tenf;i,fiu k d af eoa,mif vufrsm;vdkolYvufrsm;vIyf&Sm;íoGm;onf/ NyD;aemuf
&Sad yr,fh wdwu d sus&v dS S onf/ aemufq;kH pkwcf sujf zpfonfh puf½kyfwpf½kyfvdk tcef;wHcg;zGifhí arSmifrJaeaom
t0ga&mifavrsm;? t0ga&mif? t0ga&mifwiG f aexdik o f rI vrf;ray:odYk xGuo f mG ;awmhonf/
jyKMuukeaf om avrsm;/ xdak vrsm;Ny;D aemuf..../
yef;csDum;ESpfcsyfupOfhuvsm;jzpfusefcJhonfudk ol
5/ od c sif a wmh v d r f h r nf r [k w f a y/ ol v d k c sif a om
ol t d y f a e&mrS q wf c eJ x vd k u f o nf / yef ; csD c ef ; xJ rG e f ; wnf h a &mif u d k ol n pOf a vQmuf í &S m aumif ;
ajy;oGm;onft h cg olZY eD;u oluY Mkd unfNh y;D oufjyif;cd;k cs\/ &Smvdrrhf nf/ wpfaeYaeYawmh awGv Y Qiv
f nf;awGv
Y rd rhf nf/
oltyd af omtcsed rf mS ESpef m&DcefY om&Sad o;onf/ olaemufq;kH qGcJ ahJ omrGe;f wnfah &mifrmS awmh.../ /
yef;csu D m;onf olEiS phf rd ;f aeoa,mif olu Y Mkd unfah e\/ ndKrif;c
2:00pm
w&m;a[mq&mESifhpum;ajymaepOf awGYvdkuf&aom 15.11.01, Mon
ta&mif oltyd rf ufruf&if; tvif;wef;wpfco k aYl cgif;xJ
jzwfomG ;onf/ oloo d mG ;Ny;D jzpfonf/ awmifuek ;f ay:rS
rG e f ; wnf h c sd e f \ ta&mif o nf xd k t a&mif j zpf o nf /
a&Ta&mif\ av'Pfa&'PfMumMumcHvu kd &f aomtcg
25
novel
csif;rdkif 'dkif,m&D (1)

[efopfNidrf
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
tJ'v D rf;auGaY v;rSmayghAsm

olreJY uReaf wmfeYJ &efoal wGjzpfomG ;Muwm
'Drwdik cf if ajymcJw
h phJ um;awGu...
odyrf sm;rsm;pm;pm; r[kwcf yhJ gbl;
wcsKd Uwavuawmh odyu f &GJ w
S ,f
wcsKd Uudak wmh ajymrjycsib f ;l Asm
bmyJjzpfjzpf reufjzefawmh
aumif;aumif;tdyzf yYkd J &Sad wmhw,f/
(1)
wevFmaeYqakd wmh uifwif;u xH;k pHtwdik ;f vlpnfum;aew,f/ ydik x f ;l u olt Y wef;azmf cifrsKd ;aqGeYJ tjrv
J v
kd kd
'DtrsKd ;om;taqmif (1) u uifwif;udk vmpm;aeus/ 'Duifwif;u olwXYkd meeJv Y nf; eD;w,fav/
]rmS ydik x
]'D f ;l ? eifyg;pyfyw
d x
f m;[m? ighupd aö wGrmS ody0f ifrygcsief }YJ }
xrif;jzifh rpm;&ao;bl;? xHk;pHtwdkif; olwdkYeSpfa,muf &efyJGupNyD/ olwdkYeJY xrif;pm;ygvmwJh
uarmÇ';D ,m;u olwYkd Senior ]umtd;k } u rsuEf mS aoav;eJY rodcsiaf ,mifaqmifaeav&JU/ tckwavm
bmjzpfaerSef; rodbl;/ oluvnf; rrsdK;ajymorQ &efvkyfrdaea&m/ rrsdK;uvnf; olYudkqdkb,fvdkrS
Munfrh &avmufwt hJ xdukd rmefawGcv J /Ykd
26
novel
]][if;...}} ydkifxl; oufjyif;udkcdk;csrdw,f/ ]]awmuf . .. yd k i f x l ; ... igh a rmif

'g... vG e f c J h w J h ES p f v avmuf u ol v k y f c J h w J h xd e f v if ; awmif igb,f o G m ;w,f q d k w m rod b l ; ?
tjypfawGaMumifyh v J m;/ ajymp&mvnf; rvdb k ;l / 'gigh Personal av... igueifu h kd
wu,fwrf;qd.k .. 'DaeYpum;rsm;wmuvnf; bmaMumifah jym&rSmvJ...}}
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
bmaMumifrh rS [kw/f olu rrsKd ;udk twef;Ny;D awmh nae ]]rrsd K ;tJ v d k a jymr,f q d k w m uRef a wmf
b,fomG ;rSmvJ ar;rd½akH v;/ cifrsKd ;aqGuvnf; olo Y m awG;Ny;D om;yg/ Ny;D &ifvnf; uReaf wmfu h akd jymr,f...
pum;aumif;rajymwm 'Djyif Edik if jH cm;aumifawGusawmh eifuh akd &m eifh Personal awG igajymcdik ;f vdv Yk m;? eifb
h mom
azmfa½Gv/Ykd 'gudyk J olu rauseyfEikd /f av&SnNf y;D awmh qdNk y;D ...}}
]]rrsKd ;udk tJ'gawG uReaf wmfMunfrh &wm aygh... ]]ydkifxl;? awmf... eifighudk em;rvnfao;
uReaf wmfu h kd bmjzpfvrYkd ajymEdik &f rSmvJ...}} ygvm;aemf}}
]]'DrmS ydik x f ;l ... igb,fomG ;w,f bmvkyw f ,f ]]rrsKd ;vnf; uReaf wmfu h kd em;rSrvnfay;wm}}
tukev f ;kH eifu h kd ajymjy&rSmvm;}} ]]awmfNy?D awmfNy.D ..}}
]]tukefvHk;awmh r[kwfbl;av? 'gayr,fh cifrsdK;aqGu pm;vufp xrif;yef;uefudk
t&ifuqdk rrsKd ;u uReaf wmfu h kd ajymjyaeMu...}} pm;yJGay: aqmifhcsvdkufw,f/ olYwdkY uarÇm'D;,m;
]]igrajymjyawmhaum eifu bmjzpfoGm;rSm oli,fcsi;f umtd;k uawmh [efrysuq f ufpm;aew,f/
rdkYvdkYvnf; igodw,f... eifuigeJYqufqHa&;rSm 'D a eY o l w pf a ,muf w nf ; ygvmvd k Y o maygh / 'D j yif
ae&mwpfae&m 0if,cl siaf ewm...}} twef;azmfawGyg ygvm&if uReaf wmfwEYkd pS af ,muf udk
]]r[kwb f ;l rrsKd ;... tJ'g rrsKd ;xifaewm}} &,fMuOD;rSm/
]]ydkifxl;? eifhpdwf eiftodqHk;yg/ ighudk 'grsdK; ]]uReaf wmfajymr,f rrsKd ;... tpfr uReaf wmfu h kd
vmajymraeeJ}Y } em;vnfray;&if uRefawmfvnf; tpfrudk em;vnf
]]r[kwb f ;l ? rrsKd ;u bmvdrYk ajzEdik &f rSmvJ}} ray;Edik b f ;l aemf}}
]]aeygOD;? eifuaum bmvdo Yk cd siaf e&wmvJ}} ]]eifuighudk tjypfwifaewmvm; ydkifxl;/
]]rrsKd ;uaum bmvdrYk ajzEdik &f wmvJ}} ightcsed af wGtm;vH;k eift h wGuaf wmh ray;Edik b f ;l aemf?
]]eifu ae&mwdik ;f odyo f cd siaf evdYk rajymwma[h? eifb h mom em;vnfcsiaf e em;rvnfcsiaf e}}
eifoo d ifw h ,fqkd igrajymjybl;vm;}}
]]'g... rrsKd ; r½d;k om;wmyJ}}
]]igr½d k ; om;awmh a um bmjzpf v J . ..
vdrfajymawmhaum bmjzpfvJ/ eifhudkig ajymNyD;NyD?
igqd;k ygw,fv}Ykd }
ydik x f ;l u pdwyf suv f ufysuef YJ acgif;udu k wk wf ,f/
NyD;awmh olYrsufrSefav;udk vufeJYoyfwifvdkufNyD;
cifrsKd ;aqGukd pdu k Mf unfv h u kd wf ,f/ cifrsKd ;aqGeYJ oleu YJ
csi;f rdik uf kd tEkynm (Fine Art) eJrY mpwm,lzYkd twlwl
a&muf v mcJ h w m/ cif r sKd ; aqG u ol Y x uf t ouf
wpfEpS yf Bkd u;D w,f/ olaY rmif xdev f if;aqGeUJ ydik x f ;l eJu
Y
ausmif;aebuf/ tJ'Dawmh tcsif;csif;u odNyD;om;/
oluvnf; cifrsdK;aqGudk ]rrsdK;} vdkY wav;wpm;
ac:avh&w dS ,f/
]]'DrmS rrsKd ;... uReaf wmftpfrudk uReaf wmf
b,foel YJ b,fomG ;w,f/ bmvkyw f ,f qdw k mutp
tjrJajymcJhwmyJ... uRefawmfbufu&Sif;w,f...
½d;k om;w,f...}}
27
novel
em&Du ol&Y UJ vufwaH wGeYJ

igwdu
Yk kd ½du
k yf w
k o
f mG ;av&JU/
tus,t f 0ef; twdik ;f tqawGMum;
igwdYk rvGwaf jrmufEikd af o;/
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
OD;aESmufukd tawmifyw H yfviT hf

jcpH nf;½d;k abmifawG ausmaf wmh
ESv;kH om;a&wGi;f udk awGw Y ,f/
igwdYk a&iwfaevdv Yk m;..../
(2)
trSeu f olwEYkd pS af ,muf 'DaeYawGUzdYk taMumif;r&Syd g/
yd k i f x l ; &J U tcef ; azmf a wG j zpf w J h uarmÇ ' D ; ,m; ?
AD,uferfawGuvnf; b,foa0xd;k aerSe;f rod / 'Dawmh
ysif;ysif;&SdwmeJY olu cifrsdK;aqGudk aeYvnfpmpm;zdkY
zke;f eJvY rS ;fac:vdu k w f m/
]]ajym... bmvJ}}
]]rrsKd ;u tckawmh 'Dpum;rsKd ;awG ajymvmNyaD ygh}} cifrsKd ;aqGu xH;k pHtwdik ;f cyfjywfjywfajymw,f/
]]ydik x
f ;l ... igajymr,f/ eiftultnDv&kd if ]]tpfr... xrif;pm;Ny;D Nyv D m;}}
igray;zl;wm bm&SdvJajym/ eifydkufqHacs;csifw,fqdk ]]rpm;&ao;bl;? 'gayr,fh igpm;csipf w d rf &Sb
d ;l }}
igacs;w,f ? 'gayr,f h igh r S m vnf ; igh Condition ]]bm... bmjzpfvv Ykd }J }
awmh&NdS y;D om;av? eifighqu D tukev f ckd siv f &Ykd rvm;}} ]]igrpm;csif b l ; qd k rpm;csif b l ; [m...
]]'gayr,fh tpfr...}} eifawmfawmf t&pf&n S w f myJ}}
]]awmfNy[ D m... ighyu kd q f eH iYJ g pdwq f if;&J&w,f/ ]]r&bl;? uReaf wmfu rrsKd ;udk pum;ajymcsiv f Ykd
ig,lvmwJah ':vmawG tuket f rd jf yefyv Ykd u kd af wmhr,f/ ac:wm...}}
igvnf;aemufqkd eifv h ykd t
J rd u f ae awmif;oH;k awmhr,f}} ]]at;... pum;qdk ydkawmifrajymcsifbl;?
]]awmfNyAD sm...}} pm;vufp xrif;yef;uefukd wwfEikd &f if eifeu YJ kd rywfoufcsiw f m}}
olxm;ypfcw hJ ,f/ ]]Asm... uReaf wmfbmvkyrf v d v Ykd }J }
]]a[h ydik x f ;l ? b,fomG ;rSmvJ}} ]]eifbmrvky&f rSmvJ... eifyw Ykd u hJ Asmav...
umtd;k uolu Y v
k d rS ;f ar;w,f/ olajzraeawmhb;l / 'gaMumifih g eifeYJ rywfoufcsiw f m}}
'DaumifawG ae&mwum ygudk ygvGe;f w,f/ olxifw,f ]]rrsKd ;uvnf;Asm r[kwaf o;bl;...}}
Ny;D &if rrsKd ;u tJ'aD umifukd pdwv f v kd uf&eJY &Si;f jyaeOD;r,f ]]ydik x
f ;l ... eiftck b,frmS vJ}}
qdw k m/ tJ'aD eYu olpw d n f pfNy;D |mejyefroGm;awmhb;l / ]]pwl', D rkd mS ...}}
taqmifjyef uifr&m,lNy;D ajcOD;wnf&h m avQmufomG ;Ny;D ]]tckightaqmifvmcJ/h xrif;oGm;pm;r,f}}
"mwfy½kH ukd af ecJw h ,f/ ol w d k Y X merS m ausmif ; om;awG t wG u f
olwEYkd pS af ,mufuyJ vlawGukd em;rvnfwmvm;? em;aecef;oabmrsdK; ay;xm;wm&Sdw,f/ tJ'DrSm
vlawGuyJ olwEYkd pS af ,mufukd em;rvnfwmvm;/ olvnf; uGeyf sLwm tifwmeuf tukeo f ;kH vd&Yk w,f/ tJ'gudk Xmeu
rodb;l / aocsmwmu bmvJ/ vlawGu pwl', D v kd aYkd c:w,f/ 'DZikd ;f pwl', D kd qdwk hJ
t"dymÜ ,frsKd ;eJo Y ;kH ovm;awmh rodb;l /
ààà
ààà
28
novel
oli,fcsi;f &,f... tNyD ; vk y f c d k i f ; aew,f ? igtJ v d k r sd K ; pd w f n pf

cHpm;csurf &Sb
d ;l omqdw
k ,f pdwaf emufp&mawG rvdck sib f ;l [m}}
ighuAsmav;udk eifpw d qf ;kd w,f ]]rrsKd ;? uReaf wmf wu,frodwmyg? aemufNy;D
'g... cHpm;csurf &Sw d mvm;/ tpfrwpfa,mufwnf;udk ydw Yk mrS r[kww f m}}
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
]]at;...tJ v d k trsm;BuD ; yd k Y v d k Y a [h . ..
oli,fcsi;f &,f... igrBuKd ub
f ;l qdw k m eifovd suo f m;eJ/Y igu eifq h u D Mail
cHpm;csurf &Sb
d ;l omqdwk ,f vmvdYk tm;emNy;D awmh zwfw,f/ Ny;D awmh eiftv J v kd yk w
f m
ighuAsmav; yGe;f yJah tmif eifvyk &f ufw,f aumif;ovm;...}}
'g... cHpm;csurf &Sw d mvm;/ ]]r[kwyf gbl; rrsKd ;&,f...}}
oli,fcsi;f &,f...
cHpm;csurf &Sb
d ;l omqdwk ,f
ighuv
kd nf; rsuEf mS csi;f rqdik &f b
J ;l uG,f
'g... cHpm;csurf &Sw d mvm;/
oli,fcsi;f &,f...
cHpm;csuef u
YJ if;atmifaecsiw f ,fqkd
'gayr,f.h ..
ighuawmh uif;vdrYk &wmcGiv hf wT yf g
'g... cHpm;csu&f v dS yYkd g/
'DaeY paeqdak wmh uifwif;rSm vlawmh&iS ;f om;/

pum;udk odyfus,fus,fawmh rajym&J/ uifwif;rSm
xdik af ewJh ausmif;om;oH;k av;a,mufuawmif olwu Ykd kd
uG u f M unf h u G u f M unf h v k y f a eav&J U / 'D u if w if ; u
rrsd K ;wd k Y e m;u rd e f ; uav;taqmif r S m qd k a yr,f h
ausmif;om;awGvnf; vmpm;wwfMuw,f/
]]rrsKd ; uReaf wmfu h kd tJvakd jymawmh uReaf wmf
wu,f 0rf;enf;w,fAsm... uReaf wmfu bmjzpfjzpf
uAsma&;w,f... tJ'v D .kd ..}}
]]eiftv J akd jymr,fqw kd m igodNy;D om;... eifwYkd
pma&;q&mawG u NyD ; &if v nf ; wd k u f q d k i f r I & S d & if ]]awmfNyD[m... wu,fqdk igu Illegally
cGiv hf w
T yf gqdNk y;D vkyOf ;D r,f/ 'gaMumifih g rD', D morm;awGeYJ apmfum;cHae&wm... igeifu h akd jymzl;w,faemf... ighukd
rywfoufcsiw f m}} tJvrkd sLd ; cHpm;csuef yYJ wfouf&if...}}
]]'gayr,fh rrsKd ; uif;atmifaevd&Yk vdv Yk m;}} ]]'gayr,fh uRefawmfuawmh &yfvdkYr&bl;
]]eifighukd &efvyk af ewmvm; ydik x f ;l / igeifu h kd aemf... uReaf wmfb h 0u 'gawGeYJ toufqufaewm?
wpf c gruajymzl ; w,f a emf / iguAsmrBud K uf y gbl ; Ny;D awmh rrsKd ;wpfa,mufwnf; udak &;aewmrSr[kww f m}}
qdw k m... Ny;D awmh tJvrkd sKd ; ighuakd pmif;vm;csw d vf m; ]]at;av... eif h b momeif a &;csif a &;?
a&;wm...}} 'gayr,fh igrBuKd ub f ;l vdq
Yk akd e...}}
]]r[kwyf gbl;Asm}} ]]uReaf wmfrodwmyg rrsKd ;&,f? rrsKd ;rBuKd u&f if
]]bmr[kw&f rSmvJ? awmfNy.D .. ydik x f ;l ? igtck aemufqkd Forward rvkyaf wmhb;l ? uReaf wmfu uReaf wmf&h UJ
odypf w d nf pfaew,f? igh Advisor u igh Thesis udk rwfv
29
novel
zefw;D rIukd tpfrzwfv&Ykd atmif... tpfru rBuKd u&f if uReaf wmfu h kd tJvrkd Munfyh geJv
Y Ukd ajymvnf;r&
rBuKd ub f ;l ajymvdu k af ygh}} tJvrkd a0zefygeJv Y Ykd ajymvnf;r&
]]igeifhudk ajymcJhwm renf;awmhbl;[m... 'DrmS ...
eifu h .kd .. Ny;D awmh rBuKd ub f ;l vdYk jyef Reply vkyv f u kd f onf;cHEikd w f ,fqw kd m tueft Y owf&w dS ,fAs
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
jyef&ifvnf; eifupdwq f ;kd OD;r,f? eifzh efw;D rIukd Appreciate uReaf wmf[m trSwt f om; r[kwb f ;l
rvkyb f ;l bmnmjzpfO;D r,f}} txdr;f trSwf r[kwb f ;l
]]r[kwb f ;l av... uReaf wmfh Mail u uAsmudk ½IarQmcf if; r[kwb f ;l
tpfrrBuKd u&f ifvnf;... aocsmygw,f...
]]awmfNyD ydkifxl;&m? eifavQmufajymraeeJY/ uReaf wmf[m tdrw f pfv;kH vnf; r[kwb f ;l /
igueifu h kd wpfcck v k Ykd xifcw hJ m}}
]]bm...}} (3)
ydik x
f ;l u cifrsKd ;aqGukd td;k wd;k tef;wef; Munfv h u kd f
w,f/ olY rrsKd ;uvnf; 'DaeYusrS uydu k ½dek YJ vSaeyga&mAsm/ yHkrSefqdk&ifawmh olupwl'D,dkrSm nwdkif;
]]bmvJwpfcck q k w kd m... rrsKd ;}} tvkyv f yk af eus/ 'DaeYnawmh pdwv f nf;npfaewmeJY
]]igajymwm eif u eif v k y f c sif w J h [ m udk0if;aZmfqD oGm;bD,maomufrvm; pOf;pm;rdvdkuf
eifpdwf0ifpm;wmeJYyJ aysmfaewwfwJh olvdkYxifcJhwm/ w,f/ 'geJyY J vG,af eus ausmyd;k tdw&f ,f uifr&m ud, k Nl y;D
awmfNyD[m... wu,fawmh eif[m bmtqifhrS xGuv f mcJw h ,f/
r&Swd thJ aumif... igu Illegally apmfum;cHae&wm...}} udk0if;aZmfu pdkufysdK;a&; bmomeJY rmpwm
]]bm...}} vmwufwm/ oleJY wpfESpfwnf;a&mufwmqdkayr,fh
]]tJvakd jymjyefawmh... awmuf... igvnf; ol Y x uf t ouf B uD ; w,f / td r f a xmif vnf ; &S d N yD ;
tqifrh &Syd gbl;av? 'gayr,f.h .. igueifu h kd wpfcck v k Ykd orD;av;wpfa,muf&Sdw,f/ udk0if;aZmf tckaewJh
owfrw S x f m;cJw h m... igeifu h kd ajymNy;D om;aemf ighukd taqmifuvnf; bD,mqdik af wG&UJ a&SUwnfw h nfh qdak wmh
tJvkd cHpm;csuw f Ykd Emotion wdeYk yYJ wfoufNy;D rqufqH ygeJY
qdwk m}}
]]rrsKd ;&,f... uReaf wmf u t&ifuwnf;u
'Dvrkd sKd ; aevmcJw h m}}
]]awmfNy?D ydik x f ;l ... igeifejYJ iif;&wm t&rf;
yifyef;w,f[m.. igwwfEikd &f if eifrajymeJY b,foel rYJ S
ywfoufcsifwm r[kwfbl;/ eif[m... vm...
oGm;r,f}}
cifrsKd ;aqGu pm;aewJyh ef;uefukd aumufuikd Nf y;D
qwfceJxvdu k w f ,f/ ydik x f ;l olaY emufuae acG;ykav;vdk
cyf½dkY½dkYav;vdkufoGm;w,f/ tJ'DaeYu uifwif;uae
olt
Y aqmifa&mufwt hJ xd ESpaf ,mufom; pum;wpfceG ;f rS
xyfrajymjzpfawmhbl;/ ]oGm;NyD} eJY ]wmhwm} qdkwJh ol Y t wG u f u a&uef t oif h Mumtoif h v d k a wmif
ar;xl;ac:ajymESpcf u k vJ&G ifaygh/ jzpfaeav&JU/ oluvnf; pdwn f pfNyq
D w
kd meJY ud0k if;aZmf
avmurSm toGm;eJY tjyefqw kd m&Sw d ,fw/hJ vlrI oGm;ac: bD,maomuf/ rl;rl;eJ&Y ifziG ahf eus/ ajym&&if
qufqHa&;rSmaum toGm;tjyef&SdzdkYvdktyfovm;/ csi;f rdik v
f kd ta0;wpfae&mrSm tazmfrufwhJ olt
Y wGuaf wmh
jyefvmw,fqdkwm oGm;cJhzl;vdkYvm;/ roGm;bJeJYaum ud0k if;aZmf[m tpfu&kd if; wpfa,mufvykd gyJ/ wcgwav
jyefvmvdYk r&bl;vm;/ aocsmwmu bmvJ/ trl ; vG e f & if taqmif a wmif jyef r td y f a wmh b l ; /
olt Y aqmifrmS yJ pufawmfac:wmaygh/
ààà
30
novel
]]a[hvl... ydkifxl;? bmjzpfvmwmvJAs/ ud0k if;aZmftaqmifeYJ rsuEf mS csi;f qdik u f qdik u f kd

cifAsm;rsuEf mS Munf&h wm viykyf acG;acs;rSex f m;ovdk ½HUI rJY olwdkYu Cheer vdkY emrnfay;xm;w,f/ trSefu
rJarSmifvcS snv f m;As}} qdik ef mrnf&NdS y;D om;? 'gayr,fh olwt Ykd m;vH;k u tJ'q D ikd u
f
ud k 0 if ; aZmf u tJ o avmuf u d k awmf w m Sponsor ,lxm;wJh bD,mudt k pJjG yKvYkd Cheer Beer Shop
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
olYrsufESmjrifwmeJYudk vSrf;t,lawmfr*Fvm jyKw,f/ vdyYk aJ c:w,f/ Ny;D awmh tJ'q D ikd u

f vnf; 'Dacwfpum;eJq Y kd
rrsd K ;eJ Y r sm; uG m ygh vd k Y twif ; uma&m ol Y [ mol pm;yJx G ;kd r Waitress tvef;av;awG &Sw d qhJ ikd af ygh/
aumufcsucf saerdw,f/ ]]vk y f p rf ; ygOD ; ? cif A sm;a0'emawG ?
]]rJq.kd .. rrsKd ;eJY pum;rsm;vmvdAYk s}} usKyfodw,f... uav;awGNidrfaeNyDqdk r[kwfwm
vkyv f yYkd AJ s...}}
bD,m0ifwmeJY ud0k if;aZmfu olt Y ar;tajzcef;udk
pygava&m/
]]rajymcsiyf gbl;Asm...}}
]]'gqdv k nf; ajymraeeJaY wmhAsm}}
]]tJ . .. tJ v d k r [k w f b l ; av...
cifAsm;uvnf;... [mAsm...}}
]][m*sm... [m*sm.... a[m*sm.....
aumif;bl;*sm}}
]][m; [m; [m;... ajymr,f? ajymr,fAsm/
uReaf wmfrh mS vnf; &ifziG phf &mqdv k Ykd tpfuykd &J w dS m}}
]]uReaf wmf r,Hyk gbl;Asm... cifAsm; &ifziG w hf hJ
olawGoyd rf sm;aeNyaD emf... usKyo f wif;Mum;w,f}}
]]r[kwfygbl; udk0if;aZmf&... cifAsm;eJYqdkrS
oH;k a,mufy&J w dS mygAsm}}
]]at;Asm... cifAsm;wdaYk cwfy?J vkyMf uAsm}}
]][mAsm... uReaf wmfah cwfu ukeaf eygNyAD s}}
]]xm;Asm... cifAsm;eJY rrsdK;eJYu b,fvdk
pum;rsm;MuwmvJ...}}
]]awmf N yD A sm... rd e f ; rawG t aMumif ;
]]jzpf j yef N yD . .. cif A sm;wd k Y u vnf ; rajymcsif b l ; / txl ; ojzif h cif r sd K ;aqG q d k w J h
ES p f a ,muf w nf ; &S d w J h [ m... vk y f M uAsm... rde;f rtaMumif;aygh}}
cifAsm;wdaYk cwfy}J } ]]cif A sm;wd k Y u vnf ; wqd w f & S d &ef j zpf r ,f
ud0k if;aZmfu ol&Y UJ ajymaeus vufo;kH pum;udk qd k w mcsnf ; yJ . .. usKyf a wmif 'D r euf u ol e J Y
xkwo f ;kH zdeYk nf;enf;rSrarh/ zke;f tMumBu;D ajymjzpfao;w,f}}
]][mAsm... vkyNf y.D ..}} ]][kwv f m;... bmawGajymvJ...}}
]][m*sm... [m*sm... a[m*smawG ]]aMomf... bmrS rajymygbl;As...}}
vkyrf aeeJAY sm aysmaf tmifaeprf;ygAs}} ]]a[h v l . .. usKyf u d k rpeJ Y A sm...
]][m*sm...}} zke;f qufygw,f qdNk y;D bmrSrajymvdYk &rvm;? 'DrmS ...
ol u vnf ; ud k 0 if ; aZmf a useyf a tmif o m e*du k wnf;u pdwt f csOaf ygufaewmaemf...}}
&,fusu J seJ YJ jyefajzvdu k &f wm pdwu f awmh npfaewke;f yJ/ ]][m;? [m; [m;? pwmygAs/ cifAsm;uvnf;
]]uJ... tck b,fomG ;rSmvJ ydik x f ;l }} olt Y aMumif;rodcsib f ;l qdNk y;D ...}}
]]ar;aep&mvdv k m;As? xH;k pHtwdik ;f Cheer udk ydik x
f ;l u acgif;udik UkH &Suu f ;kd &Suu f ef;eJY olaY ygifukd
,Ge;f Muwmaygh}} olv Y ufeyYJ w G af eav&JU/
31
novel
]]r&bl;Asm... ajymajym}} ]]b,f M um;xJ u d k b,f v d k o G m ;quf q H v d k Y

]]aMomf... bmrS r[kwyf gbl;qd.k ../ olY File b,fvrkd &wmvJ As...}}
wpfck zGifhr&vdkYqdkNyD;awmhygAsm... uRefawmfvnf; ]][mAsm... cif A sm;uvnf ; ... ol e J Y
aocsmrodawmh ajz&Si;f ray;vdu k b f ;l / Ny;D awmh uReaf wmfh uReaf wmf&UJ Relationship &JUoufwrf;udak jymwmygAs}}
cHpm;csufzJGUwnf&m
Thesis twG u f Data awG vl M uH K eJ Y yd k Y v d k u f w m ]]ydik x

f ;l ? uReaf wmfow d ,f cifAsm;u tJ'gawG
tqifrajybl;Mum;w,f tJ'g tck tqifajyoGm;Nyv D m; Feel jzpfaewm... Ny;D awmh cifAsm;ajymwJh tjypfawG?
bmnmar;wmygAsm? Ed.Yk .. aeprf;ygOD; cifAsm;wdu Yk xm;vdu k pf rf;yg? vlyAJ s... cHpm;wwfw,f? tjypfawmh
b,fvkd jzpfwmvJAs}} &SdrSmyJ/ 'gayr,fh tckavmavmq,f cifAsm;[m
]]rodygbl;Asm... uRefawmfuvnf; olYqdk? ol & J U bmvJ . .. &nf ; pm;vm;? a,musf m ;vm;?
olajymorQqdk pum;vHk;wdkif;txdudk uyfaxmufNyD; oufwrf;[m oufwrf;yJAs... oufwrf;&ifw h hJ Whisky
&ef v k y f r d a eawmh w myJ . .. ol u vnf ; usKyf e J Y q d k qd&k ifawmh aps;aumif; yd&k csi&f vdrrhf ,f... 'gayr,fh
pum;awmif ajymcsifpdwfr&Sdbl; jzpfaeawmhwm... vlrIqufqHa&;e,fy,frSm awmh Sorry yJ/ t&rf;
usKyv f yk cf w hJ hJ tjypfawGaMumifv h m; rodygbl;Asm...}} cspf M uw,f q d k w J h vif r ,m; awG a wmif uG m &S i f ;
]]cifAsm;wduYk tcsppf rf;aeMuwmygAsm}} jywfpMJ uao;wmyJ...}}
]]r[kwyf gbl;Asm... oluvnf; uReaf wmfu h q kd kd ]]r[kwaf o;bl;Asm...}}
enf ; enf ; rS em;vnf r ay;bl ; ? uRef a wmf h u d k v nf ; ]][kww f ,fAs... cifAsm;udk owdr&wJo h ul kd
olYudk,fa&;udk,fwmawG 0ifpGufw,fqdkNyD;awmhvnf; arhypfvu kd ?f cifAsm;udk rMunfch siw f o hJ u
l kd oGm;rawGUeJ?Y
ajymao;w,f}} cifAsm;pum;em;raxmifcsifwJholudk oGm;ajymraeeJY?
]]cifAsm; em;vnfay;vdu k af ygh/ cifAsm;&JU rrsKd ;u uRefawmf ajymygw,f.... tcsOfBudKufwJholudk
wu,fqkd q&mrBu;D As? Ny;D awmh rde;f r rqefwhJ rde;f rAs/ tcsKd omG ;rauR;ygeJY qdw k m...}}
'gayr,fh uReaf wmft h xif olvnf; cifAsm;eJaY wGUrS 'kue© YJ ]]tJvrkd sKd ;awGvyk &f if oleu YJ Reaf wmfeYJ b,fvkd
vSveS YJ nm;ovdk jzpfawmhwm...}} pum;ajymawmh rvJAs? b,fvq kd ufqMH urvJ...}}
]]r[kwyf gbl;Asm...
oluuRefawmfhudk 'ku©awG
ay;aewmygAs}}
]]ol u ay;wmvm;/
cifAsm;u ay;aewmvm;}}
]]uRef a wmf h tjypf
awGvnf; &Sdygw,fAsm...
xm;Asm... 'gayr,fh olu
bmjzpfvYkd uReaf wmfar;wJt h cg
ajymrjyEdik &f rSmvJ... 'g...
olr½d;k om; wmaygh}}
]][m? r[kwf ao;bl;
ydik x
f ;l &/ cifAsm;udk uReaf wmf
tawG; wpfck ajymjyr,f}}
]]ajymAsm...}}
]]'DrmS ]tcsOBf uKd uwf hJ olukd tcsKd oGm;rauR;&bl;} ]]vkyjf yefNy.D .. cifAsm;u wqdw&f dS qufqrH ,f
wJh tJ'gudk oabmaygufAs/ olajymrjycsib f ;l r[kwv f m;/ qdw
k mcsn;f yJ}}
cifAsm;rodcsief aYJ yghAsm}} ]][mAsm... awmfNy?D awmfNy?D awmfNy/D [m;...
]][m? r&bl;Asm... oleYJ uReaf wmfeYJ Mum;xJrmS [m;... [m;}}
qufqcH w h J h J oufwrf;u cifAsm;wdv Y k k d r[kwb f ;l As? bmvdrY k &
&rSmvJ...}}
32
novel
]]ydik x
f ;l uReaf wmfajymjyr,f/ wu,fqkd cifAsm;&JU r*¾ Z if ; t,f ' D w m vk y f c J h z l ; ol / ]wD w D t d k } vd k Y
rrsd K ;u q&mrBuD ; tppf r jzpf a o;bl ; As/ wu,f h olwt Ykd wdak umufac:wJh xGe;f xGe;f OD;uvnf; *sme,f
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33
novel
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http://www.myanmarblogdirectory.blogspot.com
34
short story
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35
IT
Photoshop Tutorial - 3D Text

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Tutorial by: MMPhotoshop
'D Tutorial uawmh Text wpfcu k kd 3D yHpk aH v;&atmif

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36
IT
Deselect vkyy
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avhvmEdik af om MM Photoshop rS contribute vkyyf gonf/
MMPhotoshop
http://mmphotoshop.net
37
movie review
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38
movie review
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Zmwfum;&JU t"du taMumif;t&muawmh jref r mbk & if u k d y k e f uef j cm;em;NyD ; t,k ' ¨ , uk d
'Dvkdyg/ 15 &mpkESpfv,favmufu a'owGif;tif jyef v nf & ,l w J h t aMumif ; jzpf y gw,f / tJ ' D
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xm;wJZh mwfaumifawG xyfxnhNf y;D '@m&DyjkH yifqefqef
crf;crf;em;em; &ku d u f ;l wifquf xm;wmyg/
bk&if ema&pGrf taMumif;ukd
'g&kud wf muvnf; olU&JU 'D&yk &f iS Zf mwfvrf;[m
a&;om;&ku d u f ;l &mrSm usaemfwUdk orkid ;f xJu tjzpftysuw f csKdUukd tajccHNy;D wjcm;Zmwfaumif?
xkid ;f trsKd ;om;a&;pdw"f mwfqw dk hJ Zmwfuu G af wGudk pdwu f ;l eJUjznhpf u
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pdwt f cHeUJ csO;f uyfvUdk rjzpfygbl;/ Zmwfvrf;wpfcv k Udk befaumufyUdk pfowif;pmrSm yg&Sw d hJ
Siamese Saga qkw d hJ aqmif;yg;rSm azmfjy xm;ygw,f/
'gaMumihf 'DZmwfum;ukd Legends of the King Naresuan
bk&ifhaemif rif;w&m;BuD; t,k'¨ ,ukd odrf;ykduf vkUd vnf; trnfay;xm;ygw,f/
atmifjrifpOfu touf uk;d ESpt f &G,f rif;om;ema&pGrf 'g&ku
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39
movie review
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ppfpcef;cs&m ae&mawG? ppfcsw D uf&m vrf;aMumif;awGeUJ 'Da'o[m ema&pGrf&JU b0eJU xkdif;EkdifiHorkdif;rSm
wk d u f y G J j zpf E k d i f w J h ae&mawG u k d cef U rS e f ; zk d U twG u f ta&;Bu;D wJh jzpf&yfawGjzpfcw hJ hJ ae&mjzpfw,fvUdk vnf;
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tjrifzJGUwnf&m
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enf;pepfyidk ;f qkid &f mawGudk a[mvd0'k &f UJ Troy, Lords of awmfawmftm;xkwx f m;wm odomygw,f/
the Rings pwJh Bu;D us,c f rf;em;wJh &ky&f iS Zf mwfum;Bu;D awG befaumufyUdk pf owif;pmrSmyg&Sw d hJ 'g&ku
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tultnDay;cJhMuygw,f/ 'DZmwfum;&JU aemufcH taMumif; ukda&;om;&kduful;&mrSm usaemfwkdU xkdif;
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15 &mpkESpf jrefrmbufu [Hom0wDrif; vrf;aMumif;uae tenf;i,f cGx J uG w f ,fvUdk jrifygw,f/
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tjyiftqif? jrefrmbk&m;? apwD? ausmif;uef? [Hom0wD e&JprG uf [Hom0wD vuf atmufu xkid ;f vlrsKd ;awG
eef;awmf? eef;awmfa&SUu jcaoF&h yk w f Bk u;D awG? usKH ;? eef;NrKd U&k;d ? vG w f a jrmuf a tmif o m Bud K ;yrf ; NyD ; [H o m0wD u k d
40
movie review
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ukdvnf; bk&ifhaemifukd av;pm;zG,f zcif t&if; 0wfpm;qif,ifyHkeJUuGJjym;rI&Sdr&Sd orkdif;ynm&SifawGrS
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xkwaf zmfajym wmawGU&w,f/ Zmwfum;&JU 'kw, d ykid ;f rSm jrefrmhapmif;wD;azsmaf jzwJh tcef;awG? jrefrmrif;om;
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wk d u f c k d u f o d r f ; ,l a pzk d U bk e f ; BuD ; uk d ajymMum;cJ h w J h 'DZmwfum; &ky&f iS f ykpd wmu rSed yf sys yH*k b H &k m;
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jref r mZmwf a umif a wG j zpf w J h bk & if h a emif ? &J0phH mG ajymif;vJapEkid cf ahJ om bk&if} qkw d hJ Zmwfum;&JU
eE´ bk&if? tdrfa&SUrif;om; r[mOy&mZmwkdUae&mrSm pmpkav;eJU 'D&yk &f iS Zf mwfum;taMumif;udk www.king
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41
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wpfEpS rf S wpfacgufoma&mufawmhonf/
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42
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43
essay
BuD;rsm;jzihf rkef[if;cg;csufBu? ausmif;uxdefyGJwGif b,foUdk aomtajctaersKd ;rSm NrKd Uav; useaf e&pfovJ/
ya'omyif r sm;jyif q if M u? um;rsm;jzih f w ef ; pD N yD ; zGHUNzdK;wkd;wufrIumv vGefum a&&SnfwnfwHhaom
NrKd Uukyd wfum twD;trIw?f um&mtkad u? tursKd ;pHjk zihf pOfqufrjywfzGHUNzdK;wufrI[k qkdaeMuaom ,aeU
yg0ifqifEMJT uyHrk sm;/ ausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;wGif olil ,fcsi;f emrnfausmaf cwf NyKd i*f vkb d ,fvu dk af Z;&Si;f umvwGif
pdwful;zJGUwnf&m
awGpNk y;D wD;cwfoq D cdk MhJ uyHrk sm;/ tckawmh 'DtawGUtBuKH Nrd K Uav;ua&m rnf o nf h z G H U Nzd K ; wk d ; wuf r I vrf ;
awGvnf; twdww f iG f usecf ahJ vNy/D i,foil ,fcsi;f aMumif;ay:a&muf aeovJ[k pOf;pm; Munhrf ad om
awGeUJ vnf; rqHak wmh/ ausmif;Bu;D uvnf; aEG&moD tcg.../
ausmif; ydw&f ufumvrkUd wdwq f w
d v f Qu/f xH;k pHtwkid ;f NrKd Uav;wGif ESp&f ufxufyNdk y;D MumMum
tif w meuf ? *vk d b ,f v k d u f a Z;&S i f ; ? raeEkdif/ &efukefjyefrnhfaeUu oJacsmif;ukdjzwfí
wwd,vdiI ;f Ny;D ,ck 'pf*spw f ,f pwkw¦viId ;f wkUd ESifh wjznf; um;*d w f u k d qif ; awmh rsuf E S m csif ; qk d i f u
jznf ; usH K Uvmaeaom urm Ç B uD ; wG i f u Ref a wmf \ jcpfjcpfawmufylaeaom tnmaEG&JU rGef;vGJaeu
NrKd Uav;\taetxm; u b,fv&dk dS ovJ/ Digital Divide uReaf wmh&f ifxt J xd ylaeonf/
tjyif rnfoUdk aom Divide rsKd ;awGeUJ cGjJ cm;jcif;cH&Ny;D tnmom;armifarmif
Creation
]armifrsdK;ararh rdefYrSmrI}
armifrsdK; rif;rrSm;rD ararrdefYrSmr,f
armifrsdK;... rrl;rD? rarhrD... rSwfrSwf... rif;rdef;r armfarmf NrdK;NrdK;jrufjrufrsm; jrifrSjrif? rsm;rSjrwfrSjrif/
armfarmfrSm rif; armrSmrdkY? rSm;rSmrdkY rar;rjref;? rar;rjrL/
rif;rSwf? armifrsdK; rSwf... arar rSmr,f? rdefY>rufr,f/
armfarmfhrSm armrSarm... arNrdKUrSm arsmufrsm;? jrif;rsm;arG;NrL... jrdwfrS rJrJarSmifarSmif rdI? jruf? rufref;rsdK;rsm;rSm...
ajrmif;jrrS rQpf? arQmh? a>r rsm;rSm... rkefYrIefYref... rD;NrdSKuf? rD;jrSif;...
arsmufrsm;? jrif;rsm;? arsmufarG;? arsmufNrD;? jrif;arG;? jrif;NrD;rsm;? rufref;? rId? rQpf? arQmh? a>rrsm; rdk;rrdrD jrpfrS jrefjrefarQm/
rif;rdef;rarmfharmfhrSm jrefrSjref... jrifrSjrif/
armifrsdK;? rsm;rsm;rSwf rif;rSwfrS/ rif;rSm jrifhjrifhrm;rm; jrifhjrifhjrwfjrwf rrSef;... rdef;r rjrif? rIefrIefrdIif;rdIif;... rlrrSef?
rdk;rarSmifrD NrdefYNrdefYrl;r,f? rdef;rrmefrJr,f... arar rsufjrifrSrsufjrif/
rSm;r,f... armifrsdK; rif;rSm;r,f... rif;.... ajrrsdKrSm? rif;rrSm;rD arar rdefYrSmr,f rSefrSefjrif... armifrsdK;/
[efopfNird f
The White Rainbow

tjzLa&mifoufwefY
http://www.thewhiterainbow.blogspot.com
44
essay
uRefawmfESifh udef;*Pef;rsm;
vm&m
pdwful;zJGUwnf&m
[dk
&ufydkif; avmufu uRefawmfqDudk ol apcJhwmvJ/

[dk i,fcsi;f wpfa,ufu tD;ar;vf wpf apmif
ydUk vdu
k w f ,f/ aemuf pmxJrmS tquftpyf
aemufq;kH olu eifrodvJ aemufwpfa,muf
ar;Munfh[mvdkY pdwfaygufaygufeJY ajymawmh aemuf
r&Sd 'DaeY ]7.7.07} [ vdYk xnfah &;xm;awmh bmvJ[ wpfrsdK; pOf;pm;rdjyefa&m/
vdYk awG;rdomG ; w,f/ tJ'g bmvJjyefar; vdu k af wmh atmf... 'D&ufyikd ;f yJc;l rSmrsm; a&Bu;D wJh udpö
'grsKd ;u wpfoufrS wpfcg vdYk ajymygw,f/ ajymwmrsm;vm; rodbl;vdkY tawG;e,f csJUjyefa&m/
atmf 'gqdk&ifawmh *Pmef;awG wlwmudk aemufrS tif;...yJcl; a&BuD;wm? vlawG 'ku©
ajymwmyJ/ *Pef;wlwmrsm; txl;tqef;vkyf&w,f a&mufwmawmh rSeyf gw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'g qdv k w
kd m
ayghaemf/ (ckus tJ'v D rkd sKd ; awG;rdomG ;wmaygh) ausmif; r[kwaf vmufyg bl;/
wkef;uawmh *Pef;awGtay: udk,fvnf; &k;oGyfcJh aemufqHk; *sme,fwpfapmif zwfrSyJ
wmyJ/ armif;aewJh um;awG&UJ eHygwfawG tajy;tvTm; oabmayguf oGm;w,f/ udk,fhudkudk,f vnf;
zwf? b,favmuf&ovJwu G .f .. ][m... bl... tjypfwifrw d ,f/ awmfawmf yde;f wJh igyg vm;/
uGJjyefo[} eJU/ aemufydkif; vkyfief;cGifxJa&muf? 'DvdkrsdK; ]07.07.07} xyfzdkYqdkwm ESpf
tcsed u f ukerf eS ;f roduek ?f *Pef;awGtay: &l;oGyw f m wpfaxmifMumrS wpfMurd x f yfEikd wf m qdw k mrsKd ;? ckEpS f
vnf; arhoGm;w,f/ aemufqHk; &ufawG vawG *Pef;u odyjf rifjh rwfw,f qkyd gw,f/ Edik if jH cm;rSm 'D
ESpaf wGawmif wpfcgwpfav arhomG ;wJh txdygyJ/ *Pef;udk odyf&l;oGyfw,f qdkygw,f/ tJ'DaeYrSm
aemufro S il ,fcsi;f u 'D ]07.07.07} *Pef; vufxyfzkdYapmifhaewJh ZeD;armifESHawG wef;pDaeMu
awG&JUaemufuG,frSm t"dyÜm,fawG trsm;BuD;&Sdw,f? wmyJ wJh/ rkefYyGJ [if;yGJawGawmif ckESpf*Pef;udkyJ
eifajymwm usefao;w,fqdkawmh xl;qef;jyefa&m/ toHk;jyKw,f qdkw,f/ tar&duef EdkifiHwpf0ef;rSm
Zlvikd f 7 &ufu bmrsm; xl;jcm;ygvdr/hf bmawGukd rsm; 'D&ufrmS vufxyfMuwJh pHw k aJG ygif; ckEpS af omif;ausmf
ajymif;vJapEdkifygvdrfh/ b,folawGudkrsm; atmifjrif &Sw
d ,fw/hJ ('D&ufukd tjrwfxw k w f hJ pD;yGm;a&;orm;awG
45
essay
enf;rSm r[kwb f ;l /) *Pef;udk ydkBudKufw,f/ uRefawmfhckHeHygwf (4)

tJ'aD wmhrS 'D*Pef;tay: vlawG&UJ &l;oGyrf u I kd 'grSr[kwf (8) *Pef;uswJhtcsdefrSm uHaumif;avh
owdxm;cJhrdw,f/ b,favmuf &l;oGyfMuovJ &Sdw,f/ twef;rSmvJ pmaumif;aumif; &dk;vfeHygwf
ajym&r,f qd&k if ]urÇmh acwfopf tHch s;D zG,&f m ckEpS cf k aumif;aumif;eJU atmifw,f/ aemuf uRefawmfwdkU
pdwful;zJGUwnf&m
a&G;cs,fwJh? aMunmwJhaeYudk Zlvdkif (7) &ufaeYrSm uGeyf sLwm ausmif;rSmvnf; qGaJ qmifr&I w
dS hJ ausmif;ol
usi;f ycJw
h mudk pOf;pm;Munf&h if &l;oGyrf u
I aMumuf
cref;vdvyd aJ ygh/ atmifbmavxDziG rhf ,fh &ufyg wcsKd U
EdkifiHawGu owfrSwfxm;jyefw,f/ 'Dvrkd sKd ; ]07.07.07} xyfzq Ykd w
kd m
pmapmifawGxJu tqdkawGt& ckESpf
ESpw
f pfaxmifMumrS
*Pef;[m arSmfqefNyD; tav;teufxm;wJh oabm
aqmifw,f qdw k ,f/ olu &ky0f w¦KoauFw (4) eJY wpfMurd x f yfEikd w
f m qdw
k mrsKd ;?
pdwf0dnmOfoauFw (3) udk aygif;pyfxm; w,fvdkY ckEpS f *Pef;u odyjf rifjh rwfw,f
qdkw,f/
*Pmef;awGtay: tawmfBuD; &l;oGyfMuwJh
olawGu *Pef;awG[m vlawG&UJ b0udk pd;k rd;k jc,fv, S f wpfa,mufukd ]Group -8} vdYk ac:cJzh ;l w,f/ olUckyH gwfu
w,fvdkY qdkygw,f/ uRefawmfhudkvnf; ,Hkovm;vdkY aygif;vdu k &f if &Sp*f Pef; tNr&J aew,f qdak wmhav/
ar;&if ,Hkw,fvdkU ajz&rSmyJ/ ajym&&if uRefawmf olu ql;vSn;f Bu;D vdyk J tm;vH;k odr;f BuKH ; qGaJ c:oGm;Ekid f
uawmh ckESpf *Pef; xufpm&if &Spf*Pef;eJY av; vdUk &Sp*f Pef;a&SUrSm tkypf k ]Group} xnfv h u kd &f w,f/
'DvdkrsdK; ausmif;u uRefawmfwdkUwawG tawmfhudk
&k;oGyfcJhMuw,f/ tJ'Dwpfcgawmh uRefawmfwdkY tzGJU
vduk f vluakd &m *Pef;udak &m &l;oGyw f maygh/
uReaf wmfww Ykd ifyJ &l;ovm; qdak wmh r[kwf
jyefb;l / uReaf wmfwYkd tdref ;D em;csi;f awGvnf; oleY nf;
olU[efeUJ &l;Muwmyg/ [dw k pfavmu uG,v f eG f tedpö
a&mufoGm;wJh rif;om;wpfa,muf&JU toufjzpfwJh
(42) udk olwUkd tac: yg0gwifNy;D ESpv f ;kH xd;k wm ayguf
Muw,fqykd /J ]4 yg0g 9} pojzifh wGuMf uwmayghav/
'Dvrkd sKd ; 'Dvrkd sKd ; *Pef;awGtay:u uReaf wmf
wdkU jzwfavQmufvmcJhw,f/ toufawGvnf; waeY
wjcm; BuD;vmw,f/ ouú&mZfawGrsm; NzdKvdkYr&
atmifukd *Pef;awGu wpfv;kH Ny;D wpfv;kH wdu k pf m;vmcJh
w,f/ uReaf wmfwUkd u *Pef;awG tay: trSwt f om;
vkyfwmvm;/ *Pef;awGuyJ uRefawmfwdkYtay:
jc,fvS,faecJhovm;/ bmyJajymajym vlwdkif;rSm
&l;oGyrf I wpfcak wmh tenf;qH;k &SMd uw,fvYkd uReaf wmf
xifw,f/ tjypfwifp&mawmh r&Sdbl;avAsm/
vm&m
pmrlrsm; ay;ydkYEdkifygonf
46
philosophy
jref rm ES i f h acwf opf 0g ' ^ 0g 'D rsm;

oifum
ynm&yfzJGUwnf&m
jref rmEdik if rH mS armf'ef0g' (Modernism)? ydpYk af rmf'ef0g'

( Post-modernism )? Constructionism,
Deconstructionism, Structuralism,
pwifzGifhqdk rdwfqufcJhygw,f/ 'D0g'awGxJu wcsKdUudk
q&marmifp;l prf;? q&mausm0f if;wdu
pwifvrf;aMumif; rdwq f ufcyhJ gw,f/
Y k Edik if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&;e,fy,fawGrmS
Poststructuralism pwmawGukd pmay? uAsm oabmw&m; eJY 'D0g'awG jzpfwnfp umvwke;f u olUe,fy,feo YJ l
a0zefa&;oH;k avmufyJ abmifusO;f usO;f rSwx f ifaeMuygw,f/ qdwk mawmh arhxm;vdYk r&ygbl;/ aemufyikd ;f toH;k csrt I ay:rlwnfjy;D
bmjzpfvdkYvJqdkawmh 'D0g'awGudk pwifrdwfqufcJhpolrsm;u e,fy,f us,v f iG o
hf mG ;wmjzpfygw,f/ Edik if aH &;? pD;yGm;a&;? vlro I yd HÜ
pmayabmifxu J pwifcw hJ mrdyYk g/ (Social Science)? zGjH zKd ;a&;? abm*aA'? Edik if aH &;abm*aA'
'Dvakd bmifusO;f usO;f rSwx f ifjcif;[m rvdv k m;tyfwhJ pGypf ?JG (Political Economy)? Edik if aH &;a*[aA' (Political Ecology)
tjypfwifrrI sK;d awG ay:aygufapygw,f/ Oyrm taemufukd pwJ h ynm&yf a wG u d k Ed k i f i H w umpH c sd e f e J Y oif a wmh ?
yHw
k u l ;l csw,f? 'gawGu;l csNy;D ud, k u hf ,kd u
f kd acwfrwD ,f xifaew,f avhvmawmhr,fq&kd if 'D0g'abmifawGxu J ajy;rvGwyf gbl;/
pojzif/h 'Dvkd tpysK;d yHk rvSwmaMumifh wcsKUd tjrifus,w f hJ Poststructuralism [m zGjH zKd ;a&;pDru H ed ;f awG? NGO awG&hJ
yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;uawmif 'D0g'awG[m todÚmPfukd ydwq f aYkd pwJh pDrcH efcY yJ G ak H wGuk d a0zefqef;ppf&mrSm ajymifajrmufvw S mudk awG&Y ygr,f/
rdiI ;f awGvYkd txif&rdS sK;d awGU&ygw,f/ xdtYk wl Constructionism [m vlrsK;d pkrsm;&JUp&ku d f oauFw?
wu,fawmh 'D0g'awG[m oleY ,fy,f? olt Y oH;k csreI o YJ l usm;r uGjJ ym;rI (Gender) pwmawGukd avhvm&mrSm toH;k 0ifwm
todÓ Pfudk yGifhapwJh? toHk;0ifwJh 0g'awGjzpfygw,f/ awGU&ygvdrrhf ,f/ rsupf u d zkd iG x
hf m;Mu&Hw k ifrubl;? jrifEikd o f avmuf
pmayoabmw&m;eJY a0zefa&;rSm 'D0g'awGukd tapmydik ;f rSm rsupf w d qH;k MunfMh uzdyYk g/
q&maZmfaZmfatmif? aemufyikd ;f rSmqd&k if rif;cuf&J polwu Ykd oifum
47
knowledge
onf awG;ac:pOf;pm;wwfjcif;
vl jzifh tjcm;aom ow0å grsm;xuf
xufjrufavonf/ xdo k t Ykd m;jzifh
urÇmausmf
vlay: vlaZmf vkyv f akd om vlrsm;udk vSnyhf wf vQKd U0Sucf surf sm;
Edik zf &Ykd efu wu,fawmh rvG,/f odaYk omfvnf; azmfaumif
acwftqufquf rsuv f n S yhf nmonfrsm;
onf olwdkY wwftyfaomynm (wenf;)
okwzJGUwnf&m
tEkynmjzifh vlxu k kd azsmaf jzí wzH?k vSnphf m;í

wenf; toufarG;cJMh uonf/ uReaf wmfonf
rsuv f n S yhf nmudk jrwfE;kd onf/ xdaYk Mumifv h nf;
i,fpOfuwnf;u tcktcsed t f xd rsuv f n S yhf GJ
jrifvQif raeEdkifrxdkifEdkif 0ifMunfhrdaeqJ
jzpf o nf / rsuf v S n f h q &mrsm;ES i f h v nf ;
oli,fcsi;f jzpfczhJ ;l onf/ tcifq;kH rsuv f n S hf
q&muawmh MuKH &ifMuKH ovdk xl;xl;qef;qef;
awG vkyjf ywwfwhJ [efopfNird jf zpfonf/ olu
uReaf wmfu h kd olpak qmif;xm;wJh rsuv f n S hf
pmtkyaf wGuk d ay;iSm;zwfw,f/ 'Dvk d iSm;wJt h cg
olpY mtkyaf wGxu J wpftyk &f UJ a&SUqH;k pmrsuEf mS
udk twif;vSefNyD; zwfcdkif;w,f/ tJ'DrSm
a&;xm;wmu “Never tell anyone, how your
tricks are done” wJ h / ]]bmvJ ? rif ; u
pmtk y f r iS m ;csif vd k Y v m;}} vd k Y a r;awmh
]]r[kwyf gbl;uGm? rif; rsuv f n S yhf rGJ sm;awGUrd&if
azmfaumifrvkyfrdzdkYajymwmyguGm}} wJh/ uawmh olwb Ykd maMumift h v
J rkd sKd ; qpfqpfaygufaygufawG awG;rdovJ
olu Y akd wmh &,fusu J seJ yYJ J wkejYf yefcw hJ ,f/ qdw
k mudk pOf;pm;rdapzd&Yk ,f rsuv f n
S q
hf &mawGqw
kd m vlxu
J vlawG
jrefrmvdk ]rsuv f n S }hf vdt Yk "dymÜ ,f omjzpfNy;D omrefxuf xl;xl;jcm;jcm; awG;wwforl sm;jzpfMuw,f
&wmud k t*F v d y f v d k a wmh trsd K ;rsd K ; qdwk mudk owdjyKaprdzjYkdzpfygw,f/
oH;k EIe;f ygw,f/ Magic vdjYk cKH Ny;D ac:Edik w f ,f/
rsuv f n S hf q&mudak wmh Magician vdaYk c:w,f/ avay:<uwufMuolrsm;
'gayr,fh tJ'D Magic qdkwJhpum;vHk;[m a';Apf bvdef; (David Blaine) vdkYqdkvdkuf&if rsufvSnfh
arSmq f Nkd y;D oH;k EIe;f wwfwmeJY a&mEdik v f Ykd wcsKd Uu 0goemtdk;awGuawmh odMurSmyg/ ol[m tar&duefwvTm;
Conjuring vdkYac:w,f/ tJ'DtcgrSmawmh
c&D;vSnv hf nfcNhJ y;D vrf;ay:u azsmaf jzrIrsm; (Street Magic) qdw k hJ
rsufvSnfhq&mudk Conjuror vdkYoHk;ygw,f/ wDADtpDtpOfeJY emrnfausmf vlBudKufrsm;jcif;udk cHcJh&olyg/
'gayr,fh emrnfausmf a';Apfaumfyg;zD;vf tJ'DtpDtpOfawGxJrSm wDADMunfhy&dowfawGudk xl;xl;jcm;jcm;
(David Copperfield) &J Y v S n f h u G u f a wG [ m
qJGaqmifoGm;cJhwmu (Self-Levitation) qdkwJh avay:udk <uysH
tjrifukd t"duvSnphf m;wmaMumifh Illusion wufjyjcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ bvde;f [m rnfonft h ultnDrrS ygbJ?
vd k Y a c:Muw,f / ol Y u d k a wmh Illusionist vrf;ay:u y&dowfawGukd rsupf ad &SUwifrmS yJ 5vufravmuftxd
vd k Y a c:w,f / 'D a qmif ; yg; rS m awmh avay:udyk s<H uwufjyoGm;ygw,f/
vS n f h p m;jcif ; awG e J Y touf a rG ; aewJ h 'Dvdkavay:ysHwufwJhenf;udk rsufvSnfhavmurSmawmh
(Balducci Levitation) vda Yk c:ygw,f/ 'Denf;udk pwifjyocJw
h hJ Balducci
urÇ m ausmf a wG & J U vQd K U0S u f c suf w csd K Uud k
&Si;f vif;wifjyoGm;rSmyg/ t"du&nf&, G &f if; uawmh olawGU&SdcJhwJhenf;r[kwfbl;? olYrdwfaqG Erwin Levine
jyocJwh ehJ nf;ygvdq Yk w
kd ,f/ Levine uawmh b,fopl awGcY w hJ ,fqw kd m
48
knowledge
ol v nf ; rod y gbl ; vd k Y a jymcJ h w ,f / rnf o d k Y y if q d k a pawmh vSnx hf m;ygw,f/ cPavmuf qdik ;f Ny;D wmeJY
vQd K U0S u f c suf u d k o m od & S d x m;w,f q d k & if 'D v S n h f p m;csuf u d k rsuvf n S jhfyol[m wjznf;jznf;csi;f avay:udk
b,fae&mb,ftcsed rf mS rqdk rnfonft h ultnD wefqmyvmrS <uwuf vmygw,f/ (yHk-2) udkMunfhyg/
rvdkbJ jyovdkY&ygw,f/ (yHk-1) u y&dowfjrif&wJh &Iaxmifh ajrBuD ; ud k jyef r xd c if r S m 3vuf r eJ Y
taetxm;jzpfygw,f/ 5vuf r avmuf taetxm;txd
ajrmuf w uf a ecJ h y gw,f / wu,f y g?
oyfoyf&yf&yfeYJ rSerf eS uf efuefom jyoEdik &f if
okwzJGUwnf&m
'Denf;[m wu,fu h kd tHMh obeef; jzpfapr,fh

vSnphf m;csuw f pfcyk g/
oifaum avay:<uwufMunfrh vm;

'DvSnfhpm;csuf[m wu,fwrf;
qd k & if a wmh avay:ysH w mr[k w f y gbl ; /
rsuv f n S q
hf &m[m avay:<uwufomG ;ovdk
[efaqmifwJhtcsdefrSm y&dowfeJYa0;wJh
aemufajcwpfbufu ajczsm;axmufNyD;
tomav; yifo h mG ;wmjzpfygw,f/ ,Hck si,
f kH
r,Hkcsifaeyg/ wu,fhudk tHhrcef;ygyJ/
vrf;ay:u tenf;i,frQaom y&dowf
awG [ m bvd e f ; cd k ; NyD ; axmuf x m;wJ h
'Dae&mrSm wpfco k wdxm;zdu
Yk 'Denf;[m Angle Sensitive ajczsm;aemufwpfzufukd jrifciG rhf &cJyh gbl;/
tricks vd k Y q d k & r,f h uef Y o wf x m;wJ h ae&muom y&d o wf u d k bmaMumif h v J q d k & if a wmh atmuf y g
Munf&h aI pEdik wf ehJ nf;jzpfygw,f/ (Bad Angle) vdaYk c:wJh rjyooifw
h hJ tcsuo f ;kH csuaf Mumifyh jJ zpfygw,f/
ae&mrSmom y&dowf &Sad ecJ&h if 'Denf;tvdraf y:zdaYk ocsmygw,f/ - rsuv f n S q
hf &m 0wfqifxm;wJh
'Denf;udktxyfxyfavhusifhxm;wJh bvdef;[m vrf;ay:rSmyJ abmif;bDp&,f
y&dowfawGukd vSnphf m;oGm;Edik cf yhJ gw,f/ - a&G;jc,fxm;wJh &Iaxmif&h ,f?
(yH-k 1)u vSnphf m;rItwGuf pwifae&m,lwhJ taetxm; - 0wfqifxm;wJh &I;zdeyf&,f ('gudk
jzpf y gw,f / y&d o wf a wG e J Y 8ay (od k Y ) 10aycef Y u aeNyD ; toH k ; jyKNyD ; ajczsm;axmuf x m;wJ h ajc
taemuf b uf u d k 45} cyf a pmif ; apmif ; jzpf a tmif u d k , f u d k wpfzufudk y&dowf rjrifatmif zkH;uG,f
xm;Edik yf gw,f)
(yHk-3) [m jyoaepOfrSm&Sdr,fh
(Balducci Levitation) udk tjcm;jrifuGif;rS
jrif & yH k j zpf y gw,f / b,f b uf u yH k [ m
vSnphf m;csuf rpcifjzpfNy;D nmbufyu kH awmh
vSnfhpm;csuf&JU txGwftxdyfvdkYqdk&r,fh
ae&mjzpfygw,f/
'D v S n f h p m;rI e J Y ywf o uf N yD ;
wpfco k wday;vdw k muawmh y&dowfawGqu D kd
wef;ceJomG ;Ny;D ]'DrmS ? cifAsm;wdYk uReaf wmf
avay:ysH w uf w mud k Munf h c sif o vm;}
vdkYb,fawmhrSrar;vdkufygeJY/ yxrOD;qHk;
49
knowledge
okwzJGUwnf&m
tjcm;aom tvG,w f ul&Edik w

f hJ zJcsyw
f ?Ykd ta<uaphweYkd YJ arQmv
f ifyh gw,f/ wu,fvrYkd sm; oif[m 'Dvn S phf m;csuu f kd
y&dowfukd t&ifq;kH zrf;pm;xm;oifyh gw,f/ wu,fvYkd y&dowftv,frSmjyzdkY BudK;pm;cJhr,fqdk&if oli,fcsif;
olwdkYawGu oifhvSnfhpm;csufawGrSm pdwfr0ifpm;bl;? wpfa,mufa,muftultnDeYJ AD', D rkd w
S w
f rf;wifvu kd zf Ykd
'grSr[kwf oifu h kd taESmuft,Suaf y;aer,f qd&k ifawmh rarhygeJYqdkwmudkvnf; owday;vdkufyg&ap/ aemuf
'Denf;udk rjyowm taumif;qH;k jzpfygvdrrhf ,f/ (Balducci aqmif;yg;awGrSmvnf; tvm;wl urÇmausmf awG&JU
Levitation) udk xdu k w f efwhJ wav;wpm; tm;ay;cHpm;Edik w f hJ pepfwus zefw;D xm;wJh yso H ef;rIawG? vSnphf m;rIawG
y&dowfudk jyowm[m toifhawmfqHk;jzpfygw,f/ taMumif;udk ajymjyoGm;ygOD;r,f/
]]rsufvSnfhq&maumif;wpfa,muf jzpfzdkYu b,fvdk
vSnfhpm;csufawGudk jyoEdkifw,fqdkwmu t"du 'DvSnfhpm;csufudk uRrf;uRrf;usifusifavhusifhxm;wJh
r[kwyf gbl;/ y&dowfukd em;vnfNy;D b,fvv kd nS phf m;csuef YJ rsufvSnfhydk;awG&JU AD'D,dkawGudk Munfhcsif&ifawmh
tHMh ooGm;aprvJqw kd mu t"dujzpfygw,f/}} atmufuvifch af wGrmS MunfEh ikd yf gw,f/
'Denf;udk ydkifEdkifuRrf;usifzdkY twGufuawmh
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWDK7Iqw_f4
rSeaf &SUrSm txyfxyfavhusi&hf ygvdrrhf ,f/ AD', D ukd ifr&meJY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OE7jdgkvZHw
&duk Nf y;D jyefMunfEh ikd &f ifawmh taumif;qH;k jzpfygw,f/
uifr&mudk vlrsuv f ;kH eJY wpfwef;wnf;ae&mavmufuae
&du
k u f ;l xm;wmudk jyefMunfNh y;D avhusi&hf ifawmh y&dowfukd vltcsi;f csi;f vSnyhf wfjcif; uif;&Si;f Muygap/
vSnphf m;Edik wf hJ taumif;qH;k taetxm;udk oifawGU&Srd mS yg/ azmfaumif
'D (Balducci Levitation) ud k oabmayguf r ,f v d k Y
50
knowledge
bmaMumifh
okwzJGUwnf&m
]]tvif;a&mif[m wdu k ½f u
kd rf jyefbeJ v
YJ nf; ,dik o
f mG ;wwfygw,f/ 'gayr,fh rsuv f ;kH eJY
wnfw h nfOh ;D wnf&muae tvif;0ifa&mufvmr,fq&kd ifawmh bdv, d uf abmvH;k vdrk sKd ;wkejYfyefNy;D
cifAsm;&JU "mwfyukH kd rvSryjzpfapr,fh Redeye Effect 0ifvmygvdrrhf ,f/}}
bmaMumifh Flashgun oH;k Ny;D ½du

k w
f hJ "mwfyakH wGxu
J vlawGrmS rsuv
f ;kH awGeaD e&wmvJ/
aocsmcsm ae&m,ljyifqifNyD;½dkufxm;wJh oabmw&m;wpfcyk jJ zpfygw,f/
ao rdom;pkyakH wG? Group Photo awGwcsKd U[m
yHx
k uG v f mwJt h cgrSm vlawGu bDv;l awGvkd
'gudk a&Smif&mS ;zduYk Bounce Flash vdaYk c:wJh
wqifch t H vif;udk toH;k jyKjcif;yJjzpfygw,f/ Bounce Flash
rsufvHk;awG eDaeMuavawmh tifrwef ESajrmzdkY qdw
k m uifr&muxGuv f mwJth vif;[m txufbufukd
aumif;ygw,f/ 'g bmaMumifv h J qd&k ifawmh tvif;a&mif&UJ wufoGm;r,f 'Daemuf rsufESmMuufudk ½dkufcwfNyD;
jzpfjrJ obm0tjyKtrlaMumifyh gyJ/ tvif;wef;qdw k m jyefqif;vmwJh tvif;rsKd ;jzpfygw,f/ tJovdk wqifch H
bdv, d uf pm;yJu G kd ½du
k Nf y;D jyefxu G v f mwJh abmvH;k av;eJY tvif;udk oH;k Ny;D ½du k jf cif;u wtm;vif;wJh wdu k ½f u
kd f Flash
oabmtm;jzifh twlwyl jJ zpfygw,f/ xuf ydNk y;D ysUH ESwYH ?hJ Diffused jzpfwhJ obmtvif;rsKd ;udk
tvif;a&mif tm;enf;wJt h cg zGi&hf wJh uifr&m &&S d r S m jzpf y gw,f / 'D o abmw&m;ud k 0g&if h
Flashgun uvmwJh awmufywJh tvif;a&mif[m
uifr&morm;awG toH;k jyKwwfMuygw,f/
rsuf v H k ; xJ u d k wd k u f ½ d k u f 0if a &muf o G m ;NyD ;
rsuv f ;kH taemufjcrf;xJu teDa&mif aoG;aMumrQiaf v; wu,fvYkd tJvkd wul;wu &Smae&r,fh Bounce
Flash uvnf;r&Sdbl; qdkonfhwdkif Redeye Effect
awGukd oGm;xdwt hJ cg uifr&m rSeb f v
D ;l (Lens) qDukd
axmifhcsdK;jyef½dkufoGm;NyD; Redeye Effect jzpfoGm;wJh udak &Smif&mS ;Edik yf gw,f/ 'guawmh "mwfy½kH u kd wf thJ cg
rvSry"mwfyakH wGukd &&Syd gvdrrhf ,f/ taMumif;uawmh t½dkufcH&wJh vleJYuifr&mudk wnfhwnfhr½dkufbJ
tvif;a&mif[m odyfonf;qenf;wJh avxkuae axmift h enf;i,f apmif;½du k jf cif;jzpfygw,f/ tJ't D cgrSm
odyo f nf;qrsm;wJh rsuv f ;kH xJut&nfukd oGm;a&muf "mwfyx kH yJ gr,fo h u
l kd uifr&mudk wnfw h nfrh Munfzh Ykd
½du
k cf wfwt hJ cgrSm wkejYf yefwhJ tvif;&JU omref ½lyaA' nTeMf um;xm;&ygr,f/
*sLyDwm
51
philosophy
Deconstruction
bkef;jrifhOD;
rmEd k i f i H r S m 'D 0 g'[m txl ; ojzif h

jref pmayoabmw&m;eJY a0zefa&;avmurSm
wGiu f s,af ewmawGU&ygw,f/]]taqmufttHk
zsu0f g'}} pojzifh em;vnf&cufwhJ bmomjyefxm;wmrsK;d
ynm&yfzJGUwnf&m
vnf; awGUEdik yf gw,f/ usaemfuawmh ]]acszsuq f ef;ppfrI

0g'}} vdYk teufay;csiyf gw,f/
'D0g'[m *su'f g&D;'g; (Jacques Derrida 1930-
2004) &Jh 'óe eJY bmomaA' a0zefa&;vuf&mawGrmS
tpysK;d jy;D aemufyikd ;f rSm vlraI A'awG (Humanities) vdkYqdkwmjzpfjyD;? 'gudk o&kyfcGJ? w&m;udk,fxkwf?
tjyif vlro I yd HÜ (Social Sciences) e,fy,f udyk g qef;ppfjywmudk Deconstruction vdn Yk eT ;f wmygyJ/
ysH U ES H Y o G m ;ygw,f / acszsuf q ef ; ppf r I 0g'&J h 'óeausm&k;d taeeJY acszsuq f ef;ppfr0I g'[m
&nf&, G cf suu f awmh tMurf;tm;jzifh awG;ac:rIpepfeYJ bmompum;&JUjzpfEikd af jc (Possibility) wenf;tm;jzifh
usrf;awGrSm zGJUwnfvmwJh ESpfcG 0da&m"d (Binary b,fvykd pkH eH YJ tvkyv f yk wf ,f (Operation) qdw k mudk
Opposisition) awG&hJ jzpfpOfukd &Si;f vif; em;vnfaprIeYJ qef;ppfw,fvYkd qdEk ikd yf gw,f/ trSew f &m;eJY bmompum;&Jh
qufpyfygw,f (DSS 2002)/ 'DvdkzGJUwnfapwm? yHkazmfrI (Present) Mum;rSm ]][}} aewJt h csuaf wG
zG J U wnf v mwm? zG J U wnf a ewmud k Construction &Sdw,fqdkwmyJ/ &Sif;&Sif;ajym&&if bmompum;[m
tjyKtrI&hJ t"dygÜ ,fukd tjynft h 0 razmfaqmifEikd b f ;l /
]]edAmÁ ef}} qdw k hJ pum;vH;k udk pOf;pm;Munfyh g/
'Dpum;vH;k udk &Si;f jyzdYk a*gwrAk'e¨ YJ &[ef;ynm&Srd sm;u
Oyrm Oyar,srsm;uwqifh yHak zmf ay;Mu&ygw,f/
'gayr,fhusaemfwdkY ykxkZOfrsm;tzdkY “edAÁmef” udk
vd&k if;trSew f &m;qdu k af tmif em;rvnfEikd yf gbl;/ 'gaMumifh
a*gwrAk'u ¨ pmawGY (bmompum;^y#d,w¬)d eJw Y if
edAmÁ efukd em;rvnfEikd ?f ud, k af wGY (tjyKtrI^y#dywÅ)d eJrY S
&r,fvYkd qdck w hJ m jzpfygw,f/ bmjzpfvv Ykd qJ akd wmh 'DawmhrS
[ aewJh tcsuu f kd ud, k w f ikd o
f rd mS rdv Yk Ykd jzpfw,fvYkd
em;vnf&ygw,f/
pmaytEkynmqdik &f mavhvmrI (Literary Stud-
ies) rSm Deconstruction enf;[m tMuD;us,fqHk;
&k d u f c wf r I u d k jzpf a pcJ h y gw,f / 'gh t jyif 'D
Deconstructionism [m Poststructuralism eJv Y nf;
qufpyfr&I ydS gw,f/ vlro I yd rHÜ mS Deconstruction enf;[m
Poststructuralist &Iaxmifu h ae qef;ppfavhvmenf;rSm
tc&mvnf;jzpfygw,f/ txl;ojzifh rEkóaA' (An-
thropology) e,fy,frm S 'Dt,l0g'udk tajcjyKjy;D usm;? r
uGjJ ym;rI (Gender)? vlrsK;d a&; (Race) pwmawGrmS
aqG;aEG;jiif;ckerf aI wG ay:xGuv f mapygw,f/
bke;f jrifOh ;D
52
Architecture
Deconstruction in Architecture
udkAdokum
(0g) Deconstructivism qdkwJh (axmifhrSefr[kwfwJh tdkif'D,m) awGudk toHk;jyKNyD;

D econstrucion
t,ltqwpf&yf[m jyifopf 'óe ynm&Sif taqmuftOD;awGukd xl;xl;jcm;jcm;qef;qef;jym;jym;
*su'f g&D;'g (Jacques Derrida) tpysKd ;cJw h mjzpfygw,f/ 'DZikd ;f xkwMf uygw,f/
Post-modern Architecture acwfrm S tpysKd ;cJw
h hJ
Deconstruction qd k w J h pum;vH k ; &J U t"d y Ü m ,f u d k
em;vnfzu Y k d awmh cufygvdrrh f ,f bmjzpfvv Ykd q J ak d wmh 'g&D;'g 'D v d k wG e f Y v d r f a umuf a uG ; aewJ h Deconstruction
ynm&yfzJGUwnf&m
tygt0if olpY mawGukd bmomjyefwo hJ al wGu, kd w f ikd u

f vuf&mawG[m Architecture Elements vdkYac:wJh
cufatmifvyk cf yhJ &kH ydS gw,f/ pmawGukd pmaMumif;awGukd taqmuftOD;&JU tpdwftydkif;awG (rsufESmpmeJY
cJ G j crf ; pd w f j zmwJ h xkxnf'DZdkif;? twGif;eJY tjyif'DZdkif; pwmawG)udk
enf;wpf&yftjzpf UFA-Palast in Dresden by owfowfqD
ay:ayguf v mcJ h Coop Himmelb(l)au cJGjcm; jrifapyg
wmyg/ 'gayr,fh w,f / 'D a wmh
Deconstructivist
tckq&k d if Visual Arts awG aqmufxm;
(yef;cs)D Architecture wJh taqmuftOD
(Adou k m) e,fy,f awG&UJ tNy;D owf
awGtxd toH;k cs tjyif yHkyef;u
aeygNy/D ay;wmuawmh
Adokum Unpredictability
rSm&SdwJh Deconstr- (rcefrY eS ;f Edik jf cif;)
uction uawmh Ar- eJY Controlled -
chitect qdw k hJ Adok Chaos (xdr;f uGyf
umwpfa,mufudk xm;wJ h y&rf ;
ypö n f ; awG t &m ywm) pwm
0w¬ K awG u d k New awGyJ jzpfygw,f/
Way vdkYac:wJh tjcm;&Iaxmifhu jrifapjcif;ygyJ/ Deconstruction tdi k 'f ,
D mudk Adou k mavmuxJ
aemufwpfcu k awmh taqmuftOD;awGukd Traditional o,faqmifvmoluawmh 'g&D;'g;&JU vTr;f rd;k rIccH &hJ wJh yDwm
Architectural Conventions Building vd k Y a c:wJ h tdkifpfref; (Peter Eisenmen) yJjzpfygw,f/ ol[m
orm;a&S;Adokumvuf&mawGeJY uJGjym;wJh rl[efeJY pmaye,fxJu Deconstruction oabmw&m;awGudk
wnfaqmufNy;D ? taqmuftOD;twGuf yHrk eS v f t kd yfwhJ tajccHypkH x H w
k cf w
hJ t
hJ jyif 'g&D;'g;eJY aygif;pyfNy;D Adou k m
vk y f i ef ; aqmif w m ( Uitility ) awG u d k a vsmh y g; Projects awG v k y f a qmif c J h y gao;w,f / 'g&D ; 'g;eJ Y
xd c d k u f r I r &S d a tmif Ad o k u mu qef ; qef ; jym;jym; tdik ;f pfref;tjyif aemufxyf Deconstructivist wpfO;D jzpfwhJ
yHpk x H wk of nft h jyif Fundamental Physical Laws vdq Yk w kd hJ ',f e D , ,f vD b uf p f u if ; ( Daniel Libeskind )
tajccH&lyaA' ed,mrawGudkvnf; 'DZdkif;pOf;pm;wJh wdpYk w d 0f ifpm;wmuawmh ]]Metaphysics of Presence}}
ae&mrSmyg toH;k csao;ygw,f/ (wnf&rdS eI ,fveG f &kyo f abmw&m;) jzpfygw,f/ olwaYkd wG&UJ
1980 aemufydkif;rSm pwifzGHUNzdK;vmwJh 'D Adou k mvuf&mawGrmS yg0ifwmawGu Dialectic of Pres-
Deconstruction udk Adou k mawGtoH;k jyKwt hJ cg Frag- ence and Absence (wnf & S d r I rwnf & S d r I )
mentation qdw k hJ cJjG crf;pdwyf ikd ;f jcif;oabmudk t"du awGudkazmfMuL;zdkYqdkwJh t"dyÜm,feJY wnfaqmuf
tajccHxm;ygw,f/ yHpk x H w
k f aqmufvyk w f t h J cg Structure's xnfhoGif;xm;wJh Solids and Voids (xkxnfawG?
surface or skin (rsufESmpm'DZdkif;awGudk tcsyfvdkuf Avme,fawG) jzpfygw,f/
tvTmvdkufwyfqifwJh tdkif'D,m)? Non-rectillinear Deconstructivist vdkY AdokumrSm xif&Sm;wJh
53
Architecture
Award winning Design of

New World Trade Center by
Daniel Libeskind
olawGuawmh Peter Einsemen (yDwm tdik ;f pfref;)? Daniel

Libeskind (',fe, D ,f vDbufpuif;)? Frank Gehry (z&efY
a*&D)? Richard Miere (&pfcswf rD,m)? Rem Koolhaas
ynm&yfzJGUwnf&m
(&rf ud;k vf[mpf) polawGyjJ zpfygw,f/ tJ'x D rJ S Daniel

Libeskind [m topfjyefaqmufr,fh tar&duefu
World Trade Center twGuf NydKifyJGta&G;cHcJh&wJh
Adou k mjzpfygw,f/ omrm;&d;k us 'DZikd ;f yHpk x
H w
k jf cif;jzpfwhJ
Grid Pattern udk csdK;azmufxm;wJh Deconstructivist
',fe, D ,f vDbufpu f if;&JU 'DZikd ;f World Trade Center
taqmuftOD;opfukd New York NrKd U&JU Skyline rSmrMumcif
xd;k xd;k axmifaxmif jrifawGU&awmhrmS yg/
udAk o
d u
k m
54
reference
udo
k ifum\ Zefe0g&D ydpYk ^f bavmh*f tñTe;f
&HkawGaemuf? vkyfcsifwmawGursm;? tdk;eif;cGufeif;/ 'guawmh Zefe0g&Dv aemufqHk;ywfawGrSm
tm jzpfysuyf t
r&Sb
kH cif;tusi;f ygyJ/ nrSm tapmqH;k tdyw
d ;l / tcsed jf ynfeh ;D yg; xdik af ewmawmif vkycf siw
f m 2 em&Dy/J Blogging &wm tcsed af vmufw,fukd
f mawGu rjy;D bl;/ ausmif;pm jy;D pvG,v f yk /f
bavmh*u f kd uvd/ wzufuvnf; armiftef?Y [efopfjird w YJ nf&m (Existence) r*¾Zif;udk pdww
f eYkd YJ zGw f ikd ;f us
&nfñeT ;f zJGYwnf&m
jyifqif/ vukefjyDqdkawmhrS vpOfvkyfygr,fvdkY uwdjyKxm;wJh ydkYpf^bavmh*f tnTef;udk rudkif&ao;wm

owd&onf/ 'geJY vkyfr,fqdkawmh udk,foHk;aeus uGefysLwmr[kwfjyef/ uGefysLwm topfeJY oHk;ae&wm/
az;z&dwrf &S?d History eJY oGm;vdrYk &/ bavmh*w f pfcu
k ae wpfcu k ;l jy;D bavmh*pf Ofvn S &hf onf/ 'DwpfvtnTe;f twGuf
pdww f ikd ;f tusMu;D awmh r[kwv f /S
udkbaumif;udk ulay;r,fh 0ufbfqdkuftwGufvnf; tcsdefay;jyD; acgif;xJ xnfhxm;onf/
aoaocsmcsmav; vkycf sio f nf/ [efopfjird u f vnf; WP eJY bavmh*v f yk cf siof wJ/h aumif;w,f vkyaf y;r,fvYkd
ajymvdu k o f nf/ ckwavm rd;k &Gmonf/ raeYu avawGwu kd o f nf/ 'DaeY tdy, f muEd;k awmh aeYvnfa&mufaejy/D
rdk;wazsmufazsmuf&Gm\/ &moDOwkonf tzsm;rdaeaomvlemvdk cyf0yf0yf&Sdonf/ at;at; arSmifarSmif
tcef;xJwiG f Adu k u f vnf;qmqmESihf ydpYk af wGvu kd pf &k onf/ aumif;ygvsuEf iS hf usaemfrawGí Y useaf e&pfonfh
ydpYk rf sm;&Sad eygvdrrhf nf/ xH;k pHtwdik ;f vufvrS ;f rDoavmufygyJ/ acgif;pOfavmufyJ azmfjyjy;D wdu k &f u
kd v
f ifch af y;wmrdYk
b,fou Yl rkd S cGirhf awmif;awmhyg/
uAsm
ausmif;zGiahf wmhr,f pdwaf vzG,^f &Te;f rD
http://4friends2flip.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_10.html
Why?^tmz&duwdu
k rf S uav;wpfO;D ^*si;f *suu
f ufav;bavmh*f
http://jeanjacketlay.blogspot.com/2008/01/why.html
rd;k ay:rSm qHMk ur,fâumif;uifukd
http://kaungkinko.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_30.html
udk,fhvl….olYbufom;^ndKMuD;
http://bigbbrown.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_15.html
&mZ0if&dkif;aeaom pum;yHkrsm;^rif;wap
http://a-paw-sar-myar.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_1305.html
wpfckckrSm;^wmwl;-e-Journal
http://ver-bo-ten.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_1231.html
0wÅKwdk
va&mifatmufu acG;trsm;^jird ;f a0
http://sandaywe.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_27.html
tufqpfwpfcGufâumifqdk;av;
http://www.ansunmswe.blogspot.com/
oa&mfpm
qlemrDEiS hf jrefrmjynfûdv
k Qm&Sn-f ajymcsiv
f eG ;f vdYk bavmh*f
http://koshershay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_30.html
55
reference
tawG;tjrif
uRef a wmf w d k Y bmaMumif h ausmif ; ae&rS m vJ 1+2+3â'guf w mcif a rmif 0 if ; ? a'guf w mvS E k a xG ; ^
prdkif;ar\pdwful;,OfyHk&dyfprsm;bavmh*f
http://smilemay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_16.html
OD;oefYESifhawGYqHkjcif;ûdkvlopf
http://luthit.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_23.html
'g[mtwif;wJhvm;…tJ'gtwif;wJhvm;ûvdkap;xl;
http://klosayhtoo.blogspot.com/
acwfaemufusaewJh bDbpD ^D rif;rif;
http://hteinkmin.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_21.html
pmMunfw
h u
kd rf &Sad wmhwhJ &efuek ^f armifprG ;f &nf- a'gufwmvGr;f aqGbavmh*f
http://drlunswe.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_8350.html
xifoavmufrqd;;k wJh avmuygcifAsm^twÅausm-f taiGb
Y avmh*f
http://angwei.myanmarbloggers.org/
ordkif;
vGwv f yfa&;used pf m (e,fajropfu&kd mS azGMuolrsm;) tydik ;f (1)^bd;k awmfMu;D
http://www.boesein.com/2008/01/blog-post_30.html
bmoma&;
edSAÁmef[lonf^t&Sifem,u- reufjzefbavmh*f
http://manatphyan.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_03.html
owif;ESihf owif;a0zefcsuf
b&pfwae pyD;,m;ESihf [Dvw f ef jrefrmjynfvmrnf…DID
http://didfortwayne.blogspot.com/
*kPjf yKc&H rnfh 0uf0pH pfonf^bd;k awmfMu;D
http://www.boesein.com/2008/01/blog-post_26.html
rD',
D mazmf rD',
D mqdwrf sm;od^Yk em,fjcm;rJh jrefrmbavmf*grsm;tzGYJ
http://drlunswe.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_703.html
enf;ynm? bavmh*af &;&m

Alpha Zawgyi Version 1.0.0.12/Blogger Lay
http://bloggerlay.iblogger.org/
Downtime of Byethost.Com {Free Hosting MMWP Users}/arSmq
f &m
http://mbl0gger.iblogger.org/?p=261
Blogger Free Gathering and MBS’s Future Plan/yif*
h ;kd vf
http://www.cuttiepinkgold.info/2008/01/blogger-free-gathering-and-mbss-future.html
AsKwpf Asi;f awmif; wuúepf&iS rf sm;/CMM
http://cmmaung.blogspot.com/2007/05/blog-post.html
Wordpress Database Backup/pyfrdpyf&m
http://smsy.iblogger.org/?p=116
56
reference
EdkifiHa&;
'Drdkua&pDESifhvlYtzGJYtpnf;^baumif;(rEÅav;)
http://bakaung.blogspot.com/2008/01/democracy.html
vHk;0vGwfvyfa&;ârmif&if
http://maungyin.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_17.html
vlxw
k u
kd yf ^JG rd;k xufae^cGyaf 'gif;wd\
Yk bH,
k o
H m
http://pofpeacocks.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_2188.html
okw
e0&wfudk;yg;vufpGyfjyKvkyfyHk^ywÅjrm;ajrbavmh*f
http://ruby-land.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_10.html
rdef;uav;rsm;wwftyfwJh ynmrsm;^cGefjrvSdKif
http://khunmyahlaing.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_3487.html
bmrif[rfaxmifrSay;pm^rmwifvlomuif;â&T*srf;\ ajymyg&ap&Sifbavmh*fh
http://shwegyan.blogspot.com/
pum;Bu;D q,frsKd ;^jynfph akH v;
http://pyaesonelay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_26.html
pdwu
f sa&m*gESihf tcsujf ya&m*gvu©Pmrsm;/Danialog- Philophosnion Blog
http://philopinion-danialog.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_8551.html
pdwu
f sa&m*gwu,fjzpfaeNyv
D m;¿/ Danialog- Philophosnion Blog
http://philopinion-danialog.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_7364.html
jrefrmtp^yDau
http://pikay.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post.html
jrefrmhMuufajceD zcifMu;D â'gufwmrsKd ;oefw
Y if- yDaubavmh*f
http://pikay.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post_05.html
tdypf ufjcif;ESihf ywfoufí^0uFyg
http://winkabar.myanmarbloggers.org/2008/01/blog-post.html
tawGUtMuKH
tifwmAl;jcif;ôZifPD
http://thazinni.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_6932.html
oH;k em;nD cHpm;csu^f ausmx
f uf
http://kyawhtet.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post.html
usaemfoo
d rQ (4)^vif;OD;
http://linoo2007-arsenalclub.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_14.html
ESpfopf&moDÊdkifEdkif;pae
http://nineninesanay.blogspot.com/2008/01/blog-post_27.html
jrefrmjynfrSmuG,f yDtdyfcsf'Dursm;âuoG,f
http://kthwe.blogspot.com/2008/01/phd-myarmar.html
uREyfk Mf unfch ahJ om &rfbkd (Zmwfvrf;tusO;f r[kw)f ^bd;k awmfMu;D
http://www.boesein.com/2008/01/rambo.html
Contributed by: http://mmthinker.iblogger.org/
57
reference
Notes of Develpment and Sustainable Development - 1

bkef;jrifhOD;
urmÇUawmifbufjcrf;onf rzGjYH zKd ;ao;aoma'ojzpfonf[k rdecYf eG ;f xJwiG x
f nfo
h iG ;f í yxrqH;k tMurd t
f jzpf tar&duefor®w
Harry S. Truman uaMunmvdkufaom 1949 ZGefv 20 &ufaeYudk zGHYjzdK;a&;udk pwiftm&Hkusaomacwf (The Age of
Development) pwifonfaeY[k ,lqvdkygonf/ (The Dev; Dic;)
uREkfyfwdkY wpfESpfpm oHk;pGJvdkufaom o,HZmwrsm;onf urmÇMuD;tzdkY ESpfwpfoef;pmrQ pkaqmif;xm;&jcif;jzpfonf/ (The

Dev; Dic;)
pufrIxGef;um;a&; erlemyHkpHtwdkif; EdkifiHtm;vHk; ]atmifjrifpGm} csDwufEdkifa&;twGufqdkvQif o,HZmw owÅKwGif;ESifh

pGefYypfypönf;rsm;pGefY&ef aemufxyf urmÇ ig;ck (odkY) ajcmufckrQvdktyfygvdrfhrnf/ (The Dev; Dic;)
tESpfav;q,fumv (1950-1990) twGif; zGHjzdK;a&; (Development) [laomudpöonf EdkifiHa&;pepfrsm; tm;jydKif&mü

vufeufozG,fjzpfcJhonf/ (The Dev; Dic;)
,cktcg zGHjzdK;a&;[laomudpöonf wdusaom yHkoP²efvnf;r&Sd (Shapeless)? azsmufzsufívnf;rvG,f (Ineradi-

cable) aom trD;bm;ESifhwlonfh (Amoeba-Like) t,ltqozG,fjzpfvmonf/ (The Dev; Dic;)
zGHjzdK;a&;[lonf þtcgor,rSpí *rÇD&arSmfpum;vHk;jzpfvmjyD;vQif uREfkyfwdkYü ywfvnf0dkif;aeaom ya[Vdaygif;rsm;pGmudk

ajz&Sif;ay;Edkifrnfh (odkY) t,kwfqHk;tm;jzifh ,if;ya[Vdrsm;udk tajz&Sma&; vrf;jyay;Edkifrnfht&m jzpfayawmhonf/
(Haeckel/The Dev; Dic;)
zGHYjzdK;qJEdkifiHa'o (Development Country or Region) - pD;yGm;a&;wGif ajrmuftar&du? taemufOa&myponfh

Edik if wH \
Ykd tqifuh kd ra&mufao;aomEdik if ?H a'o/ zGjYH zKd ;rIaemufaumufusaeaom (Underdeveloped) [lonfph um;vH;k tpm;
oG,f0dkufí oHk;aompum;/ (development yk'ftzGifh? Petit Robert Dictionary-1987)
1960 wGif urmÇYajrmufjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;onf urmÇYawmifjcrf;EdkifiHrsm;xuf tq 20 csrf;omonf/ 1980 wGifrl 46 q txd

csrf;omvmonf/
Contact: zarniwyn@gmail.com
58
English Section
59
cartoon
International Cartoon
Johnny Hart
Existence
60
cartoon
International Cartoon
Charles M.Schulz
Existence
61
poem
Don't look at me like that!

Han Thit Nyeim
Please….
Don’t look at me like that!
Does my face look so sad;
Or does it look so bad?
Existence
But please….
All of your eyes say I am bad.
Bad guy with good luck!
Anyway, please….
Life is not that stuffed with dirt
If you try to look it from another part.
Again, please
Life is not so tight with the sad
If you understand the way it passes.
So, please
We are not like friends
That just met in a short moment
Please, please, please….

All of us have the same chance;
You try your best and I try my best.
In our lives, Good or bad,
We each other should trust.
Mobius
(14 Feb 2007)
zGw
YJ nf&m (Existence) e-Magazine wGif aMumfjimrsm; xnfo h iG ;f vdv
k Qif aMumfjimrsm;onf…
(1) tcrJh jzpfonf/
(2) y&[dw vkyif ef;? vlral &;vkyif ef; toif;tzGrYJ sm;\ aMumfjim (odrYk [kw)f aMunmcsurf sm;om
jzpf&rnf/
(3) pD;yGm;a&; aMumfjimrsm; vufrcHyg/
(4) ygwDEikd if aH &; 0g'jzefrY rI sm; rjzpf&/
þvdypf modYk ar;vfjzifah y;ydEYk ikd yf gonf/ existence.magazine@gmail.com
62
short story
hase was lost. There was no question about it. At
Phase in Space P first, the jungle had seemed a nice enough place -
full of interesting birds and animals, and lots of
Paul O’Neill smokeable looking plants growing all around.
Now, four days later, the plants had all been too damp to
light, the birds kept him awake at night and Phase had yet to
encounter an animal which did not try to attack him. Scratch
that. He had yet to encounter an animal which did not succeed
in attacking him.
Now he was lost in an uninhabited, alien jungle on a far
away planet in a completely parallel universe and those
drums were driving him insane.
The impossibility of drumming in an unihabited jungle hit
Existence
him about the same time as the spear-butt from out of the
bushes to his left.
He awoke to find himself sat in a clearing surrounded by
about four dozen young women wearing the sort of fur bikini
that would have made Raquel Welch give up and go home.
He very carefully didn’t pinch himself in case he was
dreaming.
“Hello,” he said, still quite dazed from the attack.
Several of the younger ones (aged around 18) took flight
across the clearing towards the mud huts that surrounded it.
“My God!” he thought “They look almost as good from that
angle as they do from this”
The eldest woman there (23ish) looked him up and down.
“You are male?” She asked.
“You can’t tell?” he replied, trying to keep the tremor out of
his voice.
“All our men were killed several years ago in a bizarre
accident involving a herd of Tortoise. Don’t ask. We have
spent the last few years searching the jungle for more men
to help with the whole ‘having children’ thing.”
Phase quietly resolved never to pinch himself again for as
long as this lasted, just in case.
“So, when do I start?”
“Right away, if you like,” said the tall brunette to his left.
Phase rubbed his hands with glee.
“The children are over here.” Said a redhead.
Phase was confused. “Children?”
“Yes,” informed a blonde, “We have more than enough
men for the first bit. This jungle was full of tribes whose
males were only too willing to volunteer. But we’re much too
busy having sex to raise the children ourselves, so any other
men are assigned the task of looking after them.”
The first girl took his arm. “Don’t worry, the rest of your life
will just fly by if you concentrate on changing nappies and not
trying to escape in any way.” She looked puzzled. “Why are
you pinching yourself like that?”
Paul O' Neill
63
short story
Honey,
I
love
You
Existence
Han Thit Nyeim
A young couple was chatting in a canteen.

Suddenly, the young man opened his backpack and
“No, I am not kidding honey. So as to become
‘I love you’, there must be- I, love, and you…. Only two
took out two sachets of cookie. He handed one to his words, love and you will not make a complete sentence
girl friend. ‘I love you’… You understand?”
“Honey, I love you…” He uttered. “Hinn…” she tittered.
‘’Really?” asked the girl. “So you should give ‘I’ a chance to survive.
The man didn’t say anything and he took a bite Leave him alone and please don’t insist him to be a
of his cookie. The girl did too and they stared at each part of ‘You’, otherwise, it will become ‘You love you’…”
other for a while. “Oh yeh,” she smiled.
“Honey…,” he said, “I love you so much and
A few minutes later, he opened his backpack the moment that I love you is completely different from
again and this time he took out two cans of Coke. He the moment that I love myself. Come, walk with me and
handed one to her. you will know that it is also different from the moment
“Honey, I love you so much…” he whispered. that you love yourself…”
Then they sat in silence and gazed over each
other’s shoulder.
For those who love and being loved,
Later the man took out two oranges from his Han Thit Nyeim
backpack. (31 May 2007)
“You’ll join me, won’t you?” he murmured, “And
I love you so much for sharing your times with me. You
know? Sometimes I sit here and look at the sky, eat
fresh oranges…”
“No, I won’t!” the girl said.
“Why? What’s wrong? You know that I love you
so much”
“No! You are cheating,” the girl retorted “You
said that you love me too much but whatever you took
out of your bag, you shared only half to me, not all. NOT
ALL…!”
The young man looked at her for a long time.

Then he said, “Honey…, you need to think about this
simple sentence: ‘I love you’. And it consists of three
parts: I, Love, and You…”
“Huh,” she sniggered.
http://www.mmopenlibrary.com/
64
short story
The Man Who Married Himself

Charlie Fish
Existence
‘Why not?’ all a bit of a joke for them. They were often supportive,
With those two words, my good friend Reverend but after the wedding they just spent a lot of time making
Zatarga changed the course of my life. When he said fun of me. Some of the wedding presents I received
them to me, he had just spent two hours on the from them were quite demeaning: pornographic
telephone with Bishop Fleming discussing various magazines, silk gloves, even a ceiling mirror. And I’m
sections of the Bible in excruciatingly fine detail. He disappointed in them for not stifling their mirth when
pointed out that Leviticus warns Christians not to marry Reverend Zatarga recited the marriage vows: ‘Will you
their sister, aunt, mother, mother-in-law, daughter or keep yourself as a husband, to live as one in marriage?
even their granddaughter (should they be tempted). But Will you love and comfort yourself, obey and honour
nowhere in the good book is there a rule against yourself in sickness and in health, and be faithful to
marrying oneself. So when I told Reverend Zatarga that yourself as long as you shall live?’ I swear one of my
was exactly what I wanted to do, he eventually conceded friends wet himself laughing.
those two fateful words: I had a great honeymoon in Las Vegas, gambling
‘Why not?’ away all my savings with nobody to nag me about how
Of course, the Bible also neglects to forbid anyone much money I was spending. I had a penthouse suite
from marrying great-grandmothers, tables or pet fish. I in the Luxor hotel for the night of consummation . . .
wouldn’t be surprised to learn that Bishop Fleming I had many reasons for getting married when I did,
ended up marrying his beloved French poodle as a apart from the tax benefits of course (trying to make the
result of all this. Or his blanket - after all he’s been tax inspector understand that I was my own spouse
sleeping with it for years. Anyway, once I convinced the was hell, though). Ever since I understood the concept
good Reverend to let me marry the man of my dreams, of wedlock, I longed for a partner that I could trust. I
I had to convince my mother and father. I’d have to say wanted to have someone with me always, to whom I
that between an international religion, firmly established could tell all my deepest, darkest secrets without having
for two millennia, and my own humble parents, my them laugh at me. Unfortunately, although getting
parents were far more difficult to persuade. girlfriends was usually not too big a problem for me, I
My mother just wouldn’t take it seriously at first. OK, tended to have excruciatingly bad taste. Then I realised
very few people took it seriously, but I needed her to that my perfect partner was closer to home than anyone
know I meant it. She kept asking me silly things like could have realised.
‘Why marry - you can just live with yourself?’ or ‘What Altogether, I think the marriage was a great success
will you wear for the wedding?’ for the most part. I rarely argued with my spouse; in fact
And sadly, it drove my father quite mad. Literally. For I found myself to be the best conversation holder around.
years after the wedding he spent days typing up articles The few times that I did argue, I always won. And the sex
for a wide variety of news journals, record books and was, well - it was whatever I made of it. There was
space administration newsletters claiming that he was some media intrusion of course, lots of cheap
the first person to have had sex in space. He seemed journalists trying to cash in on this unusual union. I
quite convinced, despite the fact that the closest he had found some of their articles amusing, and others quite
come to space was the big button on his computer offensive, especially the ones dubbing me the most
keyboard. When asked who he had allegedly had sex conceited and/or narcissistic man in the world. I don’t
with, he would usually pause briefly for dramatic effect, think I’m such an egotist, I just happen to enjoy my
turn his wild eyes towards you and yell shrilly: ‘Myself!’ company.
I would have hoped that I could trust my best friends I suppose it was a hormonal thing, a stage of life or
to be sympathetic towards my cause, but I think it was something, that made me suddenly crave a child. The
65
short story
I expected it to take me quite a while to find someone
who was both willing to sleep with me and who hadn’t
But nowhere in the read the newspapers enough to know that I was already
married, but I soon found a plain-faced Malaysian girl
who was relatively easy to seduce. The sex was, to be
good book is there honest, rather disappointing. It seemed that she knew
almost nothing of what turns a man on, whereas by that
a rule against point I myself had become quite an expert. I suppose it
wasn’t great for her either - I wasn’t practised in
pleasuring members of the fairer sex.
marrying oneself. The divorce was easy after that. It seemed that the
church was keen to split me apart, as if my marriage
had been a big mistake. I felt quite lonely for several
Existence
months after the break-up. At least the local psychiatrist

(specialising in multiple personality disorders) stopped
sending me his damned business cards every week.
It took me nearly a decade to find a good wife who
cliche is that I realised I was mortal, and I therefore didn’t think she’d be marrying into a threesome. Most of
wanted to pass on my genes. So after many days that time was just waiting for the media to forget about
weighing up the pros and cons I decided to split up ‘The Man Who Married Himself’. Meanwhile, I wrote an
from my husband in order to find a wife. I had a chat with autobiography with that very title. Included in the book
Reverend Zatarga, and he informed me that I couldn’t was a detailed account of my marriage to myself,
just file for a divorce on a moment’s notice. I had to including the ups and downs of living with myself, how
have legitimate justification. Curiously, wanting a baby I dealt with everyone’s criticism of me and my husband,
wasn’t on the list of good reasons to divorce. and some intimate details of my relationship. I think it
As the good Reverend explained, I could only divorce was these sections that made the book a real success
if I had been living apart from my spouse for at least a when it was published some years later. People were
year which would be difficult without major surgery or if just curious to read about the implications of such an
my spouse had treated me cruelly or been imprisoned unusual marriage. I suppose it made people think. They
for at least a year. I wasn’t particularly willing to beat would read my book and ask themselves: ‘Am I easy to
myself up a bit or lounge around in prison just so I live with? If I had to live with me, could I do it?’ They all
could divorce myself. That left one option: Adultery. I just stopped searching for their Mister or Little Miss Right
had to have sex with someone other than myself; for just a moment to ask themselves if they would ever
normal, straight, human sex, and I could be free from make a good spouse for anyone.
the bonds of marriage. I didn’t hear of any copycat self-marriages, which
And so it was that I reluctantly removed my wedding probably either means the media lost interest or the
ring and started searching for a mate. My friends were church is determined not to let it happen again. Anyway,
cruel about it, saying that I was separating to stop myself that’s all behind me now. My wife and I have just moved
from going blind. I think my mother was relieved when I into a new home, big enough to accommodate our new
told her that my relationship with myself was coming to child when he is born. I am happy now. In fact, right now
an end. My father just paused for dramatic effect, turned I can’t wipe the smile off my face. You see, our next door
his wild eyes towards me and yelled shrilly: ‘Myself!’ neighbours are Bishop Fleming and his lovely wife, the
Maybe he really is on another world. French poodle.
Charlie Fish
66
knowledge
Fortune-Telling
Maung Kyaa Nyo
Existence
ost people everywhere like to find out, if they

M can, what future holds for them and
Myanmars are no exception to this rule. No
similar predictions have come true since time
immemorial.
We can find instance of those feats of
wonder, various forms of fortune-telling such as prediction without any difficulty if we them with the open
astrology and palmistry flourish in this country. mind of scientific observers, for many authenticated,
Come to think of it, they’re popular in the West well-documented books and other records on such
too, aren’t they? I’ve heard that many Western matters are available these days. You can easily find
newspapers and popular magazines carry astrological out whether the arts or sciences of fortune-telling such
predictions as a regular feature. I once read in a Time as astrology and palmistry are hocus-pocus or not, by
Magazine article that there are about 60,000 astrologers consulting any reputable astrologer or palmist. You are
and their ilk in Paris alone if I remember right. You must likely to learn that his or her description of your past and
have also heard or read about how then U.S. President predictions for your future are more accurate than clever
Reagan and his wife Nancy consulted a lady astrologer guesswork or chance allows.
before making important decisions, during their tenure You will see what I mean more clearly if you try
at the White House. your hand at making similar guesswork about the past
Long ago, an American lady astrologer was of a total stranger. The chances are that your description
sent up before a U.S. law-court for trickery or a similar of that person’s past will be off the mark.
charge. She convinced the judge of the authenticity of To get a more accurate, you will need to
her profession by asking for his date of birth and test0consult not one but two or three astrologers or
describing his past life in impressive detail after making palmists, for quacks and charlatans abound in any field
a few quick calculations. Not surprisingly, he acquitted of human activity especially fortune-telling. However,
her of the charge ruling that astrology is a scientific encounter with few con-artists does prove that a
method of prognostication. I’m sorry I can’t give you her profession is inoperative as bona fide masters or
name now as it has slipped my memory, but what I mistresses are invariably found sooner or later in any
have told you is a fact and you can easily verify it by long established profession.
looking up old copies of Time Magazine published two- Famous pagodas all over Myanmar are the
three decades ago. places where you can see all manner of fortune-tellers,
As a typical Oriental – meaning a spiritual not all of them very famous or accurate in their
person – I feel that there is nothing to be ashamed of predictions, I’m afraid. Naturally, precious stones cannot
believing in fortune-telling and the like since the world be found in every mountain – as a Myanmar saying
has seen many great seers like Nostradamus and goes – but, if you are interested, you can find fairly good
Cheiro, and numerous astounding astrological and
67
knowledge
Next, he prescribes certain cryptic rites to ward
off the misfortune that is due to befall the client and to
bring in good luck. The most common of those rites is
pouring water on a particular planetary post at a pagoda
to propitiate the guardian spirit of the planet under
whose evil influence the client has fallen. As a rule, as
many cups of water as the number of years the person
concerned has lived up to that point in his or her life are
poured.
The astrologer-cum-palmist also gives
practical advice concerning the client’s affairs. I some
cases, the fortune-teller also offers to procure – at a
price, of course – the clientele a charm or talisman that
Existence
will do away with bad luck and bring in good luck. Even
if this act of solicitation is highly questionable or even
unethical, most clients willingly pay the required amount
and go away feeling sure that things are going to
change for the better from then on.
I have a startling piece of information for you
which is, there are virtually no psychiatrists in Myanmar!
Even among the intelligentsia who normally cannot do
without the service of a shrink, here, in this country, a
visit to a psychiatrist is something unheard of unless,
of course, one I raving mad!
The reason is not hard to find. Being firm
believers in Karma, Myanmar Buddhists rarely blame
themselves when something goes wrong. Instead, they
blame bad luck, the result of their past Karma.
This attitude frees them from guilt complex
which usually leads to mental problems. And then they
fortune-tellers here without much difficulty with help of have the fortune-tellers who serve as safety-valves for
your embassy people or knowledgeable local friends. their worries and also as sources of hope. They also
Although many people seem to feel somewhat believe that they could alleviate impending misfortune
ashamed to own up to their belief in such “unscientific” by doing good deeds – performing good Karma –
things as fortune-telling, there must be very few people especially by visiting a pagoda.
indeed here who have not consulted astrologers and Thus a visit to a pagoda never fails to bring
the like at one time or another. peace of mind and hope to a Buddhist. You should
As a rule, most astrologers and their ilk ply realize by now that fortune-tellers serve a definite
their trade at famous pagodas with the exception of the purpose.
great Shwedagone. This time-honoured arrangement Maung Kyaa Nyo
has a sound reason behind it. A considerable number (from Presenting Myanmar)
of devotees who visit pagodas also consult astrologers
or palmists thereby killing two birds with one stone. It
shouldn’t be too hard to guess at the purpose of these
twin actions, which is to seek solace from life’s general
suffering or from the tribulations of a passing problem.
Buddhists are firm believers of Karma, that is
to say, they believe that they will have to suffer from or
enjoy the consequences of their actions (Karma)
immediately or later – in the next existence if not in this
one.
They believe that worshipping at a pagoda is a
good deed as a result of which the troubles or misfortune
facing them will be mitigated. That is one way of securing
relief from woe: another is enlisting the services of an
astrologer or a palmist. Incidentally, many of the fortune-
tellers in Myanmar are – or claim to be – well versed in
both astrology and palmistry since the two disciplines
complement each other in making predictions. The
astrologer-cum-palmist helps his clientele in two or
three ways.
First he emphasizes the bright prospects the
future holds for his clientele although he also has to
mention misfortune laying in Waite, to show that he can
read the future all right.
68
research
A Note on the Development of the Burmese Language
By U Pe Maung Tin
Journal of Burma Research Society (JBRS), Vol. 14, 1951
is a happy sign for the future of the Burmese

It language that it is seriously grappling with
the task of shaping itself into an ade8uate
vehicle for the expression of modern Western ideas. In
the course of their administration of the country, the
Existence
English have found it necessary to impart these ideas

to the people through the medium of Burmese as well
as of English. Thus all government publications in
Burmese (made of course with native assistance), are
essays in modernized Burmese. But the new terms and
expressions which these essays have introduced, will Sayargyi Dr. U Pe Maung Tin
remain more or less stranded as petrified curiosities,
until they happen to flow with the stream of the language
and pass through the whirlpool of popular usage. The
problem, however, is reciving national attention; and Now the philological study of a language must
native writers, roused by the awakening of the national begin with the earliest extant texts. Putting aside
spirit, are finding suitable terms for the new ideas hypothetical considerations, we may regard the
imported from the West. inscriptions of the Pagan period as among the earliest
Burmese texts we have. A critical edition of these
A similar problem presented itself when inscriptions (such as is being undertaken in the
earliest writers, in the days of th kings of Pagan, were Epigraphia Birmanica) is urgently needed in order that
adapting the language to the needs of Buddhist thought, we may find out the philological changes, which operate
embedded in that highly metaphysical language, the in them and through them in the later texts also. It would
Pali. Through the efforts of generations of writers the not only be a valuable contribution to Burmese history,
language has now attained a standard of efficiency, by but would provide the lexicographer with many a rare
which it can enter into the subtlest discussions of word and phrase current before the great poets began
Buddhist philosophy either as independent to write. Again it would to philological studies just that
contributions or as literal translations from the Pali. This starting-point, the lack of which is mainly responsible
achievement is all the more remarkable when we think for or present amazing ignorance.
of the difficulty, which English scholars, having access
to the whole realm of Western philosophy, experience There are also other branches of the Burmese
in translating the same Buddhist texts. A language which literature which have been unduly neglected. From the
has moulded itself to the requirements of philosophical language standpoint works in Burmese on technical
thought will, in so far as mental philosophy is more subjects, such as astrology, medicine, architecture and
abstruse than physical science, be found equal to the so on, are as important as the inscriptions. Without
needs of modern scientific thought. And there is no discussing, for the present, the scientific value of their
reason why, when it has assimilated Buddhist contents, we may say at once that they need to be
philosophical terms from Pali, it should not assimilate studied for their technical vocabulary and phraseology,
scientific terms from the English, which, be it noted, is which will help us considerable in our work of finding
a descendant of the family to which Pali belongs. suitable words and phrase in dealing with modern
scientific works. A scholarly edition of such works in
But there is a prior claim on our attention. Burmese is therefore an urgent necessity.
Whatever its origin the language has its traditions which
must be studied and respected, if it is to develop along When we have explored the whole range of the
proper lines. For the history of any language will show language and have compiled a dictionary worthy of itself
that newly-coined words and expressions, which do (such as the Oxford Dictionary is for the English we
not obey the laws of phonology, are not likely to be shall not only be guided by its history but be able to
permanently adopted into the language. Our first task draw on its resources in our work of shaping it for modern
then is to study Burmese from the philological point of requirements. Many an old word will come to be revived,
view. A philological knowledge of Burmese is necessary with a new meaning if need be; and many new terms
not only for the sake of Burmese itself, but also for a formed out of old associations will come to be coined
comparative study of Burmese and other language, with in consonance with the laws of phonology; while poets
which it is known to be connected. There are, for and artists will add beauty to the life of the language by
instance, many words which are common to Burmese creating works of art and style out of the materials
and Talaing. Not until we know the oldest forms of these gathered.
words in both languages and find out their phonological U Pe Maung Tin
values, shall we be in a position to discover which
language has given them to the other, or whether both • Scanned and maintained by Win Tint,
language have taken them from an earlier common Librarian, Meiktila University, 2006
source. • Typing by Existence Magazine, 2008
69
research
Biography
U Pe Maung Tin (1888-1973) was born in 24 April 9 June 1928 he married with Ma Kyi Kyi (Edith)
1888 in Pauktaw quarter, Insein town. His parents daughter of U Pho Dan and Daw Mya Gyi in
are U Pe and Daw Myaing. His father is a Thayarwady Town Anglican Church. In 1930, he
Superintendent of Insein vetenary Department. His became Vice President in Burma Research Society.
Childhood name is Maung Ba Tin in 1891. He is an He translated “Visuddi Megga Text” in 1931 and the
outstanding student in Middle School. He got King of Thailand awarded £1000 for this text, he
scholarship for 7th Standard and in 9th Standard he donated all of them to London Pali Text Society. 19
June 1937 Sayagyi became a principal in Yangon
Existence
got first prize for “Renoun Prize”. In 1906 he got first

prize for English Essay writing competition held from University. He published “History of Burmese
SPCA (Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Literature” in 1938. He retired in 1946 at the age of
Animals). In 1907 he attended Inter-class and got 58 years, but he worked as Emeritus professor in
first prize for “Jadine Prize” for Christian Student and Dept. of Oriental studies. He gave lecture of
then he got “Datt Scholarship” prize, this prize was Buddhism in Chicago University at 1957. He attended
awarded from Calcutta University. He got B.A, Pali Asia Christian Council Conference held in Kulalumpu
honous degree in 1909. In 1911 Sayagyi got M.A. in 1999 and that year he went to China for delegation
degree specialized in Pali. At that year he wrote the with U Chit Kaung, Minister of Culture. From 1960 –
first article “Missionary Burmese” in Journal of Burma 64 he assigned duty as Chairman of the Burma
Research Society Vol.1, Part.1. He use pan-name Historical Commission. At this year he edited and
Maung Tin (B.A). In 1912 he became Pali Professor published “Cambudipa u saung kyan”, Joint with J.S.
in Rangoon College. He is the first Myanmar Furnivall. In May 1961 University authorities appointed
professor, who appointed for Rangoon College. At Sayagyi as Emeritus Professor in Dept. of Myanmar,
the same time he became Librarian in “Bernard Free Yangon University. He published his research articles
Library”. In this year he published the books “The Burmese Novels and other articles” from Sein
“Dipavamasa” and “ Khuddaka Patha”. He worked Pan Myaing Sarpay. In 1971 – 73 he published
editor in JBRS. In 1915 he published “Milinda Pinna” English translation works of “Visuddi Megga and
in English. In 1918 he published “A Pali Reader”. Dhamasaga and Annatalakhana Sutta”. Sayagyi was
From 1920 – 1922 he went to Oxford University for died in 22 March 1973. He is a Myanmar famous
attended for the “Bachelor of Literature” and got “ B. writer and honourable person for Yangon University
Lit” degree and submitted the “The Path of Purity and Myanmar, so his students and London Pali Text
Part I”. He changed his name Maung Tin to Pe Maung Society held his 110th Birthday for paper reading
Tin in 1924 at that year he became Departmental Conference in 1998 at Myanmar Christian
Head in Dept. of Oriental Studies. He assigned duty Association, 78th Anniversary of Yangon University and
in Editor and Librarian of JBRS accompany with in London.
professor G.H. Luce. He wrote Burmese Reader. In
Food for Thought Golden Rules for Living

Consideration for others is the basis of a good life, a good society.
(Confucious)
If you open it, close it.

If you turn it on, turn if off.
If you unlock it, lock it up.
If you break it, admit it.
If you can't fix it, call it someone who can.
If you borrow it, return it.
If you value it, take care of it.
If you make a mess, clean it up.
If you move it, put it back.
If it belongs to someone else and you want to use it, get permission.
If you don't know how to operate it, leave it alone.
If it's none of your bussiness, don't ask questions.
If it ain't broke, don't fix it.
If it will brighten someone's day, say it.
If it will turnish someone's reputation, keep it to yourself.
(Source Unknown)
As Human Beings, we are endowed with freedom of choice, and we cannot shuffle off our responsibility
upon the shoulders of God or nature. We must shoulder it ourselves. It is up to us.
(Arnold J. Toynbee)
70
zJUG wnf&mr*¾Zif;ESihf ywfoufNy;D a0zeftMujH yKcsuEf iS hf pmrlay;ydv

Yk ykd gu
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Yk ufo,
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71

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