AyR gRiLiys

sWLiRWNRP @\Q*R xqs*LRiWxmssV

(NSLjiNRP xqs)

AgRisV xmsNRPLRisV
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sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

xmsrys s
$ aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVyLRiV xmsrysRRVsVV @sV xmsj DxmssxtsQR VV, x
xqsWRsVVV, $sV` gRisk RNRPV xtsQLi LRiRs [zqsyLRiV. xmsj DxmssxtsQR V[ C
sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQR V HRs DxmssxtsQR V. C DxmssxtsQR V sWLiRWNRPsVsVVs FNRPQ \sV
sj. A sWLiRWNRP sVsVVs Rxts QgS VxqsVNRPVs DxmssxtsQR V. C DxmssxtsQR V
@sryRRVsVVsV Vxmso gRiLiR sVV. ks[ 12 sVLiRsVVV, yNTP 215 NSLjiNRPV.
A NSLjiNRPV yVgRiV xmsNRPLRiVgS (1. AgRisV, 2. \sRR, 3. @\Q*R, 4.
@LiRaSLi)gS s Li @\Q*RsVVsV xmsjFyjLiyLRiV. ( .gki. 9c2)RVLiRV
zmssVgS "LSxqs sy LSgRiVxLi xmssRLi BRLi DR s VsV' @sgS @aRPRVsVgRiV
xmsNSaRPsVV NRPgjisoLiRV ss xqssVxqs sRNRPV @j LS. @s sR[ xsR
GNRPVs [k xmssWssVgRiV xmszqsR sVV. BLi LSsRgRi DsxtsQR V[ C
DxmssxtsQR V LSgSsosj. kss[ sVVNTPN ][xmssxtsQ` "BRVLi Z\ NPs sVVNTPxq sV ZNP[s
DFy[Vs zqsR , sWLiRWNRPs[VNRPs[VsLi sVVsVVORPWLi sVsVVZNP[, RRszqsR Li
[` sLi R a][xmssxtsQR Li xmshRi' $LSsW! C \ZNPssVVNTP G RVVFyRVsV,D][
zqsj LiRVsV? (ALis[R VVRV xmsbPLi[s V). "ALis[R W! sVVsVVORPVsogRiV yLRiNRPV
sssVVNTP NRPVgRiVNRPV sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQR V JNRP[V yVsV. @xmsNTPs szqsj
LRigRis][ Ra][xmssxtsQR VV xmshjiLiRssV. C DxmssxtsQR V xmshjiLiRVss
ARssVVF~Lij @LRiNSsVV[ y VVNRP ysVsVV [LiR sRVsV $
g_RFyyyLRiVV BLiR @RVR \sVs sxmsLRi\sVs C DxmssxtsQR VNPR V NSLjiNRPV
LRiLiyLRiV. g_RFyyyLRiVV yLji bPxtsQV $ g][sLiR FyyyLRiVV.
g][sLiRFyyyLRiVyLji bPxtsvV $ aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVV yLRiV. $ g][sLiRFyyyLRiV
yLRiV G gRiLiR sVV LRiLiR[R V. gSs xms sVxdsRVVV gRiLiR sVVV LRiLiys
sRVsVsVV [R V FsxmsV\[ R LRisVVsNRPV s NRPVgRiV[, @sxqsLRisVV NRPVgRiV[, yss
a][j Li, RV [R VVNRPV LRiRsV LRigRiszqs Dsj RFy RsV sQQNPT y*s,
DsNTPs VxmsoNRPV LRiLiRszqss @sxqsLRisVV xmspLki*NRPVgRiV sVxdsRVVNRPV [R V.
3

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

@LiVV[ g_RFyyyLRiVV yzqss gRiLiR sVV[ R VV DxmsWgjiLi[ xmsRsVVV

DxmsWgjiLiRV xqsLiR LRis VVV y DyLiVV. A NSLi[ R sVRLi xmsyLRiLi[
DLiRV[R . @y LSV, xmsV A R xmsRsVVNRPV @yV xmsT
DLiRV[R g_RFyyyLRiVV R xmsyV FsNRPVsgS DxmsWgjiLiyLRiV. @LiRV[R
N]LiRsVLij C NSLjiNRPV R sVVsV zmss gRiLiR sVs xmsyLRiLi N]srygjiLiyLRiV. NSds
ssVVgS syLji}qs, R sVs[j aRPWsyRLi, gSds g_RFyRVVyLRiV RWzmsLisj,
ssLjiLisj xmsLRisWLiR ssVV, xsR. C xmsLRisWLiR Li }ms NSLjiNRPNRPV, $
aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVyLRiV xtsQLi LRiLiyLRiV. gSs, R VV DxmsWgjiLi[ RVLi,
NRPuyRVLi xqsLisX Byj xmsRsVV , aRPLiNRPLRiyLRiVV RLRiVyR ss
LSsWsVyLRiVV sVy*yLRiV sLi yLRiV, g_RFyyyLRiV yLjis xmsRs
R VVgS xmsyLRiLi N]srygjiLiyLRiV. g_RFyyyLRiV NSLjiNRP xXRRVLi VxqsVN][
[NPR , ARVs xmsFyjLis @\Q*RsVVsV, GNRPR*sVVsV NRPsVg]s[NPR , yLRiV C
sR sVVgS g_RxmsyyLRiVyLjis dNRPLjiLiyLRiV. gSs yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs, C
DxmssxtsQR V s[yLiRryLRi xqsLigRixsVV. s[yLiRsVVsV, @\Q*RsVVsV }ms aSxqsQsVV.
LSsWsVyLRiVVyLRiV RLRiVyR ss $ sVy*yLRiVyLRiV sWLiRWNRP
NSLjiNRPsV RWzqs, C gRiLiR sVV g_RFyyyLRiVyLRiV LRiLis gRiLiR sVV NSRV, C
sxtsQR VsVLiy xRLRisVsV gRiLiR sVV[ sosj @s xmsyLRiLi rygjiLiyLRiV. gSs $
xqsysLi[R xqsLRixqs*d ry*sVVyLRiV C sxtsQR VsVVsV gS xmsLjibdPLi, x
RLRisVsV gRiLiR Li A NSLi[gSs, C NSLi[gSs sVgRiV [R V. ryOSQ`
$aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVyLji bPxtsvV $ xqsVlLi[aPR *LSyLRiVyLRiV XxyLRiNRP yLjiN PR [,
sWLiRWNRP sVs[j aRPV @s, @ xqsxts Qs VVgS zmsyLRiV. \Q*RVV @s[NPR
sR sVVVgS, \Q*RyRsVVsV xmsyLRisVV [R VVN]LRiNRPV, @\Q*RsVV sLiRV yT
[zqsLji. BRLiy \Q*RyRVV[}qs NRPV[ INRP gRisVV sWRs[V. C DxmssxtsQR V
@R LRi* s[yLiRLiR RLi.

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ` (NSLjiNS xqs) aRPLiNRPLRi xtsQLi

aSLi FyhRi:
xLji:JsV
sVLiRsV : RLi NRPlLi [ : aRPVV RWsV[y: RLi xmsZaP[ sWORPQ LRiy:*
zqs l\ Li LRiLi\lgi: xqsVxts vyg`iiLi xqsxqss W: sZaP[s V [s zRLi RVyRVV:**
xqs*zqs s BLi][ sXR aRPy: xqs*zqs s: xmspuy saRP*s[y: *
xqs*zqss ryLi` O][Q 7 Ljixts Qs[sV: xqs*zqs [ Xxxqs LiR yRV**

JLi aSs: aSs: aSs:**

a]N[ PR yRLRisVV : "JLi'NSLRisVV @sVsj x xqsWRNRPsVs sVVLiRV, sVVLiRV
xmsF~soRVyLRiV. J [s RLS dsV @sVgRixsVV ss Fs xmsVRW sWNRPV
(bPxtsvV, gRiVLRiVsosNRPV), aRPV NRPLRi\sVs, sVLigRiNRPLRi\sVs sxtsQR VsVVV sWLiRWNRP
DxmssxtsQ` ssRVLiT NRPXxms NRPgjiLiRV gSNRP. C DxmssxtsQR V xmspLji xmshRisLi Ljilgi[s LRiNRPV,
gRiVLRiV bPxtsvRVLiRV G @LiRLRisVV, ssyssVV NRPVgRiNRPVLiy, aRPVR @LiR:NRPLRiLi
NRPgjiLi, gRiVLRiVso sosj sosVgS [R s[zqs bPxtsvV sosj sosVgS
VxqsVN]s[ aSLkiLjiNRP, sWszqsNRPzqs s NRPgjiLiRVgSNRP! @lgi[ sW xqsLixmspLiR ARVVxqsV=sV,
xqsLiryLRisVVsLiRV sLiR Li NRPgRiNRPVLiy ZNP[s Li xmsLRisWLiR sVLiRV ssWgjiLisVgS
NRPLRiVLiRVsVV. gRiVLRiV [ R [zqss xqssVNSLi[ C sV[s XRVV, xsXRVV,
sbPLixms[zqs, ssX RVLi[ DLiRVsV [R VVsVV. BLiRVRV, xmspuy (@sgS
xqsWLRiVT[ INRPNTPLRiLi xmspuy @s @LiRVLRiV. A NTPLRiLi xmsoxtsQsVVsV
sNRPzqsLixms[R VVNRPV, sVLjiRVV sV[Vj s sNRPzqsLixms[R VVNRPV), Xxxqs (gRiVLRiVso),
gRiLRiVRRV @zLixqssV xqsLRi*y NSFyRVRW dsLRiLiRLRiV ( BLiRVRV, xmspuy, Xxxqs,
gRiLRiVRRV) xqsy ZOP[Qs VsVV NRPVgRi[R VVgSNRP. aSLi:, aSLi:, aSLi: @sgS AyNRP
(aSLkiLRiNRP VVgRiRV, sWszqsNRP ALi][ sV), Aj NRP (xQ\sVs xmsxmsLiR
@T), Aj \sNRP (DLRiVsVVV,sVLRiVxmsoV, @sXzts Q, Byj) @sV yxmsRRVsVVV
5

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

aSLiLiRVgSNRP. \|ms aSLi sVLiRsVV][, $ aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVyLRiV lLiLiRV a]N[ PR sVVV,

sVLigRiLiR sVV LRiLiLji. C a]N[ PR R*RVsVV sWLiRWNRP DxmssxtsQR V WNRP @LiR sVV
sLiRRVV xqsLigRixsVVgS zmsLji.

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

$sV` gRis` xmspFyR aRPLiNRPLSyLRi NRPXR

sVLigRi a]N[ PR R*RVsV
JLi ssW xsy xqsLixmsyRVNRPLRiV :* ssWssW: $ g_RFyR,
aRPLiNRPLRigRisyR, xqsVlLi[aPR *LRi, xqsysLi[LiR xqsLRixqs*, @\Q*ysLi[LiR xqsLRixqs*
AylLi[:* ssW gRiVLRiV:**
1) a]N[ PR sV : xmsyLiaRPV xmsy\s:

zqs LRi RLRi sNRPLRiyzms LS*Qxms[NSs

VNSQ*g[ Ss xqs suys
xmsosLRizms j xtsQ[ yzqsys NSsVys*
{msy* xqsLS*s sZaP[uys
xqs*zms sVR VLRiVN`PsWRVRW [ RV[
sWRW xqsLiRVLkiRVLi
xmsLRisVsVXRsVLi x RVR s ][7zqs** 1**
a]N[ PR yRLRisVV : xmsyLiaRPVxmsys[: \RsNTPLRi xqsLiys[: = xmsssVV VVNRP
\Rs NTPLRi sryLiR sVV xqssVWxsVV* zqs LRiyLRisNRPLRiyzms: = rysLRi LigRisV
xqssVWxsVV yzmsLi [NSsyzmsLi, saRP*sVV F~LiRVsV. rysuys g[ Ss
VNSQ = xqs Wg[ iR sxtsQR VsVVV* @sV sLi @NRPR xqs*Q\RssVV][ xqs W
DFyj sxtsQR VsVVV @sV sLiRV ss \saS*sLRiV[ gRiR sxtsQR VsVVV
VLiRVss yNSLiR sVV. xmsosLRizms = sVLRi @sxqs [ @sV sLi Vj [R s[
xmsNSbPLiRVs NSsVNRPLRissVgRiV Vj sX yxqsyLRiWxmssVVV @sV sLi
VLiRVsV. xqs*xmssVV[ A \saS*sLRi AR[V yxqsysVRVsVVgS g[ iR sVVV
xqs*Q\RssVV][ zqsLiRV ss @j VLi @NRPR \xqsVRszmsLiRV N]sVsV.
RsRVLiRV xqsLRi*sxtsQR VsVVV dssVV [xqsVN]s, @[ AR xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV
@sV sLis xqsLRi*xqs W g[ iR sVVV dssVV [zqsN]s Rs ARRVLi[ (xqs*ARs)
DxmsxqsLiLRisVV [xqsVN]sVsV. sVR VLRi VN`P xqs*xms = AsLiR @sV ssVV NRPgjiLiRVsV*
GsLi zqs R: Ay s: sWRVRW [ RVs = ysV @syNRPR ysVLRiWxms DFyj
7

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

@sV sLi N[ PR Q XR*sVV AFyjLiRT xqs*RVLi sWRW (NRPR) xqsLi

RVLkiRVsVV, @sR][ NRPWTs sVWRsxqs xqsLi @}msOTPQLi RVLkiRV aRP yRsVV, A
xs[V ZaP[xts Q\sVs, xqsLRi*sVVsNRPV sORPQ\sVs @sVXRsVV, @sybP, @Li,
sLRizR xRVs, G DxmssxtsQR V RVLiRV xmszqsR sW A xmsLRixsVVsNRPV
ssVryLRisVV.
2) a]N[ PR sV : W saS*y sj sxtsQR Ws
FyaRP g[ Ss xqs suys,
xmsaSyys xqs*sV sys
[uy }qs*s xqsWOSQQs*
xqsLS* s[ys xmsosLRizms aRP# \ s:
ry*Rs ryxmsLiVVy*
zy* xqsLS*s sZaP[uys
sgRiRgRiV gRi:FyR*r sxqsVLik RV: *
yRLRisVV : RV = DxmssxtsQR V[ \saS*sLRi ARgS xmszqsR sVgRiV ss NSLjiNRP
RVLiRV saS*y = saRP*xqs*LRiWxmssVV][ RVRVRVyRV. ssR sxtsQR Ws zqs uys
g[ Ss yyLRiWxmsg[ iR sVVV xqs WsVVgS BLijRV DFyj ][ gRiysxqs RVLiRV
@sV sLi = @sgS xqs*RVsVVgS @sV sLi sVLRi xqs*Fysxqs RVLiRV FyzmsLis
xqs W sxtsQR VsVVNRPy @ssVgRiV xqsWORPQ sVVsV xqs*RVsVVgS @sV sLi = gRiR
sxtsQR V yxqsyLRiWxmssVVV Rs Vj xmsRRVsVV][ xqs*xmsQryssVLiRV xmsyLiR sVV
][s[ @sV sLi = sVLRi xqsVxtsvzms RVLiRV [Lij sVsVgS Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV
[LiR VN]s = ARRVLiRV xmsRVsVV gSsLi, xqsLRi*sZaP[uyV sR = xqs*RVLi xqsLRi*
DFyj sLij RV\, gRiVsVVV [s = xqsLRi* sZaP[xtsQs VVV sRsy\ RVLkiRVV[ AR.
@ C RVLkiRVVRV sVsVVsV LRiOTPQLiRVgSNRP.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : sVVR a]N[ PR Li[ sWRWRVLkiRVLi c @sVsj sZaP[xtsQs VV AL][zmsR\sVs
xqsLi RXzts Q[R , gRi` INRPs @sxqs , xqs*xmsLi lLiLiRs @sxqs , xqsVxtsvzms sVWRs
@sxqs RVs ssLRiLi [R VVRVysVVgSs xqs*xms @sV s xqssVNSsVV[ syLjiLi
sxmsVRV, gRiR @sxqs ]gji xqs*xmssVsV lLiLiRs @sxqs ssRs gRizLiRsVV.
8

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

@lgi[ xqsVxtsvzms @sV s xqssVNSLi[ INRP, lLiLiRVRVsV @sxqs @sV ssVV NRPWy
NRPgRiRV. @LiVV[ C sWRW xqsLi RXuy gRi` @sWssVV][ NRPWTsy\
sVVNRPVs INRP, xqs*xmsLi lLiLiRV, xqsVxtsvzms sVWRsj @s @sVN]sVRVysVV. xmsLiRsV
sVLiRsVV[ "RVR xqsVF s NRPLiRs NSsVLi NSsVRV[ s NRPLiRs xqs*xmsLi xmsaRP,
R` xqsVxtsvxmsLi' xqsVxtsvzmss sLij LisxmsVRV sVVR gRi`, lLiLiRsj xqs*xmsLi @s aRPV
zms xqsxmss V sVLiRsVV[ "s @LiR: xmsLi, s z:xtsQQLi, sDRVR: xmsLi'
gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms @sV sVWRV @sxqs V ]gjiLisxmsVRV, "s: @LiR:xmsLi'
@s xqs*xmsLisVVsV sVVR s}tsQj Lisj. RLRiVyR "s: z:xtsQQLi' @s gRi`sV
s}tsQj Lisj. gRi` sVVR @sxqs @LiVV[ sVVR gRi`sV s}tsQj LiR szqssj,
gSs sVVR xqs*xmssVVsV s}tsQj Lisj. @LiRVss aRPX [Vj sVVLiRV, [Vj
RLRiVyR, @sVyss [V xqsLiNSLi[ Ljilgi[j NSRs sLiR RVLi [zqssj.
@sxqs [s[ [aPR Li, NSLi ][R VsV. gRiysWsVV ss sVVR gRi` NRPgji,
RLRiVyR xqs*xmssVV NRPgji, A RLS*R xqsVxtsvzms NRPVgRiVsszmsLiRVsV. @sV s RXzts Q
\Vs, xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ syLji}qs IZNP[ NSLi[ @sxqs V NRPVgRiso. NSsos Gj
sVVLiRV Gj RLRiVyR @sVsj aRPNRPsVV NSRV. BgRi RVsxmsVRV, sWRV[R ,
xqsLi RXzts Q[R gRiR, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms @s sVWRV @sxqs V @sVN]s ksNTP
As yVgRisj RVLkiRVsVs xmsVRVysVV. kss[ sVVLiRV, sVVLiRV y
sryLiR sVVgS aRPV ssLRi Bsj. lLiLiRs sVLiRsVV[ DFyj RXzts Q][ xqs W,
xqsWORPQ sVs xmsTsj. xqsW xqsWORPQ sVVV G Asxqs NRPV A @sxqs NTP NRPVTsosLiVV.
xQ\sVs xmsRRVsVVV xqs WsVV, @LiR:NRPLRi s[R sV xqsWORPQ sVV. C lLiLiRW
xmsRRVsVVV, sVVNRPVs[ ][sVgSs[ xqs*xmssVLiRV NRPWy ][R VRVss. gRi`
RXzts Q][ soysVV NRPsVNRP gRi` xqsWLi, xqs*xmsLi xqsWORPQLi @s @sVN]sVRVysVV.
C lLiLiRW xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q[R Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVsLiRV dssVgRiVRVsss Fss\[
gRiVLjir y][ @RRV Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVLi[ sdsLi LRiVgRiVRVsRs VxqsVN]sVsV.

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

$sV` aRPLiNRPLSyLRi NRPXR xtsQsV

gRiLiR @syLRiNRP
1) xtsQsV : "JsV[RRORPQLiR sVRg`iiLi xqsLRi*Li, RrxmsysLi' s[yLiyLiR ryLRi
xqsLigRix WRsVRLi, xmsNRPLRi RRVxts QR VLi, "JsV[RORPQLiR Li' c Byj ALRi[ *
@R Gs s xmsXRN`P xqsLiLiR @ [ R V c xmsWys sNSys * RWs[s RV
s[yLi[ xqsLiLiR @ [ R V xmsWys, ys Gs Bzms sRV sVL>iR Li*

xmsNRPXRysxqs xmsNRPLRi[s xqsLiLiR : @sVLiR sLRiWxmssV

yRLRisVV : "JLi C @ORPQLiR s[V xqsLRi*sVV ksVVNRP yssVj..' (C DxmssxtsQR V
xqssVxqs) s[yLiRsVV ryLRi xqsLigRixsVVgS NRPgjiRVVs xmsNRPLRi RRVxts QR VsVV. "JLi c
B[RORPQLiR Li' @sV yNRPsVV][ FyLRiLi sVgRiVRVsj. @LiRVss[, xms[NRPsVVgS
xqsLiLiR c @[R V xmsWssVVV xmsR[R V. s[yLiRsVVLiRV Fs xqsLiLiR c
@[R V c xmsWssVVVLiRV[, @s Fs C (DxmssxtsQ` c NSLjiNSRVVR\sVs)
gRiLiR sVLiRV soLiT[V RVVss.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : kss[ @ VRRV, sZaP[R Vxqs ryR ssVVgS xms V gRiys s[R sVV
|msss xsRVV @LigkiNRPLjiryLiR V. N]LiRsVLij DxmssxtsQR V zmss yss
RxmsVgS gRizLis yLRiV 1) N]LiRsVLij Bj aRPVxtsQ (DxtsQLiR ) s[yLiRsVs FyLiR V. G
sR sVVgS DxtsQLiR [aPR sVLiRV rygRiV[R VV ss G DxmsNSLRisVV soLiR][, @[
sR sVVgS s[yLiRsVV sLRiLiR NRPsVs yLji @FyRVsVV. G\y ryLiR NRPsVV F~LiyLi[
xmsRFyRVV DxmsWgjiLiRV ss[NPR sVVgS FyLiR V. 2) sVLjiN]LiRsVLij s[R sVVV
zmss NRPLRisV @}msOTPQLis NRPLRiQ X [s yRVsV VxqsVN]sV s[yLiRsVs NTPRW
sj xmspLRi*NRPsVVgS FyLiR V. A yNRPsVVV zmss DFyxqsyj NTPRV[ sj xmsLRisVVgS
zmssRs FyLiR V. 3) sVLjiN]LiRsVLij sVV sosRs xmsFyjLi
s[yLiRsVLiRV DFyxqsyRVNTP sj ZaP[xtsQs VVgS FyLiR V. 4) sVLjiN]LiRsVLij
xqs*RLiRsVVgS xsVVsV xmsFyjLiRV xsR[V sVLjiRVV sZaP[R Vzqsj gS
FyLiR V. BgRi xmspLRi*sVVsVLiT Bxms AR VsNRPVsLRiNRPV s[yLiRsVVsV RxmsVgS
VxqsVN]sVRVyLRiV. NSsos [NPR sVVsV @sVgRizLiRVNRPV Rsy\lLi $ g_RFy
10

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

yyLRiVV, gRiys yLSRV xmsryRsVV][ F~Lijs xqsxqsLixmsyRV sWLiRWNRP

DxmssxtsQ` @LiR sVVsV, ssLjiLiR R @ZaP[xtsQ\sVs s[yLiR yRLRisVV][
xqsLRi*s[yLiyLiR xqsLigRiRNRPsVVgS xmsNRPLRi RRVxts QR VsVV zmsyLRiV. ysNTP xmsp
FyRV\s xtsQNSLRiVV xqsxqsLixmsyRV zqsyLiRsVVsV @sxtsQLjiLi [NSsNTP
@LijyLRiV. kss[ @xmsLRi aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVQ\ s $ xqsysLi[LiR xqsLRixqs* ry*sVyLRiV
"sWLiRWNRP LRixxqs ssX' @s s[yLiR xmsLRisWLSs sryLiR sVVgS RV[zqs, C
DxmssxtsQR V DFyxqsyj, xqssWR VsV }msj NSRs xqsxts QLigS uys FyLRiV.
sVLRi kss s[VsVV "sWLiRWNRP @\Q*R xqs*LRiWxmssVV' @sV }msLRiV][ gRiLiR sVVsV
ssLjiLi aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVV, xqsysLi[LiRry*sVyLRiV zmss @\Q*ys
xmsLRiVRVNRPV xmsRVRsVV [zqsysVV. BNRPR xmsxqssQQ\sVs gRiLid LRi\sVs
yssVV][ saRPVR s[yLiR xmsNTPRVsV s[ Aj sNRP RVVsRLRisVVsNRPV xqsV sVVgS
@LiR sVgRiVNRPV xmsRVRsVV [R VTsj. C xqsLRi*sVV "JLi' @sV @ORPQLiR s[V, xmsR sV
yNRPsVV sWLiRWNRPDxmssxtsQR V aRPX VxmsoRVsj. xqsLRi*sVW "JLi' @s
xmsTsj. G xqsLRi*sVW? A xqsLRi*sVW s[yLiR xqsLigRixsVV. Bj g_R FyyyLRiV
NSLjiNRP xmsNRPLRi RRVxts QR VsVV][ NRPWTs\s "JsV[RORPQLiR Li' @sV yNRPsVV][
FyLRiLiLiRTsj. s[yLiyLiR sVV ARys NRPgjiLi Bj NRPLRiNSLiRsV xqsWLixmsNRP
ZNP[s sNSLiRsV sWRs[V VxmsosV. "JLi' DFyxqsyxmsLRi\sVsj NSRs zms, C
@ORPQLiR sVV xsVVs[ xqsWLiRVRVsj. C DxmssxtsQR V[ "@ysLi', "@ [ R VLi'
@sV xmsRsVVV DxmsWgjiLiRTss. @yssVsgS ysVsVV, @ [ R VsVsgS
A}msLRiV][ (@ysLi][) zmss[ sxqsVs o. NRPVLiRRVsV @ysLi (ysVsVV][)
zmss[ sxqsVs oLRiWxmssVV @ [ R VLi. xsVV @ [ R VLi, JLiNSLRisVV @ysLi.
BNRPR "JLi' @s[ @ORPQLiR sVV ysxmsLRi\sVsj, DFyxqsyxmsLRi\sVsj NSRV, DFyxqsNRPVRV,
DFyxqss, DFyxqssVV[ zmssV AyNSLRisX, NSLRisX @s VxmsoNRPV
NRPVRLRiRV. NSsos $ aRPLiNRPLSyLRiVyLRiV "s[yLiyLiR ryLRi xqsLigRix WRsVRLi' @s
zmsyLRiV. xQ\sVs INRP sxqsVs o (xmssV, rygSsVsVV,Byj) ALis][,
LSsV, sxts v ysVsVV][ NRPWTs xmsdN][Fyxqss, yssVV [R VRVsV gSs, "JLi'
@sV @ORPQLiR sVVsNRPV DFyxqss NRPVRLRiRV. "JLi' @sV @yssVV][ @[R V xqs*LRiWxms
11

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

\ sVs xsVVsV syLjiLi @[ Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS VxqsVN]sssV, NSsos Bj

DFyxqssss RVRRV, ZNP[s sVV syLRixmsLRi\sVs, sxmsLRi\sVsj, NRPVaRPVj ][
syLjiLi ryLixmsyRVR \sVsj C sWLiRWNRPDxmssxtsQR V. @LiRVss xms[NRPsVVgS
xqsLiLiR c @ [ R V xmsWssVVV xmsR[R V. FsLiRVNRPsgS C DxmssxtsQR V,
NSLjiNRPRVLiRV @ [ R V xmsWssVVVss.

@sVLiR sLRiWxmssV
2) xtsQsV : Ryzms xmsNRPLRi yxqsVy xqsLiZOP[QxmsR: sNSys RR
xmsWss`, ryR ysLi + NRP[*s, @ [ R V xqsLiR Li aSxqsQLi FyLRiLixmslLi[
sbPxts QxqsLiLiy [ R V xmsWss` s.
yRLRisVV : @LiVVssW, xmsNRPLRi gRiLiRsVVsV ysLixms Wss ys[R xqsLiOTPQxms
sVVgS xmsWssVV][ ryR ssVVsV sQQNPR s VV [R VV ss, C @ [ R V xqsLiLiR
aSryQLiR sVV xmsLRiLi xmsLRigS, sZaP[xtsQ xqsLiLiR sVVsV, sxtsQR VsVVsV, xmsWssVVsV
NRPgjiLiRVRVsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xmsNRPLRi gRiLiR sVVsV ysLiRVNRPV sVVLiRV xqsLiOTPQxmss VVgS @sVLiR
RRVxts QR VsVV xmsV RVVNRP s[V. RRRQ *sVV s[yLiRaSxqsQsVV WNRP
"sxtsQR VsVV'. @sgRi LRiWxms\sVs R sssVV aSxqsQsVV WNRP
"xmsWssVV'. aSxqsQsVVsNRPV R RRQ *sVVsNRPV "xmsFyR xmsFyRNRP LRiWxms
xqsLiLiR sVV' R ssVVsNRPV Rs xqs*LRiWxms zqs LRiWxms xmsWssVV][ "ryR
ryR s LRiWxms xqsLiLiR sVV'. BNRPR Rs xqs*LRiWxms zqs s ryRsVs xmsLi[ VxqsV
N]sVRVs @LiR sVV NRPgjiLiRVsV. FsxmsVRW [s yss N]Rg S F~LiRV (ryj LiRV)
@s Vxmso [R V; FsLiRVNRPLi[ @j sRzqsR s[V. BNRP ksNTP @j NSLji sRVsV
xmsNSLRisVVgS s[yLiRsVVsV @R RVssVV [zqssy\, ryR s RRVxts QR VVNRPVQ\ \|mss
zmss xmsWssVV NRPgjisoLiy. @jNSLji, sxtsQR VsVV xqsLiLiR sVV, xmsWs
sVV][ NRPWTs @sVLiR RRVxts QR VsVV. C DxmssxtsQR V ryR ssVs[ DFyRVsVV][
@ [ R V xqsLiLiR sVV][ NRPWTRVVs aSxqsQsVV xmsLRiLixmsLRixmsLRigS, sZaP[xtsQ xqsLiR sVsV
sxtsQR VsVVxmsWssVV NRPgjiRVVsj. ryR s xqsLixms RRVxts QR VLi sysR
ss[NPR sVV, BxxmsLRi[NPR xmsyLiR g[ iR \sLSgRisVV, aRPsVRsWRVV (aRPsVsVV, RsVsVV,
12

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

DxmsLRi, dORPQ, xqssWysLi, aRPR ) sVVsVVORPQR *sVV][ NRPWTsj..

sysR ss[NPR sVV : ss[NPR Li][ NRPgjis \sLSgRiLi ss sR, @sR ss[NPR sVV
NRPVgRiV[R VVsV ss[NPR sVV [s aRPaSs, xmsxqsW ZNP[s \sLSgRisVV, sR @sR
ss[NPR sVV NRPVgRi[R VRV. aRPVRVV xqsQXRV[ NTPNRP \sjNRP NRPLRi][ ryj Lixms gRigjis
@LiRRVV @sRsVs, xsR xmsn RsVV sRsVs ss[NPR sVV NRPVgRiVsV.
Bx xmsLRi[NPR xmsyLiR g[ iR \sLSgRisVV : (sVV.D. 1c2c12)[ "xmsLkiORPQ [NSs NRPLRiys
x[ slLi[*R sWRW` yxqsQNRPXR: NRPX[s ' @s xmssWsVV. Bx[NPR sVV[
g[ iR sVVV (LRi, xmsoR, xqsLixmsR Byj) xmsLkiOTPQLi, NRPLRi ss NRPlgi[ xmsLRi[NPR
sVV[ g[ iR sVVV "OUPQ[ xmsosVLSQ[NPR saRPLi' @s gRiVLjiL i, gRiVLRiVso RgiR LRiNRPVFLiVV
AR ssVV VxmsosVs FyLij LiRVsV. xsVV INRP[ @sVXRsVs (yso, xmsoVNRP
[sj) VxqsVN]s RNRPgS ss[NPR sVV][ Bx, xmsLRi C lLiLiRV [NSRVLiRV
xmsyLiR g[ iR \sLSgRisVV F~LiRVyRV. @lgi[ aRPsVsVV (@LiRlLi[LijRV sgRixsVV),
RsVsVV (}LijRV sgRixsVV), DxmsLRi (CxtsQRRW ygRiLi][ xqsLRi*NRPLRi
xqsyxqssVV), dORPQ (bdP][uyj R*LiRsVV [R {msTLixmsTsxmsVRV F~LigRiNRP, NRPVLigRiNRP
soLiRV), xqssWysLi (xsxtsQR W ss NRPlgi[ sZOP[QxmsLi (ALi][ s)
[NPR VLiRV), aRPR (aSxqsQLi, AyLRiV yNRPsVVRVLiRV ssVNRPsVV NRPgjiRVVLiRV)
CORPQs NRPgRiV[V "sWORPQLi BR sVVsVVORPQR *Li' sWORPQLi NRPgSs, BR
(sVVsVVORPQR *Li) N]LRiNRPV ryR s RW. sWORPQs Vs[ aRPLiR sVV zqsy, ryR s
[NPR F[ LiysNTP FsNRPVs sVssV B sWORPQs VV gRiVLjiLi VxqsVN]sVNRPV xqs*
xqssVRVLi DxmsWgjiryLiR V. gSds Fss\[ LiR sVV][ NRPWTRVVs Bx, xmsLRi[NPR Li
@Liy @sRsVs V xqsVN]sV[, @LiyRV LiR sVV [NPR VLiRV sWORPQs Vs
VxqsVN]s, sWORPQs VV N]LRiNRPV xmsRVRsVV [R VgRi][ @R[ @j NSLji. BR
sxtsQR VsVsgS xmsxmsLi][xmsaRPsVsLi NRPgRigS (xmsxmsLiRsVV ]gjiLiRgS) sVgjis Rs
xqs*LRiWxmss[V AR, sVLigRiNRPLRi\sVs xsVs[j sxtsQR VsVV. @[ @ [ R VsVV C
sxtsQR VsVV, sVsxqsV=, yNRPVNRPV @LiRsj NRPsVNRP \|mss zmss @j NSLji (ryR s xqsLixms
RRVxts QR VLi) NRPy\, \|ms sxtsQR V\sVs (@ [ R VLi) xsV VxqsVN]sgRi
13

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

xmsWssVV VxmsoRVyLRiV.
3) xtsQsV : NTPLi xmsosqs RRQWsLi B DR[ * L][gSLRi} qss L][giR ssXf
xqs*xqs y c Ry RV:R NRPxqs. ARs: \ Q*R xmsxmsLi][ xmsaRP# s[V xqs*xqs y. @\Q*R
s: xmsWsLi* \ Q*R xmsxmsLiRxqs @syNRPXRy*` sRRW RRVxmsaRPsV:
ryj. xsy xmsNSaRPyRV @ryLRiLi: NTPRV[*
yRLRisVV : ksss xmsWss[VsV sosj? xmsVRVyLRiV. FsV L][gSLRiVsNTP
L][giR ssLRi s sVVs xqs*xqs R gRiVgRiV[, @V RV:RVsNTP syNRPXR \Q*R s
xmsxmsLiRsVV DxmsaRPsVLis xqs*xqs R FyzmsLiRV Lkis @\Q*R ssVV xmsWsNRPLRi
sVgRiVsV. \Q*R xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV @syNRPXRsVgRiV ss. sR[ @j RVVxmsaRPsVsVV
LiRVsV, NSsos xsy xmsNSaRPsVVs\ZNP (C xmsNRPLRiLi) FyLRiLiLiRTsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : Fs\lgi[ L][giR sVV][ NRPWTs ysNTP L][giR ssLRi s sVV NRPVgRigSs[ xqs*xqs R
NRPVgRiV[ @lgi[ \Q*R ssVV NRPWTRVVs RV:RVsNTP \Q*R xmsxmsLiRsVV ]
gRigSs[ @\Q*R ssVV NRPVgRiV xmsWssVgRiVsV. ksss DFyj [ R sVV ]gji,
Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVsLiRV ][[ DFyRVV xqs*LRiWxmssVV NRPy @ssVV NSRs VxqsVN]s,
\Q*RssVV][ DFyR VsV RWRNRP GNSR xmsRRVryLRiLi ss, RV:Li DaRPxqssVsLi
LiRVsV. \Q*R xmsxmsLiRsVV @syNRPXRsVs zqsN]s, yss sR[R s[ DxmsaRPsVLi
[zqsN]s RV:s ssX [zqsN]sVsV. LSgRi[*uy ssVV][ RV:sVV NRPVgRiVsV.
[*xtsQLi][ NRPWRVN]syRV Fs\lgi[ R:s F~LiRV[, LSgRiLi][ NRPWRVN]syRV
NRPWy @lgi[ RV::s F~LiRVsV. LSgRisVV NRPyRV A sxqsVs o sbPLiRVss [NPR
Fss\lLis @xmsxLjirylLi[sW RVs RV:LiRVsV. C LSgRi[*uyV lLiLiRW \Q*R
xmsxmsLiRsVV[s[ ][R VRVyLiVV. @syNRPXR\sVs \Q*RxmsxmsLiRsVVsV, sR[
DxmsaRPsVsLi [R VV N]LRiNRPV, C DxmssxtsQR V xsR VxmsoNRPV C xmsNRPLRiLi
ALRiLiLiRRV RVsj. kss sLSLjiLiRVNRPV aRPVRVV DRxLjiLiRTss.
4) xtsQsV : "RVRz \ Q*RsVs s' (X.D. 2c4c14, X.D. 4c5c15) "RVR
y7sjs ry` Ry[7s` xmsZaP[` @[7s` sdsRW`' (X.D
4c3c31)' "RVR R*xqs xqsLRi*sW\Q yW`, R[s NRPLi xmsZaP[` R[s NRPLi
14

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

sdsRW`' (X.D. 4c5c15 ) Byj aRPV: @ryLiR xqs zqsj : *

yRLRisVV : "FsR \Q*RsVV s[ soLiRV[' (X.D. 2c4c14, X.D. 2c4c15),
"FsR sVLjiVVNRP sosys s[ NRPsRV[ @R JNRPRV sVLjiVVNRP yss
RWRVsV, JNRPRV sVLjiVVNRPyss zqsN]sVsV' (X.D. 4c3c31), "GR @LiRRVV
ARRVs VxqsVN]sV[ @R GsLjis GsLRiV RWRVsV? GsLjis VxqsVN]sVsV?'
(X.D. 4c5c15) B aRPV yNRPsVVss C @LiR sVV zqsj LiRVsV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : "RVR z \ Q*RsVs s RjRLRi BRLRiLi xmsn V RjRLRi BRLRiLi
xmsaRP RjRLRi BRLRig`iiLi aRPX[ RjRLRi BRLRisV sR RjRLRi BRLRiLi sy'
(X.D. 2c4c14) Fsxmso\[ \Q*RsVV s[ soLiRV[, @xmsoRV BRLRiVRV BRLRisVVsV
Axmsn WLiRVsV, @xmsoRV BRLRiVRV BRLRisVVsV RWRVsV, @xmsoRV BRLRiVRV BRLRisVVsV
ssVsV, @xmsoRV BRRV BRLRisVVsV xmsVNRPVsV, @xmsoRV BRLRiVRV BRLRisVVsV
RFRVVsV, @xmsoRV BRLRiVRV BRLRisVVsV RVVss \Q*RssVVsV (ssLRi
RXzts Q) zmssj. gSs GsLji\ZNP[ xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q NRPVgRiV[ @RRV "RVR y @xqs
xqsLRi*sW\QyWR [s NRPLi xmsn VR [s NRPLi xmsZaP[R [s NRPg`iiLi aRPXVRWR [s
NRPsVs[R [s NRPLi sVds*R R[s NRPLi sdsRW`* [Vs[R g`iiLi xqsLRi*Li sy
RLi ZNP[s sdsRWj*RLRisVlLi[ ZNP[s sdsRWj**' (X.D. 2c4c14) Gxmso\[
dssNTP xqsLRi*sVW AR[V @[V[, @xmsoRV [s][ [ss Axmsn WLiRVsV? @xmsoRV
[s][ [ss RWRVsV? @xmsoRV [ss [s][ ssVsV? @xmsoR [s][ [ss
xmsVNRPVsV? @xmsoRV [s][ [ss RFRVVsV? @xmsoRV [s][ [ss RVVsV?
[s][ C xqsLRi*sVV RVRVRVs][ yss [s][ RVssV? sRsVV
[s][ RVssV. @lgi[ "ryRy[7s}mnsVR[7s}mnsVR[7 sRxqs
[VR[7sR*[R [7sRQXVRWR[7sds*y[7sRQ=QXZaP[R [7s
j*dsRW`**' (X.D. 4c3c31) GNSsVLiRV (gRi`, xqs*xmssVLiRV) ARNRPLi[
ssVVgS sVLjiVVNRP sosV soLiRV[, A NSsVVsLiRV sVLjiVVNRPRV, sVLjiVVNRP
yss RWRVsV, sVLjiVVNRPRV sVLjiVVNRPyss Axmsn WLiRVsV, sVLjiVVNRPRV sVLji
VVNRPyss Ary*jLiRVsV, sVLjiVVNRPRV sVLjiVVNRPyss xmsVNRPVsV, sVLjiVVNRPRV
15

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

sVLjiVVNRPyss ssVsV, sVLjiVVNRPRV sVLjiVVNRPyss xqsLiNRPLiRVsV, sVLjiVVNRPRV

sVLjiVVNRPyss RWRVsV, sVLjiVVNRPRV sVLjiVVNRPyss RVVss aRPV @sR][
NRPWTs \Q*RxmsxmsLiRsVV sXLi sVVsV zmssj. @lgi[ B[ aRPV "RVR R*xqs
xqsLRi*sW\QyWR [s NRPLi xmsaRPR [s NRPLi xmsn VR [s NRPg`iiLi LRixqs[VR [s
NRPsVs[R [s NRPgRiLi aRPXVRWR [s NRPLi sVds*R R[s NRPg`iiLi xqsQXZaP[R [s NRPLi
sdsRW[s[R g`iiLi xqsLRi*Li sy RLi ZNP[s sdsRWR= GxtsQ s[
s[yy7gRiXx[ s z gRiXx[7bPL][ s z bdPLRi[7xqsLig][ s z xqs[7zqs][
s sR[ s LjixtsQ syLRisVlLi[ ZNP[s ydsRWjRVQQNPR s VaSxqsy7zqs' (X.D.
4c5c15) Gxmso\[ dssNTP xqsLRi*sVV AR[V @[V[, @xmsoRV [s][ [ss RWRVsV?
@xmsoRV [s][ [ss Axmsn WLiRVsV? @xmsoRV [s][ [ss Ary*jLiRVsV? @xmsoRV
[s][ [ss xmsVNRPVsV? @xmsoRV [s][ [ss ssVsV? @xmsoRV [s][ [ss
RFRVVsV? @xmsoRV [s][ [ss xqsQXbPLiRVsV? @xmsoRV [s][ [ss
RVVsV? [s][ C xqsLRi*sVVsV RVVRVy][ yss [s][ RVVsV? Bj
NSRV BjNSRV @sV slLi b[ PLiR[ A C AR gRiVxsVV NSRV FsLiRVNRPLi[, AR
xmsVN]sRV [R V. AR @bdPLRisVV, FsLiRVNRPLi[ AR bPjsVV @[Vj NSRV.
AR @xqsLigRiVRV, FsLiRVNRPLi[ AR @xqsNRP s V[Vj NSRV. AR R sVV NSRV AR
sRssVV F~LiRV [R V. AR OUPQLiRV [R V. sssVV [s][ RVVsV?
NSsos \Q*RVj \Q*RsVVsV sWRs[V VxqsVN]sVsV. \Q*ys ]gjiLiRgS
sVgjis Vj xqsLRi*sVV ARQ\V sosRs VxqsVN]s [ss RWzqs [ss
zqsN]sVsV? NSsos Vj Vj gS NSNRPVLiy ARgS sVgjiFsosV. Rs xqs*LRiWxms
sVLiRV, lLiLiRsjgS ][[ gRi`[ gRiR xmsxmsLiRsVV, xqs*xmssVV[ xqs*xms xmsxmsLiR
sVs, ][R V \Q*R sLi, NSds FsNRPR lLiLiRsj ][R ][ @j @\Q*R sLi.
@xmsVRV [s [R [ss RWRVsV? [s [R [ss zqsN]sVsV? @sR][ NRPgjis
\Q*RxmsxmsLiRsVVsV, sR][ DxmsaRPsVsVV [R VV[V C DsxtsQR V xmsWssVV.
@sysxqs [ (gRiR, xqs*xmssVV) ][[ xqsLRi*sVW Rxts v, RXaRP, Rxts Q @s[ xmso
RxqsLRi*sVW sR][ jRsVV [zqs, sosj AR[V RVs RVRV[ @NRPR
16

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

R LRi+s (gRiR, xqs*xms) ssLRisVLiRRVV ]gjiFsosV. @syNRPR\sVs \Q*R

sVLiRRVV ]gjiLi @R*RV RRQ *sVVsV xmsFyjRV[V NSLjiNSNSLRiV\s $ g_R
FyyyLRiVyLji ssVs LRiWT gS xms[s oRVyLRiV. Bj[V sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQR V
VVNRP xmsWssVV.
5) xtsQsV : RR ys][LiNSLRi sLiR RWRV xmsRsVLi xmsNRPLRiLi AgRisV xmsysLi
ARRRQ * xmsxmsRVQFyRV WRLi*
yRLRisVV : JLiNSLRi sLiR RVsVVs\ZNP sVVR xmsNRPLRisVV aRPV xmsys\sV ARsV
zqsN]sVNRPV DFyRV WR\sVsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : JLiNSLRi sLiR RVsVV N]LRiNRPV AgRisV aRPV xmsyssVVgS C xmsR sV
xmsNRPLRisVV ALRiLi # \sVsj. ("@R*RV' yssVV Dxms[aPR xmsyssVVgS xms
Tsj. kss[ "AR RRQ * xmsxms DFyRV WRLi' @sgS AR RRQ *sVV
gRizLiRVNRPV aRPV yNRP xmsys\sV, DFyRVsVVgS sosRs @LiR sVV. JLiNSLRi sLiR RV
sVV y*LS AR RRQ *sVV RVLiRV @yL][zmsR ysVLRiWxmssVVsV s}tsQj LiRV
ORPQsVV][, ryOSQ` gS xmsFyjLiRTsj). 12 sVLiRsVVV, 28 NSLjiNRPV y
xtsQsVV AgRisV xmsNRPLRisVs xmsTsj. (Ry*s VxqsVN]sVNRPV @sV yLigRi
RVVNRPVV, DFyRV WR\sV) gRi` xmsxmsLiRsVV xqs*xmsLi[ ][R RV, @lgi[ xqs*xms
xmsxmsLiRsVV gRi`[ ][R RV, AlLiLiRV xmsxmsLiRsVVV xqsVxtsvzms[ ][R s[ ][R so
xqsVN]sVRVVNTP [V @sV yLigRi RVVNTP.
6) xtsQsV : RVxqsQ\ Q*R xmsxmsLiRxqs DxmsaRP# s[V, @\Q*R xmsxms: LRi*sVs xqsLSj
sNRP[xmsaRP# s[V LRiR RQ * xmsxms:, Rxqs \ Q*Rxqs }RVR:, \ sRR xmsFyRyRV
j*dRVLi xmsNRPLRiLi*
yRLRisVV : G\Q*R xmsxmsLiRsVV DxmsaRPsVsVV NRPVgRigS @\Q*RssVV FsLRiRV
RVss][ @j yRV RVLiRV xqsLRisVV DxmsaRPsVsVV LiRgS y ssVV FyzmsLiRV
sVgS, \Q*RsVV}RVso[zqs xqsLRi*gRiRVs NRPV \sRRsVV xmsFyjLiRV\ZNP C lLiLiRs
xmsNRPLRisVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : (AgRisV xmsNRPLRisVV][s[ \Q*RRsVV ]gji ARRRQ *sVV xmsFyjLi
17

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

sxmsoRV sVLRi FsLiRVNRPV lLiLiRs xmsNRPLRisVV (\sRR xmsNRPLRisVV) ssj? @s

GsLji\ZNPs aRPLiNRP NRPgRisRVsV), ysNTP xqssWyss[VsVsgS y\ss Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV
sVVNRPVs, sVVNRPVs][ NRPWTs xmsxmsLiRsVV, xqs*xmssVV xqs*xmssVV][ NRPWTs \Q*R
xmsxmsLiRsVV DxmsaRPsVLi NRPgjis xqssVNS sVLiRV, @\Q*R sLi NRPVgRiVsV. yRVRVLiRV
FysVV @sV Vj sNRPsVV ]gjiFgS, Bj y[ RVs ssVV NRPVgRiV[ @lgi[
\Q*R Vj (gRi`, xqs*xms xmsxmsLiRsVVV) ]gjiLi @\Q*R xmsFyRs C \sRR
xmsNRPLRiLi [R VVsV. (AgRisV xmsNRPLRisVV[ }RVso xmsNRPFso ss ZNP[s
aSxqsQyNRPsVV][ ARRRQ * @sV ys F~LiRNRP s[yLiR zqsyLiRsVVsNRPV s
NRPgRisRVssV aRPLiNRP ss sLRi}msORPQ \sVs s[yLiR yNRPsVVsV xqssVLij LiRVsV,
@sLSs syLjiLiRVNRPV lLiLiRs xmsNRPLRisVV ssRs GsLji\ZNPs xqsLiaRPRVsVV
NRPgRisRV. gSs @j xqsLjiNSRV. ksNTP xqssWyss[VsVsgS DR s Wj NSLRiVNRPV
Dxms[aPR sVV sWRsVV[R s[ [ R RLRi+s @sLiR NRPsVV ]gji @\Q*ysV ys
F~LiRgRiLRiV. gSs FssLji\ZNP[ @gRi NRPgRiNRP sVLRi \Q*RsVVVVNRP yxqss
]gRiV[R s sLiRVRVL][ @Li yLRiNRPV lLiLiRs xmsNRPLRisVV xmsFyjLiRTsj.
@Li[gSs ry}msORPQ \sVs aRPV yNRPsVVV @xmssWsVs @sVN]s sVLRi lLiLiRs
xmsNRPLRisVV xmsR[R V. AgRisV xmsNRPLRisVLiRV aSxqsQsVV zmss @sV yLigRi
RVVNRPVNRPV sL][R sVV NSs (NTPLi` ZNP[s RLRisVV) @sLiLi, [j LiRVNRPV
j*dRVxmsNRPLRisVV ssj). \sRRsVsgS sVyssVV, Li @s @LiR sVV.
G\lgi[ FysVV @sV sVyssVV ]gjiFgS RVyLiR Q sLi yRV @s
RVRV[, @lgi[ xmsxmsLiRsVs[ sVyssVV (\sRR) ]gRigS, Dsj ysV
@s[ x RR*sVs C xmsNRPLRisVV xmsFyjLiRVsV. NSsos Bj "\sRRxmsNRPLRisVV'
7) xtsQsV : Ry @\Q*R ryzms \ sRR xmsxqsLigRi FyF RVVNTP R : RyR*
RLRi+yRV RXdRVLi, xmsNRPLRisV*
yRLRisVV : xqsLRi*Q\Q*RsVV @xqsRsVgRiVss @\Q*RsVVsNRPV NRPWy @xqsR
xmsxqsLigRi sVV FyzmsLiRVsV NRPsVNRP @\Q*RsVV xmsRLji+LiRV\ZNP RXdRV xmsNRPLRisVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : \Q*RsVV sVy @s zqssxmsVRV, Dsj @\Q*Rs[V @s RV
18

sWLiRWN][xmssxtsQ`

RVsV. gSs FssLji\ZNP[ @\Q*RsVV NRPWy FsLiRVNRPV sVR NSNRPWRRV @s aRPLiNRP NRPgji
sxmsVRV @Li aRPLiNRP ssXQ\ZNP RXdRV @\Q*R xmsNRPLRi xmsTsj
8) xtsQsV : @\Q*Rxqs RyR* xmsxms xmsxmsORPQ Wys, RWs yRLiRLS,
@\sjNSs xqss [uyLi @[s sL][j y*` @RLiR [*s RRVxmsxms lLi[s sLSNRPLRiRV
RRVLiR Li xmsNRPLRisV*
yRLRisVV : @\Q*R ssVVsNRPV, xmsxmsORPQ WRsVV\s, @syRsVVV, (@\sjNRP
yRsVVVgS sos s[yLiR aSxqsQ sL][R \sVs sRW, \sZaP[ztsQNPR , R , \yj
yRsVVV) y[ yNTP xmsLRixqsLRi sL][R sVVV DLiRV[R ys FztsQLiRV
RVVNRPV [R s[ ys sLSNRPLjiLi @\Q*ys [j LiRVsV C ys xmsNRPLRi\sVs
@R aSLiR xmsNRPLRisVV.

@][xmssxtsQ` crygRisVxmsNRPLRi
(DxmssxtsQ` )

xmsRsVsVLiR:
JsV[RRORPQLiR sVRg`iiLi xqsLRi*Li Rrxms ysLi WRLi sRsxtsQj xqsLRi*
sWLiNSLRi Gs * RVys NSdRLi RRFNSLRi Gs** 1**
yRLRisVV : C xqssVxqss VV JLiNSLRis[V. ys DxmsyssVV; WR sxtsQ`
sLRi s WsNSsVVV xqsLRi*sVW JLiNSLRis[V. NSdR\sVssjRVVsV JLiNSLRis[V.

@R AgRisV xmsNRPLRi @sRLjiNRP

JLiNSLRisVV][ AR xmsxms DFyRVsVV N]LRiNRPV RVVNTP
1) xtsQsV : NRPRLi xmsos:JLiNSLRi sLiR RV:, ARRRQ * sxmsRVQFyRVR*Li xmsxmsR[
B? DR[* "JsV[R`'R(NRP.D.1c2c15) "GRyLisLi (NRP.D. 1c2c17)
"GR\ Q*xqsR NSsV! (xms.D. 5c2) "JsVyysLi RVVLiR' (y.D. 79)
"JsVx' (\.D. c 1c8) "JLiNSLRi Gs[R Li xqsLRi*Li (y.D. 2c22c3) Byj
19

aRPV:* LRi*jLjis xqsLSj sNRPxqs AxqsR:, @R*RV: AR xmsLRisWLiR R: xqss

Fyj sNRPxqs Axqs][ RVy, Ry xqsL][*7zms yNRPQxmsLiR: FyyR sNRP
sxtsQR V: JLiNSLRi Gs xqsR AR xqs*LRiWxmss[Vs RRyRV NRPy*`*
yRLRisVV : C JLiNSLRi sLiR RVsVV, ARssVV F~LiRVNRPV G sR sVVgS
DFyRVsVV @gRiVsV? xms[s oRVysVV JLi Bj[V xsVV (NRP.D. 1c2c15),
"JLiNSLRis[V xsVVsNRPV ALissVV', "J xqsRNSsW! JLiNSLRisVV xmsLRi, @xmsLRi
xFyzmsNPT ryR s\sV Dsj' (xms.D. 5c2), "JLiNSLRisVVs ARsV xqsLiyssVV
[R VssV' (y.D. 79), "JLiNSLRis[V x' (\ 1c8), "Bj @LiRRVV JLiNSLRis[V'
(y.D. 2c22c3) BLi aRPVRVss LRiso xqsLSj sNRPsVVNRPV @j uys\sVsV,
@R*RV\sVs AR, xmsLRisWLiR sVVs Fyj sNRPsVVNRPV AxqsR\sV sosj.
@Vs[ xqsLRi*yN`PxmsxmsLiRsVV Fyj ARsNRP sxtsQR VsVV. xqsLRi*sVVsNRPV
"JLi'NSLRis[V AxqsRsVgRiVRVsj. A JLiNSLRisVV AR xqs*LRiWxmss[V c (FsLiRVNRPsgS) @j
@yssVV NRPgjisoLiRV ss.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @s[NPR aRPVRVV JLiNSLRisVV gRiWLji zmsss. [NPR Li[ sVLiRsVVsV,
sVVR JLiNSLRisVV [Lij DRLij Liy. xqsLRi*sVV, xqsNRPysVsVVV, xqsNRPLRiWxmssVVV
A JLiNSLRisVV sVLi[ sss. @yssVs[ JLiNSLRisVV[R , @ [ R VsVs[ xsVV
RVRVsV. @LiRVss "sNRPLRi s xmsRW R s[s ylgi[\ sNRP
@sVXRR*sWsaRPV:' sVVLiRNRP aRPV zmssV xqsNRP RXaRP sxtsQR V xmsxmsLiRsVVsV
sR, Fss\lLi[ A xRy*s xqsVN]sVNRPV RVV[LiR V[ yLRiV JLiNSLRisVV
@s[ yss syLjiLiy. "JLi' @s[ @ORPQLiR Li @ysLi sLiR Vs @sxtsQR Ws,
@xqsLiryLRisVgRiV A xRy*s xqsWRVsV NRPsVNRP, JLiNSLRi xmssVV A s,
xqsyzqs[V [R VssV. xqsLiryLRiVV ysVLRiWxmssVV][ NRPWT sos [s RsV
RsVRsV N][Lij NRPsV, NSsVsV dLRiVN]sV N]LRiVNRPV, ARW NSsVsNRPV xqsLiLij Lis
xmsLRiWFyV LSsW, NRPXuy, bPy, Byj DFyxqss\sVs [s RV RVLiRV JLiNSLRisVV
[T Li xmsLi [R VssV. (JLiNSLRi sLiR RVsVV y*LS ARR RQ *sVV gRizLiRVNRPV
DFyRV WRsVVgS) C AgRisV xmsNRPLRisVV xmsTsj. kss @s[NPR aRPVRVV NRPWy
slLi a[ PR sVV [zqsyLiVV. "xqslLi[* s[yRVRRsWsVss RFyg`iiLizqs xqsLS* R RVR*Rs*
20

RVjR[ xRLRiLi RLRis R[ xmsRg`iiLi xqs} dssWsV[ R` e' (NRP.D.

1c2c15) xqsNRP s[R sVVV GxmsRsVVsV F~LiRRgjis s[ [LiR szqss ryys
sVVNRPN PR LihRisVV][ VxmsoRVy[, xqsNRP RxmsxqsV=V [ss F~LiRV\ZNP [R VRV
RVy[, @lgi[ gRiVLRiVNRPVyxqs LRiWxms\sVs [NPR sVL]NRP sR \sVs xsVVsV
F~LiRVNRPV [}qs xRLRisVVsV G xFyzmss N][Lij ARLjiLiRVRVy[, A
xmsRsVVsV dsNRPV xqsLigRixsVVgS VxmsoRVysV. B[ "JLi' @sV xmsRsVV. JLi
aRPyRQ\sV, JLi aRPsVVsV xmsdNRPsVVgS NRPgjis\ sosj. @lgi[ "GRysVsg`iiLi
ZaP[xts Q s[VRysVsLi sLRisV* GRysVsLi y* x[ZNP[ sV{RV[*'
(NRP.D. 1c2c17) C ALis xsVVsV F~LiRVNRPV, ALissVVsNRPy
ZaP[xts Q\sVsj, @RVR s V\sVsj C ALis xmsLRisVV @xmsLRisVW NRPWy; FsLiRVNRPsgS Bj
xmsLRi @xmsLRi x lLiLiTLiN]LRiNRPV sosj. C ALissV VxqsVN]ss][ lLiLiTLi
sVzsV F~LiRVsV. @lgi[ sVL]NRP aRPV "R|\ qs# xqs yR GR\ Q*RxqsRNSsV xmsLRiLiR
@xmsLRiLiR xRV` JLiNSLRi: Rry` sys G[\ ss @RV s[s GNRPRLRi sVs['
(xms.D. 5c2) J xqsRNSsW! xmsLRixsVV xqsRsVV, sVLjiRVV @ORPQLiR sVV. kss
xmsoLRiVxtsvRs s[yLiRsVVV ssxLjiLiRVsV. @xmsLRixsVV zLRigRiLRiVR V. kss
s[yLiRsVVV FysVs ssxLjiLiRVsV. C lLiLiTLiNTP JNSLRis[V xmsdNRPsVV, NRPsVNRP
C xmsLRi @xmsLRi xsVVV lLiLiRW JLiNSLRis[V. @lgi[ (\.y.D.79) aRPV RVLiRV
"JLi ByyyLi RVVLiR B JLiNSLSy*lLi[ ARs R xqssWR sLi Dxmsjxts Qs V'
@s xmsTsj. @lgi[ sVL]NRP aRPV "JLiBx' (\.D. 1c8) "JLiNSLRis[V x'
BNRPR "JLi' aRP LRiWxmssVV][ xsVVsV DFyzqsLiys xmsTsj. @lgi[ sVL]NRP
aRPVRVLiRV "RRR aRPLiNRPVy xqsLS* xmsLSs xqsLiRXs[ssWLiNSlLi[ xqsLS*
yNRP=LiRL[ iNSLRi Gs[R g`iiLi xqsLRi*sWLiNSLRi Gs[R g`iiLi xqsLRi*sV' (y.D. 2c22c3)
JLiNSLRisVV[ yNRPV @LiRRVV yzmsLiRTsosj. C xqsLRi*sVW JLiNSLRis[V.
xmsLRisWRNRPV xmsdNRPsVgRiV JLiNSLRi x[ aRP xqssVWxsVLiRRVV yzmsLiRT
sosj. FsLiRVNRPsgS yNRPV saRPRVsVVgS ANSLRis[V @s aRPV xmsVRVsj. @lgi[
ysVsVV (LRiWxmssVV)sRVV xmsLRisWR VVNRP sNSLRisVVV sWRs[V. @LiRVss
C xqsLRi*sVW JLiNSLRis[VRVs aRPV zmssj. kss[ C (y.D. 2c22c3) xtsQ
21

sVLiRV "GssWLiNSlLi[ x xmsLRisWys: xmsdNRP W[s xqsLS* yN`P aRP RLi

xqsLiRX @NSL][ \ s xqsLRi* yN`P ByjaRPV[:* xmsLRisWRsNSLRiaRP ysV [ R VsWR
sVRR JLiNSLRi Gs[R Li xqsLRi*Li B*' @s zmssj. @lgi[ sVLjiVVNRP aRPV "JLi Li
x' (X.D. 5c1c1) @syLjiNRP xtsQsVLiRV "RVR R Li x R` JLi
aRPyRsWLiaRPxqs*LRiWxmss[Vs y*' A ANSaRP x [VjgRi][ @j JLiNSLRisVV[
slLi b[ PLiRRVRVsj. [y @j JLiNSLRisVV VVNRP xqs*LRiWxmssVV. C aRPVRVV
xqsWLisV, Fs\lgi[ yRV, FysVV sVVRgRiV ( WsVd, yLRi Byj)
sNRPsVVNRPV @j uys\sV sos][, @lgi[ AR@s[ xmsLRisWLiR sVLiRV \Q*RsVLiRRVV,
Fyj (Aj aRP sVV[R FysVV, BLijRVsVVV, aRPLkiLRi... Byj) sNRPsVVNRPV
@j uys\sV sosj. xqsLRi* yN`P xmsxmsLiRsVV Fyj sxtsQR VsVVsLiNTP, JLiNSLRis[V
AxqsR\sV sosj. @lgi[ JLiNSLRisVV @ysLi, x @ [ R VLi. NSsos
JLiNSLRisVV ARxqs*LRiWxmss[V. xqsNRP LRiWxmsysW][ NRPWTsos xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV
@j uys\sVs "JLi' NSLRisVV sVLiT xqsNRPsVV ][R VRVss. JLiNSLRisVV @sV }msLRiV][
zmssRV @R[V x. BNRPR JNRP aRPLiNRP NRPgRisRV. AR @yssVs[
JLiNSLRisVV][ ARxqs*LRiWxmssVV GgRi RVRVsV? @yRVNRPR*sVV][ @[R V
xqs*LRiWxmssVV RVys sRVsVsVV [R V NRPy? FssR sVVgS @gji aRP sVV][ @gji
@yRVNRPR*sVV][ @gji xqs*LRiWxmssVV F~LiRV [R V NRPy? sVLji FsgRi FyRVV
AR slLi[NPR sVVgS [NPR FLiVVsxmsNUP @NRPR JLiNSLRisVV @[R V AR
xmsLRisWLiR sVVgS @LigkiNRPLjiLiy? @s aRPLiNRP NRPgRisRVsV. ksNTP xqssVyssVV
xmsVRVysVV. @ys\sVs JLiNSLRisVV][ @[R V\sVs AR xqs*LRiWxmssVV
xmsRQOPR Qs VVgS RVRRV. @j Fyj sNRPsVV][s[ A aRP @[R VsVV
ysVsVVNRPV NRPgjis , gRiVj xmssX ssVR s VVgS @}msOTPQLi aRP sVV
RVRVsV. ARRVLi\[ Fyj qx sLRi* sNRP AxqsR\sVs A xqs*LRiWxmssVVsNRPV G
N]j gS NRPWy aRP xmssX ssVR s VVgS soLiRRV NRPsVNRP ysNTP JLiNSLRisVV @yssVV
NSRV. xqsLRi* ARNRPR*sVV DFyj saRPsVV][ JLiNSLRisVV @ys xmsELRi*NRPsVVgS
xmsTsj. Fyj LRiWxmsNRPsVVgS DFyj ss ][sxmsNUP sxqsVR : AR[V
@NRPR xqsLS*RNRPsVVgS RVRVRVsj. NSsos @sR sNRPR aRPLkiLRisVV][
22

NRPWTs yNRPV ALis][ "JLiNSLRi'sVs[ @yssVVsV syLjiLiRgS @j Rs

xqs*LRiWxms\sVs @ [ R V\sVs A xsVV, Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs C ARgS @sV ssVV
NRPVgRiVsV. @gRi NRPgRigS, @NRPR yNRPV VxmsoNRPV sVLjiVVNRP [NPR Fso ss,
ARgS sVgji FsosV. kss[ aRPVRB "RV][ y][ ssLRiL i[' (\.D. 2c9) "G AR
sVLiT yNRPVsRVV sVLRiVVRVs[' @s zmssj.

Fyj sNRPyLi R` @y yyLi y ARslLi[ZNP[s:

1) xtsQsV : JLiNSLRi sNSLRi aRP [ R VaRP xqsLRi*: Fyj: AR sNRP: @ys
slLi[ZNP[yzqs* "yyLRiLiLi sNSL][ ysV [ R VLi' (y..D. 6c1c4), "RR}qsRLi
yy RLiy ysVLSsV: xqsLRi*Li zqsRsV' "xqsLRi*Li {RLi ysVds' (H.@.D.
2c1c6) Byj aRPV:* @R Axc
yRLRisVV : JLiNSLRi sNSLRi RsVV\s aRPsVVV y @LiR sVVVgS @ [ R V
sVVV xqssVxqsQ\sVs AR sNRPNRPsVV\s FyRVV @yssVV NRPs slLi[NPR sVVgS
DLiRso. "@ys slLi[ZNP[ yzqs' @sV zqsyLiRsVVsNRPV aRPV xmssWsVVV
GsV @ss "yN`PLRiWxms\sVs ysV [ R V FyLRiLi # s[V sNSLRi\sV RVVsj' (y.D.
6c1c4) "xsVVsNRPV xqsLiLij Lis Bj @LiRRVV yNRPVRVsV yLRisVV[R sV,
ysVsVsV sW[R sV NRPWLRiT RVVsj' (H.A.D. 2c1c6). xqsLRi*sVW ysVsVV][
ssLjiLiR RVRVsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : aRPVRVLiRV "JLiNSlLi[ xqsLS* yNRPLiRX' (y.D. 2c22c3)
zmssVgS xmsLRisWRNRPV xmsdNRPsVgRiV "JLiNSLRisVV[ aRPRsVLiRRVV yzmsLiRT
RVVsj. aRPV yNRPV @Liy saRPRVsVVgS ANSLRis[V @s ysVsVVsRVV
xmsLRisWRVVNRP sNSLRisVVV sWRs[V.' @lgi[ JLiNSLRi sNSLRi WR\sVs Fyj
aRPR xqsLRi*sVW @ [ R VsVV, @yssVVsV dsT ][R V[R V. NSsos qx sNRP
ysVsVVV JLiNSLRisVVsV dsT [s o. JLiNSLRisVV[ @NSLRisVV, sVNSLRisVV, DNSLRisVV
@s[ ysVsVVNRPV NRPVT sxqsVs oV ][R VRVss. aRPV "RVy r\sVZNP[s
sVXLi[s xqsLRi*Li sVXRVLi sRLi ryy*yLRiLiLi sNSL][ ysV [ R VLi
sVX ZNP[[s xqsRsV*' (y.D. 6c1c4) J rsVVy! G sR sVVgS JNRP sV
zmsLiRsVV y*LS xqssVxqs sV xmsyLiR sVV ssVV RVRV[ @[ sR sVVgS
23

sNSLRisVVsRVVsV ZNP[s sVV yNRPVsNRPV AaRPsV WRsVVgRiV ysVsWRsVV[

@sRVV, xqsRQ\sVsj sV sWRs[V @sRVVsV RVsRVsV. 1) ysV [ R V
FyLRiLi # s[V sNSLRi\sV Dsj. @sgS yNRPVsV ALis [xqsVN]s xqsNRP xmsxmsLiRsVV
][R VRVsj. ysVsVV AaRPLiVVLi LRiWxmssVV, LRiWFys AaRPLiVVLi ysVsVV
soLiRVsV. lLiLiRW sRkzqss][ RVRso. NRPVLiy @s ysVsVV][ zmssT
sxmsVRV, NRPVLiR @s[ LRiWxmssVV RVRVsV. zmss[ NRPVLiy @s[ yNRPVNRPV
ysVsVV @ysLi, RW}qs sxqsVs o NRPVLiygS xqsVNRPVs LRiWxmssVV @ [ R VLi. Blgi[
xms sxqsVs o ysV LRiWFy][ NRPT yNRPV ALis ss @j NRPVLiR @s LRiWxmsLi
RVRVsV gSs, sxqsVR : @j sV[V @lgi[ sVLjiVVNRP aRPV xsVVsNRPV
xqsLiLij LisRLiRRVV yNRPVsV yLRisVV [R sV, ysVsVVsV sW [R NRPWLRiT
Dsj. (H.A.D. 2c1c6) C rysWs sZaP[xtsQs VVgS RV[ @LiR RsVLiy
][R VRVsj. A][sRLiRRVV ysVsVV[ sss. @LiRVss sVxdsRVVV
(xqsyxqsVV), xqsNRP RXaRP LSbP, JLiNSLRis[V @s VxqsVN]LiRVLRiV.

xqsLRi*ryzms JLiNSLRi ARs:

(JLiNSLRixqs xqsLRi*LRiWxmsy xms)
2) xtsQsV : "JsV[ RRORPQLiR sVRg`iiLi xqsLRi*Li' B* RVjLi @LiR RLi @ [ R V
WRLi Rxqs @ys @slLi[NS` @ysxqs R JLiNSLRi @slLi[NS` JLiNSLRi Gs
BRLi xqsLRi*sV* xmsLRiLi R x @ys @ [ WFyRV xmspLRi*NRPs[Vs gRisV[ B
JLiNSLRi Gs* Rxqs GRxqs xmsLSxmsLRix LRiWxmsxqs @ORPQLiR xqs JLi B[Rxqs
DxmsysLi x xmsxmsRVFyRVy*` x xqsdsVxmsRRW sxqsxts QLi xmsNRPRsLi
DxmsysLi* xmsxqsVR Li s[j RsLi ByNRPZaP[xtsQ:**
yRLRisVV : "JLi C @ORPQLiR sVV xqsLRi*Q\sVRVVsj'. @ [ R V WR\sVs C @LiR
RsVLiRRVV @yssVVNRPy s[LiR VNSRV. @lgi[ @ys sVLiRRVV, JLiNSLRisVV
NRPLi[ ssVVgS [R V,NRPsVNRP C xqsLRi*sVW JLiNSLRis[V. xqsLRi*sVV, xsVV @ys
@ [ R V xmspLRi*NRP DFyRVsVVss[ xqsLRi*sVW JLiNSLRisVs RVVsV. C xmsLRi c @xmsLRi
xsVV @ORPQLiR Vs, JLiNSLRisVV, DxmsyssVV, xssVV gRizLiRV
DFyRVsVgRiV ss xsVVsNRPV @RLiR xqsdsVxmssVVgS JLiNSLRisVV VVNRP sxqsxts Q
NRPRssVV c szmsxmsV[V "Dxmsys'sVgRiV. @ DxmsyssVV xmsxqsVLixms
24

RVRVsRs RVssV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : B aRPVRVV, "JLi @sV @ORPQLiR sVV xqsLRi*Q\sV sosRs @sRLjiNRP[
zmssj JLiNSLRisVV yss[V C sWLiRWNRP DxmssxtsQ` . xqssVxqs sxqsVRsVV
xmsRQOPR Q xmssWgRisVQ\sVs @ [ R VsVV "JLi' NSLRisVs[ @yssVV ysVsVV NRPy
s[LiR VNSRV. JLi NSLRisVV @ [ R V AR sNSLRisVV ss sNRPsVV sWRs[V. NSsos
@yssVV JLiNSLRisVV NRPy s[LiR VNSRV. INRPysNTP INRP slLi[NPR sVV NSRV @LiRV
ss xqsLRi*sVW JLiNSLRis[V. xqsLRi*sVV (gRiRV), xmsLRisVV (xsVV) NRPWy,
@ysc@ [ R V xmspLRi*NRP DFyRVsVV[ RVRV RVsj. NSs xqssVxqss VV
JLiNSLRis[V.

NRPRRVzqs RLi xqsLRi*Li JLiNSLRi:

3) xtsQsV : WRLi s` sxtsQj NSRRV xmsLji[RLi RV` RRFLiNSLRi
Gs DNRP yRVR:* "RVysQNSdRLi' NSLSj gRisVLi NSxmsLji[RLi
@yNRPXyj c RRzms JLiNSLRi Gs*
yRLRisVV : WR, sLRi s Ws, sxtsQ` NSRRVsVVs Gj xmsLji[ R sV V[
@j NRPWy JLiNSLRis[V! NSLRisVV][ NSRRVsVV[ s sNSs NSdR\sVs
"@yNRPXR'sVV NRP][, @jNRPWy JLiNSLRis[V
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : C xmsLRi @xmsLS (][s xmsxmsLiRsVV sQQNPR s VV, ][R s xmsxmsLiRsVV
@sQQNPR s VV) xsVV LRiWxms @ORPQLiR Vs, JLiNSLRiLi DxmsyssVV @LiRRVV
xssVV @s[ DFyRVsVV][, xsVVsNRPV @ xqsdsVxmssVVgS C JLiNSLRisVV
@s[ xmsyV DLiRV [R , A JLiNSLRisVV VVNRP sxqsxts Q ys NRPRsLi szms
xmsV[V "DxmsysLi' @s sWLiRWNRP sVV D a[ PR sVV. @Li @LSs
C yNRPsVV " WRLi s` sxtsQj' @sV yNRPsVVsLiRV xmspLjiLi @LiR sVV
[xqsVN]ssRVVsV. " WRsLRi s Ws sxtsQ`' NSRRVsVVsV xmsLjis QQ\sV G\[
Ds][ @j NRPWy JLiNSLRis[V. @lgi[ NSLi[R xmsLji[ R Li NSNRPVLiy NSLRiLi [R s[
RVRs @yNRPXRsVLiRRVV NRPWy JLiNSLRis[V. NSLRisVsgS ysVLRiWFyRNRP\sVs
gRiRV. sNSLRiRsVVNSsj "JLi' NSLRisVV xsVV.

NSRRV @dRLi JLiNSLRiGs

25

1) xtsQsV : @ys c @ [ R VW: GNRP[*7zms, @ys Fyys[s slLi a[ PR : NRPXR:

"JsV[[ RRORPQLiR sVRLi xqsLRi*Li' Byj* @ys Fyys[s sLij Qxts Qxqs,
xmsosLRi [ R V Fyy s[s slLi a[ PR : @ys @ [ R VW: GNRPR* xmsxmsRQ LiR :*
yRLRisVV : ysVsVV c LRiWxmssVV(sxqsVs o) GNRPR*sVVssV, ssVsVV FyysR][
"JLisV[R` @ORPQLiR Li sVRLi xqsLRi*Li' @s slLi b[ PLiRTsj. A sR sVVgS ysV
xmsyssVVgS zms, Ljigji sxqsVs o FyysR][ ysV c LRiWxms (@ys @ [ R V)
GNRPR* s zqsj \ZNP xmssV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @ysLi (ysVsVV) c @ [ R VLi (LRiWxmssVV) GNRPR*sVVssW,
FyysR][ "JLi B[R` @ORPQLiR Li sVRLi xqsLRi*Li' @s "JLi' ysV FyyssVV][
sVVR sVLiRsVV[ zmssxmsNUP, @[ sVLiRsVV[ sVd @ [ R V
FyyssVV][ "WRLi ss` sxtsQj' @s |mssV. JZNP[ sVLiRsVV[ @ys
FyysR][, @lgi[ @ [ R V FyysR][ aRPV xmsVNRPV NSLRisVV GNRPR*
xmsFyRs N]LRiZNP[. WR, sLRi s Ws sxtsQ NSsVV @sxqs [ (gRiR, xqs*xmssVV) ][[
xqsLRi*sVW JLiNSLRis[V yNRPV @ys xmsyssVVgS ALis [zqs, yNRPXR\sVs
gRi` xmsxmsLiRsVV ARRVLiRV, @sR][ ][[ @ [ R V LRiWxms\sVs ysV,
LRiWxmssVV][ NRPWTsj. GLiRVNRPsgS ][[ xmsxmsLiRsVV ARNRPy ssVVgS [R V.
@lgi[ NSsVs[j A @sxqs ZNP[ NRPVT soLiRVsV. kss[ aRPV "R [ R Li
RL>iR Q yNRPXRsW{qs`* RysVLRiWFys[Vs yNTPRVR' (X.D. 1c4c7) A C
gRiRV @xmsoRV @yNRPXRsVVgS soLi[j . @j ysVLRiWxmsNRPsVVVgS sgRi sryLiR sVVsV
F~Li[s V. NSsos @yNRPXRsVV NSdR\sVsj. gSs NSsVV[ ][[j yNRPXR
ysVLRiWxmssVVs zqsj LiRVsV. @lgi[ sVLjiVVNRP aRPV "RVRWR Li R sR
sxtsQ[yRORPQR ANSZaP[ R][R Li R FRLi [' (X.D. 3c8c4) Gj gRiRsj,
gRiRRVRVsj, LS[[VRs sVRVV |msRL][, @j ANSaRPsVVsLiRV JRFR
ssVV][ yzmsLiRTRVVsj gRiR xmsxmsLiRsVV[ ][[ WR, sLRi s Ws, sxtsQ
@sV NSsVV A @sxqs ZNP[ NRPVT soLiRVsV. A NSsVV gRiR ][[ xqssVNSsVLiRV
Aj NRPj\V, sVLRi A NSsVV gRiR xmsxmsLiRsVLi[ @LiRsVgRiVsV. NSsos gRiR
xmsxmsLiRsVV[ ][[ NSsVV xqs*xmssVV[ ][R V[V [R V. gRiR[ LS 9 gRiLiNRPV
26

sjLisyRV, xqs*xmssVV[ DRRVsVV 6 gRiLiNRPV xqsLiysLiRyj NSLRisVVV

[xqsVs V NRPgSLiRVsV. NSsos NSsVs[j G @sxqs NSsxqs [s[ NRPVT sosj.BgRi
NRPVT sos NSsVLiRRVV JLiNSLRis[V. gSs JLiNSLRisVV NSsNTP @dR\sVsj.
NSsos xqsVxtsvzms[ NSsVs[[ ][R RV NRPy! xqsVxtsvzms[ WR, sLRi s Ws, sxtsQ @sV
NS xmsLji[ R s[V [s[[R V. NRPsVNRP NSsNTP NRPWy @dR\sVs ysV, Rs A\Q
sosj. BLiNS syLjiLiRgS, gRiRNRPV, qx s*xmssVVsNRPV sVR [ NSs[V [R V NRPy!
s[s V gRiRsVLiT, xqs*xmssVVsNRPV xmsn y NSsVV[ sss Gs\lLiy xmsgRiLS?
GLiRVNRPsgS NSsVs[j @sxqs [ ][[j gSs, sVVRL i @sxqs sV VxqsVN]sVRVs A
ryOTPQ NSdR\sVs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs ARNRPV NSs[V [R V.
2) xtsQsV : aRPLiNS: c BRLRiyz @ys RLiy, @ [ R V xmsxms:
BR [ R Vxqs @ys R*Li g_Li B AaRPLiNSry`*
yRLRisVV : @ys RLiRsVV][ sxqsV ssVVsV NRPWLRiV[V NSs, sxqsVs osNRPV,
}msLRiVsNRPV HNRPR g_sVs aRPLiNRP NRPVgRiVRVsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @ys FyysR][ sxqsVs o (@ [ R V) ssVV Vxmso[V gSs,
@ys, @ [ R V HNRPR g_sVs aRPLiNRP NRPVgRiVRVsj.
3) xtsQsV : aRPLiNSxmsLjiLRi: c GNRPR* xmsxms[a PR xmsWsLi @ys @ [ R V
W: GZNP[\ ss xmsRV[s RVVgRixms` xmssxmsRVs Rj*ORPQLi x
xmsxmsRRcB RyR sORPQ "Fyy sWy sWyaRPFyy:' (sW.sVLi.8) B
Ryx*
yRLRisVV : ysV c sxqsVs o GNRPR*ss[V xmsWssVV. INRP xmsRVRsVV][
@ys c @ [ R VsVVsV xmssxmss [R VgS, yNRPs sORPQ\sVs xmsLRi
xsVV VVNRP xmsxms NRPVgRiVsV. RLRiVyR FsssVRs sVLiRsVV[ "FyRsVV[
sWRs, sWR[ FyRsVVs' sosj. (dss @\Q*RssVV[ xmsszmsLi,
yNTP sORPQ\sVs x xqs*LRiWxmssVV ysgRiV[V GNRPR* xmsxms.)
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : ysV(sNRPV) c sxqsVs o (LRiWxmssVV) @sgS @ys @ [ R V GNRPR*
xms FyRs[ BR xmsWssVV. LS[s o 8s sVLiRsVV sLiRV "FyRsVV[
sWRs, sWR[ FyRsVVs' sLij Lisj. FyRsVVsgS saRP*, \xqs, FysV
27

gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms. sWRsgS @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNSLRisVVV.

@y7RsaRPRVuyR*sV
(DxmssxtsQ` )

xqsLRi*xqs x ARy
sVLiRsV :

qx sLRi*g`i iLi }RRQx @RVsWy x

r7RVsWy RRVuy`* ** 2 **
yRLRisVV : C xqsLRi*sVW @LiRRVV xsVV. A C AR[V x. @ AR
yVgRiV FyRsVVV gRiyRV.
4) xtsQsV : "xqsLRi*g`iiLi }RRQx' B* xqsLRi*Li RVRVNRPL i JLiNSLRi sWRLi B*
R[R RQx RR x xmsL][OSQ zRLi xmsRQOPR QR : sZaP[}tsQ sLij aRP "@RVsWy
x' B* @RVLi B RRVuy[*s xmsssWsLi xmsRgSRRRW
@s[Vs sLij aRP*
yRLRisVV : sVLiRsVV sLiRV Ds xqsLRi*LisVss, JLiNSLRisVs @LiR sVV. "R[R `
x' @j[V xs[V. BRNRPV sVVLiRV xmsL][OPR Qs VVgS xmsTs xsVV
BxmsVRV xmsRQOPR Qs VVgS sZaP[xtsQs VV][ slLi b[ PLiRVRVyLRiV. @RV sWy x' @sV
sVLiRsVV[ @RVLi @sV BRRV yVgRiV FyRsVVV NRPyRs, s LixmsTs
yss xmsRgSR[V @sRVsVV][ slLi b[ PLiRVRVsj. (@sRVsVVsV [Vxmso\ZNP
"@RVLi Ay' @s sVLiRsVLiRV slLi b[ PLiRTsj).
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : G xqsLRi*sVV JLiNSLRisVs xmsTs][, A xqsLRi*sVW xs[V. sVVR
xmsL][OPR QLigS xmsTs xsVV, BxmsVRV xmsRQOPR Qs VVgS sZaP[xtsQs VVgS slLi b[ PLiRVRVs
j. lLiLiRs sVLiRsVV[ "xqsLRi*g`iiLi }R`x' @sVyss xms[s oRVsLRiV.
BR xqsLRi*sVV @sgS xmsR sV sVLiRsVV[ "JLi B[` @ORPQLiR Li BRg`i xqsLRi*' (JLi
NSLRisVsV @ORPQLiR s[V xqsLRi*sVV), ys DxmsyssVV (JLiNSLRisVVVVNRP sxqsxts Q
yssVV sryLiR sVVgS Vxmso). @lgi[ @ys, @[R VsVVsNRPV sORPQsVVgS
xsVs @[ "@RVsWy x' @s @sV ssVV NRPVgRiVsV. @RVLi @sgS
BRRV. A xsVV C AR[V @s sZaP[xtsQs VVgS xmsTsj. C AR @s G\[
28

xmsTs][, @j yVgRiV FyRsVVV NRPgjis yRs, s LixmsTs yRs (saRP*,

\xqs, Fy, RVLkiRVVRV) yss xmsRgSRgS Bj @s @sRVsVV][ (xXRRV,
xxqs, syxqssVV) xmsTsj. aRPV xqsLRi*sVW JLiNSLRis[V @s zms, A JLiNSLRisVV
xsVsVV @s zms, A xsVV FsNRPR Dsj? @sgS "@RVsWyx'
@s A C AR[V xsVs zmssj.

x @s xmsRgSRsaRPRVuyR*sV
5) xtsQsV : r7RVsWy JLiNSLS[R V: xmsLSxmsLRi[*s sszqs R: RRVuy`
NSL<Sxms` s g_Ljis* RRWLi saS*kyLi xmspLRi* xmspLRi* xmssxmss[s RVLkiRVxqs
xmsxms: B NRPLRiryR s: FyRaRP:* RVLkiRVxqs xmsR[ B NRPLRiryR s: FyR aRP:*
yRLRisVV : A LiVW AR, JLiNSLRisVV VVNRP @[R V (sxqsVLiR Wxms\sV), xmsLRi c
@xmsLRi[* s sszqs R\sV yVgRiV FyRsVVV NRPgji sosj. NSL<SxmssVVs @Li[
gSs, Asos yVgRiVNS sosV NSRV. saRP* , \xqs, FysV xmspLRi*
xmspLRiV* DRL ][R L iR sVVsLiRV xmssxmss [R VV[R RVLkiRVsVV ryR sVgRiVRVsLi
RVs, (RRVuy`[ sos) FyR aRPsVV NRPLRiryR s yRNRPsVgRiVsV. Ljigji @[ FyR
aRPsVV RVLkiRVsVVsV F~Lijss[ NSLRiryR s FyRaRP yRNRPsVgRiVsV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xmsLS @xmsLS xqs*LRiWxmssVV][ NRPWTRVVs, sszqs R\sVsos, sQQNPR L i
@sQQNPR L i G\[ sos][, @j @LiRRVV yVgRiV FyRsVV][ NRPWT sosj. Aso
NRPgjis yVgRiV FyRsVVs C FyRsVVV NSRV, @j NSL<iR xmss` @sgS LRiWFyLiVV
ysVVs, yVgRiV FysV NRPzms[ INRP LRiWFyLiVV @LiVVsVgS. A yVgRiV Fys
V sRkbP RWsxmsoRV @j LRiWFyLiVV NSRV. RRWLi saS*kyLi @sgS
saS*RVV (saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV, FyRV) C sVWRW INRPys RVLiRV INRP
xmssxmss [R VgS RVLkiRVLi xmsFyjLiRRVsV. gRi` xqs*xmsLi sVLiRV xmssxmss,
xqs*xmsLi xqsVxtsvzms RVLiRV xmssxmss xmsTsj. xqs*xmsLi ][[ xqssVNSLi[
sVVNRPVs [R V, BR A [R V @sV Vj ][ sVVNRPVs xmssxmss @LiVVsj. @lgi[
xqsVxtsvzms xqssVNSLi[ sVVNRPVs, xqs*xmssVV [R V, C [R V @sVVj s sj |msRs[V
xmssxmss @Li[gSds RVsVV NSRV. xqsVxtsvzms xqssVNSLi[ gRi`, xqs*xmsLi lLiLiRW
[s @sV ssVV sVsNRPV sosj. NSs sRsVLi sVVNRPVs gSs @lgi[ sVVNRPVs
29

sVLi sR FsoRVsV RXzts Q, sVVNRPVs[ NRPlgi[ ssLRiRXzts Q. xqsVxtsvzms @sV s

RXzts Q][ RWsxmsoRV, gRi` xqs*xmsLi [s[ xqsVxtsvzms @s RVRVsV. FsNRPR
lLiLiRsj [][ @NRPR GNRPR*sVVsj @s aRPV zmssj. sVs @LiRLji @sV sLi..
gRi` RXzts Q][ xqsVxtsvzms[ dsVVsj, @sR sosRsVsj sNRPsVV.
xxqsWR sVLiRV "x RXzts Q: DRL<iR `' @sV xqsWRsVV[ "sNSLRixmssW
}sLi xmsNRPX rysWj NRP` ry`. RRaRP xmsNSsxmsxqsLigRisV[ysV.
xmsLRisWRyNRPLi [R Li RydsLi ry`; RRa][ Fyxqssj NSL][ [R' xmsNRPX][
rysWsj NRPLRiLi zms[ sNSLSsNTP xmssRVLi GLRiRVRVLij (sNSLRiLi ]gjiFRVLij)
@xmsoRV xmsdNRP[V j RsVgRiVsV xmsNRPX sNSLRissVV xmss[aPR # |msT[ Bj xmsLRisWRsV
gRiWLji }ms yNRPsVsoRVLij @xmsoRV Dxmsxqsyj NSLRiLi j RsVgRiVsV. C sNRPds
]gjiLiRRs[V xmssxmssRVs @LiLRiV. Bj "NRPLRi ryR s' yRNRP FyR aRPLi. gSs
RVLkiRVVTRVLiRV xmssxmss. A FyR aRPsVV "NRPLRiryR s' yRNRPLi. saS*RVV y*LS
RVLkiRVVRs VxqsVN]ssxmsVRV @R "NRPLRi ryR s' FyR aRPLi DxmsWgjiLiysVV.
@LiRV ss RVLkiRVVTNTP "NRPLRiryR s' yRNRP FyR aRP Li, NRPLRi ryR s yRNRP aRP Li
@}msORPQ][ }mssVV gSs yxqss sVVgS RVLkiRVVTj yVgRis FyRLi NSRV. saRPV*RV
\xqsVRLiRV, \xqsVRV FyRLiRV, FyRV RVLkiRVVRLiRV Blgi[ INRP @sxqs
sVLjiVVNRP @sxqs RVLiRV xmssxmss @gRiV ss @j NSLRiLiR sVV gSs RVLkiRVVRV
VxmsoNRPV NSLSLiR sVV @LiVVsosj. FsLiRVNRPsgS RVLkiRVVRV Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS
RVRVsV. @sR][ NRPWRVNRPVs sVy ssVV][ C s[s VsV xmsxmsLiRsVV[
syLjixqsV ysVV NRPsVNRP, aRPV @sRsV ]gjiLi C xmsxmsLiRsVLiy ds sVVNRPVsNRPV
NRPVT sosRs zmssj. sVVLiRV sVVLiRV LS[s o xtsQsVV[ C sxtsQR VsVV
y sVVLi.
@syLjiNRP :
xtsQLi : NRPRLi RRVuyRQ *sV B Ax?
yRLRisVV : C JLiNSLRisVVsNRPV yVgRiV FyRsVVV FsgRi As xmsVRVyLRiV.

30

AR[ \ saS*sLRiLRiWxms: xmsRsV: FyR:

(DxmssxtsQ` )
sVLiRsV : gRiLjiRry[ zxtsQQ: xqsFyLigRi GN][s sLiaRPsVV:
xqs WVN`P, \ saS*sLRi: xmsRsV: FyR:** 3**
yRLRisVV : gRiRsxqs [V ryssVVgS gRiyRVsV, zxtsQQRVsV, xqsFyLigRisVVV
gRiyRVsV, xmsLi][sVj sVVsVVV gRiy\s xqs Wg[ iR sVVgRi \saS*sLRiV[ xmsRsV
FyRsVV

\ sry*sLRixqs xqs W N[ PR Q XR*Li (ssxLjiNRP RXzts Q)

1) xtsQsV : gRiLjiRLi rysLi @xqs c B gRiLjiRrys:* ztsQ xms: c ry*R
sLjiZNP[ sxtsQ[V xms RVxqs xqs: ztsQ xms:* zLji*xtsQR W Bs xms @sy
NRPXy @sxqs[ BRLiR :*
yRLRisVV : gRiR[V rysLi BRsNTP ryssVVgS NRPRV NSsos gRiLjiR rysVRs
zmssRVsV. RsNRPV sLjiNRP sxtsQR VsVLiRV xms FsssN][ @RRV zxtsQQRV.
x sxtsQR VsVV xmsxqsLjiLiRV xms @LiRRVV @syNRPXRsVgS NRPszmsLiRVRVsRs
@LiR sVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : C \|ms xtsQsVVsNRPV @LiR Li xmsVNRPVs[ sVVLiRV @ sVVsxtsQR VLi
VxqsVN][s szqs sosj.. sVs xms INRPLjiNTP, C xmsxmsLiRsVV[ s[s V xmsosV, s[s V
soLisV, s[s V RsFysV. @lgi[ C xmsxmsLiRsVV FsxmsVRV ALRiLi sVV @LiVVs][,
FsxmsVRV @LiRsVV @so[ RVRV. @sV ss NRPVgRiVRVsj. ksNTP NSLRisVV
s[s V C xmsxmsLiRsVV[ soyss. s[s V sVR, gRi` xqsRsVs @sVN]sVRVysVV.
aRPVsWR sVssV NRPLRiVLi, \sjNRP ssLRi RXzts Q][ AL][xmsLi [zqs, C
xmsxmsLiRsVV[ dsso [s o, dsso xmso [ yTs NSso, dsso F[VyTs NSRs @yL][xmsLi
[xqsVLij. xmsxmsLiRsVV FsxmsVRW soLiRNRP, ZNP[s sVV sVVNRPVsNRPV NRPVT
][R VRVsj. sVVNRPVs[ xmsxmsLiRsVV Dsj NRPsVNRP, xmsxmsLiRsVV[ soLiT dsso AR
syLRisVV [}qs Rs xqs*LRiWxmssV RVRRV. @LiVV[ xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV As soLiT
syLRisVV RW. gRiR rysLi [y @sxqs BRsNTP NRPRV. NSsos BRRV gRiLjiR
31

rysVRV. Fs\lgi[ LRiR[aPR Li[ @s LSuyV @LiRLiR RsVVgS sosW, @lgi[

xqsNRP DFyRVV, xqsNRP RXaRPsWs xmsxmsLiRsVV NRPWTsos, AyNRPLi (DFyRVV),
Aj\sNRPLi (xqsWLRi, RLiR sORPQ yRVV), AjNRPLi (xmsLiR WyV) NRPWRV
N]ssos BRLiRRVV gRiLjiR @LiRLiR Rs[V. A gRiLjiR @Liy sVVNRPVsNRPV NRPVT
sosj. sVVNRPVs ds RVLiRV NRPVT sosj NSsos AR @sryR Li NSRV.
@xqs=V @RsV @sxqs V sosyRV NSRV. @lgi[ @sxqs [ NRPWRVN]syRV NSRV.
FsLiRVNRPsgS sVVNRPVs[ NRPWTsos xmsxmsLiRsVLiy RsRVLiRV ][R VRVsj. NRPsVNRP
sVVNRPVs[ ][[ xmsxmsLiR \saSsVV VxqsVN][y. ssLRisVVN]LRiNRPV, xmsxmsLiR
sVV[ sos sxqsVs oV, sxtsQR WV VxqsVN]sVNRPV, C xmsLjis QQ\sVs BLijRW
sV, aRPLkiLRisVV][ syLjissW xmsLRisWLiR Li syLjiLisxmsVRV, aRPLkiLRisVV][FyV sVVRL i
xmsxmsLiRsVVsV ryOTPQ xqs*LRiWxmssVV][ syLjiLiy xmsoLSV, aRPVRVV, xqsQXRVV C
AR NS, [aPR (xmsxmsLiRsVV) @dRVRs xmsVRVyRV. C gRi` rysLi @sy
NRPXR\sVs gRi` @LiRs VxqsVN]s[ xxmsgRiyRV RssV ysV
VxqsVN][[R V VxqsVN]s[ s FsxmsVRW soLiRVsV, gSds LSNRPFNRP][ NRPWRVNRPVs
sxtsQR V xmsxmsLiRsVV VxqsVN]sV @sVsj @sy NRPXRLi. zxms gRiyRV,
DFyj RyRssVV][ @sR ssVR s VV][ NRPWTsyRV, NRPsVNRPs[ @RRV
xmsLi]sVj sVVsVVV gRiyRs aRPV sLij LiR[s oRVsj. @lgi[ sVL]NRP aRPV
"xmsLSLiR s sRX` xqs*RVsVWs r y` xmsLSLiR xmsaRP ysL SRs* NRPbPk LRi:
xmsRgSys\ sVORPQysXR R ORPVLRisVXRR*sVRs *' (NS.D. 2c1c1) A xqs*RVLi Vso
BLijRWsV RVNRPV @sVLjiyRV. NSsos sVsztsQ xsVVs[ RWRVsV,
@LiRLSRsV RWRRV. NSsos Bj ssLRi RXzts Q

gRiLjiR AR[ @xmsLjis[aPR *LRi[* Dxmsxms (\sjNRP ssLRi RXzts Q)

3) xtsQsV : Ry xqsFyLigSs @xqs* "Rxqs x y GRryR[ \ saS*sLRixqs
sVWlLi^ s xqsV[aRPQOPR VLji*aRP*LRiWxms: Fy: xmsXRgRi*QQLSQ77yxqs xqsLi[x[ x[
zqslLi[s LRiLiVV: xmsXjs[s Fy_' (y.D. 5c18c2 @syLjiNRP) "DLRi Gs s[j L][ s Ws
L>iR QXRRVLi gSL>iR xms][ sV[y*LRixmsRs @xqssWxsdsRV:' (y.D. 5c18c2)
Bc@gjix[R NRPy ZaP[xtsQ[*s @xsdsW7gji@xqssVV[*s: DNRP: B[sLi
32

qx sxms@LigSs RVxqs xqs: xqsFyLigRi:*

yRLRisVV : aRPV (y.D. 5c18c1/2)sLiRV xqsFyLigRisVVV \saS*sLRiVsNTP GgRi
DyRVs [xmsVRVsj. @Li gRiR rys DFyj gRi C AR xqs*LRiWxms\sVs
\saS*sLRiVsNRPV DFyj gS sos xqsFyLigRisVVV sORPQ R sVLiR\sVs c RV[NPR sVV
bPLRixqsV=, xqsWLRiVRV c s[RsVV, yRVVso c FysVV, ANSaRPsVV c [xsVR gRisVV,
sVV c sVWRryssVV, WsV c FyRryssVV, AxsdsRWgji c [LiR V, @gjix[R
NRPssVV N]LRiNRPV DLRixqsV=, sORPQ xqs sVV RVs[j NRP, aRPLkiLRiLi[ L][s VsVVV (sLiVNRPV)
RLRiV, xXRRVsVVc gSL>iR xmsygji, sVsxqsV= c @sLRi xmsRygji, [LiR V c @xsds
RWgji. BV @gjix[R NRPs RV @LigRisVV][, @xdsRWgji [LiR VgS,
AxdsRVsVV xmsTsj. GRV @LigRisVVV FssLjiNTP NRP[ @RRV xqsFyLigRiVRV.
3) xtsQsV : Ry GN][s sLiaRP: sVVs @xqs* Vk LijRW NRPlLi[LijRW R
RaRP* yRVsaRP FyRRV: xmsLiR* sVs:, Vj , @xLiNSLRi:, R s V* sVVdss
sVVsys* Dxms y*LS BRLiR :*
yRLRisVV : @lgi[ xmsLi]ssVj sVVsVVV BRsNTP NRPs @s GsVsgS xmsLiR
s[LijRVsVVV (a][R Li, RORPV, xqsLRi+sLi, LRixqssLi, xmsn WLi), xmsLiR NRPlLi[LijRVsVVV
(yN`P, Fy, FyR, FyRVVso, Dxmsxqs sVVV), xmsLiRyRVVsoV @sgS FysVVV
(Fy, @Fys, ys, Dys, xqssWssVV), @LiR:NRPLRi RRVxts QR VsVV (sVsxqsV=,
Vj , RL i @xLiNSLRisVV), BgRi xmsLi]ssVj sVVsVVV s[ ][[ sVVsVVV.
(gRi` rysLi[ NRPWRVNRPVs xmsoLRiVxtsvsNTP C sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVVsLiRV ][[s @RsNTP
@sRVssVVV).
4) xtsQsV : xqs GsLi sbPxts Q: \ saS*sLRi: RV][ZNP^ Q : y*Ql\ Li: aRPks xqs Ws
sxtsQR Ws VLiZNP[ c B xqs WVN`P*
yRLRisVV : \|mssR sVVgS zmssV GRV @LigRisVVV xmsLi]ssVj sVVsVVV
NRPWTs \saS*sLRiVRV, aRPRVsV (aRP, xqsLRi+, LRiWxms, LRixqs, gRiLiR sVVV) xqs W
sxtsQR VsVVV @sV sLiRVsV NSsos xqs W VN`P @s zmssRVRVyRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : LS[[V xtsQLi VxqsVN]s[s VVLiRV, @ xqsWORPQ Q \sVs sxtsQR VsVV
VxqsVN]sV @sxqsLRisVV. s[s V, yRVLiRV sVVNRPVs, A sVVNRPVsNRPV NRPVT
33

xmsxmsLiRsVV RVRVRVsj. gSs BgRi VxqsVN]sNRP xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV NRPVT

soysVsVN]s C xmsxmsLiRsVV[ xmso [ yTs, RsF[VyTss @sVN]sV
RVysVV. aRPV C @sRsV ]gjiLi yxmsNRP\sVs RXzts Q NRPgjiLiRVNRPV
\saS*sLRiVRs AL][zmsLi, RsRVLiRV GRV @LigRisVVV, xmsLi]ssVj sVVsVVVgS
AL][zmsLisj. FssRV s[VVN]sVRVy][ @RsZNP[ sVVNRPVs RVRVRVsj. A
sVVNRPVs @RsNTP NRPVT sosj. @lgi[ sVVNRPVs[s os xmsxmsLiRsVV RV
RVRVsj. A sVVNRPVssV sVVR s VVgS syLji}qs @j GRV @LigRisVVV, xmsLi]ssVj
sVVsVV][ NRPWTRVVsj. @sgS C xmsLjis QQ\sVs aRPLkiLRisVV, BLijRWV,
CxmsxmsLiRsVV[ sj|ms sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVVsV G s][ syLjixqsVysW, A
s sVs xqs*LRiWxmssVV. sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVVsV VxqsVN]s[ ss gRiVLjiL iRNRP xmsxmsLiR
sVV xmsosV, sbPLisV @sVN]sVRVysVV. kss VxmsoN]LRiNRPV j*dRV sVLiR
sVV[, aRPVsWR "@RVsWyx' @s zms dsso NTPLiRVRso NSRV, dsso
sbPLi[yTs NSRV; dsso sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVV @LiRNTP AR, x @LiVVsoyso.
NSsos xmsxmsLiRsVV ds RVLiRV sFsoRVsj. dsso xmsxmsLiRsVV[ [s o @LiRV
[R s[ C \saS*sLRiVRs[ AR xqs WsVVgS, xsVVgS @sV sLiRVRVsj.
LS[[V ygRis sVLiRsVV[, C ARsV gRi` RXzts Q][ xqsWORPQ VN`P @s
VxmsosV gSs yxqss sVVgS xqs W, xqsWORPQ sVVV lLiLiRW G @sxqs NRPV NRPVT A
@sxqs ZNP[ ][R VRVss.

xmsR sVFyR: DxmsxqsLiLRi:

5) xtsQsV : sZaP[*uyLi sLSLi @s[NPR y sRVy` saS*sLRi:* RVy* saRP*aRP
@r sLRiaRP B saS*sLRi:* saS*sLRi Gs \ sry*sLRi:* xqsLRi*zmsLiyy
@ssy*` xqs xmsRsV: FyR:* GR` xmspLRi*NRPy*` DRL iR FyyjgRisVxqs FyRsVLi
@xqs**
yRLRisVV : xqssVxqsQ\sVs sLRiVNRPV @s[NPR LkiRV xqsVRV:j xmsn sVV ssT
zmsLixms [R VVs yss saS*sLRiVRs xmssRVsV, [NPR saRP*sVVsNRPV G BR[
sLRiVRgRiVss saS*sLRiVRV [NPR \saS*sLRiV[ @s xms sRVsV. xqsLRi*FyVNRPV
@ssR*sVVLiRV ss ARxqs*LRiWxmsoRV xqsLRi*zmsLiyR (sLS) @s }msLRiV gRiRV.
34

@RRV FyRsVV[ xmsRsVFyRRV. sVVLiRV sVVLiRV (gRiR, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvxmsoV)

INRPysRVLiRV INRP xmspLjiLiRRsVV[R (xmssxmssVVsV b[ PLi) \saS*sLRiVTs xmsRsV
FyRsVs zmssj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : "y>[ y\[ \ s V RVWRVLi xmsXRgjis[s VsWysLi \ saS*sLRiLi
sy*g`iiLir7ssVR RV}qsQ*Rs[VsLi Fy[aPR sWRsVssWssWysLi \ saS*sLRi
sVVFy}qs xqs xqslLi[*xtsv [ZNP[xtsv xqslLi[*xtsv W[xtsv xqslLi[*uy*Rxqs*ssV*' (y.D.
5c18c1) "dsVLRiV C \saS*sLRi ARsV s[LiR V s[\lLisVgS DFyzqsLiRVy\lLi ALRisVV
VLiRV RVyLRiV. gSs Fss\[ C \saS*sLRi ARsV C sR sVVgS [}LijRV
xqsLixmsn WRsVLiRV RVRV yssgS, s[s VgS RVRV yssgS DFyzqsLiRV[
@yRV xqsNRP [NPR sVVLiRV, xqsNPR FyVLiRV xqsNRP [}LijRVsVVRVLiRV
ALRisVVsV VLiRVsV'. @lgi[ C a]N[ PR xtsQsVLiRV "RVWRVLi xmsXRgjis
@xmsXRNRP=LiRLi BsVLi GNRPLi \ saS*sLRisWysLi sy*LirssVR , xmsLjiyR
V [[*R` xzqsRLRi+s Bs RLiR :' s[LiR Vs[LiR V NSNRPVLiy JNRP[ @LiVV sos
\saS*sLRi ARsV, s[LiR V s[LiR VgS sosV DFyzqsLiRVy\lLi ALRisVVsV
VLiRVRVyLRiV. xmsoVgRiVT yRV GsVgRiVsV RW[ sR sVVgS (ss xmsVN]s
GsVgRiV s[ soLiRVss, ][NPR xmsVN]s GsVgRiV dxmsoLRiV s[ soLiRVss Byj)
BgRi ARsV xmsLjis sVVgS DFyzqsLiRVRVsLRis @LiR sVV. aRPV IN]NRP
aRPLkiLRisVVsNRPV IN]NRP Ay @s [xms[R V. @s DFyRVV @LigRisVV][ NRPWRVNRPVs
xqssVrysNTP AR[V xqsLRi* zmsLiyR c @ssR*R sVs zmssj. saRP*Li[ ][[
xqsLRi*zmsLiyNRPV (xqsNRP aRPLkiLSNRPV) AR \saS*sLRiV\ soyRV. gSs sVs xmsLjis
RXzts Q[R xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sRVRVysVVsVN]s, sVsNRPV LSsVxms d sVxms @s
}msLRiVV NRPgjiss. C xmsLjis QQ\sVs ysVsVV][ NRPWRVN]s DFyj ][ sVVRL i
sVVNRPVssV VxqsVN][[s VV. @LiRV[R aRPV xqsNRP DFyRVV [sRVLiRV
][R VRVs[, A sVVNRPVs @LiRds qx sFyLigRisVVVgS, xmsLi][ssVj sVVsVVVgS
RWzmsLisxmsVRV C xmsLjis \sVs aRPLkiLRiLi A sVVNRPVs @sV sVW[ [Lij , sVs
xqs*LRiWxmsLi "\saS*sLRiVRV' @s zmssj. xqsLiOTPQxmss VVgS c xqsNRP FyVV [sRVLiRV
][R VRVs][ @[ dssVVNRPVs, C sVVNRPVs [sRVLiRV NRPVT ][R VRVs][ @j
35

ds \saS*sLRiV\s xqs*LRiWxmssVs aRPV zmssj. aRPV xmsLjis QQ\sVs DFyj s

]gjiLi xmsxmsLiRsVV][ NRPWTRVVs DFyj sLiRds \saS*sLRiVRs ysVsVV
NRPgjiLi, xmsLjis QQ\sVs LSsVFy, d sVFy @sV ysVsVVsV ]gjiLi sVVNRPVs
][s xqssVNSLi[ \saS*sLRiVRs, ][R s xqssVNSLi[ ZNP[s RVLkiRVVRss.
zmssj. @LiRVss A RVLkiRVV[ "\saS*sLRiVRsV' }msLRiV][ sVVNRPVs[
RVRVsV. C sR sVVgS $ aRPLiNRPLRiV xXRRVsVVsV VxqsVN][s NRP, @sV yss
RWxqsVN][s NRP, @s[NPR sVLij xmsLiTRVV, s[yLiRVV, IN]NRP aRPLkiLSsNTP IN]NRP AR @s
gRizLiyLRiV. gSs aRPLiNRPLRiVV BR "xqsLRi* zmsLiyR' @s xqsLi[ j Li, xqsNRP
zmsLiRsVVNRPV (xqsNRP aRPLkiLRisVVNRPV) ARs[ AR \VsoyRV AR INRP[, aRPLkiLSV
@s[NPR sVs zmssj. G G aRPLkiLRisVVV ][R VRVs[, @ss xmsxmsLiRsVs[ sVW[,
sVVNRPVs @s[ \saS*sLRiVTNTP DFyj gS soss. @LiRVss xqsNRPsVV ARQ\V
sosj. kss[ (y.D. 5c18c1) xtsQsVLiRV AyLRiV yLRiV
"xmsRgSRRRW:7sdsVRV[7xsV RVR B @s sWs:
Rs[VRsWysLi \ saS*sLRisV, saSsLSsRV xmsoFyFysVLRiWxmsLi gRi][Li
xqsLS*Q\ QxtsQ C aRP*L][ \ saS*sL][ sa][* sLRi Gs y xqsLS*Ry*`, \ saS*y* xqs\lLi:
xmsRgSRRRW xmssdsRV[ B yRW+Q*sLRixqss[VssVVFy}qs RVr=7 Rs
yk xqslLi[*xtsv [ZNP[xtsv RV[NSjxtsv xqslLi[*xtsv W[xtsv RLSRlLi[xtsv xqslLi[*uy* RsV
aRPLkilLi[LijRVsV[Vj xtsv* [xtsv RNRPsxms[aPR : FyysV @ssV* s
RVy7: zmsLiRsWysWsxqs=sRLiR :**' xmsRgSR LRiWxmssVVgS s[s VRVs
RVRVRVsj gRisVNRP A AR @ssWssVsRV, A C \saS*sLSRsV
Fss\[ C sR sVVgS (xqssVgRisVVgS) DFyzqsLiRV xqsLRiV*NRPV ARQ\V xqsNRP FyVNRPV
xmsoFyxmssVVNRPV Rgjis xmsn sVVsRVyRV, gRisVNRP \saS*sLRiVRs @sRVsV, [y
xqsNRPFyV[ @LiRLRisVgRiV ARLRiWxmssVVgS xqsLRi*sVV sVLiT sRkzqs
{qs*NRPLjiLiRVRVyRV gRisVNRP \saS*sLRiVRV. @ \saS*sLRiVs RV[NPR sVV, @LiRLjiORPQs VV
sVVRgRiV xqsNRP [NPR sVVRVLiRV, RLSRLRi xqsNRP FyVRVLiRV, xqsNRP [xsVV
RVLiRV, y ss[giR sVVRVLiRV, y VR VRVLiRV sosy\ ALRisVVsV
VLiRVRVsRV. \saS*sLRi DFyxqsNRPVRV xqsLRi*LRiWxmso\ ALRisVVsV VLiRVsV.
36

@s s[ ZNP[s sVV JNRP [xsVVsLiRV AR Vj gRiy\ A DFyxqsNRPVRV VLi

RRs @LiR sVV. xqsLRi* zmsLiyRNRP\sVs \saS*sLRiVT xqsVN]LRiNRPV aRPV "y[7][7zqs
Ruy y[7][7zqs a][y y[7][7zqs sVLiy y[7][7zqs sy*' (X.D.
3c7c23 @syLjiNRP) C @LiRLSsV NRPLi[ s[LiR VgS RWRVyRV sVLjiVVNRPRV [R V, C
@LiRLSsV NRPLi[ s[LiR VgS ssVyRV [R V, C @LiRLSsV NRPLi[ s[LiR VgS sVsssVV
[R VVyRV sVLjiVVNRPRV [R V, C @LiRLSsV NRPLi[ s[LiR VgS RVVyRV
sVLjiVVNRPRV [R V. @lgi[ xqsQX "GN][ sxts vL`i sxRWRLi xmsXRN`PWyss[NPR aRP:*
[NSs yxmsWyR VLiZNP[ saRP*VgRisRV:' (sVLRiRLi aSLi xmsLRi*Li
149c140). @s zmssj. (BR[ xmsRsV FyRVRsVNRPV NRPVRLRiRV). xqsVxtsvzms @sV s
RXzts Q][ sVVRj lLiLiRsj @s[j [R V. NRPsVNRP gRiR RXzts Q][ gRiR xmsRsVsVV,
@lgi[ xqs*xms RXzts Q][ @[ xmsRsVsVV. NSds xqsVxtsvzms RXzts Q][ sVVRj, lLiLiRsj
[sj.

gRiLjiR AR[ \ saS*sLRi[* Dxmsxms:

6) xtsQsV : (xmspLRi* xmsORPQ:) c NRPRLi @RVsWy x B xmsRgSRs: @xqs
RRVuy[Q * xmsNRPX[ RV[NSkyLi sVWLSRLigRiR*Li c B? (xqssWysLi) c
\ sxtsQ][xtsQ: xqsLRi*xqs xmsxmsLiRxqs ryj \ sNRPxqs @s[s ARy RRVuyRQ *xqs ssOTPQR
y*`.*
yRLRisVV : C AR xsVV @s @sVVV NRPVRVLRiVsV? xmsRgSRNRPV
RRVuyRRQ *sVV xmsFyjLiRgS, C sVLiRsVV[ (xqsFyLigRi sLiR s[ xqsWLRi
RLiyRVV), RV[NPR sVVV FsV NRPVRVLRiVss xmspLRi* xmsOTPQ xmsaRP. xqssWysLi : Bj
][xtsQs VVNSRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS xqsLRi* xmsxmsLiys [LiR VN]s, @j \sNRP sVV][ xqs C
ARNRPV yVgRiV FyRsVVVgS xmsTsj
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xmspLRi* xmsORPQs VVsNRPV BLi xmsaRP NRPgjisj? JNRP aRPLkiLSs |msVN]s
AR syLRisVV [R VVss, xqsNRP aRPLkiLSRVV xqssVxqsxmsxmsLiRsVV[ |msVN]s
syLjiLiy. xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sos xmsLjis QQ\sVs IN]NRP [sWssVV][
yVgRiVFyys xms[R V. saRP*sVV[ sos [xsVV saRP*sVVRVLiRV @LiRLiR RLi.
saRP*sVLiy Rs sVVNRPVs RVLiRV @LiRLiR RLi. Rs RVLiRV sVVNRPVs ][, A
37

sVVNRPVs[ G xmsxmsLiRsVV ][ s sos][, A xmsxmsLiRsVV Rs RVLiRV dssVgRiV

RVsj NRPsVNRP. sVVR s VV xmsxmsLiRsVLiy RsNRPV ysV @s[ ARNRPV NRPVT sosj.
@Li[gSs IN]NRP aRPLkiLSsNTP C AR NRPVT[R V
7) xtsQsV : GsLi R xqs, xqsLRi* xmsxmsLi][xmsaRP# s[V @\Q*R zqsj :* xqsLRi* WRaRP
AyN][ RXxts Qry=Q` xqsLRi*WysR ARs* "RVxqsV xqsLS* Wys' (C.D. c
6) Byj aRPVRLiR : Dxms xqsLixXRaRP GsLi ry`*
yRLRisVV : C sR sVVgS xqsLRi*xmsxmsLiRsVV DxmsaRPsVLi LiRgS @\Q*Rzqsj NRPVgRiVsV.
@LiR xqsLRi* WRsVVLiRVsV JZNP[ ARgS RVRVsV. "xqsLRi* WRsVVV AR
RVLiRV sosssV' xqsQX @LiR sVV. sVLjiRVV "RVxqsV xqsLRi* Wys' (C.D. 6) @s
aRPV @LiR sVV xqsVxqsLixmsssVgRiVsV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : \|mssR sVVgS VxqsVN]ss][ @\Q*Rzqsj NRPVgRiVsV. IN]NRP soTNTP
IN]NRP AR @s zqsN]sgS @\Q*R zqsj NRPVgRiRV. xqsLRi*xmsxmsLiR DxmsaRPsVsVV][s[
@\Q*RLi zqsj xqsVLiRs @LiR sVV. "xqsLRi*xmsxmsLiRsVV DxmsaRPsVsVV' LiRV ss, BNRP[
BxmsV[ "@\Q*R AR' zqsj RVsV. gSs "saRP*aRP @r sLRiaRP B \ saS*sLRi:' G\[
xmsTs][ @NRPR saRPV*RV, sLRiVRs lLiLiRVgS RVT[ @\Q*RLi GgRi
zqsj xqsVLiRs aRPLiNRP NRPgRisRVsV. kss[ "@yL][xms @xmsyR xmsNTPRV' @s aRPLiNRPLRiVV
xmsV xqsLiRLS[ zmsyLRiV. aSxqsQsVV \saS*sLRiVT][, saS*s, soTs
@yL][xmssVV [R VVRVsj. GLiRVNRPV BgRi @yL][xmssVV [R VVRVsj? @sgS,
sVsNRPV szts Q soRsV ssVVsV ]gjiLi, C xmsxmsLiRsVV[ xmso, sbPLi[yRs
NSRs zms @xqs=V ds Dxmsj , xqsNRPsVV (@j \sNRPsVV, AyNRPsVV, Aj
NRPsVV), xmsxmsLiRsVV[ ][[ aRPLkiLSRVV sVVRL i \saS*sLRiVRVgRi DFyj RVs [j LiRV
RVsj . NSsos aSxqsQsVV \saS*sLRiVT][ @yL][xmssVV [zqs, sR* Li ]gjiLi
ARgS RV[R VVRVsj. NSsos BNRPR @yL][xmssVV [}qs HRV xqsWRsVVsV
gRisVsLiy.
1) sVVR @yL][zmsR\sVs xmsxmsLiRsVVsV sryLiR LigS Vxmso,
2) ysNRPy AR xqs*LRiWxmssVV s[LiR VgS sosj VxqsVN]sV,
3) ][[ xmsxmsLiRsVsV (][zmsNRPNRPV), AR xqs*LRiWxmssVV AyLRisVs VxqsVN]sV,
38

4) AR xqs*LRiWxmssVV C sVVRL i xmsxmsLiys yzmsLiRsRs RWzmsLiRV,

5) @xmsoRV xmsxmsLiRsVV j RsVVNSgS, AR xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS sVgRiVV.
sVVRL i xmsxmsLiys syLjiLiy. xmsLjis QQ\sVs DFyj ][ syLjiLiR NRPWRRV. C
xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sos LS, xmsoyj sxtsQR WV C xmsLjis QQ\sVs aRPLkiLRisVV][
RVRVsV gSs, s[s NRPxms RV sxtsQR WV VxqsVN][[s sR sVVgS, xqsNRP
DFyR VsV xqsNRP xmsxmsLiRsVLiRs C xmsLjis DFyj VxqsVN][s [R V. C
xmsxmsLiRsVV FsgRi ][R VRVsj? FsLiRVNRPV ][R VRVsj? xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV sVsNRPV
sos xqsLiLiR s[VsV? @lgi[ C xmsxmsLiRsVV yRVLiRV FsLiRVNRPV sFso
RVsj? @s VxqsVN]sszqss BR NRPgjisxmsVRV aRPV, dsso xmsxmsLiRsVV [
xmso[R V, G xmsxmsLiRsVV dsRVLiRV sFsoRVs][ A xmsxmsLiysNTP dss[ ARRVs
zms A ARNRPV \saS*sLRiVRs }msLRiV|ms sVVR FyRsVV @s AL][zmsLisj. BgRi
VxqsV N]sxmsV[ xqssVxqs xmsxmsLiRsVV DxmsaRPsVLi Lij, @\Q*R Ry*s gRiVLjiL iR
gRisVV. @LiRV[R s[ aRPLiNRPLRiVV sVVR "xqsLRi* zmsLiyRNRPLi' @s zms, xqsLRi* WR
sVV RVLiRV @s xqsxts Qs VVgS, C AR INRP[ VxqsVN]sgRiRs RFszmsyLRiV.
@Li[gSs xmsxmsLiRsVV[ Ds IN]NRP Fys C xmsLjis QQ\sVs BLijRVsVV][
VxqsVN][ys xms[R V. xqssVxqs FyV][ NRPWTs xmsxmsLiRsVVsV xmsLjigRisVV[
dxqsVN]s syLjiLiy. (.gki. 6c29) "xqsLRi*WRxqs sWysLi xqsLRi*Wys yRs'
Rs ARsV xqsLRi* WRsVVRVLiRVsV, sVLjiRVV RsRVLiRV xqsLRi* WRsVVsV
RLji+LiRVsV. xj xqsLi xmsLRiLiRsVVgRi xqssVxqs FyVsV ARRVLiRV
GNRPR*sVVsV RWRVsV. @lgi[ aRPV "RVxqsV xqsLS* Wys ARs[ysV xmsaRP'
(C.D. c 6) GsRV xqsNRP WRsVVsV Rs AR[ RWRVRVy][ xqsNRP WRsVV
RVLiRV ARsV gSLiRVRVy][ RVs zmssj. "xqsLRi* WRsVVV C ARRVLi[
soss'@s aRPV zms, @Li @sV s xqs*LRiWxms\sVs ARsV, VxqsVN]ssxmsVRV
[sRVLiRV [sNTP sWxsVV NRPVgRiVsV? @LiRVss @Li ssVV[R xmsLji
sQQ\sVs aRPLkiLRisVVsLiRV NRPlgi[ sWLRiVV, aRPLkiLRiLi sbPLiRV, C aRPLkiLSsNTP xqsLiLij Lis
LiR VsLiR sVsV, a][NPR sWxsVVVLiRso. FsLiRVNRPsgS C aRPLkiLRisVV[ ][[ C xmsxmsLiR
sVV INRPxmsVRV ][, [NPR VLiyFsoRVsj. [RVRVLiRV Li NRPVgRiRV.
39

xmsxmsLiRs[V RsRVLiRV sF~soRVsRs VxqsVN]sgS a][NPR sWxsVV][ NRPWTs

LiRVs[ @sR ]gjiFsosV. xmsxmsLiRsVV[ s[s V xmsoss syLjiLiRNRP, xqsNRP
[xsVVNRPV IZNP[ AR. IN]NRP aRPLkiLSsNTP IN]NRP AR NSRs VxqsVN]sssV.
8) xtsQsV : @sy z, xqs*[xxmsLjis Gs xmsRgSy ryLijLjis
RXxts Q: ry`* Ry R xqs @\Q*RsV aRPVNRPX][ sZaP[u s ry`* ryLij
RLRi+s[s @sZaP[uy`* BxtsQ[ R xqsL][*xmssxtsQyLi xqsLS*Q\ QNRP xmsFyRNRPR*sV*
yRLRisVV : BgRiNSs][ xmsRgSR Rs aRPLkiLRisVV[ xmsLjis VRV NSszqss
RVsV, NRPzmsryLi, NRPjsVR yRsLkigS ARRR*sVV sLixmsszqs sRV
sV. @xmsVRV ryLij \Q*R sbPxts Qs VgRiV ARNRPVsV, aRPV [j RsVgRiV @\Q*RsVVs
NRPV [ R sVV[NPR VLiRVsV. xqsLRi* DxmssxtsQR VNRPV, AR INRP[V @s[ xmsFyRs xqssV
RsVV NRPy!
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : \|mss zmssV xmsxmsLiRsVV @Liy RsRVLiRV sFsoRVsj,
@Li xmsxmsLiRsVVs[ saS*s RW[y[ AR, @RsNTP yVgRiVFyRsVVs zms
\saS*sLRiVTs syLjiLisj. @Li[gSs IN]NRP aRPLkiLRisVVsNRPV IN]NRP AR @s sy
LjiLiR[R V. @gRi syLjiLi soLi[, ryLiVV, NRPRVV s IN]NRP aRPLkiLRisVVsNRPV
IN]NRP xmsRgSR xmsLjis sVVgS sosRs sLisLiRV ss \Q*Rss[V
NRPVgRiVsV. aRPVRVV [j Li[ @\Q*ysNTP G sZaP[xtsQs VV [NPR VLiy FsosV. gSs N]LiR
sVLij, Bxms s[yLiRVV CaRP*LRiryOTPQ GNRPsVV, sryORPVV @s[NPR sVV, IN]NRP
aRPLkiLRisVVsLiRV IN]NRP AR soLiRVsV, @s syLjiRVRVyLRiV. yxqss sVVgS
"@s[NPR sVV' @sVsj xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sWRs[V ][R VsV. A xmsxmsLiRsVV Rs sVVNRPVs[
][R VsV. AsVVNRPVs RsRVLiRV NRPVT sosj. @LiRVss RsRVLiRV ][[
xmsxmsLiRsVV[ @s[NPR sVVV ][R VsV, gSs xmsxmsLiRsVV[ "ysV' ][[ yRV NSRV.
@s[NPR sVLiy RsRVLiRV ][R VsV. $NRPXxts QxmsLRisWR NRPWy gRisk R[ "@ds
yRVLiRV soss gSds s[s V [sRVLiRV [s V' @s zmsyLRiV. Blgi[ @s
aRPVRVV, xqsQXRVV GNRPR* xmsFyRsVVsVVsV [zqsss.
9) xtsQsV : @R: RVVNRP s[Vs @xqs AyNRPxqs zmsLiyRs: RV[NSRLigRi[*s
sLSy yy @j \ sZNP[s GNRPR*Li @}msR xqsFyLigRiR* sRssV, "sVWLS [
40

sxmsxtsQ`' (y.D. 5c12c2) Byj LigRi RLRi+yR**

yRLRisVV : @LiRVss C AyRsVNRP\sVs zmsLiyRNRPV, RV[NPR , xqsWLSj
xqsFyLigRisVVV, Aj \sNRP\sVs sLSyR][ (@sgS xmsLi]ssVj sVVsVV][) G
[ R sVV[R V @s zmssj xqsLji\Vs[. aRPV[ "dsR s[dsVR xmsRVRVLij'(y.D.
5c12c2) @s sLijRV @sV LigRisVV, (A\saS*sLRiVRVNRPV RV[NPR sVV bPLRixqsV=
@sVsj) xqsLji\Vs[.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : "xqsL][*xmssuyyLi xqsLRi*Q\ QNRP xmsFyRNRPR*Li' @s aRPVRVV, DxmssxtsQ
RVV ARGNRPR*sVVs[ xmsFyjxqsVyLiVV. gSs AR VsNRP s[yLiRVs zmss[
yLRiV, s[yLiR @LiR sVLiRRVV @sV ssVLiRV xmsLSyxqsssVV LiRVRVLiRs
RVNRP, yLRiV aRPLkiLSsWssVV gRiy\lLi AyNRP\sVs zmsLiyRNRPV, R V[NPR , xqsWLSj
xqsFyLigRisVVV gRi Aj\sNRP sLSyRNRPV [ R sVVsRs VxqsVN]sVRVyLRiV.
DyxLRiNRPV "sVWLS [ yxmsxtsQ`' (y.D. 5c12c2) "ds R s[dsVR
xmsRVRVLij' @s LigRisVV gRizLi, ARsV xmsLjis sVVgS VxqsV N]sVRVyLRiV.
gSs BNRPR xtsQsVLiRV "sVWLSy*R[ \ saS*sLRixqs GxtsQ s xqssVr \ saS*sLRi:*
@Rxqs=sVxqs Vy \ saS*sLRirFyxqsy` sVWLS bPLRi: [ sxmsLkiRgSz[
sxmsxtsQ` sxmsRsVsxtsQ`, RV` RVj sWLi ygRisVu ygRi][7sxtsQ:'
AyLRiVyLRiV xtsQsVLiRV "Bj \saS*sLRi ARVVNRP R[V gSs, xqsLixmspLRi
sVgRiV \saS*sLRiVRV NSRV. BLiRV[ @LiaRPsVVsV xmspLiR \saS*sLRiVRs[ ssVV][
DFyzqsLiRV ss dsso ysR NRPV ssoLiTs][, xqsRsLRiVR sVVgS DFyzqsLis
dsR s[gRiWsoLi[j .' ks @LiR s[VsVsgS xmsLjis QQ\sVs AR syLRisVV [R VV
ss xmsLji sQQ\sVs xqsLiryLRig[ iR yRVNRP\sVsj RV:sVLi[ xmsLRiyryssVV
LiRVRVLij. @lgi[ "sVWLS [ yxmsxtsQ' (yD. 5c12c2) "ds R s[
xmsRVRVLij'. @lgi[ "@Li][7sxtsQ:' (y.D. 5c13c2) "dssogRiVT yR\s
DLi[T yRso', "Fyxqs DRNRP sVxtsQ`' (y.D. 5c14c2), "ds FysVV \|msNTP
sxtsQQsVLi soLiTj', "xqsLi[x}qs sk LRiRV`' (y.D. 5c15cc2) "ds aRPLkiLRisVV
sVR gRisVV ssxts Q\sV soLi[T j.' "zqs}qs s [ R =Q`' (y.D. 5c16c2) ds
sVWyaRPRVsVV xmsgji soLi[j , , "Fy_ [ ssW }qsyLi' (y.D. (5c17c2) ds
41

FyRsVVV bPj \sV soLiTs. BgRi @sxts Q xmsn sVV zmssxmsNTP, Bs sLiR
xmssX][ NRPWTss NSso, GLiRVNRPsgS xqsVLiRVNRPV rRsVVsV yRVsVV[
xqssVxqs DFyxqssV xqsV N]LRiNRPV xmsTss. DyxLRiNRPV "RryR s xqsVRLi
xmsxqsVRLisWxqsVRLi NRPV[ RXaRP[' (y.D. 5c12c1). "ds sLiaRPsVLiRV xqsVRsVV (\sjNRP
NRPLRi), xmsxqsVRLi (NRPRVso) @xqsVRLi (xqsRRWgRisVV) NRPsRVRVsj.' @lgi[ "xqslLi[*xtsv
[ZNP[xtsv xqslLi[*xtsv W[xtsv xqslLi[*uy*R xqs*ssV' (y.D. 5c18c1) @yRV "xqsNRP
[NPR sVVRVLiRV xqsNRP FyVRVLiRV, xqsNRP [}LijRVsVV RVLiRV
ALRisVVsV VLiRVsV' BgRi yNRPsVgRiVsVVgS xmsLjis N[ PR Q X xmsn xqsLiNUPLRi s
[R VTsj. sVyRLRi+ssVV, xmsLjis RLRi+s\sVsxmsNTP, @R xqssVN`P
RLRi+ssVV][ syLji}qs RV[NSLigRisVV][ NRPWTs \saS*sLRi RLRi+ssVVVVNRP
sxqsVzqs s NRPsVg]sVNRPV DFyRV\sV sosj. Bxms sLRiNRPV DxmsNRPsVLi, sxtsQR Ws
DxmsxqsLiLRisVV [R VVN]LRiNRPV sVV [NPR WLRiVNRPV aRPV "N][ s Ay NTP \|'
(y.D. 5c11c1) "sVs AR [Vj? x[Vj? @s xtsQLi' "ARx
aRP WLjiRlLi[ RLRisZaP[xtsQsZaP[xtsQ*R*sV*
}RyRxmsLjis sWysLi
ssLRi R VR[ yRsLjiNRPr yjyjx DFyxqsR*Li ssLRi R V*
@ [ [y\Qs x \|y[RsLi xqsLS*y \ saS*sL][ x xqs A[[
R=R Li s' "sVsNRPV AR[Vj? x[Vj? C sR sVVgS AR x
aRP sVVV JNRPysNTP sVL]NRP sZaP[xtsQsVV NSgS, @s sZaP[xtsQsVVgRiVsV.
xRVsV[R AR [}LijRV xqsLixmsn WRsVVsNRPV sWRs[V xmsLjisVR\sVsosRs[
AaRPLiNRP ]gRiVsV. ARRVsV[ AjR RLiyj LRiWxmssVV[s oLi[ x AR
NRPLi[ ssVs[ AaRPLiNRP ]gRiVsV. AR[V x, x[V AR. [ R sVV [R V.
BLiRVss C sR sVVgS xqsLRi*sVW y\ssos A \saS*sLRi x AR[V @s[
sxtsQR VsVV zqsj LiRVsV.' sVLjiRVV DxmsxqsLiLRisVV N]LRiNRPV "@sWsLi AysLi
\ saS*sLRi DFy}qs' (y.D. 5c18c1), @lgi[ "Rxqs x y GRry AR[
\ saS*sLRixqs' (y.D. 5c18c2) @s aRPVRVV AyNRP xmsLji[ R sVVsV ssLjixq sW
R V[NSLigRisVV][ \saS*sLRiVTs xmsRLji+LiRVNRPV zmsss. NSsos DxmsNRPsV
DxmsxqsLiLSLiR sVV, xqssVxqs DFyxqss][ NRPWTs sLiyyNRPsVVsV sxmsLkiyLiR sVV
42

xmsFyjLiRV ss @sLiR sVV FyzmsLiRVss saRPLiVVLiRTsj. NSsos xms[NRP

xmsLjis DFyxqss xmsn [ R sVV NRPgjiLiRVsV. kss \|mss zmss xqsLji\Vs }RVso][
LiTLi xmsys\sVs @LiR sVVsV NRPgjiLiRVsV. @sgS "ds R s[dsVR xmsTsoLiTj'
@sV @sxtsQ sVsV Vxmso, sLijLiRVRVsV LigRisVV, zmsLiyR, \saS*sLRi
GNRPR*sVV ssOTPQR \sV sosj; @s zqsj RVRVsj.
10) xtsQsV : sLS\NRPR*Li DxmsORPQLiR Li zLRigRiLRi c @yNRPXyR[:* DNRPL iR,
GR` sVR Vx[ "RVaSRVLi @ryLi xmsXj yLi [[s VW7 sVXRsVRV:
xmsoLRiVxtsQ: RVaSRVLi @yRLi'
(X.D. 2c5c1) Byj* xqsVxtsvxms
@yNRPXRW}qsQ*NRP R*Li zqsR s[Vs sLji*ZaP[xtsQy*`* GsLiR xqs GR` zqsR Li
sxtsQ xqsLRi*Q\ Q*][ xmsaRP# s[VR @\Q*RsV.
yRLRisVV : sLS][ saRPV*s GNRPR*Li DxmsORPQLiR Q\sV Dsj. zLRigRiLRi
@yNRPXR AR[VRVs sVR VxsVLiRV (X.D 2c5c1) Fss*RV C xmsXj *
RVLiRV [[s VRVVRV @sVXR sVRVVRgRiV xmsoLRiVxtsvRV Fss*RV "AyRV][' @s
aRPV ysVV. xqsVxtsvFy sWs FysNRPV @yNRPXRsVVsNRPV G [ R sVV[R V. FsLiRVNRP
sgS D RVVRVLiRV sLji*ZaP[xtsQR *sVV xqssWss[V. \Q*RsVV DxmsaRPsV\sVss[ @\Q*R
sVV zqsj LiRVsV. NSsos xqsLRi*Q\Q*][xmsaRPsVsVV sss[ @\Q*RsVV zqsj LiRVsV.
xqs*LRiWsVV : RNTPs s[yLiRVV saRPV*RV CaRP*LRiryOTPQ, \saS*sLRiVRV sryOTPQ xqssVzts Q][
NRPWRVN]s CaRP*LRiVsNTP gRi` @sWs saRPV*Rs, @lgi[ szts QgS G gRi` soTNTP
@sWsLi NRP][ @RRV \saS*sLRiVRs ysLiyLRiV. @lgi[ xqs*xmssVV xqssVzts QgS
CaRP*LRiVsNTP NRPgji[ @j zLRigRiLRiVR s, szts QgS NRPgji[ @j \xqsVRs @LiLRiV.
BLi ssVVsV ]gjiLiRV N]LRiNRPV $ aRPLiNRPLRiVV C xtsQsVV[ saRPV*RV,
\saS*sLRiVRV INRP[ @s zms zLRigRiLRiVR VsV, @yNRPXRTsV, FyRVsV
GNRPR*Li @LigkiNRPLjiLiys (X.D sVR V xsVV[ 2c5c1) zmssyss
DRxLjiLiyLRiV. @Li[gSs CaRP*LRiVsNTP INRP gRiysxqs , sosNTP INRP gRiysxqs @s
xms[R V. Fss\[ xqssVxqs xmsxmsLiys VxqsVN]sVRVs @R[ \saS*sLRiVRV, @R[
CaRP*LRiVRV. CaRP*LRiVRy \saS*sLRiVRy INRP[. @lgi[ CaRP*LRiVRy \xqsVRy
INRP[. @lgi[ CaRP*LRiVRy FyRy INRP[. A CaRP*LRiVsZNP[ saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV,
43

FyRs ysVsVV. sVWTLis aSzqsLi[xmsVRV CaRP*LRiVRV @szmsLiRVN]sVRVyRV.

C sVWRW ]gjisxmsVRV @R[ x, RVLkiRVVRV. @sxqs V ][[ xqssVNSLi[ G
xqsNRP RXaRPLSbP ][R VRVs][ AxqsNRP RXaRPLSbPNTP @RRV sLS\: @s DxmsORPQLiR Li
zmssj. @LiRVss \xqsVTNTP c zLRigRiLRiVT NTP, @yNRPXRVTNTP c FyTNTP \|ms
DxmsORPQLiR sVVgS dxqsVN]ss. @sVXRsVRVVRV [[s VRVV\s C xmsoLRiVxtsvRV
AyNRPsVVsV VxqsVN]sVRVyRV, NRPsVNRP xmsxmsLiRsVLiRds VxqsVN]LiRs
@LiR sVV. @lgi[ G sZaP[xtsQLi [NPR Fso[R , C xqsVxtsv zms @s[ FyRV, @yNRPXR\s
D RVVRVLiRV sLji*ZaP[xtsQR *sVV ss GNRPR*s[Vzqsj LiRVsV. Blgi[ syLjiLi VxqsV
N]ss][ \Q*RsVLiy sbPLiFgS (]gRi gS) @\Q*RsVV zqsj LiRVsV. B[ xmsLRisWLiR
xmsWssVV. DxmsxqsLiLRisVV: xqsFyLigRisVVV (xmsLiR WRsVVV, xqsWLRiVRV,
RV[NPR sVV), sVLiT NRPgjis xmsLi]ssVj sVVsVVV xmsLiRs[LijRWV, xmsLiR
NRPlLi[LijRWV, xmsLiRFyV, @LiR:NRPLRi RRVxts QR VsVs[ sVsxqsV=, Vj , R,
@xLiNSLRiLi][ NRPWRVN]s xmsxmsLiRsVLiy gRi` rysLi. C gRi` @s[ DFyj ][
NRPWRVN]s @LiRs xLigS Gs\[ VxqsVN]Li][ @RRV z: xms
NRPyRV, xQ\sVs xqs W sxtsQR VsVVV @sV sxqsVyRV, y[ \saS*sLRiVRV.
xqsNRP xmsxmsLiRsVV sVVNRPVs[ sosj, AsVVNRPVs @Liy RsNRPV DFyj , A DFyj ][
VxqsVN]s sNTP, A ARNRPV \saS*sLRiVRs }msLRiV. BjNRPWy AL][xmss[V. FsLiRVNRPsgS
sVs xmsLjisQQ\sVs RXzts Q][ C xmsxmsLiRsVV[ xmsosV, RsFyss C s[s V
@sVyssgRiV ARsV xmsxmsLiRsVV[ syLRisV dzqss[R VV N]LRiNRPV. aRPV
yxmsNRP\sVs "\saS*sLRiVRV' @sV RXzts Qs \sjNRPxmsLRisVVgS AL][zmsLisj.

ARs: \ xqs LRiWF j*dRV FyR:

(DxmssxtsQ` )

RRVLiR sVLiR:
sVLiRsV : qx s*xms ry[LiR:xms: qx sFyLigRi GN][s sLiaRP sVV:
xmsssNRP VN`P \ r j*dRV: FyR:** 4 **
yRLRisVV : xqs*Fysxqs [V ryssVVgS gRiyRV, @LiR: xmsRVsV, xmsLi]sVj
44

sVVsVVV gRiyRVsV, xqsWORPQ g[ iR sVV gRiyRV\ss \xqsV[ j*dRVFyRsVV.

xqs*LRiWxmssVV : C sVLiR xtsQLi VxqsVN]s[ sVVLiRV INRP sVVQ\sVs sxtsQR VsVV
VxqsVN][s szqs sosj. ryyLRisVVgS gRiLjiR yxqss[ xqs*xmssVs, gRi`[
NRPlgi[ xmsRRV @sV ssVVV, s[R ysV yV yxqsy LRiWxmsLigS xqs*xmsLi[ NRPVgRiV
NRPV NSLRisVV gRi` @sWsLi ss. gRiR[V xqsRsVV @szmsLiRV ss
xqs*xmssVV sVRRVs, ][zmsNRPRVs, LiRVs NRP NRPRVs @sVN]sVRVysVV.
C NTPNRP ssLjiNRP sLi ]gjiLi aRPV \sjNRP ssLRi sLi NRPgjiLiRVNRPV,
xqs*LiR sVV, [NSV [NSLiRLSV soyRVsVNRPV xmssWsVV C xqs*xmssVV[R Vs
AL][zmsLisj. xqs*xmsLi[ C yR @s [NSV, [NSLiRLSV xqsLiRLjixqsW,
gRi`[ RWR[s, ]LRiNRPs, RVRs sxtsQR WV, R, syV
VxqsVN]sVsV @s NRPLRiNSLiRsV [T Li, \sjNRP RXzts Qs NRPVgRi[zqs NRP NRPRVsV
NTPNRP\sVs Lis ]gjiLi, xqs*xmssVVsV gRi` s @ sryLiR LigS yxmsNRPLigS
ssLji, gRi` zuyQ @s syLjiLiRVsxmsVRV aRPV "soRV' @s[ xmsRsVVsV
FsNRPy xmsrysLiR[R V NSds Fyxmsd [NPR F[ C xmsxmsLiRsVV[ NRPlgi[
sssVLiRRVV @xqss xqsQ\sVFsossV NSLRiLi][, xqs*xmssVV sLiRV sR* Lis
AL][zmsLi, \sjNRP RXzts Qs NRPgjiLi, xqs*LiR [NPR Li, [NSLiRLRisVV xmsryss sj.
aRPV sWR sVVLiRV sVVLiRV @xqsV so[ [R V @sV xmsryss [R VVsV. FsLiRVNRPsgS
C aRPLkiLRiLi xmsRysLiRLRisVV soRV sVLi AR RVNRPV FsossV syLRisVV
ss[NPR Li][ syLji}qs NRPVRLRiRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS AR FsRNRPVFRV, FsR sVLiTLSRV. Fs
\lgi[ xmsn VLi yaRPs\sV[ xmsn VNSaRPLi sVNSaRPLi[ NRPzqsFso [][, sosj sVNSaRP
s[V xmsn VsVs[ DFyj [R xmsn VNSaRPsVVgS @gRiVsV, ARRVLiRV GsWLRiV [R V.
FysVV, BLijRVg][[s os aRPNTP, @LiR:NRPR, sV[yxqss][ @s xmsRW
sVV [R VVsV; @sVsj yR Li sosyLjiNTP NRPVgRiVsV. @Li[gSs ARNRPV
xmsRWsVV[R V. @sR ss, @ssVVss,FysVV @LiR:NRPLRisVV, sV[yxqs
sV, aRPLkiLRisVV sosj @s RsRVLiRV AL][zmsLiRVN]s ARsV soTgS Li
NRPVgRiVRVsj.

\ xqs xqs*xms@rysR*sV, @LiR: xmsR*sV

45

1) xtsQsV: xqs*xms rysLi @xqs \ xqsxqs B "xqs*xmsQrys:'* gRi`xms, @s[NPR

ryR y zLji*xtsQR W Bs @sxqssWy sVsxqs=QLiRs sWyxqsd, RyWRLi
xqsLiryLRiLi sVszqs AR [: * Rss: Ry xqsLixqsQXRLi RR Bs xms: xryR s
@s}msxtsQOPR Qs V @sy NSsVNRPLRi: }msLRisWLi gRi`s` @sxqs[*
yRLRisVV : xqs*xmss[V ryssVVgS DLiRVss \xqsVs xqs*xmsQrysVRV @s
RVsV. gRiR NSsVLiRV xms GsR sVVgS BLijRV ryR ssVV ss x sxtsQ
RVsVV xmsNSbPLixms[R VVyss, @lgi[ sVsxqsV=sV sWRsVV xqsLijLixms[R VVs\,
@ xqsLiryLRisVVsV, sVsxqsV= sLiRV sVxmsoRVsj. @ sVsxqsV= A sR sVVgS xqsLi
xqsLjiLixmsTs\, LiRTs sxqsQLiRsVVs, x sVyRNRP sxqsVsVV
[NPR VssV, xqs*xmssVLiRV x ryR ssVV\s RLRi RORPV, a][yRV @}msOTPQLixmsNRP[V,
Rs NSLRi\sVs @sy, NSsVsVV, NRPLRi[ }msLjiLixmsTs\ gRiR @sxqs s zqsLi
T xqs*xmsgRiR xms.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xqs*xmss[V @sxqs C \xqsVsVNTP DLiRVss BRRV xqs*xmsQrysVRs
AL][xmsRXzts Q][s[ rysLi NRPLiR Tsj. ARRVLiRV sVVNRPVs, xqs*xmsLi @s lLiLiRV
[s s RV[R VVNRPV ZNP[s Li AR[V sosRs VxqsVN]sVNRPV, sVsNRPVsos
LiRVV sVVLiRV soyRVs zms RLRiVyR @xmsyRLi [R VVsV. gRi` DFyj ,
xqs*xmsLi DFyj xqsRQ\sVs][, @j FsxmsVRW soLiy. FsLiRVNRPsgS "G` LRiW}ms
sbPRLi, R` LRiWxmsLi s sRLRi' @sxqs sosRLi[ @j FsxmsVRW soLiy.
gSs @gRi soLiRNRP, gRi`, xqs*xmssVV RsRVLiRV sFsoRVss. gRi` DFyj ,
xqs*xms DFyj ][s xqssVNSLi[ ysV DFyj NRPgjisys s[ ][R VsV. IZNP[ ARNRPV
xQ\sVs sVVNRPVs ][sxmsVRV, sVVNRPVs RXzts Q][ \saS*sLRiVRsV ysVsVV][
DFyj , @lgi[ xqs*xmssVV ][sxmsVRV A xqssVNSLi[ \xqsVRsV ysVsVV][.
DFyj ][R VsV. @Li[gSs gRi`, xqs*xms DFyR VV ][R NRPFLiVVssW, AR
xqsVxtsvzms[ soyRV. (NSsos AR DFyj R VRV NSRV) @LiR:xms @sVyys
RXzts Q[ |msVN]s, xtsQNSLRiVV gRi` xms gRiVLjiLi N]s sxtsQR WV ssLjiLiyLRiV.
gRi` xms (sVVNRPVs xms)][ NRPWRVN]s sNTP @s[NPR ryR ssVVV, xqsFyLigRi
sVVV, xmsLi]sVj sVVV @sxqsLRisVV. A ryR ssVVNRPV, RV sxqsV sxtsQR WV
46

sosV (Bs @sxqssWy) xmsNSbPLixms[R VVyss, sVsxqsV= sWRLi

xqsLijLixms[R VVs\, @ xqsLiryLRisVV sV sVsxqsV=sLiRV sVxmsoRVsj. x
sxtsQR WV sosV (Bs @sxqssWs) @sVNRPV NSLRiLi, gRi` ][[ xqssVNSLi[
xsxtsQR WV RWRVNRPV, xsxtsQR WV sosVgS, xqsFyLigRisVVV,
xmsLi]sVj sVVsVVV NRPWy sos xmsxmsLiRsVV sosVgS @szmsLiRVsV. NSds C
BLijRWV xmsxmsLiys VxqsVN]LiVLij. RssV ysV VxqsVN]sVRVyRVs
@LiR sVV. BLijRWV sxtsQR WNRPV AR @sgS BLijRW[ sxtsQR WVgS
RVRVRVyLiVV. @LiRVss (zLji*xtsQR W Bs @sxqssWs) @sgS RV
sxtsQR WV FssLji\ZNP[ sosVgS ][R VRVs][, @RsNTP @s[NPR ryR sV @sxqsLRisVV.
C BLijRWV xsxtsQR W sVsxqsLiRss[V gSs @s sVsxqsV= NRPy
s[LiR VgS[s o. sxtsQR W[ BLijRWV, BLijRW[ sVsxqsV=. @lgi[ sVs}qs=
BLijRWV, BLijRW[ sxtsQR WV. BgRi INRPysN]NRP @[s xqsLiLiR sVV
NRPgjisoyLiVV. @LiRVss FsNRPR sVsxqsV= sos][ @NRPR BLijRW xqsLiRs][
NRPWTs sxtsQR WV soLiLiVV. sVsxqsV=VVNRP sNSLRis[V BLijRWV. BLijRVsVV
sNSLRis[V sxtsQR VV. @LiRVss sxtsQR WV sVsxqsV= xqsLiRssVV NRPLi[ s[LiR V NSRV.
"Ry WRLi xqsLiryLRiLi sVszqs' C sVVNRPVs VVNRP s ss NRPgjis
xqsLiryLRisVV[R , @ xqsLiryLRisVVRVLiRV sVxmsoRVsj. FsgRi @sgS RxqsLji
gRiVR \|ms sXOSQj RsVVV FsgRi sVRQ\Vsos[, x ryR ssVVV Gds
@}msOTPQLiRNRPVLiy, gRiR RXzts Q[R @syNSsVsVV, NRPLRi[R }msLjiLixmsTs\,
gRi` @sxqs s zqsLi[j xqs*xmsgRi` xms. gSs BR VxqsVN][s zqssj,
xryR s @s}msORPQ @sxmsVRV, xqs*xms rys \xqsVTNTP NRPWy xqsFyLigRisVVV,
xmsLi]sVj sVVsVVV soyLiVV @s @sR NSsVNRPLRi[R }msLjiLixmsTsss
FsLiRVNRPV aRPV zmssj? xqs*xmsQrysLi @LiR:xms, xqs*xmssVsVsj C aRPLkiLRiLi [xms
LRiVgRiVRVsj, gRi` RV NRPVgRiVRVsRsV rysWs sV ssVVssVxqsLjiLi
gRi` rysLi ztsQxms RVs, @lgi[ xqs*xmssVV aRPLkiLRiLi[ NRPVgRiVRVsRsV RXzts Q
[R @LiR: xms RVs aRPVsWR zmssj. sVLji BgRi aRPV zmssxmsVRV xqs*xmsLi
sVsxqsV= yxqss][ NRPgjisj NRPy! @s aRPLiNRP NRPgjisyLjiNTP xqssWyssVVgS xqs*xms
47

rysNRPVTNTP xqsFyLigRisVVV, xmsLi]sVj sVVsVVV FsLiRVNRPV zmssj? @sgS

xqs*xmsQrysNTP xqsLiLij Lis ryR sds soyRVs @LiR sVV. gRi` xqs*xmssVV C
lLiLiTLiNTP G xqsLiLiR sVV[R V. gRiR[ ][[ xmsxmsLiRsVV gRiRNRPV NRPVTsosj
@lgi[ xqs*xmsLi[ ][[ xmsxmsLiRsVV xqs*xmssVVsNRPV NRPVTsosj @LiRVss gRi`
yxqssV xqs*xmssVV NSRV. xqs*xms xqssVNSLi[ Bj gRi` yxqssRVs @sWsLi
soLiRRV. xqs*xmsLi[ sos BLijRWsV sLi xmsRRWsV sLi s[LiR V. xqs*xmsLi[
RV sxtsQR WV @}msOTPQLiRNRPVLiys[ NSsVNRPLRiV @sR[R }msLRi NRPgji gRi`
s RVRVRVsj, A xqs*xms xqssVNSLi[ @j gRiRs[ RVRVRVsj.
A xqssVNSsVV[ xqs*xmssVs @sVN][s VV. NSsos A @sxqs NTP A xqs*Fysxqs gRiR[V.
2) xtsQsV : Ry R DNRPL i "@xqs[NPR xqs xqsLS*s][ sWysV DFyyRV'
(X.D.4c3c9) B Ry "xmslLi[ [s[ sVs}qsNUP s' (xms.D. 4c2) B xmsxqsVR
"@\QxtsQ [s : xqs*}ms sVz sWs sVsVs' B @RLRi*[ (xms.D. 4c5)
yRLRisVV : A sR sVVgS aRPVRVV [NSsV ssVVssVxqsLjiLi (gRi` RXzts Q][)
xmsTss. "C xqsLRi*sLiR\sVs [NPR sVV VVNRP @sV sFyRVsVVgS sLi
dxqsVN]s' aRPV (X.D. 4c3c9)sLiRV. @lgi[ "@s BLijRVsVVV [s o\s sVs
xqsV=sLiRV GNUP WRsVV' @sgS (GNUP sLiRVRVsj) @s (xms.D. 4c2)sLiRV @lgi[ C
"sV[[s oRV xqs*xmssVVsLiRV sVxRVsV @sV sLiRVsV' @s (xms.D. 4c5) sLiRV
zmsss.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @sR NSsVsaRPsVV][ NRPWTs sVsxqsV=, xqs*xmssVV NRPVgRiVNRPV
}RVs\ss NRPLRi][ }mslLi[zmsLiRT, gRiR xqsLiryLRisVV ss gRiRgSs[
zqsxqsVs j. @lgi[ aRPV "@xqs [NPR xqs xqsLS*s][ sWysVFyyRV xqs*RVLi
sxR xqs*RVLi sLSRV }qs*s ry }qs*s [uy xmsxqszmsR' (X.D. 4c3c9) "A
xmsoLRiVxtsvRV G NSsVLi\[ gSR sVVgS sjLiRV[ xqsNRPsVVsV NRPgjisos C [NPR sVV
VVNRP JNRP gRisVV sRkzqs {qs*NRPLjiLi ys[ xmsRg] ys[ sLjiLi, Rs [][
xqs*xmssVV gSLiRVsV. @NRPR gRiR ORPQsVV][ NRPWTs xqsLRi*sVW xqsLRi* WR NRP
LRiWxmsrysWgji JNRP @LiaRPsVV sRkzqs gRizLiRVsV. A yxqsssVV][ NRPWTsy\,
xqs*RVsVVgS (RsLiR ysVgSs[) gRiRsV xmsRg] sVLjiRVV yxqsysVRV
48

NRPLRiAk sVRH sLRiVLiRVsV. G sR sVVgS gRiRRVLiRV WRNRP JNRP gRisVVsV

AyNSj sgRisVV [zqs xqs*NRPLRi][ sLjiLi, [R VTs g[ iR sVVV OUPQLiRgS
syaRPssVV LijsV, xqs*xmssVLiRV NRPWy yxqsysWRsVV][ [R VTs NRPLRiV
OUPQLiRgS, g[ iR sVVsVLiT RV F~Lij. BgRi xqs*RVsVVgS xmsRg]VN]s,
xqs*RVsVVgS sLjiLiRVN]s @s xmsTsj. BNRPR VxqsVN]sszqss sVLjiVVNRP
LRixxqssVVsj. gRi`[ sos s[s V R ssVV NRPgjisyTssV Vj xqs*xmssVV[
soLiRNRP. ORPVNRPVss ][R VRVsj. C gRi` Vj xqs*xmssVV[ soLiT soLi[,
xqs*xmssVV[, dsso R sNRPVRss RVy NRPy! @gRi RVRV [R V. gSs
xqs*xms ryR s @sVryLRiLigS @NRPR Vj s[LiR V. C gRi` Vj xqs*xmsLi[ [R V
NRPsVNRP, xqs*xmssVV gRiVLjiLi RVs sxtsQR Ws gRiR Vj xqs*xmssVLiy NRP, Li
@s gRi` @sWsLi][ VxmsoRVsj. C gRi` Vj gRi` @sWsLi][,
@xLiNSLRiLi][ NRPWRVN]s gRi` xqsRsVVgS Li NRPgjiLi LSNRPFNRP][ NRPWRV N]s
xqsLiryLRisVV[LiVVxqsV, A gRiR Vj RssV NSFyRVN]sVRW, xqs*xmssVLiy NRPRVs
LiRVs VxmsoRVsj. @LiRVss gRi`Vj s gRi`[ sj|ms, gRi`
RXzts Qs ]gjiLi, ZNP[s xmsLRisWLiR sLiR RVsVV [R VVNRPV, ryOTPQ @sV ssVV][
syLjiLisxmsVRV xqs*xmssVVsV sosj sosVgS VxqsVN][s VNRPV @sNSaRPsVV
NRPVgRiVsV. ZNP[s gRi` @sWssVV][ xqs*xmssVV sVR, LigS @szmsLiRVsV gSs,
@sV sRXzts Q][ syL][LisVR, xqs*xms xqssVNSsVV[ @j xqs*xmssVs
@szmsLiRNRP, A xqssVNSLi[ @j sVVNRPVsgSs[ zqsxqsVs j. xqs*xmssVV[ NRPlgi[
xqsVRV:V sxtsQR V @s[*xtsQ, yxqssV, BLijRWsV ssVVV, xmsRRWsV
ssVVs xqs*xms xqssVNSsVV[ xqsRsVVgSs[ ][R VsV. xqs*xms xqssVNSLi[
xqsFyLigRisVVV, xmsLi]sVj sVVsVVs aRPV xmsFyjLi xqs*xmsQryssVV
@LiR:xmsgS @yL][xmsLi [zqs, gRi` ]gjiLiRV ss, gRiR yxqssV xqs*xmssVs[
RxmsVs ]gjiFsosV.
3) xtsQsV : BLijRW}msORPQR W, @LiRxqs y*`, sVsxqs: Ry*xqsy LRiWFyR xqs*}ms
xmsRVxqs? B @LiR: xms:*
yRLRisVV : BLijRW}msORPQ[ [xms DLiRVs zqs ss, sVsxqsV=sNRPV, yxqsy
49

LRiWxms\sVs xms xqs*xmssVLiRV FsxmsVRV NRPVgRiV[ @ sos "@LiR:xmsRV' @s

xmssRVsV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : A x BLijRV xms yxqssV, xqs*xmssVV[ NRPgjis xqs*xmsQrysNTP
"@LiR:xms'][ NRPWRVNRPVsRsVsj AL][xmsRXzts Q. gSs, xqs*xms @sV sNSsVV[
@j @LiR:xmsRVs RVRNRP, x xmsgSs[ @sV srys VV. @NRPR NRPWy
xqsFyLigRisVVV, xmsLi]sVj sVVsVVV soyLiVV NRPsVNRP. @LiR: xmsRVsV gRi`
RXzts Q[V.
4) xtsQsV : sxtsQR V aRPWyRWLi xmsRWLi ZNP[s xmsNSaRP xqs*LRiWFyRWLi
sxtsQLiVV[*s s c B \ xqs:*
yRLRisVV : sxtsQR VLRizR\sVs ZNP[s xmsNSaRP xqs*LRiWxms\sVs xms, s][ sos A
xqs*xmsQrysVsNTP \xqsVRs }msLRiV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : GsR sVVgS Rs xqs*LiR s[R , xmsNSaRPsVV[R xqs*xmssVLiy
RVRV ss \xqsVRs VN]sVRVysW @[ sR sVVgS, gRi` NRPWy
Rs s [R s[, Rs xmsNSaRPLi[R s[ saRPV*TgS xqssVxqs xmsxmsLiRsVV RVRVRVsj.
[NPR ssLRi RXzts Qs s xqs*xmsyxqssV [xmsLRiVgRiVRVyRVs @sVN]ysVV
NRPsVNRP, [xms FsgRi, FssLRiV VxqsVN]sVRVyLRis syLji}qs A s [R s[, Rs
xmsNSaRPLi[R s[ RVs RVRVsV. gRi`RVsV ryORPQ Li ][[ xqssVNSLi[ A ryOTPQ
saRPV*RszmsLiRVN]yRV, @lgi[ xqs*xmssVs[ ryORPQ Li ][[ xqssVNSLi[ A ryOTPQ
\xqsVRszmsLiRVN]yRV. NSsos ryOTPQ INRP[, NSs ][[ RXaRPLi ss \saS*sLRiVRV,
\xqsVRs RVRVRVyRV. IZNP[ mx soLRiVxtsvRV gRiXxLi[ sosxmsVRV RVsWs,
NSLSRVLi[ sosxmsVRV D][gjiRVszmsLiRV N]sVRVyRV. IZNP[ xmsoLRiVxtsvRV
RVsWsgS sosxmsVRV D][gjigS soLiRRV. D][gjigS sosxmsVRV RVsWsgS
soLiRV [R V. AsR LigS IZNP[ ryOTPQ (AR)NTP sVVNRPVs ][[ xqssVNSLi[ saRPV*Rs
@[ ryOTPQ xqs*xmssVV ][[ xqssVNSLi[ \xqsVRs gRizLiy. ryOTPQR Xzts Q][
syLjiLisxmsoRV, xqs*xmssVLiy DFyj gS NRPgjis \xqsVTNTP . @sR NSsVNRPLRiV
][R so. @lgi[ gRi`][[ xqssVNSLi[, s[s V C xmsxmsLiRsVV[ xmsossV yTNTP
@sR NSsV NRPLRiV, NSs gRi` @LiRs VxqsVN]s[ A saRPV*TNTP, (A sNTP)
50

NSsVNRPLRiV [s o. @sxqs V ][[ xqssVNSLi[ RsRVLi[ @sxqs V xmso, s

ds\sV, C sVWTLiLiNTP Rs A[ NSLRisVVgS soLiTsV \xqsVRV NRPWy
ARRVLi[ Rs s (xmsNSaRPLi) [R xqssVxqs xqs*xmssVLiRV xmsxmsLiRsVV xmso, s,
dssVgRiVsV.
5) xtsQsV : saRP*xqs xqssxtsQR V[*s xmsRW: xqs WRW: [ R*Li* Bxxmsos:
ZNP[s yxqsy sWy xms [ B xmsssNRP: g[ iR : B*
yRLRisVV : gRi` @sWs, xqsNRP sxtsQR WV xLigS VxqsVN]s[yRV
xqs W\sVs sxtsQR VsVV[ [ sVV. gSs xqs*xmsQrydsRV \xqsVRV yxqsysWR xms
(sxtsQR VsVV) [ sVV NRPgji soLiRVss xmsssNRP g[ iR VRV
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : NRP[s os sNTP (\xqsVTNTP) [ sVV xmsyLiR sVV soLiRRV NRPsVNRP,
GsR \sVs [ sVV NRPVRLRiRV. yxqsy sWRsVs gRi` RXzts Q ss xmsTsj.
gSs xqs*FysV s xqssVNSLi[ @NRPR NRPWy \xqsVRV sxtsQR VsVV][ NRPWRV
N]sy[. NSsos \xqsVRV xmssNRP VNRPVR VgS xmsRVRVyRV. BjsLRiZNP[ saRPV*RV
sxtsQR VsVV][ NRPWTs xqs WR*sVV gRiyRV. NSsos @RRV xqs W xms VLi[yRV
NRPsVNRP xqs W VN`P sVLji BNRPR xqs*xmssVLiRV ZNP[s sLji*xtsQR V yxqsssWR xms VLi[
xmss NRPVR V xqsWORPQ sVV g[ ij Li[s RV. gSs BNRPR xmsaRP GsVsgS xqs W aRP xqsLRi*LRiWxms,
LRixqs gRiLiR sVV][ NRPWTs sxtsQR Vs[V VLi[yRs GgRi FyLiR V? Bj ][xtsQs VV NSRV.
BgRi xmsV ss lLiLiTLiRVLiRV RVVNTP (NSLRisVV) sosj. saRPV*RV
@syNRPXR xms][ NRPWT DFyj sosLiRsLRiNRPV {qs*NRPLjiLi @NRPR zmssV
xqs WsxtsQR VsVV VLi[yRV. gSs BNRPQ\[ A xqs*LRiWxms @LiaRPsV F~Lij xqs WxmssV
VLiRVsV. @Li[gSs yR][ NRPWTs A sxtsQR Vxms Axqs slLi[NPR sVVgS
xqs*xmssVV[ gSs gRiR[ gSs N[ PR Q XR*sVV NRPVgRiV [R V/ ksNTP sLRiVR sVV, NSs
xqs W xms N[ PR Q XR*sVV][ NRPWTs saRPV*RV xmsssNRP N[ PR Q XR*sVV][ NRPWTs \xqsVRs
xmsTsj. sVLjiRVV JZNP[ N[ PR zqsj LiRVNRPV lLiLiRsxqs RVLiRV BgRi RWxmsTsj.

\ xqs xqsFyLigSj sZaP[xtsQR*RVsV

6) xtsQsV : xqssWs sVs`* j*dRV: FyR:, \ xqs:*
yRLRisVV : sVgRiy ORPQsVVsRVV xqssWssVV[. lLiLiRs FyRsVV \xqsVRV.
51

qx s*LRiWxmssVV : xqsFyLigRisVVV, xmsLi]sVj sVVsVVV saRPV*s][ \xqsVsNTP xqssWss[V

@s AL][zmsLiRTsj gSs FyRNRPsVsVVs BRRV j*dRVFyRsVV. gRi`RXzts Q ss
xqs*xmssVVsV j*dRV FyRsVV. xqs*FysV sNSsVV[ sVVR gRi` FyRsVV sR
Bj lLiLiRs FyR\sVs xqs*xmssVs @sVN][s V [R V NRPy! xqs*xms xqssVNSLi[ @j
gRi`gSs[ @sV sRVRVysVV.

RLRi+s @RLRi+s sX
7) xtsQsV : RLRi+s @RLRi+s sX][Q : RRQ *@xms[ R ORPQxqs ry*xmsxqs RVy*`
xqsVxtsvzms gRixLiR Li "RVR xqsVxms:' Byj sZaP[xtsQsV*
yRLRisVV : RLRi+s sXNPT (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi) @RLRi+s sXNPT (xqsVxtsvzms) lLiLiTLiNTP
RR* @xms[R ORPQ\sVs rysVsVV soLiRV xqsVxtsvzms @sxqs sV gRizLiRV\ZNP
"RVRxqsVxms:' @s[ sZaP[xtsQsVVV xmsRV RVss.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : gRi` xqs*xmssVV][ NRPWRVN]sj RLRi+s sX, sVLjiRVV xqsVxtsvzms][
NRPWRVN]sj. @RLRi+s sX. RLRi+s sX[ NRPWRVN]s lLiLiRV gRiR [NPR
xqs*xmssVVgS VxqsVN][y. @LiVV[ gRi`, xqs*xmssVV lLiLiRsj [s ZNP[s Li gSR sR,
xqsVxtsvzms. @LiVV[ RLRi+s sXNPT , @RLRi+s sXNPT lLiLiTLiNTP RVNRPFso
xqssWssVV. NSsos gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms C sVWTLiNTP RR*Li RVNRPFso
@s[ sR xqssWss[V RR*sVsgS Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV, xmsLRisWLiR sVV. xqsVxtsvFys xqs sV
RNRPgS VxqsVN]sVNRPV "RVR xqsVxms:' @s[j LS[[V xmsLiRsV sVLiRsVV[
sZaP[xtsQs VVgS xmsTsj.
8) xtsQsV : @Ry c xtsQ*zms rys[xtsv RyQ*xms [R ORPQ: ry*xms: @sbPxts Q: B
xmspLS*Li xqsVxtsvxmsLi s[*
yRLRisVV : sVWRsxqs V (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms) sLiRV RR*sVV RVNRP
Fso @sV ORPQsVV xqssWssVV. gSs xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV [V sZaP[xtsQs VV [R sVN][s
xqsVxtsvzmss ssVVgS s s [R VTsj.
yssVV : rysWsVV NTPNRP RXzts Q][ gS aSLkiLRiNRP @xqs, [y RXzmsgS
52

 VLis VNSR WxqssVV, [NPR ysVxqssVV ss xqsVxtsvzms NRPVgRiVss @sVN]sV

RVyLRiV, BLi NTPNRP @LiR sVV][ NRPWTsj NSRV NRPsVNRP, xqsVxtsvzmss @RLRi+s sX
@s, gRi` xqs*xmssVVV lLiLiRW RLRi+ssX @s s s RVTsj.

ARs: FyLRiWxms: RXdRV: FyR:

(DxmssxtsQ` )

xmsLiRsV sVLiR:
RVR xqsVFs NRPLiRs NSsVLi NSsVRV[ s NRPLiRs xqs*xmsLi xmsaRP, RRV=xtsvxmsLi:*
xqsVxtsvxms rys GNUPWR: xmss xmsn Vs Gs AsLiRsVW xsLiRVN`P [][s VV:
Fy xqsQXdRV: FyR:** 5 **

xqsVxtsvzms rys sLRiVNTP:

yRLRisVV : FsNRPR sjLis yRV G N][Lij NRPsV N][LiR ][, G NRPsV gSLiR][, @j[V
xqsVxtsvzms. xqsVxtsvzms [V ryssVVgS gRiyRVsV, xmsn Vds sLis xmsgRiyRVsV, AsLiR
sVRVVRV AsLiRg[ iR sVV gRiyRV\ss [][ sVVVRgRiV Fy[ RXdRVFyRsVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : C HRs sVLiR xtsQsVV syLjiLiRVNRPV sVVLiRV xqsVxtsvzmss
sZaP[xtsQs VVgS VxqsVN][s zqss @sxqsLRiLi sosj. BLiRsLRiNRPV xqs*Fysxqs syLRi
sryLiR sVVgS Ljigjisj. gRi` xmsxmsLiRsVV xqsFyLigRisVVV, xmsLi]sVj sVVsVV][
NRPWTRVVs xqssVNSLi[ A ARNTP saRPV*Rs @lgi[ xqs*xms xqssVNSsVV[ xqs*xms
xmsxmsLiRsVV NRPWy xqsFyLigRisVVV, xmsLi]sVj sVVsVV][ NRPWTRVVs \xqsVRs,
NSsos xqs*xmssVV xqs*xms xqssVNSsVLiRV gRi`gS ][R Vss VxqsVN]ysVV.
NTPNRPRXzts Q ss, gRi` @sWssVV][, C gRi`[ xmso, |msLjigji, C gRi`[s[
xqs*xmsLi NRPVgRiVRVsRsV RxmsVs RXzts Qs aRPVsWR sVVR @LigkiNRPLjiLi, lLiLiR
sxqs V (gRi`, xqs*xmssVV) soyLiVVs AL][xmsRXuy IxmsVN]sj, gSs
yxqss sVVgS ARRVLiRV lLiLiRsxqs V soyRVs Vxmso aRPV D a[ PR sVV NSRV.
@sR RXzts QgiR yLjiNTP @sxqs V soyLiVV, xmsxmsLiRsVs[ @sxqs [ s[s V soysV,
s[VVN]ssoysV, NRP NRPVgRiVRVsRs, @sRsV sVVR @LigkiNRPLjiLi, yss
@xmsyRLi [zqs, aRPV sVLji VVNRP \sjNRP ssLRi AL][xmsLi[zqssj. C sVVNRPVs,
53

qx s*xmssVV xmsxmsLiRsVV[ NRPVgRiV[R V, gSs ds sVVNRPVs[s[ xmsxmsLiRsVV

][R VRVsj. A sVVNRPVs dsNRPV NRPVTRVVsj. @gRi NRPVTRVVs dssVVNRPVs
\saS*sLRiVRV, saRPV*Rs AL][zmsLisj. @lgi[ xqs*xmsQxmsxmsLiRsVLiRs, G xqs*xmssVV[
][R VRVs][, @xmsVRV dsso \xqsVTs. BgRi AL][zmsLi RRVxmsLji xtsQNSLRiVV
RLRi+ssXNPT C gRiR(\saS*sLRiVRV), xqs*xmssVV (\xqsVRV) NRPVT soyRVs
zmsyLRiV. gSs C @RLRi+ssX][ NRPWRVN]s xqsVxtsvzms syLRis[V @
syRxqsR\sV, s[ ysNSLRiVV s[yLiRVsV RxmsV][s xmsLiyLRiV,
FssLji\ZNPy gRi` sFRVsj, [NPR xqs*xmssVV sFRVsLiR sLRiZNP[
@LiR ssoRVLij NSs GdsV [s, GdsV ][R s xqsVxtsvzmss syLjiLiR[LiR V. gSs xqsVxtsvzmss
syLRi [R VVNRPV, @sV sRXzts Q NSssV. xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV sos @s[NPR
AL][xmssVVV ]gjiLiRszqss @sxqsLRisVVRVVsj. xqsVxtsvzms @sgS gSR sRRVs,
ryyLRisVVgS sVsLiRLji ss C xmsxmsLiRsVV[ g[ iR sVVV @sV sLiRV ss
ss @xqs, [y [ sLi [zqssRLRiVyR RsW gRiVsVV[R xmsxmsLiRsxtsQR WV,
g[ SV sVLRiVgRiVs xmsRV RsVxqsV= @[ sR @sVsj sVsss. sV s[VVN]s
sLis[, @ D[ sVV][, Dy=xsVV][ sV xmsxmsLiRsVV[ RsV RsV NRPLRiV
sLRi*QQLij xq sVysVs sVs @LiRLji ss. aRPVsWR, kss[ @xmsyRsVV[zqs sVLjiVVNRP
\sjNRP ssLRisVVsV AL][xmssVV [zqs, xqsVxtsvzms @sVsj @sydLi, @j
@gRixsVs (GdsV [RVRs) aRPV AL][zmsLisj. BgRi gRi` xqs*xmssVs[j
xQ\sVs RXaRPsWs xmsxmsLiRsVV[ NRPWTRVVs RLRi+s sX, @lgi[ xqsVxtsvzms
@sVsj GdsV RVRs[ @RLRi+ssX @s aRPV \sjNRP AL][xmssVV [zqssj. gSs
BgRi [ j LiRNRP yxqss sVVgS xqsVxtsvzms ZNP[s sLiR V\sVs, G xmsxmsLiRsVV[s
xsVs INRPryLjigS xqsW}qs, sVsNRPV @LiR sVVNSRs \|mssR sVVgS AL][zmsLisj.
FsLiRVNRPsgS sVsNRPV gRi`, xqs*xmssVV, xqsVxtsvzms C sVWRW xmsxmsLiRsVV[
NRPVgRiVRVyRVsV sssV INRP ryLjigS ]gjiLiRV NRPVRLRiRV, NRPsVNRP xqsVxtsvzms
RVLiRV @gRixLi (RVNRPF~so) sosRs aRPV AL][zmsLisj. aSLkiLRiNRPLigS
xmsxmsLiRsVV[ NRPlgi[ sR [y xLigS NRPs[ sR sVsxqsV=NRPV GdsV ][R NRP,
sVsxqsV=NRPV G sxtsQR VxqsLiRs [NPR FgS, sVsxqsV= Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV N][VFLiVVsxmsV
54

RV sRRVs @LisVV. Rs sxqs*LRiWxmsLi RVNRPFso sR[V @gRixsVV.

@LiRVss gRi` xqs*xmsLi RLRi+ssX, @ lLiLiRW [s xqsVxtsvzms @RLRi+s sXR Vs
zms, @j sVWTLiNTP xqssWssVs zmssj. RR*sVV RVVNRPV gRiR xqs*xmsLi
lLiLiTLiNTP xqsVxtsvzms y*LRi\sVRVVsj. @lgi[ RVLkiRVVs RVVNRPV xqsVxtsvzms y*LRi\sV
RVVsj. BsoLiRgS, BLiR sZaP[xtsQs VV NRPgjiRVVs xqsVxtsvzmss VxqsVN]sV @
sVVQ\sVRVVsj. BgRi syLjiLiRNRP NTPNRP RXzts Q][ gRi` syLji}qs, gRi` @s[
xmsxmsLi RsVV[ NRP\sVs sxtsQR WV @LiRLjiNTP DxmsWgRixmsRyLiVV, gSs xqsVxtsvzmss
syLji}qs sVsNRPV GdsV Li[R V @sV aRPLiNRP NRPVgRiVsV. gSs aRPV zmssV gRi`
@s[ @sxqs NRPV xqsVxtsvzms y*LRi\sV RVVsj, RR*sVV VxqsVN]s[ RVLkiRVsVVsNRPV
AyLRisVV NRPsVNRP xqsVxtsvzmss syLjiLiRV, zqsN]sV @ sVVQ\sVRVVs j. aRPV
zmssV "G INRP VxqsVN]Li[ @Liy RVRVsV' A INRP xmsLRisWLiR Q\sV
RVVsj. xmsxmsLiRsVs[ gRi` A INRP \|mss[ AyLRixmsTRVVsj. sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVV
VxqsVN]sVNRPV xmsxmsLiRsVV[ A INRP sxtsQR Ws[*xtsQ, syLRi RW. NRPsos
xmsLRisWLiR sVVsV VxqsVN]sVNRPV xqsVxtsvzmss NRPWy syLRi [R W. @LiRVss
gRi` xqs*xmssVsV @sxqs V sZaP[xtsQLigS, sxtsQR W][ xqsFyLigRisVVV, xmsLi]sVj
sVVsVV][ RWzmsLi y xqs*LRiWxmssVV zms, xqsVxtsvzmss xmsLRisWLiR Li N]LRiNRPV"s[ s['
sztsQR LRiWxmsNRPLigS syLRi RVszqs RVVsj. B[ BR sZaP[xtsQLi.
1) xtsQsV : RVR RVzqssrys[ NS[y xqsVxms: s NRPLiRs NSsVLi NSsVRV[, s
NRPLiRs xqs*xmsLi xmsaRP* szxqsVxtsv}ms xmspLRi*WLjis @sy gRixORPQLi xqs*xms
RLRi+sLi NSsW y NRPaRPs sR[ (R`xqsVxtsvxmsLi) R[R ` xqsVxtsvxmsLi ryssV @xqs B
xqsVxtsvxms rys:*
yRLRisVV : FsR, [V ryssVLiRV [NPR NSsVLiRV xqsVxtsvxmsoR V V N][Lij NRPsV
N][LiR ][, V xqs*xmssVVsV RWR][ @sgS gSR sRNRPV xmspLRi*sVV RVVs xqs*xms
gRi`s c @sygRix\sVs xqs*xms RLRi+sLi NSs, N][Lij NRP gSs soLiR][, @
xqsVxtsvzms ryysxqs @gRiV ss BRRV "xqsVxtsvzmsrysVRV' @sRVsV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BR G ryssVLiRV [NPR G NSsVLiRV VN][Lij NRPsV N][LiR ][, V
xqs*xmssVVsV gSLiR][ @sxmsVRV gRi` xmsryss FsLiRVNRPV LS[R V? GLiRVNRPsgS
55

aRPV xqsFyLigRisVVV, xmsLi]sVj sVVsVVV gRi` xqs*xmssVV lLiLiTLiNTP

xqssWssVVgS zmssj. lLiLiRW xqssWs @sxqs [R Vs zms LS[s o NSLjiNRP
xtsQLi[ lLiLiRW @sRRVs xms[s oRVsj, NRPsVNRP BNRPR gRi` xmsryss
LS[R V. lLiLiRV @sxqs V xqsVxtsvzms syLRi RXzts Q][ sVR[V. C sxtsQR Ws
yLjiN PR NSLRiVV "xqsVxms: xmsVR B[sLi xqs*xmsLi xmsaRP [RV:* sNRP GxtsQ WyyLi
@sy LS aRPRVssV**' (X.y. 2c1c26) "@sR LSRVLiRV RRQ * @xms[R
ORPQsVV][, sNRPsVV][ NRPWTs soV sjLi s[Vs xqs*xmssVV RWzqsss
@sVN]sVRVsRV.' G @sxqs RXzts Q][ A @sxqs @sgS gRi` RXzts Q][ gRi`, xqs*xms
RXzts Q][ xqs*xmssVV lLiLiRW xqsRsVV[. gSs xqsVxtsvzms RVLiRV xqs*LRiWxmssLiR RVsVV
[zqssxmsoRV, sZaP[xtsQsVVgS xmsTs xqs*xms gRiRV lLiLiRW sVR[V NSsos aRPV
"s NRPLiRs NSsVLi NSsVRV[' @s V N][Lij NRPsV N][LiR ][ @s zmssj. ryyLRiLigS
N][Lij NRP @s[j GgRi NRPVgRiVRVLij? "xmssVRLji xmssV][: xmssW @s[*xtsQ s'
(.gki. 2c18) xtsQsVLiRV soRV @s G xmssWRsV @sVN]ysW, @Li
xmssWR @s[yTNTP VxqsVN]s[ N][Lij NRP NRPgjisxmsVRV xmssV][, sxtsQR WsV
@s[*ztsQryR V. sxtsQR VLi soLiy, sxtsQR VsVVsxmsVRV xmssWsV DxmsWgjiLi
sxtsQR WsV VxqsVN]s[ N][Lij NRP, BR soLiy. N][Lij NRP, BR soLiyLi[, xmssWR
soLiy, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV, xmss[VRVsVV N]LRiNRPV BR NRPVgRiVNRPV xmssWRRVsV s[s V
@sVyRV NRPWy [R V, NSsos "s NRPLiRs NSsVLi NSsV RV[' @s s[s VRVsV
xmssWRsV NRPWy ]gjiLiy. @lgi[ xqsVxtsvzms xmspLRi*sVVsNRPV gRi`, xqs*xmssVV[
RVVs @sygRix\sVs RxmsV sgRi ORPQsVV][ NRPWTs N][Lij NRPVj
soLiR][, @ xqsVxtsvxmsrysLi C @sxqs @gRiV ss, BRRV "xqsVxtsvxmsrysVRV' @s
@szmsLiRVN]sVRVyRV. (AL][zmsLiRRVRVyRV)

Fyxqs xqsVxtsvxmsrysR*sV
2) xtsQsV : rys R*RV xmssNRPL i sVsxqs=QLijRLi \ Q*RRLi RyLRiWxms
@xmsLjiylgi[s @ss[NSxmssLi \ saRPRsWgRixqssVs Ax: xmsxmsLiRNRPsV GNUPWRLi
BRVR[*
yRLRisVV : rysR*RVsVLiRV xmss NRPQ \sVsj sVsxqsLijR\sVs \Q*RRsVV B
56

qx s*sX LRiWxmssVVsV sRNRP[V, @ss[NPR sVV[ F~LiRT RVVsj. GLkigS @sgS

xmsxmsLiRsVV, INRPQ\sVgS, (xqsVxmsosNTP "GNUP WR:') @s xmsTsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BNRPR xtsQNSLRiVV \sjNRP RXzts Q][ xqsVxtsvzmss sLij LiyLRiV. xmsgRiV
NRPszmsLiRVNRPV xqsWLRiVRV, LS NRPszmsLiRVNRPV kxmsLi DxmsWgjiLiRsRV. gSs xqsVxtsvzms
RVLiRV "dNRPs' @s xmsV NRPVRLRiRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS @Li dNRP Fg]VNRPV
xqsWLRiVRVNSs, kxmssVV NSs [s o. C DxmssWsLi }mssVVLiRV xtsQNSLRiVV,
"@ss[NPR DxmsxmssLi' @s[ xmsRLi DxmsWgjiLi, \sjNRP ssLRiRXzts Q][ syLjiLiyLRiV.
gSs xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ (@sV sRXzts Q][) xqsVxtsvzmss RWsxmsVRV, @R lLiLiRsj
[sRs [RVRVsV. sVVsxtsQR VsVV VxqsVN]sszqssj GsVsgS, Fss\[
sVVNRPVsLiRs, xqs*xmssVLiRs VxqsVN]sVRVy][ @R[ sVVNRPVs,
xqs*xmssVV[s xqsVxtsvzmss NRPWy VxqsVN]sVRVyRV. ryyLRiLigS s[s V LSRLiy
LiVVgS sR FLiVVsxmsNTP, y NRPVsWLRiVRV LSRLiy D][gRisVV [|qssV. NRPsVNRP
xmsxmsLiRsVLiy @lgi[ RVVsj. A xmsxmsLiRsVV[ s[s V sRFRWsV @sVsj sVs
ss. BgRi xmsxmsLiRsVLiy sosxmsNTP A xmsxmsLiRsVV[ NRPlgi[ sR[ GdsV
RVR[R V @sVsj sVsss. gSs C ss s[VVN]s RLRiVyR NRPy
NRPVgRiVRVsj. xqsVxtsvzms xqssVNSLi[, @sV sRXzts Q][ syLji}qs, sVssVV xmsxmsLiRsVV
sLiy sR, BxmsVRV LiVVgS sjxqsVysVV @sV @sV ssVV [R V NRPy! [NSsV
sryLRiLigS aRPV BR xqsVxtsvzms[ [VdsV RVRRs zmssj. gSs xmsLRisWLiR R:
syLji}qs xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sVssVV sRF[R V. sRRVsV xqsVxtsvzms RVLiRV
xmsxmsLiRs[V[NPR VLiy FsoRVsj. @LiRVss xqsVxtsvzmsR VsV ssVV][ syLRi
zqssxmsVRV xmsLRisWLiR Li RVRVsV. gSs xqsVxtsvFys V ys sR NTPNRP\sVs
gRi` RXzts Q][ syLjiLisxmsVRV xqsVxtsvzms @sV sxqsVs xmsVRV xmsxmsLiRsVVsRs
@szmsLiRVsV. @LiRVss xtsQNSLRiVV sVVR[ @NRPR [V N][Lij NS N][LiR ][, @NRPR
[V gRi`, xqs*xmsLi [][R Vs RWzmsLisj. FsLiRVNRPsgS aRPV, gRi`NRPV xqsLij Lis
xmsxmsLiRsVV gRiysxqs NRPV NRPVTRVVsj, @lgi[ xqs*xmsQxmsxmsLiRsVV xqs*Fysxqs NRPV
NRPVT RVVsRs zmssj.

FyQ |\ qs#NUPWRR*sV
57

BgRi aRPV zmssxmsVRV, A xmsxmsLiRsVV xqsVxtsvzms[ GNUP WRLi @LiVVsRsV aRPV

ysVVsNRPV sxmsn WRLi NRPVgRiVsV. xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ xmsxmsLiRsVV GNUP WRsVs
xms[R V. G ysV sVVNRPVssV @sV sLiy][, @R[ xqs*xmsLi @sV sLi A ysV
lLiLiRW[s RsNRPV ysVgS Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV GNUP WRVRVgS soyRs @LiR sVV.
@Li[gSs sVVNRPVs xqs*xmsLi xqsVxtsvzms[ GNUP WRsyRVs @LiR Li NSRV. "}qs*Q\ ss z
Fy [ yRy xqs*RVLi[xqs=Q*s[s qx sLixmsLjixtsQ*Q NPR s Vxqsxqs=Lixmsxqss AxmsNSsV
ARNSsVxqs=sLRi=Q*d WR xqs= Bs xqs:* GNRP: j*dRVry y`*
@sRRW z j*dRV: xmss[* ry R aSLiy7R* @R GNRP:* Ruy RX}tsQLiR s
xmsLjixms oRy*yR[xqs=Q*yRW:* @\Q*R: Rxts Qs xqs j*dRV ry
y`**' (X.D. 4c3c32 @syLjiNRP) ys[ Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs FyAR xqs*RVLi[
xqs*ssVV[ gRigS N_gRiLiRVN]sTsyRV (GNUP WRVRV), xqsNRP xmsLji[ R
LRizRVRV, RNRPs xmsxqssR gRiyRV, F~LiRTs NSsVsV gRiyRV, AR[V
@LiVVs NSsVsV gRiyRV. dsLRiVs[ qx s*RQ\sVs AR. lLiLiRsj [R V gRisVNRP Bj
GNRPsVV @sR[ sWRs[V AR lLiLiRsjgS (gRi`, xqs*xms) sgRisVV F~LiRV
RVsj. C xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV @sR aSLiLisj. @LiRVsss[ AR GNRPsVV,
xqs*RVLixmsNSaRP xqs*LRiWxmssVgRiV RWxmsoNRPV syaRPssVV [R V, gRisVNRP AR RXN`P xqs*LRiWxms
sVV, RWRRgjis lLiLiRsj [R V gRisVNRP, AR @R*RVVsVV. @lgi[ "GRRsVXRsV
RVsV* GxtsQ x[NPR :* \|s [N][ x[NPR :* xmsLRi GyRVsVzqss NS[
ysXRN SLRiNRPLRiF[ yj [ R xqs=Q* AR[ztsQ aSLiRxqsLRi* xqsLiLi][ sR[ }
xqssW! B |\ sLi sNRPsVsVaRPaSs @sVbPxts Qys RWsQ B
aRPVsRssV**' (X.D. 4c3c32 @syLjiNRP) AR @sVXRsVV, @ RVsVV
( RV}RVsgRiV @sR [sj) x[NPR sVV @sgS "\|s[N][ x[NPR :'
(x[V [NPR sVV). C xmsoLRiVxtsvRV C xqsVxtsvzms NSsVLiRV NSLSNSLRi
DFyj [ R sVVNRPV @dRVRV. @sgS ]gjiFLiVVs xqsNRP xqsLiLiR sVVV gRi Rs\s
xqs*RVLi xmsNSaRPxqs*LRiWxmsoRs C sR sVVgS sNRPVs D b[ PLi RWsVRV
Dxms[bPLisV. Bj aRPVVVNRP sRssVV.

Fyxqs xmssxmsn VsR*sV

58

3) xtsQsV : @R Gs xqs*xms gRiR sVs: xqsLiRys xmsys xmsn VdsWys c

Bs* }qsRVsVsry @ss[NPR LRiWxmsy*` xmssxmsn Vs: DR[* RVy LSf \ sZaP[s
RsVry @ssWsLi xqsLRi*Li xmsn VssVs, RR*` xmssxmsn Vs: Gs*
yRLRisVV : @LiRVss xqs*xmsNS, gRiR NS sVsxqsLiRs xmssRVV xmsn Vds
sLisys s[ RVVLiTs C @sxqs , @ss[NPR LRiWxmsR*sVgRiV ss, xmssxmsn VssVs
xmsTsj. [VsR LigS LSRVLiRV dNRP[ sxqsVs osV s Li gRiVLRiV GLRigRis\,
xqsLRi*sVV sVVR gRis sWjLjigS sos][, @ sR sVVgS (xqsVxtsvzms) xmssxmsn VsVRsRVsV
xqs*LRiWsVV : xtsQNSLRiVV BNRPR gRi`RXzts Qs @sLiLi syLRi LjizmsyLRiV.
gRi`, xqs*xmsNSsVLiRVRVVs sVsxqsV= VVNRP xqsLiRs xmssRVV xmsn Vds sLi
s ys s[ C xqsVxtsvzmsR Vs xmsp, Bj @ss[NPR LRiWxmsR*sVs sLij LiyLRiV. BR
@s s[NPR LRiWxmsNRPLi @s[j RR*Li RVNRPFsoRVsV sR ss. gRi`, xqs*xmssVVV
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV xmsn Vds sLisVgS RVRVRVss. gRi` xqs*xmssVVV ][s
xqssVNSsVV[, A xmsn Vds sLis xms xqsLiRs NRPWRVN]s, gRi`, xqs*xmsLigS
RVRVsV. xqsVxtsvzms xqssVNSsVV[ A s (gRi` xqs*xmssVs[ s)
xmsn Vds sLiRVVsj. Fs\lgi[ dNRP][ NRPWRVN]s LSRVLiRV, sxqsVs osLis
s Li gRiVLjiL iR[s VV. xqsLRi* sxqsVs oV sVVR gS gRigS @LiVVsVgS (Bs), C gRi`
xqs*xmssVVV xmsn Vds sLiRT xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV "xmss xmsn Vs' @s AL][xms RXzts Q][
@szmsLiRVN]sVsV. BgRi gRi` RXzts Q][ xtsQNSLRiVV zms sVLRi kss FyLRisWLij NRP
RXzts Q][ kss ssLjiLiyLRiV.
4) xtsQsV : "Gs' aRP` sRLiRLRiLi xmss slLi[ZNP[zqs c BRLiR :
yRLRisVV : "Gs'RVsV (@sRV) aRP sVV ss N]R Vj [R sRVV,
xmsssVVsNRPV ssVVgS sVlLij @NRPR [R s @LiR sVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : "xmss xmsn Vs' Gs, GsaRP xmsWgRisVV [R A xmssxmsn VsLiRxms s[lLi[
[V sxqsVs o [R V. "xms' @sgS ZNP[s , "' @sgS xqs*LRiWxmsLi xmsNRPlLi< [ "' @sgS
xmspLji sLi (s s). @Li xmspLji sLi RFy sVLjiVVNRP [R s @LiR Li. Bj
xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q. gSs ssLRiRXzts Q][ RWsxmsVRV @NRPR gRi`, xqs*xmssVV
sVVR gSRVVsRs @szmsLiRVsV, @LiRVss sR[ xmsxmsLiRsVVRVVy RVRV
59

[R s }msLRiV. gSs sLigS xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ RWzqs, @sV sRXzts Q][ syLji}qs,
xqsVxtsvzms xqssVNSLi[ ZNP[s xms (s, FsLRiVNRP) RFy sVLjiVVNRP [R s RVRV
sV. sVLji VVNRP @sgS gRi` xqs*xmssVV [s o @s aRPV }ms @s xmsn Vds sLiRRsVV
GsV? @gRi sLiRV gRi`RXzts Q. FsLiRVNRPsgS xqsVxtsvzmsR VsV, sR RLRiVyR
sV s[VVN]LiVysVV NRPy! xqs*xmsLi RWxqsVysVV NRPy! @s[j gRi` RXzts Q,
gSs yxqss LigS gRi` xqs*xmssVV lLiLiRsj [s G sVsxqsLiRy [sj xqsVxtsvzms.
"RVR \ Q*R Bs s, RR BRLRiLi BRLRiLi xmsaRP' @s aRPV XxyLRiNRPLi[
zmssj. gSs FsNRPR \Q*RsVV[][ @R RVVsj xmsLRisWLiR s[V. xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV
\Q*RLi[R V NRPsVNRP "xmss xmsn Vs Gs' @s aRPV zmssj. @LiRVss xqsVxtsvzms
xqssVNSLi[, lLiLiRsj [sj @s xqsxts QLigS zmsy Bxms ysNSLRiVV,
xmsxmsLiRsVV sWRsVV @lgi[ RVVsj @sVsj xqsLjiNSRV. @LiRVss xqsVxtsvzms
@sV sRXzts Q][ RWsxmsVRV @NRPR ZNP[s GLRiVNRP[V (s[V) sosj. @lgi[
aRPV NRPWy "RV\ Rs xmsaRP xmsaRPs \ s Rs xmsaRP s z Rxts vLiR QX}tsQLij *xmsLji[F
sR[7sybPy*`** s RV Rj *dRVsVzqs R][7sj*NRPL i RVRZaP[`' (X.D.
4c3c23, @syLjiNRP) RWRV[R s[j [Vj gRi][ @j, RWRVRVsy[ RWRV
[R V, GRVsgS, RWRVys RWxmso @sybP c gRisVNRP ysNTP syaRPssVV [R V.
(BNRPR A lLiLiRsj @sgS gRiR xqs*xms xmsxmsLiRsVVV NSsos RWRV RWR[j ,
RW[yRsV sZaP[xtsQ ssVV, @lgi[ sxtsQR WV y ssVV @sVsj xmsn Vds sLiRV
ss xqs*xms gRiR LRiWxmssVV][ xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV ][R V [R sV gRiR
RXzts Qs sVxqsLjiLi, xqsVxtsvzms[ xmss aRPWssVs (@NRPR GdsV RVRV [R V)
VxmsoRVyLRiV. ksssVxqsLjiLi sVWsRNSLRiVV, @xqs=V @NRPR GLRiVNRP[V [R V,
s[V[R s ALS*ds s[yLiRV s[ xmsoyLRiV. sVLjiRVV xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV
sVWsR sosRs FyLiR V. gSs XxyLRiNRP DxmssxtsQ` [ \|mss zmssV,
@NRPR RWRVys RWxmsoNRPV syaRPssVV [R s xqsxts Qs VVgS xtsQNSLRiVV
VxmsoRVyLRiV. @lgi[ "@Rxq sR W7sxmsLjiVxmsR W RXuy* xqs*RVLi[xqs=Q*
sRW xmsaRPs[s s xqsVxtsv}ms**'(X.D. 4c3c23) "xmsoLRiVxtsvRV xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV
ssxts Qs VVNSs xqs*RVLixmsNSaRP xqs*LRiWxmssVgRiV RWxmso][ RWRVRVs[ soLiRVsV' NSsoss[
60

@R "sWNRPV GdsV RVR[R V, LiVVgS sjLis' @sV yss xmsoLRiVxtsvRV

gRiVLjiL iRVRVyRV. @lgi[ XxyLRiNRP xtsQsVLiRV "Ry7RVsVryy7sxms
LjiVxmsxqs* sRW RXuy sRRW R}tsQR VR[**' @[ sR sVVgS C AR
NRPWy syaRPssVVs[LiR gRis xqs*LRiWxms\sVs sRsVgRiV RXzts Q[ Rxts QR Vs
xmsRVRVsj.

"Fyxqs AsLiRsVRVR*sV'
5) xtsQsV : sVsxqs: sxtsQR V sxtsQLiVW ANSLRi xqsLiRs ARWxqs RV: @y`
AsLiRsVRV: AsLiRFyRV: s AsLiR: Gs* @yRLiNRPy*`*
yRLRisVV : sVsxqsV=sNRPV sxtsQR Vc sxtsQLiVWc ANSLRisVV][ NRPWTs xqsLijRV
@ ARWxqs RV:sVV C xqsVxtsvzmsNPT [NPR Fso[ BRRV "AsLiRsVRVVRV',
AsLiRFyRVVRV. xqsVxtsvzms[ AsLiRsVV @RLiNRPsVV NSRV. NSsos ZNP[s sVV
"AsLiRsVV' NSRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : C xtsQsVV syLjiLi[ sVVLiRV RV:: sVLjiRVV AsLiRsVRV gRiVLjiLi
VxqsVN]sszqss @sxqsLRisVV Dsj. RV: xqs*LRiWxmssVV sVsLiRLjiNTP VxqsVsV.
xtsQsVV[ ZNP[s R:: xmsrys Li [zqs xqsVsVV gRiVLjiLi xmsrys s [R V[R V. FsLiRV
NRPsgS xmsxmsLiRsVV[ F~Li[ [VxqsV\sVs, sVLjiVVNRP xqssVRVsVVsLiRV RV:sVVgS
sWLRiVsV. ZNP[s sVV sVs AR xqs*LRiWxmss[V GxmsVRW xqsVxqs*LRiWxmssVV. NSsos
xtsQNSLRiVV "xqsV' @sV xmsRsVVVVNRP xmsrys s [R V[R V. BNRP lLiLiRsj
AsLiRsVRV c sVRV: @sV xmsRLi sVLiVV @sV xmsRsVVsVLi ssj. C sVLiVV
@s[j sVWRVsR sVVVgS xmsTsj. 1) "xqs*LRiWFyLiR sVLiVV' @sgS FyRVNRPV
sLiTsVRVLi @ssxmsVRV, FyRVNRP LiRs sLiT yzmsLi, ys xqs*LRiWxmsLi sLiT
@s @LiR sVV. 2) "sNSLSlLi [ sVLiVV' @sgS \RLkiRVLi[ zmssV @ssVRV
sNSLRis[V FysVRVsVV, FysVRV sNSLRis[V sV[s VRVsVs, sV[s VRV sNSLRis[V
sssVRVsVs, @lgi[ sssVRV sNSLRis[V AsLiRsVRVsVs, BgRi xmsxmsLiR
sVLiy @ssVRVLi (xmsXjs), A @ssVRVsVVsLiy yRVVsoRVsV FysVV
yzmsLiRVVsj. A yRVVssV FysVVsV sVsxqsV= (sV[s VRVLi)
yzmsLiRVVsRs, A sVsxqsV=s yzmsLiRVVsj sssVLiVV (Vj ) @s, A
61

Vj s NRPWy yzmsLiRVVsj AsLiRsVRVsVV, @LiRVss @[ "AsLi][x

js y`' @s AsLiRsVVsNRPV AyLRisVVsV syLji}qs x RVRVsV.
BgRi zmsRVLi sWRLi, xmssWRsVsV sNSLSs ]gji}qs xs[V RVRVsV.
3) "FyRVLSlLi [ sVLiVV:' RVLi LS sVRVLi, @sxmsoRV RVsVLiy LSs
NSRV, LS FsNRPVsgS soyRVs @LiR sVV. "AsLiRsVRV:' @sV xmsys. C
xtsQLi[ xmspLjig S AsLiRsVRVVRs xms[R V. FsNRPVsgS AsLiRsVRVVRs
zmssj.. sxtsQR V, sxtsQLiVW ANSLRisVV][ NRPWRVN]s sVsxqsLiRs gRi`, qx s*xms
sVLiRV NRPgjis ARWxqssVV, RV:sVV xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV [R V NRPsVNRP "AsLiRsVRV'
AsLiRFyRV: @s ssLjiLi, "s AsLiR: Gs, @yRLiNRPy*`' @s xtsQNSLRiVV
gRi` RXzts Q][ zmsyLRiV. sNSLS [ sVLiVV ss BR AsLiRsVRVVRs,
AsLiRFyRVVRs, AsLiRsVV sVNTPgSgRiyRs zms @j ryOSQ` AsLiR
xqs*LRiWxmsoRV NSRs zmsyLRiV. VNRPVs AsLiRLi][ NRPWRVN]syRV, @Li[gSs
ZNP[s AsLiRxqs*LRiWxmsoRV NSRV. FsLiRVss @sgS gRi` RXzts Q][ xqsVxtsvzms
AsLiRsVV ARLiNRPsVV NSRV. NTPNRP RXzts Q][, @sR[R Ljigji s[VVN]s gRi`sV,
gRi`[ xmsxmsLiRsVVsV @sV sxqsVysVs[ ssVV sVs[R VVsj NRPsVNRP, \sjNRP
ssLjiNRP RXzts Q][ gRi` RXzts Q][, xqsVxtsvzms INRP @sryR VRs, @RRV FyRs
syLjixqsVysVV NRPsVNRP, A RXzts Q][ FyRVLSlLi [ sVLiVV, AsLiRsVRV: @s }msLRiV.
BgRi gRi` RXzts Q][, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV "AsLiRFyRVVRV' @s VxmsoNRPV
NSLRisVVsV aRPV "xqs xqsLixmsR s sRV: xqs xqssVysVx B' (y.D. 6c9c2)
C xqssVxqs xmsV "xqsRV'sV F~LijRVV, xqsRVs V F~LijsVs RVNRP soLiRVLRiV.
@lgi[ "R Bx y|mnsW y zqsLix[ y sXN][ y sLSx[ y NUP[ y xmsRLig][ y
RLia][ y sVaRPN][ y RVRR ss Ry ss*' (y.D. 6c9c3) yLRiV C
[NPR sVsLiRV yxmsn VsVV, zqsLixsVV, ][[V, xmsLij, NUPNRPsVV, xmsRLigRisVV, RLiaRPsVV,
][s V, [V[j \V RVVLiRV[, sVLRi @j[V RVgRiVRVLiRVLRis aRPV zmssj. @sgS
s[s V xmsos, s[s V zqsLixsVVsVRVsV @ss[aPR sVV][ F~LijRVVLiRVL][, A
gRiysV ssVV ss yLRiV "xqsRV'sV xmss[bPLisxmsNUPNRPWy @[ ssVV][ sVLRi
s[VsVRVsLRiV; @sgS "xqsRV' sVLiT sVLRi Ljigjis s[s V xmsn ys, s[s V
62

zqsLixsVVsV @sV ssVV][ soLiRVLRiV.

Fyxqs AsLiRVNRPR*sV
6) xtsQsV : RVy [ZNP[ sLSRWxqs:zqs R: xqsVd AsLiRVN`P DR[, @RLiR
@yRWxqsLRiWFy z BRVLi zqs : @s[s @sVWRV[ B AsLiRVN`P* "Gu7xqs
xmsLRisV AsLiR:'(X 4c3c32) B aRPV[:*
yRLRisVV : Fs\lgi[ [NPR Li[ [V ARWxqsLi [NPR VLiy xqsVsVVgS sLiRV
RVyyTs "AsLiR VN`P' @s }msRL][, @lgi[ sVsxqsLiRs [NPR VLiy, [V
RV:sVV [NPR VLiy @yRWxqs LRiWxms\sVs C xqsVxtsvzms RVsV zqs s G FyRV
@sV sxqsVy][ @RRV "AsLiR VN`P' (X.D. 4c3c32)[ "BRsNTP Bj [V xmsLRisW
sLiRsVV' @s zmssj.
7) xtsQsV : xqs*Fyj xms[ R [R : xmsy*Lki WRy*` [][s VV:*
[ R ORPQLi y [R : y*LRiLi sVVLi @xqs xqs*Fyj AgRisVsLi xmsd [][s VV:*
yRLRisVV : xqs*xms, gRi`sLiRV [V[R xqsV=, ([Vs) Ds][ ysNTP y*LRisVV
(FyRgRiV[R ), xqsVxtsvzmss "[][s VV:' @s @ss. [NPR xqsVxtsvzms RVsVsj
[NPR F[, gRi`, xqs*xmssVV NRPVgRiVssV @LiR sVV [R VNRPy! (sRRVsVsj [NPR F[
s[VVN]sV GsV?) C RXzts Q[R (gRi` xqs*xmssVs[ lLiLiTLiNTP) y*LRiLi
xqsVxtsvxmso[!
8) xtsQsV : WR sxtsQ` RXR*Li xqsLRi*sxtsQR V RXR*Li @xqs Gs B
Fy* xqsVxtsv F7zms z WR xmspLRi* gRiy Fy: DR[*
yRLRisVV : WR, sxtsQ`, sLRi s Ws xqsLRi*sxtsQR VsVV s BRsNTP soLiRV
[R FyRV. (xqssVxqss VV RVVyRV FyRV) xqsVxtsvxmsoR V WR xmspLRi*gRi[
(gRiR xqs*FyLisLiRLRisVV F~Lijs zqs ss) FyRszmsLiRVN]sVRVyRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV xmspLRi*Li sj |mss gRi` xqs*xmssVVV, @lgi[
RLRiVyR NRPgjis gRi` xqs*xmssVVV, C xqsLRi*sxtsQR VsVV RXR*sVV BRsNTP
RVVLiRV [R @RRV FyRs @yLRiV. gRiysWs saRPV*RV, xqs*FysWs
\xqsVRV, @lgi[ xqsVxtsvFy sWs FyRV. @Li FyRV gRi`, xqs*xmssVV
lLiLiTLiNTP y*LRi\sVRVVsj. @LiRVss xqsLRi*sxtsQR WV VxqsVN]s[ yRV FyRV.
63

sxtsQR WV ][sxmsVRV saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV, sxtsQR WV ][R sxmsVRV ZNP[s

FyRV, s xqs*LRiWxmso\ soLiRV. DFyj ][ NRPWRVN]s ][sxmsVRV, A s
saRPV*RV, \xqsVRs @szmsLiRVN]sVRVyRV. gSs xqsVxtsvzms[ DFyj LRizRVRV
NRPsVNRP, ZNP[s s xqs*LRiWxmso\, FyTgS RVVsRV. C FyRs[ xqsVxtsvFyR
gRi` xqs*xmssVVV yRVLiRV NRPgjis zqs VxqsVN]s[ RXR*sVV][ NRPWRVN]s,
\RsRXzts Q][R VVyRs @LiR sVV. gRi` xqs*xmsLi ][sxmsVRV ARVs xqs*LRiWxmssVV
RXR*s[V, @gRi ][R sxmsVRV @RRV ZNP[s "' xqs*LRiWxmsoRV. "xmssW' @s[
ssVVsLiRV "RX`' xmsRRVsVV [Lij sxmsVRV xmssWR @s @szmsLiRVN]sVsV.
@sgS "' RVLiRV "RX`' xmsRRVLi [Lij sxmsVRV @j "R' @gRiVsV. @lgi[ "RX`'
xmsRRVLi sxtsQR VLi][ NRPWRVN]sxmsVRV, @RRV "RXR*Li' @s @szmsLiRVN]LiRV
@LiRVss ZNP[s "' @sxmsVRV @j NTPRV NSRV. @j ZNP[s s xqs*LRiWxmsoRV.
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV ZNP[s "' @sgS FyRV. xmspLjig S sLi][ soyRs @LiR sVV. gSs
BNRPR xtsQLi[ gRi` RXzts Q][ WR, sxtsQ`][ NRPWRVN]s, LSNRPFNRP][ NRPWRV
N]s gRi` xqs*xmssVsV NSLRisVVsNRPV, xqsVxtsvzms NSLRisVs gRi` \sjNRP ssLRi
RXzts Q [R xmsTsj. BNRP LS[s o xtsQsVLiRV xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ "FyRsV'
xtsQNSLRiVV ssLjiLiyLRiV.
9) xtsQsV : @Ry xmszms sWRLi @xqs Gs @ryyLRiLi LRiWxmssV Fy:*
BRLRiW: sbPxts Qs Vzms sssV@zqs* r7RVLi Fy: RXdRV:FyR:*
yRLRisVV : [y! xmszmss WRLi (ZNP[s sxqs*LRiWxmss[V) BRsNTP @ryyLRi
LRiWxmssVVgS RVVLiRV[R BRss FyRs @sssV. BRLRi (gRi` xqs*xms)sVV
LiRVs sysLiRsVV NRPy sbPxts Q\sVs sssVR NRPRV. (A sR sVVgS) C
FyRV sVWRs FyRsVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : FyRNRPV ssLjiLis @LiR sVVsV xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ VxmsTsj.
xqsVxtsvzms "xmsxms sWRLi' @s, @ryyLRi LRiWxmssVV gRiyRs, lLiLiRV sZaP[xtsQs VVV
zmsyLRiV. xmsxms sWRLi @sgS ZNP[s Li ss[V, ZNP[s s[V. @ryyLRi
LRiWxmssVsgS, BLi xqs*LRiWxmssVV sVLjiVVNRPysNTP [R s @LiR Li. R VV zms
sVgS, Bj Vj VVNRP ssLi NSRV. Fys yNRPLRi xqsWRLi[ "FyRV'RVsV
64

ysNTP "xmsNRPL<iR @xqssVLiy` yd Fy:' @s xmsTsj. RNRPgS xmspLjig S

"@xqssVLiy`' @sgS xqssVxqss VV (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms) VxqsVN]s[yRV FyRV
kss[ $ aRPLiNRPLRiVV Fy aRPsVVsV ssLjiLiyLRiV. NSds sVWsyNSLRiVV gRi`
RXzts Qs @sLiLi, "Fy[V @ Fy:' @s xmspLjig S @ssVV][, @sR][
RVVyRs @LiR sVVsV NRPLiRVN]s, s[yLiRsVVsV RxmsV][s s |msyLRiV. Fds
yLRiV xqsWLisV @sVN]sssW LS[[V ALRis sVLiRsVV[ "GxtsQxqslLi[*aRPLRi:, GxtsQ
xqsLRi*, GuLiRLSsV' RVs FsLiRVNRPV @RRV xqsLRi*RV, xqslLi[*aRP*LRiVRVs zmsyLRiV?
@LiRVss aRPLiNRPLRiVV xmsxms sWRsVs ssLjiLi, ZNP[s s xqs*LRiWxmss[V C Fy
Rs zmsyLRiV. gRi` xqs*xmssVV[ NRPWRVN]s saRPV*RV, \xqsV sssVVNRPy
C FyTNTP sbPxts Q\sVs sssVV sVVLiRV ssLjiLiRTsj. FyT RVLiRV gRi`
xqs*xmssVVV ][R NRPFso, ZNP[s xmss xqs*LRiWxms\sVRVVLiRV sZaP[xtsQs VV. gRi`
INRPs FyRsVV, xqs*xmssVV lLiLiRs FyRsVsV sVs NTPNRPRXzts Q [R kss RXdRV
FyRsVs AL][zmsLisj. C NTPNRP RXzts Q ss[ xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV @sR RVVsRs,
xqsVxtsvzms[s[ gRi` @Liy dssRVLijRVs sV A xqsVxtsvzmss VLi[,
s[VVN]LisVs @sVN]sVRVysVV. gSs xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][, xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVVsV
syLji}qs, A xqssVNSLi[ gRiR, xqs*xmssVV sFLiVVsV xmss[bPLisV, sV
RVNTP sxqsVs V @sV ssVV[ [R V. NRPdsxqsLi @sxqs VyRVs NRPWy ][R RV.
][zmsNRP NRPWy [s xmsLRisWLiR xqs*LRiWxms\sVs xqsVxtsvzms, @j ZNP[s Li s xqs*LRiWxms\sV,
xmszms xqs*LRiWxms\sVRVVsj. @syRXzts Q][, ssLjiNRPRXzts Q][, C xmsxmsLiRsVV[
s[s V s[VVN]sVRVysV, sjLiRVRVysV, s[s V xqs*xmsLi gSLiRVRVysV, sR
sVLi sV s[VVN]Liss @sVN]sVRVysVV. @LiRVss yj sNSLRisVV][
NRPWRVN]s gRi`, xqs*xmssVVV lLiLiRW @sV sRXzts Q][ xqssWss[V. C gRi` xqs*xms
sVVV ][[ xqssVNSsVV[ sTsTgS ][ssW, xqsVxtsvzmsR VsV @sV sxqssV
NSsVV[ A lLiLiRW (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi) ]gji ZNP[s xmszms xqs*LRiWxmsLi][R VVLiRVsV.
@LiRVss FssRV gRi` xqs*xmsLi NRPVgRiVNRPV NSLRi WR\sVs xqsVxtsvzmss FyRs
gRiVLjir y][ @RRV FyT gRiVLjiLi C 6s sVLiRsVV[ sLij Lis sR sVVgS
VxqsVN]sVsV.
65

FyyNRPXRW\lLiNRPsV
(DxmssxtsQ` )

xtsQxts Q sVLiR:
sVLiRsV : GxtsQ xqslLi[*aRP*LRi GxtsQ xqsLRi* Gu7iLiR LSs[VxtsQWs: xqsLRi*xqs
xmsyxmsRz WyysV ** 6**

Fyxqs xqs*LRiWxmsxqsR *sV

yRLRisVV : BR[ xqslLi[*aRP*LRiVRV, BR[ xqsLRi*RV, BR[ @LiRLSsV, BR[ xqsLRi*
NSLRiVRV, xqsLRi* WRsVVNRPV DRmx sRVsVVV BR[.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : gRi`sLiRs RWxqsVs ryOTPQ \RssVLiRV GsxtsQR VsVV sxqsVs o
[NPR FLiVVsxmsNUP, gRi` ][sxmsVRV saRPV*RVgS, xqs*xmssVV ][sxmsVRV
\xqsVTgS, @lgi[ A lLiLiRW ][R s xqssVNSLi[ FyRs @szmsLiRVN]sVRVyRV.
A Fy[ gRi`, xqs*xmssVV lLiLiTLiNTP NSLRi WRV\ RVVyRV @sVsj C
a]N[ PR sVV VVNRPryLRiLi. BxmssLRiNRPV zmss xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV Aj \sNRPsVV @yNRPXR
AR @[ys xqsxts QxmsLRiVRVNRPV ALRiLiLiRVRVysVV. BR[ C Fy[ xqs*LRiWFy
sxqs RVLiRV xqslLi[*aRP*LRiVRV. @lgi[ saRP*Q\xqsVV NRPWy xqs*LRiWFysxqs RVLi[ soLiRV
ss yRVLiRV xqs*LRiWxmszqs RV NRPVgRiV xqsLi ssVVNSRV. @LiVVssW xqs*xms,
gRiR lLiLiTLiRVLiRV xqs W, xqsWORPQ DFyj xqsLixmsLRisVVss, A lLiLi xqs*LRiWxms
sVLiRV RV NRPgjisV sLi xmsLRiLRiWxmssVVsV @FyjLiRV @}msORPQ][ "xqs*LRiWFysxqs '
@s xmsTsj. @lgi[ GNUP WRLi, xmsn VsxmsR*sVV NRPWy xmsTsj. "xqs*xms' aRP
@LiR sVV sLS*RssVV VxqsVN]sVNRPV aRPV "Rry[s Li xqs*zmsdyRORPQ[ xqs*Li
x{ms][ s' (y.D. 6c8c1) @sgS "GssgS @RRV A xqssVRVsVV
(xqsVxtsvzms)RVLiRV, ysV @s[ @zmsR c Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVs[ F~LiRVRVyRV.' @LiRVZNP[
"xqs*Li @{ms][ sd sRy`* s xsR xqsVxtsvFyR =Q*sV{msLi s}qsRs
xsR:' @sgS xs[R V xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV RFy sVLji[V BRLRi R aRPRVLiRV
sosNTP xqs*LRiWxms Fyzms @LigkiNRPLjiLiRLRiV.

"Fyxqs xqslLi[*aRPLRi Dxmsxms:'

66

1) xtsQsV : GxtsQ z xqs*LRiWFysxqs :, xqslLi[*aRP*LRi:,* ryj \ sNRPxqs [ R Rxqs xqsLRi*xqs

CbPy: \ sRry` RLiRLRi WR: @s[uysVs* "FyLiR sLi z rsV
sVs:' (y.D. 6c8c2) B aRPV[:*
yRLRisVV : BR[ (Fy[) xqs*LRiWFysxqs RVLiRVs xqslLi[*aRP*LRiVRV. Aj \sNRP,
Aj NRP xqssVxqs [ R R xqsLS*sNTP BR[ CaRP*LRiVRV FyLi[yRV RLiRLRiVRV
NSRV, (soT NRPy sQQ\sVs NTP LijsyRV NSRV). ksNTP aRPV yNRPsVV "J
rsVVy! C FysVV sVsxqsV=sV NRPWy LijRgRiRV.' (y.D. 6c8c2)
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xqslLi[*aRP*LRi: @sgS xqsLS*s FyLi[yRV. aSxqssLi [R VVyRV @Rs[
sV[s oRV, xmsLRisWR @s aRPV zmssj gSs Bxms ysNSLRiVV zmssV
@RRV "Fy[V @:' @sV xmspLji, @sLi][ NRPWRVN]syRV NSRV FyRV. aRPV
@RRV xqslLi[*aRP*LRiVRs zmssj. @lgi[ xqsWR xtsQLi[ "Fy: xmsLRis[VaRP*LRi: xqsLRi*R*
ORPQRV, xmsRV sRLi @sWgS`' FyRV xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRV, xqsLRi*RV, @Li
xqsLRi* ORPQLi][ NRPWRVN]s FyRV sRLi Fyy*s sRNRP @j @Rs
xqs*LRiWxmssVs xmsTsj. @LiRVss FyRV @sgS RVLkiRVV[. kss sLSLRi
[R VV N]LRiZNP[ sWLiRVNRPLi. C FyRV xqs*LRiWxmsLi "Fy:' NSsos @RsV \Rs
xqs*LRiWxmso\RVVyRV. Aj\sNRPLi][ NRPWRVN]s xqssVrys, xqsLS*s FyLi[
CaRP*LRiVRV BR[. @sgS Aj\sNRPLi, AjNRPLi, AyNRPLi][ NRPWRVN]s xqssVxqs
xmsxmsLiRsVVsV FyLi[yRV C xqslLi[*aRP*LRiVRV, A Fy[. @s zqsyLiRsVV s[,
C CaRP*LRiVRV RLiRLRiVRV NSRV. yLjiNRPVV soRV xmsLRiRLiRVRV, CaRP*LRiVRV
xqs*RLiRVRV @LiLRiV. sRWRVNRPVV, yLjiNRPVV, zmss sR sVVgS CaRP*LRiVRV,
soTNRPy ssVVNSRV. sVWsyNSLRiV @FyRVLi[ FyRV syRNRP
sVs, FyRV soRVVVNRP xqsVxtsvzms @s, @lgi[ xqssVzts Q DFyj ][ NRPWRVN]s
CaRP*LRiVRV @yNRPXRVRs, FyVRs, xqslLi[*aRP*LRiVRs ssLjiLiyLRiV gSs yxqss sVVgS
FyRV syRNRPLi NSRV. yLi][giR DxmssxtsQR V[ " J rsVVy C FyVRV,
sVsxqsV=sV NRPWy Lij xqsVLij' (y.D..6c8c2) Fy[ FyVRV, xs[V FyVRV.
@Li[gSs NRP\sVs DyQ*xqs, saS*xqs][ NRPWTRVVs FyVRV NSRV.
DyxLRiNRPV "@sLi sLiy` R` sRLi' @ssVVsV sLijRNRPWRRV, @[ sRLi
67

FsLiRVNRPsgS xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ @ssVV xsVV. @ssVV @sgS [sNTP @[

@ssVV. NRPVNRPNRPV zms @ssVV, zmsNTP FsVNRP @ssVV, @lgi[ xqsXzts Q @Liy INRPys
N][NPR @ssVV gSs xqsNRPsVV NSsNTP @ssVV. NSLi xmsLRisWRNTP @ssVV. syLji}qs
xmsLRisWRRVLiRV NSLi [s[[R V. xqsVxtsvzms[ NSsVVsy? [R V. gRi` xqs*xmssVV
[ [aPR Li, NSLi ][R VsV. gSs C @sxqs [ ][[ xqsNRPsVV NSsNTP NRPVT
RVVyLiVV. xqsNRPsVV NSsVLiRV ds\sVFRVyLiVV, gRisVNRP xqsNRPsVV NSsNTP
@ssVV. A NSsVV FyTNTP @ssVV @sgS FysVV. @Li FysVs[
xsVVsNRPV sVsxqsV=NRPWy Lij LixmsTRVVsj. FyT RVLiRV xqslLi[*aRP*LRiR*
|RVsosV (NSLRisVVsV) VxqsVN]sszqs sosj. xqs*LRiW xmsRXzts Q][ Rs AR
sLjiNRP s VVgS Gk xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV ][R NRP FLiVVssW, xqs*LRiWxmssVVsV RVNRPFso
ss DFyj gRiR\sVs @syNSLRisVVsV aSzqsLiRVyRs ARRVLiRV
"xqslLi[*aRP*LRiR*sVV' AL][zmsLiRTsj. @lgi[ "xqsLRi*R*sVV' DFyj ry}msORPQs VVgS
(AyLRisVVgS) AL][zmsLiRTsj. kss[ yLjiN PR RVLiRV "xmsRgRiy*sL i yxqsLi
xqs*NSLRi sRVsWRNRPsV* R` DFyj sRVs[xt sQ xmsLRi: FNS][ s RV xqs*R: xqsLRi*:
xqsLRi*aRPNTPa PR xqsLS*y xqsLRi*g][R s: gRiyzqs R*Li xqs}RV GxtsQxqs [aPR *LRi:
(X.yLjiN PR 3c7c43/44) B' yxqssVV (\RssVV), xqs*NSLRisVVsV
sRVsVLiRVRVsj. Bj DFyj gRiR sLiR RVsVV N]LRiNRPV xmsTsj, gSs xqs*sR:
NSRV. xqsLRi*R*Li, xqsLRi*aRPNTP, xqsLS*RRVs kss[ zmssj. gRi` yj zqs
NSLRisVVgS "xqslLi[*aRP*LRiVRV'RVs @szmsLiRVN]sVRVyRV' aRPVRVV, xqsQXRVV
xmsV][ ssLjiNRPRXzts Q][ xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRV, soTNRPy @ssVVgS RV[
xmsLRisWRRVs zmssj. @Li aRPV, xqsQX yNRPsVVV "RdsVaRP*LSLi xmsLRisVLi
sV}aRP*LRisV' (X.D. 6c7c ) A CaRP*LRiVRV ZaP[xts v\s sV}aRP*LRiVRV, "RV: xqsLRi*:
xqsLRi*s`' (sVV.D. 1c1c9, 2c2c7) GsRV xqsLRi*][ xqsLRi*sRV][, "NRPLSLiR dsVaRPLi
xmsoLRiVxtsQLi xWssV (sVV.D. 3c1c3) GsRV NRPLRiQ \Vs CaRP*LRiVTds xWs
\Vs CaRP*LRiVTs NRPsVg]ss[, "[yyLi xmssa][Rs aRP' (ZaP*.D. 3c4) G [s oRV
sNSLRi WRVRgRiV[ @lgi[ xqsQXRVVRVLiRV "CaRP*LRi: xqsLRi*WyyLi
xX Z[ aP[LiR Vs xts Q sVRVs=LRi*Wys RVLiRLRiWR s sVRVRW' (.gki. 18c61)
68

C aRP*LRiVRV xqsLRiV*sV aSzqsLiRVs, xqsLRi*FyVsV RVLiRsVV\|msNTP VNTPLi N]RV

[s VsV s[, sVLixms[R VVRVyRV, "s[yxLi xqssVdys sLRi s WysyLiR Vs
suy R Wys sWLi RV s[R s NRPaRPs' (.gki 7c26) xmspLRi*sVV gRiLiFLiVV
sRVV, BxmsoRVsQ RVV, sVVLiRV LS[s osRVV xqsLRi*FyV sxtsQR VsVVsV
s[s[LiR VgRiVRVsV, @lgi[ "@xLi NRPXR=Qxqs gRiR: xmss: xmsRVxqsy' (.gki. 7c6)
xqssVxqs gRiRVVVNRP DR, xmsRVsVVV s[\sRVVssV. C lLiLiRW xqsLRi*RsV,
CaRP*LRiVRsV s[s[, xqssVxqs gRi` NSLRiRgRiVRVysV. BgRi \sjNRP ssLRiRXzts Q][
aRPVRVV, xqsQXRVV VxmsoRVyLiVV. aRPVR NTPNRP ssLjiNRPsVV sVLiT soTRXzts Qs
sVLRiVN]LRiNRPV, sR aRPVR , VR , sVVNRP xqsLRi*, xqslLi[*aRP*LRiVTRVLiRV CaRP*LRiR*sVV,
xqsLRi*R*sVV AL][zmsLi, sR*Li NRPgjisyLjiNTP CaRP*LRiR*sVVsV AL][zmsLisj.
RLS*R, lLiLiRs rFyssVVsLiRV soRV CaRP*LRiVRV xmsLRisWRNRPy ssVVNSRs
sLRiWzmsLiRTsj. \|mss zmss @yL][xmssVVsV @xmsyRsVV [R VVNRPV,
aSxqsQRXxts Q, xmsLRisWLiR RXuy syLjiLi xqslLi[*aRP*LRiR*sVV, xqsLRi*R*sVV, sR, aRPVR ,
sVVNRP xqs*ssVV xmsLRisWRNRPy @sLigS [V N]j gS NRPWy [R ssVV [R s
sLRiWzmsLiRRVRVsj. GLiRVNRPsgS sR, aRPVR , VR , sVVNRP xqs*ssVV xmsLRisWRNRPV
xqs*LRiWxmss[V, @lgi[ xqslLi[*aRP*LRi, xqsLRi*sVV NRPWy xmsLRisWR xqs*LRiWxmss[V. @Li[gSs @s
ysVLRiWxmssVV][ NRPWTs DFyj gRiR\sVss NSso. kss aRPV "y[7][7zqs Ruy
y[7][7zqs a][y y[7][7zqs sVLiy "y[7][7zqs sy** GxtsQ R
Ay70R LSsVsVX7][7][s yLRiL i' (X.D. 3c7c23) "C @LiRLSsVNRPy
s[LiR VgS RWRVyRVsVLjiVVNRPRV [R V, C @LiRLSsVNRPLi[ s[LiR VgS ssVyRV sVLji
VVNRPRV [R V, C @LiRLSsVNRPLi[ s[LiR VgS sVsssVV[}qsyRV sVLjiVVNRPRV [R V,
C @LiRLSsVNRPLi[ s[LiR VgS RVVyRV sVLjiVVNRPRV [R V. C @LiRLSsV ds @R
@sVXRVRV. C @LiRLSsV NRPy sQQ\sVsj sbPLi[j [R V.' @lgi[ "@R
W7sLi [s ysVVFy}qs7[rys[7xsV{qs s xqs Gs[R ' (X.D. 1c4c10
@syLjiNRP) "Gs\lLi[ RsNRPLi[ ssVVgS [s RsV ALSj xqs][, @yRV xqsRsVVsV
zqssyRV NSRV'@lgi[ "RV GsLi s[yxLi {qs xqs BRg`iiLi xqsLRi*Li s'
(X.D. 1c4c10 @syLjiNRP) Gs\[ C sR sVVgS s[s V xQ\sRVVyss
69

VxqsVN]sV[ @yRV C xqsLRi*sVV @gRiVsV. NSsos FyT xqs*LRiWxmssVVsV

VxqsVN]sV N]LRiNRPV xqslLi[*aRP*LSj gRiVsVVV AL][zmsLiRTsj @LiRVss "Fy
LiR sLi z rsV sVs: B' (y.D. 6c8c2) aRPV @LiRLSLiR sVVsV gRizLiy.
GLiRVNRPsgS sVsxqsV= (Vj ) DxmsOTPQR \sVs "soRV' Fy DxmsOTPQR \sVs "CaRP*LRi'sV
AaRPLiVVLisosV ][ssW, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV C lLi[LiRW xqs*LRiWxmssVLi[
AaRPLiVVLisoLiRVss aRPV @LiR Li.

Fyxqs xqsLRi*R*sV
2) xtsQsV : @RVs[Vsz xqsLRi*xqs xqsLRi* [ ysr y c B GxtsQ xqsLRi*:*
yRLRisVV : BR[ NRPy, FyRV (@sgS) xqsLRi* [ R @sxqs V (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi)
VxqsVN]sVyRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : [ R sVV @LiR:NRPLRiLi][ NRPWRVN]s gRi`, xqs*xmssVVRVsV \Q*ysxqs
[ R sVVsV VxqsVN]s. xqsNRP sLSaRPVRVLiRV BRs[ \RsQ\sVRVV yRV. BR[
xqsLRi*RV. xqsLRi*sVVsV VxqsVN]s[ rysWssVV ss sZaP[xtsQsVVgS xqsLRisR*sVV
xmsTsj. aRPV "RV: xqsLRi*: xqsLRi*s` (sVV.D. 1c1c9) @s aRPV @LiRLSLiR sVV.
3) xtsQsV : Gu7iLiRLSdsV @LiRLRisV xmssaRP xqslLi[*uyLi WyyLi sRVLiyzms
GxtsQ Gs* @R Gs RV][NPR L i xqs [ R Li gRi` xmsxqsWRV[ c B GxtsQWs: xqsLRi*xqs*
yRLRisVV : BRRV @LiRLSsV @sgS xqsLRi*FyV [xms xmss[bPLi xqsLRi*Fy
VNRPV sRVLiR\V soyRV. BR[ xmspLRi*sVV zmssV [ R RVVR\sVs gRiRVs V
xmsxqssLiRV RVyRV. NSsos BRRV Ws RVs @sRVsV.

Fyxqs @LiRLSsVR*sV
qx s*LRiWxmssVV : xqsLRi*\s Fy[, @R[ @LiRLSsV FsxmsV\[ sVVNRPVs xqs*xmssVV
][R V[ @xmsVRV xqsLRi*FyV[ xmss[bPLi sRVR\sVRVVyRV. @R[ @s[NPR so
VgS @szmsLiRVNRPVsyRV A Fy[. @sR[R sVVNRPVs xqs*xmssVV][[ xqssVNS
Li[ s[s V, yj, Bj, @j @s @s[NPR sVVgS ][R VsV A @s[NPR sVVgS RVs NRPszmsLis
xqssVNSsVV[s V xmss[bPLi @LiRLSsVgS sosyRV A Fy[. kss[ aRPV "R`
xqsXuy* R[ysV FysaRP`' (\.D. 2c6) "yss xqsXLi, A xqsXLis yss[ @sV
xqsLjiLi xmss[bPLi[s V. "xqs GxtsQ Bx xmssxts Q:' (X.D. 1c4c7) A AR ksRVLiRV
70

xmss[bPLisRs aRPV yNRPsVV.

xqslLi[*aRP*LRiy*j sxtsQR Vs[V ][R xmsLjiL_

DR @sLiRLRisVV xqslLi[*aRP*LRiR*sVV, xqsLRi*R*sVV Byj "Fy' @}msOTPQLi
xmsRVRVsj. gSs DRNPR VgRiVNRPV xmspLRi*sVV, Rs xqs*xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRVs
"FyRV' GgRi xqs*LRiWxmssVV sVLiT RVRVRgRiVRVyRV? C xmsaRPNRPV yV
s ss[VRVs xmsTsj. Bj GgRi NRPVRVLRiVRVLij? "FyRV' GxmsoRW
sLRiVFyj NRPsVVgS sosxmsoRV xqslLi[*aRP*LRiyj ORPQsVV GgRi NRPVRVLRiVRVLij?
FyTRVLiRV FyR*sVVRVsV DFyj ss "FyRV' @sV ysVsVV NRPgjisj.
yNRPXR*sVVgS ][R VsxmsoRV NRPWy @j RVLkiRVs[V. @lgi[ @yNRPXR*sVLiRV NRPWy,
yRNRP CztsQR (@RVxmso[R VV, @soLiRV) ysVLRiWxmssVV ss RRQ *, @sR*
@sLRi* RdsRV @sR NRPR "CbPR*' yRsVV NRPVgRiVRVsj. NSsos yNRPXR,
@yNRPXRsVV lLiLiRW @sy NRPRsVVV. ss[NPR sVV][ [j R\sVsxmsoRV sosj
RVLkiRVs[V. NSsos xqslLi[*aRP*LRi, xqsLRi*y*RVV sj NSRV.

Fyxqs xqsLRi*WsR*sV
BR Ws @sgS NRPLRiLi. xqsNRPsNTP gRi`, xqs*xmssVsV LSNRPFNRPNRPV NSLRiLi
ARVs[. @sgS C syLRi sQQNPT g iR R syLRi][ NRPWRVN]sj NSRV. Bj sVVRL i
xmsxmsLiRsVVsV |msVN]s syLRi LRiVgRiVRVsj. xmsxmsLiRsVV[ syLRi @LiVV[
xmssWRRVsV s[s V xmssWsVVs[ BLijRWV |msVN]s xmss[VRVsVs[ sxtsQR WV
VxqsVN]s sQQNPT g iR R xmsLjis syLRirygRiVsV. gSs BNRPR @gRi NSRV, sVVR s VV
gS @sxqs (gRi`) @LiRs syLRi LRiVgRiVRVsj. FyTRVLiRV "@LiRLRisVV'
@sVsj NRPWy sNRPs[V. kss[ aRPV "sRV R` j*dRVsVzqs' (X.D. 4c3c24)
ysNRPLi[ sTgS sQQ\sVsj A lLiLiRsj Gk [R V. @lgi[ "GNRPs[Vs @j*dRVLi'
sosj JNRP[, lLiLiRsj [sj BgRi aRPV @LiRLSLiR sVV NSsos xsVV Rs
xqs*LRiWxmssVLi[ Gxmso RV soLiRVsV. @lgi[ aRPV "NRPLSLiR Li xqsLRi*xqs gRiR: CaRPLi
xmsoLRiVxtsQLi xW ssV' (sVV.D. 3c1c3) NRPLRiQ \Vs CaRPVTs, xWs\Vs
xmsoLRiVxtsvRs NRPsVg]sV[R Vs aRPV x[V gRi` xmsNRPXgS RVRVRVsj.
4) xtsQsV : RVR: GsLi xmssaRP @xmsRVaRP xmsyxmsR z WyyLi GxtsQ
71

Gs**
yRLRisVV : xqsLRi*sVVsNRPV BRs sVLiT xms ssVV (DR), @xmsRVsVV (RV
sVV), WRsVVNRPV C sR sVVgS NRPVgRiVRVsj NRPy.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @LiRVss xqsNRP FyVNTP xms ssVV (xmsoVNRP), @xmsRVsVV (xmsRV
sVV) BR[. @sgS gRi` ][R VNRPV, gRi` dssVgRiVNRPV, @lgi[ xqs*xmsLi ][R VNRPV,
xqs*xmsLi dssVgRiVNRPV, C lLiLiTLiNTP BRs[ NSLRi\sVRVVyRV.

Fyxqs gRi` yj NSLRiR*sV

qx slLi[*aRP*LSj ssVR NSLRisVV Vxmsoss, @lgi[ [VsR DFyysNSLRisVV
Vxmsoss xqsLS*sNTP xmsoVNRPNRPV, LiVVLiRVNRPV NSLRisVs RVRVRVsj. @[
DR, xmsRV ryssVV. syLji}qs gRi` DyRVV xmsRVsVVgSs, ssVR s VV][
gSs, DFyyssVV][gSs @}msOTPQLi NRPVgRiV[R V. N]LiRsVLij BgRi ysLi
RLRiV.

xmsLRiNUPRV yLi RR WxtsQLi R

JNRPs[ saRP* \xqs Fy RRVsVV y*LS gRisR yQ* xqsWLiRV N]LRiNRPV, Ry*LS
xqslLi[*aRP*LRiy*jNRPsVVV F~LiRVNRPV @s soyRVs, @lgi[ A xqslLi[*aRP*LRi, xqsLRi*,
xqsLRi*LiRLSsV C sVWTLiNTP @sVxqsLiyssVV NRPLRi s sVVgS sLis][, @xmsoRV
gRisR R Q *sVLiRV A aRPLiNRPARLiNRPsV xmsLjiLRisVV xmssRVss N]LiRLRiV FyLiR V. gSs
Bj xqsLjiNSRV. GLiRVNRPsgS xqslLi[*aRP*LSj ysxmsLRiLigS xms[R V. sxqsVxqs*LRiWxmssVVgS
xmsTsj. NSsos JNRPs[ saRP* \xqsVV xqslLi[*aRP*LSj gRiVsVV][ zmsssW,
@s xqs W, xqsWORPQ DFyj VxmsoNRPV "Fys' NSLRisVVgS xmsTsRs
xtsQNSLRiVV sxtsQLisVVgS FyLRiV. gSs sVLjiN]LiRsVLij, C sVLiRsVLiRV "GxtsQ
RRVLRiWxms' (GxtsQ xqslLi[*aRP*LRi, GxtsQ xqsLRi*, GxtsQ @LiRLSsV, GxtsQ Ws) @s yVgRiV
LRiWxmssVVVgS xmsTsj BLi aRP sVVV soLiRV ss RWs Fg]VNRPV,
ssVLji+LiRVNRPV soyRVs gRizLi ys yssVV [R Ws @LiLRiV.
xqsLRi*R LRisVVV xms}tsQR sVV [R VVss, RVLkiRVsVLiRV xqslLi[*aRP*LSj aRP sVV
yxms[aPR sVV N]LRiNRPVyRVs gRizLiy. ys yssVV [R Ws @LiLRiV.
sVLjiN]LiRsVLij C aRP# lLi[*aRP*LSRVV @xqssVV][ NRPVgRiVss FyLiR V. gSs GsLRiV
72

GsVzmsy xqslLi[*aRP*LSRVV gRiVsVV, ysVsVV][ NRPWTs @sRsV @}msOTPQLi[

soLiLiVV. gRiVsVV, ysVsVV][ NRPWT zmssoLi[ "GxtsQ xqslLi[*aRP*LRi, GxtsQ xqsLRi*',
Byj RRQ *sVV VRVVNRPV gSs, @xqssVV N]LRiNRPV gSs zmssoLi[ @NRPR "GxtsQ
Gs xqslLi[*aRP*LRi:. GxtsQ Gs xqsLRi*' BgRi Gs aRP xmsWgRisVV][, @R[ xqslLi[*aRP*LRiVRV,
@R[ xqsLRi*Rs @LiR sVV][ saRP*Q\xqsVsV gRizLiRVNRPV gRisLiRVs RVLiRV sxts Q,
[y xms[ sxts Q RVsVsj NRPVRVLRiVRVLij. sVVLiRV sVVLiRV LS[[V xtsQsVV[
RVLkiRVsVLiRV xqsLRi*R LRisVVV sLRizqsLi @syNRPXRsVs zms xqslLi[*aRP*LSj
aRP sVVV xqsV N]LRiNRPs xms[s oRVyLRiV.

@R FyRRRV NSLjiNS:
saS*j ssry
5) xtsQsV : @R GRzqss RV][ZNP[ @lLi [ G[ a]N[ S ss c
yRLRisVV : BR \|mss zmss @LiR sVV (g_RFyRNRP) NSLjiNRPRVLiRV y
sryLiR sVVgS xmsTsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzmsR VsV sVWRsxqs ssLRi VxqsVN]ysVV
BxmsVRV C A ssLRisV sryLiR sVVgS VxqsVN]sV N]LRiNRPV NSLjiNRPV FyLRiLi
LiRsVyLiVV. xmsLRisWLiR sVV VxqsVN]s[ sVVsVVORPVsoNRPV, @sL][R sVVgS sos
gRi`, xqs*xmssVV, xqsVxtsvzms @sxqs sV ss[NPR sVV][ syLjiLi ys ]gjiLisxmsVRV
WRsxqsVQ\ss xmsLRisWLiR Li RVRVsV. xqsWLRiVs xmsNSaRPsVV][ RV[ s[Vxmsn VsVV
]gRigS, GxmsVRW sos xqsWLRiVRV Fs RVRV[ @[ sR sVVgS gRiyj
@sxqs V ]gRigS sVVLi[ sos xmssWLiR sVV VxqsVN]sV xmsNTPRV C sWLiRWNRP
NSLjiNRPV FyLRiLi # \sVRVVyLiVV.

NSLjiNRP (1c1)
zxtsQQ[ sVLji*a][* xLiR: xmsxqsV \ xqs:*
xmsn Vs xmsxqsy Fy: GNRP Gs yxqsQXR:** 1 **

@j*dRV ARs Gs saS*jLRiW}ms xqssV

yRLRisVV : z:xmsgRiyRV s VRV saRPV*RV, @LiR:xmsgRiyRV \xqsVRV,
73

mx sn Vsxms gRiyRV FyRV. IZNP[ AR[V sVWRV sR sVVVgS xmsRVRVsj.

xqs*LRiWxmssVV : gRi` xs gRiyRV, (x sxtsQR WV VxqsVN]s[yRV)
saRPV*RV. @s[ [xms sgRi xqs*xmssVLiRs VxqsVN]s[yRV \xqsVRV.
gRi`, xqs*xmssVV[s ZNP[s xqsVxtsvzmss VxqsVN]s[yRV FyRV. "GNRP Gs R '
@sgS AR (RVLkiRVVRV) sVWRV sR sVVVgS ][R VRVsj. sVWRV @sxqs NRPV
sORPQ\sVs yRV. RVLkiRVVRV xqsVxtsvzms @sWsLi NRPgji[ FyRs, gRi`
@sWsLi NRPgji[ saRPV*Rs, xqs* FysWsLi NRPgjisxmsVRV \xqsVRs, BgRi sVWRV
sR sVVVgS @szmsLiRVN]sVRVyRV.

ARs: rysRRVsLjiNRP y*j

1) xtsQsV : xmsLS[V rysy*` r7xsV xqsQXy xms xqsLiyyR rys
RRV sLjiNRP R *Li, GNRPR*Li, aRPVR R*Li, @xqsLigRiR*Li R zqsR Li BRFyRV:* sV
sVy=Qj RXuyLiR aRPV[* (X.D 4c3c18)
yRLRisVV : (INRP sLi) sVLjiVVNRP sLRiVxqsgS sVWRV ryssVV ss C
sVWTLiRVLiRV xqsLiRLjiLis s[NRPRs[ RVsT xqsQX xmsoLRixqsLjiLiRVN]s, RV
sR sVVs xmsxqsLiyssVV [zqs rysRRVR*sVVsNRPV sLjiNRP s VVsV, GNRPR*sVVsV,
aRPVR R*sVVsV, @xqsLigRiR*sVVsV ARNRPV zqsj LiRVRVsRs NSLjiNSFyRVsVV. (X.D.
(4c3c18) RVLiRV Bs sVsVR=QsVsV DyxLRi sWjLjigS.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : INRP @sxqs RLRiVyR sVLjiVVNRP (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms NRPsVsVVgS),
C sVWRV @sxqs V ][[yRV BR[ "rxLi B' gRi` @LiRs VxqsVN]s[
@R[ s[s V, xqs*xmssVLiRs VxqsVN]s[ @R[ s[s V, @lgi[ C lLiLiRW [s
xqsVxtsvzmss VxqsVN]s[ @R[ s[s V. xqs*xmsLi[ Ljilgi[ sxtsQR WV, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV
LiVVgS sRFRWysV gRiR[ VxqsVN]s[ xqsQXRVV ss xqs*xmssVV,
xqsVxtsvzmss VxqsVN]sVRVyssVsj xtsQNSLRiVV ssLjiNRP, NTPNRP gRiR
@sV s RXzts Q][, xtsQNSLRiVV [NSsV sryLRisVVgS ssLjiLiyLRiV. C [NSsV s
sVVsV sVVLiRV IxmsVN]s @j FsgRi[][ RVsV yss @xmsyRLi [ryLiR V. yVVNRP
xqsQX ss, xqs*FysV ssVV gRi`[ VxqsVN]sVRVysVV. NRPgjis xqs*xmssVVsV
sVVNRPV s[ xqsQXNTP RVN]s VxqsVN]sVRVysVV, @s[j ZNP[s gRi`
74

@sWsRXzts Q. Bj FsLiRVNRPV xmsLRisWLij NRP RXzts Q NSRV @sVyss BR syLjiysVV. 1)

xmsLS[V rysR*` :c gRi` ryssVV RLRiVyR xqs*xmssVV, qx s*xmsQryssVV
RLRiVyR xqsVxtsvzms NRPVgRiVRVsRsV ssLjiNRP RXzts Qs @sryRRV syLRiLi][,
xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ syLjiLisxmsVRV, INRPys RLRiVyR INRP, @lgi[ INRP, lLiLiRV,
sVWRV @s[j NSsVV[, NSxmsyxsVV[ LRiVgRiVRVyRVs. RVRVsV.
NSsVV[ Ljilgi[ sxtsQR WV, xqsLixmsn VsNRPV s[LiR VgS soLiT, ys VxqsVN][giR sVV,
gSs NSsVV[ @sxqs NRPV s[LiR VgSsoLiT, @sxqs syLRi aRPNRPsVV NSRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS
NSsVV @sxqs [ ][R VsV, NSLi @sxqs NRPV NRPVTsosj. gRi` NSLi gRi`
@sxqs NRPV, @lgi[ xqs*xmsNSLi xqs*xmssVs[ @sxqs NRPV NRPVT soLiLiVV. sVLji xqsVxtsvzms[
NSs[V[R V. VV{tsQZNP[tsQ aSLRiy{mshRiLi[ sVyxLi lLiLiRV gRiLiNRPV sjLisyRV,
saSxmsLi[ yLRiVsVVs yVgRiV gRiLiNRPV Rs gRiXxsVV[ xmspV
[xqsVN]LiVsV, @}tsQNPR Li [xqsVN]LiVsV xqs*xmssVV NRPVgRiVsV. VVztsQZNP[tsQ[
sVVNRPVs[ xqssVRVLi sVyxLi lLiLiRV gRiLiV, @lgi[ xqs*xmssVV[ [aPR sVV
saSxmsLi, NSLi yLRiVsVVs yVgRiV gRiLiV. NSsos gRi`[ sos
[aPR NSV, xqs*xmsLi[ sos [aPR NSV s[LiR V s[LiR V. @Li s[LiR V s[LiR V NS[
xqsQX FsgRi NRPVgRiVRVLij? xqsQX NRPgRiVNRPV IZNP[ NSLi, [aPR Li soLiy NRPy! @LiVV[
VV{tsQZNP[tsQ[ sR[s RLRiVyR, xqssVRVLi RWzqs sVyxLi sVWRV @LiVVsRs
@LisVV. BNRPR VxqsVN]sszqssj GsVsgS VV{tsQZNP[tsQ[ sRF[V sVVLiRV
sVVNRPVs[ xqssVRVLi sVyxLi lLiLiRV gRiLiV, @lgi[ sR [s RLRiVyR
sV sVVNRPVs xqssVRVLi zmssxmsVRV sVysLi sVWRV gRiLiV. @sgS
sVyxLi lLiLiRV gRiLiV, sVyxLi sVWRV gRiLiV @s[j sVVNRPVs[ Ljilgi[
NSxmsyxLi. BgRi syLjiLisxmsVRV gRi`[ sos [aPR NSV gRi`NRPV
NRPVTsoyLiVV. xqs*xmsLi[ ][[ [aPR NSV xqs*xmssVVsNRPV NRPVT soyRVs
xqsxts Qs VVgS RVRVsV. gRi`[ ][[ [aPR NSV, xqs*xmsLi[ [s o, @lgi[
xqs*xmsLi[ ][[ [aPR NSV gRi`[ [s o. xqsVxtsvzms[ @xqsV [aPR NS[ [s o.
sRF[V sVVLiRV sVVNRPVs[ RW}qs xqssVRVLi, sR RLRiVyR sVVNRPVs[ RW}qs
xqssVRVLi, lLiLiRW sVVNRPVsRVLiRV LRiVgRiVRVyLiVV. [aPR NSV @sxqs [ RVVss
75

gSs, @sxqs V [aPR NS[ [s o. NSsVs[j @sryLiRLiR RsVV. NSs @sxqs V

NSsVV[ LRiVgRiV [R V. @lgi[ BjsLRiNRPV RVdRV sVLiRsVLiRV xtsQLi[ "xqs
xmsRsV: FyR: GR` xmspLRi*NRPy*`, DRL iR FyR @j gRisVxqs FyRsVLi @xqs'! @s
xtsQNSLRiVV FyLRiV, @RRV RRVuyRV[ xmsRsVFyRVRV. xmssxmsssVV
D b[ PLi, sVVsVLiRV gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvxmso NRPsVsVVs, xmssxmssVV
RVsRVVsV gSs, saRPV*sNRPV xmspLRi*NRPR*sVV NRPRV. @LiRVss @RRV xmsRsV
FyRVRs, @lgi[ lLiLiRs sxtsQR VLi.
2) BNRPR xtsQLi[ "xqsQXy xms xqsLiyyR :' c @sgS xqsQX ss, BR[
s[s V @sVsj xmsTsj. Bj NRPWy gRi` RXzts Q. BR[ s[s sV xms xqsQXNTP
NRPVRLRi RV. xqsQX @sgS gRiR Gyj LSsVNRPXxts Q @s[ @RsV NSbdP[ RWzqss yss, C
Gyj VV{tsQZNP[tsQ[ gRiVLRiVNPT s, ARVs @xmsVRV sWTs sWV gRiVLRiVNPT s,
ARVs gRiVLjiLi xqsLRi [xqsVN]ysVV gSs, @RRV xmsRQOPR Qs VVgS BNRPR [R V. yss
xqsQX @LisVV @NRPR NSbP @s[ [aPR Li, gRiR Gyj @s[ NSLi, BNRPR VVztsQZNP[tsQ
@s[ [aPR Li, BxmsVRs[ NSLi C lLiLiRV IZNP[ [aPR NS xmsyxsVV[ soyLiVV, gSs
@gRi @sxqs NRPV xqsQX NRPVRLRiRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS IZNP[ NSLi[ @sxqs V [s o. G @sxqs [
NSLi A@sxqs ZNP[ NRPVTsoss. gRi`[ NSLi gRi`NRPV, xqs*xmsLi[ NSLi
xqs*xmssVVsNRPV NRPVTRVVsj. @LixmsVRV gRi`, xqs*xmssVVRVLiRV xqsQX
FsgRi NRPVRVLRiVRVLij? xqs*FysV ssVV][ syLjiLisxmsVRV C gRi` NSsVV[R V,
@lgi[ gRi`[ xqs*xmsNSsVV [R V, xqsVxtsvzms[ NSs[V [R V. @LiRVss NSsVV G
@sxqs NRPV NRPVT A @sxqs ZNP[R VVsj, @j xmsLjis LigS sosj, Bj yxqss Li,
xmsLRisWLiR sVV. @sxqs [ Ljilgi[ sxtsQR WNRPV xqsQX NRPVRVLRiVRVLij gSs xqs*xmss[j gRi`
NSsNTP xqsLiLij Lisj NSRV NRPy! @LiRVss xqs*xmsLi[ sxtsQR WV gRi`NRPV
xqsQX FsgRi? @xqsV xqsVxtsvzms[ NSs[V [R V NRPy! xqsQX @sVsj @LiR:NRPLRi
sVVsNRPV, Vj NTP xqsLiLij Lisj xmsRQOPR QLigS RWzqssyss N]LiRNSLi RLS*R,
sVLjiVVNRP NSsVV[, xmsRQOPR QLigS RWzqss sxtsQR VLi [s xmsNTP, @LiR:NRPLRiLi[ A
xmsRRVLi NRPgjisxmsVRV yss xqsQX @s @LisVV. xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms lLiLiRW
NRPWy xqsQX NSNRPFLiVVsxmsVRV, A lLiLiRV s[s V FsgRi VxqsVN][giR sV? @sgS
76

ryOTPQVVNRP \RssVV][, sVsxqsV= @sV [ms LjiNSLiR V R*LS yNRPV @s[ {qsNRPLRiV ss
RVNRPV RVRVRVRVsj. @lgi[ xqsVxtsvzms[ LiVVgS sRFRWsV @s
gRi`[ xmsgRiVgRiVRVysVLi[, ssNTP @j sVsxqsV=VVNRP xqsQX NSRV @j
ryOTPQ. gRi`[R VVs s[s V xqs*xmsLi[ [R V, xqs*xmsLi[s os s[s V gRi`[ [R V,
xqsVxtsvzms[ C s[s V [s[[R V, gSs sVWTLis VxqsVN]s[ G ysV sos][ @[
ryOTPQ. FsLiRVNRPsgS gRi`[ sVsxqsV= gRi`NRPV @LiRLiR RLi, xqsVxtsvzms[ sVsxqsV= @s[[
[R V. R sNRPVRV @LiVVs C gRi`[ s[s V, xqs*xmsLi[ ORPVss FsLiRVNRPV ][R VsV? C
gRi` sVs}qs= xqs*xmssVV[ soLi[ C sVsxqsV= dsso R sNRPVTss zms OSQs
Azmss[R VVsV NRPy! A xqs*xmsNS Li[ ORPVT FsLiRVNRPV xmssLjir yR V? FsLiRVNRPsgS
gRi` sVsxqsV= xqs*xmssVV[ [R V, @lgi[ xqsxmssVV[ sVsxqsV= gRi`[ [R V.
xqs*xmssVV[ sos sxtsQR WV, sXRVV, xQ\sVs sxtsQR WV, xqs*FyLiRLiR RLi,
@lgi[ gRi`[ NRPWy @NRPR sxtsQR WV, @NRPR sXRVV gRi` @LiRLiR Rs[V.
@LiRVss gRi`[ Ljilgi[ sxtsQR WV, sXRVNRPV gRi`[s[ xqsQX NRPVRVLRiVRVsj.
BgRi syLji}qs gRi`[R VVs "s[s V' xqs*xmssVV[ [R V, xqs*xmssVV[ sos "s[s V'
gRi`[ [R V, @s[ xqsVxtsvzms[ C lLiLiRV "s[s V'V [sjgSRVVsj. gSs sVs
ssLjiNRP RXzts Q][, gRi`[ RVVs s[s V xqs*xmssVV[sd soyRV. gRi`,
xqs*xmsLi[R VVs s[s V @yNRPXRVTgS, dLRiWxmsNRPLigS xqsVxtsvzms[R VVyRV.
@LiRVNRPV s[Vsy[ sRFRVyRV, sRFLiVVsy[ s[VLiRs[ Li
NRPVgRiVRVsj. sRF~[VsVVLiRV sosj sVVNRPVs[ s[s V sRFRVyss
@sVN]s, A s[s VRVsV xmsRRVsVV ]ryLjigS A sVVNRPVsLiy ]gjiFgS
xqsVxtsvzms NRPVgRiVsV. kss[ aRPV xmsLiRsV sVLiRsVV[ "RVR xqsVF s NRPLiRs NSsVLi
NSsVRV[, s NRPLiRs xqs*xmsLi xmsaRP, R` xqsVxtsvxmsLi' @s zmssj. sV sR
sVLiT [s sLis[, sVVNRPVs ][s RLRiVyR s[s V sRsVLi s[Vyss
@LisVV. C lLiLiRV sRRVLiRV sVVNRPVs, sR RLRiVyR sVVNRPVs IZNP[ gRi`NRPV
xqsLi Lij Liss @sgS gRi` gRi`[V, xqsVxtsvzms xqsVxtsvzms[V. FsLiRVNRPsgS @sxqs [
NSsVVsj. IZNP[ NSLi[ @sxqs V LRiVgRiV[R V. xqssVxqs gRi`s VxqsVN]s[
saRPV*RV, gRi` sVLjiRVV ysRVLiRV][[ [aPR NSV NRPWy VxqsVN]LiRV.
77

@LiRVss NSLi[ saRPV*RV [R V. saRPV*RV NSR VRV NSRV. sVVNRPVs[ @RsNTP A

saRPV*TNTP DFyj gS sosxmsNTP, @RRV DFyj R VRV NSRV. @RRV gRi` @s[
DFyj ]gjiy, \xqsVRs RVRVRVyRV. A saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV
[aPR NSRVLiRV ]gjiF~LiVVsxmsNTP, @RRV ZNP[s xqs*LRiWxmsoRVgS, xmszms xqs*LRiWxmso
TgS "Fy'TgS soyRV. @Li FyRV xqsQXNTP ]LRiNRPRV, RVRRV. @lgi[
@RRV xmsR NRPWy NSRV. LSs[VaRP*LRiLi[ N]LiRNSLi NTPRLi xmsLjiRRVLi @LiVVs
sQQNPT yNSLi RLRiVyR sVd saSxmsLi[ NRPsTsxmsVRV, xmsRQOPR QLigS
ARVss RWzqs, Fss\[ LSs[VaRP*LRiLi[ xmsLjiRRV\sVs sQQNPT soy][, @R[ BRRV
@sVsj xmsR. sVVR s VVgS BLijRWNRPV xmsRQOPR QLigS NRPsTsj xmsR.
@LiR:NRPLRisVLiRV sVsxqsV=[ ]sxmsVRV xmsRQOPR QLigS NRPsRsj xqsQX. xqsQX,
xmsR C lLiLiRW @sxqs RVLiRV NRPVRVLRiVRVLij. BR xtsQNSLRiVV G\[
zmsyL][ @j \sjNRP, ssLjiNRP, gRi` RXzts Q sWRs[V. Fds BgRi gRi` RXzts Q][
syLjiLiy NRPWy @RRV GNRPR*sVV, aRPVR R*sVV, @xqsLigRiR*sVV][ NRPWRV N]syRV.
Fs\lgi[ [xms sj[ CdLRisVVsVLi AdLRiLi sVVsNRPV, @lgi[ A dLRisVVsVLi C
dLRisVVsNRPV xqsLiRLjixqsV G dLRisVVsNRPV LiRsj NSNRPVLiy, sVR [ G VLRiR, @aRPVR Li
@LiVN][NPR VLiy G dLRiLi][ xqsLigRiLi [NPR VLiy @s (X.D. 4c3c18) RVLiRV zmssVgS
C AR gRi`, xqs*xmssVV RVLiRV saRPV*TNTP, \xqsVTgS, \xqsVTNTP saRPV*TgS
xqsLiRLjixqsVs xmsNTP, C gRi` xqs*xmsLiVVNRP GsxtsQR V yLiR sV [sy\,
@xqsLigRiV\ FyTgS RVVyRV.
ksNTP sVLjiVVNRP aRPV xmssWsVV
"RRy7zqsyNSZaP[ ZaP[[ y xqsVxmsL][ y sxmsLjixmsR aSLiRxqs=g`iiLixR xmsO_Q
xqsLiRW\Vs j RVR Gss[VyRVLi xmsoLRiVxtsQ GRry @LiyRV ys RVR xqsVF
s NSLiRs NSsVLi NSsVRV[ s NRPLiRs xqs*xmsLi xmsaRP' (X.D. 4c3c19)
"@jVsgS C ANSaRPsVVsLiRV c C ANSaRPsVVsLiRV [giR gSs, gRiLRiVRxmsOTPQ gSs @s
\sxmso FsgjiLji @zqss\ lLiNRPsV yzms gRiWRV N]LRi\ZNP Rs[ ysV R LjiLixmsRVsV. B[
sR sVVgS C xmsoLRiVxtsvRV C ryssVV N]LRiNRPV xmsLRiVlgiRVs V; FsNRPQ\[ sjLiy\ G
g[ iR sVV\sssW N][LiR ][, G xqs*xmssVV\sssW RWR][' @s zms xtsQsVV[ "RVy
RXuyLi[ xmsOTPQ: xmsLjixmsRsaRPsWxmssV[Q xqs*ds][xmsxqsLRisV, GsLi gRiR=Q*xmsW:
78

NSLRiNRPLRixqsLiWgRi NTPRWxmsn \ xqs=LiRVVsWsxqs, xmsOTPQ: xmsLjixmsRs Bs, aRPsW

s* RRQsWxmssVR [V ry*R[ dsRsWRVRsLi xqsLRi* xqsLiryLRiR LRisORPQLi
xqsLRi*NTPRW NSLRiNRPxmsn RWsaRPWsLi xqs*sWysLi s**' RXuyLiRsVVsLiRV
xmsVsWLiR V VgRiVLRiV ss NRPgjis aRPsVsV Fg]VN]sVNRP N]LRi\ZNP Rs gRiWs
[LiR VsV. B[ sR sVVgS gRiR xqs*xmsQryssVV RVLiRV NSLRiNSLRi xqsLixmsn WRsVV
NTPRVss NRPgjis xmsn sVV][ xqsLiWgRisVVsV F~LijsyRV, gRiWRV sVLjiRVV
AaRPRV\sVs xqsLRi* xqsLiryLRiR LRisVV sORPVV\s, xqsLRi* ARWxqs aRPWsQ\sVs Rs
xmsLRisWR xqs*LRiWxmssVV xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV xmss[bPLiRVsV. NSsos A C AR gRiR,
xqs*xms ryssVVNRPV sORPVVRV, G xqsLigRisVV [syRV. @LiRVss "xqsQX xmsR'
@s[j s[R ysV ss[V gSs, @LiR:NRPLRiLi[ NRPlgi[ sVsxqsLiRs[ gSs, BLi
xmsRRV, s[R ysV ssVV[s, ryOTPQ @sV ss[V @sxqs sV VxqsVN][giR RV. NTPNRP
@sV ssVV[ ssLjiNRP RXzts Q][, gRi` ][[ sxtsQR W[ xqsQX LRiWxmsLigS
xqs*xmssVV[, @lgi[ xqs*xmssVV[ NRPlgi[ sxtsQR WV gRi`[ xqsQX LRiWxmsNRPLigS
VxqsVN]sVRVysVsV ss][ sVssVVysVV gRisVNRP, C D a[ PR sVV][ BR
xtsQNSLRiVV ssLjiLiyLRiV yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs "ryOTPQ' [R s[ @sxqs V RVRV
RVyLiVV.
AsyLjiNRP c NSLjiNRP (1c2)
xtsQsV: gRiLjiysryRW s[Vs saS*kyLi RRWLi @sVs xmsRLRi+yLiR :
@RVLi a]N[ PR :
yRLRisVV : gRiR @sxqs RVLi[ saRP* \xqs Fy\s RRV @sV ssVV
xmsRLji+LiRVZNP[ C LS[s o a]N[ PR sVV.

gRiLjiysryRWs[Vs saS*RsVs:

NSLjiNRP (1c2)
ROTPQOTPQ sVV[ saRP*: sVsxqsLiRxqsV \ xqs:*
ANSZaP[ R xXj Fy: y [} sszqs R:** 2 **
yRLRisVV : NRPVT NRPLi y*LRisVVs saRPV*RV, sVsxqsV=s \xqsVRV, xXRRWNSaRP
79

sVVs FyRVsV gRiLRiV. JZNP[ AR gRi x[ sVVs sVWRV sR sVVVgS sosj.

xqs*LRiWxmssVV : NRPVTNRPs[ sVV\sV (y*LRi\sV) RVVLiRgS, xqs W sxtsQR WV, x
\sVs sxtsQR WsV VxqsVN]s[yRV saRPV*Rs, sVsxqsV= y*LS xqsWORPQ sVVgS
VxqsVN]s[yRV \xqsVRs, @lgi[ BLijRV}msLRi saRPV*Ts, ZNP[s @LiR:NRPLRi
y*LS VxqsVN]s[yRV \xqsVRs. C lLiLiRV sxtsQR WV sj xXRRVsVV[
sosxmsVRV FyRs, C sR sVVgS [NPR sVV[R VVs sVs @sV ssVVsV,
aRPLkiLRisVV[ @sxqs V NRPVgRiVRVyRVsV ssLjiNRP RXzts Q][, C NSLjiNRP xmsTsj.

saRP*xqs ROTPQsVxqs][xms:
1) xtsQsV : ROTPQsV @OTPQ Gs sVVLi, Rzqss Fyys[s Ruy xqs WyLi saRP*:
@sVW RV[* "B[ x \ s y\sVxtsQ: W7 RVLi ROTPQ[7OTPQs xmsoLRiVxtsQ:' (X.D.
4c2c2) B aRPV[:* BLiR : kzmsgiR V: \ saS*sLRi: AjyLiRLiR R: \ sLS Ay RORPV{tsQ
R Ruy, GNRP:*
yRLRisVV : NRPVTNRPsV[V sVVsVV xmsyssVV NRPLi y*LRi\sV DLiRgS (xmsLi]
sVj y*LRisVV[ NRPVTNRPsVNTP FyysR NRPLi) xqs W sxtsQR VsVVV, xLigS
][[ sxtsQR WsV VxqsVN]s[y[ saRPV*Rs VxqsVN]sssV. ksNTP aRPV (X.D.
4c2c2) BLiR VTR[, FssU NRPsVsV F~Lijs xmsoLRiVxtsv][ "BLiR VT' @sV xmsNSaRPgRiVsVV
NRPgjis \saS*sLRiVRV, xqsWLRisVLiR @LiRLiR RVRVsgRiV sLSR. NRPsVRVLiRV soLiT
RWRVyT. @sgS ROTPQ(NRPWT) NRPsV][ NRPWRVN]s \saS*sLRiVRV xqsWLSLiRLiR R\sVs
sLSyR INRP[ @s.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BR gRiysxqs RVLi[ saS*RVV sVWTLis @sV ssVV NRPgjiLiRV
NRPV C lLiLiRs NSLjiNRP ssj. BgRi VxmsoNRPV xmsn sVV xmspLRi* (xmsR sV)
NSLjiNRPRVLiRV "GNRP Gs y xqsQXR:' "JNRP[ C sVWRV [ R sVV[ RVRV
RVsRV' @sVyss BNRPR sLSLRi [R VRVRVsj. NRPVTNRPsV sVV\sV soLiRV
ss "ROTPQOTPQ sVVsV' @s xmsTsj. @RRV xqs W sxtsQR VsVVsV RWRVs
s, saRPV*Ts @sV sLiRVRVsRV. kss[ ROTPQOTPQ sVVsVVgS GLiRVNRPV
xmsTsj? @sgS a][yjRVLiRV sos @RW @j uys [s R ss aRPV
NRPWy kss xmsLi]sVj sVVsVVs zmssj. Bj DxmsORPQ @LiR sVV][
80

xmsTsj. @LiVVsxmsNUP BLijRWy*LS xqs W sxtsQR WV gRizLiRVss

RORPVso sWR xmsyssVVgS "Rxts Q' @s @sVN]sV DxmsORPQLiR sVVgS "ROTPQOTPQ
sVV"sVs Vxmso ][xtsQs VVNSRV. kss[ aRPV "BLi][ x\s y\sVxtsQ W7RVLi
ROTPQ[7ORPQs xmsoLRiVxtsQ:' (X.D. 4c2c2) "NRPVTNRPLiRVLiRV G C xmsoLRiVxtsvRV gRi][ BRRV
BLiR VRV' GLiRVNRPV "BLiR R*'sVV xmsTsj? ks gRiVLjiLi Dxms[aPR xqsxzqsRVLiRV
NRPWy gRisyRVV xqsxts Qs VV[zqs yLRiV. "Aylgi[ LjiLiR yVj LRisyNSsVNRPLRi:
kzmsy xms*[uy y*Ql\ Lia][+Qyj xqs=y' (D.ry. 14c21) ARRVs[
@gjis xmsxqsVLij Lixms[R VVNRPV DFyj RVgRiV Vj , @sy xqsLiNRP NRPLRi[ sXj
xmsLRiRT a][yj y*LRisVV y*LS NRPWy xmsNSbPLiRVRVLiRVsV. @lgi[
"ROTPQOTPQ xmsys[xtsv RVy Vj Lji*[xts Q[, sxtsQ\ V L>iR suy kFy ygji:
xqs WVNRP y' (D.ry. 14c22) NRPVTNRPsV sVVRgRiV BLijRVsVVRVLiRV Vj
ssxLjiLiRVRV, sxtsQR VsVVs[ xsxqsV= [R kzmsLiRsxmsoRV Aygji xqs WsxtsQR V
sVVsV @sV sLiRVsV. NSsos BLiR VRV kzmsgiR VsVV [R \saS*sLRiVRV, AjyLiLiR R
\sLRi (sLS) AR RORPVso Rxts Q JNRP[. kss[ aRPV "RRR R =sVr xqs Aj][ RV
GxtsQ GRzqssLiR[ xmsoLRiVu RVaSRVLi ROTPQ[OPR Qs xmsoLRiVxtsQ:' (X.D. 5c5c1) A xqsR
x[V C AjRVRV. C AjRsVLiRsVLiRV G C xmsoLRiVxtsvRV gRi][ sVLjiRVV
NRPVTNRPLiRVLiRV G C xmsoLRiVRVgRi][, dsLjiR LRiV JNRPLRiV sVLjiVVNRPLjiRVLiRV xmsxts vRV\
sosLRiV. BgRi aRPVRVV Vxmso y*LS xRVLiRV AyNRP, Aj \sNRP @[y
s VxmsoRVss.

saRP*xqs AyNRPry @j \ sZNP[\ sNRPR* xqsV NRPLRisV

2) xtsQsV : xmspLRi* xmsORPQ: c ssV @[ zLRigRiLRi: ZOP[Q R: ROTPQ[7OTPQ @ORPQ[
sRVLiy Ruy R @s [xry*dsV?
yRLRisVV : GsVLiU! zLRigRiLRiVR s xqsWORPQ aRPLkiLRi\sV ZOP[Q R\ RVVLiRgS,
NRPVTNRPLi RVLiRV sRWsVVNRPV\ Rxts Q, xms VsgRiV @RTNTP sVL]NRPRV [sNTP ry*sV
DLiy NRPy?
3) xtsQsV : xqssWysLi : c * s* xqs*][ [ ysVxmsgRi sW`* "GN][[s : xqs=LRi*
W[xtsv gRiWR :' (ZaP[*.D. 6c11) B aRPV[:* "ZOP[Q R yzms sWLi sj xqsLRi* ZOP[Q [xtsv
81

LRiR!' (.gki. 13c2) "@sNRPL i R W[xtsv sNRP sVsRzqs RLi' (.gki. 13c16) B
xqsQX[:
yRLRisVV : xqssWyssVV: AsR sVVgSNSRV. yxqss sVVgS xmsLRisWR, xmsRgS
RNRPV [ R sVV [R V "INRP[ [s oRV xqsLRi*FyVRVLiRV gRiWR V\ RVVLiRV' (ZaP[*.D.
6c11) @s aRPV, "J LRiy!"xqsLRi*QZOP[Q RsVVRVLiRVs ZOP[Q RTgS ssV GLRiVgRiVsVV'
@s ( .gki. 13c2), "@s NRPVR V FyVLiRV s NRPVs LkiRVVsVgS [ R VVRgRiV' ( .gki.
13c16) B aRPV, xqsQX xmssWsVVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : (xqssVyssVV) c AgRi NSRV, aRPV xqs*RgS (xmsLRisWLiR sVVgS), IZNP[
[s o RV. IZNP[ xmsLRisWR xqsLRi*FyV xXRRVLi[ soyRV @s zmssj. lLiLiRsj
[s (gRi`, xqs*xmssVV [s), ZNP[s xmszms xqs*LRiWxmssVV][ sos, FyTNTP sVVNRPVs
][sxmsVRV sVVNRPVs][ FyV, sVVNRPVs[R VVs yyR*sVV NRPWTs DFyj
NRPgjiRVVyRV. NSsos DFyj [ \RsLi, xmsNSaRPLi [R V. sVLRi ][R sxmsVRV
@LiRLiR RLigS @RVs[ soyRV. s[ ysNSLRiVV zLRigRiLRiVR V xqssVzts Q
xqs WsWs sLS ARRVs, soRV szts QR Vs FyLiR V. RXdRV sVLiR
xtsQsVLiRV "sLS\NRPR*Li DxmsORPQLiR Li zLRigRiL][ @yNRPXR Ay[' @s
sLS GNRPR* DxmsORPQLiR sVV zLRigRiLRiVT s @yNRPXR ARRVs xmsTsj.
NSsos [xry*sV Rxts Q, AjyLiLiR R xmsoLRiVxtsv\s sLSyRNRPV [ R sVV[R V.
DFyj ssVR s VVgS [ R sVV ][R VRVsj. kss[ aRPV "GN][ [s : xqsLRi*W[xtsv gRiWR :
(ZaP[*.D. 6c11) JZNP[ [s oRV @s WRsVVRVLiRV (xqsNRP FyVRVLiRV)
gRiWR sVVgS sosRV. @lgi[ xqsQX "ZOP[Q Ryzms sWLi sj xqsLRi*QZOP[Q [xtsv LRiR' (.gki.
13c2) "xqsLRi*QZOP[Q RsVVRVLiRV ZOP[Q RTgS ssV VxqsVN][' @lgi[ "@sNRPL i R
W[xtsv sNRP sVs R zqs Rs' (.gki. 13c6) A [ R VsVV (AR) xmsdaRPLkiLRisVVsLiRVsV
@s NRPQ \sV JNRPgSs[ sosj. xqssVxqs FyVRVLiRV AR s NRPQ \sVsV ][ssW,
sxqsVR : @sgRisVV. NSsos \saS*sLSR RVsV sgRisVV DFyj gRiR\sVsj. gSs
yxqss sVVgS AR @sgRi\sVsj. kss[ sVWRs sVLiRsVV sLiRV ][[ gRi`
@Liy "xqsLRi*zmsLiyRNRPsVV' NSsos @ssVVgS [R s xmsTsj
4) xtsQsV : xqslLi[*xtsv NRPLRi[xtsv @sZaP[}tsQ7zms, ROTPQOTPQ Dxms Fys RLRi+y`, RR
82

sZaP[}tsQ slLi a[ PR : saRP*xqs**

yRLRisVV : xqsLRi* NRPLRisVVLiRV sZaP[xtsQs VV [NPR VssV, NRPVTNRPLiRVLiRV xqsLRi*
sVWgRizLiRV rysVLiR QsVNRPVsogS soLiRV ss NSLjiNRPRVLiRV sZaP[xtsQs VVgS saRPV*s
NTP NRPVT NRPLiRVLiRV rysVLiR QsVV gRiRV @s zmsyLRiV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @LiRLji xXRRW[ sosyRV INRP[, @Rs[ BRRV, INRP[R Vs
sxmsLRiLigS DFyxqss xmspLS*NRPsVVgS xqsWLiLij. C DFyxqssds ssNTP s[LiR VgS
ryR sV. NRPsV[ sos @OTPQ xmsoLRiVxtsvRV, @lgi[ AjyLiLiR R\sVs sLSR xmsoLRiVxtsvRV
INRP[R Vs GNRPR* xmsFyRs [zqs @RTs[ DFyzqsLiRVss xqsWLisj. BgRi
DFyxqss RVgS, GNRPR* xmsFyRs FsgRi NRPVRVLRiVRVLiRsV syLRi
FyLRiLi sRVLij. BgRi ss[NPR Li NRPgjisLiRsLRiNRPV DFyxqss slLi b[ PLisj. xtsQLi[,
xqsLRi*NRPLRisVVRVLiRV (xmsLi]sVj sVVsVV][) sZaP[xtsQs VV [NPR VssW,
NRPVTNRPsVsW, NRPVTNRPsV RVLiRV xqsLRi*gRi` sxtsQR VsVVV RW}qs rysVLiR QLi FsNRPVsgS
DLiRVss, saRPV*sNTP NRPVTNRPsV zmssj. FsLiRVNRPsgS 1) s[LijRVsVV[ @
RWLRiLigS sos R VssORPQ RsVVsV RW}qs aRPNTP NRPVTNRPsVNTP sosj. 2) a][yj
xmsn W[LijRVsVVV aRP RVsV [Lij sxmsVRV gRizLiRgRiso. NSs NRPsV sWRLi
RWLRisVVssos sxtsQR VsVVsV RWRVsV. @LiRVss NRPVTNRPsVRVLiRV saRPV*sNTP
rysLi NRPLisj.

sVs: xqsxqs[ xqsR*sV

5) xtsQsV : ROTPQOTPQgiR ][ LRiWxmsLi RXuy* sdsVyORPQ: R[s xqsLRis sVszqs @LiR:
xqs*}ms Bs R[s yxqsyLRiWFysQQNPR L i xmsaRP* RVy7R Ryxqs*}ms* @R:
sVsxqsLiRxqsV \ r7zms saRP* Gs*
yRLRisVV : LRiWxmssVV INRP NRPVTNRPLi][ RWzqs sdsVyORPV\ yss xqsLjiLiRV RV
sVsxqsV=[ xqs*xmssVVs yss yxqsyLRiWxmssVVsV sVsxqsV= VVNRP [xqsV= ss
xmsNSbPLixms[zqs RV @sQQNPR s VV FsVRWRV[, @V[ xqs*xmssVVLiRV NRPWR g][R LRi
gRiVRVLiRVsV. @LiRVss[, sVsxqsLiRVRV \xqsVRV ssVVgS saRPV*[ RVgRiVsV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xtsQsVLiRV saRPV*TNTP ROTPQOTPQs VVsVVgS sryLiR sVVgS \saS*sLRiVRs
zms sVsxqsLiRVRV \xqsVRs xms[s oRVyLRiV. LRiWxmssVV NRPVTNRPLi[ RWzqs sdsV
83

yORPV\ (NRP sVWxqsVN]s) A LRiWxmssVVs[ xqsLjiLiRVRV, }LijRV yFyLRi

sVVsV sR, G\lgi[ xqs*xmssVV[ @s y\s RWRV[, @lgi[ sVsxqsV=[ xqs*xms
sVVs[ yss[ yxqsyLRiWxmssVgRiV sVsxqsV=VVNRP xmsNSaRPLi[R RWRVsV. NSsos
sVsxqsV=RVLiRV sos \xqsVRV ssVVgS saRPV*[. BR saRPV*RV \xqsVTRVLiRV
]gji, xmssxmsLi LjigjisRs @LiR sVV. RVyLiR sVVgS gRiR xqs*xmssVVV JZNP[ NS
xmsyxsVLiRV NRPVgRiV [R V. gRiR yxqsssVV[ xqs*xmssVsV sj gRiR ssLjiNRP
RXzts Q. gRiR sVsxqsV= yxqss V xqs*xmssVsV NRPVRLRiRV, FsLiRVNRPsgS xqs*xms xqssVNS
sVLiRV NRPLRiQ XR*sVV][ NRPWTs sVsxqsV=sNRPV @j gRiR[V @sVN]s ssx LjiLi
RVRVsj. xqs*LRiWxmssVLi\[, saRPV*RV, \xqsVRsV [ R zqs [V zqsj LiRV [R V.

ry*RLRiWFyNSaRPzqs Rxqs FyR*sV

6) xtsQsV : ANSZaP[ R xXj xqsLRi yFyL][xmsLRis[V Fy: GNUPWR: xmsn Vsxms:
Gs s,* sV[yFyLSy`* RLRi+s xqsLRi[ Gs z sVsxqs=QLij[* RRs[
xXj Gs @sZaP[}tsQ FyRysryssV* "Fy[ }Q\ sys xqsLS*s xqsLisXLiZNP['
(y.D. 4c3c3) B aRPV[:*
yRLRisVV : xXRRVsVLiRVs ANSaRPsVVsLiRV "xqsLRi' @sgS sV[yFyLRi sVV
DxmsLRi LiRgS saRPV*[ Fy\, GNUP WRV\ xmsn Vds sLis sV[yFyLRiVRgRiV
RVyRV. (@j Fsss) @NRPR sV[yFyLRisVV Gds [s LiRVss. RLRi+s (gRi`
xqs*xms ssLRisVVV) xqsLRi, C lLiLiRW ssxLRisVVV sVsxqsV=VVNRP xqsLiRs
V, C lLiLiRW [s][, xXRRVsVLiRV sZaP[xtsQLiR zRsVVgS FyR FyT RVLiRV
syxqssVV NRPVgRiVRVsj. BLiRVNRPV aRPV xmssWsVV "xXRRVsVLiRVRVVs FyV
[ dssss xqsLRi*sV[ yFyLRisVVsV xqsLixLjiLiRVsV. (y.D. 4c3c3)
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xXRRWNSaRPsVVsLiRV xqsLRi sV[yFyLRisVVgS gRi`, xqs*xmssVs[
@sxqs V DxmsxqsLiLRisVV NSgRi, saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV, FyRV GNUP WRV\ xmsn Vds sLisV.
xmsLRisV xqsWOSQQxqsWORPQ Q \sVs ANSaRPsVV A[RVs, @j aRPVR ARRVs, XxyLRi
NRP DxmssxtsQR V[ gSlLi L[ iVV, @RaRPRVso xqsLiyRsVV[ "ss[s sssWyRV
RV Gu7iLiRL>iR QXRRV ANSaRPxqszqss ZaP[[' (X.D. 2c1c17) ANSaRPsVsV aRPsVV [R ,
xmsLRisWRs[ aRPV zmssj. GLiRVNRPsgS @NRPR sxtsQR V sxtsQLiVV sgRisVV, sZaP[xtsQ
84

sssVV ][R RV. @lgi[ sV[yFyLRisVV NRPWy soLiRso. RLRi+s (gRiR, xqs*xms
ssLRisVVV) xqsLRi C lLiLiRW sVsxqsV= xqsLiRs][ NRPWTs RXaRPsVVV
][R NRPFso ss xXRRWNSaRPsVLiRV, ys[ xmssxmsn VsLRiWxmss[V sZaP[xtsQsVVgS
RVRVRVyRV. kss[ FyRgS sVgjiFsoss FyLiR V. FyR @sgS
Fy RV. FyVTNTP FyRV, @yNRPXRVRs }msLRiV. BLijRV sV[s FyLRisVVs
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV, [y FysVVsLiRV dss xsVLi[ @s @LiR sVV. FysVV
xs[V ksNTP yLi][g][xmssxtsQ` [ "J rsVVy! DFyj [R FssRV soRVgS
@szmsLiRVNRPVsVRVy][, @RRV sxtsQR VyNTPTNTP @zqs, yss sR, FysVV
}msLRiVgRi xsVLiRV ds\sV DLiRV.' @s aRPV "Fy[ }Q\ sys=LS* s=LisXNRP
B' (y.D. 4c3c3) xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV Fys[V dssds (ygSj BLijRVsVVV)
Rs[ dssVV [zqsN]sVsV. aRPV ANSaRPsVV, FysVV][ FsLiRVNRPV saRPV*s syLRiLi
[R VVRVsj? Fy[ xqsLRi*sVV @s @R[ ZNP[s s xqs*LRiWxmsoRs, @Rs NRPLi[
s[lLi[ sVLjiVVNRP s RsNRPLi[ s[LiR VgS [R V @s Vxmso N]LRiNRPV DFyRV WRsVVgS
FyVRV, ANSaRPsVV ds][ syLRi aRPV [R VVRVsj.

\ r zLRigRiLRi GsgSx:
7) xtsQsV: \ r zLRigRiLRi: sVsxqs y*`* "LigRiLi sVs:' (X.D.4c4c6)
"sV[s V W7RVLi xmsoLRiVxtsQ:' (X.D. 5c6c1) Byj aRPV:
yRLRisVV : \xqsV[ zLRigRiLRiVR V, sVs}qs= @RsNTP sRVsVgRiV ss,
sVs}qs= @RsNTP LigRiLi (gRiVLRiV) "sV[s VLiVV C xmsoLRiVxtsvRV zLRigRiLRiVR V' @s aRPV
xmssWLi.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : "ROTPQOTPQs VV[ saRP*:' @sVyss GsR sVVgS sLS xmsoLRiVxtsvT's
gRizxqsVysW, @[ sR sVVgS "sVssxqsV \xqs:'@sV yss zLRigRiLRiVR s[
gRizLiy. AyNRP, Aj \sNRP lLiLiTLi LRiWxmssVVV sLRizqsLiRgS (]gjiLiRgS)
ssOTPQR \sVsj \xqsV[ zLRigRiLRiVR sVsj sVsxqsV= ss[ NRPVgRiVRVsj. szts Q,
xqssVzts Q sVsxqsV= ]gjiLiRgS, \xqsVRV, zLRigRiLRiVR s[ [ R s[V soLiRRV. kss[
aRPV "R[s xqsNRPxq s=x NRPLRi LigRiLi sV[R VR sxtsQNPR s Vxqs*' (X.D. 4c4c6)
xqsLRi*sVW VxqsVNRPVLiW soLi[ C xqsLiryLjiVVNRP sVsxqsV= [sRVLiRV AxqsNTP s
85

NRPgjisos][, yss[ NRPLRi][xqs F~LiRVsV. LigRiaRPLkiLRisVLiRV (aRPLkiLRisVsV gRiVLRiV)

sVs}qs= xmsyssVgRiV ss A gRiVLRiVs s NRPVgRiV xqsLiryLRiR LRisVVV F~LiRVNRPV
sVsxqsV=sV sZaP[xtsQs VVgS aRPV zmssj. sVL]NRP aRPV "sV[s VW7RVLi xmsoLRiVu
xqs=R:' (X.D. 5c6c1) A xmsoLRiVxtsvRV sV[s VRVVRV, xmsNSaRP# s[V xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS
gRiyRs aRPV sVsxqsV= DxmsLi VssVV][s[ (AyLRisVV][s[) sV[s VRVR*sVV
NRPVgRiVss zLRigRiLRis VLiRV NRPWy sVsxqs R*Li xmsRLji+LiRRVRVsj. kss[
"sVsxqs xqs \ xqs:' @s zms xqs*FyRsV zLRigRiLRi GNRPR*s[V ssOTPQR \sVsRs
VxqsVN]sssV.

xms: FyxmsLSy[ @yNRPXR Gs

8) xtsQsV : xmspLRi*xmsORPQ: c ssV yNRPXR: Fy:* xqsVxtsv}ms, RyRNSs NRPLRis
sLi* NRPRLi @yNRPXRy?
yRLRisVV : GsVLiU! yNRPXRV\syRV FyVRV sRRVLiRV xqsLRi*NRPLRisVV V
BRs[ [LiR VRVss, @Li @RsNTP @yNRPXR sVV NRPVRLRigRiRV?
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : (xmspLRi*xmsOTPQ) c xqsVxtsvzms[ @s RVLi [xqsVN]s FyVRV sWRs[V
sNRPXRV\RVVLiRVsV. FsLiRVNRPsgS sR[R VVsyT DyQ*xqs, saS*xqsV
@RsV FysVV][ soyRs @LisVV. @s BLijRWV, sV[yFyLRisVVV
FyVTRVLiRV dssyRVs zmsss. @j yyNRPsVV NRPy! @LixmsVRV,
FyVTs @sNRPXRVRs FsgRi xmsgRiLRiV? xXRRVsVLiRVs ANSaRP# s[V FyRs
BxmssLRiNRPV syLjiLiysVV. RLRi+s (gRiR) xqsLRisVV sWRs[V sVsxqsV=yFy
LRisVV, @[ xXRRVsVLiRV FyRgS soLiRVss FyLRiV. sVLji @LixmsVRV
FysVV, @yNRPXRsVV JNRP[R Vs GgRi FyLiR V? GLiRVNRPsgS FysVV szts QFy
VRVLiRV yNRPXRs[V NRPy! xqsVxtsvzms[ @LiVV[ A ygRij NRPLRisVVsLis Rs[
sdsLi [xqsVN]sVsV NRPy? kss[ aRPV "Fy[ ys xqsLisLiR xqs= RVy xqs*zms
Fys[Vs ygRi}ms FyLi RORPV: Fyg`iiLi a][RLi FyLi sVs: Fy[
}Q\ sys=LS*s=LisXLiNRP B' (y.D. 4c3c3) "Fys[V xqsLisLiR sVV. A sQQNPT
GxmsV\[ sjLiRV[ @xmsoRV ygjiLijRVsVV FysVVsLi[ sdssVgRiVsV, NRPsV
FysVVsLiRV, s FysVVsLiRV sVsxqsV= FysVVsLiRV sdssVgRiVsV. GRVs
86

Fys[V dssNUP Rs[ sdssVV [zqsN]sVsV' NSsos dsVLRiV GgRi @yNRPXRsVs

FyLiR V?
9) xtsQsV : (xqssWyssV:) \ sxtsQ][xtsQ:* @yNRPXRxqs [aPR NS sZaP[uyy`*
RVRzms
FysWs[ xqsyNRPXRy Gs Fyxqs, Ry7zms zmsLiRxmsLjis
sZaP[uysWs sL][R : Fy[ s B @yNRPXR Gs Fy:* xqsVxtsv}ms
xmsLjiysWssysV* RVy Fy[V xmsLjiy sWsyLi
Fy7
[ yNRPXR:, Ry FysWs [7zms @sZaP[uyxmsf @yNRPXRy
xqssWy*
yRLRisVV : xqssWyssVV : Bj ][xtsQs VV NSRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS @yNRPXRVsNTP
(FyTNTP xqsVxtsvFyR NRPV) [aPR NS sZaP[uyV [s o. @LiVVssW Fys[V s[s sV @sW
sLi NRPyTNTP, yNRPXRsVV (gRi`, xqs*xmssVVV) RsRVLiRV AFyjLiRVN]sVsV gSs
@RRV FysVV][ yNRPXRVRs @ysVVgSs, yxqsysNTP xmsLjiRs QQ\sVs so
sZaP[uysWssVV sL][j LiRV ss (xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV) @RRV @yNRPXRV\s FyV[
GsR sVVgS xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV xmsLjis @sWs (gRiR, xqs*xms @sWs)
@yNRPXRsVVgS xmsTs][, @lgi[ xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV Fs xmsLjis @sWssVD
(gRiR, xqs*xms @sWssVV) [s yLRiNRPV FysVV @yNRPXRsVVgS soLiRVss
xmsTsj. NSsos lLiLiULiNTP @yNRPXRsVV xqssWssVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @yNRPXRsVV NRPszmsLiRsj, yNRPXRsVV NRPszmsLi[j . FysVV
@yNRPXRVRss ][xtsQs VV [R V. FsLiRVNRPsgS xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q[ xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV [aPR
NSsVsV sZaP[xtsQs VV [sj. DFyj ][sxmsV[ ysNTP xqsLiLij Lis [aPR Li, NSsVs,
@xmsVRV A aRPLkiLRisVV][ @sV sLi NRPVgRiVsV. @lgi[ FysVV NRPWy sQQNPR Q \sV
][R VsV. xqsVxtsvzms @sV s xqssVNSLi[, s[s VRVsV DFyj , A DFyj ][ NRPWRVN]s
[aPR sVV, NSsVV, @lgi[ sQQNPR Q \sVs FysVVss sR, BR soyssV ss
NRPWy soLiRRV. Bj ][xtsQs VV NSRV. aRPV "RV\QxtsQ GRRV=F7WR GxtsQ
sssVRV: xmsoLRiVxtsQxqs[uyLi FyyLi ss[s sssWyRV Gu70L>iR QXRRV
ANSaSaRPxqszqss ZaP[[ ys RVy gRiXRR |\ RRVLRiVxtsQxqs=Q*zms ysV RR QX{R
Gs Fy[ s gRiX{R ygiR QX{RLi RORPVLiR QX{RLi a][RLi gRiX{RLi sVs:' X.D.
87

(2c1c17) "C sssVRVVRgRiV xmsoLRiVxtsvRV GsRVgRi][ @RRV G NSsVVsLi\[

sjLiy][, @xmsoRV sssVV][ BLijRVsVV sssVVsV Rs[ NRPVxmsoN]s,
xXRRVsVV [xms G C ANSaRPsVVs][, ysRVLiRV sjLiRVsV G NSsVLi\[
A sssVVsV Rs[ dssVV [zqsN]sV[, @xmsoRV xmsoLRiVxtsvRV C xqs*zms @s[
}msLRiVsV F~LiRVsV. A xqssVRVsVLiRV FysVV gRizLiRT[V RVVLiRVsV, NRPsV
gRizLiRT RVVLiRVsV, s gRizLiRT[V RVVLiRVsV, sVsxqsV= gRizLiRT[V
RVVLiRVsV, sVsxqsV= gRizLiRT[V RVVLiRVsV' @lgi[ sVLjiWNRP aRPV "R\ sLi
yNRPQl\ LiQQ*LS xqs=}ms' (N_.D. 3c3) xqsVxtsvzms[ ygjiLijRVsVV, s[LijRVsVV,
aRPs[LijRVsVV, sVsxqsV= @sRVV FyR[ sLji*ZaP[xtsQs VVgS soss' BgRi
s}tsQxtsQsVV][ NRPWTs yNRPXRFysVV, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV @yNRPXR LRiWxmssVV[s[
sLji*ZaP[xtsQs VVgS soss. NSsos @yNRPXRR*s[V FysVs gRizLiy. ksNTP
DyxLRisVVgS c gRi`[ sjLisyTs RWzqs sVLjiVVNRPRV, sRF[VyT
gRiVLRiNRP, DyQ*xqs saS*xqssVVsV RWzqs BRRV FysVV][ sosRs xmsgRiRV. FsLiRV
NRPsgS, gRi`[ [VsQQNPT , sjLiRVRVs sQQNPT s RWxqsVy][, RW[yRV sQQNPR
\sVs xmsxmsLiRsVVsV RWxqsVyRV NRPsVNRP sjLi[yT sQQNPR Q \sVs Fys VxqsV
N]sVRVyRs @sVN]sVRVyRV. gSs xqsVxtsvzms @sV sLi[ A FysVV
@sQQNPR Q \sVRVVsj. A xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVV[ FysVs RVRRV. VxqsVN]s[
@sxqsLRisVV[R V, FsLiRVNRPsgS A FysNTP Fy\sVRVVsj C xmszms xqs*LRiWxmssVV][
NRPWRV N]s FyRV, xqsVxtsvxmsoR V. @[ AR, @[ xsVV. @R[ FyVRV @[
@sV ssVV. gSs sRssLjiNRP gRi` RXzts Q][ syLjiLisxmsVRV, C
DFyj gRiR\sVs gRi`, xqs*xmssVVsNRPV ][[ DFyj NTP FysVVLiy. xqs W aRPLkiLRiLi
AL][xmsRXuy yxqsysV syLjiLiRV ss, C aRPLkiLRisVV][ NRPWRVN]s xQ\sVs
xmsxmsLiRsVVsV VxqsVN]sxmsoRV, saRPV*Rs, @lgi[ xQ\sVs sxtsQR VsVV sR
@LiR:NRPLRiLi[ ][[xmsVRV \xqsVRs, ClLiLiRW ][R syT xXRRVsVLiRV
FyRs, BgRi [xsVVsV AyLRisVVgS |ms syLjixqsVs xmsoRV FysVV gRiVLjiLi
Fy. FsLiRVNRPsgS gRi`RXzts Q gRiyTNTP xqsVxtsvzms xQ\sV[, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV
@sR[NPR F[ sRsVLiT sVLRi FsgRi s[VLissV xmsaRP DRssVgRiV yLRi
88

[ R N]LRiNRPV, xqsVxtsvzms RVLiRV FysVV @yNRPXRLigS AL][zmsLiRTsj. yNRPXR\sVs

FysVV, sVLjiRVV DFyj ][sxmsoRV, [aPR NS @}msORPQ][ s[VLiVyRs
Fy. @LiRVss C @yNRPXRV\s FyVRV dRgS, NRPLRisVVgS xmsszqs
sosj. sVVNRPVs RXzts Q[s xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q gRiyLji @sV sRXzts Q gRiyLjiNTP
@yNRPXR\sVs FysVs NRPWy xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVV[ ][R RV. FyV[ DFyj
][sxmsoRV yNRPXRsVVgS, ][R sxmsoRV @yNRPXRVRVgS xmsRVRVsj. A
FyV[ ZNP[s xmszms xqs*LRiWxmso\s ZNP[s GLRiVNRP[V, s[V. GLiRVNRPsgS DFyj NTP
Vj s, GLRiVNRP @sxqsLRiLi, gSs sNTP [NPR GLRiVNRPNRPV DFyj @sxqsLRisVV[R V.
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi) RXzts Q RVVs yLjiNTP @yNRPXRsVV soLiRV[,
@lgi[ xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV Fs xmsLjis @sWssVV [s yLRiNRPV FysVV
@yNRPXRsVVgS soLiRVss xmsTsj. NSsos lLiLiTLi RVLiRV @yNRPXRsVV
xqssWssVV.
10) xtsQsV : xmsxqss dRNRPR*LiR* RRR QOPR QaPR GNRP: @yNRPXysxqs :*
xmsLjiysWs yLi @R QOSQLi R [\ sNRPR*sV xmspL][*Q NPR L i sZaP[xtsQLi GNUPWR:
xmss xmsn Vs: ByRVxms xmssLisV Rzqss* DNRP} RVsVy*R*
yRLRisVV : xmsxqss dRNRPLi (xqs*xmsgRi`sVVV, DRs sVV [R VV dR
@sgS FysVVsNRPV), @lgi[ @yNRPXysxqs NRPV @R QOPR VRV, INRP[ BR LjiNTP xqssWssVV.
(@RRV Fy[. @sNRPXysxqs sV dsOTPQLiRV yRV A Fy[). xmsLjis @sWsV
NRPV (@sgS s[s V [zs, saRP*RV, \xqsVRV, FyRV @sVyLRiNRPV) NRPWy @R QOPR VRV
INRP[ @R[ FyRs xmspLRi*s[V xmsTsj. Blgi[ FysNRPV @s sZaP[xtsQs VV
][ NRPWRVN]s GNUP WRR*sVV, xmss xmsn VsR*sVV, ByRVV xmspLRi*sVLiRsVV
[ (5,6,7sVLiRsVVV) xmsTsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BNRPR y sVVQ\sVs sxtsQR VsVV VxqsVN][s zqss @sxqsLRiLi
sosj. s[yLiR syLRi [xqsVs xmsoRV, \sRVVNRPL igS syLRi [R VNRPWRRV. C
xmsLjis QQ\sVs aRPLkiLSRVV C xmsxmsLiRsVV[ xmsLjis QQ\sVs syLRisVVs[ N]sry
gjixqsVLij. @LiRVss aRPV sVVRL i xmsxmsLiR \saSsVVsV zms, @LiRV[ C xmsLji
sQQ\sVs aRPLkiLSRVVNRPWy [Lij ys @LiRs VxqsVN]s[ \saS*sLRiVRso dsss,
89

@lgi[ \xqsVRss sVs syLRixqsLRiNTP yxmsNRPLigS RWzmsLiRVNRPV AL][zmsLisj.

NSsos BR aRPLkiLRiLi, [xsVsV][ saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV, FyRs s[yLiR
xmsLjixtsQ][s[ @sxqs V syLRi [R W. @sQQNPR s VsVsj @sy xqs*LRiWxms\sV soV
xmsoLRisVNRPV NSLRiLi. @yNRPXRsVy, dsVy, FysVy Bsds C xqsVxtsvzms
ss FyRs NRPgjis ysVsVV. xmsLjis @sWssVVgRi gRi`, xqs*xmssVV (saRPV*
\xqsV)NRPV A Fy[ ryOTPQ @RQOPR VRV. C xqsVxtsvzms ryOTPQ [aPR NS sZaP[xtsQs VV
@ssVV ss @yNRPXRVRV, @j*dRVVRV NSsos FyTRVLiRV
@yNRPXRsVVsj @sVsj sL][R sVV NSRV. C GNRPR* xmsFyRsNRPV xmspLRi*s[V
saRPV*RV \xqsVTRVLiRV, \xqsVRV xqsVxtsvzms RVLiRV xmssxmss [R VgS GNRPR*sVV
xmsFyjLiRTsj. @lgi[ A FyRV sZaP[xtsQLigS GNUP WRVRV, xmssxmsn Vs[Vs @s
NRPy aRPV 5,6 sVLiRsVV[ zmssj.

@yNRPXRxqs FyaRP yR[*xmsxms:

11) xtsQsV : NRPRLi Fy aRPR*Li @yNRPXRxqs? "Fy LiR s g`iiLiz rsV
sVs: (y.D. 6c8c1) B aRPV[:
yRLRisVV : Fy aRP sVV @yNRPXRVRs FsgRi? (@sV aRPLiNRP NRPgjiLi) ysNTP
xqssVyssVV xmsVRVyLRiV, "J rsVVy sVsxqsV= FysVVs LiR \sV RVVsj'
(y.D. 6c8c2)
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : aRPLiNRPLRiVV aRPLiNRP NRPgjiLi ysNTP @Rs[ xqssWyssVV xmsVRVyLRiV.
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV @yNRPXRsVVsV FyaRP sVV][ G zmssRVsV? yNRPXRsVV][
zmss[ Fy aRP sVV, @yNRPXRsVs NRPgRi[R VLSRV. ysNTP xqssWyssVVgS, @j
aRPV xmsWgSsVryLRisVVgSs[ NSLjiNRPNSLRiVV FyaRP sVV xmsWgjiLiyLRiV. "xqsLRi*
sRV Fy:' (sW.NS 1c6) FysVV xqsNRPsVVsV xqsXLiRVRVsj. @lgi[
sVLjiVVNRP aRPV "Fy LiR sLi z rsV sVs B' (y.D. 6c8c2) "J' rsW.
C sVsxqsV= @s jNRPVNRPVsV VgjiLji VgjiLji s[lLiRsV AaRPRVsVV F~LiR[NPR ,
FysVVs[ AaRPLiVVLiRVsV. GssgS rsW sVsxqsV= FyLRiWxmssVgRiV LiR ss[V
gRij NRPy. @sgS FysVV @yNRPXR FysVLiRV LiR s[V NRPgjisj; NSsos @j
Fy LiR sVV. FysVV @yNRPXR ARsV AaRPLiVVLiRVsV, sVsxqsV= DFyj gRiR\sVs
90

ssVs aRPV @LiR sVV.

12) xtsQsV : xmspLRi*xmsORPQ: c ssV RR "xqs[s rsV' (y.D. 6c2c1) B xmsNRPXRLi
xqsRQx Fy aRPyRLi?
yRLRisVV : (xmspLRi*xmsORPQs VV) c GsVLiU! aRPV yNRPsVV "J rsW xqsR*xqsVs[
soLisV' (y.D. 6c2c1) @s zms "@j xs[V @s zms), BxmsVRV sVLRi
Fy aRP (yRQ\sVs "@sNRPXRVRV' @s) FsgRi |msRLRiV?
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xmspLRi*xmsOTPQ aRPLiNRP [VsVsgS aRPV "xqsy rsV Ry xqsLixms[ s
xqs*sV{ms][ s' (y.D. 6c8c1) DyNRPVRV }msLRiV][ xmszqsR V\s @LRiVxmsoRVRV Rs
NRPVsWLRiVRgRiV ZaP[*RZNP[R Vs][ BV xmsZNPsV. "J rsVVy dsso y y*LS xqsVxtsvzmss
gRiWLji sZaP[xtsQs VVgS VxqsVN]sVsVV. G xqssVRVsVVsLiRV A xmsoLRiVxtsvRV "sjLiRV
RVsRs' xmsTs][ A xqssVRVsVLiRV, J rsW C xqsRyLiR sVV[ xqsLixmssV
RgRiV RVyRV. @RRV Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVsV F~LiRVRVyRV. BLiRV[R s[ @Rss
"xqs*zmsR'RVs xmsVRVyLRiV. GssgS @Ry xqssVRVsVLiRV "xqs*' @sgS
RsRVLiRV ys[ "@{msR' F~LiRVRVyRs @LiR sVV. BgRi sVVR (y.D.
6c8c1)RVLiRV zms, sVLRi (y.D. 6c8c2)RVLiRV "Fy LiR sLi z rsV sVs
B' "sVsxqsV= FyLRiWxmssVgRiV LiR ss[VgRij NRPy' @s lLiLiRW GgRi
NRPVRVLRiVRVLij? @sVsj xmspLRi*xmsOTPQ aRPLiNRP.
13) xtsQsV : xqssWysLi c \ sxtsQ][xtsQ:, dRNRPR* @VxmsgRisW` xqsR:* RVRzms
xqsRQx Fy aRP yRLi RR Ryzms s xmsxqss dRNRPR*Li @xmsLjiR Gs
Fy aRP R*Li xqsR: xqsR yRy R* RVjz sLkiLRiWxmsLi ssOTPQR Li x
@sxtsQ` "s[ s[', (X.D. 4c4c22) "RV][y][ ssLRiL i[' (\.D. 2c9)
"@s[s Rj*jy R ][ @sjy`' (ZNP[.D. 1c4) BRsORPQ `* "s xqsR yxqsRVR['
(.gki. 13c12) B xqsQX[:*
yRLRisVV : (xqssWyssVV) c Bj INRP ][xtsQs VV NSRV. (A aRPV RVLiRVs "xqs`'
aRP sVVsV) "dRNRPR*sVV'][ NRPWTRVVs ysgS "xqs` x'sVsV "Fy' aRP sVV
gS zmssxmsNUP, soV xmsoLis dRNRPR*sVVsV sRNRPVLiys[ "Fy' "xqs`'
aRP sVVV xmsWgjiLiRTss. INRPs[ , sLkiR*sVVsV xsVs xmsRs][
91

"s[ s[' (X.D. 4c4c22) yN`P "sVsxqsV=NRPV @LiRsj', RVVNRPV @sNSsj'

@sV aRPV yNRPsVV. @RRV "xqs` NSRVc @xqs` NSRV' @sVsj xqsQX yRNRPsVVgS
xmsWgRi\sV RVVLi[j .
yssVV : xqssWyssVV c BjRVV INRP ][xtsQs VV NSRV. A aRPV (yLi][giR
DxmssxtsQ` ) RVLiRV sos "xqs`' aRP sVVsV dRNRPR*sVV][ NRPWTRVVs ysgS
gRizLiRssV. BNRPR dRNRPLi @sgS xqssVxqs FyVV, xqsNRPsVV][ NRPWTs
gRi`, xqs*xmssVVdsLiNTP NSLRi sVs, @sQQNPR s Vs, @yNRPXRsVs VxqsVN][y.
"Fy LiR sLi z rsV sVs B'(y.D. 6c8c2) "sVsxqsV= "FyLRiWxmssVgRiV
LiR ss[V gRij' "xqs` xsVV'sV FyaRP sVVgS xmsTsxmsNUP, soV
xmsos dsVVsV, s[s V sVd s[VVN]LisVRVsV dsVVsV sRNRPVLiys[,
"Fy', "xqs`' aRP sVV, @sgS xqs`sV FysVs xmsTsj. BgRi FsLiRVNRPsgS
xqsVxtsvzmss VLiT soV s[VVN]sVRVyLRiV NRPy! xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q [syLRiV,
sRFRVsy[ s[VVN]LiVyRV, sR[ A s[VVN]s[y[ d LRiWxmsNRPLigS,
@sQQNPR L igS soyRs VxqsVN]sVRVyLRiV. Bj NRPR\sVsxmsNTP, BNRPR BgRi
IxmsVN]ssV xmsszqs ssj. kss[ aRPV "xqsy rsV Ry xqsLixms[ s
xqs*sV{ms][ s' (y.D. 6c8c1) "J rsW C xqs` xmsyLiR sVV[
xqsLixmssVRgRiVRVyRV' NSsos @NRPR xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ yLi][giR Li[ FysVV
xqs`RVs, xs[V @s zmssj ssLRi RXzts Q][ xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV dsVVsj,
@j dRNRPsVs xmsTsj. @lgi[ ssLjiNRP RXzts Q][ "xqs xqsLixmsR s sRV:
xqs xqssVXysVx B' (y.D. 6c9c2) xqssVxqs xmssV "xqsRV'sV F~LiRVsV, ysVV
xqsRVs V F~LijsVs RVNRP RVVLiRVLRiV. BgRi @sVN]sVRVyLRisV ysNTP
ssLRi RXzts Q[V NSLRisVs VxmsoNRPV "R Bx y|mnsW y zqsLix[ y sXN][
y sLSz y NUP[ y xmsRLig][ y y RLia][ y sVxqsN][ y RVRRs s Ry
ss*'(y.D. 6c9c3) yLRiV C [NPR sVVsLiRV yxmsn VsVV, zqsLixsVV, ][[V,
xmsLij, NUPNRPsVV, xmsRLigRisVV, RLiaRPsVV, ][s V [Vj [Vj \VRVVLiRV[, sVLRi
@j[V RVgRiVRVLiRVLRiV. BgRi ssLRi RXzts Q][ xqsVxtsvzms RVLiRV dsVVgS
RVVsRs, @j dRNRPsVs xmsTsj. NSsos xmsLjis @sWssVV
92

sVsNRPVsj NRPsVNRPs[ aRPV soV xmsoVRVsLRisV dRNRPsVVsV xmsLjiRLiRNRPVLiys[

xqs`xsVVsV FyaRP sVV[ zmssRs gRizLiy. @lgi[ aRPV soV
xmsoVRVyLRisV dRNRPs[V xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV yNRPXRsVVgS ][R VRVsRs zmssj.
kss[ aRPV "xqs` Gs rsW' @s (y.D. 6c2c1) J rsW ALRiLi sVVsLiRV A
GNRP sWRsVgRiV @j*dRV\sVs xqsR*xqsVs[ soLiss "xqs`' aRP yRQ\sVs xsVVsV
zms, sVLRi yssVLi[ dRNRPR*sVVsV @LigkiNRPLjiLiRVNRPV, NSLRis VxmsoRW
aRPV "}qsRVLi [s \ QOPR QR xyxsVsW zqsQF [s y @s[s s[yRysV xmssaRP
ysVLRiW}ms yNRPLRiy' (y.D. 6c3c2) "s[s V C yR LRiWxmssVV][ C
sVVso*LRiV [s RRVLiRV xmss[bPLi, ysVcLRiWxmssVV @sQQNPR slLiRsV. gSs
yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV dLi NRPVRLRiRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS dLi sVWsy
NSLRiVV zmssV xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV gRi`, xqs*xmsLi sLRiWxmsNRPsVVgS @sR
RVVsRsV xqsLjiNSRV. sVWsyNSLRiVV A dsVVsV xqsRsVs zms yss
sLRiWxms @sR, NSLRi sR, sVWsR @s xmsVRVyLRiV. @NRPR NSLRisR,
NSLRisR lLiLiRW[s o. IZNP[ @sR ss @NRPR NSLRiLi, NSLRiLi ][R VRVsj.
sVsNRPV xmsLiR NRPsVV @sR[V. @sR ]gjiF[ NSLSNSLRiV ]gjiFyLiVV.
DyxLRiNTP NRPVLiy @s[ NSLRiLi, sV @s[ NSLRiLi ss ][sj. C NRPVLiy @s[
NSLRisVV LRiWxmsLi[R RVRVRVsj; ysVsVV LRiWxmssVV lLiLiRW yyLRiLi \sV
yNRPVVVNRP sNSLRis[V @s ]gjiLi, ss[NPR sVV][ syLji}qs @NRPR NSLRisVs[
sV[V RVRVsV. ys xqs*LRiWxmssVV sV[V @s gRizLi, NSLRisV @s[ NRPVLiR
]gRigS, sVLRi sVs NSLRisVs FsLiRVNRPy? NRPVLiR @s[ NSLRis[V [s xmsVRV
sVRVs[ NSLRisVV NRPWy soLiRRV NRPy?. @lgi[ NSLRisVs[ gRi`, xqs*xmssVVV
]gji xqsVxtsvzms @sV sLi][ syLjiLisxmsVRV @NRPR [sNTP xqsVxtsvzms NSLRisVVgS
RVRVsV? @LiRVss NSLRiNSLRiV lLiLiTLiNTP IZNP[ @sR. NSLSsR,
NSLRisRRVs lLiLiRV[s o. xqsVxtsvzms[ gRi`, xqs*xmssVsV NSLSsR,
NSLRisRRVs lLiLiRW[s o. NSLRi NSLRiV lLiLiRW gRi` xqs*xmsLi[ ][R VRVss.
NSLRisVs[ NRPVLiR G\[ ][R VRVs][ ysNTP NSLRisVV Gj RVs][ @j gRi`,
xqs*xmssVV[ NRPVRVLRiVRVLij; xqsVxtsvzms[ NRPVRLRiRV. C FyLRisWLij NRP syLRi LS[[V
93

NSLjiNRP[ LRigRi[s oRVsj. gSs xmsxqsVysNTP ry}msORPQNPR RXzts Q][, NTPNRP ssLjiNRP
RXzts Q][ sR[ dsVVgSRVVsyRV s[VVN]sVRVyRV, @lgi[ s[VVN]s[yRV
dLRiWxmsNRPLigS xqsVxtsvzms[ dssyRs xmsTsj. soRV xmsoysNTP,
s[VVN]sysNTP @sy RXzts Qs s, dRNRPsVs FysVV. sVLRi xtsQNSLRiVV
"RVRz sLkiLRiWxmsLi' @s sLkiR*sVV xNRPV VxmsoNRPV, @NRPR aRPV 1)
"s[s[' (X.D. 2c3c6) @s zmssj, xqsVxtsvzmss syLjixqsW Bj NSLRiLi NSRV,
NSLRiLi NSRVs, 2) "RV][ y][ ssLRiL i[' (\.D. 2c9) yNRPV A xsVVsV
VxqsVN]sVNRPV s sVLRi Ljigjiss][, 3) "@s[s R`sj y' (ZNP[.D.1c4)
@sgS xsVV sjRsVV (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi) @lgi[ @sjRLi (xqsVxtsvzms) NRPys[LiR V.
aRPVRVs C sR sVVgS AL][zmsR xqsLRi*R LRisVVs s}tsQj Li, xqs*LRiWxmssVVsV
slLi b[ PxqsVs s. @lgi[ "s xqs` Ry xqsRVR[' (.gki 13c12) @j xqs`NSRV,
@xqs`NSRV sosRsVysNTP, [R sVysNTP lLiLiTLiNTP A DsNTP[V AyLRisVV. xqsQX
NRPWy [ R Vxqs*LRiWFys slLi b[ PLiRVNRPV s}tsQR sVVLigS xsVVsV VxmsoRV
sLkiR*sVV VxmsoRVsj. NSsos @ssVV ss, xsVLiRV dR*sVV
sRs FyLiR V. @lgi[ @yNRPXyR gRiRVNPR V NSLRisVs NRPWy @sVV FyLiR V.
B[ sxtsQR Ws \sRRxmsNRPLRisVV (sW.D. 2c17) NSLjiNRPRVLiRV "@sbPy
RVyLRi: @LiR NSlLi[ sNRPy* xqsL`iFyLSj LSQ\ s: RR*yy sNRPR:'
dNRPRVLiRV xqsxts Qs VVgS RVRs yRVRVLiRV "xqsLRisVs', "DRNRPyLRiRVs',
"xmspRLiRRVs' C LkigS ssVV[ GV sNRPLixmsRVRVs][, @lgi[
ARRVLiRV Fyj ssVVV NRPLiRRV RVss. "xqs` xqsLixms' @s \|mss G\[
xmsTs][, @NRPR sLki xsVV gRizLi, G\lgi[ Bj LRis[R Vs
VxqsVN]ss xmsoLRiVxtsvRV sVLRi yRVsV RWzqs xqsLRij sNRPsVVV LiR][, @lgi[
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV, xmsRVsVLiRV xqsLRi*sVW "xqsLixmss' xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV dssVVLiRgS,
sVLRi DR LiRVRVLiRsVNRPV NSLRisVV soLiRRV. G\[ "RVRRs s Ry
ss' (y.D. 6c9c3) "[Vj [Vj \VRVVLiRV[, sVLRi @j[V RVgRiVRVLiRVLRiV'
@s aRPV zmss][, @gRi sVLRi xmsoV, [y xmsosLRiVyssVV @sV @xqsLigRiRsVV
GLiRVNRPsgS sLki xsVVsLiRV xqsLixmssVRgRiVRVsyRV, sVLRi xmspLRi*sVV s[
94

@gRiVRVyRs gRizLiRTs][, sVVNRPVR V NRPWy sVLRi xmsoVRVyRs

zmssgRiVsV.

x xqsd sLki*R*NRPXR [ R :
14) xtsQsV : sLkiRRW Gs [` xqs dyyLi, xqsLixmsyyLi xqsVxtsvxms
xmsRVW: xmsos LRiVys @sVxmsxms: ry`* sVVNSyLi R xmsosLRiVR xmsxqsLigRi:
dys}tsQuy`* s yx d s[ R ysLiR NRP xmsxqsLigRi:* Rry`
xqsdy*V xmsgRis[Vs Gs xqsR: FyR* sxms[aPR : xqsLRi*aRPVxtsv R NSLRiR*
sxms[aPR :*
yRLRisVV : (aRPVRVLiRV (y.D. 6c8c2) "xqs`x sLkiR*s[V'@s |mssV)
sLkiR*sVVdsVNRPV (sjLiRVyLjiNTP), xqsLixmssV (xmsRVNSsVLiRV gRiLisyLRiV)NRPV
c Ljigji (DRL iR NRPsVV][) xmsosLiR s soLiRRV. sVVNRPVNRPV Ljigji ssVV LSgRiRsV
xmsxqsLigRisVV FyzmsLiRVsV FsLiRVNRPsgS dLRizRR*sVV INRP sZaP[xtsQs VV NSsLiRVss c
@lgi[ ssVV[ RgiR sVV NSRgjis dsVV [s LiRVss, sNSLiRNRPV @sLiR NRP
][xtsQs VgRiVsV. NSsos \|mss RWzmss aRPVRVLiRV dRVVR\sVs xqs`xs[V "Fy'
aRP sVVsNRPV @LiR sVV, sLki xsVVNSRV. xqsLRi*aRPVRVRVLiRV NSLRiR*sVV
@LigkiNRPLjiLi Dxms[aPR sVV [R VVRVsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : A aRPV (y.D. 6c8c2)RVLiRV "xqs`x sLkiR*s[V' |mssss
ysNTP NSLRiLi, xmspLRi*xmsLSV s[LiR V. @NRPR xmsLRisWLiR sLiR RVsVV aRPV s[LiR VgS [zqssj
gSs A syLRi sLkiR*sVsV AyLRisVVgS, BNRPR A syLRi [R VNRPWRRV.
FsLiRVNRPsgS BNRPR aRPV aRPLkiLRiLi |msVN]s, C [xsVLiR, gRi` saRPV*Rs,
xqs*xmssVV \xqsVRs, AlLiLiRV xqsVxtsvxmsoR sV FyRLiRV dssyRs ssLjiLisj.
BLi xqsLiRLRis VVs aRPLkiLSsWsNTP, gRiysWsNTP sLkiR*Li zmss][;
aRPLkiLRiLi[ Li][ NRPWTs dLigS sosyRV FsgRi s[VVN]LiRV? [NPR
sVLRiLisyRV FsgRi xmsoRyRsV xmsaRP DRssVsosV. sVLRi sVLRi sLSRsV
xmsxqsLigRisVV GLRiRVsV. sVVNTPN ][lLi[yRV sLSzRsVsVsj FsgRi F~LiRgRiRV;
ssVV[ xqsLRi*NRPLRiV (dLi) RgiR Li @soyRVs[ xqsQX yNRPLi sLRiLiR NRPssosV. C
\|ms NSLRisVV ss ssLjiNRP, gRi` RXzts Q xmspLjig S ]VgRi[R V, NRPsVNRP
95

qx sLRi*aRPVRVV NSLRiR*sVV, dR*sVVsV @LigkiNRPLjiLi, ys sVs xqsLRi[ IxmsVN]s,

sV @s FsgRi[[R Vs syLjiLi ys @xmsyRsVV [R VV xqssVRVsVV,
xqsLiRLRis VV, s[LiR VgS VxmsoRVsj. @LiRVss xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ yLi][giR Li[
zmss "dLi][ NRPWRVN]s xqs` xs[V' @sVsj xqsLji\Vsj.

Fyxqs dRR*Li NUPRXaRPsV?

BNRPR JNRP xmsaRP. FyRV dNRPR*sVV][s[ NRPWTs yRs xmspLRi*sVV zmssxmsoRV,
C ALRiLi sVVsNRPV sL][R sVVgS "xqsdR*Li' GgRi FyLiR V? dsVV][ NRPWTsyRs
GgRi FyLiR V. C aRPLiNRPNRPV xmsLjiLRisVVgS xqssWyss[VsVsgS, BgRi Vxmso
RxmsV[R V. FyR xqsdR*sVV][s[ NRPR*sVV Vxmso ssOTPQR \sV sosj.
GLiRVNRPsgS FyTRVLiRV CaRP*LSR WRVRV s[ @syNRPRsVV ss
ysVLRiWxmssVV[ gRiRV NRPVgRiVNRPV NSLRisVs, yss d aRP sVV][ zmssj. aRPV
NRPWy "GNRPLi dLi xy RV: NRPL][' (ZaP[*.D. 6c12) "JNRPgS sos dsVV
@s[NPR sR sVVVgS ][R VRVsj ([R VVRVsj)'. NSsos xmsLRisWRRVLiRV dLi
AL][xms DFyj WRsVVss NRPgjisj. @j "RRQ * @sy*Li @sLRi*RdsRVLi
ysVLRiWFyLi yNSLRi` FyN`P R`LRiW}ms\s zqs RsV' @sgS AL][zmsLiRTs
dRRQ *sVV NSRV, RRQ *sVVNRPy @ssVVgS ][R VNRPV dsVNSRV. BgRi @sLRi*Rds
RVsVVgS ysVLRiWFy][ ][ssW, FyN`P (sVVLiRV) @j @[ LRiWxmssVV[s[ sosj,
@sgS xsVVgSs[ sosj. G\lgi[ sVLRiVgRiV sVLRigRis[ ysV LRiWxmssVV][
RVTssW sVVLiRV @j dsLRiVgSs[ sos][ @lgi[ sVLRigRigS ][ssW @j
dsLRiVNRPy @ssVVgS sosRs xms[s VV. A "sVLRiVgRiV'@s[ ysVLRiWxmssVV][
NRPWTs "d aRPNTP s VR*Li' ss dsRVLiRV @yNRPXR sVLRiVgRis Vxmso sVR
@LiVVssW, }msxmsVRV @j dsLRiVsVLiT ssRs GgRi FysW, @lgi[
"ysVLRiWxms d aRPNTP' FyTRVLiRV NRPWy dRRVs xmsTsj. @lgi[ xqsd
sVV[V dNRPR*sVs Vxmso ssOTPQR \sVsRsV DxmsNRPsWsNRP G sLRiVR sVV [R V.

x xqsd sLkiR* NRPXR [ R :

mx spLRi*xmsOTPQ: BR JNRP aRPLiNRP. xsVLiRV xqsdR*sVV, sLkiR*sVs lLiLiRW
xmsTyLiVV NRPy! @s DxmssxtsQR VV qx sdy*s VxmsoRVsLiVV. aSxqsQsVV
96

Dxms[bPLis RXuy Bj sVRy*s NSLRisVVgS xmsVRVsj, gSs aRPV

"xmspLiR sVR: xmspLiR sVRLi xmspLSRWLiR sVVRR[* xmspLiR xqs xmspLiR sWyRV
xmspLiR s[VysbPxtsQ[' (X.D. 5c1c1) xqs`gS sVVLi[ sos xmspLiR sVV sVLiT xmspLiR Q\sVs
NSLRisVVRLiVVLiRVsV. @j NSLRiQ\sVsxmsNTP xmspLRi*Q\sVs xqs` LRiWxms\sVs xmsxmsLiRsVV.
xmsRVNSsVLiRV xmspLiR Q\sVs NSLRisVVsVLiT xmspLiR sVVsV dzqss[zqss][ NSLRi\sVs xqs`
AR[V sVgji soLiRVsV. DR, zqs , xmsRVsVs[ sVWRV NSsVVRVLiRV,
NSLSNSLRisVVV lLiLiRW xqsRsVVgS }ms ssVV sVydsVVsV
RzLiRVssVj GLiRVNRPV NRPLiRVRVsLRiV? (@RDR[). xqssWyssVV dsVV
@ssVs }ms, ssVV dsVVsV RzLiRVssVsj @sLiR NRP xmsxqsLigRisVgRiVsV. NSsos
aSxqsQ Dxms[aPR sVV NRPWy @sLiR QNRPsVgRiVsV. NSsos lLiLiTLiRVLiRV (NSLRiNSLRi)
xqsRR*sVV @LigkiNRPLjiLiR[R V. @gRi @LigkiNRPLjiLi soLi[ xqssVN`P RLRi+ssVV N]LRiNRPV,
sVyssVV N]j gS @LigkiNRPLjiLissoRVLij. @xmsoRV aSxqsQsVVxms[bPLis
"RRQ *sVzqs' yNRPsVVNRPV @LiR sVV [NPR VLiR FRVLij. NSLRisVV NSLRisVVNRPy
@ssVsV ssVV, @syNRPRs[V. Bj sVy NSLRi @}msORPQ[V NRPy! NSsos
"RRQ *sVzqs' (y.D. 6c8c7) "@j xqsRsVV, @j AR, @j[V ds\ssosso' BLi
aSrQxms[aPR sVV][ NRPgjis xqssVN`P ssVV D RVsVVs (NSLSNSLRi) ryLiR NRPR
NRPgjixqsVLij. NSsos ssVV "xsVLiRV NRPXR\sVs xqs dR*sVV' RzLiRVssVsj
xqsLji\Vs[. @gRi @LigkiNRPLjiLiRV y*LS xqsRVs V VxmsoNRPV yLi][giR DxmssxtsQR V[
FyR*sVV, XxyLRiNRPsVV[ ANSaRPR*sVV Dxms[bPLiRTsj. NSsos BgRi
@s aRPVRVV sxqsVR : xsVLiRV NSLRiR*sVV [NPR FLiVVssW NSLRisVV
Dxms[aPR sVVsVgS yssVV [|qsRLRiV.

x: NSLRiR* sxms[aPR : aRP g][R LRiR* ssLRiaRP

15) xtsQsV : @RGs "@ORPQLSRLRiR: xmsLRi:' "xqs LiRL][ x:' (sVV.D.
2c1c2) "RV][ y][ ssLRiL i[' (\.D. 2c9) "s[ s[' (X.D. 2c3c6) Byj
dsyQ*xmssRVs[s sxms[aPR :*
yRLRisVV : BNRP dR*sVVsV xmsLjixLjiLis aRPVRVV "@ORPQLSRLRiR: xmsLRi:' ORPQLiR Li,
@ORPQLiR Li lLiLiTLiNRPy xsVV s[LiR V, "xqs LiRL][ x:' (sVV.D. 2c1c2)
97

@RRV RV [xms DsyRV, "RV][ y][ ssLRiL i[' (\.D. 2c9) yNRPVV
VxqsVN][[NPR FsR sVLiT Ljigji ss[ "s[ s[' (X.D. 2c3c6) BjNSRV
BjNSRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : sVyssVV ss NRPgjis xqsdR*sVVsV @LigkiNRPLjiLi xqs`RVLiRV
FyjR*sVV Dxms[bPLiRTsj. @s DxmssxtsQR VV xsVVsV NSLRiR*sVVs[
xmsoyLiVV. BNRPR NRPWy "xmsyxms[V z WyysV' @s xmsTsj.
BxmsoRV xqsdR*sVV (dsVV][ NRPWTs)sV xmsLjixLjiLiRVs @s[NPR aRPVRVV
zmssoss. "@ORPQLS` xmsLRiR: xmsLRi:' "xqssL ][ x:' (sVV.D. 2c1c2) @RRV
ORPQLiR Li (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi), @ORPQLiR Li (xqsVxtsvzms) lLiLiTNRPs xsVV xmsLRi\ sVsyRV
(@sVRV) @sgS @RRV @s sNSLRisVVNRPV, @syNRPXR ORPQLiR sV (gRi` xqs*FyNTP)
@RRV xmsLRiVRV xqsNRP ssNSLSNRPV (xmsoV, |msLRiVgRiV, sWLRiV, OUPQLiRV,
yaRPssVV LiRV, C ALRiVsW ssNSLSV, sVR xmsoVRVsV sNSLRis[V RNTPs
yNTP NSLRisVV) kss[ xqsQX ( .gki. 2c20) zmssj. @Li ssNSLSV
sssVR s VV][ NRPVgRiVsV. A ssV s}tsQj LiRV xqsNRP sNRPLRisVVsW s}tsQj LiRV
sgRiVsV. NSsos @RRV sL iR x:' [xms, RV sosyRV. @RRV
xmsoVNRP [syRV . @lgi[ "RV][ y][ ssLRiL i[* @Fyxms sVsry xqs x' (\.D.
2c9) "sNRPV VxqsVN]s[NPR GR sVLiT LjisRV[' BR yNRPV , yNRPVR*LS
zmss[ aRP sVV, A aRP s VxqsVN]s[ sVsxqsV=, s}tsQj LiRTsj. @lgi[ "s[
s[' (X.D. 2c3c6) Bj NSLRisVV NSRV, NSLRisVV NSRs xmsoRW, aRPV
sVVLSs VWLRi s VV][ NRPWTs xqsLRi*xmsxmsLiRsVV s}tsQj Li, ys sVys NRPR\sVs
dsVVsV ]gjiLi sLRiVFyj NRP\sVs ARRRQ *sVVsV xmsVRVsj.. kss[
"@yL][FyxmsyyLi sxtsQQLixmsR xmsxmsLiR[' @s xmsTsj. kss[ aRPV
"xmspLiR sVR: xmspLiR sVRLi xmspLS RWLiR sVVRR[' (X.D. 4c2c2) BR NSLRisVV,
NSLRisVV lLiLiRW xqsRsVs xms[R V. "xmspLiR sVR:' (NSLSNSLRisVV [sj),
sLRiVFyj NRP\sVs xmsLRix, "xmspLiR sVRLi' @sgS ysVLRiWFy][ NRPWTRVVs
ssLRi\sVsxmsNUP DFyj LRizRsVgRiV xmsLRisWLiR xqs*LRiWxmssVV[ xmspLiR sVV. sZaP[xtsQs VVsV
F~LijRVVs A C NRPLRiLRiWxmssVgRiV x, NSLRisVVgS, xmspLiR xsVVsVLiT
98

DRsLisRs @LiR sVV. NSLRisVVgS, gRi` LRiWxmssVVgS DRsLissW Rs

xqs*LRiWxmssVgRiV xmsLRisWRLRiWxms\sVs [V xmspLiR R*sVV gRi][ yss sT|ms[R V.
@sgS Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS soLiWs[ DRsLiRVRVsj. NSLSgRiRVLiR WxmssVVgS
xmsNRPs\sVs xmspLiR QxVVNRP xmspLiR R*sVV Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV][ GNRPLRixqs\sVs
(xmssxmsn Vs\sVs) soLiRVsV, AFyjLi @ssVV[ NRPgjis ysVLRiWxmssVVV
][zqsxmso, xmspLiR QxgSs[ sVgji soLiRVsV. NSsos @sy NRPXR\sVs dsxqs . Bj
aRPV Dxms[aPR sVVy*LS NRPgjis ssVV ss, sLkiR*sVV xmsLRisWLiR sVLiRV gRizLi,
FyR*NSLRisVV][ xsVVsV gRizLiRTsj. @R NRPWy @dsxqs zms
FyRsRV y[ RVLkiRVVRV, @RRV xmsLRisWLiR sVVgS [x xqsLi LiR sVV [s yRs
aRPV LS[[V 7s sVLiRsVLiRV "yLiR: xmsj' @s xms [s oRVsj.
16) xtsQsV : yLi @dsryLi R|\ qs#s Fy aRP yRxqs RVLkiRV[*s [j
xqsLiLiR LRi zyLi FyLRisWLij NUPLi xmsXRN`P sORPQ *
yRLRisVV : C A dsxqs @LiVVs xmssV Fy aRP yRsVVsNRPV RVLkiRVR*
sVV][ NRPWLjis][ [xxqsLiLiR LRizRR*sVV NRPVgRiV ss FyLRisWLij NRP\sVs sWORPQ
sVs xmsssV.

gRiR[} sry*jRRV @sVs Dxmsxms:

17) xtsQsV : dsryzms "s NTPLiR s[j xtsQLi' B DRxqs xmsRRV RLRi+y`
[} @sVW RVR Gs B "y [} sszqs R:' c BRVR[**
yRLRisVV : dsxqs (xqsVxtsvzms NSLRisVs, xqs*xms gRi`V NSLRisVs) NRPWy
RVVNTP [ "s[s[sd V FsLRiVgRiVsV' @s gSR sR sVLiT s[Vss ysNTP NRPVgRiV ssVVsV
[xsVLiRV C @sryRRVsVV (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms) C sVWRV
NRPVgRiVRVsss xmsTsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : gRi` ssLjiNRP RXzts Q[R , NSLjiNRPRVLiRV gRi`, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzmsR V
sV sVWRV sR sVVVgS xmsTsj. C LS[s o 3,4 NSLjiNRP RVLiRV @lgi[ 1,2
NSLjiNRP[ C D a[ PR sVV][, ssLjiNRP RXzts Q][ aRPV ssLjiLisj. gRiR [xsVLiRV
saS*RVV (saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV, FyRV) ][R VNRPV NSLRisVVsV xmsRVRVsj.
99

aRPLiNRP[VsVsgS, gRiR[xsVLiRV, saS*RVV GgRi RVRVRVsLRiV? @sgS

JNRPRV gRiR[ soLiT, xqs*xmssVV, xqsVxtsvzms GgRi NRPVgRiV RVsj? @s aRPLiNRP
NRPgjiLi, ZNP[s RLRi+ssVV, xqsLRisVV ss saRP* \xqsVV [xsVV[ GgRi
@sV ssVV NRPVgRiVRVsLRiV? Fy\[ xmspLRi*sVV sLij LisV, xqsLRi* aRPLkiLRi xqsLiLiR sVV
LRizRV\sxmsoRV NRPVgRiVsV. NSsos JZNP[ aRPLkiLRisVLiRV sVWRV (saS*RVV)
NRPVgRiVRVyRVs GgRi FyLiR V? xmspLRi*xmsOTPQ C aRPLiNRPNRPV, GRVLRiV xmsaRP GsVsgS JZNP[
gRiRRVLiRV "sVWRV' @sV ssVVV NRPVgRiVRVyRVs GLiRVNRPV }msLRi
NRPVgRiVRVsj? [y gRiR, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzmsR VsV s s @sxqs RVLiRV, saRP*
\xqsVRV, FyRV JZNP[ [xsVLiRV GgRi @sV ssVV NRPVgRiVsV? sVVR xmsaRPNRPV
yV GsVsgS gRiRLiy BjsLRiNRPV zmssV ROTPQOTPQ DxmsORPQsVVgS
}LijRWV sxtsQR WsV gRizLiRV ss saRPV*RszmsLiRVN]sVRVyRV. BNRP
sVsxqsV= [xms sos sxtsQR WsV sNRPLi \xqsVTgS @szmsLiRVN]sVRVyRV.
@LiVV[ sNRPyFyLRisVV DxmsaRPsVsVV NRPVgRigS GNUP WRV\s FyRszmsLiRVN]
sVRVyRV. BRLiy sgRi ([ R ) DxmsORPQLiR sVV. @lgi[ xqs*xmssVLiRV NRPWy
@R AR sVWRV LRiWxmssVVVgS @sV sxqsVs Rs @LiR sVgRiVRVsj. gRiR[
BLijRVsVV][ ssLRisVV [R VRVRVs][, @[ sR sVVgS xqs*xmssVLiRV
NRPWy. NSsos \xqsVTRVLiRV NRPWy saRPV*RV ][R VsV. @NRPR NRPWy xqs*xmssVLiRV
@R sos sVsxqsV=ss \xqsVRV saRPV*TgS ][R VsV. @lgi[ xqs*xmssVLiRV xqs*xms
sxtsQR WV, sNRPsVVV @ssVV][ NRPgjisxmsoRV @NRPR FyRVgS ][R VsV. gSs
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV GxmsVRW NRPWy sZaP[xtsQs VVV soLiRNRPFLiVVssW, @RW
@sxqs RVLiRV (gRiR, xqs*xmssVV) ARW FyT s[ ][R VsV. GLiRVNRPsgS
xqs*xmssVV[ A xqssVNSsVV[, s[s V gRiRsV @sV sRVRVyssV, xqs*xmssVVsV
gSLiRVRVssV, @lgi[ xqsVxtsvzmss NRPWy F~LiRVRVyssV ssVV soLiRVsV NRPy!
BNRP xqsVxtsvzms syLRisVV [R VgS, @NRPR G sZaP[xtsQs VV [s xmsNUP (R` xmssOSQR WLi)
ysRVLiRV xmss[bPLi saRP*Q\xqsV @sV ssVV NRPgjiLiRV, yss[ sLji*NRP `
yFyLRisVV][, yss [R s xmsLji}qs saRPV*RV RVRVss N]LiRLRiV FyLiR V @R
xqsLiryLRi NRP sNRPsVVsV \xqsVRs[ @LiLRiV. ys ss sVLRi @R
100

D RVsVVV (saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV) RVLiRV DFyj aRPWssVV ss @NRPR FyRV

RVRVss, BgRi gRiR, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvxmsosV sVWRV @sxqs RVLiRV,
JNRPys RVLiRV saS*RV @sV ssVV, gRiRRVLi[ NRPVgRiVRVsj. BgRi
VxqsVN]sV ss xmsWss[VsVsgS gRiRRVLiRV JZNP[ AR Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVLi[
soLiT DFyj [ R sVV][ sVWRVsosVgS sNRPLiR RVRVsRsVsj @lgi[
sosj JNRP gSs gRiR, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvxmsoV sVWRVgS sNRPLiRRVRVsRsV
yss xmspLRi* a]N[ Ss RXU NRPLjiLiRVRVsj. @LiVV[ BR JNRP aRPLiNRP, gRiyj s
sQQ\sVs sVWRsxqs RVLiRV, saS*j }msLRiV][ NRPWTs gRiysxqs @sV ssVV GgRi
NRPVgRiVRVsj? C aRPLiNRP xqs*RVsVVgS NRPgjiLi sLSNRPLjiLiRRVRVsj. xqssWyssVV
@gRi NSRV, xqs*xmssVLiRV A xqssVNSLi[ ysV xqs*xmssVVgSLiRVRVyss @sVN][
RV NRPy! A xqssVNSLi[ gRiRs[ xqs*xmssVLiRs @sV sxqsVs RV. @lgi[ xqsVxqsVzms
xqssVNSsVLiRV s[s V LiVVgS, xqsVsVVgS sjLiRVRVyss @sVN][R V NRPy!
s[Vss RLS*Rs[, s[s V xqs*Fys RWzqss, LiVVgS sjLiss FyR V. Bj
xqsLRi*sV @sV ssVV. @lgi[ Vj , [xsVV @ss sVVgRi soLi[ (@[aPR LkiLRi
sVLiRV), s[s V C sVWRsxqs V (gRiR, xqs*xmssVV, xqsVxtsvzms) @sV sxqsVyss
NRPWy xmsVRVsj. NSsoss[ @Li gRiRRXzts Q sosyRV, @[ aRPLkiLRisVV[
sVWRsxqs V NRPVgRiVRVyLiVV NRPsVNRP, s[s V sRRVLiRV xqsVsVVgS LiVVgS sjLiy
ss ds xqszRsVVgS, @j*dRV xmssxmsn VssVs AL][zmsLiRRVRVsj. NSsos
dsxqs NRPWy RVVNTP [ syLjiLiRgS, @R "s[s[sV GLRiVgRi\ss' @s gSR sR sVLiT
s[VssysNTP ssVV ss, [xsVLik @sryRRVsVVsV @sV sLiRVRVy
ss, C sVWRV y [xsVLi[ NRPVgRiVRVyRVs, NSLjiNRPRVLiRV "sVWRVsR sVVVgS
ds [xsVLiRV NRPVgRiVRVsj' @sVsj gRiyRXzts Q[V. NSsos JZNP[ aRPLkiLRisVLiRV,
sVWRsxqs V NRPVgRiVRVsRVs DFyj RXuy syLjiLiRV ss, dsVVsRsV
ssVV NRPVgRiNRP RxmsRV. (Dt.8c2c2014 ry. 6.40 s. ry*dsV phone[ zmss
sxtsQR VsVV) BR sxtsQR Vs[VsVsgS, xXRRWNSaRPsVLiRV FyRsV RVLiRV
xXRRVaRP sVVsNRPV ANSaRPsVVs[ zmssj. gRiR aRPLkiLRisVLiRV xXRRWNSaRPsVV,
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV ANSaRPsVVNRP. @sV ssVV (s[R s, xmsRRV) xqsLRi lLiLiRV sV[y
101

FyLRisVVV sRV xqs*LRiWxms\sV FyRV. xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV G sV[yFyLRisVVV

[s o, AR xqs*LRiWxmssVLi[ soLiVLisj. AR G sV[yFyLRisVV [s RV{ts Qs xqs
RVLiRV \RssWR xqs*LRiWxmssVVgSs[ sosj. @LiRVss BRss FyRs
@yLRiV. xXRRWNSaRPsVLi[ GgRi? ANSaRPsVLi[ ANSaRPsVVs[ xmsLRisV xqsWORPQ sVVgS
soLiRV aRPVyR. ANSaRP aRP sNTP C sR sVVgS xmsLRisWRRVLiRV DxmsWgjiLi[
yNRPsVVVNRPWy soss. XxyLRiNRP DxmssRVR VLiRV gSLik @RaRPRVso
xqsLiyRsVLiRV "xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV sssVRV xmsoLRiVxtsvRV GR soLiRsV xmsaRPNRPV
xqssWyssVV BLijRWRV s @LiR:NRPLRisVV[ ][R V sZaP[xtsQ ssVV [R
dxqsVN]s, xXRRVsVLiRV C ANSaRPsVVsj NRPy! @sgS ysRVLiRV soyRs'
zmssj "ANSaRP aRP# [ s xmsLRi Gs xqs* A][R[, Rzqss }qs* ARyNSZaP[ ZaP[[
ry*sZNP[7xqsLiryLjiZNP[' (X.D. 2c1c17) ANSaRPsVsV aRP sVV[R BR xmsLRisWLiR sVVs[
xmsVRVsj. Rs xqs*sNRP\sVs xqsLiryLRi R LRisVV [s ARRVLiRV ANSaRPsVVsRs,
NSLjiNRP uyLiR sVV. xmsRRV, s[R ysV ssVV xqsLRi xqs*LRiWxmssVgRiV sV[yFyLRisVV
[NPR Fso ss sVssVLiRLRisVV ssVVgS sVs xXRRWNSaRPsVV @sgS xmsLRisWLiR
xqs*LRiWxmssVLi[ soLiVysVs C NSLjiNRP [ "ANSZaP[ R xXj Fy: y [}
sszqs R:' @sVysNTP @LiR sVV. gRiRRVLiRV \saS*sLRiVRV, xqs*xmssVLiRV \xqsVRV,
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV FyRV C sVVgiR VLji @sV ssVV gRiRRVLiRV sVs @sV ssVV[
sosj. BLijRWV DFyj [R aRPLkiLSR, sVsxqsV=VVNRP DFyj [R LigSR C
lLiLiRW DFyR VV[sd V RVNRP Rs qx s*LRiWxmssVLiRVLiRV xqsVxtsvzmsR Vs sVs gRiR
[s[ ][R VRVsRsV sVsxqsV=NRPV RV[zqs C ryOTPQ xqs*LRiWsVgRiV DFyR VsV
sRgS dsss DxmsOTPQR V\s ryOTPQ[V sVs\sVsoysVV. C ryOTPQNPT [}LijRV
ssVV AsLRi LRiWxmsNRPsVVgS sosRsV Li[V. GLiRVNRPsgS sVs
ryOTPQ \RssVV VVNRP ssVV aRPLkiLRisVVsV y AyNRP, Aj \sNRP, AjNRP,
xqsLRi*xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV ryOTPQgS RWRVRVsj. xmspLiR saRP*s[V ryOTPQNPT DFyj gS sosj.
@LiRVss sVs aRPLkiLRisVVsLiRV sosV ][R V C @R[V \saS*sLRiVRs
sLiR RV\sVsj. szts QLigRi DFyj Gg][, @lgi[ xqssVzts Q sV[LSbP[V C ryOTPQNPT
DFyj gS sosj. C sR sVVgS gRiVLjiL is][ xqsWORPQ DFyj ss AsLjiLiRTsV
102

][[ C AR[V \xqsVRV. NSsos \|ms @sV ssVV, xqsLRi[V DFyj [s sVsNRPV G
ssVV NRPVgRiV[R s ][sxmsNUP sLji*NRP @sV ssVV y*LS s[LiR VgS RVV
ryOTPQ[V sVssVgRiV FyRs VxqsVN][y. B[ JZNP[ AR[V sVWRV LRiWFyVgS
sVs gRiR [xsVLiRV soyRsV xmsLRisWLiR sVV.

saS*jyLi [ ssry:

NSLjiNRP (1c3)
sa][*z xqs WVN`P sRLi \ xqs: xmsssNRP VN`P
AsLiR VN`P Ry Fy: y g[ iR Li s[R R** 3 **
yRLRisVV : saRPV*RV FsxmsoRV xqs Wg[ iR sVVgRiyRV. \xqsVRV xqsWORPQ g[ iR sVVgRi
yRV. FyRV AsLiR g[ iR sVVgRiyRV. BV g[ iR sVV sVWRV sR sVVs zqs
N]sVRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : saRPV*RV sRsVVgS aRPyj sxtsQR VsVVV BLijRVsVV y*LS
x xmsxmsLiRsVVsV gRizLi VLiRV[ @RRV xqs W VN`P. BNRP \xqsVRV xqsWORPQs V
sVVgS @sV sLiRV[ xmsssNRP VN`P. FyRV, gRi` xqs*xmsLi lLiLiRV @sxqs sV
DxmsxqsLixLjiLiRV [R , sLji*xtsQR VNRP xqsVsVVsV @sV sLiRV[ @RRV AsLiR VN`P.
BgRi g[ iR sVVV sVWRV sR sVVV.

NSLjiNRP (1c4)
qx s WLi RLRiRV[ saRP*Li xmsssNRPL iRV \ xqsLi
AsLiRaRP Ry FyLi y RXzmsLi s[R R** 4 **
yRLRisVV : xqs WsVV saRPV*sNRPVsV, xqsWORPQ sVV \xqsVsNRPVsV, AsLiRsVV Fys
NRPVsV AsLiRsVV NRPgjiLiRVsV.
xtsQsV : DNSL][ a]N[ _*
yRLRisVV : xmsTs @LSs a]N[ PR sVV y*LS c
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : saRPV*RV xqs W sxtsQR VsVVV @sV sLiRVsV. \xqsVRV xqsWORPQ sxtsQR V
sVVV @sV sLiRVsV. FyRV AsLi\NRP sxtsQR VsVVV @sV sLiRVsV. C sR sVV
gS saRP*, \xqs, FyV sVWRVsR sVVVgS g[ iR sVVV @sV sLiRV RVyLRiV.
103

N[ PR VlLi[NPR |\ qs#=s [ xqs \ NRP|\ qs#=s sR sV

gRiRRXzts Q][ saRPV*RV xqs WN[ PR Q XR*sVV gRiyRs \xqsVRV xqsWORPQ N[ PR Q XR*sVV
gRiyRs xmsxmsjLiRTsj. @R AsLiRsVV xqs*LRiWxms WRs[V, gSs sxtsQR V sxtsQLiVV
sgRisVV [s AsLiR VN`P (AsLiR N[ PR Q XR*sVV)RVs DxmsyLRisVVgS (g_sVVgS)
xmsTsj. kss sxqsLjiLiRNRPWRRV. gSs Bxms ysNSLRiVV AsLiRsVV,
sZOP[Qxms @sV ssVV ss DxmsOTPQR \sVs ARRVs, @R yNRPV GdsV RV[R sV
@ssX ss @R AsLiR VN`P (AsLiRFyRVsVV) RVs Vxmso xqsLjiNSRV. @j
RxmsV. @NRPR sVW @ssVV soLiRV sss NSLjiNRPNSLRiVV xms[R V GLiRVNRPsgS
@gRi sVsxqsV= LiLiRVNRPV aRPNRPsVVNSRV. xqs W, xqsWORPQ sxtsQR Vg[ iR sVV aRPLkiLRi,
@LiR:NRPLRi gRiR\sVsj. gSs xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV AsLiRsVV xqs*LRiWxmss[V. @NRPR aRPLkiLSsW
ssVV, @LiR:NRPLRisWssVV [s xmssWR, xmss[VRV ssLRisVV[s ZNP[s AsLiR
xqs*LRiWxmss[V sosj. gRiRRXuy aRPLkiLSsWssVV ss, xqsVxtsvzms @sV ys
yxqss sVVgS VxqsVN]sNRP, xqs W VN`P, xqsWORPQ VN`P @ssV AsLiR VN`P RVs
@sVN]sVRVyLRiV. NSsos JZNP[ AR saRP*, \xqs, FyRVsV LRiWxms [ R sVV s[
[ sVV JNRP @LiVVsxmsNUP, xqs W, xqsWORPQ , AsLiRsVV sVWRV LRiWxmssVVVgS
s Li g[ iR sVVsV NRPWy RRsVgRiVsVVgS s Li, RXzms LiRV NRPWy @lgi[
[R VTsj. G\lgi[ xmsn VNSaRPsVV, sVhSNSaRPsVV Byj Dxmsj [ R sVV[R
@s[NPR sVVgS ANSaRPsVV s LissW, sosj JZNP[ ANSaRP# \sVsVgS.

NSLjiNRP (1c5)
xtsv ysVxqsV RV][ Li N[ SR VaRP xmsNUPLji R :
s[\ RRVRVLi RVxqsV xqs VLi[ s xms[ ** 5 **
yRLRisVV : sVWRsxqs RVLiR [ sVVsV, N[ PR R VV
xqsVN]sVRVy][ @RRV @sV sLissV [xmssVV F~LiRRV.

ssRV

N[ PR Q X[V: GNRPR* DFyyssV

1) xtsQsV : xtsvysVxqsVRV` gRiyjxtsv xqs WxmsssNRPA
sLiyLi [ sV
GNRPLi yWRLi RVaRP saRP*Q\ xqs Fy[: N[ S GNRP: "r7xLi' B[NRP[*s xms
104

qx sLiyy` Rxts Q XR* @sZaP[uyR xmsNUPLji R :* W s[R GRRV RVLi [ N[ PR Q X

RRW @s[NPR ysLi xqs: VLis: s xms[* [ xqs xqsLRi*xqs GNRPxqs N[ PR V:
[ y*`*
yRLRisVV : sVWRVysVsVV (ryssVV) gRiyRV (gRi` xqs*xms xqsVxtsvxmso)
RVLiRV xqs Wg[ iR sVV, xqsWORPQ g[ iR sVV, AsLiRg[ iR sVV [ Li (g[ ij LixmsRgji s\sj)
INRP[V, sVWRV sR sVVVgS sVsQ j. saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV, FyRsV }msLRiV gRigji
N[ PR ( VLiRVyRV) INRP[, "@R[ s[s V' @s GNRPR*Vj [, s RLRi+ssVLi
sZaP[xtsQs VV [s LiRVss @sZaP[uy` c xmsNUPLji R V\ FssU lLiLis FsLRiVgRiV[, ys
@sV sLiRVV, A [ ssVV ss xqsLixqsNRPVR V NSRV. xqsLRi*[ RsVV INRPQ\s
N[ PR N PR V [ sVgRiV ss aSLiZNP LigRisVVLiRRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @j FsgRi @sgS sxtsQR VLi ][sxmsVRV saRPV*TNTP @j [ sVV @s
gS AsLiRsVV, @lgi[ \xqsVTNTP @LiR:sxtsQR V yxqssV [ Li @sgS AsLiRsVV,
C lLiLiRW saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV [s x, ALiRLRi sxtsQR WV ][R sxmsVRV ZNP[s
AsLiRVRV FyRV. sVWTLiNTP [ sVsV AsLiRsVV INRP[. NSs N[ PR Q XR*sVV
szLi[yRV A AR xQ\sVs N[ PR Q XR* szLisxmsoRV saRPV*RV, @LiRLRi\sVs
yxqsysVRV\sVs N[ PR Q XR*sVV szLisxmsoRV \xqsVRV, C lLiLiRW[s GNRPR*
sVVsV N[ PR Q XR*sVV szLismx soRV @RRV FyRV. @R[ BgRi s[LiR Vs[LiR VgS
@szmsLiRV NRPVsxmsNTP, @R[ s[s V. FsgRi @sgS ryOTPQR *sVV szLis Rxts Qs [
ryOTPQ. A ryOTPQ @s[ Rxts QNPR V [ R R*NRP\sVs RLRi+ssVV [NPR Fso [R , G sxtsQR VsVV
[NPR Fso [R @RRV, s[s VRVsV [R sVV [R V. LiR sVsVsj N[ PR Q XR*, N[ PR
RVLiRV soLij gSs N[ PR s V, N[ PR Q XR*sVVsV VxqsVN]s[ A ryOTPQNPT A ARNRPV
N[ PR Q XR* N[ PR V [s o.
saRPV*RsV AR C gRi` sxtsQR Wss
VxqsVN]sxmsNTP, VxqsVN]sVRVyss N[ PR g S ]sxmsNTP, A N[ PR Q Xy*RV][
xmsoR V NSRV, xqsLigRisVV [syRV. C AR ][[ xqssVNSLi[ saRPV*Rs
@szmsLiRVN]yRV gSs yxqss sVVgS A sxtsQR VsVV[ xmsoR V NSRV. INRPs[
xqsLigRisVsVVLi[, @RRV saRPV*Rs[ @sxqs sR \xqsVRV @szmsLiRVN][y NRPy!
@LiRVss gRi` @sWsLi xqs*xmsLi[, @lgi[ xqs*xms @sWsLi xqsVxtsvzms[
105

soLiRRV. FsLiRVss @sgS xqsLRi*[ RsVV (@sgS xqs W, xqsWORPQ , AsLiR)

JNRPQ\s N[ PR N PR V, [ sVgRiV ss.
2) xtsQsV : s z RVxqs W sxtsQR V: xqs [s {RV[, sLiR [ y* sz @gji:
xqs*sxtsQ RVLi RgSQ* NSuyj* RR*`*
yRLRisVV : FssLjiNTP sxtsQR VsVV (xqsxxqs*ssW @sgS N[ PR Q XR*sVV [NPR Fso,
ys[ @RRV) {sRgSs, sLiR RsV gSs F~LiRRV NRPy! Fs\lgi[ NRP sV NSsLiR
sWys, @gjiVVNRP Rs Rxs xqs*ssVVsNRPV, (Dxts QR * xqs*ssVVsNRPV, xmsNSaRP
xqs*ssVVsNRPV) s sLiR RsV NRPgjiLiRRV NRPy!
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : sVVR s VVdsVR VxqsVN]sszqssj GsVsgS N[ PR Q XR*sVV, [ sVV
lLiLiRW @sR NSLRis[V. Bs @sxqs [ ][R VsV NSs, A lLiLiTLis VxqsVN]s[ @R
sNTP G xqsLigRisVV [R V. @LiRVss N[ PR Q X [ ssLRisVLiRRVV @sR[V.
@sVsj BR VxqsVN]sszqss @sxqsLRisVVsj. sVsNRPV ][s xqsNRP ssLRi
sVW, xqsNRP RXaRPLSbP [aPR NS AyLRisVV \|mss[ RVRVRRVyLiVV. [aPR NSsVVV
syLji}qs, [aPR sVV @sgSs[sV? sxqsVs oNRPV @sNSaRPsV[j "ANSaRPsVV', @Li
ANSaRPsVVsNRPV BNRPy, @NRPy @sV [aPR ssVV][ s LiRV NRPVRLRiRV NRPy! @lgi[
NSsVsgS WR, sLRi s Ws, sxtsQ`NSLi. WRNSsVsgS gRiTF[V NSLi,
@sgS NSLi FsNRPRNRPV gRiLisj? sLRi s WsNSsVsgS ys LRiWxmssVV Gj? sxtsQ`
NSsVsgS LS[[V NSLi FsNRPR sosj? sLRi s Ws NSsVV syLjixqsVs
xqssVNSLi[s[, WRNSsVV sLRi s WssVV[, sLRi s WssVV sxtsQ`[ [Lij Fso
RVsj. @gRi syLjiLiy NSsVsgSs[sV? @LiRVss xqsRR*sVV [s NSsVV
RVLiRV xqsNRP RXaRPLSbP ][, yRVLiRV INRPLRiVNRPV INRPLRiV N[ PR N[ PR Q X ssLRi
sVVV [xqsVyLiVV. FsVNRPNRPV yssVV ALRi\sVs][, zmsNTP FsVNRP[V ALRisVV,
NRPVNRPNRPV zms[V ALRisVV. BgRi xmsxmsLiRsVV[ xqsNRPsVV xmsLRixqsLRi N[ PR [
xqsLiLiR sVV NRPgji soyLiVV. @lgi[ soV xmsLRixqsLRiLi RsV Bxts QFyzmsNPT
DxmsWgjiLiRVNRPV xmsoLRiVxtsvsV {qsQV, {qsQsV xmsoLRiVxtsvV, |msR sV ssV,
sV |msR sV, LSNUPRV yRVNRPVV rysWs sVNRPV, sVV LSNUPRV
yRVNRPVNRPV, BgRi xqsLRi*sVV NRPsT qx sNRP xmsxmsLiRsVV; N[ PR , N[ PR Q X ssLRisVV][
106

NRPWRVN]sj. C N[ PR , N[ PR Q X ss LRisVVLiRV, NRPLRi NRPLRixmsn ssLRisVV

@sxqsLRisVV; NRPLRiQ X, NRPLRi xmsn ssLRisVVNRPV, RX R ssLRisVsxqsLRisVV; C
RQ X s yFyLRisVVsNRPV xmssWR, xmssWsVV, xmss[VRV sFyLRisVsxqsLRisVV. C
xmssWR, xmssW, xmss[VRV ssLRisVV syLji}qs, C xmssWRRVsV s[s s[ ssVV
AR @yR @yxqs sVR\sVRVVs[. [aPR NSsVVsVLiT, xmssWR xmssW
xmss[VRV ssLRisVV sLRiNRPV RNRPgS xmsLjibdPLis][ N[ PR Q XR*sVV, [ sVs[
ssLRisVLiRRVV @sR[V. @LiRVss C @sy ssLRisVVsV
VxqsVN]s[yRV @LiRV[s yRV, @xqsLigRiVRV A RW[ ryOTPQ @sgS AR[V.

N[ PR Q X [ GNRPR* sR: xmsn sV:

N[ PR R VsV R xqsLiRss[V NRPy! @Li gRiR Rxq sLiRs xqs*xmssVV[ [R V,
xqs*xms Rxq sLiRs gRiR[ [R V. C lLiLiRV Rxq sLiRsV xqsVxtsvzms[ [s o. NSsos
R \sORPQ sVV ss, Rxts QR VsV sZaP[xtsQR *sVV Li NSLRisVV. xqs*ygS sR
xmsNRPaRP \Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV Rxts QR Vs sZaP[xtsQ RLRi+ssVV [NPR Fso ss xms
@sxqs RVLiRV RXaRPsVV NRPLiRV NRPVRLRiRV. @LiRVss sVWRsxqs RVLiRV JZNP[
N[ PR , @[ ryOTPQR Vs xsRVV FyLiR V. BgRi N[ PR Q X, [ GNRPR*sVV
VxqsVN]sV xmsn sVV VxqsVN]sszqs sosj. AR xqs*LRiWxmssVV GNRPs[V NSsos,
N[ PR g S @RRV xqsLS*s VLi[yRV. xqsLRi*sVsVsj A N[ PR R VLi[ [Lij FLiVVsj,
NRPsVNRP BNRP N[ PR , g[ iR sgRisVV GgRi NRPVRVLRiVRVLij? GLiRVNRPsgS GsLjiNTP sxtsQR VsVV
xqs*ssW, ys[ @RRV {sRgSs, sLiR RgSs F~LiRRV NRPy!. @gji NRP sV
RzLiRsLiRsWys, Rs Rxs xqs*ssVVsNRPV {s, sLiR RsV NRPLiRRV NRPy!
\|mss zmssV N[ PR GNRPs[V, xqsLRi* [ sVV sVR[V RVs zqsj xqsVLij. @lgi[
xqsVxtsvzms N[ PR , [ LRizR\sVsRsV @sV ssVV sosj. @NRP[ xmsRV
GNUP WRVRV, xmssxmsn VsVRV, sVLjiRVV AsLiRsVRVVRs Vxmso, @R AsLiR
N[ PR Q XR*sVV sVVsX][ xms[R V. @j KzmsyLRiNRPs[V. GLiRVNRPsgS @NRPR sxtsQR V
sxtsQLiVV @ssVV][ NRPWTs ARWxqssVV [s zqs s @sV sLiRV ss. gSs
FyRV, xqs*xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV VxqsVN]s[ ssVV, AsLiRsVV lLiLiRW GNRPR*sVVLiRV
ss JZNP[ JNRP AR xqs*xms gRiRRVLiRV [ , N[ PR Q X RVsVsj sVR[V,
107

@Li sVRg[ iR [xmssVV][ C AR NRPgjisoLiRRs sRVxtsvV VxmsoRVyLRiV.

@R xqsXzts Q NSLjiNS:
NSLjiNRP (1c6)
xmss xqs=LRi*yyLi xqsysV ssaRPRV:*
xqsLRi*Li sRV Fy: [][7iLiaRPWs xmsoLRiVxtsQ: xmsXRN`P** 6 **
yRLRisVV : xqsRWxms\sVs xqsLRi*ssVVZNP[ DR NRPRsV[V sLiR RVsVV. FyVR
sRV xmsoLRiVxtsvRV Rs \Rs @LiaRPgS xqssVxqss VVsV xqsXLiRV RVyRV.

FyRy xqsys[Vs yyLi xqsXzts Q:

1) xtsQsV : xqsyLi sRsWyyLi }qs*s @syNRPXR ysV LRiWxmssWRW
xqs*LRiW}ms xqsLRi* yyLi saRP*Q\ xqs Fy [ yyLi xmss: DR:* sORPQ R
"sLiy xmso][ s R[Q *s sWRVRW y7zms RV[' B*

FyRy xqsys[Vs yyLi xqsXzts Q:

yRLRisVV : xqsyLi = xmsRQOPR Qs VVgS g][R LjiLiRVRVs xqs*NUPRV\sVs @sR[
NRPLixmsTs, ysVLRiWxms sWRWxqs*LRiWxmssV][, xqsLRi* yyLi = saRP*, \xqs, Fy
sV sR [ yxqsXzts QNPT , xms s = DR (s) sosj. C sxtsQR VsVV RLRiVyR
sxmsosVVgS xmsRVsV. sLiyxmsoRVRV (g]y R RV) RVyLiR sVVgS gSs
sWRV[gSs xmsoV NRPVRLRiRVgRiy.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : ssLjiNRP RXzts Q][ DRyRVV FysVs @j xqs`RVLiRV
(xsVLiRV) RVRVRVsj. xqsLRi*ssVVgRiV saRP* \xqs FyRsV
[ R sVV][ xqsRV DRyRVV GgRi soss? @sgS sLiyxmsoRVRV RVyLiR sVVgS
gSs sWRV[ gSs xmsoV NRPVRLRiRV NRPy! xqsyLi c xmsRQOPR Qs VVgS g][R LjiLiRVRVs
(saRP* \xqsVV NRPVgRiVNRPV sVVLiRV y sxqs*LRiWxmsLi Fy[. A FyTRVLiRV
@sQQNPR L igS soLiT, sV sQQNPR Q \sVsxmsVRV) @sR NRPR\sVs ysVLRiWFyV (gRi
`, xqs*FyV)][ sWRV R LjiLi xmsd @soRVyLRiV. aRPV[ "xqs NSsVRV[ x
ryLi xms [V[V' "@RRV A xmsLRisWR Rs BR[R @s[NPR LigS @soRVyRV'
@LiVV[ Bj @sRss @s[NPR LigS RWRVRVyRsVsj BR xmsTsj? lLiLiRV
108

RXxts vV @sLiLi syLjiLisxmsoRV gRi` RXzts Q][ xqsVxtsvzmss syLjiLiy [NPR

xqsVxtsvzms RXzts Q][ gRi`sV syLjiLiy, sxtsQR VLi RVRRV. sVVRgS gRi`
RXzts Q][ syLji}qs, GdsV[s, GdsV][R s A xqsVxtsvzms sVLiT C xqsNRPsVV FsgRi
ssRs aRPLiNRP NRPVgRiVsV. @lgi[ lLiLiRs RXzts Q][, @sgS xqsVxtsvzms RXzts Q][ gRi`
syLji}qs dLRiWxmssVVgSRVVs gRi`, xqs*xmsLi sV xqsVxtsvzms sVLi ssV
@szmsRVsV. BgRi gRi`, xqsVxtsvzms RXzts Q][ syLji}qs sLji*NSLRi\sVs xqsVxtsvzmss VLiT C
xqsNRPsVV][ NRPWRVN]s gRi` FsgRi ssRsV s[ xmsaRPNRPV yV aRPV
DRxLjiLis "r NSsVRVR x ryLi xms VV' xmsszqs sRVsV. A
xmsLRisWRNRPV FsLiRVNRPV BRNPR gjisRsgS dLRiWxmsNRPLigS sosj NRPsVNRP, A dsVV
FsNRPR sosRs[ xmsaRPNRPV xqsVxtsvzms[ sosRs xmsszqs sRVsV. BgRi [sj
sosVgS ][R VNRPV NSLRisVV, G @sxqs NRPV A @sxqs syLRiLi RVNRPVLiy, @sgS G
@sxqs NRPV A @sxqs NRPV NRPVTRVVsRs syLRi LRixmsNRPVLiy, gRi` @sxqs gRi`NRPV
@lgi[ xqs*Fysxqs xqs*xmssVVsNRPV, A lLiLiRW [s @sxqs xqsVxtsvzms @s syLRisVV
RVNRPVLiy sVWRsxqs V INRPys RLRiVyR INRPs NRPsVsVVgS syLjiLiRVss
xmsLRisWLiR sLiR RVLi RV[NPR FsoRVysVV. gRi` RVLiRV xmsgSR @sWssVV
ss, gRi` xqsRsVs @sVN][s, gRi` xqs*xms RXzts Qs @sLi xqsVxtsvzmsR Vs
AL][zmsLi, ysRVLiRV dLRiWxmsLigS gRi` xqs*xmsLi sosRs NRPs [zqs, GdsV[s
sLji*NSLRi xqsVxtsvzmssRVLiRV dsVs AL][zmsLiRVRVysVV. sVLRi ysNTP "FyRV'
@sV @sWsLi NRPLi, @j @yNRPXRVRV, dLRiWxmsLigS sosyRV, dR @s
NRPLiRVRVysVV. C dRNRP\sVs xqsVxtsvzms sVLiT, dLRiWxmsNRPLigS soy gRi`
xqs*xmsLi FsgRi xmsoRVRVsRs syLji}qs, @j @sV ysNTP sLRiVR sVs RVRVsV.
INRP dsVV sVLiT sVVNRP sVLiT sVVZNPs VgS @j sXj Lij sVsXORPQ \sVs
VgS, C gRi` A xqsVxtsvzmsR VsV dsVVsVLiT RVNRPV s, C xqsNRP gRi`
sXORPQs VVs ][R VRVsy? Fs INRP \lLiRV sR yV sR, yNTP dsLRiVFzqs d
sVV GLRiT sVVNRPV sVVZNPs VgS, [xms sos FyRs[yRV, xqsVxtsvzms[ sos
dsVV][ NRPWRVN]s gRi` RVNRPV ssVgS [V\sVy @sV ssVVsy?
@lgi[ sV NRPVLiRgS, zmsRRgS, sgS Rs BR[R sWLRiRVNRPy! A xmsLRi sWR C
109

gRi`gS, xqsNRPsVVgS sWLRiVRVsV sVsNRPV [V @sV ssVV [R V NRPy! BgRi

syLjixqsVF[, gRi` xqsVxtsvzmss VLiT NRPVgRiVssVsj xqsLjiNSRV, NRPVRLRiRV, @sV s
s[R Li NSRV. @syLRi RXzts Qs s, IZNP[ xmsLRisWR Rs BRs s xqsNRPsVV
xqsXLiss zms, @NRPR ryxmsoLRiVgRiV Fs\lgi[ @s ssVR NSLRisVVgS @sgS
[V DFyyssVV ssVR s VV [NPR VLiy ZNP[s sVV Rs sVV][ gRiWRV NRPVN]s,
A gRiWRVRVLiRV ysV xmss[bPLi, sV Rs sNRPsVV ss A gRiWRVsV ys[
[xmsNRPV dxqsVNRPVFLiVVsV aRPV zmssV A FyTs @sssVR DFyRs NSLRi
sVVgS syLjiLiRVNRPV NRPVRLRiRV, gRi`sV xqsXzts QLiRVNRPV, FyRV RgiR LRi NSLRisVVgS
G sVVsRs? @LiRVss xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV dsVVgS sosj @[ gRi`gS
][R VRVsRsV syLRi NRPVRLRiRV. lLiLi][ xmsaRP. xqs*LRiWxms\sVs A FyTRVLiRV
@Li "dRNRPLi' @s AL][xmsLi [zqs, saRP*, \xqsVVgS FsLiRVNRPV @szmsLiRVN]sV
RVsj? ysNTP xqssWysLi @ ][R sNTP @syNRPXR ysVLRiWxms sWRV
xqs*LRiWxmsLi. sVLji C @sR FsNRPR sosj? ys NSLRisVsgS GsV? ysNTP
xqssWysLi FsxmsV\[ lLiLi][j ][R V[, A ][[ xqssVNSLi[, @sR ysVLRiWxms
sVV][ NRPWTs sWRVgS sosj. @gRi ][R VNRPV NSLRiLi @sR[V. gSs xqsVxtsvzms
NSLRisVV NSRV. gSs A xqsVxtsvzms NSLRisVVgS AL][zmsLiRVRVysVV. xqsVxtsvzms ZNP[s
xmszms xqs*LRiWxmsLi, FsLRiVNRP xqs*LRiWxmsLi, s xqs*LRiWxmsLi. @[ RVLkiRVVRV. xqsVxtsvzmss
ss[NPR Li][ syLji}qs, @[ FyRs @ysVV gSs @Li I FsLRiVNRP xqs*LRiWxmsoRV
FyRV, C RLiRR*sVV][ NRPWRVN]s gRi`gS, xqs*xmssVVgS FsLiRVNRPV
xmsLjisVsVV LiRVyRV? FsLiRVNRPsgS sR, @sRgS sWLRiRV. @lgi[ @sR
sRgS sWLRiRV. Fs\lgi[ dNRP sVgRiVgS, sVgRiV dNRPgS sWLRiRV NRPy! @sR
@sgS [sj sosjgS ][R V[V, gSs @j INRP sxqsVs o NSRV. sxqsVs oNSs, [sj
sosVgS ][R V sVWsyNSLRiVV sLRiWxms @sR @s @LiLRiV. gSs [sj
sosVgS NRPszmsLi[ @syNSLRis[V sWRWLRiWxms\sVs ysVLRiWFyRNRP\sVs gRi`,
@gRi ][[ xqssVNSLi[ @RRV saRPV*RV, \xqsVRs @szmsLiRVN]sVRVyRV.
@LiR sVV [s yss saRPV*RVgS, \xqsVRVgS }msLRiV |msLRiV. sVLji @Li [s ysNTP
ysVsVV FsLiRVNRPV |msLRiV? @sgS aRPLiNRPLRiVV ysNTP DyxLRigS sLiy xmsoRVRV
110

s @s }msLRiV. Fs\lgi[ RVyLiR sVVgS gSs, sWRV [R gSs, g]yNTP xmsoRVRV

xmsoV NRPVRLRi][ @lgi[ NRPVLi[N]sV, ANSaRPLi[ xmsoxtsQsVV, BgRi [s sxtsQR V
sVVV sosVgS syLji}qs NRPVRVLRiVRVLiy? BgRi [s g]yV xmsoRVRV, [s
NRPVLi[ N]sVV, [s ANSaRPxmsoxtsQsVVsV EzLi, ysNTP dLRiWxmssVV NRPgjiLi sV
@s ysVLRiWFy][ ][R VRVyRVs @Li[ @j @sV ss[R sW? INRPs[ ][[,
sxqsVs o xqsRsVVgS soLi[, A sxqsVs o FsxmsRW soLiy, @lgi[ ][[ gRi`, xqs*xmsLi
FsxmspRW DLiy NSs gRi` xqs*FyV FsxmsVRW soLiRV [R V NRPy!
2) xtsQsV : RVj z @xqsys[Vs sry`, x: @ssLRixqs gRix
y*LS y` @xqsR* xmsxqsLigRi:*
yRLRisVV : @xqsRVNRPV s sosj @ssxmsVRV ([NPR ssLRisVLiy yLRiV
sWLRigRiVsV). xsVVsNRPV @ ssLRisVV gRizLiRV ss NRPWy @xqsR
xmsxqsLigRisVV FyzmsLiRVsV. (FsLiRVNRPsgS xqsLRi*sVV aRPWsQ\sVs][, xsVVsV [j LiRV
aSxqsQsVVV gRiVLRiVsoV Byjs soLiRso).
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @xqsRVs NRPV g]y xmsoRVRVNRPV s soLiRVsLi[, [NPR ss LRisVLiy
@xqss xqss VVgS sWLRiVsV. @lgi[ xNRPV NRPWy @xqsR xmsxqsLigRisVV FyzmsLiRVsV.
xqsLRi*sVW aRPWssVssxmsoRV xRVsV y*LRiLi [NPR VLiy FsosV RR*LS gRi`
xqs*xmssVVNRPV y*LRiLi [NPR VLiy FsosV.

@syNRPXR sWRWd[s xqsXzts Q:

3) xtsQsV : RXxts QLi R LRixqsLSkyLi @syNRPXR sWRW d[R yyLi
LRi*yRy xqsRQ *Li*
yRLRisVV : LRi xqsLSRVNRPV (yRVRVLiRV xqsLRisVV, yLRi, WsV d)
@syNRPXR\sVs sWRWdsVV xmsos (xqsLS*RVNRPV) AyLRi WR\sVs LRiso
soLiy NRPy!
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : sWRV @sgS xmsos ][[ sWRWysVLRiWFyV, gRi` sWRW
dsVV @sgS, xmsoVNRPV sVVLiRV RVVs xmsoysNTP dsVV @sVsj @sy
NSLRis[V NRPy! FysVV ][[ xqssVNSLi[ @j sWRV. [s FysVV sosVgS ][R Vs[
Li ]gjis RLRiVyR, @gRi FsLiRVNRPV FysVVgS ][sRsV xmsaRP @sR. [sj
111

sosVgS ][R V dsVs AL][zmsryLiR V. @lgi[ xqsVxtsvzms[ sWRWdsVs

AL][zmsLiRRVRVsj. @Li [sj sosVgS ][[j sLRiWxms @sR. GgRi
NRPVRVLRiVRVLij? @LiRVss sVVLi[ sos yRVRVLiRV G\lgi[ [s FysVVgS
][R V[ @gRi sos xqsRQ\sVs xsVV, xqsNRP RXaRPLSbPgS ][R VRVsj.
4) xtsQsV : sz sLSxqsy: LRicxqsLRi sVXgRi RXzts QNSRRV: NRP*RVxms Li[
ZNP[s `*
yRLRisVV : [V AyLRisVV [NPR VLiy sLSxqsRsVVgS LRiRVLiRV xqsLRisVV, FsLiR
sWsoRVLiRV dsLRiV BgRi NRPy!
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : gRi` xqs*xmssVVV soyRVs @syRXzts Q][ xqsVxtsvzms NSLRisVs,
C NSLRisVs[ gRi` xqs*xmssVVNRPV NSLRisVs[ dsVV xqsVxtsvzms RVLiRV soyRVs
VxmsTsj.
5) xtsQsV : RVy LRi*Li FyN`P xqsL][R[: LRi*Ry xqsLRi:xqss Gy{qs` GsLi
xqsLRi* yyLi DR[: FyN`P Fy dRy Gs xqsRQ *sV
yRLRisVV : Fs\lgi[ yRVRVLiRV, xqsLSj (xqsLRi, yLRi, WsVd) xmsoNRP
sVVLi[ yRVRVLiRV xqsLSRVV soLiTsos][, @[ LkigS xqsLRi*ssVV DRNPT
xmspLRi*s[V Fy d R][, gRi` xqs*xmsLi sosRs saRPLiVVLiy.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BNRPR VxqsVN]sszqsj FysVV ][[ sVVLiRV Vj [ FysVV
dsVVgS sosj, FysVV ][s RLRiVyR A dLi FysVVgS ][R VRVsj. yRV
RVLiRV FysVV ]gjis RLRiVyR NRPWy Vj [ FysVV @s[ sX, Vj [ dsVVgS
sosj. @LiRVss yRVsV RWzqs FysVs @ysVV. NSsos FysVV @sVsj
yRVRVs[ sxqsVs o[ xmso[R V, @j Vj [s[ sosj. Vj [ sos FysVV
sxqsVs o[ AL][zmsLiRVNRPVysVV. sxqsVR : sosj y[ @NRPR FysVV [s[[R V. ][[
xqssVNSLi[ @j FysVV, NRPsVNRP @j Fys[V NRPyRVs @Li[ sVLji FysVV FsNRPTNTP
FLiVVsj? @j Vj [ FLiVVsj. @LiRVss Vj [ dLRiWxmssVVgS, sxqsVs o[
ysVLRiWxmssVVgS sosj. @lgi[ A xqs*LRiWxms\sVs RVLkiRVTRVLiRV, xqsVxtsvzms RVLiRV
dLRiWxmsNRPLigS sosRs @sRss @sVN]sVRVysVV. A ds[V NRPLiRLRi
sVLiRV, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV dLRiWxmsNRPsVVgS soLiVLij. sVLRi @sR NRPs][ A
112

xsVV BR ss gRi`gS ][R VRVsj. @sgS BNRPR dsVW @sR[V,

ysVLRiWFyV @sR[V, @LiRVss dsNTP sVWsRRVs ysVLRiWFyNRPV
ZNP[s @sR [NPR RWsRRVs @sV xqsLjiNSRV. B[ sxtsQR Ws xqsWRxtsQ
sVLiRV "xqsLRi*}qsaRP*LRixqs ARWR Bs @syNRP[ ysVLRiW}ms RyQ*sy*
sV sLRi*Rds[V xqsLiryLRixmsxmsLiRdW[ xqsLRi*}qs*aRP*LRixqs sWRWaRPNTP: xmsNPR X
Lji R aRPVxqsQX][LRi}ms[' (xqsW.. 2c1c14) xqsLRi*\ s CaRP*LRiVs AR
xqs*LRiWxmss[V @ssVgS soLi[, @syNRPRsVV][ NRPWTs xqsLRi* ysVLRiWxmssVVV
RRQ * @sRyQ*[ @sLRi*RdsRVsVVV, xqsLRi*\s CaRP*LRiVRV @sgS (ryOTPQ
xqs*LRiWxmssVV) xmsVNRPVgSs xmsNRPVLiRVNRPV aRPNRPsVVgSs, xqsLiryLRixmsxmsLiR d WR
sVV\s ysVLRiWFyV xqsLRi*\s CaRP*LRiVs (ryOTPQ) xqs*LRiWxmssVVsNRPV Lijs
sWRWaRPNTP R Vs (ysVLRiWFyV), xmsNRPXRVs aRPV xqsQXRV[ xmsTsj.
CaRP*LRiVRV xqsLRi*TgS ryOTPQ xqs*LRiWxmss[V. NSsos yRVRVLiRV xqsLRisVVs[, ryOTPQ
xqs*LRiWxms\sVs ARRVLiRV ysVLRiWFy][ NRPWTs C xmsxmsLiRsVs @LiR sVV [xqsVN]s[
LSsWLiR sVV dsT, sNRPsWLiR sVV[ syLjiLi "@syNRPXR ysVLRiWxms dsVV' @s
zms, @j LRi xqsLRiRXuyRsVV][ Vxmso xqsLjiNSRV. [s ysVLRiWFyV
@syLRiWxms\sVs, ([sj sosVgS ][[ @sy LRiWxms\sVs ysVLRiWxmssVVV)
dsVVgS Vxmso, sVLjiRVV @NRPR @sRsosj, sVWsR, RVsR
sosRsV xqsLjiNSRV.

xqsXzts QFyN`PxqsLRi*ryzms dR*Li Gs xqsRsVyR aRPVRRV:

6) xtsQsV : BRR: aRPVLRizms sNTP c "\|s[R Li' (sVV.D. 2c2c11)
"@\Qs[R sVgRi A{qs`' (X.D. 1c4c1) B c
yRLRisVV : @LiRVss aRPVNRPWy "C xqsLRi*sVW xs[V' (sVV.D. 2c2c11), "C
xqsLRi*sVW AR[V @LiVV DLi[' ( X 1c4c1) @s xmsVRVsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : aRPV C xqsLRi*sVW x[V, ysVLRiWFy][ ][s xqssVNSLi[
NRPWy x[VRVs zmssj. FsgRiLi[ FysVV ][s xqssVNSLi[ NRPWy @j
y[ @ssVgS. saRP*, \xqsVV ][s xqssVNSLi[ NRPWy @RRV Fy[. @Li[
gSs FyRV saRPV*RVgS, \xqsVRVgS @LiVVF[R V. NSsos GxmsVRW, xqsLRi*ssVV
113

V DRNPT sVVLiRV FyR xqsRVgS Rs xqs*RVLi sWRWLRiWxmssVV][ xmsoVRVs

VgS sosRsV a]N[ PR xmsR sV yNRPsVVsNRPV @LiR sVs s[R sRVV saRPLiVVLiyLRiV

Fy[s [R y @[R y DRV xqsXzts Q:

7) xtsQsV : xqsLRi*Li sRV Fy:* [R : @LiaRPWs @LiaRPs BsLRis[:, yRNRPxqs
xmsoLRiVxtsQxqs [][ LRiWFy LRixqssW:, Fy \ xqs saRP* [ [s , [s sVsVxtsQ LRigSj
[x [ [xtsv sssWy: [][7iLiaRPs:
yRLRisVV : xqsLRi*sVVsNRPV FysVV xmsoLiRVRVsj. "[R : @LiaRPWs = ([R
xqsV=VVNRP NTPLRisVVsV) xqsWLRiVs VVNRP NTPLRisVV s[, xmsoLRiVxtsvs VVNRP [][
LRiWxmssVVV c ds xmsLiR\sVs xqsWLRiVs xmsLi xqssWssVVV, FyRV, \
xqsVRV, saRPV*RsV [ R sVVs (AyNRPsVVV), [s RV, LiRVsoV, sLRiVV Byj
[x [ R sVLiRV g][R LjiLiRV sLRiWxmssVVV, "[][LiaRPVso's xqssVs*RVsVV [R Vs[.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : [R ssVVVVNRP Rs xqs* @LiaRPsVV s[, yR FysVVVVNRP
@LiaRPsVVs[, Fy \xqs, saRP*sVsV [ R sVV][ sWRWLRiWxmssVV][ ssVVgS
][R VRVss. xqsLRi*sVW FysVLiRV xmsoLiRVRVsj. BxmssLRiNRPV FyR
FyT RVLiRV saRP* \xqsV xmsoVNRP VVNRP syLRi LjigjiLij. Fs\lgi[ xqsWLRiVT
sVLiT NTPLRiV, @gjisVLiT NRPV (sxmsVLRis*V) xmsosVgS, @lgi[ xqsWLRiVRV
JNRP[ @s[NPR xmsLiVgS @s[NPR aRPRW[ ][R VRVs[, @[ sR sVVgS
[s RV, FyVV LiRVsoV Bss s[LiR V s[LiR V [x [ R RXzts Q][ ][sVgS, A
xqssVxqs sLSaRPV][ FyV saRP*, \xqsVV A FyTsVLiT ][R VRVyLiVV.
8) xtsQsV : [V, ys xmsoLRiVxtsQ: xmsXRN`P sxtsQR V s sORPQs @gjisxqsV LigRis`
xqsORPQs LRisR s ORPQs RV BRLSs xqsLRi*ys Fy: dy
sRV* RV][LiR y: "RVylgi[ ORPVQy Lji*xqsVLigS: ' (X.D. 2c1c20)
Byj aRPV[:
yRLRisVV : C [][LiaRPVsoV, xmsoLRiVxtsvRV, sTsTgS sxtsQR V s [ R sORPQ
sVVVgS sxmsVLRis* sWjLji xqsORPQsVVVgS, xmsLiR xqsWLRiVs[ sORPQ
sVVgS xqsXLiRV. BNRP BRLRisVV\s xqsLRi*ssVVsV, FyVRsRV dR xqsXLi
RVRVsj. GsR LigS ry[xmsoLRiVgRiV xqsXLi, GsR LigS @gjisVLiT sVVgRiVLRiVV ...
114

(X.D. 2c1c20) @s aRPV xmssWsVVV

xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xqssVxqs sLSaRPVV sxtsQR VLRiWFy][ NRPWRVN]s RxmsyLiR sVV NRPy
sORPQVRV xmsLRisWR. \Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs xmsLRisWR RsVV. [R ssVsV NSLRi
LRiWxmssVV][ ][R VRVyRV. @gji sVLiT RVxmsTs NRPsVVs[ [s RV xqsNRP
soV xqssVxqss VW xsVV sVLiT ][, [R ssVV, RsVs[ xmsyLiR VgS,
@s[NPR sVVgS @szmsLiRVyLiVV. xqsWLRiVTVVNRP xms LisVV aRPRWRVLiRV
xmsTsxmsVRV A sVVVVNRP NRPRNRP ss xqsWLRiV[ NRPRsVgS, xqsNRPsLSaRPV
NTPRVs, xsVVRVLiRV AL][zmsLiRRVRVyRVs Vxmso[V C DyxLRi
D a[ PR sVV. yxqss sVVgS A xqsWLRiVTNTP NRPRNRP soLiRRV NRPy! sVsV DFyj [
NRPRNRP ss A xqsWLRiVTNTP NRPRNRP sosVgS AL][zmsRRV RVsj. A NRPRNRPNRPV
xqsWLRiVTNTP GsR sVVgS xqsLiLiR sVVLiRV[, @lgi[ @gji sVLi NRPsVVV RV
xmsTsVgS soLiTssV, Fs\lgi[ A @gji[s os A [xqsV= s[LiR Vs[LiR VgS soLiR][,
@lgi[ xVVNRP [xqsV= @s[NPR LigS soLiRRV. @lgi[ xqsWLRiVTNTP NTPLRiV
xmsosVgS soLiTssV yxqss sVVgS xqsWLRiVTRVLiRV NTPLRisVVV xmso[R V. xqsWLRiVRV
xqs*LRiWxmss[V xmsNSaRPLi. @Vs[ A xmsLRisWR, (xsVV) @s[NPR ARVgS
][R VRVsVgS, "r NSsVRVy xryLi xms VV' @sVgS A xNRPV
@s[NPR ARV sosVgS \Q*R yRVV ARV @s[NPR sVV, xsVV GNRPsVLiRVLRiV.
xsVV NTPRV[sj. NSsos @s[NPR sVVgS ][R sj. xsVV INRP s[V, @s[NPR
soVgS ][R VRVsj. yxqss sVVgS xRVLiRV @s[NPR sVV NRPVRLRiRV. xmszms
s[V @s[NPR soVgS @szmsLiRVN]sVRVsj, gSs yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs
sosj IZNP[ s xqs*LRiWxmso\sVs xms xqs*LRiWxmssVV. Fs\lgi[ ry xmsoLRiVgRiV Rs
Li][ gRiWRV NRPVN]s, A gRiWRV[ xmss[bPLi sV @sxqsLRisVV[s sRV
RsRVLiRV Fs\lgi[ RVLi [xqsVN]sVRVs][, A gRiWRVNTP xqsXzts Q NRPLS @[, A
gRiWRVs RVLi [xqsVN]s[j @[. @[ DFyys NSLRiLi, ssVRN SLRiLi. @lgi[
@gjisVLiT NRPV FsgRiVLRiV ss NSLRi NSLRisVV [ R sVV [R sVNRPV RXuyLiRsVV
xmsTsj. LS[[V NSLjiNRPRVLiRV BRLRi sVRyRV xqsXzts Q syLRisVV xms[s o
RVyLRiV. yss VxqsVN]s[ sVVLiRV "xqsyLRiyRLi' VxqsVN]sszqss @sxqsLRisVV
115

sj. dsLji yRsVV[ xmsNRPX s[LiR V mx soLRiVxtsvRV s[LiR V. xmsyssVV [NPR xmsNRPX @s[j
xqsR*, LRi, RsW gRiVsVV][ NRPWRVN]sj. C gRiVsVV sNSLRisVV LijsxmsVRV,
sLS aRPVs DRsLiyLiVV, NSsos xmsyssVVNRP sNSLRis[V C xqssVxqs sLSaRPVVgS
NRPVgRiV RVyLiVV. FsLiRVNRPsgS xmsoLRiVxtsvT VVNRP g[ SLiR xmsyssVV (xmsNRPX)
RsNRPVys[ BgRi sNSLRisVVLij xmsoLRiVxtsvT g[ iR Li NRPgjixqsVLij. @LiRVss xmsyss[V
xqs`, kss[ xqsyLRiyRsVs @LiLRiV. gSs Bj xqsLjiNSRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS C sVWRV
gRiVV RsNRPV ysVgS sNSLRisVV LiRso NRPy! ysNTP \RssVV soLiy.
xmsyssVV @s[j RLi. R\sVs sxqsVs o \RssLiR\sV RsNRPV ysV FsgRi sNSLRisVV
LiRVsV? \RssVs[ xmsoLRiVxtsvT gRiVsVVV \RssLiR\sV sQQNPR s VsoyLiVV. kss[
ssLRi yRLi @s sVssVLisVV. yRV yRVgS NSNRPVLiy FysVVgS ][R V. sos
sxqsVs o sosVgS NSNRPVLiy s[LiR VgS][R V.

NSLjiNRP (1c7)
sWLi xmsxqssLi R*s[ sVsLi[ qx sXzts Q LiRNS:*
xqs*xmssWRW xqsLRiW}ms xqsXzts QLiR \ sQ*Lji* NRPy**
yRLRisVV : N]LiRLRiV xqsXzts QLiRNRPVV xqsXzts Q CaRP*LRiVs s WRVsRVV N]LiRLRiV
xqs*xmssWRVxqsRXaRPsVsRVV sNRPLiRVRVyLRiV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : s[yLiRVV xqsNSsVV][ ][[ xqsXzts Q xs[VRVs VxqsVN]sV
RVLiRVLRiV, @sgS xVVNRP xqs*LRiWxmss[V yyR*sVVgS ][R VRVsj. \sxtsQLRi
zqsj [ "xqsXzts Q ssVRVLi NRPXy xmsZaP[][ xsVRVLi gRi`' @s xqsXzts Q
ssV RVsVVgS syLji}qs sosj xs[V @j gRiRVgS ][[j NSRs
RVRVsV.

xqsXzts QLiR xmsLRisWLij NUP

1) xtsQsV : sW: c sryLiR :, CaRP*LRixqs xqsXzts QLij xqsXzts QLiRNS: sVsLi[;
yRLRisVV : s W @sgS sryLiR sVV, HaRP*LRisVV. CaRP*LRiVs xqsXzts QR Vs xqsXzts Q
LiRNRPVLiLRiV
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : C xqssVxqs HaRP*LRisVV ysVLRiWFy][ NRPWRVN]s AyNRP,
116

Aj \sNRP, Aj NRP xmsxmsLiRsVV CaRP*LRiVs xqsXzts QgS N]LiRsVLij xqsXzts QyRVV

ZNP[s sVV @sVsWssVV][ ryj LiRTs CaRP*LRiVTs xqsXzts QNPT ssVR NSLRisVVgS
zms, aRPLkiLRisVV][ NRPWTs g[ SRVV @sVxqsLjiLi, sVsxqsV=][ EzLiRVRVyLRiV.
CaRP*LRiV[ xqsXzts QNPT NSLRisVs FyLiR V. ksNTP aRPV "COSQLiRZNP[' (xms.D. 6c3) "RXzts Qs
ryLjiLi[s V', "xqs FysV xqsXR' (xms.D. 6c4) "FysVVsV xqsXLi['ss FyLiR V.
@lgi[ ssVR DFyysNSLRisVV lLiLiRW CaRP*LRiVTNTP zms, yLRiV aRPV
"r7NSsVRVR* x ryLi xms[V[V* xqs RF7RxmsR* xqsRxms xqsryQ**
BRgRiLi xqsLRi* sVxqsXR RVjRLi NTPLiR* RRQXuy* R[ysV FysaRP`*
RRsVxmssaRP*' (\.D. 2c6) A xsVV @s[NPR sVVgS NSsRVVsV,xmsosRVVsV
C sR sVV N][lLi[s V. RxmsxqsV=sV [|qssV, RxmsxqsV=sV @sVxqsLjiLi xqsLRi*sVVsV xqsXLi[s V.
A xqsXLis yss[ @sVxqsLjiLi xmss[bPLi[s V. BgRi CaRP*LRiVT sryLiR s W[V C
xqsXzts QgS FyLiR V. @lgi[ sVLjiN]LiRsVLij xqsXzts Q LiRNRPVV xmsoLRiVxtsvRV, xmsNRPX ss
xqsXzts Q NRPgjisRs ysryLiR V.
2) xtsQsV : sRV xmsLRisWLiR LiRNSyLi xqsXu ARLRi: BRLiR : "BLi][ sWRW:
xmsoLRiV LRiWxms CRV['(X.D. 2c5c19) B aRPV[:*
yRLRisVV : NSs xmsLRisWLiR LiRNRPVNRPV (s[yLiRVNRPV) xqsXzts QR VLiRV Fs ARLRisVV
soLiRRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS xqsXzts Q @s[j , sWRVs[ ][[[ NSs sLigS soLi[j NSRs
aRPV VxmsoRVsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : INRP s[ xqsXzts QLiRNRPVV zmssV CaRP*LRiVs sVzsV[ C xqsXzts Q
@Liy LjisoLi[, ysss CaRP*LRiVTNTP xmsWss[VsV? xqsXzts Q RVNRPF[
CaRP*LRiVTNTP sxts Qs[VsV? xqsLiryLjis[ LSgRi[*uy][ NRPWRV N]syRV CaRP*LRiVRs G
@szmsLiRVN]sgRiRV? ksLiRNTP NSLRiLi CaRP*LRiVT VVNRP sxqs*LRiWsVV RVNRP,
aRPysWRLigS CaRP*LRiVRV C xqsXzts QNPT NRPLRi R Vs @sVN]sVRVysVV. zqsN]sszqs
sj GsVsgS xqsXzts Q @s[j CaRP*LRiVTs dsT ][R VNRPV dsV[R V. @sR,
sWRWdsVV ss xqsXzts QgS ][R VRVsj. CaRP*LRiVT xqsXzts Qs ss[NPR sVV][ syLRi
[R VVsxmsVRV @j dsVV, GNRPsVVgS sosj, gSs CaRP*LRiVRVgS ][ RxmsVgS
VxqsVN]sxmsVRV @j ysVLRiWFy][ xmsxmsLiRsVVgS @s[NPR sVVgS sQQNPR s soRVLij.
117

CaRP*LRiVRV xqsXzts QLiyRV @s Rs][, A CaRP*LRiVRV FsNRPR soLiT (@sgS [aPR sVV),
GxmsVRV (@sgS NSLi) @sV [aPR NSNRPV NRPVTsy\, xqsLiryLjis xmsLjis VQQ\
FyRV. @LiRVss xmsLRisWLiR LiRNRPVNRPV xqsXzts QR VLiRV ARLRisVVLiRRV. Fs\lgi[
sVsNRPV xqs*xmssVLiRV ARLRisVVLiR][, GsR sVVgS xqs*xms LiRs RVsW, @j
sVRRVs FsgRi VxqsVN]LisW, @lgi[ @Liy sVRRVs xmsLRisWLiR LiRNRPVV
FyLiR V. ksNTP aRPV (X.D.2c4c19)[ zmssVgS, "BLiRVRV A sWRV[ xqsNRP
LRiWxmssVV][ RVRVRVyRV" .

xqsXzts Q xmsLRisWR xqs*LRiWxms sLSLRi[ y*LRisV

3) xtsQsV : s z sWRWssLi xqsWRsVANSZaP[ sOTPQxms [s ryRVVR sWLRiVx
RORPVL][ R LRi ysV @dR RVV [ s LiRaRP bPs Li xmsRLi xmsosLRiVRLi R xmsaRPyLi
RRQXR sWRWxqsRRQ * LiyRWLi ARLRi: s* R\ yRVLi sWRWss: xqsWR
xmsryLRi xqssV: xqsVxtsvxms xqs*Fyj sNSxqs: RyLRiWR sWRWs xqssVaRP R`xqs :
FyQ \ ryj:* xqsWR RyLRiWyLi @s: xmsLRisWLiR sWRWds* xqs Gs WsVxts Q:
sWRWRs : @RXaRPsWs Gszqs R: RVy, Ry RVLkiRWLi xmsLRisWLiR RRQ *Li*
@R: RLiyRWs[Vs ARL][: sVVsVWORPWLi ALSLi s sxtsQQW yRWLi
xqsXu ARLRi: B @R: xqsXzts Q LiRNSys[Vs G[ sNRP: Byx* xqs*xmssWRW
xqsLRiW}ms* xqs*xms xqsLRiWFy sWRW xqsLRiWFy R B**
yRLRisVV : @sgS JNSNRP BLiRVRV, gSLRiT \sxmsoLi][ yRVsV ANSaRP
sVLiRV FsgRiVLRis[zqs, ARVVR sVV][ ysdsVR FyNTP \|msNTP FsNTP, RVVR sVV [zqs, A RVVR
sVLiRV sVVNRPV sVVNRPVgS [ j LixmsT, WsV\|ms @ssLS, Ljigji xmspLRi*sVVs
xmspLiR LRiWxmssVV LijsVgS, C s[R sVV RWRVyLRiVNRPV @Rs gSLRiU RLRiRVLiRV
ARLRisVVLiRRV, gSs gSLRiTys yRVLRisVLiRV @RLiRgS xmsaRPLizqsLiRLRiV. @V
s[ C gSLjiTys yRVsV \|msNTP FsgRiVLRis[zqssVgS c gSR sR xqs*Fyj sNSLRisVVNRPV
NRPWy, @lgi[ FsgRiLRi s[zqss yRV FsNTP @RNRPgjis @s[NPR RXaRPsVVs[, C Fy,
\xqs, saRPV* RVLiRV NRPVgRiV RXaRPsVVV. RVyLiR sVVgS @R[, sWRWs WsV
dsVRs[, RsNRPVysVgS soLiT, sWRV[ C RXaRPLi [zqssVgS, xmsLRisWLiR RRQ *sVV
VxqsVN]sVNRPV sVVsVVORPVsoNRPV RVLkiRVVRLi[ ARLRisVV; sxtsQQWs\sVs
118

(gRiyRVRVLiRV) xqsXzts QR VLiRV dsLjiNTP ARLRisVV [R V. NSsos xqsXzts QLiRNRPVZNP[ C

sNRPsVVRVLiRV {ms gSs sVVsVVORPVsoV xqsXzts Q, xqs*xmsLRiWxmssVs, sWRWxqs*LRiW
xmssVs VxqsVN]LiRVLRiV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : NSsos xmsLRisWLiR RR*Li VxqsVN][ysV sVVsVVORPVsoNRPV, sVVNTP sg][lLi[
yLRiNRPV, sxtsQQWs\sVs gRiyj xqsXzts QR VLiRV dsLjiNTP ARLRisVV[R V. BLiR
NRPVT WNRP sWRVs, @sryRRVsVLiy sWRV[V. RVLkiRVVRV sWRWs s[
@RsV sos][s[ soLiT Rs RVLiRV GsWLRiVLiRNRP, sVWRV @sxqs V ][zmsLiRV
RVyRV. xmspLRi*NSLjiNRP xtsQsVLiRV "@syNRPXR ysVLRiWxms sWRW xqs*LRiW}ms'
@s zmssVgS, BNRPR xtsQsVV[ sWRWsWs syLRi [R VgS, sVsNRPV @
sVVQ\sVs sxtsQR VLi RVRVsV. DyxLRiNRPV [NPR Li[ s[s V sRFysV
@sVN]s sRFysVV. s[s V sRFRVysV @sLiRsLRiNRPV sVs ss GsVsgS
xmsxmsLiRsVLiy Blgi[ soLiT, yyLiy sRF[R V, s[s V INRPTs[ sR
FRVysV @sN]sLiRsLRiNRPV, gRiysxqs [V sosj. gSs sRFLiVVs xqssVNSLi
[ gSR sR[ s[s V sRFRVyss gSs, gRi` sVLi @s BLijRWV,
@LiR:NRPLRi, xmsxmsLiRsVLiy sR, BNRPR LiVVgS sRFRVyss gSs soLiRRV
NRPy! @lgi[ sR[s RLRiVyR, s[VLissV xqsQXxNRPWy soLiRRV. gSs
sR[s RLRiVyR s[s V sR sVLiT s[VysV, s[s V INRPTs[ C xmsxmsLiRsVV[
s[Vyss @sVNRPVLisVV. sRF[V sLRiNRPV s[s V sR FRVysV @ssLiR
sLRiNRPV @lgi[ s[s V s[VyssV C lLiLiRV sWV, yV gRi`NRPV
xqsLi jLis[ NRPy! C lLiLiRV yV "s[s VsV' |msVN]s, aRPLkiLRisVV |msVN]s,
sRNRPWy s[s sV aRPLkiLRisVV |msVN]s @sVN]LisVV. A RXzts Q][ Bxms sLRiNRPV
NSLjiNRPV aRPLkiLRiLi][ xLigS ][[s gRi`RVs, aRPLkiLRiLi[xms @sgS @LiR:NRPLRiLi[
NRPlgi[s xqs*xmssVs, xXRRVLi[ NRPgjisj xqsVxtsvzmsR Vs aRPV zmssj. yxqss sVVgS
syLji}qs xqsVxtsvzms xqssVNSLi[ C aRPLkiLRiLi][ s[s V xqsVxtsvzms @sV sxqsVyss
@sV sLi[R V. s[s V C xmsxmsLiRsVV[ C aRPLkiLRiLi][ sRFyssV ssVV G\[
sos][, A s[s V][ xqs, xqssVxqs xmsxmsLiRsVV ]gjis @sxqs [V xqsVxtsvzms NRPy! @LiRV
ss @sxqs V, C s[s s[ aRPLkiLRisVV[, aRPLkiLRisVVsNRPV xqsLi jLiss NSso. sVLji A
119

qx sVxtsvzms @sV sLi FssLjij? @sgS ysVj, ysV @s[ RVLkiRVVTj, Rs xqs*LRiWxms
sVVsj. @LiRVss s[s V sRFRVyssV Vj xqsLjiNSRV. sR @s[j s[s sV
aRPLkiLRisVLiRV LRiVgRiV[R V, FyTRVLiRV LRiVgRiVRVsj. A Fy[ ysV, Rs
xqs*LRiWxmssVV sVLRi s[s V s[VLiss s[s V][ xqs, xqsNRP RXaRPLSbP][ NRPWTs
xmsxmsLiRsVV ][R VRVsj. sVLji @Li s[s V [s, s[s V][ FyV aRPLkiLSRVV [s,
aRPLkiLSRV][ FyV xmsxmsLiRsVV [s [V xqsVxtsvzms sos][, @j FssLjiNTP? @sgS @j
RVLkiRVV[. BgRi s}tsQR yNRPsVV][ RV[j RVLkiRVVRV. C RVLkiRVVTNTP
gRi` RXzts Q ss xqsVxtsvzms RVs @ysVV. Blgi[ RVLkiRVVRs RVsxmsVRV
s[s V sRFRVysV, s[s V s[VyssV xmsRRVsVV][ NRPWRVN]s dLi ss
ysVLRiWFy][ NRPWRVN]s yyR*Li ][R VRVsj, GsR sVVs @sgS, BLiR
NRPVT sWRVs. RVLkiRVVTRVLiRV sRgS RWsxmsVRV RWzqss sWRV
sVWRsj @Li[, RVLkiRVVRV ysyRsoyRV. @LiRVss yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs
RVLkiRVVRV ys yRV NSRV.

NSLjiNRP (1c8)
BysWRLi xms:[ xqsXzts Q: B xqsXu ssbPy:
NSRQxqsWLi WyyLi sVsLi[ NSLiRNS: ** 8**
yRLRisVV : xqsXzts Q xms VsoVVNRP Bys WRsVsRVV sbPRVR VV xmsVRV
yLRiV. NSsVV[ xqsXzts QLRiVgRiVss N]LiRLRiV NSLiRNRPVV sLiRVLRiV.

xqsXu yj sNRP:
xtsQsV: BysWRLi xms:[ xqsR xqsLiNRPy** xqsXzts Q: xmsn Vj: xqsLiNRPysWRLi
s xqsLiNRPyLjiNRPL i* NS[s xqsXzts QLij ZNP[`**
yRLRisVV : xms Vso VVNRP Bys WRsVV][, xqsR xqsLiNRPsVV ss xqsXzts Q
LRiVgRiVRVsj, G\lgi[ xmsn VRVV qx sLiNRPsWRs[V, xqsLiNRPsVVsNRPV slLi[NPR sVVgS
xmsoso. N]LiRsVLij NSsV, [s oRV xqsXzts Q LRiVgRiVRVsRs |msRLRiV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV: "xqsRNSsV: xqsR xqsLiNRP:' (y.D. 8c7c1) aRPV zmssVgS A
CaRP*LRiVTVVNRP BR[V, xqsRxqsLiNRPs[V, @sgS @RRV xqsLiNRPsVV NTPRWLRiWxms
120

sVVgS xqsXzts Q LRiVgRiVRVsj. GsR sVVgS NRPVsVLji BR, xqsLiNRPsVV [NPR F[

sxqsVs oV [R VR[, @lgi[ CaRP*LRiVT BR, xqsLiNRPsVVsNRPV slLi[NPR sVVgS xqsXzts Q
LRigRiRs xqsXzts QLiRNRPV\s CaRP*LRiyRVV FyLiR V. sVLjiN]LiRsVLij NSs[V xqsRsVs
NSyRVV ([xtsvV), NSs[V xqsXzts QNPT NSLRisVs FyLiR V. aSxqsQRXzts Q][ }ms
@\Q*RVV, xqsXzts Q @yL][xms RXzts Q][, DFyRVsVVgS, A xRyQ*s VxqsVN]
sVNRPs FyLiR V.

NSLjiNRP (1c9)
g[ SLiR Li xqsXzts Q LjiRs[ NUPyLiR sV yxmslLi[
[s |\ qs#xtsQ xqs*[7RVLi AxmsNSsVxqsNS xqsQX ** 9 **
yRLRisVV : xqsXzts Q CaRP*LRiVs g[ SLiR sVs N]LiRLRiV VxmsoRVLiR, sVLjiN]LiRLRiV Bj
NUPyLiR sVs yjLiRVRVyLRiV, xqsXzts Q CaRP*LRiVs xqs*ss[V; AxmsNSsVVsNRPV BR FsNRP
Tj?

xqsXzts QsyLRi DxmsxqsLiLRi:

1) xtsQsV: g[ SLiR Li NUPyLiR Li B ys[ xqsXzts QLi sVsLi[* @sW: xmsORPQW
RWxtsQLi [s |\ qs#xtsQ xqs*[7RVLi B*
yRLRisVV : xqsXzts Q g[ SLiR sVs, NUPyLiR sVs N]LiRLRiV sLiRVRVyLRiV. C lLiLiRV
xmsORPQs VV RWztsQLiRVRVs zqsyLiRsVV "[s osVVNRP xqs*ssVV AsLiRsVV' @s
2) xtsQsV : [s xqs xqs*s xmsORPQs WbPR, xqslLi[*uyLi y xmsOSQLi c "AxmsNSsVxqs
NSxqsQX' Be s z LRi*kysV @sy xqs*s slLi[ZNP[ xqsLSyxqs[*
NSLRiLi aRPNRPLi sNRPVs Ve
yRLRisVV : "[s osNTP xqs*ssVV xqsXzts Q' @sV xmsORPQs VVsV AaRPLiVVLi, sVLjiRVV
xmspLRi*sVV zmss xqsLRi*sR xmsORPQs VVNRPV RWxtsQ yNRPs[VsVsgS AxmsNSsVVsNTP BLiNRP
N][Lij NRPV FsVDLiRVsV? yRVRVLiRV FysVV, sVVRxmso xmsRVLiRV sLiT Fs\lgi[
@sR ss ][R VRVyW, @sRNRPy s[lLi[NSLRiLi [R V NRPy!
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : g[ SLiR sVs N]LiRLRiV, NUPyLiR sVs N]LiRLRiV @LiLRiV. INRPs[ CaRP*LRiVRV
NUPRN][xqss[V gRi` xqsXzts QLi[s V @Li[, gRi` NSLRisVV CaRP*LRiVRV NSLRissoyRV C
121

gRi` @s[ NSLRisVVsNRPV G DFyysLi |msVN]s CaRP*LRiVRV NSLRissoyRV? ksNTP

xqssWysLi ]LRiNRPRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS A CaRP*LRiVRV, A xmsLRisWR @NTPRVVRV, @NRPLRi,
xqsLRi*RV NUPyLiR Li, g[ SLiR sVsV C lLiLiRV xmsOSQV sLSNRPLjixqsV, "[s osNTPxqs* ssVV
xqsXzts Q' @sV yRsVVsV AaRPLiVVLis AxmsNSsVVsNTP BNRP N][Lij NRPV FsV soLiRVsV?
kss[ aRPV "@xmsxRFyFyRVg`iiLi LRiWxmssV..... ' "ARNSsVsVNSsVg`iiLi LRiWxmsg`iiLi
a][NSLiRLRisV' (X.D. 4c3c21) A C AR NSsVssNRPsVLis, ]gjis R LS
R LRisVVVgRi RVLRizR\sVs qx s*LRiWxmssVV, AR[V @LiVVs NSsVsVVV gRij,
NSsVsV [s xqs*LRiWxmssVV, a][NPR sVV[sj. xmssXORPQsVV][ NRPWRVs Axms
NSsVsVLi[ ][xtsQs VVLiRVsV. gSs AxmsNSsVVTNTP ry*LiR sVLiRV gSs, xmsLRisWRRVLiRV
gSs xmssX soRVLiRRVNRPy! @lgi[ "xqs*ss[VZNP[ NRPsW sRLi NSLi Ry7s[
xmsLjisVVxsWy:, [s |\ qs#xtsQ sVzsW [ZNP[ [Vs[R Li sV[ xRNRPsV'
(ZaP[*.D. 6c1) [NPR sVVsLiRV sy*LixqsV[ N]LiRLRiV gRiyLRisVV xqs*ssVs
xmsVNRPVRVyLRiV. sVLjiN]LiRLRiV sy*LixqsVV RVVNTP [ syLjiLissV RVyLiR Q\sVs
gRiRVNPR V NSLRisVV NRPsVg]sNRP ssWzRV\, NSs[V gRiyLRisVs
xmsVNRPVRVyLRiV. NSs \|ms lLiLiRV zqsyLiRsVVV NSso. ksNTP sVWNSLRisVV
CaRP*LRiVsVVNRP rysVLiR Qs[V gSs sVL]NRP NSRs sVzsVsV N]sRWRV
RVyLRiV. CaRP*LRiVs xqs*ssVsVNRPV sLRiVR sVVgS, C sVzsWyRLi sosj NRPy!
@sgS @j ][xtsQs VV NSRV. GLiRVNRPsgS sbPxts Q [aPR NS ssVR s VVgS xqsXLiRV
ssVV, DR NSLRi ssVR s VVVgS Vxmso NRPVRLRiRV, @s ZaP[*yaRP*LRi DxmssxtsQR V
sLSxqs zmssj. @NRPQ\[ xqsXzts Q[yT xqs*ssVVgS zmssj kss[ "[NPR sRV
d\ZNPssV' (.xqsW. 2c1c33) [NPR sVVsLiRV s[, ZNP[s Li d[V gRi` xqsXzts QNPT
xmsWssVs xqsWyLiR sVV. BR xqs*ssVV AZOP[QFys xmsLjixLjixqsVyRV.
[NPR sVV[ @s N][Lij NRPV dLjis LSgSs, LSVVNRP @sWRVRVgSs s[LiR VgS G
xmsWys @}msOTPQLiRNRPVLiy NUPy sLSRV[ ZNP[s sVV dLRiWxmssVVgS
GsR sVVgS xmssLjixq sW soLiL][, xQ\sVs xmsWys [sds @}msOTPQLiRNRPVLiys[
DyQ*xqs s:aS*RVV xqs*ssVV [R s[ G sR sVVgS LRiVgRiVRVLiW, @[
sR sVVgS, CaRP*LRiVRV NRPWy G xmsVVys @}msOTPQLiRNRPVLiys[, xqs*ssVV [R s[
122

ZNP[s Li dLRiWxmssVVgS xmssLjixq sVLiRV. C yRVsVVss (RVVNTP [R ) gSs, aRPV

ss gSs CaRP*LRiVsNTP sVL]NRP xmsWssVV NRPLiRV NRPVRLRiRV NRPy! @[ sR sVVgS
xqs*ssVV xqs*ys xmsbPLiRV NRPVRLRiRV NRPy? GLiRVNRPsgS xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRV
xqsLRi*NSsWsV F~LijyRs aRPV zmssj NSsos xmsLRis[VaRP*LRiVRV "r7NSsVRRW'
(\.D. 2c6) "A xsVV @s[NPR sVVgS NSsRVVsV, xmsosRVVsV. C sR sVVgS
N][lLi[s V' @sV aRPVyNRPsVV, AxmsNSsVVRV, @LSsNTP sL][R sVV NSRV. "rNSsVRV['
@sVsj FyV NRPLRisV @}msOTPQLi xqs*LRiWxms\sVs xsVLiRV Vxmso ][xtsQs VVNS
RV. GLiRVNRPsgS "s z LRi*kysV @sy xqs*s slLi[ZNP[ xqsLSyxqs[*
NSLRiLi aRPNRPLi sNRPVLi' @s BR xtsQNSLRiVV zmsyLRiV. "s [R VLi xmsLRisWLiR
sxtsQR W xqsXzts QaRPV:, @syNRPR ysVLRiWxms ssLRi g][R LRiy*` Rs
xmsFyRsxmsLRiy*[Rzms \ ss sxqsQQLiR s sV' (.xqsW. 2c1c33) "NSsos yxqsysNTP
C xqsXzts QaRPV xqsXzts Q xmsLRisWLiR Q\sVsRs xmsRsVV N]LRiNRPV RVV[Lij sj NSRV,
GLiRVss @sgS Bj @syNRPR\sVs ysVLRiWxms ssLRisVVsV slLi b[ PxqsW
xmsyssVVgS xRyQ*s xmsxmsjLiRRsVV[ xmsLRisVyRLRisVV NRPRs[
sxtsQR Ws sVLRisNRPWRRV. @yL][xms @xmsyRNTPRVsV aRPV BgRi @s[NPR
xqsLiRLRis VV[, @RVgRiV, @RVgRiVRVy zmsxRyQ*s [j LiRVNRPV
xmsRVRsVV [R VVRVsj'. BLiRsLRiNRPV (C ALRissVLiRsVV, ]sVRs NSLjiNRPsLRiNRPV)
aRPV gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms @s[ @sxqs V zms, A @sryRRV syLRisVV lLiLiRV
sR sVVVgS 1) @xmspLiR RXzts Q 2) xmspLiR RXzts Q][ syLjiLiLij. @xmspLiR RXzts Q,
ryyLRisVVgS sVs NTPNRP, gRi` RXzts Q, gSs xmspLiR RXzts Q xmsLRisWLiR sVVsV }ms
@sV s RXzts Q. sRsVV sVs aRPLkiLRiLi[ gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms NRPVgRiVyRVs
xqsLRi*ryyLRisVVgS [NPR sVV[ @sVN]sVRVysVV. C RXzts Q][ aRPV "gRi` ry[
z xtsQQ' @s BRRV xsxtsQR VsVVV xqs WLigS VxqsVN]s[ s xqs W VN`P
RVs @lgi[ xqs*xmssVVsV "xqs*xmsQry[ @LiR: xms' @s sVsNRPV NRPlgi[ yxqsy
LRiWxms\sVs sxtsQR WV @LiRLRisVV[ xqs*xmssVVgS][[ s xqsWORPQ VN`PRVs, @lgi[
C lLiLiRW [s xqsVxtsvzms @sLiR VN`PRVs @xmspLiR RXzts Q][, ssLjiNRP RXzts Q][
zmssj. BgRi sVsNRPV sos RXzts Qs IxmsVN]s, @yL][xmsLi [zqs, yss @xmsyRV
123

[R VVNRPV Bs[ @sxqs V xmspLiR RXzts Q][, (xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][) syLjiLiys A @sxqs
\saSsVV RWzmsLi, sVs RXzts Qs yxmsNRPLigS aRPV zmssj. FsgRi @sgS gRi`
rydsRVVRV xqsFyLigRisVVV, xmsLi][sVj sVVsVVVgRiyRs. sVVRL i gRiysxqs sV
sVVRL igS sVVNRPVs RW}qs xqs*LRiWxmssVs, xmsLjis QQ\sVs ysVLRiWFyV ]gjiLi,
][[ aRPLkiLSRV][ xqs xqsNRPsVV sVVNRPVss[ @sxqs sV s[LiR VgS VxqsVN]s[ dsso
\saS*sLRiVRss xmspLiR RXzts Q NRPgjiLisj. @lgi[ xqs*xms ryssVLiRVNRPWy qx sFyLigRi
sVVV, xmsLi][sVj sVVsVV][ NRPWRVN]s \xqsVsgS xmsFyjLiLij. sVsNRPVs
gRi`yxqss[ xqs*xmssVs[ RxmsVs ]gjiLi, xqs*xms xqssVNSsVV[ @j NRPWy
gRiR[VRVs @sV ssVV NRPVgRiVss, sVVRL i xqs*xmssVLiRs \xqsVTgS xmspLiR RXzts Q
s zmssj. @lgi[ xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV NRPWy sVVR @xmspLiR RXzts Q][ gRi` xqs*xmsLi
[s ZNP[s AsLiRsVRVVRs zms sVLiVV xmsRRVLi BR FyRVLSLiR Li sVLiVVgS
@sgS FsNRPVs AsLiRsVRVVRs, xmspLiR AsLiRsVRVVRV NSRs, sVsNRPVsos gRi`
RXzts Q ss. xmspLiR AsLiRsVRVV\[ sV gRi` xqs*xmsLi NRPVgRiVNRPV NSLRiLi, dLi
gS xqsVxtsvzms NRPVRLRiRV NRPsVNRP, ssLjiNRP RXzts Q][ xqsVxtsvzmss sVVR @xmspLiR RXzts Q][
aRPV zms, sVLRi @[ aRPV sVsNRPV xmsLRisWLiR @sV sLi NRPVgRiVNRPV xmspLiR RXzts Q
VxmsoNRPV xqsVxtsvzmss "RVR xqsVF s NRPLiRs NSsVLi NSsVRV[' @s zmssj.
BNRPR sVVLigS VxqsVN][s zqssj FssVsgS, FsNRPQ\[ xqs*xmsLigSLiR][, FsNRPQ\[
NSsVLi N][LiR ][ @s aRPV zms, @j xqsVxtsvzmsR Vs zmssj. gSs FsNRPQ\[ gRi`
[][R Vs xms[R V. ks @LiR s[VsVsgS xqsVxtsvzmsR Xzts Q[ gRi`, xqs*xmsLi lLiLiRW
xqs*xmssVV[. @lgi[ FsNRPQ\[ NSsVLi N][LiR ][ @sgS @NRPR xmssWR @s[ yRV [R V
NRPsVNRP NSsVLi N][LiR ][ @s zms, @NRPR xmssWRsV NRPWy ]gjiLisj. C lLiLiRV
RXxts v][, xqsVxtsvzmss xmspLiR RXzts Q][ aRPV zmssj. @lgi[ RVLkiRVVRV ys FyRLi
NSRs, ZNP[s Li gRi` xqs*xmssVV[, xqs*xmssVV xqsVxtsvzms[ xmssxmss [zqs, GNRPR*
RXzts Q ryLjiLiRVZNP[, gRi` INRP, xqs*xmsLi lLiLiRV, xqsVxtsvzms sVWRVRVs NRPsVsVVgS
zmssj gRi` xqs*xms RXuy xqsVxtsvzmsgS zmss[ gSs, @j ZNP[s sVV Fy[,
xmszms xqs*LRiWxmso[. @lgi[ RVLkiRVsVs[j , FsxmsVRW F~LiR[j NRPsVNRP @j NRPLRi WR
sVs FyLRiV. @lgi[ sWRWs RWzmsLis RXaRPsVV s[ gRi`, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvxmso
124

s, GsR sVVgS sWRWs sLji*NSLRiVTgS A RXaRPsVVNRPV @sLigSsoLiT A RXaRP

sVVV ][zmsLiRVRVy][, @lgi[ RVLkiRVVRV sLji*NSLRiVRV, xqsLRi*Rs aRPV zmssj
BgRi xmspLiR RXzts Q, @xmspLiR RXzts Qs sRkzqs, @sryRRVLi syLjiLis VR, sVsNRPV
NTPNRP RXzts Q ]gji, xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q NRPgji xmsLRisWLiR RR*Li RVRVsV. BLiRNRPVT
BLiR RXaRPsVVs[ gRi`, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzms ][R VRVsxmsNUP, A sLji*NSLRiVRV,
A Asxqs NRPV xqsLiLiR Li[R V NRPsVNRP C A[[V RVLkiRVVRV. RVLkiRVsVs[j sVLjiVVNRP
@sxqs gS F~Li[j NSRV, @j F~LiR[s osj. A RVLkiRVsVs[ ARRVLiRV @gRix
sVV ss , xqsVxtsvzms RVs[ @sygRixLi NRPgjisj. A @sygRixLigS ][s
yss syLjiLiRNRPFso ss, @R[ saRPV*RVgS, \xqsVTgS, FyTgS ][R VRV
sj. Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs ARsosj sosVgS soLiRNRPVLiy, FsLiRVNRPV gRiyj
@sxqs VgS ][R VRVsj? FsLiRVNRPV xmsxmsLiRsVVgS ][R VRVsj? ksNTP
xqssWyss[VsVsgS [NPR sVV[ yRVRVLiRV FysVV GNSLRisVV [NPR VLiys[ ][R VsV,
@lgi[ GNSLRisVV [NPR VLiy ARRVLiRV sVWRsxqs V ][R VRVyLiVV, gSs yxqss
sVVgS ][[s s Li[V, sVR[V. NSsos AR sVWRV @sxqs NRPV, sORPQ
\sVsj, @LiV [sj, sLji*NSLRi\sVsRs VxmsoNRPV RVLkiRVVRs zmssj gSs, @j
ys @sxqs NSRV. @LiRVss AR[V RVLkiRVVRV. RVLkiRVV[ AR.

RVLkiRVxqs aRP s [ R VR*sV

@syLjiNS: xqsxmss V sVLiRsV
1) xtsQsV : RRVLiR :, FyR: NRPsV FyF: sNRP s : Byx c "yLiR: xmsLi'
Byjy* xqsLRi* aRP xmssXssVR aRPWsy*` Rxqs aRPs [ R VR*Li, B sZaP[xtsQ
xms}tsQ [\ ss RVLkiRVLi sLij jORPQ**
yRLRisVV : NRPsVsVVgS FyzmsLis yVgRis FyRLi xmsszqssosj. "yLiR:
xms' Byj, xqsLRi*aRP xmssXNPT V ssVR s VV [s LiRVs ysNTP @ [ R VsVV
NRPVRLRiRV NRPsVNRP, sZaP[xtsQs VVsV xms}tsQR s y*LS C RVLkiRVsVVsV slLi b[ PLixms
saRPLiVVLiRVRVyLRiV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : NRPsVsVVgS FyzmsLis yVgRis FyRsVV xmsszqssosj. BNRPR
saRP*, \xqs, FysV sVWRVFyRsVVs xmsV[, A NRPsVsVVssVxqsLjiLi, ys
125

FyRsVs xmsszqs ssj gSs, yxqss sVVgS RVLkiRVLi ysFyRLi NSRV. @j

FsxmsVRW F~LiR[ sosj. gRi`, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzms FyRsVV s[ @j LSNRPFNRP
][ NRPWRVN]sj NSRV. RVLkiRV sLiR s "yLiR: xms' @s GRs sVLiRsVVs
xmsRVsV. , gRiV,NTPRV ssVR s VV][s[ xmsyLiR sVVRVLiRV sWRs[V aRP j [ R
sVVV xmsRVyLiVV. gSs RVLkiRVVRV xqsLRi* aRPsVV xmssXNPT FsLi ssVR s VV
@sgS NSLRisVV NSRV. NSsos ysNTP @ [ R VLi NRPVRLRiRV, @s sZaP[uyV s}tsQj Li
(BjNSRV BjNSRV) C RVLkiRVVs xmsFyjLiRVRVyRV.
2) xtsQsV : (xmspLRi* xmsORPQ:) c aRPWss[Vs RL>ij R`*
yRLRisVV : (xmspLRi* xmsORPQs VV) c (@gRi G sZaP[xtsQs VV[s yRV) aRPWss[V NRPy!
3) xtsQsV : (xqssWysLi) c s sVysNRPxqs sLjisVR y* sVxmsxms[: * sz
LRiR xqsLRi xmsoLRiVxtsQ sVXgRiRXzts QNSj sNRP: aRPVNTPN S LRi ryV ExtsQLSj slLi[ZNP[
@sryQ* xqsy: aRPNS: NRPLiVVRVLi*
yRLRisVV : (xqssWyssVV) c @gRi NSRV sVysxqsVs osV sNRPLiRV
[VssVR s VV [NPR VLiy ryR sVVNSRV. Fs\lgi[ FysVV ][R VNRPV yRV AyLRisW,
sLiT][R VNRPV sVVRxmsoxms AyLRisW, dsLRiV ][R VNRPV FsLiRsWsoV AyLRisW
@lgi[ xmsoLRiVxtsvRV ][R VNRPV ryVso AyLRisW @lgi[ AyLSsVVV [NPR VLiy
AL][FyV LRigRiso.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xqsNRP gRi`, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzmsR VsV AL][xmssVVV, Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs
ARRVLi[ LjigjisLiRVs AR aRPWssVV NSRV. xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV NRPWy gRi`,
xqs*xmssVV lLiLiRsj [s, xmssWR @s[ yRV[ NSsVLi [s, sLji*ZaP[xtsQLigS xqsVxtsvzmss
RWzmsLisxmsNUP, xqsVxtsvzms INRP @sxqs gS zms ys RVLiRV sWRWdLi, @yNRPX
RsVs AL][FyV, gRi` RXuy LjigjiyLiVV. xqsVxtsvzms RVLiRV C AL][FyV ]gji[,
sLji*ZaP[xtsQ\sVs RVLkiRVV[. gRi`, xqs*xmssVV, xqsVxtsvzmsR VsV FyRsVVNRPV AxqsRsVVgS
sosj.
4) xtsQsV : xmspLRi*xmsORPQ: GsLi RL>ij , Fyj xqsLRi* sNRPxqsRy*` RVLkiRVxqs
aRPyRR*Li B s xms}tsQ\ : xmsyRVR*Li, DRNSyyLSxqs Bs xmsn V[:*
yRLRisVV : (xmspLRi* xmsOTPQ) c Fyj RR*sVVgRiV xqsLRi*sNRPsVVNRPV AyLRisVgRiV
126

ss RVLkiRVVRV aRPsVV[ sLij LiRV NRPVRLRiRV. s}tsQR sVV][ RVLkiRVsVV sLij LiRV
RVVNRP s VV. DRNSyLRisVVsNRPV (NRPVLiR Li sVVRgRiVss) AyLRisVgRiV[ "ds NRPVLiR'
("dsLi') @sV xmsVLkigS, RVLkiRVsVVsV xmssRV NRPy!
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xmspLRi*xmsOTPQ c @gRi @LiVVs][ Fyj (Aj aRPsVV[ BLijRWV,
aRPLkiLRiLi, @LiR:NRPLRiLi) xqsLRi*sNRPsVVNRPV AyLRisVgRiVss C "RVLkiRV'sVs[
aRPsVV][ sLij LiRVNRPV NRPVRLRiRV NRPy! FsLiRVNRPsgS s}tsQR xmsRsVV][ sLij LiRV
NRPVRLRiRV NRPy! dsLRiVNRPV AyLRisVV NRPVLiRRVsV LkigS; xqsNRPsVVNRPV (gRi` xqs*xms
xqsVxtsvxmsoNRPV) AyLRisVV C RVLkiRVs[VRVs xmssRVsV NRPy! @Li[ gSs gRi`,
xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzmsR VsV xqsNRPs sLSNRPLjiLi RVLkiRVVRs xmsjFyjLiRV FsLiRVNRPV?
5) xtsQsV : xqssWysLi c s* Fyj sNRPxqs @xqsyQ*`, aRPVNTP NSjztsQ*s
LRiy[:* sz xqsRxqs][: xqsLiLiR : aRP xmssX ssVR N`P* @sxqsVy*`*
yRLRisVV : (xqssWR sLi) c @NSRV, RVLkiRVVTRVLiRV Fyj (xqsNRPsVVV)
sNRPsVV[ sxqsVR LRisVV [sj sVVRxmso xms RVLiRV sLiT sNRPs[V NRPy! xqs` c
@xqs`NRPV xqsLiLiR sVV, aRPsVV[ xmsRRV. RVyLiR sVVgS (@ @xqs`NRPV)
sxqsVR LRis[V [R V.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : \|mssR sVVgS, RVLkiRVVTRVLiRV IN]NRP aRPsVV, @L][xmssVV ]gji aRP
xmssX ]gjiLiRVRVyLRiV. Bj xqs`, @j @xqs`RVs aRPyRNRPsVV][ xmsgRi
sVV. xqs` @sgS sosj, @xqs` @sgS [sj RVsV sW INRPsxqsVs o [NPR sxtsQR VsVV
ssVxqsLjiLi Fy gSs RVLkiRVVT sxtsQR VsVV BgRi NRPVRLRiRV GLiRVNRPsgS ysNTP
sxqsVR LRiLi [R V.
6) xtsQsV : yzms xmssWLiRLRi sxtsQR VR*Li xqs*LRiW}ms* ARs: sLRiVFyj
NRPy*`* gRiyj s` yzms sVRQ *Li,* @j*dRV[*s rysWs sZaP[uy
y`* yzms NTPRWs RQ *Li FyRNSj s`* @sNTPRV y*`* yzms gRiVsRQ *Li
dsjs`, sLiR Vy*`* @R: yys[s slLi a[ PR sVL>iR *
yRLRisVV : (xmsRQOSQj ) xmssWsVVNRPV (RVLkiRVVRV) sxtsQR VsVV NSRV.
ARNTP [V DFyj [s LiRVs, (@j xmsRQOSQj xmssWV BLijRVg][R LRisVV NSRV.
@j DFyj LRizR\sVsj @Li[gSs aRPWssVV NSRV). C AR g][R *sVV s[ "'
127

(sWss, xmsaRPV, xmsOTPQ sVVsgRiV) R LRisVVV [sj. AR @j*dRV

sVgRiVss rysWs (sWssoRV, sZaP[xtsQs VsgS xVRV, ORPQ dRVVRV
sVVRgRiVss) sZaP[xtsQ R LRisVVV ysRVLiRV [s o. ARNRPV (RVLkiRVVsNRPV) NTPRV
RVsV R LRisVV [R V. sLiys s[ (sLi [R VV[ @RRV sLiyRs zmss
VgS) RVLkiRVVTRVLiRV NRPVRLRiRV. FsLiRVss @sgS @RRV NTPRWLRizRVRV.
(RVLkiRVVTNTP) dsj (ds, LRiNRP, ZaP[*R, sVVsgRiV) gRiV R LRisVV [s o (LRiWxmsLi][ NRPWRW
N]syRV NSRV). @RRV sLiR VVRV G ysVsVV][ slLi b[ PLixmsRRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @LiRVss Fs ysVsVV][ xqsLiLiR sVV][, DFyj ][, ][,
NTPRV][, gRiVsVV][ RVLkiRVVRV slLi b[ PLixmsRgRiRV. NSsos [VsZaP[xtsQs VV ][y,
ys ]gjiLi C RVLkiRVVTs Fy. aSxqsQsVV NTPNRP\sVs @L][zmsLiRTs
gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzmss sV ]gjiLi, yNTP yxmsNRPRXzts Q NRPgjiLi saRPV*TgS,
\xqsVTgS, FyTgS Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV ][R Vss zms, @gRi xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV
][sysLi Rs sVRRVs VxmsosV.

RVLkiRVsLi s sxtsQQWssV
7) xtsQsV : xmspLRi*xmsORPQ: c aRPaRP suyj xqssVy*`, sLRiLiR NRPLi RL>ij *
yRLRisVV : (xmspLRi*xmsOTPQ) c @\lgi[ NRPVLi[ N]sVVLkis, (RVLkiRVVRV) sLRiLiR NRPVRs
@sVN][s zqs sRVsV.
8) xtsQsV : xqssWysLi : s ARy* sgRis[V RVLkiRVxqs @yRRXuy ysX
}RV y*`, aRPVNTPN S sgRis[V Bs LRiR RXuyRW:* sz RVLkiRVxqs ARy*sgRis[V
xqs, @syRXuyj ][uyLi xqsLi[7zqs*
yRLRisVV : @gRi NSRV. @yRRVLiRV RXxts Q (xmssX) ssLjiL iRV ss,
AR[V RVLkiRVsVs RVRVsV; sVVRxmsoxmsRVs VxqsVN]ss zmsRxms sLiT
RVLiRV RXxts Q soLiRRV. RVLkiRVV[ ARRVs VxqsVN]ss @syj RXxts Q
][xtsQs VV xqsLi ssVV NSRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : (xqssWysLi) c AR[V RVLkiRVVRs @ [ R sVV VxqsVN]sgS, @yR
sxqsVs o RVLiRV RXxts Q (N][Lij NRP) ssLjiL iRVsV NRPy! N][Lij NRPV [s N][LiR NRPV? ZNP[s AsLiR
xqs*LRiWxms\sVs AsLiRLRixqssVV C AR[VRVs VxqsVN]ssyRV sVLRi, [VsxqsVgiR R
128

AsLiRsVV N][LiR NRPV @s[*ztsQLiRVsV? xmsLjis QQ\sVs BLijRVsVV][ aRPj

sxtsQR WsLiRsVV F~LiRgRiRV. @j sVVRxmsoxmsRVs VxqsVN]ssyRV, xmspLRi*Li
sLiT RVLiRVRVVs ARVLRiR Vj sbPLisVgS, xqs*LRiWxms\sVs Rs AR[V
RVLkiRVVRs zqss xqssVNSLi[ xqsLRi* @sR, NSsVNRPLRi][ NRPWTs [NPR sVV,
[NSLiRLRisVVV, yj sNSLRisVVV ]gjiFsosV. Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs AR[V,
RVLkiRVVRV, C sVWRV @sxqs NRPV sORPQVRs [s zmsRxms @syRXxts Q
]gjiFsosV NRPy!
9) sR RVLkiRVxqs ARy*ssgRis[V NSLRisVzqs* xqsL][*xmssxtsQyLi RRlLi Q[ s
DxmsORPQR W` "RRQ *sVzqs" (y.D. 6c8c7), "@RVsWy x" (X.D. 2c5c19),
"RR=RLi xqs Ay' (y.D. 6c8c7), "RVy=QOSQR xmsL][OSQR Qx' (X.D.
3c4c1), "xqs LiRL][ x:' (sVV.D. 2c1c2), "A\Qs[R Li xqsLRi*Li" (y.D.
8c25c2) Byj ysV*
yRLRisVV : RVLkiRVsVVsNRPV, ARNRPV Fs [ R sVV VxmsoNRPV [VNSLRisVV [R V.
@s DxmssxtsQR VV C @LiR sVV][ DxmsORPQR V (@sgS RgiR LRigS soLiRV) @LiVVsoyLiVV.
@ aRPV yNRPsVV[s VsgS @j ds\sRVVyso (y.D. 6c8c7), C AR[V
xsVV (X.D. 2c5c19), @j xqsRQ\sVsj @j AR[V (y.D. 6c8c7), Gj
@xmsL][OPR QsW (xqs*LRiWxmssW) @ AR[V xsVV (X.D. 3c4c1), C AR RV,
[xmssos xmsoVNRP[s yRV (sVV.D. 2c1c2), xqsLRi*sVW AR[V (y.D. 8c25c2).
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xqsLRi*sVW @sVsj @yL][xmsRXzts Q. ][[ xqssVNSLi[ C xqsLRi*sVV
A\Qsosj xqsLRi*sVs[j VxmsVRW soLiRRV. ZNP[s AR, RVLkiRVV[ [VxmsVRW
soLi[yRV. C xqsLRi*sVW (gRi`, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzms) @s[ys s}tsQj Li RVNRPV
LS[[V GRs sVLiRLi[ "s: @LiR: xms', "s zxtsQQ' " sDRVR xmsLi'
CsR sVVgS xqssVrys s}tsQj Li, [VxmsVRW sosj AR[VRVs VxmsosV.
GsR sVVgS FysVV][[ xqssVNSLi[ NRPWy @j y[, ][[ FysVV VxmsVRW
[sj. \|ms aRPV yNRPsVV][ "C AR[V xmsLRisWLiR LRiWxmsoRVgS yVgRiV FyRsVVV
NRPyRV' @s BjsLRiZNP[ lLiLiRs sVLiRsVV[ xmsTsj.

RVLkiRV GyARs: xmsLRisWLiR : FyR:

129

10) xtsQsV : rRVsWy xmsLRisWLS xmsLRisWLiR LRiWxms: RRVuy` BRVQQNPR : * Rxqs

@xmsLRisWLiR LRiWxmsLi @syNRPXRLi LRi xqsLSj xqssVLi DNRPL i, FyRRRV ORPQLi,
dLiNRPVLRi rydsRVLi*
yRLRisVV : C AR[V xmsLRisWLiR LRiWxmsoTgS, yVgRiV FyRsVVV NRPyRs
BjsLRiZNP[ xmsTsj. C ARVVNRP AxmsLRisWLiR LRiWxmsLi (ssLjiNRP) @sR NRPR
\sV LRisoRVLiRV xqsLRixqssWssVVgS, FyRRRV ORPQ dLiNRPVLRi yRVsVVs[
xmsTsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xmsLRisWLiR LRiWxmssVVgS C AR[V yVgRiV FyRsVVV gRiyRs Bj
sLRiZNP[ (lLiLiRs) sVLiRsVLiRV xmsTsj. @xmsLRi sWLiR LRiWxmssVV (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi,
xqsVxtsvzms[ ryssVVgRi saRP*, \xqs, FyRsV rydsRVVV). ysVLRiWxmssVV][
NRPWTsoss NRPsVNRP, @sy LRiWxmssVV[. FsgRi @sgS yRVRVLiRV xqsLRiLi s[ xqssVLi
@LiVVsosj. @lgi[ s[s V RVLiRV sVWRV @sxqs V AL][zmsLiRVN]s, s[s V
s[VVN]ssV, s[s V NRPgSLiRVRVRVysV, s[s V sRFRVysV @sVN][s s[V
@sR. C sVWRsxqs V yRVRVLiRV FysVVs[ sVR. Fs\lgi[ yRV FsxmsVRW
yRVgS soLiT RsRVLiRV FysVVgS, dsyLRigS, WsV dgS, sNSLRisVVV ][R V[,
@lgi[ A RVLkiRVV\s ARRVLiRV ][R V sNSLRisVVsV, sVWRsxqs LSNRPFNRP][
NRPWRVN]ss. @LiRVss sVWRV @sxqs NRPV A y\ss RVLkiRVV[ NSLRiLi @sVN][gS,
gRi` xqs*xmssVVNRPV xqsVxtsvzms NSLRi\sVsosj. xqsVxtsvzms d rysLigS gRizLi
sxmsVRV gRi` xqs*xmssVVV @LiNRPVLRisVs[ NSLRisVV. BNRPR RNRPgS syLjiLiRszqss
[s VsgS Fs\lgi[ NSLRiLi, NSLRiLi lLiLiRW s[LiR V s[LiR VgS ][R [, IZNP[][s[ ][R V[
@lgi[ dLi, @LiNRPVLRiLi s[LiR V s[LiR VgS [s o. gRi`[ NSLRiNSLRiV ][R VRVyLiVV.
FysVV NSLRiQ\sV[ yRV NSLRisVszmsLiRVNRPVLij gSs, FysVV ][[ xqssVNS[
NSLRiLi @szmsLiRVN]s FysVV NSLRi\sVs yRV lLiLiRW y[ NRPy! ZNP[s [R s
N]LRiNRPV yRV NSLRiLi, FysVV NSLRisVysVV gSs y[ NRPy FysVVgS ][R VRVsj.
FsxmsV\[ FysVV ]gjiFso[, @xmsVRV yRV [sNTP NSLRiLi @soRVLij?
@LiRVss yRVRVLiRV NSLRi, NSLRiV lLiLiRW AL][xmss[V.
11) xtsQsV : @R, BydsLi @dRNRPLi xmsLRisWLiR xqs*LRiWxmsLi LRirydsRVLi
130

qx sLSjrydsWNRP rysRRV sLSNRPLRi[s Axc "yLiR: xmssV' Byj**

yRLRisVV : A dRNRPsVV, xmsLRisWLiR xqs*LRiWxmssVVsgRiV yRVRVLiRV, @lgi[ saRP*,
\xqs, Fy ryssVVV FysVVRVs[ sNRPsVVsLiRV zms, FysVV sLSNRPLjiLi
yRVsV zmssVgS, saRP* \xqs, FysV ]gjiLi RVLkiRVVTs xmsFyjLiR
Tsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BNRPR "C AR[V xmsLRisWLiR LRiWxmsoRV, yVgRiV FyRsVVV gRiyRs ZNP[
"r7RVsWy RRVuy`' @s lLiLiRs sVLiRsVLiRV xmsLRisWLiR , @xmsLRisWLiR
LRiWxmssVV][ yVgRiV FyRsVVV gRiyRs xms[R V. gSs kss "JLi sV[RRORPQLiR
sVRg`iiLi xqsLRi*Li' @s JNRPs sVLiRsVLiRV, @lgi[ "xqsLRi*g`i iLi }RRQx' @s
lLiLiRs sVLiRsVV[ @ys, @ [ R V GNRPR*sVV xmsFyjLi xmsLRisWLiR RRQ *sVV
@ys @ [ R VsVV lLiLiTLiNUP sORPQsVs zmssj. NSsos xmsLRisWLiR LRiWxmssVV
"GNRPLi Gs @RVsWR' JNRP A\Q sosRsV xqsLi ssLRisVV N]LRiNRPV yVgRiV
FyRsVVs aRPV zmssj. C ARVVNRP @xmsLRisWLiR Q\sVs @syNRPXR\sVs,
"yRVRVLiRV xqsLRisVVs[' xqssV\sV sosRs xmsTsj. GLiRVNRPsgS saRP* \xqs
Fy FyRRRV ORPQsVV][ dLiNRPVLRisVVs[ sosj. kss[ "GxtsQWs: xqsLRi*xqs
xmsyxmsR z WyysV' @s 6s sVLiRsVLiRV aRPV zmssj. BR
NSLRiNSLRi ssVV][ NRPWTs dLiNRPVLRisVVs[ xms[R V. @lgi[ dsVVsVLiT
@sRVssVV][ NRPWTs @LiNRPVLRisVV s[, xqs*LRiWxms\sVs FyT sVLiT saRP*Q\xqsVV
NRPgSRVs xms[R V. sVLji[VsVsgS @syNRPRs[V, LRiWxms [ R sVV][ Fy, \xqs,
saRP*R*sVs ][R V ARRVLiRV sNRPXRs[VRVs @j sWRV][ NRPWTs dLiNRPVLRisVs
zms, FyRRRVsVVsV s}tsQj Lisj. sWRW dLiNRPVLRi ryssVsgS, dsVV
@LiNRPVLRisVV Bs lLiLiRW s[LiR V s[LiR V NSRV. dsVVsxmsoRV @LiNRPVLRisVV ][R RV,
@LiNRPVLRisVVsxmsoRV dsVV][R RV. ysVLRiWxmssVV][ lLiLiTLiNUP [R sVV NRPgjiLiR
Tsj gSs, JNRPys dsT sVL]NRP [R V. sWRWLRiWxms\sVs dsVV sVLiT
@LiNRPVLRisVV xmsosVgS, dR FyT sVLiT sWRWLiNRPVLRisVVs[ saRP*Q\xqsVV
NRPsRVRVyLRiV. NSsos BR Fy aRPsVV "@dRNRP xmsLRisWLiR xqs*LRiWxmsLi
LRirydsRVLi' @s FysRVLiRV saRP*Q\xqsVV, @dRNRP xmsLRisWLiR xqs*LRiWxmssVs
131

yRVRVLiRV xqsLSRVV ][ss zmssj. @LiRVss Fs\lgi[ yRV RVLiRV

FysVs[j sNRPsW, @[sR sVVgS C sVWRsxqs V RVLkiRVVTRVLiRV sNRPsVV[,
sVR[V. yRVs RVNRPFso ss[ FysVV ][sV RVLkiRVVRs RVNRP
Fso[V saS*RVVgS ][sV. @Li RVNRPFsoRVsV RxmsVs
(sVysLi) ]gjiLiRVZNP[ aSxqsQ syLRisVV.

RVLkiRV: FyR:
(DxmssxtsQ` )

xqsxmss V sVLiR:
yLiR: xmsLi, szxtsQQLi [ RVR: xmsLi, s xmssxmsn VsLi s xmsLi yxmsLi*
@RXxts Q sVssLRi sVgSx sVORPQ sVsQ sVsxms[aPR s[VNSR xmsRRV
ryLRiLi, xmsxmsLi][xmsaRPsVLi, aSsL i bPssV\Q*RLi RRVLiR Li sVsLi[ xqs Ay xqs
s [ R V:** 7 **
yRLRisVV : @LiR: xmsRV NSs, zxtsQQRV NSs, D RV xmsRVsV NSs,
xmssxmsn VsVRV NSs, xmsRVV NSs, @xmsRVVsV NSs, @RXaRPQ\sVs, @ssLRi\sV
s, @gSxQ\sVs, @ORPQ\sVs, @LiRQ\sVs, @sxms[aPR Q\sVs, GNSRxmsRRV
ryLRi\sVs, xmsxmsLi][xmsaRPsV xqs*LRiWxms\sVs, aSLiR\sVs, bPsxqs*LRiWxms\sVs @\Q*RsVVsV
ysRs RVRVLRiV. @j[V AR. yss[ zqsN]sssV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : GNSRxmsRRVryLRiLi VxqsVN]s[ @sxqsLRisVVsj. AR FsgRi V
N][y? s[s VgS VxqsVN][giR sVV gSs dssogS gRiVLjiL iR[s VV. [V ARsV @sy
RXzts Q][ BjgS [RgS, yRgS, xLigS, DFyj gRiR\sVs ysgS VxqsV
N]sVRVysW, @Li ARRVLiRV Bj [xsVV NSsj, soRV NSsj, BjgS
NSRs VxqsVN]y. C s[s V y\ssosj, ysV VVNRP xqs*LRiWxms\sV s[s VgS
RVRVRVsRs BgRi VxqsVN]sV[V GNSRxmsRRVryLRiLi. RRVLiR sVsLi[
gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzmssV sVWRsxqs V NSsj C ysj RVLkiRVsVs @LiR Li.
NSs gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzmss[ Bj NRPWy ys @sxqs RVs NSRV.
12) xtsQsV : (xmspLRi*xmsORPQ:) ssV ARs: RRVuyRQ *Li xmsRV FyRRRV
132

NRPRs[\ ss RRVLiR xqs @LiR: xmsj: @s[* zqs [ "yLiR xmsLi' Byj xms}tsQR :
@sLiR NRP:*
yRLRisVV : (xmspLRi*xmsOTPQ c GsVLiU! A C ARNRPV RRVuyRQ *Li c (yVgRiV
FyRsVVVgRiRs) xms[zqs, sVVR sVWRVFyRsVVV syLjiLi, ys FyRsVV
VVNRP zqsj NRPVgRiVRVLiRgS, BNRP "s @LiR: xms', "s zxtsQQ' Byj xms}tsQR
sVVss @sLiR NRPsVV NRPy!
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BLi aRPLiNRPsV NRPgjiLi, xmspLRi*s[V aRPLiNRPLRiVyLRiV LS[[V ys
NSLRiVNRPV JNRPg]xms xqsWRssyLRiV. aRPLiNRPLRiV RLRiVyR ss ysNSLRiVV, {mshS
j xmsRVV, xmsLiTRVV dsLRiLiRLRiV NRPWy RVLkiRVVRV NRPWy JNRP @sxqs RVs |msRLRiV,
xmspLRi*xmsOTPQ xmsaRPs[. yLRiV RVLkiRVVRV NRPWy JNRP @sxqs RVs @LiRVLRiV. A RVLkiRVsVV
F~Liys @Li[, sLji*NRP xqssWj ][s[ F~Liys @LiLRiV. gSs yxqss sVVgS
aRPLiNRPLRiV xXRRVLi RVLkiRVLi JNRP @sxqs NSRV. C sVWRV @sxqs NTP NSLRi\sVsj
RVLkiRVLi. @LiRVss sVWRsxqs V ]gji}qs, ys\s RVLkiRVVRV RVRVsV.
lLiLiRs sVLiRLi xtsQLi[ "saS*kyLi xmspLRi* xmspLRi* xmssxmss[s RVLkiRVxqs
xmsxms: c B NRPLRiryR s: FyR aRP:' NRPLRiryR ssVs FyLRiV, FsLiRVss @sgS
RVLkiRVsVV F~LiR[s osj, NSsos F~LiRVs[j NRPVRLRiRV. LSNRPFNRP][ sos
gRi`, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzms FyRsVVNRPV F~LiRV RVs NRPVRVLRiVRVLij, F~LiR[ sosj
@ssxmsVRV RVLkiRVVRV Rs xqs*LRiWxmss[V NRPsVNRP gRi`[ NRPlgi[ \sRVVNTPN PR xqssWj
ryR ssVVV y*LS RVLkiRVsVV F~LiRV @sVsj RVVNTPN PT , @sV ysNTP sLRiVR sVV.
RsRVLiRV gRiyj @sxqs V s}tsQj Li xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVVsV syLji}qs @NRPR
RVLkiRVVRV RVRVsV. @LiRVss aRPLiNRPLRiVV xmsNRPLRi @syLjiNRP FyLRiLi sVVsLi[
"s[yLiyLiR ryLRi xqsLigRix WRLi BRLi' C DxmssxtsQ` [, C ARsV s[yLiy
LiR sVV][ NRPWTs ryLRiLi][ VxqsVN][y gSs yssVV [R , xqssWj [R , DFyxqsyj
y[R RVRVss xms[R V.
13) xqssWysLi c * s* xqsLSjsNRP xms}tsQ [ s Gs LRi xqs*LRiWxms xmsxmss `,
sxqs xqs Gs ARs: RVLkiRV[*s xmszms FyRLiVV ztsQR y*`* "RRQ *sVxqszqs' Bs`*
yRLRisVV : (xqssWysLi) c @NSRV xqsLSj (xqsLRi, Li, WsVd Byj)
133

sNRPsVVsV xms}tsQj LiRV [R s[ "Bj yRV'RVsV ssVV NRPgjisVgS sVWRs

xqs V (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms) AR[VRVs, RVLkiRVR*sVV[R xmsFyjLiRVNRPV
"RR*sVzqs' @sV yNRPsVV][ [R NRPgjiLiRTsj. ("s @LiR:xms' Byj s}tsQR
LRiWxmsNRPLigS RVLkiRVsVV RVRVsV)
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : "zqsy[yzsVRryRVxtsQR L][ sztsQR [, LRi*sVyzk LRiVQQNSQ
RRQ *sVyjaSxqs\s:' (D.ry. 18c4) yRVsV RWzqs @j FysVs Li LiRgS,
zR[R ss @j y[R Vs VxqsVN]sgS, xqsLRiLi GgRi]gRiV[ @lgi[
zqsR sVVgS, sVVLi[ sos ARsV Li[R @xLi aRP OSQQLiR sVV ss,
@xLiNSLSj (aRPLkiLRisVV, xmsxmsLiRsVV)gS sLi, zmsRxms "RRQ *sVzqs' yNRPsVV [R .
AL][zmsRsVVsV ]gjiLiRgS sVVLi[csos AR RVRVsV. @s Dxms[aPR ryxzqs
RVLiRV xmsTsj. Fs\lgi[ yRVsV yRVgS VxqsVN]sVNRPV, ysRVLiRVs
AL][FyV ]gjiLiy[, @lgi[ zqsR sVVgS sos RVLkiRV\sVs AR xmsFyjLiRVNRPV,
AR RVLiRVRVVs AL][FyV ]gjiLi, "RR*sVzqs' @sV][ R` @sgS RVLkiRV
sVLiRV, gRiyRVNRPV AyLRi\sV [s RVLiRV ]RVRVyW, A RVLkiRVs[V AR,
"R`' ds\sRVVyso. @sgS "R*Li' @LiVVsoyso. gRi`[ s[s V, xqs*xmsLi[ s[s V,
xqsVxtsvzms[ s[s V @sVN]s A s[s V R` @LiVVs RVLkiRVV[. A s[s V [aPR NSNRPV
[TsyRV NSRV. xqs*xms gRi`[ sos [aPR NSV ARWsxqs NTP NRPVT
soyLiVV, NSsos [aPR NS[ [s xqsVxtsvzms, [aPR NS][ NRPWTsos gRi` xqs*xmssVV
NRPV NSLRiLi @sVsj AL][xmss[V NRPy! @Li AL][xmssVV][ NRPWRVN]s xqsVxtsvzmss
syLjiLi, A gRi` xqs*xmssVVsV ]gji}qs, A xqsVxtsvzms RVLi[ RVLkiRVVTgS RV
RVyRV. A RVLkiRVs[V "R`' ds xqs*LRiWxms \sVsj, @Li[gSs sVLjiVVNRP xqssWj @s[
@sxqs [ dsso "R`' @soyss xms[R V. xqssVyj @sxqs V, gRi` xmsxmsLiRsVV[
NRPlgi[ @sxqs V. A xqssWyRV ss NRPlgi[ sLji*NRP @sV ssVV gRiR[ NRPlgi[
xqssVj NTP sWRs[V xmsLjisVR\sV, @sV ssVV][, sssVV][, ss[NPR sVV][, aSxqsQ,
AyLRi [R ][ s}tsQR yNRPsVV][ ]gjiLiRV NRPVRLRiNRP, ZNP[s sVV \sRVVNTPN SsV
ssVV. gSs ss[NPR sVV][ @LiR: xmsjR*sVVV xms}tsQj LiRgS, A xqssVNSsVV [s[
xmsxmsLiRsVV ]gji, xqs*LRiWxms\sVs Rs ARRVLi[ "@sV ssVV' NRPgjisoLiRVsV. NSsos
134

xms}tsQR yNRPsVV[ RVLkiRVsVVsV gRizLiRVNRPV FysWsVV.

xms}tsQR yNRP FysWsV

14) xtsQsV : RVj z RQsryR sORPQLi RVLkiRV sVs` c RRQ
xmsy*LS7y` aSrQxms[aSsLiR NRPLi; aRPWsy77xmsLS***
yRLRisVV : INRP s[ gRiyRsxqs V, RVLkiRVVRV, sORPQsVVgS sLigS
soyRs @s][, @j @sR* xmsxqsLigRisVsosV. (FsLiRVNRPsgS, RVLkiRVR*sVV
F~LiRVNRPV y*LRis[V [NPR VLiy FsosV). @lgi[ aSxqsQLi, Dxms[aPR Li @sLiR NRPssosV.
(@xmsVRV RVLkiRVsVVsNRPV) "aRPWsLi' AFyjLiRV @sLiR NRPsVV NRPy!
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @LiRVss sVWRsxqs s}tsQR sVV y*LSs[ RVLkiRVsVV RVRVsV.
NTPNRP\sVs @sxqs AL][xmssVVsV aSxqsQ syLRisVV][ yxmsNRPR NRPgjiLi (@sgS
gRiyj, saS*RVVgS). A yxmsNRP\sVs saS*RVsV ss[NPR Li][ ]gjiLi,
RVLkiRVsVVsV VxqsVN][y. Blgi[ RVLkiRVVRVsV VxqsVN][ys aSxqsQLi zmss
xmsVRV gRiyLiLiR R xqssWj y*LS \sRVVNRP s VVgS RVLkiRVR*sVV FsgRi FyzmsLiRVsV?
gRi`, xqs*xmssVVV ]gji, xqsxLigS, ryLRi*NRPsVVgS NRPlgi[ xqsVxtsvzms y*LSs[,
ss[NPR sVV][ syLjiRgS RVLkiRVsVV RVRVsV.
15) xtsQsV : LRiLjis xqsLSj: sNRPQsWy rysR[V7zms AyGNRP Gs @LiR:
xmsj [*s sNRPQ[ RVy, Ry @LiR: xmsjR* xms}tsQR ss xmssW
xqssVNS s[Vs ARs @sLiR xmsxmsLiR ssX ORPQ xmsn Li xmsLjixqssWxmsLi B
yRLRisVV : G sR sVVgS yRVRVLiRV xqsLSj sNRPsVVV ][R VRVyW,
@[ sR sVVgS IZNP[ AR RVLiRV xmsy*RV sNRPsVVV ][R VRVyLiVV.
@LiR:xmsy*j sZaP[xtsQs VVV, sNRPsVVV xms}tsQj LiRgS, @ ss xmssW
xqssVNSsVLi[ ARRVLiRVs @sLiR xmsxmsLiRsVV xmsLjixqssWzmsR VgRiVsV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : G sR sVVgS yRVRVLiRV xqsLRisVV, yLRi, WsVd Byj
sNRPsVVV ][R VRVyW, @[ sR sVVgS sosj AR[V @LiVVssW gRiR,
xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzmsR VsV @sxqs V, zxtsQR*, @LiR:xmsR*, xmsn VsxmsR*sVs ARW
@sxqs RVLiRV ][R VRVyLiVV. GxmsV\[ C @LiR:xmsy*RVV, y gRiyRV
ryssVVV xms}tsQj LiRgS, A ss xmssW (@sV s) xqssVNSsVLi[, ARRVLiRV
135

][s xqsLRi* @sLiR NRP LRiWxms ORPQsVV][ NRPWTs xmsxmsLiRsVV xmsLjixqssWzmsR VgRiVsV.

RVLkiRVryj gRis[V aRPss[VysV

16) xtsQsV : RVLkiRWj gRis[V xmssWLiRLRiLi ryR yLiRLRiLi y s sVXgRiLi*
LRixqsLRi ss[NPR xqssVNS[ Bs LRi*LixqsLRi ssXxmsn [ xqs LRi*j gRisVxqs*
yRLRisVV : RVLkiRV ssVV FyzmsLiRVNRPV, sVLjiVVNRP xmssWsVVgSs ryR sgSs
[R V. FsgRiLi[ Bj FysVV NSRsV ss[NPR Li NRPgjis xqssVNSsVLi[, LRiRVLiRV xqsLRi
ssX RVgRiVsV. (ysNTP sVLjiVVNRP xmssWsVVgSs, ryR sgSs @sxqsLRisVV [R V).
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xqsxts Qs VVgS @sryRRV syLRi xqssVNSsVLi[ RVLkiRVVRV RV
RVsV, ysNTP [aPR NSLiRLRi ssyssVV soLiRRs aRPV zmssj. gSs Bxms
ysNSLRiVV kss sVV [zqs, @sxqs V VxqsVN]sV RVsVsj xmsL][OPR Q
ssVV RVLkiRVsVV VxqsVN]sV @xmsL][OPR Q ssVV. C @xmsL][OPR Q ssVV F~Liy
@Li[ xqssWj F~Liy. BgRi VxqsVN]s sxtsQR VsVLiy xmsL][OPR Q \sVsj. BRLiy
aSxqsQyxqss. kss sR xmsL][OPR Q \sVs ssVV F~LiRV xqssWj ss[ ryR Li. @NRP[
RVLkiRVVRV RVRVss |msRLRiV. gSs aRPLiNRPLRiVV @ xqsxts Qs VVgS, @ qx sLRiLigS,
RVLkiRVVTs F~LiRVNRPV s}tsQR yNRPsVV][ NRPWTs aRP ss[V xmssVLi gSs,
sVLjiVVNRP xmssWLi [R V. NSsos gRiyRsxqs V ss[NPR Li][ ]gjiLiRV[V
RVLkiRVsVV.

xmssWxqs xmss[VRVs ssX sW[ sFyLRi:

17) xtsQsV : [VuyLi xmsos: RsW7xmssRVslLi[ZNP[ xmsn VjgRis[V xmssWLi
yzmsRV[ [uyLi [ ysRVxqsLiLiR sWgRi slLi[ZNP[ @sRLSsRVs[7zms
jLS*QzmsRV[ c BRVQQNPR L i ry`* RVy xmsos:xmsn V RsVr: ss[NPR NRPLRi[ xmssXRL i
xmssWLi @sVFyj=R RsV: sX xmsn srysLi jLjis [ ysRVs xqsLiLiR
ss[NPR LRi[ xmssXy RRsRVs\ Q*k sxmsn sryy Ry s @LiRLkiRVNRPLi
xmsn VssLi s R` xmssW xmsn Li*
yRLRisVV : FssLjiNTP dNRP[s os NRPVLiRsV RVVNRPV , dNRPs Fg]s RLRiVyR
Ljigji NRPVLiRsV RWRVNRPV sVLjiVVNRP xmssWLi, xmsNTPRV @sxqsLRisVs N][LiR ][ yLRiNRPV
sXORPQ[R s RXuyLiRsVV NRPWy sLjiL iRVsV. FsgRisgS V sLRiNRPV @sgS ys
136

sWsVsV lLiLiRV LiRsVVVgS [R VV[V @s xmsszqss @sxqsLRisVV [R V. dNRPs

ss[NPT LiRgS "dNRP Fso' @sVsj dNRP sbPLiRV][ A RsW syLRi NTPRV
xmsn srys sVgRiVRVsj. FsgRisgS sXORPQ [ R s NTPRVs[, VsLRiVNRPV @sVsj
ss[NPT LiRgS ys sWsVsV lLiLiRV sVVNRPV [R VVsVV][ [ R s NTPRV xmsLjixqssWzms
RVgRiVsV. @LiRVss C DxmssWs Lkiy, dNRP Fg]s RLRiVyR @LiRLkiRVNRP\sVs
xmsn V* ssVV ZNP[s sVV dNRP gRiLiRgS NRPVgRij. @LiRVss RsWyaRPsLi xmsn V
xmssW, xmsn Vs xmssW xmsn sVV NSRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BNRPR lLiLiRV @LiR sVVV 1) NRPVLiR @s[j sVVLi[ sosj NS dNRP
gRiLiRgS xmsn VsssVV NRPgjisj. 2) lLiLiRs @LiR sVV dNRP RVsV RsVxqsV= ]gjis
xqssVNSLi[ NRPsV @s[ xmssWsVV[, NRPVLiRRVsV sssVV FsgRi NRPVgRiV[,
@lgi[ @ssVV ]gjis xqssVNSLi[ aSxqsQsVs[ xmssWsVVss RVLkiRVVRs[
ssVV NRPVgRiVsV. NSsos G xmssWsVsxqsLRisVV [NPR VLiy, dNRP]gjis @sLiRLRisVV
NRPVLiR Fs\lgi[ RVRV[, @lgi[ @ssVs[ RxmsVs ]gjis xqssVNSLi[
@NRP[ s[LiR VgS [V xmssW}msORPQ[NPR VLiy Rs @sV ssVLi[, ARRVLi[ RVLkiRV
ssVV NRPVgRiVsV.
18) xtsQsV : s R RR*` @yzms ARs @yL][zmsR "@LiR: xmsy*j'
ss[NPR NRPLRi[ xmssXRxq s xms}tsQR ss xmssWxqs @sVFyj=R "@LiR: xmsy*j'
ssX slLi[ZNP[ RVLki[V yFyL][xmsxms:*
yRLRisVV : @lgi[, \|mss zmssLkigS, ARRVLiRV @yL][zmsLixmsTs
"@LiR:xmsyQ*j' (xqs*xmsLi, gRi`, xqsVxtsvzms @sxqs V) ss[NPR sVV [R VgS ys
xms}tsQR ss xmssWsVV\s "@LiR:xmsj'sV ssLjiL iRgS, (@xmsyRLi[R VgS),
RVLkiRVsVV RVRVsV.
19) xtsQsV : @LiR: xmsy*j ssX xqssVNSs[Vs xmssWRXy*j [ R ssX[: *
yRLRisVV : @LiR: xmsy*RVV (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi) ssXR VgRiV xqssVNS sVLi[,
xmssWR, xmssW, xmss[VRV [ R sVLiy ssLjiL iRVsV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : FsLiRVNRPsgS Rs xqs*LRiWFys RVsxmsVRV, xmssWRXy*s
s[s sVN]s xmss[VRVsVs[ sxtsQR WsV VxqsVN]sVNRPV, xmssWsVVs[ BLijRWRV
137

sV DxmsWgjiLiRVsV. C xmssWR, xmssW, xmss[VRV ssLRisVLiy gRiyj

@sxqs [s[ ][R VRVss NRPsVNRP Bs ]gRiV[V RVLkiRVFyzms.
20) xtsQsV : Ry R sORPQ "[ \ Q*RLi ssR[' (sW.D. 1c18 ) B*
yRLRisVV : \|mss zmss sR sVVs (xmssWR, xmssW, xmss[VRVsVs[ ssLRiLi
ssLRi s RVsVsj) LS[[V 18s NSLjiNRPRVLiRV "@j [RVRgS \Q*R sVVLiRRV'
@s sryLiR sVVgS xms[s oRVyLRiV.
21) xtsQsV : sxqs \ Q*R ssX ORPQ slLi[ZNP[ ORPQLiRLRi @ss ryy`*
@srys[ R @ssryxmsxqsLigS`\ Q*y ssX:*
yRLRisVV : ssVVsNRPV \Q*R ssX ORPQ (xqssVNSsVV) slLi[NPR sVVgS
ORPQLiRLRisVV @ssxqs NRPVgRiVsV. \Q*ysxqs RVLiRV, @srys][xtsQs VV FyzmsLiRV
ss \Q*RsVV ssX NSRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : \Q*RsVV ssLjiL is ORPQsVVs[, A xqssVNSsVV [s[ ARssVV
NRPVgRiVsV. INRP ORPQsVV NRPWy \Q*RsVVLiRVNRPV @sNSaRPsVV [R V. INRP s[ \Q*R
sVVLiTs][ @ssry][xtsQs VV GLRiRVsV. sVLRi \Q*RsVV ssLjiL iRssV. BgRi
@ssry][xtsQs VV GLRiRVsV. G yRVRVLiRV FysVV][R V[, A FysVs[ Li ssLRi
s xqssVNSLi[s[ zqsR sVVgS sos A yRV[V RVRVsV. @lgi[ xqsVxtsvzms
@sV s xqssVNSLi[ gRi`, xqs*xmssVsV \Q*RsVV FsRsW [R s VxqsV N]s
xqssVNSsVLi[, zqsR sVVgS sos RVLkiRVsVV RVRVsV.
22) xtsQsV : Rry` xms}tsQR ss xmssWsFyLRi xqssVNSLi Gs ARs
@yL][zmsR "@LiR: xmsy*j' @sLiR ssX: c B zqsR Li*
yRLRisVV : NSsos xms}tsQR ss xmssWsVV[ \Q*RsVV sbPLis xqssVNS
sVLi[, ARRVLiRV @yL][zmsR\sVs (@LiR: xmsj) @sLiR R sVLiRRVV ssX
R VgRiVss zqsj LiRVRVsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BR "xms}tsQR ss xmssWLi' @sgS s}tsQR LRiWxmsNRPLigS aSxqsQsVV
xmssWsVV. NTPNRP, ssLjiNRP RXzts Qs s, aRPLkiLRiLi[ @sxqs V NRPVgRiVRVyRVsV
RXzts Q [R ) gRi`, xqs*Fysxqs V IZNP[ NSLi[ NRPgji, xmsxmsLiRsVV ][sxmsVRV s[s V
BVsLi yRsV, s[s V s[VLiVysV, s[s V NRPgSLiRVRVysV, s[s V sjLis
138

yRss[ @sy RXzts QNPR VgRiVsV. BLi @ss[NPR , @syRXzts Q ]gjiLiRV[V,

xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q. @[ xms}tsQR Li. yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs C s[s s[ yRV BLijRVsVVV,
sxtsQR VsVVNRPV LijsyRV NSRV, @Rs sxqs*LRiWxmssVV ryOTPQ xqs*LRiWxmssVV. sxtsQR V
sVVV ][sxmsVRV s[s V @s @szmsLiRVN]sVsV, sxtsQR VsVVV ][R sxmsVRV ryOTPQgS
Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS soLiRVsV. @LiRVss gRiyj @sxqs V, s[s V BVsLiyR
ssV ys s}tsQj LisxmsVRV A s[s V ryOTPQgS sssVV NRPVgRiVsV. A s[s V @sV s
sVLiRV, Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV xmsLRisrysLi LiRVsV. @Li sssVV ss
RVLkiRVs[V ARRVs zqsj LiRVsV.

RVLkiRWRss: xmsy*j s}tsQR :

23) xtsQsV : "yLiR: xmsLi' B \ xqs xms}tsQR :*, "s zxtsQQLi' B
saRP*xms}tsQR :*, "[ RVR: xmsLi B gRiR=Q*xmsW: @LiRLSsry
xms}tsQR :*, "s xmss xmsn VsLi' B xqsVxtsvFys ry xms}tsQR :* dyss[NPR
xqs*LRiWxmsy*`*, "sxmsLi' B RVVgRixms` xqsLRi* sxtsQR V xmsRXR* xms}tsQR :*, "y
xmsLi' B @\Rs xms}tsQR :*
yRLRisVV : (GRs sVLiRsVLiRV xms}tsQR xmsNTPRV) : @LiR: xmsLi Bj NSRV
@sV[ \xqsVRV xms}tsQR sVV, zxtsQ Bj NSRV @sV[ gRi` rydsRVV\s
saRPV*RV NSRsV xms}tsQR sVV, D RVR: xms Bj NSRV @sV[ gRi` xqs*xms
sVR rydsRVVRV NSRsV xms}tsQR sVV, xmssxmsn Vssj NSRV @sV[ xqsVxtsvFys xqs sV
xms}tsQR sVV, Gs? dssVV FsLRiVgRi[s zqs , xmsLi BjNSRV @sV[ xqsLRi*s
xtsQR V ssVVsNRPV xms}tsQR sVV, @ xms NSRV @sV[ RR*sVVsNRPV xms}tsQR sVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BxmssLRiNRPV RVLkiRVsVVsV aRPV ssLjiLi, A xmsLRisWLiR Q\sVs RVLkiRV
sVVsV FsgRi F~LiysV sxtsQR VsVVV VxmsoRVsj. GsVsgS 1) xms[s o
sVLiyLiR sVVsV BLijRWj sxtsQR VsVVV sR, Rs ryOTPQ xqs*LRiWxms\sVs @sV sLi][
syLjiLiy. 2) RVLkiRVsVVsV F~LiRVNRPV xqsVxtsvzms[V y*LRisVs saRPRVsVV
NRPgjisoLiy; Fs\lgi[ gRi`NRPV xqs*xmssVV y*LRisW, xqs*xms sVVsNRPV xqsVxtsvzms
y*LRisW, @lgi[ RVLkiRVsVVsNRPV xqsVxtsvzms y*LRisVV. 3) gRi` yxqs s[ xqs*xmssVs,
xqs*xmssVV sVRRVs VxqsVN]sNRP, xqs*xms RXzts Q][ @j gRiRgSs[ syLjiLiy
139

FsLiRVNRPsgS @NRPR xqsFyLigRisVVV, xmsLi]sVj sVVsVVV soyRVs aRPV

zmssj NRPy! @sV sRXzts Q][ xqs*xmssVV, gRi` sVR, gSs gRi` RXzts Q][
gRi` xqsRLi, xqs*xms RXzts Q][ A xqssVNSLi[ @k gRi`[V NRPsVNRP xqsRs[V. gSs C
lLiLiRW [s xqsVxtsvzms @sV s RXzts Q][ gRi` xqs*xmssVVV lLiLiRW sVR[V. 3)
sVLiRsVV[ NRPWy "s @LiR:xms' @s xqs*xmssVVsV sVVRs[ xqsWLi, gRi`
lLiLiRsjgS zmssj. C @sxqs V Gj sVVLi][ Gj RLRiVy][ @sVsj Vxms[s VV.
4) xqsVxtsvzms Rs @sV ssVV][ syLji}qs RVLkiRVsVV RVRVsV. xqsVxtsvzmss
@syLRi RXzts Q][ syLji}qs RVLkiRVsVV ys FyRsVVgS @szmsLiRVN]ssV. gRi`
@sWssVV][ xqsVxtsvzmsR Vs @ysVVgSs sLigS xqsVxtsvzmss syLji}qs @[
RVLkiRVsVV. FsLiRVss @sgS RVLkiRV RXzts Q][ xqsVxtsvzmss s}tsQj LigS, gRi`
xqs*xmssVVsV s}tsQj LiR gRisVV. C yVgRiV xqsWRsVVV zmsR VLiRV soLiRVN]s
LS[[V sVLiyLiR sVVsV syLjiLiy. "y @LiR; xms' @sVyss ys
sVLiRsVV[ sZaP[xtsQs VVgS syLjiLi, @R \xqsVTs s}tsQj RTsj. "@Fy[
xsVy: aRPV:' (sVV.D. 2c1c2) @s sVVLiRNRP aRPVRVLiRV RVLkiRVVTs
@sVsxqsy*s @lgi[ BLijRWRVV [s aRPV VRs xmsFyjLisj. @lgi[ "s
zxtsQQ' @sVsj sVWRssVLiRsVV[ zms saS*RVsV (\saS*sLRiVTs)
s}tsQj Lisj "xqslLi[*LijRV ssLij RsV' (ZaP[*.D. 3c17) @s xqsLRi* BLijRWRV
LRizRsVVsV ZaP[*yaRP*RLRi aRPVRVLiRV zms RVLkiRVsVVsV xmsFyjLisj. ryyLRi
sVVgS aRPLkiLSs |msVN]s gRi` aRPLkiLRiLi RV NRPVgRiVss, gRi` yxqss[ aRPLkiLRisVV
[xms xqs*xmsLigS NRPVgRiVss @sVN]sVRVysVV. gSs yxqss sVVgS xqsVxtsvzms
@sV sxqssVNS sVV[ [xms RV @s[ lLiLiRW [s ARgS RVRVRVsj..
@LiRVss RVLkiRVVRV @LiR: xms NSRsV[V \xqsVs xms}tsQR sVV. @lgi[
zxtsQ BRRV NSRsV[V, gRi` rydsRVV\s saRPV*RV NSRs xms}tsQR sVV. 3)
s D RVR: xmssVVgS @sgS xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV gRi`[R V, xqs*xmssVV[R V, @lgi[
lLiLiRW NRPzqs[s o. FsLiRVNRPsgS gRiR [aPR NSV gRi`NRPV NRPVTsoyLiVV, @lgi[
xqs*xms [aPR NSV xqs*xmssVVsNRPV NRPVTsoyLiVV, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV [aPR NS[
[s o. @LiRVss gRi`, xqs*xmssVV sVR [ NRPWy RVLkiRVVRV xms}tsQR sVV.
140

ksss RV szqssj GsVsgS, gRi` xqs*xmssVVNRPV xmsLRixqsLRiLi Fs xqsLi LiR sVV

[R V. gRi` yxqssV xqs*xmssVsV NRPVRLRiRV. 4) "s xmss xmsn Vs:' @s xqsVxtsvFy
sxqs sV xms}tsQR sVVsV, 5s sVLiRsVV, sVLjiRVV lLiLiRs NSLjiNRPRVLiRV sryLiR sVVgS
xmsTsj. saRP*, \xqs @sWsLi [syRV, xqsVxtsvzms[ xmss xmsn VsVRV @szmsLiRV
N]sVRVyRV. @sgS gRi` RXzts Q][ RWsxmsVRV, gRi` xqs*xmssVVV lLiLiRW
xqsVxtsvzms[ ds\sV @sQQNPR Q \sV soLiRVsV, sVLRi s[VVN]ss RLRiVyR @s sQQNPR Q \sV
soLiRVsV. @LiRVss xqsVxtsvzms NSLRi WRVRV, @yNRPXRVRV, dsLi NRPyRV
FyRV. Fs\lgi[ dsLRiV sVLiRVgRiR @LiVVsVgS xqsVxtsvzms[ lLiLiRsxqs V xmsn Vds sLi
soLiRVssVsj ssLjiNRP, \sjNRP RXzts Q gSs yxqss sVVgS xqsVxtsvFys V ssVV[ sy
Lji}qs saRP* \xqsVVgS RV[ gRi` xqs*xmssVVV xqsVxtsvzms [xmsNTP s, @NRPR
xmsn Vds sLisVgS, sVLRi s[VsxmsVRV @s yNRPXRsVLiVVsVgS ][R RV NRPy!
A sR sVVgS xmss xmsn VsVRV NRPWy NSRV. 5) "s xmsLi' c xmssVj NSRV @sV
ss JNRPryLjigS xqsLRi* sxtsQR V ssVVsNRPV xms}tsQR sVV [R VVRVs @LiR sVV.
sxtsQR VsVV sosxmsVRV ssVV, [ R VsVV][ RXR*sVV F~LiRVsV. I "'
xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV @LiR:NRPLRi sXRVsV AL][zmsLiRVN]s RXR*sVVgS @szmsLiRV
N]sVsV. gSs xqsVxtsvzms @sV ys RWzqssxmsVRV, [ R VsVs RV[ xmsxmsLiRsVV,
sxtsQR VsVV [R V. ys VxqsVN]sVNRPV BLijRWRVV [s o, NSsos RXR*sVV
NRPWy [R V. @LiRVss sxtsQR V RXR*sVV][ NRPWTs xmssV xms}tsQj LiRTsj.
@LiRsWRsVVs @j @ssVV NSRV, s [NPR Fso NSRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS
RV[ sxqsVs o soLi[ s xqs*LRiWxmssVLisVV. sVLji RV[ sxqsVs o
[s xmsVRV yss s xqs*LRiWxmssVs xmsV sLRiLiR NRPsVV NRPy! gSs aRPV "RV:
xqsLRi* xqsLRi*s`' (sVV.D.1c1c9) @s rysWssVVgS xqssVxqss VV RVVyRV NSsos
"xqsLRi*Rs', xqsLRi* sZaP[xtsQs VVgS RVVyRV NSsos "xqsLRi*sRVRV' @s zmssj
"xms'sV xms}tsQj LiRV y*LS sZaP[xtsQ, sssVVsV sLSNRPLjiLiRV [R V. GxmsVRV
@j [R ssVV][ NRPWTsosj @sgS GxmsVRW NRPWxqs sR xmszms xqs*LRiWxmssVV. 6)
"s @xmsLi'c @j @xms NSRsV ss RR*sVV NRPWy xms}tsQR sVV. NSsos s
[NPR Fso RR*sVV NSRV. @sgS xqsVxtsvzms[ GdsV RVV [R sV @ssVV
141

NRPWy NSRV. @syLRi RXzts Q][, NTPNRP RXzts Q][ @NRPR yNRPV GdsV RV[R s
@ysVV. yss NRPWy BNRPR xms}tsQj LiRTsj LSNRPFNRP][ NRPWTs gRi`
xqs*xmssVV "xms' xqs*LRiWxms\sVsRsV yss NRPWy xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV xms}tsQj LiRTsj.
@j "@xms' @ssVs NSRV, @NRPR RV[ gRi` xqs*xmssVVV [NPR Fso
ss.
24) xtsQsV : (xmspLRi*xmsORPQ:) c NRPRLi mx sosLRiLiR: xmsy*kyLi ARs gRisVsWyyLi
LRi*_ xqsLSjs` xms}tsQy` @xqsRQ *Li gRisV[ B ?
yRLRisVV : (xmspLRi*xmsOTPQ) c @j FsgRiLiU? @LiR: xmsRVNRPV (saS*RVNRPV)
ARRVLiRV g][R LjiLiRVyNTP, LRi, aRPVNSR VLiRV, xqsLRi, LRiRsVVs xms}tsQR sVV
ss @xqsRLi FyzmsLiRVsV NRPy!
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : sRsVV @LiR: xmsRVV @s[ gRiyRVV @xqsRLi FyzmsLiRVsV
NRPy! C aRPLiNRP y sVVQ\sVsj. BxmssLRiNRPV BLijRWRV xms}tsQR sVV zms,
BxmsVRV "xms' @sV yss syLjiLiRV ss, xmspLRi*xmsORPQs VVsNRPV aRPLiNRP NRPgjisj.
BNRPR xmspLRi*xmsOTPQ VVNRP xmsaRP[ @LiRLSs[VsVsgS LRiRVLiRV xqsLSRVV
jRsVgRiVRVss gSs, gRiyRVV RVLkiRVsVLiRV GgRi j RsVgRiVsV FysVV
gSs, dsyLRigSs NRPsRNRPFso ss LRiRVLiRV xqsLRiyLSj sNRPsVVV
]gjiFso (j RsVgRiV) NRPsRVRVsj. @lgi[ sxtsQRV[ NRPWy sNRPsVVV
][R V [R V. gSs BNRPR j R\sVs gRiyRVV sVLRi NRPsRVRVyLiVV NRPy!
@xqsRVgS sos @LiR:xmsy*RVV NRPsRVRVss NRPy!

AR sZ\ aPQQRs xqs*LRiWy*` xqsRR*sV

25) xtsQsV : xqssWysLi c DR[ * "' xqs*LRiWFysZaP[}tsQ7zms, BlLi[R LRi
syLS` LRi*_ Bs xqsLSyLSj sNRP [ R s`* xqsLRi*R @syLS` " '
xqs*LRiWxmsxqs xqsRR*Li aRPLiNS!* xqsVxtsv}ms sRLRi c B [` * xmsLjiLRi: c s*
xqsVxtsvxmsxqs @sVWRVsWsy*` "sz sRVLji* [Lij *xmsLji [F sR['* (X
4c3c30) B aRPV[:*
yRLRisVV : "' xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV Fs sZaP[xtsQs VV (sNSLRisVV) [R V. (NSs @sR
ss) BRlLi[R LRi syLRisVV ss (ys ssVVss), LRi*RV RVLiRV
142

qx sLSRVV (LRiRVLiRV Bj yLRiRVs, Bj WsVdRVs sNRPLi) yLjiyLji

NRPRsVV dLRiVsV @RW NRPsV ][R VsV. @LiR "' xqs*LRiWxmssVV
@syLRisVV xqsRR*Li @ssxmsoRV, "' xqs*LRiWxms xqsRR*sVV xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV
sRLjiLiRVRVsj @ss][? s[s V LiVVgS sjLis, yNRPV @NRPR GdsV RV
R[R V. NSsos "' xqs*LRiWxmssVV xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV sRLjixqsVs j NRPy? @sVsj
xmsaRP. xmsLjiLRisVV c @NSRV xqsVxtsvzmsVVNRP @sV ssVV @gRiVss, ksNTP aRPV
yNRPsVV "FsLjilgiRVys FsLRiVNRPNRPV FsxmsNUP [xmssVVLiRRV' (X.D. 4c3c30).
yssVV : NTPRWNSLRiR*sVV][ NRPWTs @sRNRPXR BLijRWRV ysVLRiWxms
ssLRisVLiRV ssVV, ("xms') s}tsQj LiRgS, A VxqsVN]s[ s "'
xqs*LRiWxmssVVsNRPV sWRsVV G [xmssVVLiRRV. @lgi[ "' xqs*LRiWxms\sVs RVLkiRVVs
RVLiRV saS*j sNRPsVVV ][ssW, "' xqs*LRiWxmssVVsNRPV Fs syLRisVV
NRPgRiRV. "' @sgS ZNP[s FsLRiVNRP, sxqs*LRiWxmssVV. ssVV NTPRV][ NRPWTsj. ZNP[s
"' FsLRiVNRPsNRPV NTPRVsoLiRRV. BLijRWRV][ NRPWTsxmsoRV NTPRV @szmsLiRVN]sVsV.
xmspLRi*xmsORPQ xmsaRPNRPV xqssWyssVVgS c @sosV dssTgjis xmsaRP @ss[NPR VNRPV xqsRs[V.
ss[NPR V\ZNP[ gRiyj @sxqs RVLiRV xqsRR* Vj GxmsVRW j R\sV soLiRVsV.
GsR sVVgS "RV` xqs*LRiW}ms gRiXzRLi R` xqs*LRiWxmsLi s syLRi R` xqsRsV'
"G\[ Rs xqs*LRiWxms sVLiRVs][, Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS RVRV[, @j GxmsVRW
sWLRiV LiRRV, NSsos @j xqsRsVV'. gSs G\[ sWLRiV LiRVRVRVs][ @j
@sXRsVV. gRiyRV RVLiRV, BRlLi[R LRi syLRisVV][ NRPWTs xqsR, @xqsR
sgRisVVss, gRiyRVV @xqsRsVV. GLiRVNRPsgS gRiR ][[R xmsVRV
xqs*xmssVV ][R RV, xqs*xmssVV ][[ xqssVNSsVV[ gRiR ][R RV. @lgi[ gRiR
[aPR NSV xqs*xmssVV[ ][R so, xqs*xmssVV[ [aPR NSV gRiR[ ][R V [R V.
NSsos ][[s "' xqs*LRiWxms\sV[ GxmsVRW, xqsLRi*R sWLRiV[LiRNRP sR \Rs
xqs*LRiWxmssVgRiV ss sRR*sVV GxmsVRW zqsR \sVsoLiy. gSs @gRi soLiRV
[R V [aPR NSsVVV lLiLiRW "' xqs*LRiWxms\sVs ARRVLi[ ][[s. @lgi[ JZNP[ [aPR NS
xmsyxsVLiRV gRiR, xqs*xms sVVV ][R NRP, gRiyRV RVLi[ ARW [aPR NSV
][R VRVss. xqsVxtsvzms[ @LiVV[ [aPR NSsVV[ ][R V [R V. NSsos sWLRiV Li[
143

gRiyRVV, @LiR:xmsy*RVV @xqsRsVV FyzmsLiRV RVVNRP s[V. GLiRVNRPsgS xqsVxtsv

zmsR VLiRV xqsNRP ssLRisVVV, (gRiyRVV) ]gjiFgS, @NRPR @sV s
xqs*LRiWxmso\ ZNP[s \Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVsosj. aRPV "VxqsVN]s[yT sNTP FsxmsRW
[xmssVVLiRRV.'@s "RV\Q* Rs sy sss \ s Rs sy s z
sRVLji*[Lij *xmsLji[F sR[7sybPy*s RV Rj *dRVsVzqs R][7sj*
NRPL i RVj*dsRW`' (X.D. 4c3c30) "RVV [R s[j [Vj gRi][, @j
RVVRVsy[ RVV [R V. GRVsgS, RVVys ss aRPNTP @sybP
NRPsVNRP, ysNTP syaRPssVV [R V. @j RVVNRPV ysNRPLi[ sTgS sQQ\sVsj A
lLiLiRsj Gk [R V' xqsVxtsvFys V s RXzts Q][ RWs xqssVNSsVV[, @sryRRV
sVLiy ]gjiFLiVVssW, sNTP [xmssVVLiRRs RVRVsV. gRiyj @sxqs V
LSNRPFNRPVsxmsoRV, @RRV VxqsV N]s[yRs @szmsLiRVN]sVsV, LSNRPFNRPV
[s xmsoRV ZNP[s "' xqs*LRiWxmsoRVgS, sNTP G[xmssVV[NPR VLiy soLiRVsV.
26) xtsQsV : @R Gs @RXxts QLi* RVry` @RXxts QLi Rry` @ssLRiLi*
@gSxLi NRPlLi[Lij\ V:* @ORPQLi @LigRi sV[R`,* @ssVs[VRVLi BRLiR :* @R
Gs @LiRLi* @R Gs @sxms[aPR Li aRP# ^ :*
yRLRisVV : @LiRVss "@RXxts QLi' (RVRRV), RVRRV NSsoss[ @j
"@ssLRiLi' ssLRisVV [syRV, @gSxLi NSsos gRizLiRRRV. NSsos
"@ORPQLi' ORPQsVV [syRV @sgS @sVsWyRVsV gRizLixmsRRV. @LiRV[R
"@LiRsV' LiLixmsRgjisyRV NSRV. NSsos "@sxms[aPR sVV' DRLij LixmsRgjisj NSRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BxmssLRiNRPV s}tsQR LRiWxmsNRPsVsVVgS zmss @LiR:xmsRVV
sWLRiV[Li[ LRiWxmssVVgRis. gSs "' xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV G N]j gSNRPWy sWLRiVLiRs
\RssWR xqs*LRiWxms\sVs RVLkiRVsVLiRV ssVVgSs, @ssVVgSs soLiRRV.
NSsos BR [ R V R LRisVVV (RV[ R LRisVVV) s}tsQR sVs aRPV VxmsoNRPV
RVLkiRVVTs "@RXxts QLi' sVs zmssj. @sgS @RRV sVsxqsV=, BLijRVg][R LRisVV
NSRV. xqsLRi* [ R V R LRiLRizRsVV. @RRV xqsLRi*sVVsV xmsNSbPLiRVyRV. "@RXxts QLi'
NRPsVNRP @ssLRisVV. @sgS "x[DFyys' sRVV, xmsoRVN]sVRVsV
ssLRisVVLiRRV. "@RXxts QLi' ss ssLRisVsV NSLRisVV [sRs @LiR sVV.
144

ZNP[s sVV s[LijRV g][R LRisVV[R s[ @ssLRisVV NSRV, @j NRPlLi[LijRVsVV

ss NRPWy "@gSxsV'. NRPlLi[LijRVsVV y*LS xsxtsQR WV ORPQsVV
RVRs yRV. GLiRVssssgS "sxtsQR V sRQ\Rs xqs*LRiWxms'sVgRiV ss
"@ORPQLi' @sgS LigRi (gRiVLRiV) [syRV. @sVsWyj xmssWsVVNRPV LigRisVV
(gRiVLRiV) [syRV. "RVR R WsV: RR @gji:' F~gRiRVsV LigRisVV (gRiVLRiV)
sxmsVsosRsV NRPWy NRPVRLRiRV. B @sVsWyj xmsRQOPR Q xmssWNRPV
g][R LRisVVNSsj NRPsVNRP "@LiRLi' sVLjiRVV "@sxms[aPR Li' LiLiRVNRPV NRPVRLRiRV,
NSsos aRPsVV[ DRLij LixmsRgjisj NSRV. xmsRQOPR Q @sVsWyj g][R LRisVVNSs,
GsWRsVV aRPsVV y*LS LiR[R V[sj, aSxqsQ aRPj Dxms[aPR sVV y*LS GgRi
RVRVRVLiRsV aRPLiNRP NRPgRisRVsV. ksNTP xqssVyss[VsVsgS aSxqsQ aRPsVVV
xmsRQOPR Qs VVgS Bjg][ ARRVs sxtsQR VLRiWxmsNRPsVVgS RV[R VRV. A aSxqsQsVV
zmss aRPsVVV, s}tsQR LRiWxms\sVs, Bj NSRV, BjNSRV RVs sxtsQR VsVVs[
sxtsQR VsVV][ FyV A aRPRVsV ssX [R VVsV kss[ @sxtsQR V yR
xqs*LRiWxmssVs, @sgS sxtsQR VsVV NSs yRxqs*LRiWxmssVLiRVLRiV. @Li[ gSs xqs*LRiWxms
sVVgS Bj sV[g][R LRisVV NSs, yg][ R LRisVV NSRV. @LiRVss[ sVsxqsV= yNRPV R*LS
RV[ sxtsQR Ws s}tsQR LRiWxmsNRPsVVgS aRPV Dxms[bPLiRVsV.

RVLkiRVxqs ARxmsRRV gRisVR*sV

27) xtsQsV : GNSR xmsRRVryLRiLi gRiyj rys[xtsv GNRP: Gs @RVsWy B
@syLki RV: xmsRRV: [s @sVxqsLRiRVLi* @Ry GNRP ARxmsRRVryLRiLi
xmssWLi RVxqs RVLkiRVxqs @j gRis[V R` RVLkiRVLi GNSR xmsRRVryLRiLi
"A[[[Fy{qsR' (X.D. 1c4c9)B aRPV[:*
yRLRisVV : "GNSR xmsRRV ryLRisVV' (lLiLiRV sR sVVVgS xmssRVsV)
gRiyj (gRi`, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvxms) ryssVVRVLiRV INRPQ\s AR soLiT Fs s
yLRisVV F~LiRNRPVLiy ssVVsVxqsLjiLiRV RR*sVV. [NPR c [Vs xmssVsVV[ gRi
yj @sxqs V RVRV[, @sxqs NRPV sLji*ZaP[xtsQLigS RVLkiRVVRV soyRV RVsV
ssVV NRPVgRiV[ yss GNSRxmsRRV ryLRisVs @LiRVLRiV. "kss ARgS DFyzqsLi
xmsosVV' (X.D. 1c4c9) RVsV aRPV xmssWsVV.
145

qx s*LRiWxmssVV : \|mss zmss xms}tsQR LRiWxmssVVgS A RVLkiRVVRV FsgRi RVRV

sV? "GNSR xmsRRV ryLRiLi'sVVgS RVRVsV. kss (GNSR xmsRRV ryLRiLi)
lLiLiRV sR sVVVgS xqssVs*RVsVV [R VsRVsV. RX, [ R V R LRisVVV aRPWs
sVVss, "RVLkiRVs[V' aRPWssVs Vxmso NSRV. sVsxqsV= Ak ssVV[ sos[
RV[j . @R sVsxqsV= [R V NRPsVNRP RX, [ R VsVV NRPWy [R V. gSs sVLji
GsR sVVgS "@xLi' s[s V RVsV sVsxqsV=][ NRPlgi[ xmsRRVsVV RVLkiRVsVs
xmsRgjisj? @sgS @R RVLkiRVsVV N]sRgjisj, GLRiVgRiRgjisj NSRV. sVLji
GsR sVVgSssgS "GNSRxmsRRVryLRisVLi'][ sWRs[V RVRVsV? @\lgi[
aRPLiNRP GsVsgS xmsRRVryLRiR*sVV][ NRPWTs xmsRRVg][R LRisVV][s[ RVLkiRVsVV GgRi
LiLiRV RVVNRP s VV? @sgS ks xqssWyss[VsVsgS 1) gRiyj @sxqs RVLiRV
INRPQ\s C ARsoLiT, Fs syLRisVV F~LiRNRPVLiy @sgS GNSR xmsRRV
ryLRisVsV ssVV @sVxqsLjiLiRV RR*sVV C RVLkiRVsVV. NSsos "Ay R ysV
xqs*LRiWxmss[Vs r: xmssWLi @s}msZOP[Q s xqs*RVLi zqsR sV' G xmssWsVV
AZOP[QzmsLiRNRP xqs*RVLizqsR \sVs xqs*LRiWxmssVV RVRV[V AR. BR GNRPAR
xmsRRVsVsVsj xmssWsVV @ryyLRiLRiWxmssVV gRij. @j ryOTPQ[V. yss
@sVxqsLjiLis][ sosj RVLkiRVs[VRVs RVRVsV. G\lgi[ 6s sVLiR
xtsQsVV[ "xmszms sWRLi @xqs Gs @ryyLRiLi LRiWxmssV Fy:' @s
xmsTs][ @lgi[ GNSR xmsRRVryLRisVV , @ryyLRi LRiWxmssVV NSsos JZNP[
AR gRiyj @sxqs NRPV ryOTPQgS sosj. @sxqs V ]gjisxmsoRV, RVLkiRVVRV,
RVLkiRVVTgSs[ soyRV. @sxqs sV syLjiLis xqssVNSLi[ RVLkiRVVRV ryOTPQgS
soLiT syLSs [LiVVxqsVyRV. ryOTPQ @sV ssVV][ JN]NRP AL][xmssVV \|mss zms
sV ]gjiLi, s}tsQR LRiWxmsNRPLigS syLRisVV [LiVVxqsW @sryRRVsVVsV ]gjiLi, A
ryOTPQ[V RVLkiRVVRVgS sVgjiFyRV. gRi`NRPV JNRP ryOTPQ, xqs*xmssVVsNRPV JNRP ryOTPQ,
xqsVxtsvzmsNPT JNRP ryOTPQ @sVsV, ryORPVV @s[NPR VVNSLRiV. sVWRsxqs NRPV JZNP[ ryOTPQ A
RVLkiRVV[. @R[ "GNSR xmsRRV ryLRiLi'. @LiRVss @RRV [VsyLRisVV
(sWLRiV) [s yRV. lLiLiRsj soLi[ NRPy sRLjiLiRysNTP. @sryRRV syLRixqssV
NSLi[, GNRPR*sVV][ NRPWRVN]s @sV ssVV sWRsVV NRPVgRiVsV. sVV @s[NPR
146

sVVgS soLiRsRV gSs, A ssVV VxqsVN]s[ ssVs[ RR*sVV, A @sV ssVV

GNRP\sVsj. @Li [VsWLRiV[s ss[V RVLkiRVsVV. 2) @Ry c s[s sV
xmsRRVsVs[ xmssWsVV][ FssLjiNTP C RVLkiRVVRV RVRV[, @RRV GNSR
xmsRRV ryLRi\sVs RVLkiRVVRV. C xmsRRVsVV NRPlgi[ sLRiNRPV s[s V gRi` xmsxmsLiRsVV
[ soLiT ByTss @sVN]sVRVysVV. gSs gRiysxqs ]gji A @sV ssVV][
sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVVsV syLjiLisxmsoRV, s[s V ByRss @sVN][s VV, FsLiRVss
@sgS s[s V][ xqs aRPLkilLi[LijRWsV gRi`RVLiRV sR syLjiLigS, xmsLjis
\sVs s[s V LSsVFy, d sVFyRVsV ysVsVVV ]gjiFgS "ysV'gS saRPV*TgS
RVRVsV. A ys[ RVLkiRVVRVgS RVRVsV. "ysV' @s[ RVLkiRVVRV
gRiysxqs y][, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzms xqssVNSsVV[ @LiV[s yRV. s[s VgS ]gji A
"ysV'gS RV[yRV, A RVLkiRVV[ "GNSR xmsRRV ryLRiLi' NRPgjisyRV.
@R[ "GNSR xmsRRV ryLRiLi' @s[ xmssWLi][ RVRV RVLkiRVVRV. BR
xmssWsVsgS gRiyj @sxqs [ NRPlgi[ BLijRV xmssWsVVV NSso. gRiyRVV
]gjis RLRiVyR NRPy "GNSR xmsRRV ryLRiLi' @sTsj. NSsos xmssWsVsgS
ryOTPQ @sV ss[V, Rs xqs*LRiWxmss[V C ryOTPQ @sV ssVV BLijRVsVVs[ s[R s
xmsRRVsVVNRPy sORPQVRV. gRiyRV[ sosyRV NSRV, gRiyRVLiRs
RW[yRV. A ryOTPQ @sV ssVV RVLkiRVs[V. @LiRVss @RRV [VsWLRiV [s
yRV. s[s V BVsLi yRssV gRiXx, LRixmsoyj xmsRRVsVVV sR, A s[s V
ysVgS, ARgS @sV ys F~LijsyRV. NRPsVNRP @j "GNSR xmsRRV ryLRiLi'
y*LSs[ RVLkiRVsVV RVRVsV. G\lgi[ @gjiRVLiRV s[zqss NRP @gjigSsWLRiV[,
@s BLijRV s[R s xmsRRVsVVV sR A s[s V, xqs*LRiWxms\sVs ysVsV
a][j xqsVs xmsoRV, A RVLkiRVVT RVLiRV DxmsVsV xqssVVRsVV[ ds\sVsVgS
@sryssVV LiRVsV. NSsos C s[s V "GNSR xmsRRV ryLRiLi'. @LiRVss aRPV
NRPWy RVLkiRVVTs ARgS DFyzqsLixmsosVs zmssj. C xmsxmsLiRsVV[ xQ\sVs
LiR sVV, LiR LSzRsVV N][LiR VN]syTNTP, JNRP LiR sVV ]gjiFgS sVLjiVVNRP
LiR sVV NRPVgRiVsV. xqsLiryLRisVV[ LRi @s[ LiR sVV ]gjiF[ xmsoRVRs[ LiR sVV,
[NPR xqsLixmsRs[ LiR sVV BgRi @s[NPR LiR sVVV soLiRs[ soLiRVsV. gSs xqsNRP
147

LiR sVVNRPV NSLRi\sVs sVVR s VV xmsxmsLiRsVs[ gRi` xmsxmsLiRsVVsV

@sV sxmspLRi*NRPsVVgS saRPV*TgS ]gjiLi, ZNP[s Li xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVVsLiRV syLjiLi
RgS, [VLiR sVV [s RVLkiRVV[ RVRVsV. NSsos "GNSR xmsRryLRisVV' @s[
xmssWsVV Bjg][ AR, Bjg][ RVLkiRVsVs Vxmso NSRV, @j ZNP[s sVV zqsR \sVs
ARs[ zmsxmsLRiRVsV. aRPV "xqs W7R G\ZNPNRPsVVFy}qs s xqs s[yNRPX][=Q }u7R
G\ZNPZNP[s s' "A[[[Fy{qsyR }[ xqsLRi* GNRPLi sLi' (X.D. 1c4c7),
Gs\[ JN]NRPyss DFyzqsry][ @RRV @ C AR @xqssVgRisVs[ sxtsQR VsVVsV
RVNRPVyRV. @ zqs [ A AR ZNP[s sVV JN]NRPys][ sWRs[V NRPWT
RVVLiRVsV. Bj FysVV, Bj yNRPV, Bj RORPVso, Bj a][RsVV, Bj sVsxqsV=
RVs s[LiR V s[LiR VgS ARRVLiRV s[s V FysVV][ NRPWRVN]syTs, s[s V
RWRVRVysV, s[s V ssVRVysV, s[s V A[RVRVyssV NTPRW sZaP[xtsQs VVgS
VxqsVN]sLiRsLRiNRPV @RRV xmsLRisWRsV @xqssVgRisVVgSs[ VxqsVN]sVRVyRV.
gSs Gs\lLi[ sLRiVFyj NRP ARsV FysVV sVVRgRiV s[LiR Vs[LiR V DFyRV[ [R V[
[ R sVVV Rs xqs*LRiWxms \RssVLiRV GNRPsVgRiVRVs ARRVs sWRs[V
DFyzqsLiRV[ @RRV ARsV xqssVgRisVVgS VxqsVN]sVsV. GLiRVssssgS
ksRVLiRV @sRVV JNRPRVgRiVsV. NSsos BR ARxmsRRVsVV VVNRP sxts Q,
RVLkiRWR GNRP xmsRRVryLRisVs gRizLiRV [V RVRVRVsj. NSsos
"A[[[FyzqsR' @s aRPV kss[ "AR sWRs[V DFyzqsLiRssV' @s zmssj.

AR[ sxtsQQLiRR*sV
28) xtsQsV : @LiR: xmsy*j rys R LRixms}tsQR : NRPXR:* "xmsxmsLi][xmsaRPsVLi' B
gRiyj rys R LSs: DR[* @R Gs "aSLiRLi'bPssV*
yRLRisVV : @LiR: xmsy*j (@LiR:xms, zxtsQQ, xmsn VsxmsV) gRi (\xqs,
saRP*, Fy) ryssVV][ NRPWTRVVs (xqsWORPQ , xqs W, AsLiRsVVVgS NRPgjis)
R LRisVVV xmspLRi*s[V ]gjiLiRV ss "xmsxmsLi][xmsaRPsV' NRPgjiRVVsj. (RVLkiRVsVs
RVRVsV) gRiyj (gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzms) @s[ rysR LRisVVV [s
(xqsVxtsvzmss syLjiLiRVss) @j "aSLiR's[V.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : aSLiRsVV NSsos RVLkiRVVRV @sNTPRVVRs RVRVsV. gRi`,
148

qx s*xmssVV][ NRPWTs xmsxmsLiRsVV [s xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV syLjiLiRgS, ][[ xmsxmsLiRsVV

@sQQNPR s VVgS sosj. @Li @sQQNPR s VVgS, sQQNPR s VVgS sos sxtsQQxmsLiRsVV,
xmsxmsLiRsVV lLiLiRW [s[ A RVLkiRVsVV. sVs ryLRi*NRP xmspLSsV ssVV xqsVxtsvFys V
ssVV. @LiRVss C RVLkiRVVRV xqsgRiVVRV NSRV, sLiR VVRV NSRV. NSsos DFyzqsLi
RV NRPVRLRiRV. @LiRVss A RVLkiRVVTRVLiRV xqsXzts Q, zqs , RVsVsVsj [R V.
29) xtsQsV : RVR: "@\Q*RLi' [ R sNRPLRizRLi* RRVLiR Li RVLkiRVLi, sVsLi[*
xmsdRV sWs FyRRRV LRiWxms \ sORPQ`*
yRLRisVV : (RVLkiRVsVV sVLigRiNRPLRi\sVsj NSsos) @j "@\Q*RsVV' [ R LRizRsVV.
ys RR*sVV RVLkiRVsVs sLixmsRVRVsj. (G @sgS gRiyj) FyRRRV
sVV sVWRV LRiWxmssVVNRPy ssVgRiV ss.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : "bPsLi' @sgS sVLigRiLi. yso, xmsoVNRP @s[ @sVLigRiLi [sj, @Li
xqs*LRiWxmssVV gRiyRV RVLkiRVVRV. NSsos @RRV "@\Q*RLi', @sgS ysVgS JNRP[,
lLiLiRsj [s [R , sNRP LRizRVRV. @syxmsRVxmsryzmsR NRPR\sVs gRiyj
FyRRRVLi ss RVLkiRVVRV ysyRs yRNRPs[V gSs @RRV C sVWTLiNRPy
sORPQVRV, [aPR NSLRizRVRV. LRiWxmssVV][ NRPWTRVVs sxqsVs os[ xqsLixmsLRiLigS
JNRP lLiLiRV sVWRs xmssRVsV gSs RVLkiRVVRV LRiWxmsLi[s yRV, @LRiWxmsoRV,
@\Q*RVRV, @NTPRVVRV. @LiRVss FyRRRVLi ][sxmsoRV, @RRV ysyRV.
FyRRRVLi ][R sxmsoRV @j*dRVV\s RVLkiRVV[.

RVLkiRVxqs xmsLRisWLiR RR*sV

30) xtsQsV : xqs Ay xqss [ R V: B xmsdRVsWs xqsLRi WR RLiyj
sLjiNS RVy LRi: Ry "RRQ *sVzqs' ByjyNSLiR : Ay "@RXuRuy',
(X.D 3c7c23) "szRxts vLiR QX}tsQLij *xmsLji [FsR['(X.D. 4c3c23) Byj:
DNRP ][ RV: xqs "s [ R V:' B WRxmspLRi*gRiy* [ \ Q*ys*
yRLRisVV : @Liy AR[V RVRgjisj (G sR sVVgS) yRVRVLiRV xqsLRisVs,
WsV d, RLiRsVs ][[ sNRPsVVNRPV ssVVgS yRVsoLiTsV, A sR sVV
gSs[ aRPVRVV "@j ds\ssoyss' "NRPsRs AR[V xqsLRi*sVVsV RWRVRVsRs'
(X.D. 3c7c23) "RW[yT RWxmsoNRPV Fs {sR [R s' (X.D. 4c3c23) B
149

yNRPsVVLiRs @LiR sVV RVRgjisj. BxmsoRV sRss RVyLiR sVV' RVRgS

\Q*RsVVsNRPV [xmssVV [R V.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @LiR AR s[s VgS RVRgjisyRV A RVLkiRVV[. sxtsQR VsVVgS
][sxmsoRV s[s VgS sosj. sxtsQR VLi ][R sxmsoRV ysVgS, xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS sosj.
@Li AR[V zqsN]sRgjisj. AL][xmssVVss, NRPs[R sos y[
xqsLRisVVgS, WsVdgS, RLiRsVVgS ]ssW, A AL][xmssVVs A yRV NRPy
ssVVgS ][R V[R V. kss[ aRPVRVV 1) @j ds\sRVVyso 2) NRPsRs AR[V
xqsLRi*sVVsV RWRVRVyRV 3) RW[yT RWxmsosNRPV Fs {sR [R s. B
yNRPsVVLiRVs @LiR sVV RVRgjisj 1) "xqs Ay xqs s [ R V:' "xqs AR'
xmsLRisWLiR sVV. saS*RVV C ARRVLi[ sNRPLiRTyLiVV. "xqs s [ R V:' ][[
xqsLRisVV, xmspRLiR, WsV d sVVsgRiV sNRPLRizR y[ RVRgjisj.
G\lgi[ xqsLSj sNRPsVVV ]gjiLiRgS sosj y[R Vs RVRV[, @lgi[
"RRQ *sVzqs' @[ ds\sRVVsssV ysNTP RVLkiRWRRVs @LiR sVV. A RVLkiRVVRV
sVWRV AL][xmssVVNRPV NSLRi\sV ][ssV, @RRV NSLRisVVgS sWLRiVLiR[R V. s[s V
soTs, AR yNRPV RVRs @sVN]ssyTNTP, aRPV ARs[ VxqsVN]ssVs
zmssj. gSs yxqss sVVgS ARsV zqsN]sVNRPV sVLjiVVNRP xmssWsVsxqsLRisVV
[R V. Rs @sV ss[V, ARVLkiRVV\s AR. @LiRVss ds xqs*LRiWxmssVVs[
xqsVN]ssVs @LiR sVV. 2) @RRV RWxmso[s yRV @LiVVsxmsNTP @sds
RW[yRV. xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sxtsQR VsVVV RWRVNRPV NRPsV @s[ BLijRVsVV
NSssV. @lgi[ LSgRi[*xtsQ][ NRPWTs @LiRLRi\sVs sxtsQR WV RWRVNRPV sVsxqsV=
@s[ @LiR:NRPLRiLi NSy. gSs NRPsV, sVsxqsV=RVs[ BLijRWV [s xmsNTP,
xqsNRPsVV VxqsVN]s[ Rxts QgS, ryOTPQgS sosyRV ARVLkiRVV\s AR[V. @RRV
gRi` @LiRs VxqsVN]s[yRV. kss[ "@RXu Ruy7aRPVRa][+Qy7sV][
sVLiy7s][ sy*, y[7][7zqs Ruy y[7][7zqs a][y y[7][7zqs
sVLiy y[7][7zqs sy GxtsQ R AR' (X.D. 3c7c23) A ALiRLSsV (ryOTPQ)
RW[y[ gSs RWR[yRV NSRV, ssVy[ gSs ssRVyRV NSRV, sVssVV[
RVVy[ gSs sVsssVV [R V[yRV NSRV, RVVy[ gSs RVRVyRV
150

NSRV. C @LiRLSsV NRPLi[ (C ryOTPQNPR y) s[LiR VgS RWRVyRV sVLjiVVNRPRV [R V,

ssVyRV sVLjiVVNRPRV [R V, s[LiR VgS sVsssVV [R VVyRV sVLjiVVNRPRV [R V, C
ryOTPQ NRPLi[ s[LiR VgS RVVyRV sVLjiVVNRPRV [R V. C (ryOTPQ[V) @LiRLSsV[V ds
AR. 3) @LiRVss @RRV ryOTPQ xqs*LRiWxms\sV G BLijRW xLigRiW [NPR s[, s[s VgS
RW[yRV NRPsVNRP, @Rs RWxmsoNRPV Fs [xmssVV [R V. gSs BLijRW][ RW}qs
RWxmsoNTP, A sxtsQR WNTP yaRPsLi sosj, sRVLi sosj. kss[ aRPV "s z
Rxts vLiR QX}tsQLij *xmsLji[F sR[7sybPy*`' (X.D. 4c3c23) RWRVys RWxmso
@sybP gRisVNRP ysNTP syaRPsVV [R V. BgRi VxqsVN]Li[, @sR ss ][[ gRi
yj @sxqs sV \Q*RsVV ]gji, sosj @j*dRVV\s RVLkiRVV[R Vs, NRPR\sVs
xqsLSj sNRPsVVV ]gRigS sosj y[ @ssV, RVLkiRVVRV RVRVsV.

NUPRXaRPLi AR[ s [ R VR*sV?

BNRPR "s [ R VLi' @sgS sVVLi[ sosyss "RV[j ' @sV sRssVV. ARsV,
AR[V VxqsVN]sVsV @sVsj NRPVRLRiRV. @lgi[ JNRP sxqsVs o s[ AR RVR
RV. GLiRVss @sgS sosj JNRP lLiLiRsj [sj. @j "@\Q*RsVV' ss.
@LiVVssW RRQ *sVV RVNRPFsoRVsV ssVR s VV [R , [RV[ ARgS
saRPLiVVLiRVN]s , gRiysWssVV][, gRiR[ sxmsLkiR gRixsVV ss (RxmsV
s][), ARsV RV[R s @sVN][s VRVyLRiV. xmsLRisWLiR RXuy RV[
yTNRPy RV[ sxqsVs o @ssVVgS [R V. kss[ NSLjiNRP (1c18) "[ \ Q*RLi s
sRR' VxqsVN]ss][ \Q*Rs[V soLiRRs NSLjiNRP NSLRiVV xms[s oRVsLRiV. @lgi[
aRPV "RVR z \ Q*R sVs s....... RjRLRi BRLRiLi sy RVR y @xqs
xqsLRi*sW\Qy W`.......R[s NRPLi sdsRW`' (X.D. 2c4c14) GxmsV\[
\Q*RsVV s[ soLiRV[ ....... @xmsVRV BRLRiVRV BRLRisVVsV RVVsV. GxmsV\[
dssNTP xqsLRi*sVW AR[V @[V[, @xmsVRV..... [s][ [ss RVVsV? NSsos
RVLkiRVDxms[aPR sVV ss NRPgjis ssVV "xqs AR' @LiR AR[VRVs @LiR sVV.
NSsos "xqs s [ R V' @R[ RVRgjisyRs, sj @sVN]s Li [LiRsR V.

151

@R RVLkiRV NSLjiNRP
(NSLjiNRP 1c10)

@R G[ a]N[ S ss :c
ssX[: xqsLRi*RV:yLi CaSs: xmsVLRisRV:*
@\Q*R: xqs=LRi*yyLi [s xqsVL][ sV:xqsQXR: ** 10 **
yRLRisVV : BNRPR N]s a]N[ PR sVVV soss. RVLRisVV xqsLRi*RV:sVV ssXNPT
CaSsVRV, xms Vso, @sRVVRV, xqsLRi*ssVVNRPV A\Q*RVRV, [s oRV
s VsssV.

RVLSy sRssXR saS*j LRiWxms:

1) xtsQsV : Fy, \ xqs, saRP*ORPQyLi xqsLRi*RV:yLi ssX[: CaSs: RVLkiRV:
Ay* CaSs: B @xqsy xmsV: B* RV: ssXLi xmsxmsVLRis c
BRLiR :* Rj*s ssVR y*` RV:ssX[: * "@sRV:' ss[* xqs*LRiWFy`,
sRLRi c B RWs`* NRPVR:? RVry` @\Q*R: xqsLRi*yyLi* LRixqsLRis`
sVXuyy*`* xqsGxtsQ [s : ][Ry`;* "RVLRi' RRVLiR :, "sV:' y{ms, xqsQXR:*
yRLRisVV : Fy, \xqs, saRP*sVs[ (gRiyj) NRPRsVVgRiV xqsLRi*RV:sVVsV
syLjiLiRVNRPV RVLkiRVsVgRiV AR CaSsVRs, C xmsRsVVsNRPV yssVV. xms Vso
@sgS xqsLRi*RV: ssXs [R VgRi xqssVLiR VRs @LiR sVV. @LiRVss RVLkiRVVRV
soyRV @sV @sV ssVV, ss[ RV: ssX @gRiVRVsj. @lgi[ @RRV
"@sRV' @sgS OUPQR [syRV. @sgS Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV sVLiT FssRV sRLjiLiR
RRV. @j GgRi? GLiRVss @sgS "@\Q*RVRV'RVLiRV xqsLRi*ssVVV yRV
RVLiRV xqsLRisVVs[ sVRRVgRiV ss, BNRP BRRV xmsNSaRPsVV NRPgjisoLiRV ss
[s oRV, RVLRiVRV ygRis yRV. s VRV yzmsLis yRs RVRVRVyRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : saRP*, \xqs, Fy xqsLRi*RV:sVV NRPy RVLkiRWR sORPQsVV
gRiyRV. xqsLRi*RV:sVVV, xqsVsVVV AaRPLiVVLi soLiRV ss FyRVV NRPWy
RV:sVV][ NRPWTsosyLRis xmsTsj. FyTRVLiRV RV: dR*sVV ss,
saRP*Q\xqsVV NRPWy RV:sVV][ NRPWTsyLRis FyLiR V. gSs yxqss sVVgS FyTs
rysV ssVV][ syLjiLisxmsoRV @R ZNP[s sVV AsLiRs[V sosj. RV:[aPR
152

sWRsVV NRPWy [sj. FyTRVLiRV @RLiNRP xqsVsVV NRPgRiNRPFsoRVsV

NSLRisVV ss, saRP*Q\xqs LRiWxmssVV][ RV:sVs xmsRVsj. BR gRiy
RV[ sos xqsLRi* RV:sVVV xqsLRi*sVsV sZaP[xtsQs VV ss sosj RV:s[V @s @LiR Li
@soRVLij. INRPxmsoRV xqsVLi NRPgjiLi[ sxtsQR WV A xqssVNSLi[ gSs [NPR N]LiRNSLi
RLRiVyR RV:sVVgSs[ sWLRiVsV. Bj sVs @LiRLji @sV sLi. RgRiLRiLi[ bPaRPVso,
AR sVsVWRsVV][ sssWryV y @sxqs V F~LiRVsV, A xmsoVNRP NRPWy
sVVxqsRssVV RV:s[V, yss[j sVLki RV:s[V NRPy! @Li NRPR\sVs ][[
RV:sVVsV, CaSsVRV ]gjiLiRVsV. CaSsVRV (xms Vso) xqsLRi*RV:sVVsV
ssX [R VgRiRV. BgRi VxqsVN]sV[V RV:ssX. GLiRVNRPsgS "AR' VxqsV
N]sNRPFso[V xqsLiryLRi RV:sVV. kss[ aRPV "RVy RLRisyNSaRPLi s[xts QLiVVxtsQs
sWsy: Ry[s sVsRV RV:ry[ sxtsQ.' (ZaP[*.D. 6c20) ANSaRPsVVsV
yxmss[ RVVNRPV FsV aRPNRPsVVNS][ @lgi[ A [s [s o\s ARsV GLRiVgRiNRP
RV:ssVVNTP aRPNRPsVVNSRV. @Li RV:LRizRVRV A RVLkiRVVRV. @RRV
@sRVVRV. G\lgi[ FysVV, WsVd, yLRi sVVsgRiV Gs AL][xmssVVV
yRVRVLiRV NRPgjissW, yRV yRVgS GgRi soLiRV[, @lgi[ A ARRVLiRV
ysVLRiWFy][ NRPWTs Gs AL][xmssVVV AL][zmsLiRTssW, @RRV RVLkiRVVRV
"@sRVVRV. [V OUPQy [syRV, Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVsVLiT RV LiRsyRV.
NSsos @sRVVRV. @RRV GxmsVRW, sRNRPWxqs xqs*LRiWxmsoRV. RVLkiRVVRV
@sRVVRs FsgRi xmsRV RVyRV? @sgS @RRV @\Q*RVRV, @RTRVLiRV
gRiyRVV yRVRVLiRV FysVVs[ sVRRVgRiVss. sVLji BRRV xmsNSaRPsVV
NRPgjiRVVLiRV [R [s oRV. BRs xmsNSaRPsVV[R s[, BRs [R ssVV ss[,
gRiyRVV xmsNSbPLixms RVRVss. BNRP RVLkiRVVRV RRVLiR VRV:c sVWRV @sxqs V
NRPRsVVgS xmsTss. A RXzts Q][ C sVWTLis VxqsVN]s[yRV, ysyRV
RVLkiRVVRV gSs, A sVWTLiNTP As ysyRV NSRV. FsxmsVRW sosyRV NRPsVNRP
@RRV s VRV, yzmsLisyRV.

NSLjiNRP (1c11)
NSLRiNSLRi _ f B}tsQ[ saRP*Q\ r*
153

Fy: NSLRi R xqsV _ f RVlLi[ s zqsR R:** 11 **

yRLRisVV : C saRP* \xqsVV NSLRiNSLRiR VV, NSs FyRV NSLRiR VRV. C
NSLRiNSLRisVVV RVLkiRVsVLiRV [s o.

saS*jxtsv rysWs sZaP[xtsQ sNRP[xmsxms:

1) xtsQsV : saS*kyLi rysWs sZaP[xtsQ [ sLRiWxms[ RVLRi RVyRQ c
@syLRiLiR Li*
yRLRisVV : C NSLjiNRPRVLiRV RVLkiRVVs szqs s gS VxqsVN]sVNRPV,
saS*RVNRPV rysWs sZaP[xtsQ ssVV sLRiWzmsLiRRVRVsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : rysWs sZaP[xtsQ ssVV][ saRP*, \xqs, Fy RV:LRiWxmssVVsV
ssX [zqs RVLkiRWRsV gRizLiy. BNRPR aRPLiNRP GsVsgS saS*RVV GxmsVRW
NRPRsVV ss, G sZaP[xtsQs VV [NPR Fso ss, sVLji rysWs sZaP[xtsQ ssVV
GLiRVNRPV? NRPRsVVsV N]srygjiLi, yss @sVxqsLji, sVLRi NRPs [R VV
GLiRVNRPV? [y rysWs xmsNTPRVy*LS saS*RVV ss[NPR sVV [zqs, sR zqsR
xqs*LRiWxms\sVs RVLkiRVsVV gRizLiRV FsgRi NRPVRVLRiVRVLij? ksNTP xqssWyssVV c
saS*RVV FsxmsVRW NRPRsVgRiV ss, NRPsRVLiRV rysWs sZaP[xtsQ s
sVVsV NRPLiRVN]sLSRs sRVsVVsVV [R V. ryVsosV RWzqs xmsoLRiVxtsvRs NRPs
LjigjisxmsVRV, @gRi NRPs LRigRiNRPWRRsV NSLRisVV [R V NRPy! @lgi[ RVLkiRVVs
xqs*LRiWxmssVV sRzqsR xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS DR s Wj NRPLji VxqsVN]sV ss, ][[ xqsLRi*
sxtsQR VsVVV RVLkiRVVTRVLiRV ZNP[s sVV @yR ssVV sWRs[V VxqsVN]sVsV.
gSs sVLiRxmsgRi xqsVNTP NRPR sZaP[xtsQrysWs ssVV][ saS*RVsV
@s*RV, slLi[NPR sVV][, syLjiLi NRPR sZaP[xtsQ ssVVV ]gjiLiRVsV. xqsLRi*NRP
sV ]gjiLi, y[R Vs gRizLiRVsVgS, xqsLRi*NRPsV ]gjiLiRgS RVLkiRVsVV
RVRVsV.

saS*jxtsv NSLRiNSLRis sLRiWxmssV:

2) xtsQsV : NSLRiLi NTPRV[ Bxmsn s:* NSLRiLi NRPL][ B ds:* RRQ *
@gRix @sygRixLi d xmsn yLi f RV][N_ saRP*Q\ r _
xqsLigRiX{f B}tsQ[* FyxqsV ds[\ ss R :, RRQ * c @xms[R sWRs[Vs z
154

dLi Fy[* ssVRL i} ssVRL i*

yRLRisVV : NSLRisVV @sgS [R VTsj, @j "xmsn ' ssVV. NSLRisVV
[R VVsj. @j dsLi. RR*sVLiRV RVNRPFso, RxmsVgS RVVRVsV
d, xmsn sVV lLiLiT ss yLjiR LRiV (saRP* \xqsVV) R V\yLRiV. Fy\[, ZNP[s
d ssVVNRPys [R s[ R VRV. RR*sVVsV RVNRPFso[ "d'ssVV. @[
FyR*sVVsNRPV sVV}RVso.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : saRP*, \xqs, FyNRPV RR*Li RVNRPFso @s[ @gRixLi, @lgi[
RVLkiRVsVVsV RVNRPFsoRVs[ @gRixsVV xqssWssVVgS sosj. sRsV
NTPNRP, \sjNRP xmsLRisWLiR LRiWxmsLigS VxqsVN]sV @ sVVQ\sVsj. 1) NTPNRP ssLjiNRP
RXzts Q][ rysWssVVgS sRsV ysVxqssVs @LiRVLRiV. aRPLkiLRiLi gS @zqs, [y
FsNRPVsgS VLiRVss sR NRPVgRiVsV. sVLRi sRRVs[ ysVxqssVV][
sjLi[s VVLiRV, sVLRi s[Vss RLS*R AsLiRV I sLRiVRVN]sV
sVVsgRiV ysVxqs sNSLRisVVV NRPVgRiVss @FyRVLi. NSs Bj ZNP[s Li aRPLkiLRisVLiRVs
@sWsLi ss aRPLkiLRisVV][ sRFsoRVyssV ss NRPVgRiVsV. 2) \sjNRP
ssLjiNRP RXzts Q][ syLjiLisxmsoRV, aRPLkiLRiLi sR, sRsV @sV srys Vs @LiLRiV.
aRPLkiLRisVV, aRPLkiLRiLi][FyV gRi` xmsxmsLi RsVV, xqsLRi*sVV sR, s[s s[yRV ][R NRP, dsss[
sxtsQR VsVV NRPWy ][R NRP, @sR][ soLi[ zqs \sjNRP ssLjiNRP RXzts Q. ssLjiNRP
RXzts Q][ sVLRi s[VsVssV ssVV ss GNUP WRVRs, xmssxmsn Vs xqs*LRiWxmsoRs
sZaP[xtsQs VV xmsTsj FsLiRVNRPV GNUP WRV\syRV sV s[VsVssgS
@gRixsVs[ @sR ss RVs @LisVV. A @gRixsVs[ RVNRPFso[V
NSLRi @sR, ks NSLRiQ\sVs @sygRixLigS (RxmsVsgS) ][[ gRiR,
xqs*xmssVVNRPV NSLRisVV. NSsos FyRV ZNP[s RRQ *sVV RVNRPFsoRVsV d
ssVV ss[ R VRV. Bj FyR*sVs[ xqsVxtsvzms ryssVVsNRPV ssVR s VV,
NSLRisR][ NRPWRVN]s sosyRV. sRFLiVVsyRV s[VsVss[ RXzts Q[V
dsLi. sVWRVsxqs [ sRRVs[ @gRixLi rysWsLigS sosj. sZaP[xtsQLigS
gRi` xqs*xmssVVRVLiRV @gRixLi, @sygRixsVV NRPWy NRPVgRiVsV. ysV
RVsV xqs*LRiWxmssVV gRiVLjiLi RVNRPFso[V @gRixsVV. Bj sVWRVsxqs NRPV
155

qx ssWssVVgS sosj. Fs\lgi[ dsVV sVLiT sXORPQs VV NRPVgRiV[. @gRi

xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV dssVV soLiRs ys xmsn sVV gRi`, xqs*xmssVs Vxmso xqsLji
NSRV. xqsVxtsvzms[V RVLkiRVVTs RVNRPFso @s[ dLi, @gRixsVV ss, @j
RxmsVgS @sygRixsVs[ gRi`, xqs*xmssVVgS ][R VRVsj. NSsos @NRPR
FyR*Li ssVRQ \sVsj. RVLkiRVVTs VxqsVN]s xqssVNSsVV[s[ FyR*Li
ys][FyV gRi`, xqs*xmssVs[ dR*Li ]gji, Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVLi[ sVRVsV. Bj
yRVRVs VxqsVN]s xqssVNSsVV[s[, @sygRixsVVgS VxqsVN]s FysVV
NRPWy ]gRiVsV. yRV VVNRP xqs*LRiWxmssVV RVNRPFso[V, FysVVVVNRP
Li. C FysVs[ RxmsVsNTP yRs[j NSLRisRgS sosj. @lgi[ RVLkiRVVRs
RVNRP FyRs @szmsLiRVN]sRV. A RVsRssVV ss FyRV NSLRi
R V\yRV.

RVLRixqs NSLRiNSLRis LRizRsV

3) xtsQsV : RR: _*, f dxmsn _ RRQ * @gRix @sygRix[ RVlLi[ s
zqsR R:* ss[[* s xqsLisR: BRLiR :*
yRLRisVV : NSs C lLiLiRW d, xmsn ssVVV , NSLRi NSLRissVVV RRQ *sVV
RVNRPFso @gRixsVs, sVLjiVVNRP sR sVVgS RVV @sy gRixsVs,
C lLiLiRW RVLkiRVVsRVLiRV zqsj LiRso.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : FyTRVLiRV NSLRisVs[j Bxms s[yLiRVV zmssVgS s
LRiWxmssVV NSRV. NSLRi aRPLkiLRisVV NSRV. @lgi[ sVWsR NRPWR NSRV. aRPLiNRPLRiVV RsV
xtsQLi[ xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV sosj ZNP[s @sy dsVs, dsVsgS NSLRisVs.
NSLRisVsgS RVNRPFsoRVsV @gRixsVs FyLRiV. gRi`, xqs*xmssVsV
RxmsV sNTP xqsVxtsvzms dLRiWxmssVVgS sosj. gRiR RXzts Q][, ][[ xqssVNSsVV[
FysVs[ RxmsV sNTP yRV dLRiWxmsNRPsVVgS NSLRisVs @ysVV gSs, yxqss sVVgS
@j sosj yRVRVs RVRgS, @j [sNTP NSLRisVgRiVsV? BLiR xqsxts Q\ sVs
aRPLiNRPLRiV xtsQ sxtsQR VsVV sR, Bxms s[yLiRVV, ys NSLRiVV xqsVxtsvzms
RVLiRV NSLRi aRPLkiLRisVV, gRi`[ xqs WaRPLkiLRiLi, xqs*xmsLi[ xqsWORPQ aRPLkiLRiLi sosRs,
xqsVxtsvzms sLRiWxms @sR ss RVLkiRVVRs[ ARsV RsVxqsV= AsLjiLiRV ss
156

@NRPR soRV sLRiWxms @sR][ soyRs FyLiR V. gSs FsNRPy NRPWy NSLjiNRP[
sLRiWxms @sR, sVWsR, NSLRi aRPLkiLRisVsV xmsRsVVV aRPLiNRPLRiVV DxmsWgjiLi
R[R V. xqsVxtsvzms xqssVNSLi[ soRV @NRPR xqs` xRVLiRV ds\sV FyRs
yLi][giR DxmssxtsQ` [ xmsTsj. Fss\[ soRs @sVN]Li][, xqsVxtsvzms
xqssVNSLi[ @R[ xqs` xQ\sV soLiRV. xqsVxtsvzms @sV sLi][ syLji}qs xqsVxtsvzms
RVLkiRV\sVsj. RVLkiRVsVs RVsxmsoRV @sygRixsVs[ gRi`, xqs*FyNRPV
xqsVxtsvzms NSLRisVVgS ][R VRVsj @[ dLRiWxms\sVsosj, sWRWd\sVsj. BNRPR
RVNRPFsoRVs[ @gRixsVV ]gjis xqssVNSLi[s[ @[ RVLkiRV\sVsj.
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV sLRiWxms @sR sosRs VxqsVN]s][, RVLkiRVsVV F~LiRVNRPV
y*LRisVV [NPR VLiy FsosV. gSs BRLRi ysNSLRiV\s sVW syNSLRiVV
RVLkiRVsVV NRPWy INRP @sxqs gS syLjiryLiR V. xqsVxtsvzms[ NSLRisR, sLRiWxms @sR,
sVWsR soLiRVss @LiRVss yss @j gRisVLiRVNRPV RVLkiRVsVV NRPWy INRP
@sxqs RVs |msRLRiV. A RVLkiRVsVV F~LiRVNRPV sLji*NRP xqssWj y*LSs[
ryR sVs sVWsyNSLRiVV FyLiR V. gSs aRPV FsNRPy NRPWy BgRi xms[R V.
@lgi[ aRPV sVWsyNSLRiVV zmssVgS soRVs[LiR V, CaRP*LRiVRVs[LiR V,
@LiRVss soRV @sRFLiVVssV, RVLkiRVsVV F~LiRVNRPV, xqsVxtsvzmss sR
sLji*NRP xqssWj y*LS RVLkiRVsVV F~LiRgRiLRis xms[R V. sLigS syLji}qs
sVWRVsxqs VgS ][[j RVLkiRVV[. A ][[ xqssVNSLi[ sVWRsxqs NRPV AyLRiLi
RVLkiRVV[. RVLkiRVVTs sR gRiyj sVWRV @sxqs V s[LiR VgS [s o. yRVRVLiRV
xqsLRi, yLRi, WsVdRVsV sNRPsVVV ][ssV, A sNRPsVVV A
yRVNRPy @ssVVgS NRPgRiso NRPy! ss[NPR Li][ syLjiLisxmsoRV, xqsVxtsvzms[V
RVLkiRVVRV. xqsVxtsvzms[V RVLkiRVVRs @ssxmsoRV, xqsLRi*soV FsLiRVNRPV
s[VLiRVLRisV gRi` RXzts Q @sWsLi ss NRPgjis xmsaRPNRPV, aRPV yLi][giR Li[
"xqsLRi* soV @sXRLi RVLiRV sjxqsVyLRiV' @s gRi` RXzts Q][ zmssj. gSs
sVLjiVVNRP aRPV xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ "xqs` xRVLi[ sjxqsVyLRiV' @s zms, yLRiV
xqs` xsVdsT FsxmsVRW [LiR s zmssj. xqs` xsVsgS RVLkiRVs[V.
@LiRVss xqsVxtsvzmss ss[NPR Li][ syLji}qs, @sygRixLigS ][s, gRi`
157

qx s*xmssVV ]gjis xqssVNSsVV[s[, RVLkiRVVTs RVNRPFsoRVsV @gRixsVV

@sVsj ]gji, @NRP[ RVLkiRVR*sVV RVRVsV. ZNP[s sVV xmssWRX RXzts Q
ss, gRi` @sWssVV][, RVLkiRVVTs[, xqsVxtsvzmsgS VxqsVN]ysVV gSs sVLji
[VNSLRisVV [R V. xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVV][ syLjiLisxmsoRV @NRPR gRiyj sNRP
sVVV gSs, xmssWRXR*Li gSs [s[ [s o NRPy! ZNP[s sVV RVLkiRV\sVRVVsj. gRi`
@sWssVVss xqsVxtsvzmss xmssmx sn VssVs @ysVVgSs, yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs
gRiyRVV xqsVxtsvzms[ xmsn VsLigS sosV sVs xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVV[ [R V NRPy!
Bj y[R Vs zqssxmsoRV ysRVLiRV xqsLSj sNRPsVVV xmssxmsn VssVVgS
soLi[s s @ssVV NRPy! @lgi[ xqsLSj sNRPsVVNRPV yRV dLi, sLRiWxms @sR,
NSLRi aRPLkiLRisVs @sVN][s VV NRPy! xmsxmsLiRsVV[ s[s V xmso sVWRsxqs sV
@sV sxqsVyssV RXzts Qs ]gjiLi, A sVWRsxqs sV yRVLi[ ][, yRVLi[
s, yRVLi[ ]gjiFRVyRVs zms, sVWRsxqs NRPV sORPQ\sVsj RVLkiRVV
Rs zms, ARVLkiRVVTs VxqsVN]s][ @gRixLi ]gji gRiyRVs[ @sy
gRixLi ]gjiFsoss aRPV zmssj.

saS*kyLi R` rys ryOTPQR *s[Vs, s sxqsVR : NSLRiNSLRiR R*sV

saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV, FyRV @RW ryssVV (gRiR, xqs*xmssVV, xqsVxtsvzms) RVLiRV
ryOTPQR *s[V gSs sxqsVR : NSLRiNSLRi R R*sVV][ NRPWTsyLRiV NSRV. @ss[NPR VV A
sVWRV ryssVVV NSLRiNSLRi R VVgS RRLRiV. xmsLRisWLiR sVVgS saS*RVV
ARWryssVVRVLiRV ryOTPQR *sVV ss. ARW ryssVV R LRisVV xqsLixmsLRisVV
NRPgjisoLiRV [R V. @lgi[ FyRV NSLRiR VRVgS DxmsOTPQR sVV NSRV, sVLjiGsVsgS
FyRV xmsLRisWLiR s[V. FyRV "xms' (ssVV) sWRsVVgS @ryyLRi
ORPQsVVss @sgS ZNP[s s s xqs*LRiWxmssVV ss, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV ryOTPQR *sVV
szLiRV ss, A rys (xqsVxtsvzms) R LRisVV xqsLixmsLRisVV NRPVgRiV [R V. gSs
sVLRi xqsLiLiR sVV NRPVgRi[R VV ss saS*RVRVLiRV NSLRiNSLRi R R*sVV
][R VRVsj. Bj aRPVNTP, @sV ysNTP sLRiVR sVV. saRP*s[V DFyj gS gRiyRV,
saRP*sVVVVNRP R LRisVVV sbPzts QR sV NRPgjisoLiRRV. xmsn VRV ANSaRPsVLiRV,
xmsn VRV R LRisVVV NRPgjisoLiRV[R V NRPy! @lgi[ gRiyRVRVLiRV ][R V
158

RXaRPsVVV ARRVLiRV xqsLixmsLRisVV NRPVgRiV NRPVRLRis[ NRPVRLRiRV. DFyj WRsVV

ss, rys ssVR s VVgS, sxqsVR * R LRisVVV NSLRisVV NSRV. @RW ryssVVV
@sR xmsRVxmsryzmsR (@sR[ NRPLiRTss). kss[ NSLjiNRP (1c15) "sxmsLS}qs
RW: OUPQ[' gRiR, xqs*xmssVV lLiLiTLiVVNRP sxmsLSxqssVV (@sR)sLiRV
OUPQR*sVV NRPgjis][, RVLkiRVryssVV RVRVsV. NSsos RVLkiRVVTRVLiRV
gRiyRVV zqsj LiRso. sxqsVR : RVLkiRVs[V GxmsVRW xmsLRisWR, @Li[gSs
gRiyj xqsLiLiR sVV ss RVLkiRVVRV sZaP[xtsQs VVgS RVRRV. @lgi[ gRiys
RLSRVVRV "s rys][7zms xmsLRirRVLigRisV xqsLRi*R z' (.xqsW. 3c2c11)
@s zmsyLRiV. xmsLRixsVVsNRPV saS*j ryssVV][ xqsLiLiR sVV ss lLiLiRV
sR sVV\s LigRiLi (gRiVLRiV) [R V. @LiR NRPWy GNRPLigRis[V (JZNP[ gRiVLRiV @sgS
RVLkiRVsVV)RVs xmsRVRVsj. LS[[V NSLjiNRPRVLiRV FysNTP NSLRi
R R*sVV FsLiRVNRPV NRPVgRiVRVsRsV yss syLjirys VV.

NSLjiNRP (1c12)
yysLi s xmsLSLi\ZaPQQs s xqsRLi yzms ysXRLi
Fy: NTPLiRs xqsLis[ RVLRiLi R` xqsLRi*RXN`P xqsy ** 12 **
yRLRisVV: FyRV RsV gSs, BRLRiVsV gSs, xqsRsVVsV gSs, @xqsRsVVsV
gSs [ss gRiWR RVRV, NSs A RVLkiRVVRV FsxmsoRV xqsLRi*RXNRPVgS soLiRVsV.

Fyxqs NSLRisy R R*Li NTPRXaRPsV?

1) xtsQsV : NRPRLi xmsos: NSLRi R R*Li Fyxqs? RVLki[V y RyQ*gRix c
@sygRix ORPQ Li_ s zqsR R: B ?
yRLRisVV : NSLRi R R*sVV FysNTP FsV NRPVgRiVRVsj? sVLji RVLkiRVVs
RVLiRV @gRix c @sygRixsVVV ds ORPQ\sVs LiR sVV FsgRi [NPR VLiy
sosj?
2) xtsQsV : RVry` c ARsORPQLi @sy d xmsxqsWRLi xLi \ Q*RLi
Fy: s NTPLiRs xqsLis[ RVy saRP*Q\ r* RRaRP @r RyQ* gRix[s RsVry
@sy gRix dW[s ][ s*
159

yRLRisVV : sORPQ\sVs AR @sydLi ss xmsos xQ\sVs \Q*RsVV

N]LiRsVV NRPWy FsLRiVgRis }RVso ss FyRV, RR*sVV NRPWy gS FsLRiVgRiVs
@sR ss, (@gRixsVV ss), @RRV @sygRix d WR\sVs x
\Q*RsVVsNRPV R VRV NSRV. @sgS FyRV @sygRixsVV (saRP* \xqsVV)
ss R VRV NSRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @LiRVss ZNP[s NSLRiR R*Li FyTNTP FsLiRVNRPV NRPVgRiVRVsj
RVsV ys xqssWysLi GsVsgS, AyssV @sgS RssV gSs, @ssVVgS gSs,
xqsRsVV gSs, sVRgS gSs dssNTP AR sORPVVRV aRPV NRPWy "sx
*RVs[VsLi xqssVQyysLi yRRV @xsV{qs [ Gs[s Ws Wys
syaRP# s[Vyzms][ s B' (y.D. 8c11c1) A RaRPRVLiRV saRPRVsVVgS @RsNTP
"Bj s[\sRVVysV' @sV ssVV NRPWy soLiRRV. sVLjiRVV @RRV C BRLRi WR
sVVsV gRiWy RVNRP soLiRVsV. A xqssVRVsVVsLiRV @RRV syaRPssVVsV
F~LijsVs[ RVVLiRVsV. NSsos G\lgi[ saRP*Q\xqsVRVLiRV xsxtsQR VsVVV
][R V[ @gRi ARRVLiRV sORPQ @sydsVV xmsos x \Q*RRsVV,
FyTRVLiRV G N]LiRsVV NRPWy GLRiVgRiNRPFso ss, RR*@gRixsVV ss,
@sR @sygRix dsVV R VRs zmssj

xqsVxtsvxms AR[ @R*Li xqsLRi*R*Li R RXzts Q [ y`

3) xtsQsV : RVry` RVLkiRVLi RR=LRi*RXN`P xqsy* RVLkiRW` @sxqs @y`
xqsLRi*y xqs\s s xqsLRi*LiR RR QXNRP B xqsLRi*RXN`P* Rrys RRQ * @gRix
ORPQLi dLi* RR RRQxqsWRxqs @sy gRixryzms @R Gs @s:*
yRLRisVV : FsLiRVss RVLkiRVVRV xqsLRi*y xqsLRi*RXN`P RVLkiRVVsVV INRP[ soLi
RV ss, sVLjiVVNRP][ FsRsW soLiRs }RVsoss, FsxmsoRW soLiRV [R ,
@j[V xqsLRi*sVW RWRVss @j xqsLRi*RXN`P. NSsos RR* @gRix xqs*s\sVs
"dsVV' ys ss xmsos @sygRix xqs*s\sVs xmsn sVV lLiLiRW RVLkiRV
sVLiRV [s o.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : RVLkiRVVRV INRP[ FsxmsVRW soLiRVss, @Rs NRPy @sLigS
sVLjiVVNRP [NPR Fso ss, xqsLRi*sVVsV @j[V RWRVss, @j xqsLRi*RXN`P. RR
160

@gRix xqs*s\sVs "dsVV', ysss xmsos @sy gRix xqs*s\sVs

"xmsn sVV' RVLjiRVsVLiRV [s o. ALRis sVLiRsVV[ "GxtsQ xqslLi[*aRP*LRi, GxtsQ xqsLRi*,
GuLiRLRis[VxtsQWs', xqsLRi*xqs xmssxmsW z WyysV' @s FyRV
xqsLRi*RV, xqslLi[*aRP*LRiVRV, @LiRLSsVRVs zms, ysNTP sVVLiRV 5s sVLiR
xtsQLi[ aRPLiNRPLRiVV "xmszms sWRLi @xqs Gs @ryyLRiLi LRiWxmssV Fy'RVs
ZNP[s sLRiWxmss[V, FsLRiVNRP[V BRsNTP @ryyLRi LRiWxmssVVgS VxqsVNRPVs][ @NRPR
RVLkiRVsVV RVRVss zmsyLRiV. @gRi VxqsVN][s LiR sLRiNRPV gRi`,
xqs*xmssVVV sV NRPVgRiVNRPV Ws LRiWxmssVVgS @szmsLiRVN]sj. @LiRVss
RVLkiRVVRV ysyRV NSRV. xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV VxqsVN]s[LiRVNRPV, G sxtsQ RVsVV
[R V NRPsVNRP @NRPR FyRV GdsV VxqsVN][[R V, @gRix LRiWxmssVs zms sj NSs
sLigS syLji}qs, AxqsVxtsvFys V ss[V RVLkiRVVRV. ksNTP aRPV xmssWLi "xqsy rsV
Ry xqsLixms[ s xqs*sV{ms][ s Rry[s Li xqs*zmsdyRORPQ[ xqs*Li x{ms][
s' (y.D.6c8c1) JrsW! C xqsRyLiR sVV[ @RRV xqsLixmssVRgRiVRVyRV.
@RRV Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVsV F~LiRVRVyRV. BLiRVss @Rss "xqs*zms' RVs
xmsVRVyLRiV. GssgS @RRV A xqssVRVsVLiRV xqs* xqs*LRiWFys F~LiRVRVy
Rs @LiR sVV. gSs @syLRi RXzts Q][, gRiysWs RXzts Q][ RVLkiRVVTs VxqsVN][s NRP
xqsVxtsvzms RVs AL][zmsLiysVV. @LiRVss RR*sVV RV RsV AL][xmssVV,
dssVVsV ]gji}qs sosj Rs xqs*LRiW\sVs RVLkiRVV[. xqs*LRiWxmssVV
RVsLiRsLRiNRPV, @gRix LRiWxmssVVgS, xqsVxtsvzmsgS ][R VsV. kss[ aRPV "rsVsW:
xqsLS*: xms: xqs xqsLixmsR s sRV: xqs xqssVysVx B' (y.D. 6c9c2) J
rsW, xqsLjigS @[ sR sVVgS C xqssVxqs xmsV xqsRVs V F~LijRVV, ysVV xqsRVs V
F~LijsVs RVNRP soLiRVLRiV. @LiRVss @gRixsVV ss NRPgjis @s
ygRix xqs*s\sVs gRi` xqs*xmssVVs[ RxmsVs NRPWy RVLkiRVVT RVLiRV
[R V. @sgS @gRixsVV gSs, @sygRixsVV gSs, gRiyj @sxqs V [syRV
C RVLkiRVVRV.

xqsVxtsvFyR sxms ARxmsNSa][ @xqs[s

4) xtsQsV : s z xqssRLji xqsy xmsNSaRPNRPRZNP[ Rj*LRiVR Li @xmsNSaRPsLi, @sy
161

xmsNSaRPsLi y xqsLis * "s z Rxts v LiR QX}tsQ Lji*xmsLji[F sR['* (X4c3c23) B

aRPV[ :*
yRLRisVV : sR xmsNSaRP xqs*LRiWxms\sVs xqsWLRiVsNTP sLRiVR \sVs dNRP gSs, @sy
xmsNSaRPsVV gSs FsgRisoLiR][, @lgi[ xqsWLRiVss[ RWRVyT RWxmsoNRPV FsxmsoRW
[xmssVVLiRRs aRPV xmssWLi @RRV ZNP[s xmszms xqs*LRiWxmso[ gSs, FsxmsoRW
@gRixsVV gSs @sygRixsVV gSs [s yRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : N]LiRLRiV BgRi aRPLiNRP NRPgjisoLiLRiV. xqs*RVLi xmsNSaRPxqs*LRiWxms sVLiRV
RsVxqsV= sVWzqss[R VV ss @j @sLRiWxms @ssVs @LiRVLRiV. BR
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV @ssVV ss NRPgjis @ssVsV AsLRisVV (sVWzqss[R VV)
NSRV. sVlLi[s VsgS GNUPssVsV NSLRis[V, yNRPV BR GdsV RVRV[R s
xmsFyjLiRTsj. xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV RRQ *sVV GLRiVgRiFsoRVsV @sLRiWxms
@ssVsVsj NRPs NSRV. aRPV "r7RVLi xmsoLRiVxtsQ: Fy [ s xmsLRisWlLi [ s
xqs*sZNP[s }qs*s ARy xmslLi[ [uy xqsLixmsLjixtsQ*Q NPR : xqssVN`P xmsLjixtsQ*Q NPR GNUPW][
sLRiLiRLRi xqs=LS*y, s xLi NTPLiRs sxqsQ*LiRLRiLi s @zms @LiRLRiLi ARs
@RVsVxsVzqs xqsVd RV:d s[ s[R **' (X.D. 4c3c21 xtsQLi) A C xmsoLRiVxtsvRV
Rs xmsLRisWLiR xqs*LRiWxms\sVs, Fys][ [}LijRWRV xqsLigRisVV [s AR[][
xmspLjig S N_gRiLiRVN]sTsy\, @sgS ssyssVV [NPR VLiy GNUP WRVRVgS
@LiRLRisVLiR sxqsVs o, xsVLiR sVL][NPR sxqsVs osV RVRV. C
aRPVssVxqsLjiLi syLjiLis][, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV @ssVV ss AsLRi xms[R V.
G\lgi[ ssLRisVLiRV NRPsV sVWzqss[R VgS, xmsNSaRP @ssVV ss dNRPRVs
gRizrysW @gRi BR xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV gRizLiRLSRV. xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV xmsNSaRPsVV
VVNRP @ssVV NSRV (Bj xmsRRV, BLijRV, s[R s @sV ssVV NSRV) BR
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV RVVRVsV "s' @ssVV ss sR, @sR F~LiRVRVsV
yss xms[R V. GLiRVNRPsgS @sR @s aRP sVV ZNP[s ARs[ Dxms[bPLiRVsV
gSs, xmsyLiR sVRR*sVV Vxmso NSRV. kss[ "@sy[: @[ DNSQ
NRPWry\ Qs [ (X.yLjiN PR 4c3c1520). NSsos sR \Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs
RVLkiRWRNRPV xmsNSaRP sVVsNRPV, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV G [xmssVV [R V. @lgi[ @sxqs V
162

][[ xqssVNSsVLiRV, AR GxmsVRW xmsNSaRPxqs*LRiWxmssVgRiV, ysNTP @ssVV, ys

ss AsLRi soLiRVssV NRPs[V. ][[ sVWRsxqs RVLiRV NRPWy RVLkiRVsVVgS
xmsNSaRP xqs*LRiWxmso\s yRV C AR. kss[ NSLjiNRPNSLRiVV sVLiRsVLiRV "RVLRiR`
xqsLRi*RXNRP=y'RVs zmsyLRiV. RVLkiRVVRV JNRP[ FsxmsVRW soLiRV ss
sVL][NPR @R soLiRs NSLRisVV ss @j xqsLRi*RXN`P, xqsLRi*sVV @j @LiVVsosj
NRPsVNRP @R RWRVRVsVsj ZNP[s \Q*Rs xqs*LRiWxmss[V. GxmsVRW Rs
xqs*LRiWxmssVV RXN`P xqs*LRiWxmssVgRiV ss JNRPxmsVRV gRizLiRV, JNRPxmsVRV gRizLiRNRP
FsoRVsV ORPQsVV][ NRPWTsj NSRV. NSsos xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV RRQ * @gRix
ORPQ dsVV soLiRVNRPV dsV[R V. NSsos RRQ * @gRix dsVV [s LiRVss
@sygRixsVV NRPVgRiV NRPVRLRiRV. kss[ xtsQNSLRiVV xtsQsVLiRV "s z xqssRLji
xqsy xmsNSaRPNRPRZNP[ Rj*LRiVR Li @xmsNSaRPsLi, @sy xmsNSaRPsLi y xqsLis' @s
xqsWLRiVRV xqsy xmsNSaRP xqs*LRiWxmsoRV NRPsVNRP @RsNTP sLRiVR sVVgS @xmsNSaRPsVV
(@gRixLi) gSs @sygRixsVV gSs xqsLi sLiRVNRPV dsV[R V. BgRi sos
xmsNUP xmssWR LRiWxmssVV][, gRiy sWssVV ss, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV yNRPV GdsV
RV[R V, xqs*xmssVV[ GsVgRiVV, xmsLRi*RsVVV RWRVsV. BNRPR gRiR[ ss
ssVV][ @sV sxqsVyss @sygRix\sVs RxmsVs NRPVgRiVRVsj.
xmsLRisWLiR sVV @sryRRV ryOTPQ RXzts Q][ RWsxmsoRV yR xqs*LRiWxms\sVs AR
xmsNSaRPsVV RFy, xmssWyj RRV sgRisVV [s[ [R V. kss xmsLRiVRVNRP\ZNP aRPV
NRPWy "s z Rxts vLiR QX}tsQLij *c xmsLji[F sR[7sybPy*`' (X.D. 4c3c23) @sgS
RWRVys RWxmso @sybP, gRisVNRP ysNTP syaRPssVV [R V.

RVLkiRVxqs sRRXNSQ* Dxmsxms:

5) xtsQsV : @Ry, gRiR=Q*xmsW: xqsLRi* Wysxqs : xqsLRi*sxqsVR XgSxqs:
RVLkiRV: Gs c B xqsLRi*RXN`P xqsy* "ysR][7zqsRuy'* (X 3c8c11) B aRPV[:*
yRLRisVV : (sVLjiVVNRPLkigS xqsLRi*RXN`PsV BR xmsTsj). [y RVLkiRVVRV
gRi` xqs*xmssVVV ][[ xqssVNSLi[ xqsLRi* WRsVVRVLiRV sosyRV, qx sLRi* sxqsV
soNRPV RXN`P xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS xmsNSbPLixms [R VVyRV, NSsos @RRV xqsLRi*RXN`P. Xxy
LRi aRPV NRPWy "@RsNRPy sVLjiVVNRP Rxts Q [R V'RVs zmssj.
163

qx s*LRiWxmssVV : RVLkiRVVRV lLiLiRsj [s yRV. gRi` xqs*Fysxqs V ][sxmsoRV Rs

xqs*LRiWxmssVV RVLkiRVsVs FsLRigRisxmsVRV, @gRixsVV ss, A RVLkiRVV[ @sy
gRixsVs[ gRi` xqs*xmssVVVgS ][R VRVyRV. @gRi ][s xqssVNSLi[ NRPWy
@RRV xqsLRi* WRsVVVgS ][R VRVyRV. @Li[gSs BRRV xqsLRi* WRsVRVLiRV
soyRs NSRV. yRVRVs RVsxmsoRV, yRLiRRVV FysVVgS ][sV.
xqsLRi*sVW RVLkiRVV[ @LiVVsoyRs @LiR sVV. FysVV ][[ xqssVNSLi[ NRPWy @j
y[ NRPy! @sygRixLigS][[ gRi` xqs*xmssVV xqssVNSLi[ NRPWy @RRV
RVLkiRVV[. RVNRP FsoRVsV @sRsV syLjiLis][, @sygRixsVV NRPWy
]gjiFsosV. xqsLRi* sxqsVs osV xqsLRi* xmsxmsLiRsVVgS AyNRPLi, Aj NRPLi, Aj
\sNRPLigS ][[ yss xmsNSbPLixms[R VVyRV ARVLkiRVV[. XxyLRiNRP aRPV NRPWR
"@Rs NRPy @sVRgRiV Rxts Q[R V' xmssWLi. xqsNRPsNTP, A RVLkiRVV[ Rxts Q
VxqsVN]sVNRPV sVLjiVVNRP Rxts Q[R V. @[ sVs xqs*LRiWxmssVV. @LiRVss[ sVs xqs*LRiW
xms\sVs @sV ssVV[ gRi`, xqs*xmsLi, xqsVxtsvzmsR VsV @sxqs sV syLjiLiRV LRiVgRiV
RVsj. G @sV ys |msVN]s gRiyj @sxqs sV syLjixqsVysW, @[ sVs
xqs*LRiWxms\sVs RVLkiRVsVV. yss VxqsVN]sVNRPV sVLjiVVNRP @sV ssVV [R V.
gRi` xmsxmsLiRsVV[ ][[ BLijRV s[R s xmsRRV @sV ys, @lgi[ sVVRL i
sVVNRPVssV syLjiLi[ @sV ys, xqsNRP @sV ys, C RVLkiRV\sVs, y\ss
@sV ysNTP sxtsQR VsVVgS sosj. @Li y\ss @sV ssVV zqss zmsRxms RVLki
RVsVsV ysVsVV NRPWy NRPVRLRiRV. @sxqsLRisVW [R V. A @sV ssVVsV RV
sxmsoRV, @j xqsVxtsvzmsgS, dLRiWxmssVVgS, @[ gRi` xqs*xmssVVV ][R VNRPV NSLRi
sVVgS, NRPsV LRiVgRiVRVyLiVV gSs @sV s xqs*LRiWxmssVV VxqsVN]s zmsRxms
sosj RVLkiRVs[V RVs RVRgS, sVLjiVVNRP @sV ss[V [R V NRPy! @sgS
sVLjiVVNRP Rxts Q [R V. sVLjiVVNRP aRPV NRPWy "GN][ [s xqs=LRi*W[xtsv gRiWR
xqs=LRi*y{ms xqsLRi*WyLiRc LSy, NRPLSR QOPR Q xqs=LRi*Wyj yxqs ry=QOPU Q [y
ZNP[s [ sLiR VaRP' (ZaP[*.D. 6c11) JZNP[ [s oRV xqsLRi*FyVRVLiRV gRiWR sVVgS
soyRV. @LiR yzmsLiRVVyRV. xqsNRP FyVRVLiRV sszqsLi[yRV; ZNP[s
ryOTPQ \Rsxqs*LRiWxms\sVs sLiR VVRV. @lgi[ @RRV "RV: xqsLRi*: xqsLRi*sR' (sVV.D.
164

1c2c9) @RRV xqsLRi*RV, xqsLRi*sRVRs zmssj

@syLjiNRP
xtsQsV : ssVyLiRLRi FyFy aRPLiNS ssXRQ L]7
[ RVLi a]N[ PR :* NRPRLi \ Q*y gRixxqs
RVy*` NSLRi R R*Li Fyxqs c Bs s RVLkiRVxqs? B FyFy AaRPLiNS
ssLRiQ [* RVry` **
yRLRisVV : sVLjiVVNRP ssVR s VV[ FyzmsLis aRPLiNRPsV xmsLjixLjiLiRVNRPV C NSLjiNRP
ssj. \Q*R @gRixsVV FyTNTP, RVLkiRVVTNTP xqssWssVVgS soLiRV ss,
NSLRi R R*sVV FysNTP sWRs[V soLiRVsV, RVLkiRVVsNTP FsLiRVNRPV soLiRRV?
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : C a]N[ PR sVLiRV sVLjiVVNRP aRPLiNRPsV xmsLjixLjiLiRVRVsj. saRP*, \xqsV
sV gRi` xqs*xmssVVV \Q*R @gRixsVV FyTNTP, RVLkiRVVTNTP xqssWssVVgS
soLiRgS, FysNTP NSLRi R R*sVV soLiRVsV. NSs RVLkiRVVTNTP NSLRi R R*sVV
FsLiRVNRPV soLiRRsV aRPLiNRPsV xmsLjixLjixqsVyRV. C NSLjiNRP[ BR NRPWy xtsQsVVsV
gRisVsLis][, aRPLiNRPLRiVV FyRs[ y*LRisVV [R s[ RVLkiRVVTs VxmsoRVyLRiVs
@LiR sVgRiVsV.

NSLjiNRP (1c13)
\ Q*R rygRixLi RVLi DW: Fy RVLRiW:*
d syRVVR: Fy: ry R RVlLi[ s sR[ ** 13 **
yRLRisVV : \Q*RsVVsV RVNRPVLiRV Fy RVLkiRVsVVNRPV xqssWssVV. FyRV
dsyRVVRVRV gSs @j RVLRisVLiRV [R V.

FyRVLRiWLik syyys[s yLRiRsVsV

1) xtsQsV : dsyRVVR:* RyQ*xms[][ sy* ry Gs R sZaP[xtsQ xms[R
xmsxqssxqsdLi* ry dsy* RRW RVVR: Fy:* xqsy xqsLRi*RXN`P xqs*sy*`
Ry*xms[R ORPQ dsyRVLki[V s sR[* @R: s NSLRiLiR : Rzqss B
@FyRV:*
yRLRisVV : "dsyRVVRV'RV FyRgRiV ss RR*sVV FsLRiVgRiNRPFsosV sR
@ss. @ @ssVV sVLiT gRiyj @sxqs V xmsoVRVss NRPsVNRP, @j gRiyj
165

\ Q*RsVVsNRPV dsVgRiVsV. @ dsR][ NRPWTsyRV FyRV. NSs RVLkiRVVRV

@gRi NSRV c @RRV xqsy RXN`Pxqs*ssVV gRiyRgRiV ss RR*sVLRiVgRis xqs*s
sVV "sR' RVLkiRVVsRVLiRV [R V. NSsos @RsRVLiRV "NSLRiLiR 'sVV [R s
@FyRVsVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : FyRV dsR][ NRPWTsyRV. @sgS RR*sVV FsLRiVgRiNRP Fso[V
BNRPR sRRVs[ @gRixsVV. @gRixsVs[ sZaP[xtsQs VV ss gRi`, xqs*xmssVVV
NRPVgRiVNRPV d\sVsj. NSs FyTs ss[NPR sVV][ syLRiLi[}qs, @gRixsVV ]gji
@R[ RVLkiRVVRs RVRVsV. BNRPR BLi[ VxqsVN]sszqssj. @sgS G
gRi` xqsVxtsvzms[ dLigS sosRs @sVN]ysW, A gRi` @sxqs sV syLjiLi
s][, A gRi`, xqs*Fysxqs V yRVRVLiRV xqsLRisVV, dsyLRiRVs[ sNRPsVs
VxqsVN]s ss[NPR R VNRPV, gRiysWssVV [s LiRVss, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV
dsVs VxqsVN][R V NRPy! @lgi[ xqsVxtsvzms @sV s xqssVNSsVLiRV NRPWy @R
dsVVsj @s sVs @sV ssVV [R V NRPy! ss[NPR Li][ gRiysWsLi sR
syLji}qs xqsVxtsvzms[V RVLkiRVVRVgS RVRVsV. BLi[ BNRPR VxqsVN]sszqssj
@s aRPLiNRPLRiV @FyRVsVV. gSs Bxms sVW syNSLRiVV dsR sLRiWxms
\sVsRs @sLji*RdsRVsVs, sVWsR LRiWFyLiRLRis[V sLRiWxms @sRRVs
xmsV xqsLjiNSRV. Fds sVWRsxqs [ @sR @sVsj xqssWsLigS sosRLi[
@xmsoRV AR @sy xqs*LRiWxmss[V NRPy! xqs* xqs*LRiWxms\sVs AR @sy xqs*LRiWxms\sV[
sVVsVVORPVsoNRPV sWORPQLi NSss[ N][Lij NRP FsgRi NRPVgRiVsV? FsLiRVss @sgS sVs
xqs*LRiWxmssVV xqsVxqs*LRiWxmssVV, AsLiR xqs*LRiWxmssVV gRisVNRP, sVssVV FsxmsVRW AsLiR
s[V, xqsVs[V N][LiR VN]LisVV sVs xqs*LRiWxmssVV FsxmsVRW AsLiRxqs*LRiWxmso\s
RVLkiRV\sVs AR[V. RVsxmsoRV @j @sLigS ][R VsV, Fs\lgi[ xqsWLRiVRV
FsxmsVRW soLiTssW, s[Vxmsn VsVV ]gRiV[V xqsWLRiVRV xmsNSbPLiRVsV @sVgS,
]gjiLis A s[Vxmsn VsVV NRPWy xqsWLRiVs xmsNSaRPsVV [R s[ NRPy RVRVRVsj.
@LiRVss @RRV (RVLkiRVVR) FsxmsVRW LiR LRizRVRV, xqsVxqs*LRiWxmsoRV,
AsLiRxqs*LRiWxmsoRV, sWORPQxqs*LRiWxmsoRV. sVsNRPV gRiysWssVV ss, C yNRPXR
\sVs LiR sVV ss, xqsVxtsvzms[ @yNRPXR\sVs dsVV, LiR sVV sosRs @LiV
166

ysVV. @gRixsVs[ dsVV sosRs @sxmsoRV, xqsVxtsvFyR [V FyRgS

@szmsLiRVN]sRV, gSs A FyRsV syLjiLiRgS sosj RVLkiRWR[V @s
RVRVsV. BLiR xqsV # \sVs syLRisVV RVNRP, sVWsyNSLRiVV yR
FsxmsVRW sR[ soLiRs, FyR ryOTPQ xqs*LRiWxmsoRs, RVLkiRWR gRiyRVV
][[NPR ysyRs, @LiLRiV. yR, FyR NRPy sORPQVRs FyLiR V. gSs
xmsLRisWLiR RXzts Q][ syLji}qs, sVWRV ARV [s o. ][[ C sVWTLis G @sV
ssVV][ VxqsVN]sVRVysW, @[ sVs xqs* xqs*LRiWxms\sVs A[ NRPy! G soRV
aRPLkiLRiLi][ sR[s oy][ @[ soRV sVd s[VsVssV xmsLjis QQ\sVs ssVV
sVssVLiRLRiNRPV ryyLRisVVgS soLiRVsV. C xmsLjis QQ\sVs aRPLkiLRiLi][ NRPWTs sRVV
NRP \saSLi |msLiRV N]LRiNRPV aRPV ysNTP \sjNRP\sVs AL][xmssVV [zqs, @RRV soRV
NSRV, @RRV FyRV @s zms, A FyTRVLiRV xqsNRPxmsxmsLiRsVV ds\sV, @j
y*LRi\sV sosRs zmssj. @lgi[ @NRPR C gRi` xqs*xmssVVV xmss xmsn Vs
sVVgS, (ssVVR gS) soyRVs zms, aRPV sVs xmsR sV RXzts Q\Vs soRs[
ssVVsV ]gjiLi FyT RVLiRV szmssj. sVWRs RXzts Q\Vs xmsLRisWLiR
RXzts QNPR VgRi [R VVNRPV Fyy*s NRPgjis xqsVxtsvzmss xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVV][ syLji}qs,
@NRPR gRiyj @sxqs V soyRVs gSs, @s RVNRPV sVLRi sryR Vs gSs
[VsR \sVs @sV ssVV [s ZNP[s xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS, RVLkiRVVTgS, Rs ARgS aRPV
@sV ys NRPgjiLiRsRVsV. ksNTP 12s NSLjiNRP[ zmssVgS "s ARsLi' (RssV
gSs), "s xmsLSLi\ZaPQQs' (Rs NRPy @ssVVsV gSs), "s xqsR' ( xqsRsVVsV gSs),
"s @sXRLi' (sVR sV gSs) @NRPR RVRRV. @sgS FyRV G sWRLi
VxqsVN][R V. FsLiRVss @sgS @RsNTP VxqsVN]sszqss @sxqsLRisVV [R V. @gRi
sosy[ y\ss xqs*LRiWxms\sVs RVLkiRVVRV. BgRi \sjNRP\sVs FyR*Li ]gjiLi
sosj ZNP[s Li RVLkiRVV[R Vs aRPV zmssj. sosj ZNP[s RVLkiRVV[ @sVsj
NRPWy AL][xmss[V. FsLiRVss @sgS gRiyj RXzts Q][ @Rss RVLkiRVVRs
@ysVV gSs sVLji @RRV FssLRiV? @sVysNTP @RRV xmsxmsLi][xmsaRPsVVRV @sgS
xmsxmsLiRsVV [syRV, Fs sV xmsxmsLiRsVV NRPVgRiVRVLiy? NSRV VxqsVN]s
xqssVNSLi[s[ @RRV @j*dRVVRV, FsxmsoRW j*dRVsVV RWRsyRV, \Q*RLi
167

[syRV, Bj[V aRPV VVNRP zqsyLiRsVV. NSsos BR ryLSLiaRP# s[VsVsgS,

xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV GNUP WRV\ F~Lijs ARRVsV ssVV [NPR Fso ss sVLRi
gRiR xqs*xmsQQ\Q*RsVV NRPVgRiVRVsRsV RxmsVs ss, FyRV
"dsyRVVR: Fy:' @s xmsTsj. gSs BR aRPLiNRP GsVsgS xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV
RRQ *sVV RVNRP Fso, RRQ *sVV RVVRVsV lLiLiRW [s o NRPy! GLiRVNRPsgS
@LiR:NRPLRisVV [NPR Fso ss ssVV (xms[R ), @ssVV (@xms[R ) lLiLiRW
NRPs [R VVNRPV NRPVRLRiRV. C aRPLiNRPNRPV xmsLjiLRis[VsVsgS Fys RVLiRV
GNUP WRsVV, LiRVss GN]j gSNRPWy RRQ * xms[R (ARssVLRiVgRiV)
RVsVsj NRPVRLRiRV, @sxqsLRisVVNRPWy [R V. @LiVVsxmsNUP gRiRRXuy,
xmssWRRXuy @R @xms[R (ARssVV GLRiVgRiNRP Fso) xmsLjixLjiLiRTsj.

NSLjiNRP (1c14)
qx s*xms syRVVyy_ Fy xqsQ*xqs*xms sRRW*
s syLi \ ss R xqs*xmsLi RVlLi[ xmsaRPLi sbPy:** 14 **
yRLRisVV : sVVR BLRiVsoLRiV xqs*xms sR][ NRPWTRVVyLRiV. NRPs FyRV xqs*xms
sVV[s sR gRiyRV. sbPR ssVV NRPyLRiNRPV RVLRisVLiRV sy xqs*xmssVVV
g][R LjiLixmsso.

saRP*Q\ xqsV: Gs NSLRiNSLRi @syR*RV RVVNRP s V

1) xtsQsV : xqs*xms @sygRixLi xqsLRi Bs LRi*Li* sy DN_ RRQ * c
@xms[R ORPQLi RsV: B* yLi xqs*xms syLi RVVf(A_)
saRP*Q\ r* @R: f NSLRiNSLRi _ BRVQQN_ * FyxqsV xqs*xmssLij RRW
ZNP[s RW Gs sRRW RVVR: B NSLRi R : B DNRP s V* s DRVLi xmsaRPLi
RVLki[V sbPy: xsR:* sLRiVR y*`, xqssRLji Bs RsV:* @R: s NSLRiNSLRi
R : BRVQQNPR : RVLkiRV:**
yRLRisVV : xqs*xmssVV @sygRixLi, FysVV yRVRVLiRV ][sVgS. NSs sR
@xms[ R ORPQLi (@gRixsVs) dNRPs @s xmsTsj. xqs*xms sR
lLiLiT[R NRPWTsyLRiV saRPV*RV \xqsVRV NSsos dsLjiR LRiV NSLRiNSLRi R Vs xms
168

RVRVyLRiV. gSs FyRV ZNP[s sR[ NRPWTsyRV NRPsVNRP @RRV NSLRi R VRs
xmssV. C lLiLiRW (xqs*xmsLi, sR) RVLkiRVVs RVLiRV [s VgS xs[R V
sbPRV\yLRiV. FsLiRVss @sgS sLRiVR R LRisVVV INRP][ soLiRso NRPsVNRP.
xqsWLRiVsRVLiRV dNRP s.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : NSLjiNRP[ gRi`, xqs*xmssVV, C lLiLiRV @sxqs sV xqs*xmssVVgS
xmsTsj. xqs*xmssVV @sgS @sygRixLi RxmsVs. yRVgS RVsxmsoRV
@gRixsVV ss yRVs[ FysVVgS yLRigS RxmsVgS VxqsVN]ssV, ARgS
RVsxmsoRV @gRixLi ss A ARs[ gRi`gS, xqs*xmsLigS @sygRixsVVgS
VxqsVNRPVLisVV. sR @sVsj @xms[R ORPQsVs, RR*sVV RVNRPFsoRVs[
@gRixsVV. @lgi[ @gRixsVVsNRPV RsV: @sgS @sR[V NSLRisVV. sRRVs[
@gRixsVV ss RR*sVV RVNRPFso[R , xqs*xmssVs[ @sygRixsVV
(RxmsVs) ss, saRP* \xqsVV NSLRiNSLRi R V\yLRiV. gSs FyRV sWRsVV
xqs*xmssVV (@sygRixsVV) [s, ZNP[s sRRVs[ @gRixsVV][ NRPWTsoyRV.
RR*sVV RVNRPFso [R @RRV ZNP[s NSLRiR V\syRV. NSLRiR VRsgS
RsN]LRiNRPV RVRV, sxtsQR VLi N]LRiNRPV RVRV. FsLiRVNRPV RVRV? aRPV xmsLiRsV
sVLiR sVVsLiRV "RVR xqsVF s NRPLiRs NSsVLi NSsVRV[ s NRPLiRs xqs*xmsLi
xmsaRP, R` xqsVxtsvxmsLi' @s sVVLi[ xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV VxqsVN]sVNRPV G sxtsQR VsVV
[sRs zmssj. G sxtsQR VLi [s xmsVRV @NRPR GgRi RVRVRVLij? GsV
RVRVRVLij. s[s V ByTs RVsV xmssWRXR*sVV NRPWy @R [sj.
@LiRVss Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV NRPWy RVRV @sVs[ NSLRi R R*Li, gSs xqsVxtsvzms
@sV ssVV][ syLji}qs, @j NRPWy ][R sj ZNP[s sVV gRiR @sWssVV][ y
gRiVLjiLi NRPWy RVRsV yss, xqsVxtsvzms[ AL][zmsLi, @NRPR NRPWy y N]LRiNRPV
GdsV RVRs xmsVRVysVV.

RVLjiRVxqs xqsLRi* @sy LRizRsV

@gRixsVs[ sR gSs, @sygRixsVs[ xqs*xmssVV gSs [s[, A RVLkiRVVRs
saRPLiVVLiyLRiV. kss[ aRPV BjsLRiZNP[ gRi` xqs*xmssVV lLiLiRV RLRi+s sXRVV,
xqsVxtsvzms @RLRi+s sX. @sxqs V ][sxmsoRV ry}msOTPQNPR RXzts Q][ ryOTPQgS RVRVsV,
169

gSs C lLiLiRV sXRVsV VxqsVN]ss yRV, AlLiLiRV sXRVV [sy\ ZNP[s

xqs*LRiWxmso\s RVLkiRVVTgS RVRVsV. Fs\lgi[ xqsWLRiVs RVLiRV dNRP FsxmsVRW
[s VgS, xqs*LRiWxms\sVs Rs RVLkiRVsVLiRV NSLRiNSLRi R R*s[V [R V. xqsVxtsvzms[
GdsV [R s [V @sV sLi][ VxqsVN]ysW, A @sV ssVVsNRPV FyR*sVs[
NSLRiLiR sVV [sj. aRPV BgRi xmsgS, BRLRi ysNSLRiVV, sVWsyNSLRiV
V soRV @sR DFyj NRPyRV, CaRP*LRiVRV sWRW DFyj NRPyRV. A sWRW
DFyj FyRV. @sRss soRV xqsVxtsvzms[ sjryR V, @LiRVss sWRW
DFyj ][ NRPWTs FyTs ys RLRiVyR RVLkiRVVRV RVRVyRs FyLiR V.
NSsos FyRV @sLRi*RdsRVVRV, NSLRisR][ NRPWTsyRs, @[ sVWsR,
sLRiWxms @sRRVs, xqs*xmssVV[ @sR, @LiR:NRPLRisVVsRs, gSs gRiR[
aRPLkiLRisVs[ xqsLixmsn WRLi][ FyV @sR, @LiR:NRPLRisVVsRs VxmsoyLRiV. gSs aRPV
FsRsW BgRi xms[R V. xqs*xms rysNRPVRs[ \xqsVRV NRPWy xqsFyLigRisVVV, xmsLi]
sVj sVVsVVV NRPWRVN]syRs zmssj. xqs*xms xqssVNSsVV[ A @sV s
sVV[ @k gRiRgSs[ ][R VsV NRPy! @lgi[ aRPV FyRV @sLRi*RdsRV\sVs NSLRi
@sR][ NRPWTsyRs FsNRPy Vxms[R V. @NRPR ZNP[s Li RR*sVV RVNRP
F~soRVsV @gRixsVVsRs aRPV zmssj. A ys[ Rs N][xqsLi, Rs qx s*LRiWxms
sVVN][xqsLi RVsxmsoRV @RRV FyRV. gSs Rs N][xqsLi Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV V
xqsVN]s][ @R[ RVLkiRVVRV.
@syLjiNS c NSLjiNRP (1c15)
xtsQsV : NRPy RVLki[V sbP][ s B? DR[ c
yRLRisVV : RVLkiRVVTs saRPRVsVVgS VxqsVN]s[j FsxmsVRV? @sVyss
xms[s oRVyLRiV.

NSLjiNRP (1c15)
@sy gRiXx R: xqs*xms: sy RRQ *sVsR:
sxmsLS}qs RW: OUPQ[ RVLkiRVLi xmsR sVaRPV[
yRLRisVV : @sy gRixs[V xqs*xmssVV, RyQ*gRixs[V sR, ClLiLiTLi sxms
LSxqssVV (sVyNRPs) sbPLis][ RVLkiRVsVV F~LiRVsV.
170

@syxmsx[s saS*kyLi RVLkiRWR, RVLkiRVR*xmsxms NRPsV:

xtsQsV:
1) xtsQsV : xqs*xms gRiLjiRW: @sy LRi*Li xqsLRi sVs gRiXx R: RRQ *Li
xqs*xms: s* syRRQ *sV sR: xqsXxtsv @sryxqsV RV* xqs*xmssRW:
RVy*` saRP* \ xqsW: GNRPLSbPR*Li* @sygRix FyyyR gRiVWy
sy B Rzqss sxmsLSxqs: xqs*xms:* RXd[V RV rys[ RRQ * @s ORPQ: sy
Gs ZNP[s sxmsLSxqs:*
yRLRisVV : xqs*xms gRiR lLiLiTLiNUP yRV RVLiRV FysVVs[ @sygRixsVV
[R VVs RR*sVV soLiRV ss xqs*xmssVs sLixmsssV. @lgi[ sRRVsV
RR*Li gS RVNRP Fso, sVWR sxqs s[ (gRiyRVRVLiRV) RR*sVV
VVNRP @gRixLi xqssWss[V. xqs*xms sR lLiLiRW xqssWssVVgS soLiRV ss
saRP*Q\xqsVNRPV GNRPLSbPR*sVVsj @sygRixsVV FyysR gRiV WR\sVs
sR sxmsLSxqss[V xqs*xmssVV (Fys) RVLiRV RR*sVV gS RVs ORPQ\sVs
ZNP[s sR[V sxmsLSxqssVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @sygRixsVs[ RxmsVs FyysR gRiR xqs*xmssVVNRPV
GNRPLSbPR*sVVsj. gSs RVLkiRVVsRVLiRV (Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs ORPQsVLiRV) gRiR
xqs*xmssVVV lLiLiRW NRPs[. BLi NRPs ]gjiLis][, A FysRVLi[
RVLkiRVR*sVV RVRVsV, gSs Fys RVLiRV @ssVs[ @sR NRPs
sosj, gRiR xqs*xmssVV [ @sygRixsVs[ NRPs sosj. B[ NSLRiNSLRi
LiysNTP NSLRi\sVsj.
2) xtsQsV : @R: RW: NSLRiNSLRi rysW: @sy gRix @gRix ORPQ
sxmsLS}qs, NSLRiNSLRi LiR LRiW}ms xmsLRisWLiR RRQ * xms[R R: OUPQ[ RVLkiRVLi xmsRLi
@aRPV[* Ry DRVORPQLi LiR LRiWxmsLi RyxmsaRPs RVLki[V sbP][ s
BRLiR :**
yRLRisVV : NSsos A lLiLiRW NSLRiNSLRi ryssVV @sygRix, RR*
@gRixLi sxmsLSxqssVVV. NSLRiNSLRi LiR LRiWxmssVV\s, xmsLRisWLiR RR* [R ss
OUPQsVV NSgS, RVLkiRV xmsRsVVsV F~LiRVRVyLRiV. @sgS NSLRiNSLRi ORPQ R R*
171

sVVsV RWRNRP, RVLki\sVs RR*sVLiRV saRPRVsVV F~LiRVRVyLRiV.

xqs*LRiWxmssVV : FysVV @ssVV ]gjis xqssVNSLi[s[, yRV sLi NRPgjisVgS,
@gRix, @sygRixLi NRPsV ]gjis xqssVNSLi[s[ RVLkiRVsVV RVRV
sV. @LiRVss RVLkiRVVTs VxqsVN]s[LiRVNRPV [aPR NS ssyss[V soLiRRV. RVLki
RVsVs[ sVs xqs*LRiWxmssVVs RVNRP FsoRVsV @gRixsVV sss[, @sy
gRix\sVs gRi`, xqs*xmssVVV NRPVgRiVRVss. RVLkiRVVTs RVNRP FsoRVs[
@gRixsVV ssVV][, ss[NPR sVV][ ]gjis][, @sygRix\sVs gRiR
xqs*xmssVV NRPWy ]gji FsxmsVRW sosj RVLkiRVs[VRVs RVRVsV. RVLkiRV
sVVsV RVNRPFso INRP NRPs sWRs[V. @LiRVss FsxmsVRW sos RVLkiRV
\sVs Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVsV [s][ VxqsVN][giR sVV? NRPs ]VgRiV[V @NRPR V
xqsVN]sVRVs[ xmsNTPRV. VxqsVN]s[LiRsLRiNRPV, A VxqsVN]sV NRPWy INRP NRPs[V
Fs\lgi[ yRVRVs[ AyLRiLi [NPR VLiy FysVV @s[ Li NRPgRi][ @lgi[ RVLkiRVVRs[
AyLRiLi [NPR WLiy gRiyj NRPs NRPWy LRigRiRV. yRV yRVgS soLiT ys
RVLiRV FysVVRVs[ NRPs FsgRi LjigjiLi][, @lgi[ RVLkiRVVRV RVLkiRVVTgS soLiT,
G xqsLRi+[NPR VssW @R gRiyj NRPs AL][zmsLiRTsj. NSsos xqs*xms
sRVVNRP NSLRiNSLRi ryssVVV @sygRixLi, @gRixsVs[ sxmsLSxqssVVV
(NRPsV) LiR LRiWxmssVVV, Bs xmsLRisWLiR RR*[R s ss OUPQsVV NSgS sosj
RVLkiRVs[VRVs RVRVsV @xmsoRV D RV (NSLRiNSLRi) ORPQ R R*sVVsV
]gRigS, RVLkiRVV\sVs RR*sVLiRV saRPRVsVV NRPVgRiVsV. BR VxqsVN]s
szqssj GsVsgS, sxtsQR VsVV ][sxmsoRV, A sxtsQR Ws FsgRi ]gjiLiRV
RVsVys [R LRiVgRiVsV. [R NRPsVsVV[ @gRixsVV ss @sygRixsW
[NPR , @sygRixsVV ss @gRixsW RVs Gj sVVLiRV Gj RLRiVyR @s
xmsV NRPVRLRiRV. @sygRix\sVs gRiR, xqs*xmssVVV ]gjiFLiVVs xqssVNS
sVV[s[, @gRixsVs[ RR*sVV RVNRPFso @sVsj NRPWy ]gRiVsV. @j sVs
@sV ssVV @Li[gSs @gRixLi ]gRiVNRPV xqsVxtsvzms [s[ ]gjiLiys sRVsVsVV
[R V. BNRPR ysVNSLRiV\s sVWsyNSLRiVV xqsVxtsvzms[ @gRixsVs[ dLi
]gjiLiRV ryR sVV NSRV NRPsVNRP sVLRiLis zmsRxms xqsVxtsvzms ]gRiVsV NRPsVNRP,
172

@xmsoRV sWORPQLi NRPVgRiVss @LiLRiV. @j xqsLjiNSRV. FsLiRVsssgS aRPLkiLRi Li,

gRiR @sWsLi][, xqsVxtsvzmsR Vs @ysVV gSs, yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs gRiR[s[
@gRixLi, @sygRixLi ys NRPsV ]gjiLis][, @NRPR sosj
RVLkiRVs[VRVs RVRVsV. xqsVxtsvzms s[LiR VgS ][R VNRPV NSLRis[V soLiRRV.
FsLiRVNRPsgS LiR sVV sosj, [NPR LiR sVVgS sosj C gRiR, xqs*xmssVV[ NRPy!
C gRiR[s[ LiR sVs[ NSLRisVVsV ]gjiLis][, xqsVxtsvzms[ @sR[V soLiRRV.
FsLiRVNRPsgS gRiR @sWs RXzts Q][s[ xqsVxtsvzms[ @sR sosj xms @sxqs sWLRiV
LiRVRW, @sxqs RVLiRV R LRisVVV, gRiVsVVV [aPR NSsVgRiVLigS ][R VsV. NSsos
gRiR, xqs*xmsLi xqsVxtsvxmsoNRPV @sxqs VgS FsgRi NRPVRVLRiVRVLij? @sxqs sV FsgRi
@s*LiVVLiRVN][y? FsLiRVNRPsgS sWLRiV LiRVRW ssoLiRV RVsVsj
gRiyj @sxqs NRPV NRPVRLRiRV NRPy! gRiR xqs*xmssVVgS xqs*xmssVV xqsVxtsvzmsgS sWLRiV
LiRRV NRPy! gRiR[ sos [aPR NSV gRiR @LiRLiR RLi. xqs*xmsLi[s os
[aPR NSV xqs*xms @LiRLiR RLi, xqsVxtsvzms[ [aPR NS[ [s o. IZNP[ [aPR NSLi[ gRiR,
xqs*xmsLi xqsVxtsvzmsR Vs NRPVgRiV NRPVRLRiRV. @LiRVss yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs RVLkiRVVT
xqs*LRiWxmsLi RVNRPFso ss gRiyjgS ][R VsV gSs gRiyRVV @s[ @sqx s V
soyRVs NSRV. @sxqs RVs[j I [ sW[ gSs, ysNTP GLRiWxmssVV, gRiVLi [sj.
rysWsLigS sVssVV ssLRisVV[ @sxqs RVs xmsVN]LisVV NRPsVNRP, [R
r Li N]LRiNRPV, aRPVNRPWy @sxqs gS zmssj. syLji}qs ysV RsRVLiRV s[s V, A
s[s V RVLiRV sVVNRPVs[ xmsxmsLiRsVV, @lgi[ xqs*xmsLi NRPWy ysV RsRVLiRV s[s V,
A s[s VRVLiRV xqs*xmssVV[ xmsxmsLiRsVV. NSsos xqs*xmssVV yRVLi[ ][R VsV NRPy!
Rs xqs*LRiWxmsLi RVNRP RxmsVgS .gRiRgS, xqs*xmssVVgS ][sj gSs, yxqss sVVgS
gRiR, xqs*xmssVs[s @sxqs V NSso. @LiRVss @sR ss RVLkiRVV[
gRiyjgS @szmsLiRVN]sVRVyRV. syLji}qs RVLkiRVsVVsNRPV gRiyRVNRPV [aPR NS
ssyss[V [R V. @sxqs @s[j , ZNP[s xmsd[V gSs sxqsVR : @sxqs RVsV NRPVRLRiRV.
RVLkiRVVRV xqsVxtsvzmsgS ][sxmsoRV FyRV, gRiRgS ][sxmsoRV saRPV*Rs,
xqs*xmssVVgS ][sxmsoRV \xqsVRs aRPV zms gRiR, xqs*xmssVVV lLiLiRW
xqs*xmssVV[ @s zms, A lLiLiRV RLRi+s sXRVs, RLRi+ysXRVV [sRys
173

sRgS @RLRi+s sXgS zms, @sxqs sV ]gjiLisj. ZNP[s sVV RLRi+s, @RLRi+s
sXRVVgS s Li yRVLiRV saS*RVV ]gjiLi ryOTPQgS sosj
RVLkiRVs[VRVs zmssj. NSsos sxmsLSxqssVV OUPQLiRgS RVLkiRVsVV RVRVsV.
LS[[V NSLjiNRPRVLiRV sVLiR, sVR sWj NSLRiVNRPV, xmsxmsLiRsVV sosRs xmsRRVsVV
gRiyLRiNRPV ys FsgRi ]gjiLiy[ xms[s oRVsj.

NSLjiNRP (1c16)
@yj sWRVRW xqsVxms: RVy s: xmsVR [*
@sVsRsVxqs*xmsLi @\Q*RLi VR [ Ry** 16 **
yRLRisVV : @yjsWRV[ sjLiRVRVs soRV FsxmsVRV s[VsV[ @xmsVRV
@\sVs, @sR\sVs, @xqs*xmsQQ\sVs @\Q*RsVVsV F~LiRVRVyRV.

RVLkiRWR [R xmsNSLRi:
1) xtsQsV : W7RVLi xqsLiryLji s: xqs DRV ORPQ[s , RRQ * @xmsR LRiW}ms
dRy @sy gRix ORPQ[s R @yj NS xmssX[ s , sWRWORPQ[s
xqs*}mss c sVsWRVLi zmsy, xmso][7RVLi, sFy, ZOP[Q RLi, gRiXxLi, xmsaRPs:, @xLi
GuyLi ry*dsV xqsVd, RVd ORPQLiVV][7xLi @s[s , sLij RaSs[s B[sLi xmsNSLSs
xqs*Fys rysR*c [V7zms xmsaRPs xqsVxms: RVy s[yLiyLiR RyQ* [ s
xmsLRisVNSLRiVZNP[s gRiVLRiV "yzqs GsLi R*Li }RVxmsn RNRP:, NTPLiRV RRQ *sVzqs' B
xms[R sWs:, Ry GsLi xmsVR [*
yRLRisVV : xqsLiryLjiRVgRiV soRV, D RV ORPQsVV][ RR*sVV FsLRiVgRis
dORPQsVVsV sVLjiRVV @sygRixsVsV xmsn ORPQsVV, ds][ NSxmssX ][
NRPWTs sWRW ORPQ xqs*xmssVV][ yNRPV BRRV RLiT, BRRV xmsoRVRV, sVssRV,
Bj y ZOP[Q RsVV, Bs yxmsaRPVsoV, dsNTP s[s V xms VsosV. dss[ xqsVgS, RV:gS,
ORPQLiVVLiRVysgS, sLij VysgS xqs*xmssVs[ gRiR, xqs*xms rysR*RVsVLiRV s[s VsV
AL][zmsLi sjRV\ RR*sVV RVNRPFso yTss rysWs @FyRVsVV][
soLiRVsV. soRV Fsxmso\[ s[yLiyLiR sVVsV @sV ssVVsV xmsLRisV NSLRiVNRPV\s
gRiVLRiVso[ "dsso Fs }RV xmsn RNRPVRso NSRV' "@[ ds\sRVVyso' RVs [j Lixms
174

Tsy\ s[VsV RVyRsgS RVLkiRVsVV F~LiRVRVyRV.

xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xqsQX (.gki. 13c31)[ "@yjy* sLiR V y*` xmsLRisWRRV
sVsRV: aRPLkiLRir @zms N_s[ R V s NRPL][ s xms[' @s @R xtsQLi[ aRPLiNRPLRiVV
Aj @sgS : @yjR*` @y[: s: @yjR*sV Aj: NSLRiLi R` RVxqs s @zqs
R` @yj* RV` z AjsV` R`}qs*s ARy s[ @RVLi RV @yjy*`
sLRisRVs B NRPXy* s s[' 1) ysNTP NSLRisVV sos][ @j Aj. [sNTP
NSLRisVV [][ @j @yj. @yj VVNRP ssVV "@yj R*sVV' C xmsLRisWR
@yj @gRiV ss @sRVsVV. [y G sxqsVs o Aj gRi][ @j Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV[
OUPQLiFsosV. NSs xmsLRisWR @yjRVgRiV[, @sRVsLRizRRV. NSsos ORPQR VsVV
F~LiRRV. sVVR @LiR sVV AjRVs xmsVNRPV, NSLRisVV [sj @yj NSsos
AjRVs[ xmsoVNRPNRPV dsVs[ [VNSLRisVV [sj @yj; @[ RVLkiRV\sVs xsVV.
Aj [sj @LiRsVV [sj AR[V xqs*LRiWxmssVV gRij, lLiLiRs @LiR sVV[ mx sLRisWLiR
xqs*LRiWxmssVV RVLkiRVsVV NSs Aj][NPR WTs sxqsVs osNRPV Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV[ @j
OUPQLiRVss xmsTsj. xmsoVNRP][ sos sxqsVs o Rs LRiWxmssVV[ sRVsVgRiVsV.
xmsoxtsQsVV zmsLigS, zmsLi NSRVgS, NSRV xmsLiRVgS sWLRiVsV, @lgi[ Li
Rs*ssVV, yLiR NRPsVV][ NRPWRV N]s aRPLkiLRisVV sRVsVgRiVsV. C NSLjiNRP RVLiRV,
lLiLiRs @LiR sVV][ NRPWRVN]s @yj @sV aRP sVV DxmsWgjiLiRTsj. C
xmsxmsLiRsVV FsxmsoRV ss][ RVRV. Bj FsxmsVRW sosVgS @szmsLi, A
xmsxmsLiRsVV[ s[s V xmso [ yTs, RsF[VyTs @sVN]s xqsLiryLjiRVgRiV soRV
RR*sVV FsLRiVgRiNRPFso @gRixLi, RRQ *sVVsV RxmsVgS GLRiVgRiV @sygRixsVV
D RV ORPQsVV][ gRi xmsn sVV @yj NS xmssX][ NRPWTs ysVLRiWFysVV][
NRPWTs sWRWORPQ\sVs xqs*xmssVV][ soLiRVsV. @RRV FsgRisoLiRVsV? @sgS
xmsVRVyRV :c dsso xmsn RNRPVRso NSRV, ds xqs*LRiWxmssVV R LSR LRisVVV,
FyxmsxmsosVVV][ NRPWRVN]s xqsV RV:sVVVgS RVRV NRPLRiXR*N[ PR XR*
xqs*LRiWxmssVV NSRV, C ][[s gRiR xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sWRs[V ][R VsV. C ][ssds,
xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVLiRV [s[[s o. BgRi INRPxmsVRV ][soLiT, INRPxmsVRV ][R NRP
sWLRiV Lijs yss RW}qs xqs*LRiWxmssVV ds xqs*LRiWxmssVV, @j R` \VsosRs
175

gRiVLRiVso [R [R VVsV. NSsos BLiRsLRiNRPV s[s V soRsV, xqsVs, RV:ssVN]s

yTgS xqs*LRiWxmssVV NSRs VxqsVN]s @sxqs V ][. s @gjiFsosV. NRPsVNRP
FsxmsVRW R VRsV NSRs @sV ssVV NRPVgRiVsV. y xqs*LRiWxmssVV Rxts Q[V gSs
RXaRPsVV FsxmsNUP NSRs VxqsVN]s, xqs*LRiWxmssVV xs[VRVs VxqsVN]s, s[s V
s[s sV sxmsLSxqssVV NRPs sR s[VsVsV.
2) xtsQsV : NRPRLi! yzqss xLi @LiRLRiLi y yj s sNSL][7zqs* @R:
@Li, "xqs xsL ][x:' (sVV.D. 2c1c2) B aRPV[:* xqsLRi*s sNSLRi sLij RLi
BRLiR :*
yRLRisVV : FsgRi s[VsVsV @sgS, RVLkiRVsVLiRV xsVLiRV gSs, [xms
gSs yj xtsQys sNSLRisVVV gSs [sy\, @s (sVV.D. 2c1c2) aRPV sRssVV.
xqsLRi*s sNSLRisVV [syRs @LiR sVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : Fss\[ s[VsVRVy][, @Rs sVVNRPVs[ xmsxmsLiRsVV ][R VsV
@Li[gSs, xmsxmsLiRsVV[ @RRV s[VsV[R V. GsR sVVgS FssRV NRP gSLiRV[,
@Rs NRP[ A xqs*xms xmsxmsLiRsVV sosVgS, @[sR sVVgS Fss\[ s[VsV
RVy][, @Rs sVVNRPVs[s[ xmsxmsLiRsVV ][R VRVsj. xmsxmsLiRsVV[ s[s V [s V,
NSsos xmsxmsLiRsVV[ s[s V s[VysV RVsVsj sxmsLSxqssVV. gSs Fss\lLi[ ryOTPQ
xqs*LRiWxmssVV][ xmsxmsLiRsVV RsRVLiRV sFRVsRs syLjiLiRV[ @RRV
aRPLkiLRisVV][ FyV LSNRPFNRP][ NRPWTRVVs xmsxmsLiRsVVsV ryOTPQgS VxqsVN]sVsV, @j
@Li xmsoVNRP [sj "xqs sL ][ x:' Rs[ gSs, xsVVs gSs FsLi
sNSLRisVV [sj, yRV yRVgS soLiT, [VsNSLRisVV F~LiRNRP, FysVVgS ][sVgS,
yRV [xmsgSs RV gSs, FysVs[j [s VgS Rs[ gSs Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV[
gSs RVgSs VNRPy [VsR \sVs xtsQys sNSLRisVV[s NRPWxqs sRVRV A
RVLkiRVV\s Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV.
3) xtsQsV : RVry` yj NSLRiWRLi yzqss @sy RsW dLi sy
sR[ c B @sRLi* @sRLi z R` RVLkiRVLi*
yRLRisVV : @LiRVss yj NSLRi WRsVVgS, @sR RVs[ RsVxqsV=
dLRiWxms\sVs sR RVRsV @gRix sVV RVLkiRVVsRVLiRV [s[ [R V NRPsVNRP
176

RVLkiRVVRV "@sRLi' @s RVRVsV. (@sgS RR*sVV RVNRPFso @s[j

@Rs RVLiRV [R s @LiR sVV).
4) xtsQsV : @R Gs @xqs*xmsLi RssVR y*` @sy gRixxqs* RVryR
@sRsV @xqs*xmsLi Rry` @Li @\Q*RLi RVLkiRVLi AysLi VR [ Ry**
yRLRisVV : NSsos RVLkiRVVRV "@xqs*xmssVV'. @LiRVss @sygRixsVV
[syRV. G NSLRisVV [s @sR ss @RRV @sVV, @lgi[ @RRV j*dRVsVV
[s @\Q*R\sVs RVLkiRVVRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : ysVgS FsLjigjisxmsoRV, Rs sxqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV s[VsVsV. Rs xqs*LRiWxms
\sVs RVLkiRVVTs RVNRP, @gRixLi ss s[s V soRs @sVN]s, gRi` xqs*xms
sVs[ @sygRixsVV][ NRPWTsyRV, RssV ysVgS RVLkiRVVTgS VxqsVN]ss
xmsoRV @gRixLi @sygRixLi [s, @\Q*R\sVs RVLkiRVVTgS s[VsVsV.

ARs sy @sy ssL][ ssLRiRXzts Q Gs

ARRVLiRV sR @sR ssLRisVVV lLiLiRW ssLRiRXzts Q[V. BR
NSLjiNRPRVLiRV "@yj sVRVRW xqsVxms:' @s sWRV[R NRPgjis @yj NSxmssX
ss sjLiRV, "RVy y xmsVR[' soRV s[VsV[ (ARssVV
F~LiRV[) "@Li @\Q*RLi VR[ Ry' xmsoVNRP[s @\Q*RsVVsV F~LiRVRLRisVsj
NS sZaP[xtsQs VV][, [R sZaP[xtsQs VV NRPgjisRsVsj xqsLjiNSRV. sVLji GgRi? GLiRVNRPsgS
RVLkiRVsVV [aPR NSssVR s VV][ NRPWTsj NRPRV. @yNRPXR AR[V GxmsVRW
[aPR NRPdRVRV. @lgi[ RVLkiRVsVLiRV GgRi NRPVRVLRiVRVLij? @sgS BNRPR aRPLiNRP
GsVsgS RVLkiRV[R , gRiR [aPR NSsVV[ LRiVgRiVRVsj NRPy? ksNTP
xqssWyssVVc [aPR NSV sWRW NSLRisVV. [aPR NSssVR s VV][ NRPsRVRVs,
s, yaRPssVV lLiLiRW sVRW xqs*xmssVV s[. G\lgi[ xqs*xmssVV[ @s
ssLRisVVV A xqs*xms [aPR NSRVLiRV ][ssW, ][[ xqs*xmssVV [aPR NSsVV[
][R V [R V. s[VsgSs[ [aPR NSsVV yj LRiWxms ssLRisVV j RsVgRiVsV.
@gRi VxqsVN]sV sLRi s Ws, sxtsQ` NSsVVsV @}msOTPQLiRNRP y xqs*LRiWxmssVV
GxmsVRW sR s[Vss xqs*LRiWxmssVs VxqsVN]sV[V [aPR NS @dR\sVs
RVLkiRWsV ssVV NRPVgRiV BR LRixxqssVV. kss[ xmsLiTRVV BgRi FyLiR V.
177

"[aPR NSR xqsLiy a[ S L[ ][x NSLRiR: ysVRssVRgiR Li y sLi @sLi

@xqsQR:' (\s.zqs. 4c58) [aPR sVV, NSsVV ssVR s VV sVVR\ss @LiRsVV [sjgS
sossW, @s @s NSLRisVVgRisVNRP, @sR][s[ DRsQQ\sVsLiRVs, xqsLRi*sVVsNRPW
ryOTPQgS sos xmsLRisWLiR Q\sVs RVLkiRWRNRPV [aPR NSRV xqsLiLiR sVV NRPVgRiVNRPV
ryR sVV [s LiRVs, ssVV @s xmszqsj ][ zqsR sVgRiVRVsV @ssVVsV
ssVVsV RgiR sVV [R V[R s NSs, R NRP\sVs ssVV NRPVgRi[R s NSs xmsVNRPV
ryR sVV NSRV. NSsos RVLkiRVsVVsNRPV s, @ssVV (sR @sy) ssLRi
sVV gRiRRXzts Q[V gSs, yxqss sVVgS RVLkiRVsVLiRV @sR @sR lLiLiRW [s o.
@syLjiNRP : NSLjiNRP (1c17)
xtsQsV : xmsxmsLiR ssXyQ[` xmsVR [ c @ssX[ xmsxmsLi[ NRPRLi @\Q*RLi?
B DR[
yRLRisVV : xms[R ss xmsxmsLiRsVV ssLjiL iRV ryR Q\sV[ xmsxmsLiRsVV
ssLjiL iRV [[, GgRi @\Q*RsVV zqsj LiRVsV @sVyss xmsRVRVsj c

NSLjiNRP (1c17)
xmsxmsLi][ RVj s[R sslLi[ R s xqsLiaRPRV:*
sWRWsWRsVRLi \ Q*RLi @\Q*RLi mx sLRisWLiR R:** 17 **
yRLRisVV : xmsxmsLiRsVVs][ ]gjiFgRiRV. @LiRV xqsLiaRPRVs[V [R V. NSs A \Q*R
sVV (xmsxmsLiRsVV) sWRVsVRs[V, @\Q*Rs[V xmsLRisWLiR sVV.

xmsxmsLiR xmssRVyR @sRLRisV

1) xtsQsV : xqsRs[VsLi ry` xmsxmsLiR: RVj s[R* LRi*Li xqsLRi Bs
NRPRy*` s RV xqs sR[* sRsWsZaP[` sslLi[ R c s xqsLiaRPRV:*
yRLRisVV : @j ss[V VxmsVRV? xmsxmsLiRsVV yxqss sVVgS sosQ^ [. (NSs
xmsxmsLiRsVVVVNRP sosNTP) yRVRVLiRV NRPR xqsLRisVV s[ sosj NRPsVNRP, xmsLRi
sWLiR sVVgS xmsxmsLiRsVV [R V @ xmsxmsLiRsVV ssLjiL i dLRiVsV. xqsLiaRPRVsVV [R V.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : RVLkiRVsVV xms[R sV [R VV[R @gRixsVV, @sygRixsVV,
sxmsLSxqssVV ]gjiFgS @\Q*RsVV RVRVRVsj gSs xmsxmsLiRsVV @gRi
178

]gjiFso [R V NRPy ? ARs [R NRPgjisxmsoRV xmsxmsLiRsVV ]gjiFLiVVssW,

xmsxmsLiRsVV @lgi[ sosj NRPy! @j ssLjiL iRV [R V NRPy! sVLji @\Q*RLi FsgRi
zqsj LiRVsV? @sV xmsaRPNRPV yV NSLjiNRP (1c7) "GNSR xmsRRVryLRiLi,
xmsxmsLi][xmsaRPsVLi, aSsL i, bPsLi, @\Q*RLi' @s zmssj. xmsxmsLiRsVs[j DxmsaRPsVLi
LiRgS, aSLiR\sVs, @\Q*Rxqs*LRiWxms\sVs RVLkiRVVRV RVRVsV. gSs sVLiRsVR
@j NSLRiVNRPV xmsxmsLiRsVV @lgi[ sosRs ][R VsV. kss RxmsVgS @LiR Li [xqsVN]s
BRLRi ysNSLRiVV ARsLi NRPgjis zmsRxms aRPs, sVss, sj yxqs
RWs. aSxqsQ sLi NRPgjissV @j xmsL][OPR Q ssVs @lgi[ @xmsL][OPR Q sLi
NRPVgRiVNRPV sLji*NRP xqssWj s F~Lij @NRP[ xmsxmsLiRsVV ]gji RVLkiRVsVV
RVRVsV @s N]LiRLRiV \Q*RVV |msRLRiV. sVLji N]LiR sVLij aSxqsQ sLi
NRPgjis RLRiVyR @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNSLRisVs[ "JLi'NSLRisVV][ DFyxqss RWs,
@xmso[ xmsxmsLiRsVV ]gjiFsoss |msRLRiV. xmsxmsLiRsVV ]gSs @Li[ aRPLkiLRisVV][
NRPlgi[ gRiyj @sxqs V ]gS, ysNTP sVLRisLiRLRisVV gRiyj @sxqs V
]VgRiVsV NRPsVNRP, @xmso[ sWORPQs VV F~LiRVysVs sVLjiN]LiR sVLij |msRLRiV. BgRi
xmsxmsLiRsVV ]gjiLiRVNRPV @s[NPR sVLij @s[NPR ryR sV zmsyLRiV.

sxqsVR : xmsxmsLi][ s Gs @zqs

xmsxmsLiRsVV ]gjiLiRVNRPV ryR s RWs @Li[, BxmssLRiNRPV ryR NRPVRV gSs,
sWORPQs VVN][lLi[ sVVsVVORPVso gSs [R s @LiR sVV. INRPs[ @Li ryR NRPVRV soLiT soLi[
, xmsxmsLiRsVV FsxmsV][ ]gjiFszqssj. ][[ xmsxmsLiRsVV ]gjiLiRV RVsVyss
xqsVORPQ sVVgS VxqsVN]y. j*dRVsVsgS xmsxmsLiRsW? INRPs[ xmsxmsLiR\sV[, yss
]gjiLiRV ryR Li NSRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS "RV` LRiW}ms RVsbPRLi R` LRiWxmsLi s
sRLRi' [V\[ saRPRVsVVgS, FsxmsVRW soLiRV[ @j sWLRiV LiRRV. [V\[
sRLjiLiRV[ @j FsxmsRW soLiRRV, @j @xqsRLi. gSs [V\[ sWLRiVLiR][
@j xqsRLi. NSsos xmsxmsLiRsVV xqsRQ\sV[ FsxmsVRW soLiy, @j ]gjiFNRPWRRV.
NSgS xmsxmsLiRsVLiRV NRPVgRiVRVs sWLRiVsV gRisk R lLiLiRV sR sVVVgS
xmsTsj. 1) yj ][ yaRPsLisVV Li[j 2) sVLRisVV][ @RLiNRPLigS yaRPssVV
Li[j . sVVR sWLRiV xmsxmsLiRsVLiRV sos xmsNRPX RVs[ xmsLiR WRsVVsV
179

DxmsWgjiLi y OUPQR NRPVgRiVsV. DyxLRiNRPV FsLRiVsoV DxmsWgjiLiRV ss,

WsV ryLRisVV OUPQLiRVsV. @j NRP NSVxtsQsVV ss yRVVso ryLRiLi OUPQLiRVsV
BgRi sWLRiV LiRVRW soLiRVsV. @lgi[ sVLRiLi NRPWy Li, Rs*sLi,
yLiR NS s[ INRP sWLRiV. @lgi[ xmsxmsLiRsVV NRPWy sWLRiV][ NRPWRVN]sj. gSs
@Li xmsxmsLiRsVV FsgRi ][R VRVsj? xmsxmsLiRsVV sosRsVNRPV AyLRiLi Gj @s
syLjiLiRgS, @j BLijRW[ RVs RVRVsV. aRP , xqsLRi+, LRixqs, LRiWxms gRiLiR
sVV][ NRPWRVN]s xmsLiRsVV s[LijRW][ RVRVRVss. s[LijRW
[R xmsxmsLiRsVVsRsVNRPV xmssWs[VsVs syLji}qs s[LijRWV xmssWV
NSso. FsLiRVss @sgS xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sos xmsLiR WRsVV][s[ s[LijRWV
xmsoss. @Li zmsVgS sos s[LijRWV, RgS sos xmsxmsLiRsVVsV
xqsRs[VRVs VxmsosV NRPy! @LiRVss C s[LijRWV ][R VNRPV,
syLjiLiRVNRPV sVs}qs= NRPy xmssWLi, A sVsxqsV=NRPV xmssWsVV s[s s[ ysV
soLiy. xtsQ` xmssWsVV\s xmsRQOPR Q @sVsWyj xmssWsVV [R
xmsxmsLiRsVVsRsVNRPV AyLRiLi [VsV? aRPV zmssVgS ARsVLiT ANSaRPsVV,
ANSaRPsVVsVLiT yRVVso, BgRi xmsoRVsVNRPV [V [aPR Li[, [V NSsVV[ AR
soLiT, A [aPR Li[ A NSsVV[ ANSaSRVV xmsoRVs xmsVNRPV NRPVRVLRiV][Lij?
INRP sxqsVs o sVLiT, sVL][VVNRP sxqsVs o xmsosRsgS [aPR NS ssysLi soLiy.
syLji}qs [aPR NSV s[s V][ FyV xmsxmsLiRsVV[s[ ][R VRVyLiVV, NSsos.
xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV NRPVT [aPR NSV ][R VRVyLiVV. xqs*xmsLi[ sos [aPR NSV A
xqs*xms xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV, sVVNRPVs[ ][[ [aPR NSV sVVNRPVsNRPV NRPVT soyLiVV.
[aPR NSV AR RVLiRV gSs, AR[ gSs [s[ [s o. INRPs[ [aPR NS[ AR
sosRss AR xmsLjis VRVgS RVRVsV. sVLji aRPV zmssV xmsxmsLiRsVV
FsgRi xmsosRs syLji}qs, ryyLRi RXzts Q][ xmsxmsLiRsVVsRs @sVN]sVRVy
sVV gRisVNRP, AL][xms RXzts Q][ ARsVLi xmsxmsLiRsVV xmsosRs @sVN]sVRVysVV.
NSsos xmsxmsLiRsVV[ soLiT, xmsxmsLiRsVV[ xmsos sVsxqsV= BLijRVsVV y*LS,
xmsxmsLiRsVV VVNRP DsNTPs syLjiLiRV ryR sVV NSRV. sVLji xmsxmsLiRsVVsV FsgRi
syLjiLiy? @sgS s[s VgS, sVs ryOTPQ @sV ssVV][ syLjiLiy AyNRP,
180

Aj \sNRP, Aj NRP sVs[ sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVV, sVVNRPVss[ gRiRRVLiRV

sFsoRVsj @sVyss syLji}qs, xmsxmsLiRsVV VVNRP sosNTP RVRVRVLij.
xqs*xmsLi[ ][[ xmsxmsLiRsVV sVVNRPVs[ [R V, @lgi[ sVVNRPVs[ ][[
xmsxmsLiRsVV xqs*xmsLi[ [R V. @xqsV C sVVNRPVs xmsxmsLiRsVV, xqs*xms xmsxmsLiRsVV
xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV [s[ [s o, @s G @sV ssVV][ sVssVV syLjixqsVysW, @[ ryOTPQ
@sV sLi. A ryOTPQ @sV ssVV xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV s[LiR VgSsoLiT, aRPLkiLSRVV BLijRW
][ xqs sVVRL i xmsxmsLiys[ syLjixqsVs j. xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sos BLijRWV y
xmsLjij y, sVVRL i sVVNRPVs xmsxmsLiRsVV, xqs*xms xmsxmsLiRsVV FsNRPR ][R VRVsj?
@sV ssVV [xms, [NPR @sV sLi RVy! [xms RVRVs[ [aPR NSV ][[
xmsxmsLiRsVV[ soyLiVV. @sV ysNTP xmsxmsLiysNTP sVR [ [aPR NSV [s o.
@LiRVss @sV ssVLi[ xmsxmsLiRsVV ][R VRVsRsVsj xqsLji\Vsj NSRV, sVLji
Gj xqsLji\Vsj @sgS @sV ss[V xmsxmsLiRsVVgS ][R VRVsj. xmsxmsLiRsVV ][R V
RVsj, RVRVRVsRsVNRPV y @sV ss[V AyLRisVV gSs BNRPR NRPWy
syLji}qs xmsxmsLiRsVVsj, ][R VRVsj @s xqssVNSLi[ @sV sLi[ soLiRsVV.
y\ss @sV ssVV[ sosxmsoRV xmsxmsLiRsVV ][R RV. ZNP[s Li [ R N]LRiNRPV, bPxtsvTNTP,
ds @sV sLi[ RWxqsVN][, xmsxmsLiRsVV ds @sV ssVLi[ ][R VRVsj, LSNRPFNRP][
NRPWTsosRs FyLiR V gSs, sLigS syLji}qs xmsxmsLiRsVV][[ xqssVNSLi[
@sV sLi[ soLiRsVV. @sV sLi[ sosxmsoRV xmsxmsLiRsVV ][R RV "s @LiR; xmsLi,
s ztsQ xmsLi, s DRVR: xms, s xmss xmsn VsLi, s xmsLi, s @xmsLi.' BgRi
@sLis syLjiLi s}tsQj LiRgS @sV sLi[ soysVV NRPy! @LiRVss
xmsxmsLiRsVVsV s}tsQj LiRNRP @sV ssVVLiRRV. @sgS @sV ssVVsV sR, JNRPryLjigS
xmsxmsLiRsVVgS @LiVVFysVV. @sV ys sR C xmsxmsLiys Ezrys VsVsj
NSRV. @sV ss[V xmsxmsLiRsVVgS ][R VRVsRsVsj xqsLji\Vsj. FsLiRVNRPsgS
@sV ssVVgS sVgji xmsxmsLiRsVV ][R RV. xtsQsVV[ zmssV "LRi*Li xqsLRi Bs
NRPRy*` sRV xqs sR[' xmsxmsLiRsVVVVNRP sosNTP yRVRVLiRV FysVV s[
NRPRsVV. @sgS yRVRVs RVNRP FysVVgS NRPR\sVsj, ][sj. Rs
xqs*LRiWxms\sVs @sV ssVs[ RVLkiRVLi RVNRP xmsxmsLiRsVVgS ][R VRVsj. BNRPR
181

yRVRVLiRV FysVV ][R V yRV dsVR, yRV [xms yRV RV FysVV

][R VRVs @LiR sVV NSRV yRVRVs RVNRP FysVV ][R VRVsj. yRV FysVVgS
][R VNRPV [aPR NS ssyssVV [R V. @lgi[ y\ss @sV ssVVsNRPV, xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV
[aPR NS ssyssVV [R V. xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV s[lLi[ DsNTP [R V. V\lgi[ yRVsV dsT
FysVVNRPV s[lLi[ DsNTP [][, @sgS yRV VVNRP DsNTP[V FysVVgS ][R V[, @lgi[
Rs VVNRP DsNTP[V xmsxmsLiRsVVgS ][R VRVsj. INRP s[ FysVV yRVNRPy
@sLigS soLi[, FysVVsV. FysVVgS ][sxmsoRV, FysVVsV FsgRi ]gjiLiRgRisVV?
@lgi[ C xmsxmsLiRsVV INRP s[ sos][, yss ssLjiL iRsRV. ys[ [V
xqsLiaRPRVsVV [R V. @LiRVss A RVLkiRVVRs[ xqs*LRiWxmssVV NRPy xmsxmsLiRsVV s[LiR VgS
sos][ xmsxmsLiys ]gjiLiRsRVsV. @sV ss[V xmsxmsLiRsVVgS ][R VRVsj.
@sgS xmsxmsLiRsVV s[LiR VgS [R V, INRP s[ sos][ yss ]gjiLiRsRV.
2) xtsQsV : s z LRi*Li sVy NRPR xqsLRi: sRsWs: xqss, ss[NPR R:
ssXR: e s R sWRW sWRWsy xmsRVVNS RR Lji+yLi RORPVLRiLiyxmsgRis[V
sRsWy xqsd ssXye
yRLRisVV : Li Vj ss ZNP[s NRPR\sVsj, ][s FysVV, ss[NPR sVV][
]gjiFRV, @lgi[ gSLRiT ys[ xmsRLji+Lis sWRWRXaRPsVV, RW[yLji\|ms
xmsWgjiLis NRPsNRPV sR DxmsxqsLixLjissV, RW[yLjiNTP RWzqss sWRWRXaRPsVV
ssLjiL ixmsRV NRPy!
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : Li ]gjissV xqsQX LRiWxmsNRPLigS sVsxqsV=[ Li soLiRVsV NRPy!
@s ks yRLRisVV. xmsxmsLiRsVV[ ][[ LiRVV xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sos sVsxqsV=[
xqsQX LRiWxmsNRPLigS soLiRVsV. gSs sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVs[j ][R VNRPV xqsQX FsgRi
NRPVRVLRiVRVLij? Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs @sV ys gRiVLjiL iRNRP Fso[V xmsxmsLiRsVV.
NSsos xmsxmsLiRsVV @sV ysNTP xqsQX NSRV. yRVgS gRiVLjiL iRNRP FysVVgS ][R V
Fsg][ @lgi[ xqs*LRiWxmssVV RVNRP xmsxmsLiRsVVgS ][R VRVsj.
3) xtsQsV : Ry BRLi xmsxmsLiyLi sWRWsWRLi \ Q*RLi* LRis`
sWRWssR @\Q*RLi xmsLRisWLiR R:* Rry` s NRPbP` xmsxmsLiR: xmssXR: ssX][ y
@zqs c BRFyRV:**
182

yRLRisVV : C xmsxmsLiRsVV sWRWRXaRPsVV, @LiRVss @j \Q*RsVV. gSs

ZNP[s yRVs, gSLRiUys s[, @\Q*Rs[V xmsLRisWLiR Q\sVsj NSsos xmsxmsLiRsVV
VVNRP xmssXgSs, ssXgSs [s s @FyRVsVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : yRV yRVgS soLiT xqsLRi*sVV ][R VsV, @lgi[ gSLRiUyRV RsNRPs
@sLigS sWRW RXaRPLi NRPLisV. @LiRVss sWRWLRiWxms\sVs xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV
ssXgSs, xmssXgSs [s o. BLijRVsVVV xmsxmsLiyLiRLiR RsVV. @LiRVss y][
xmsxmsLiRsVV syLjiLiRV NRPVRLRiRV. [V @sV sLi][ aRPLkilLi[LijRWV g][R LjixqsVyW
A @sV ssVV][, aRPLkilLi[LijRW][ qx s sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVVsV syLjiLiy. @gRi
syLji}qs yRVRVLiRV FysVVs[, sWRWs RVLiRV sWRWRXaRPsVV s[, Rs
@sV ssVLiRV xmsxmsLiRsVV ][R VRVsRs RVRVsV. @Li[ gSs xmsxmsLiRsVV
sRV gSs Fso gSs NSRV. sWRWs sWRVs, LSsW[R V FsW[R V. RW}qs
RWxmsLRiVNRPV sWRVRVs zqsssV, Fs\lgi[ sWRV NRPgjixqsVyRs[ D a[ PR sVV][
RWRVRVyL][, @lgi[ ARsVV sLigS xmsxmsLiRsVVsRs RWRLRiV. NRPR\sVs
yss sxmsLSxqssVV FsgRi NRPgjiLiRs ss[NPR sVV][ syLjiLi yss ]gjiLiRLRiV.
@LiRVss xmsxmsLiRsVV sNTP LiR sVV NSRV GLiRVNRPW? A xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV
sWRWs sWRVs, @j xmssXgSs ssXgSs [sRs s ss[NPR sVV
NRPgjisoLiRVsV.
@syLjiNS c NSLjiNRP (1c18)
xtsQsV : ssV aSry aSxqsQLi bPxtsQ: B @RVLi sNRP: NRPRLi ssXR: B? DR[
yRLRisVV : C sNRPsVV FssLji[R \sssV NRPR\sVRVVLis[s ssXR s VgRiV RVLi
Tj. Dxms[aSLiR sVV C ssLRis[V gSs ARsV zqsN]ssxmsoRV \Q*RsVV [s[[R V.

NSLjiNRP (1c18)
sNRP[ ssslLi[ R NRP][ RVj ZNP[s `*
Dxms[aSRRVLi yR: [ \ Q*RLi s sR[** 18 **

xqsLRi*sVVNTP xmsxqsLigRi yLRisV

1) xtsQsV: sNRP: ssslLi[ R RVj ZNP[s ` NRPRry=Q`* RVy7RVLi xmsxmsLiR:
183

sWRW LRi xqsLRis` Ry7RVLi bPuyj [ R sNRP[7zms FyN`P xms [y` Gs

Dxms[aPR ssVR: * @R: Dxms[aS` @RVLiyR: bPxtsQ: aSry aSxqsQLi B*
Dxms[aPR NSlLi[ RV s[ ssX[, [ xmsLRisWLiR R[Q * \ Q*RLi s sR[*
yRLRisVV : Vss[ NRPLiRTssV, A sNRPsVV sbPLi dLRiVsV. Fs\lgi[ C
xmsxmsLiRsVV, gSLRiURXaRPLi, yRVRVLiRV FysVVs @xqsRsW, @lgi[ C bPuyj
[ R sNRPsVV NRPWy s xmspLRi*NRPsVVgS sVVLiRV Dxms[bPLiRV N]LRiNRPV NRPLiRTs
j. Dxms[aPR s [R ssLjiL ixmsgS, ys xmsn sVgRiV xmsLRisWLiR RR*sVV zqsLixmsgS,
\Q*RsVVLiRRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : Dxms[aPR sVV N]LRiNRPV gRiVLRiV, aSxqsQLi, bPxtsvRsV \Q*R ssLRisVVgSs,
ARsV VxqsVN]sVNRPV \Q*Rs[V [R V. AR sVs xqs*LRiWxms\sVsj NRPsVNRP VxqsV
N]sV @sVs[ NRPVRLRiRV. Dxms[bPLiRV N]LRiNRPV "s[s V ByTs'sV sR* Li][,
DFyj NRPWTsyRs Dxms[bPLiRLRiV gSs, Dxms[aPR sVV sWRsVV @sV ss[V.
@sV ysNTP DFyj [R V. sVLji gRiVLRiVso @NRPR DFyj ][ [j ryR V NRPy?
@sVN]ssyTNTP DFyj ]RVRVsj gSs, gRiVLRiVso sWRLi ysV DFyj ][
NRPWRVN]s [j xqsVyss @sVN][R V. gRiVLRiVso NRPWy DFyj RVsV Lis sR
@sV ys [j LiRgRiRV. @lgi[ bPxtsvRV NRPWy DFyj RVsV Lis sR
@sV ys gRiVLjiL iRgRiRV. DFyj ][ soLiW s[s[ aRPLkiLRisVVs @sVN]syRV
@sV ys gRiVLjiL iR[R V. DFyj NRPRsVs ys Li ]gjisxmso[, @sV ys
gRiVLjiL iRgRiLRiV. @gRi sosxmsV[ gRiVLRiVso bPxtsvRs[ BR LRiW @sV ssVV[s[
soLiLRiV. BNRPR gRiVLRiVso bPxtsvT @sR ]gjiLiRV xqssVNSLi[s[, [V sR][ [R
[}qs[ @j NRPWy ]gRiVsV. FsLiRVNRPsgS sR @sRRVsV lLiLiRW [V
@sV ssVV][ [j xqsVysW, A @sV ssVLi[ ]gjiFsosV. rysWsLigS
[NPR Li[ NRPWy sxtsQR VsVV VxqsVN]s RLRiVyR, RVRV, RVVssV lLiLiRW
]gjiFsosV NRPy! BNRPR [R s [zqs Dxms[aPR sVs[ s[R @sgS "s @LiR: xms,
s ztsQxms, s DRVR: xms, s xms, s @xms....' BgRi xms}tsQR xmspLRi*NRPLigS
soLiRVsV. BLiR DsR\sVs Dxms[aPR sVV sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVVsV s}tsQR xmspLRi*NRPsVVgS
VxmsosV NSsos bPxtsvRV NRPWy s[s V yj @sgS s[s V BVsLi yTs
184

xmsxmsLiRsVV[ xmso [ yTs, RsF[VyTs, s[s V @VRssV xmsLjis sVV [s

y\, @lgi[ Bj yjRVsV, y xmsoRVRV, y R sLi, y LRi BgRi yj yRsV
xmsLjis ssVV [s y\, xqssVxqs NRP\sVs sxtsQR V ygRisVV [zqssy\,
LSNRPFNRP][ NRPWTs xmsxmsLiRsVVsV sR, xmsxmsLiRsVV[ xqsV RV:sVVV, Fyxms
xmsosVVV, R LSR LRisVVsV sR, s[s V FssLjis? yNRPV BsLiRVNRPV
NRPVgRiVRVyRVs VxqsVN]s[LiRVNRPV bPxtsvRV xmsRVRLi [zqssxmsoRV, gRiVLRiVso
Dxms[aPR sVV NRPWy A ryLiVV[ @LiR Li NSgRiRV. @LiRVss bPxtsvRV NRPLRi WgRisVV][
NRPWTs y\, A NRPLRiRVLiRV [VxmsWssVV RWRNRP, sLij xmsR Lij, [NPR Li.
[NSLiRLSV, xqs*LSj [NSV, Bx xmsLRi[NPR yLiR sV sRsxmsoRV A ssVV
NRPgjis bPxtsvTNTP gRiVLRiVso Dxms[bPLiRV N]LRiNRPV NRPR\sVs DFyj s {qs*NRPLjiLiRVsV.
@sgS gRiVLRiVsoNRPV @xmssLRiNRPV DFyj [R s NSRV, @RsNTP DFyj ][y @j Rs
DFyj gS RyRssVV LiRRV. @RsNTP ZNP[s Li s V [ soLiRVsV. sVLji gRiVLRiVso
DFyj ][ FsgRi [j ryR V? @sgS yRVy NRPsV dsso NSRV, A NRPsVsV NRPWy
VxqsVN]s xqs*LRiWxmsLi dsj BgRi Rs NRPsV][ bPxtsvTs RWzqs, A NRPsVs syLji,
A NRPsV ARNSRV, A NRPsVs RWzqs VxqsVN]s sVs}qs= ARRVs, bPxtsvTNTP
NRPsVRVLiRV sos "yNRPsV' @sV @sWssVV ]gjiLi, sVsxqsV= RgiR LRiNRPV
bPxtsvTs dxqsVNRPVFsosV. @lgi[ @s BLijRWV syLjiLi ys VxqsVN]s[
sVsxqsV= NRPWy dsso NSRs [j LiRVsV. A sVsxqsV=sV NRPWy syLjiLi[ xqs*LRiWxmssVV
dsjRVs VxmsosV. BgRi gRiVLRiVso Rs BLijRWV, sVsxqsV=s |msVN]s bPxtsvT
BLijRWV sVsxqsV=sV ]gjixqsW, gRiVLRiVso Rs BLijRWV sVsxqsV=sV NRPWy
]gjiLiRV N]LiRV. BgRi s}tsQR xmspLRi*NRPLigS A [R [R VVsV. @LiRVss
Dxms[bPLiRV N]LRiNRPV gRiVLRiVso, bPxtsQRs[ DFyj , @lgi[ aSxqsQsVs[ sNRPsVVV gSs
yxqss sVVgS @NRPR DFyj sosRs NSRV. @sxqs V ]gjiLi, @sxqs s[ sVW[
sos xmsxmsLiRsVVsV ]gjiLi, C lLiLiTs [j Li[ gRiVLRiVso, A gRiVLRiVso Dxms[aPR Li
F~Lijs bPxtsQRsV DFyj s NRPWy ]gjiLi, Dxms[aPR # \sVs aSxqsQsVVsV NRPWy
]gjiLiRRVRVsj. A Dxms[aPR # \sVs s[R ssLjiL iRgS, Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs
@sV ssVLiRV BjNSRV, BjNSRV @s[ aSxqsQ yNRPsVVV, gRiVLRiVso, bPxtsQRsV sVWRV
185

]gji, xmsLRisWLiR RR*sVs[ RVLkiRVsVV \Q*RsVV [s @\Q*RsVVgS soLiRVsV. ksNTP

DyxLRi, sVxqsNRP dNRP[ sWLiR Li[ yRVRVLiRV FysVV ][R gS sVLjiVVNRP ryLji,
Rs LiRLRiV][ RWzqs, @j FysVV NSRV yRVRVs [j LixmsgS @xmsoRV Bj FysVV
NSRV y[ @s VxqsVN]s[yRV, zmssyRV, A LiRLRiV C sVWRV ]gji
sosj y[ @s VxqsVN]sVgS, gRiVLRiVso, bPxtsvRV, aSxqsQsVs[ NRPRsVVV
]gRigS sosj RVLkiRVs[V. ROTPQsVWLji rRLi[ zmssVgS "CaRP*L][
gRiVLRiVLS[ sVWLji [ R sgjis[, [sVs` yxms [RV ROTPQ sVWLRi [V
ssV:' xmsLRisWR[V gRiVLRiVso, bPxtsvRV, soRV, CaRP*LRiVRsV sgRisVV][ ]ssW
A sLi F~Lijs zmsRxms, A sVVgiR VLRiW, A RVLkiRV xqs*LRiWxmso\s ROTPQsVWLji [V.
BR sVLjiVVNRP syLRiLi NRPWy [R Vszqssosj. Rs @sV s\sVs AR
xqs*LRiWxmssVV [R N]LRiNRPV xmsxmsLiRsVV[, ssLRisVV[ Ljilgi[ xqsLixmsn VsVgS xms[
yRVRVLiRV FysVV, sVVRxmsoxms RVLiRV sLiT, FsLiRsWsoRVLiRV dsLRiV
sVVsgRiV DxmssWssVVV NRPWy NRPVRLRiso. FsLiRV NRPsgS "AR' @s[j xmsxmsLiRsVV,
xmsxmsLiRsVV[ ][[ xqsNRP RXaRPLSbPs VxqsVN]s[ \Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV, @Li
xqs*LRiWxmssVVsV xmsxmsLiRsVV[ NRPlgi[ DxmssW ssVV][ [R NRPVRLRiRV. FysVV, sLiT,
dsLRiV @s[s sVs xqsQX[ soss NRPsVNRP @s yRV, sVVRxmsoxms, FsLiRsWs
RVLiRV Li NRPVgRiVsV. gSs xmsxmsLiRsVV @sV ysNTP xqsQX NSRV NRPy! xqsQX
RVs[j , xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sos sVsqx sV=NRPV NRPlgi[ sxtsQR VsVV, @\lgi[ @sV ssVLiRV
xmsxmsLiRsVV FsgRi ][R VsV? @sV yss BRLRi ysNSLRiVV syLjiLiRNRP
RVLkiRVsVs[ xqsQX sVsxqsV=NRPV xqsLiLij LisRs syLRi N]srygjiLiyLRiV. yLji
RXzts Q[ "s[s V' C aRPLkilLi[LijRW][ NRPWRVN]s yTs, C aRPLkiLRisVV][ gRiR,
xqs*xmssVV xqsVxtsvzms F~LiRVRVysVV. @LiRVss s[s V sRF[V sVVLiRVsos
xmsxmsLiRs[V sVd s[Vs RLRiVyR @[ xmsxmsLiRsVV g][R LjixqsVs Rs. @s ss,
By, lLi[xmsoRVs[ sVVNRPVssV xmsLjis LigS syLjiryLiR V. NSs @j s[yLiR
syLRisVV NSRV. sVLji GsVsgS ss, By, lLi[xmso @s[j sVVNRPVs RXzts Q][ INRP[
NRPy! @lgi[ sVVNRPVs[ ][[ xmsxmsLiRsVV NRPWy gRiR[s[ ][R VsV NRPy!
@LiRVss ss, By, lLi[xmso RVs[ sVVRL i sVVNRPVsgS, sVVRL i gRiRgS, sVVRL i
186

xmsxmsLiRsVVgS syLjiLiy. @xmsoRV A sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVV, Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs

@sV ysNTP RVRVsV, gSs xmsxmsLiRsVV[ soLiT By, lLi[xmso, ss @s
syLji}qs @NRPR xmsLjis QQ\sVs sVs}qs= xmssLjiL iRVsV. @LiRVss xmsLRisWLiR sLiR RVLi
N]LRiNRPV sVVRL i xmsxmsLiRsVVsV RXzts Q[ |msVN]s syLjiLiy. gRiR RXzts Q][,
xqs*xmssV NRPRVs @ysVV gSs, yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs xqs*xms xqssVNSLi[ @k
gRiR[V NRPy! @LiRVss @sV sRXzts Q][ xmsxmsLiRsVV syLjiLisxmsoRV, ysV
RsRVLiRV xmsxmsLiRsVV @sVsj NRPVRLRiRV, ys[ xmsxmsLiRsVVsVVgS @sVsj NRPVRVLRiVsV.
@LiRVss xmsxmsLiRsVV xmsxmsLiRsVVgS xqsRLi NSRV, xmsLRisWLiR sVVgS xqsRLi. @sV s
xqs*LRiWxms\sVs xmsLRisWLiR Li sVLiT xmsxmsLiRsVV xmso[R V, NRPsVNRP @j xmsxmsLiR LRiWxmsNRPLigS
xqsRLi NSRV. V\lgi[ yRV sVLiT FysVV xmso[][ gSs Vj [ sos FysVV
yRVRVLiRV ][s][, @gRi xmsxmsLiRsVV Vj [ sosy RVs BNRPR xmsaRP.
syLji}qs A Vj NRPWy xmsxmsLiRsVV[s[ sosj. ysNTP xqsQX FsgRi NRPVRVLRiVRVLij?
@sV ss[V Rs xqs*LRiWxms\sV xmsxmsLiRsVVgS ][R VRVsj; @Li[gSs @sV ssVV,
@sV ysNTP xmsxmsLiRsVV BgRi lLiLiRW [s o. @LiRVss xmsxmsLiys @sV ssVV][
]gjiLiRgRisVV gSs Vj ][ ]gjiLiR[s VV. sVs @sV ssVV[ INRPxmsVRV ][,
s sVLjiVVNRPxmsVRV A xmsxmsLiRsVV [NPR VLiy FRVsj NRPsVNRP, @j ZNP[s Li
RVs, yss VxqsVN]s[ @sV sLi sR aRPVR VR sVVNRP xqs*LRiWxmso[ RVs, @RRV
NRPWxqs sRVRs RVRVsV. BR sVLjiVVNRP xmsaRP \Q*R xmsxmsLiRsVV ]gjisLiR
sWRsVVs @LiRLRiV AR xqs*LRiWxmso[ NRPsVNRP, @LiRLjiNTP sVVNTP NRPgS NRPy! @sV ysNTP
yV sosj. \Q*RsVV [R s VxqsVN]s yTNTP \Q*RsVV sVy LRiWxmsNRPLigS
][R VsV NSs, sLigS [s[ NRPy! @LiRVss ]gjiLiRVNRPV xmsRVRsVV gSs,
]gS @sV N][Lij NRP gSs, @j sosRs @sV ssVV NSs @sxqsLRisVV [R V.
ssLjiNRP RXzts Q][ syLjiLigS INRPTNTP yRV RVLiRV FysVs[ Li ]gjissV sVLji
INRPsNTP @[ Li NRPgRisRVsV NRPy RVsV aRPLiNRPNRPV yV [VsVsgS VsLjiNTP
@sy RXzts Q][ xmsxmsLiRsVV sosRs @sVN]sV[ yRV @sRsV ]gjiLiRVN][y
@LiRVss xmsxmsLiRsVV[ BLijRW][ NRPlgi[ @yxqs xmsLjis LigS, IN]NRPLjiNTP
IN]NRPLRiWxmsNRPLigS soLiRVsV. gSs xmsLRisWLiR sVLiRVs @sR @LiRLjiNTP xqssWss[V. Bj
187

xmsxmsLiRsVV, BNRPR sosj ksNTP mx sLRisW R s[LiR VgS soyRs A[R s[ @sR.
yss sR][ ]gjiLiRgS xmsLRisWRsV F~LiRVNRPV @sLigS [R V, Rs
xqs*LRiWxmssVVsV VxqsVN]sV[V xmsLRisWLiR Q\sVs @sV sLi @LiRVss @sR RVs[j
xmsLRisWLiR sVLiRV INRP[. @s[NPR sVV\s @sRV NSso.

@R JLiNSLRi sWy xmssgRi:

(DxmssxtsQ` )

@xts Qs V sVLiR:
r7RVsWy7R QOPR QLiR sWNSL][7j sWRLi
FyysWy sWyaRP Fyy ANSLRi DNSL][ sVNSLRi B** 8**
yRLRisVV : A C AR @RQOPR QLiR sVVgS (RWR) @j sWR\sVs JLiNSLRisVV FyRsVV
V sWRV, sWRV FyRsVVV. @NSLRisVV, DNSLRisVV, sVNSLRisVV Bs sWRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : sWLiRWNRP DxmssxtsQ` [ "JLi NSLRi'sVV DFyxqsy xmsLRiLigS Vxms[R V.
xmsNRPLRi @syLjiNRP[ "s[yLiyLiR xqsLigRix WRLi BRLi xmsNRPLRi RRVxts QR VLi' @s
xtsQNSLRiVV FyLRiV. VNRPy DFyxqsy xmsLRiLigS xms[R V, NSsos ss[NPR Li][
syLjiLiR szqss xmsNRPLRiLi Bj. sLRiVFyj NRP\sVs x RR*Li "JLi' @ORPQLiR Li VVNRP
syLRisVV [R VTsj. "JLi' @ORPQLiR Li sR sVgRiy G @ORPQLiR sVV][ zmsy A sxtsQ
RVLi DFyj ][ NRPWTsj. "JLi' LSsWRV ssV: @sxmsVRV DFyj ][ NRPWTRVVs
LSsV @sV aRP sVV "JLi' NRPV [T Li, LSsV @s[ [s RsV DFyxqss [R VTsj. gSs
ZNP[s "JLi' @s[ @ORPQLiR Li sLRiVFyR NRP\sVsj, @LiRVss yss ss[NPR \sLSgRisVV][
syLjiLiR szqs DLiRVsV. "JLi'NSLRi sVs[ xRR*Li VxmsVRW F~LiRT sosj
NRPsVNRP, yss F~LiRV N]LRiNRPV ys, yLRi, xqssWj ][ F~LiR[s VV. Bj NRPLRiQ XRLiR
sVV][ NRPWRVN]s VxqsV N]s[j NSRV. "rygSs[V sxts v Vj ' @sVsV NRPLRi
Ak sLi[ VxqsVN]s[ sxtsQR VLi NSRV. @gji FsxmsVRW s[T gS soLiRVsV, yss
@lgi[ VxqsVN][y yss RgS VxqsVN]sV dsVNSRV. sxqsVs osNRPV Ak s\sV
sxtsQR VLi [VxqsVN][y, @Li sxqsV RLiR\sVsj "JLi' @ORPQLiR sVV[ }ms
ARRR*Li. RR*Li FsgRisos][ @lgi[ VxqsVN][y. BR "@NSLRi',"DNSLRi',
188

"sVNSLRi'sVs[ @ORPQLiR sVV][ NRPWTsos "JLi'NSLRisVV syLRi NRPLRiQ XRLiRsVV s

][sxmsNTP , syLRi NRPLRiN PR V @k sLigS LRigRiRV. sVLji FsgRi? @sgS @NSLRi, DNSLRi,
sVNSLRi sVs[ x RR*sVVsj sosVgS Vxmso BNRPR sxqsVR LiR\sVsj.
ryyLRiLigS xqsLiryLRiVV [}qs DFyxqsy "JLi' @s[ @ORPQLiR Li][ NRPWTRVVs LSsV, NRPXxts Q,
bPs @s[ [s R DFyj ][ NRPWT soLiT, yss DFyxqss [}qs xqsLiryLjiNRP N][Lij NRPV, xmsn sVV
F~LiRgRiLRiV, gSs sLRiVFyj NRP\sVs "JLi' @s[ @ORPQLiR Li DFyxqss [}qs yxmsRRVLi][ NRPWT
sos xqsLiryLRiVNRPV, sos xmsn Li NRPWy FLiVV, @sLiR Li NRPlgi[ @sNSaRPsVVsj.
@LiRVss ZNP[s "JLi' @ORPQLiR sVV DFyxqss xqsLiryLRiVNRPV NRPVRLRiRV.

@ys FyR s[s ARsLiR ssV

1) xtsQsV: @ [ R V xmsys: JLiNSLRi: RRVuyyy B yR: RV:,
r7RVsWy @R QOPR QLiR Li @ORPQLiR Li @j NRPXR, @ys Fyys[s sLiR QsWs:
@R QOPR QLiR sV*
yRLRisVV : sVVR lLiLiRV sVLiRsVV[ @ [ R V xmsyssVVgS "JLi'NSLRisVV
RRVuy` ARgS ysLiRTsj. sVd A AR @RQOPR QLiR sVs, @ORPQLiR sVV
@j NRPLjiLi @sgS @ys FyyssVV][ "@RQOPR QLiR 'sVs sLij LixmsRVRVsj'
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : "JsV[RRORPQLiR sVRg`iiLi xqsLRi*' @s sVVR sVLiRsVLiRV "JLi NSLRisVV'
xmsLRi, @xmsLRix LRiWxmsNRPsVVgS @ORPQLiR s[V xqsLRi*sVs zms, xms[[Vj ys
Dxmsss[V RVs xmsxqsVLiRTsj. @xmsLRi x "JLiNSLRi' yRsVVgS JLi
NSLRiR*sVV, xmsLRixRVLiRV @ys, @ [ R V xmspLRi*NRPsVVgSs[, JLiNSLRisVVgS
@sVxqsLjiLi, JLiNSLRiR*sVV zmssj. BNRP lLiLiRs sVLiRsVLiRV "xqsLRi*g`i iLi
}R`x r@@RVRVRVR ` RRVuy`' @s zms @ys,
@yssVVsNRPV sORPQ LRiWxms\sVs xmsLRixsVV "JLiNSLRi'R*sVV][ slLi b[ PLi,
@ [ R V xmsyssVVgS yssVV [R VTsj. @ "JLiNSLRi'sVVsNRPV
RRVuyRsVV (sVgRiV FyRsVVV) ysLi. "@RVsWy x' A C
AR[V xsVs zms xmsLRi, @xmsLRisVV][ NRPWTs xqsLRi*sVV yVgRiVFyRsVVVgS
zmssj. NSsos sVVR JNRP, lLiLiRV sVLiRsVV[ "JLi' @sVsj @ [ R V
xmsysLigS @sgS x RR*LigS [R [zqs xqsxmss V sVLiRsVV[ AR "xqs Ay
189

qx ss [ R V:' @s sLij LiLij, @xts Qs VsVLiRsVV sVLiT @ys xmsyssVVgS @sgS

ysV xmsysLi sVLiyj NSLRiVNRPV xmsRVRVsj.

JLiNSLRi AR[ sWy:

2) xtsQsV : NTPLi xmsos: RRORPQLiR sV B A* JNSLRi:,* r7RV sWLiNSLRi: FyRaRP:
xmsssWs: @j sWRLi sWyLi @j NRPXRsLRi [ c B @j sWRLi* NRPRsV ?
AR[ [VFyy: [ JNSLRixqs sWy:* NSry:? @NSLRi DNSL][s VNSLRi: B**
yRLRisVV : A @ORPQLiR sVV Gj? @s JLiNSLRisVV saS*j FyRsVV VgS s Lixms
RVRVsj. "@j sWRLi' @sgS @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNSLRisVVs[ sWR sV
xmsyssVVgS [zqs sLij LiRVRVsj NRPsVNRP @j sWRLi. ARNRPV FyRsVVV FsgRi? @s
JLiNSLRisVV VVNRP sLiR sWR[. @s @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNSLRisVVV.
@syLjiNRP
xtsQsV : RR sZaP[xtsQsRVsV: NTPRV[
yRLRisVV : BR JNRP sZaP[xtsQ sRVsVsVV xmsTsj.

sssV sVLiR:
(DxmssxtsQ` )
gRiLjiRry[ \ saSsL][7NSLRi: xmsRsWsWy, @}msLSj
sVyQ*y* AF x \ s xqsLS*s NSsWs, @jaRP s, RV GsLi s[R ** 9 **
yRLRisVV : gRiR s V @sxqs [ gRi \saS*sLRiVRV @NSLRisVsRV xmsRsVsWR; Azms
ss [NPR AjsVRQ *sVV ss (BV gRizLixmsssV). FssRV BV zqsN]sV[
@RRV @s NSsVsVVsV F~LiRVsV. AjRVV @gRiVsV.

\ saS*sLRi @NSL][ryyRRVsV
1) xtsQsV : gRiLjiRrys: \ saS*sLRi: RV: xqs JLiNSLRixqs @NSLRi: xmsRsW sWy*
ZNP[s rysWs[s B? @xc "A}ms:' Azms c yzms:* @NSlLi[ xqsLS* yN`P yFy*
"@NSL][ \ s xqsLS*yN`P'* (H.@. 2c3c19) B aRPV[:* Ry \ saS*slLi[ gRi` "Rxqs
xy GRryR[ \ saS*sLRixqs sVWlLi^ s xqsV[' (y.D.5c18c2) Byj aRPV[:*
@ys @ [ R VW: GNRPR*LiR @[ysV*
190

yRLRisVV : gRiRrys \sry*sLRiVRV JLiNSLRisVV VVNRP @NSLRisVgRiV ss

xmsRsVsWRRVgRiVsV. G rysWsR NRPj? xmsVRVysVV. "Azms' yzmsLiRV
"@'NSLRisVV[ xqsLRi*ygRiWxmssVV yzmsLi soLiRV. NSsos aRPV "@NSLRisVV xqsLRi*Q\ sVs
yNRPV' @s aRPV (H.@. 2c3c21). @lgi[ \saS*sLRiVs[ gRi` "xqsV[RsVV
\ saS*sLRiVs bPLRi\ sV sosj' (y.D. 5c18c2) @s @ys,@ [ R V C lLiLiTLiNUP
[VNRPR*sVVsV BjsLRiZNP[ xmsTsj.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : INRP sxtsQR VLi VxqsVN][s szqs RVVsj. xmsLRisWLiR xqs*LRiWxmss[V s[R Li.
s[R Li LRiRs NSRV. sVVR @sgS [s R xtsQNPR V zms [R V. gSs xmsyLi sVxL<ij
INRPryLji xmsLRisVbPsoRV yLi [R VVRVLiRgS R sVLRiVNRPsVV sVLiT s[ aRP sVVV
"@RVLi', "@LRiV', "}mnssLi', "gRi# \', "gRiR`' BgRi @s[NPR aRPsVVV gRisVsLi,
AaRPsVVsV sVsxqsV=[ soLi, yNTP [s ygRiLRi zms xmsyLi sVxL<ij yzqsyLRiV.
yLRiV LSzqss sVVR @ORPQLiR sVVV "A, B, D, BVN`P' @s soyLiVV. ryyLRiLigS
@s xtsQ[ xms[NRPLigS xqsLixqsQXRsVV[ NRPWy sVVR @ORPQLiR Li "@' @ + D + sV
= JsV "@R V:' @sV Fys xqsWysVryLRi sVVgS @NSLRisVV\|mss "BN`P 'V ss (B,
D, VVc BNRPVVgS) y D RV ryssVVNRPV RVV "G, J, @L`i, @ ' GNRP
[aPR sVV][ NRPWRVN]ss NRPsVNRP @ + D ="J' @gRiVsV. @ + D + sV [ lLiLiRs sWR
"D' gSs \xqsVRV lLiLiRs sWRgS sVLiRsVV[ sosj. @LiRVss C sssV
sVLiRsVLiRV INRP sbPxts Q sRVsVsVV RVRVRVsj. gRiR rydsRVVRV,
\saS*sLRiVRV JLiNSLRisVV VVNRP "@' NSLRisVV @gRiV ss xmsRsV sWRRVs
VxmsTsj. Bj AR syLRiLi[ NRPWy sVVR @sxqs , @lgi[ xqsLS*sNTP, @sgS
yNRPVNTP, LRiWFysNTP "@' xmsTsRs VxqsVN][y. yNRPVs ALisLi [zqs xqsNRP,
RLSRLRi xmsxmsLiRsVV ][R VRVsj. kssLiRs "@NSLRi's[V yzmsLisj. @NSLRisVV
\saS*sLRiVTNTP [Vj rysWsR gRiRs][, @j "Azms' RVsV rysWsR. Azms @sgS
xqsLRi*sVV yzmsLi soLiRV. @ NSLRisVV[ xqsLRi* yN`P LRiWxmssVVsV xmsxmsLiRsVV
yzmsLi sos "@NSLRisVV xqsLRi*Q\ sVs yNRPV' (H.@. 2c3c6) @s aRPV xmssWLi.
@lgi[ \saS*sLRiVT[ gRi` Fs yzmsLi sosj. "xqsV[\sVs xqs*LSRVV C
\ saS*sLRiVTNTP aRPLkiLRi\ sV sosj' @s (y.D. 5c8c2) aRPV xmssWsVV. B
191

aRPVRVsV "@' @sV @yssVV, \saS*sLRiVRsV @ [ R VLi. C lLiLiTNTP

GNRPR*sVV sosRs sVVR sVLjiRVV lLiLiRs sVLiR xtsQsVLiRV xmsTsj.
\saS*sLRiVRV c JLiNSLRisVV @s xsVsVsj sNSLRisVV][ NRPWTs sNRPsWRs[V.
C sNSLRisVsVsj yyLRiLi sWRsVV][, \saS*sLRi @NSLRisVV @ys
slLi[NPR sVVgS [R V. @lgi[ \saS*sLRiVT yyLRiLi R*sVV][, @yRR*sVV
xmsxqsLigRisVV NSRV. ZNP[s DFyj sWRsVV][ yyLRiLi R*sVV ys sNRPsVV NRPsVNRP,
AR @syLRi xqs*LRiWxmssVs xmsTsj. RVLkiRVs[V \saS*sLSj LRiWxmssVVgS
sNRPLiR RVRVsj. NSsos ][xtsQs VV [R V. @lgi[ \xqs FyV @ys
slLi[NPR [ R VsVVV.
2) xtsQsV : Aj: @xqs sR[ c B AjsV`* RV\s AjsV` @NSLSLi
@ORPQLiR Li, R\ s \ saS*sLRi:* Rryy* rysWy` @NSLRiR*Li \ saS*sLRixqs*
R[NPR R*sR: xmsn sWxc @F x\s xqsLS*s NSsWs Aj: xmsRsVaRP s
sVxyLi RVGsLi s[R RV][NPR L i GNRPR*Li s[R BRLiR :* *
yRLRisVV : ksNTP Aj (sVVRV) soLiRV ss "AjsV`', Fs\lgi[ "@'NSLRisVV
@sT @ORPQLiR sVVsNRPV "Aj' sos][ @lgi[ \saS*sLRiVTNTP NRPWy (AjsV`). BgRi
zmss rysWsR*sVV ss, @NSLRiR*sVV \saS*sLRiVsNTP VsV. C GNRPR*sVVsV
VxqsVN]syLjiNTP xmsn sVV xmsVRVyRV. GsVsgS xqsLRi*NSsVsVVV F~LiRgRiRs,
sVLjiRVV "Aj' sVVR yRVgS, xmsR sVVRVgS sVxdsRVV[ soLiRV ss, C LkigS
xmsn Li F~LiRgRiRV @s @LiR sVV.

\ saS*sLRi ANSLRiV: GNRPR* s xmsn sV

\ saS*sLRiVRV, ANSLRiR*sVV GNRPR*sVV VVNRP xmsn sVV. aRPVRVLiRV NRPWy xmsT
sj. xqsLRi* NSsVsV F~LiRV ss xqsLRi* yxmsNRP\sVs \saS*sLRiVRs, F~LiRVNRPV sVLji
VVNRP soLiRNRPFso ss @j*dRVsVV F~LiRTsyRs @LiR sVV. kss[
"RVs RsyQzqs' (X.D. 1c4c2) "yNRPy ssVVgS Gk [R V. @s xmsxms
yLRiV. NSsos "AjsV`' \saS*sLRiVTNTP NRPWy soLiRV ss, xmsRsVVRVgS sVxds
RVV[ sVxdsRVVRV. @lgi[ C \saS*sLRiV[ xmspLRi*sVV NRPWy @ssVLiT sTs
y\ xqs*ryssVV FyzmsLiRVss sVL]NRP aRPV " xqs RVRWL][*7ryR=LRi*ryR=LS*
192

yxmss KxtsQR r yRVLRiVxtsQ:**' (X.D. 1c4c1) "@LiRLjiNRPLi[ sVVLiRVs A

xmsxms FyxmssVVsds RzLis[|qssV. @LiRVsss[ xmsoLRiVxtsv\yRV
(\saS*sLRiV\yRV).

RaRPsV sVLiR:
(DxmssxtsQ` )
xqs*xmsQrys |q^s# xqs DNSL][ j*dRWsWy DRL<SRV RVy*y*, DRL<iR x\s
s xqsLiRLi xqssWsaRPs yry x sRV[ s RV GsLi s[R ** 10 **
yRLRisVV : NRP @s[ @sxqs [giR \xqsVRV DNSLRisVsRV lLiLiRs sWR. DRL<iR
ss [NPR D RVR*sVV ss (BV gRizLixmsssV). FssRV C Lki zqsN]sV[
@RRV sxqsLiRs sXj [zqsN]sVsV, xqssWsVRgRiVsV, @Rs NRPVsVVs xs[R
gSs yRV xmsoRV.

\ xqs DNSLRiVryyRQsV
1) xtsQsV : xqs*xmsQrys: \ xqs: RV:, xqs JLiNSLRixqs DNSLRi: j*dRWsWy* ZNP[s
rysWs[s B? A c DRL<S` @NSLS` DRQXxts Q Bs z DNSLRi:* Ry
\ xqs: saS*`*
yRLRisVV : \xqsVRV xqs*xms rydsRVVRV. @RRV "JLi'NSLRisVV VVNRP "D' NSLRisVV
@sgS lLiLiRs sWR\VsoyRV. DNSLRisVVsNRPV, \xqsVsNTP FsLi rysVsVV
sosj? @sgS DRL<iR sVs[ rysVsVV sosj. @NSLRisVVNRPy DNSLRisVVsNRPV
DRQXxts QR NRPgjisVgS sLixmsssV. @lgi[ saRPV*T NRPy \xqsVRV DRL<iR VRs
xmss.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @ [ R V FyyssVV][ xqs*xmsQrys \xqsVRV, zLRigRiLRiVT NRPy
ssVV NSRs xmsTsj. @ys xmsyssVV[ "JLi'NSLRisVLiRV "D'NSLRisVV
j*dRVsWRsVV. @LiVV[ "DNSLRi'sVVsNRPV, \xqsVsNTP DRL<iR sVs[ rysVsVVsj.
@NSLRisVV NRPy DNSLRisVV DRQXxts Qs VV NRPgjisVgS sLiy. saRPV*RV
DFyj WRsVV ss xqs W DFyj NRPy yxqsyLRiWxms xqsWORPQ DFyj \xqsVRV
DRQXxts Qs VVgS sosV (Bs) sLiy. kss[ aRPV "@xqs [NPR xqs xqsLS*s][
193

sWysVFyyRV' (X.D. 4c3c9) "xqsNRPsVVsV FyLi[ C [NPR sVVVVNRP

sWRsV F~Lij' (@NSLRisVV F~Lij) NSsos \xqsVRV "DNSLRi' sWR gRiyRV. "@'
NSLRisVV, "sVNSLRi'sVV sVR [ "DNSLRi'sVV soLiRV ss D RV "@'NSLRisVV, "sV'NSLRi
sVV F~LijsyRV. NSsos saRP* Fy sVR [ \xqsVRV soLiRVsV. @sy
gRixsVV][ RWRVsxmsoRV saRPV*T][ ryRXaRPLi, @lgi[ RyQ*gRixsVV][
RWsxmsoRV GNUP WRV\s Fys][ ryRXaRPLi. ryRXaRPsVsgS BR D RV
R LRisVVV zqsLiRV[V. NSsos D RV R LRisVVV zqsLiRV ss \xqsVRV.
saRPV*TNRPy DRQXxts vRV.
2) xtsQsV : DRVy*y** @NSLRi sVNSLRiW LRiR xqs : DNSLRi:* Ry saRP*
Fy WLRi[ \ xqs:* @R: DRVNRPQ * rysWy`* sR*RsVVR[*
DRL<iR x \ s s xqsLiRLi ss xqsLiRLi sLiR RV BRLiR :* xqssWs: RVaRP
sVRxmsORPQ}qss aRPRV xmsOSQLi @zms @xms[*u: s* @xs` @xqs NRPV[ s
s RV GsLi s[R *
yRLRisVV : D RVR*sVV ss "JLi'[ sos @,D,sV[ "@'NSLRi, "sV'NSLRisVV
sVR [ "D'NSLRisVV sosj @lgi[ saRP* c Fy, sVR [ \xqsVRV soyRV.
NSsos BgRi D RVR*sVV lLiLiTNTP ("D'NSLRisVVsNRPV, \xqsVsNTP rysWssVV).

j*dRV FyRRW: GNRPR*s xmsn sV

qx s*LRiWxmssVV : C sR sVVgS VxqsVN]s][, ys xmsn sVV xmsVRVyLRiV.
VxqsVN]s[yT s xqsLiR sLij VsV. @Li yRV"xqssWs:' @sgS sVR
xmsORPQs VV][ xqssWssVV s[, aRPRVxmsORPQs VVsNRPV [*xtsvRV NSRV. xs[R NSsyRV
BRs NRPVsVVsLiRV soLiRRV. (gRi`sV sR, sRNRPV FLiVVsxmsoRV NRPlgi[ sVR
@sxqs xqs*xmssVV. @LiRVss sR[s][ xqs*xmssVV F~LiR[R V. sR\sxmso sVLi
RWzqssxmsoRV, xqs*xmssVV sRNRPV xqsLij Lisj. ssLjiNRP RXzts Q[ gRiR yxqss[
xqs*xmssVsV N]sxmsoRV, gRiR \sxmso sVLi xqs*xmssVV NRPVgRiVsV. FsgRi RWzqsy
xqs*xmsLi D RVR*s[V). \xqs, "D'NSLRisVV lLiLiRW GNRPR*sVV ss NRPgjis xmsn sVVsV
xmsVRVyLRiV. DRL<iR rysWssVV F~LiRVss, DRL<iR sVV VxqsVN]sV ss
xmsn sVV s xqsLiR, ss xqsLiR sXj LiRVsV. ss xqsLixmsssVV DRQXxts Qs VV
194

sV VxmsosV NRPy! @RRV zLRigRiLRi [s oRV, GRVLRiV[s, sLSxmsn VLiNRPsVVgS

ssVV gRiyRV. NSsos @RRV @LiRLjiRVLiRV xqssWssVVgS soLiRV. @s
WRsVV[ NRPWy xqssWssVVgS soLiRV. NSsoss[ xs[R NSs yRV BRs
NRPVsVV[ xmsoRV. ZNP[s sVV Rs NRPVsVVsLi[, xqs*RVsVVgSs[ ss xqsLiR RVs
@LiR sVVNSRV, @RRV xqsLRiV*RVLiRV xqssWsVRV NRPsVNRP, @LiRLji NRPVsVVRVLiRV
xss xqsLiRs (DRL<iR ) NRPVgRi[R VVRW, xqsLRi*AR WRVRVgS soLiRV.
@LiVVssW C xmsn NRPRssVV ARsyxqsV N]LRiZNP[ VxqsVN]sssV.

GNSRaRP sVLiR:
(DsxtsQ` )
xqsVxtsvxmsrys: Fy[ s VNSLRi xqsQXdRW sWy sV[LiR {ms[LS* sV[
x y BRLi xqsLRi*sV{msaRP s, RV GsLi s[R ** 11**
yRLRisVV : gSR sR @sV @sxqs [ gRi FyRV sVNSLRisVsV sVWRs sWR. sV
ss [y @{msss (BV zqsN]sssV). FssRV BgRi zqsN]sV[, @RRV
kssLiRs N]VRVsV, @{ms @gRiVsV.
1) xtsQsV : xqsVxtsvxmsrys: Fy: RV: xqs JLiNSLRixqs sVNSLRi: RXdRWsWy ZNP[s *
rysWs[s B? Ac rysWssVRLi @R* sV[:* sV: c sWssV* dsVRV[
Bs z saRP* \ r Fy [ s xmsWR][Q : xmss[aPR sLiR sWLi xms}qss Bs RVy:*
Ry JLiNSLRi xqssWF xmsos: xmsWlgi[s R xmssaRP sLiR RR Bs @NSL][ DNSL_
sVNSlLi[*
yRLRisVV : xqsVxtsvzms rydsRVV\s FyRV "JLi'NSLRisVV VVNRP "sV'NSLRisVV
VVNRP RXdRVsWR (@, D, sV NSLRisVV[ sVWRssWR)gS RVRV
RVyRV. (FyT "sV'NSLRisVVsNRPV) Gj rysWssVV? @sgS sV (N]sWssVV),
sV[: = N]sWssVV ss, @sgS N]VRVys s, (N]R RVs[ "NRPVLiRsVV' @s[
N]R[ yssVV INRP ][VsVLi, A NRPVLiRsVLiRV Fzqs, sVd A NRPVLiRsVV[
sos yssVV xmsNRPs[ sVd Fzqs N]RVLRiV. yssVVsV N]R][ N]sVgS),
saRP*, \xqsVsR Ljis, FyTRVLiRV xmsRV, DRRVsV xmss[aPR # |ms, RVNRPV
sRsVgS soLiRVs NTPRV [R , (N]RVss @szmsLiRVN]yRV). (@lgi[
195

JLiNSLRisVV [R VVRVsxmsoRV), INRP JLi NSLRisVV xmsNTP, Ljigji sVLjiVVNRP JLiNSLRisVV

xmsVNRPVRVsxmsoRV @ c D sV (J @sVyss) xmsV[ "@'][ xmss[bPLi,"D'][
sLiR sVLi, "sV'NSLRisVLiRV [LiR VsV. B @ NSLRi xmss[aPR sVV, D NSLRi sLiR sVssVV, C
lLiLiRVsW "sV' NSLRisVLiRV GNUP WRsVV LiRVRVss. (Bj sVLiR sVR NSLRiVsV
D b[ PLis [R ).
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : sVLiRsVR NSLRiVV RXzts Q[ gRiR, xqs*xmsLi FysRVLiRV GNUP W
RsVV LijssV, sVd gRiR, xqs*xmssVs NRPVgRiVssV RXzts Q][ \|ms sR sVVgS zmss
V N]sWs xmsR [ NRPVLiRsVLiRV yssVV Fzqs sVd xmsNRPs[ FzqssVgS,
gRiR, xqs*xmssVV FysRVLiRV xmss[bPLi, sVd @s RVNRPV sxqsVs VgS RVs
zmssj. NSs DR s Wj NSLRiV\ZNP[ c
2) xtsQsV : @{ms[LS** @{ms@xmsRV: GNUPs:* JLiNSLRi DyLRi[ @Li[
@ORPQlLi[ GNUPWf ss @NSLRi DNSL_* Ry saRP*Q\ r xqsVxtsvzmsNS[ Fy *[ @][ y
rysWy` GNRPR*Li FysVNSLRiW:* sR*RsWx* sV[ x \ s BRLi
xqsLRi*Li* gRi`RWyRQLi y c BRLiR :* @{msaRP? gRiyLRiy R
sdRLiR :* @R @yLiRLRixmsn sRsLi xmsysryR sxqsVR LiR Li**
yRLRisVV : @{ms @sgS @xmsRVsVV GNUPssVV JLiNSLRi DyLiR sVV[ sLji
lLiLiRV @ORPQLiR sVVV (A c D) INRP @LiVVs @NSLRi D NSLRisVV Fsg][, @lgi[ saRP*,
\xqsVV xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV FysRVLi[ GNUP WRVgRiVLRiV. (gRiR, xqs*xmssVs[ RLRi+s
sXRVV, xqsVxtsvzms RVs[ @RLRi+s sXR VLiRV GNUP WRLi LiRgS, @s xmsgS
DR s Wj NSLRiVNRPV BNRP[ xqsVxtsvzms RVLi[ RVLkiRVsVVsV F~LiRVRVLRiV) BgRi sV
NSLRisVVsNRPV, FysNRPV GNUPNRPR* R LRisVLiRV rysWsR*sVVsj. BgRi VxqsVN]s
sy*LixqsVsNTP xmsn sVV xmsVRVyLRiV. @RRV gRiRV VVNRP RVyR ssVV
F~LiRVsV. gRi` NSLRisNTP A\QsoLiRVsV. Bj (x ssVVsV), xmsys
sxtsQR VsVVsV xqsV [R VVs yNRPs[V.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : RVLkiRV xmsryss BLiNS xmsszqs sosj NRPy! LS[[V HRV
NSLjiNRP[ g_RFyRV yLRiV, gRiyj FyRsVVNRPV, @ NSLSj sWRNRPV sos
GNRPR*sVV y ssLRi xms[s oRVyLRiV.
196

@R Dxmsxqss[ xmsLRisVR yRLRisV

BR saS*RVV, "@'NSLSj GNRPR*sVVsV xmsFyjLi, RLRiVyR sVLRi s s
DFyxqss][ ryR s [R Ws xmsn sRssVV xms[R V. GLiRVNRPsgS xmsys ryR s
@j*dRV\sVs GNRPR*ryR s xqsVLiRVN]LRiNRPV xmsTsj. @ys, @[R V sORPQ
\sVs x, AR JLiNSLRi @sV s xmsys ryR ssVV, NSsos C ryR s ss
sVVNTP ssOTPQR sVV. ZNP[s sVV xqsVN]LRiZNP[ FyR, sWR GNRPR* ryR s][ mx sn sVV
NUPLjiL iRTsj. NSsos DFyxqsy xmsLRisVVgS sj xmsLRisVVgS xmsTsRs Li
LiRsR V. N]LiRsVLij sWLiRWNRP DxmssxtsQ` sVWRVryssVVRVLiRV soTs sR
CaRP*LRiVTgS @ [ R LiRs [R VV N]LRiNRPV C sVyNRPxmspLRi*NRP yNRPsVV y*LS
ryOSQQLRisVV F~Liys FyLiR V. Bj xqsLjiNSRV. DxmssxtsQ` yRLRisVV ZNP[s sVV @Li
(xmsoVNRP @sVsj) [R s Vxmso[V sVVD a[ PR sVV @LiRVss @syLjiNRP
xmsR sVyNRPsVV "s[yLiR @LiR ryLRi xqsLigRix WRsVRLi, xmsNRPLRi RRVxts QR VLi' @s $
aRPLiNRPLRiVyLRiV zmssyss gRizLiy..

@R xmsssWy NSLjiNS:
NSLjiNRP (1c19)
@R G[ a]N[ S ss :
saRP* ryR* ssOSQR WLi Aj rysWs sVVRLi*
sWy xqsLixms xmsfry` Azms rysVs s[Vs R** 19 **
yRLRisVV : BNRPR C a]N[ PR sVVsVVsj \saS*sLRiVsNRPV @NSLRisWyRXR*sVVsV
xmsVRVLiRgS AjR*sVV rysWsLi xqsxts Qs VV @lgi[ AzmsrysWssVV xqsxts Qs[V

saRP*xqs xmsyRsWR LRiWxmsR*sV

1) xtsQsV : saRP*xqs @R*Li @NSLRisWRR*Li RVy ssORPQ [ Ry AjR*
rysWsLi DNRP y[Vs DRLi* DRWR Li RXaRP[cBRLiR :* @R*ssOSQR WLi
BRxqs ysLi "sWy xqsLixmsxmsfs ' B* saRP*xqs @NSLRi sWRR*Li RVy
xqsLixms xmsR[ BRLiR :* Azms rysWss[VsR* "DRLi' B @sVsLRi [* R
aRP`**
197

yRLRisVV : saRPV*sNRPV, "@' NSLRi sWRsVVgS "AjR*sVV' rysWs R LRisVV. (Bj

\|mss @xts Qs V sVLiRsVV[ sxmsoLigS xmsTsj). C rysWs R LRisVsVV
"DRsVV c DR WR Li @sgS g][R LjiLiRVsV. BV "@' NSLRi ssORPQR VLiRV
yssVV [R Vs. sWy xqsLixms xmsf = saRPV*sNRPV @ NSLRi sWRsVV][
FsxmsVRV GNUPssVV FsLRiRV[, "Azms' yzmsLiRV s rysWs R LRisVV NRPsRVsV.
(saRPV*sNTP "xqsLRi* zmsLiyRNSsLi' @s xqsLRi*sVVsNRPV yzmsgS xmsTsj). "DRLiLi'
"DRWR Li' @sgS NRPsRVsV @s, "R'RVsV @sRVLi xmsWgjiLi a]N[ PR Li ys
FyRsVLiRV xmspLjiLiRVN][s ssV.

NSLjiNRP (1c20)
\ xqsr R* ss DRL<][ RXaRP[ qx sVLi*
sWyxqsLixms xmsf ry` DRVR*Li RysR sV** 20 **
yRLRisVV : \xqsVRV DNSLRi sWRR*sVVsV RzmssxmsVRV A D RVVNRPV
DRL<iR R (DRQXxts Q) NRPsRVsV. \xqsVRV "D'NSLRisVV][ GNRPR*sVV F~LiRgS
"D RVR*sVV' NRPsRVsV..

\ xqs xmsyj*dRV sWR xqs*LRiWxmssV

1) xtsQsV : \ xqsxqs DR*ss[DNSLRiR* ssOSQR WLi DRL<iR : RXaRP[
xqsVLixqsxts Qs V BRLiR :* DRVR*Li R xqsVs[Vs c B* xmspLRi*s` xqsLRi*Li**
yRLRisVV : \xqsVsNRPV "D' R* sssVLiRV, ("D'R*sVV xmsszqssxmsoRV),
"DRL<iR sVV' gRiV NRPsRVsV. @lgi[ "D RVR*sVV' NRPWy xqsxts Qs VVgS RV
RVsV. ("@'NSLRisVV sVLiT "D'NSLRisVV gRiV, saRPV*T sVLiT, \xqsVRV gRiV
D RVR*sVV ks ssLRi RaRPsV sVLiRsVLiRV) sxmsoLigS xmsTsj.

NSLjiNRP (1c21)
sVNSLRis[ Fyxqs sWsrysWs sVVRLi*
sWy xqsLixmsxmsf RV RV rysWss[VsR** 21 **
yRLRisVV : FysVVNRP sVNSLRisWR sssVLiRV sWs rysWssVV xqsxts QLi
RV rysWssVVsV xqsxts Qs[V.
198

Fyxqs xmssRXdRVsWR xqs*LRiWxmsR*sV

xtsQsV : sVNSLRi[* Fyxqs, sV R DRQX}tsQ rysWs[ BRLiR :*
yRLRisVV : "sV'NSLRiR*sVLiRV FysNTP N]R c RVsVV lLiLiRVsW DRQXxts Qs VV
V, rysWssVVV. (GNSRaRP sVLiRsVV[ ks ysLi sxmsoLigS [R VTsj).

NSLjiNRP (1c22)
xtsvysVxqsV RVRVLi rysWsLis[ sbPR:*
xqs xmsp: xqsLRi*WyyLi sLiRQZ\ aPQQs sVsVVs:** 22 **
yRLRisVV : sVWRV ryssVVRVLiRV xqssWs\sVs FNRPsV saRPLiVVLiRVN]ss
yRV, xqsLRi* WR xmspRV, sVsVVs.

FyRsWy rysWssR: xqsV:

xtsQsV : RV][NPR rysR[V RV: RVsVVNRPL i, rysWsLis[ "GsLi Gs GR`'
B, sbPR: xqs: xmsp: sLiRaRP xs` [ZNP[ s**
yRLRisVV : \|mss zmss LkigS (gRi`, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzms) rys RRVsVLiRV
(FyRsVVNRPV @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNSLRi sWRNRPV) RVR*sVV rysWssVV c "Blgi[
Bj @s' ( Axms, DRL<iR c sV @sVss rysVssVs) saRPRVsVVgS FssLRiV
VxqsVN]LiRVL][, @RRV xmspRV, sLiRVRV, xs[R g S [NPR sVV[ soLiRVsV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : "Rry` ARLi xLRi[V` WNSsV:' (sVV.D. 3c1c10)
" WNSsVV\syRV ARTs xmspLi[[V ]LRissV' @s aRPV xqsV N]LRiNRPV
zmssj. NSsos @sryRRVsVLiRV xxqs*LRiWxmssVV sVss [zqss rysWsV[
sVxdsRVsVs NSgRiRV.

NSLjiNRP (1c23)
@NSL][ sRV[ saRP*Li DNSLRi aSzms \ xqsLi*
sVNSLRiaRP xmsos: FyLi ysW[ sR[ gRi:** 23**
yRLRisVV : @NSLRisVV saRPV*s sR NRPV, DNSLRisVV \xqsVs sR NRPV, sVNSLRisVV Fys
sR NRPV dxqsVN]sFsosV. A sWRsVVs gRi (LSNRPFNRPV) [R V.
1) xtsQsV : RV][ZNP^ Q rysW\sQ: ARFyyyLi sWy: xqsx GNRPR*Li NRPXy*
199

RV][NPR JLiNSLRiLi xmsxmsR W yRV c RLi @NSLRi: sRV[ saRP*LiFyxmsRV*

@NSLSLissV JLiNSLRiLi sy*s \ saS*sL][ sdRLiR :* Ry DNSLRi: \ xqsLi*
sVNSLRiaSzms xmsos: FyLi* R aRP` "sRV[' BRsVsLRi [* OUPQ[R V sVNSlLi[
dsORPQR W` @sW[ JLiNSlLi[ gRi: ssR[ NRP*` BRLiR :*
yRLRisVV : \|ms LkigS rysWssVV][ AR FyRsVVNRPV, sWR][ GNRPR* sVV
[zqs, JLiNSLRisVVsV xmsFyjLi, FssLRiV sjyxqss [R VVRVL][, yLjiNTP "@' NSLRisVsV
saRPV*s F~LijLixms[R VVsV. @RRV "@'NSLRis[V ALissVVgS [zqs "JLi'NSLRisVVsV sj
yxqss [zqss sy*LixqsVRV, \saS*sLRiVRs @LiR sVV. @lgi[ Fys F~LijLixms[R VV
sV. "sV'NSLRisVV c @gRixsVsV dssVV ORPQR VsVgRiV ss sWyLRizR\sV
"JLi'NSLRisVLiRV (xqsVxtsvzmsR VLiRV gRi @sgS) LSNRPFNRPV Fss soLiRss @LiR sVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : BNRPR VxqsVN][s zqssj ysLi @sgS sj yxqss[, BxmssLRiNRPV
AgRisVxmsNRPLRisVV aRPsLi [zqs, yss sVLRi NSLjiNRP y*LS sVsssVV [zqs, BxmsVRV
ysRVLi[ sVRVNRPV sjyxqss LRiWxmsNRPLigS xmsTsj. DR s Wj NSLRiVV aRPs
sWRsVVs[ RVLkiRVR*sVVsV VxqsVN][giR LRiV, gSs sVLiR sVR sWj NSLRiVNRPV sVss
LRiWxmsNRPLigS zms, @R sWj NSLRiVNRPV sj yxqs LRiWxmsNRPLigS "@NSLRi', "DNSLRi',
"sVNSLRi'sVsV sWR][ INRP ysRVLiRV sVLjiVVNRP xmssxmss @sV sxmspLRi*NRPLigS
[zqs, JLiNSLRisVV xmsFyjLi, RVLkiRVR*sVV F~LiRVNRPV @sV sxmspLRi*NRPLigS BgRi
syLjiLi, @sV ysNTP RVN]sV[V sjyxqss. JLiNSLRi sWR, @j AR
VVNRP xqs*LRiWxmsLi. @Li xsVs[ ARRVLiRV LSNRPFNRPV soLiRso. xqsVxtsvzms
@sV s xqssVNSsVV[ NRPVLiRsVV[ ysLi Fzqs N] xmsNRPs FzqssVgS, gRiR,
xqs*xmssVV, xqsVxtsvxmso RVLiRV soLiT, sVd s[VsgSs[ @s sVd sVRVNRPV
ssVgS, xqsVxtsvzms[ @Li @sV ss[V [R V NRPy! sVs gRiR RXzts Q
@sWssVV ss sRFLiVVsxmsoRV, s[VsVssV ssLjiNRP RXzts Qs s \|ms
sR sVVgS aRPV zmssj. sLigS xqsVxtsvzms @sV sLi syLji}qs @j LSNRPFNRPV [s,
gRiR, xqs*xms dsVVV[s, [V ssVV [s, ZNP[s @sV s xqs*LRiWxmsoRV. BgRi
syLjiLiRgS, A dsVs[j OUPQLiRgS "JLi' NSLRisVsV RVLkiRVs[V gRi @s syLjiLiRV
xqsLRi[V sjyxqss.
200

"@sWR JLiNSLRis[ xqs xmsos: s yFyL][ yzqs' "sjyxqss'

"@'NSLSj rysWs ssVV][ xmsR s ryR s GgRi DFyRVsVgRiVsV? xmsV
RVysVV. Bj sLRiNRPV zmssV @NSLSRV][, saS*j FyRsVVV rysWssVV
GNRPR*sVVsV JLiNSLRisVLiRV xmsFyjLi, Gs\lLi[ R[NPR GNSgRiR RXzts Q][, LRiRsVVV
xmsLkiOTPQLiRVys s[, RWRL][ yLRiV @NSLRisVV][ saRP*sVV F~LiRgRiLRiV. @Li[giR s @R
DFyxqss ssOTPQR sVV NSRV. @lgi[ ys xmsn sVV][ NRPWTs gRi xms[R V. aRPV "[[
Wy* [ys}ms' (X.D. 4c1c2) @RRV [s R\V [s RsV F~LiRVsV. aRPV
zmssV DFyxqss y*LS @RRV [s R\V [s RsV F~LiRVyRV @ssV,
aRPLkiLRixmsRysLiRLRisVV ryORPQyLRisVV F~LijsV. BgRi BR "JLiNSLRi' DFyxqss [zqs
sVLRiLis RLS*R saRP*sVV F~LiRVss @LiR sVV NSRV. GLiRVNRPsgS gRiLjiR ryssVLi[
@RRV (AR) sRsVV saRP*xqs*LRiWxmssVV F~LijsyRgRiV ss sVLji "@'NSLRisVV
saRP*sVV GgRi F~LiRgRiRV? [y "@'NRPLRisVV saRP*sVV RgiR LRiNRPV GgRi dxqsVNRPVFsosV?
@sgS BjsLRiNRPV zmssV "@'NSLRisVsV sWRNRPV, saRP*sVs[ FyRsVVsNRPV "Azms'
(yzmsLiRV), AjsVR* (sVVR) rysWssVVsV JLiNSLRisVLiRV xqsLij LiRgS,
syLjiLiRgS @j saRP*sVs VxqsVN]s, A saRP*xqs*LRiWxmssVV gRiR (sVVNRPVs[)
][[ xqsLRi*[NPR sVVV, rysLRiLigRisWj sLRiNRPV Rs xqs*Q\RssVs[ NTPLRisVV][
yzmsLiRT sosRs VxqsVN]s, sVLRi \xqsVTs F~LiRVNRPV DFyRVsVVgS, Aj
WRsVVgS, @NSLRisVV saRP*sVV F~LiRVNRPV DFyRVsVV. @NSLRi ALisgS JLiNSLRi
sVV, VxqsVN]sV "\saS*sLRiVRV' @s zmssj. "@'NRPLRi @LiR sVVsV @sV s xmspLRi*NRP
sVVgS JLiNSLRi ARRVLiRV RWRgS "@RVLi @xLi @zqs \ saS*sLRi' "s[s V BxmsVRV
\saS*sLRiVTs' @s xmsFyjLi sRs @LiR sVV. Blgi[ "D'NSLRisVV NRPWy
\xqsVTRVLiRV xmsTsj. BNRPR NRPWy F~LijLiRV sLjixq sVLij. "D'NSLRi ALi
ssVV][ JLiNSLRisVVsV VxqsVN]s, xqs*xmssVV[ ][s xqsLRi*xmsxmsLiRsVLiRV sos
\xqsVRV, s[s V "zLRigRiLRiVT s' @s xmsFyjLiRTsj. @lgi[ "sV'NSLRisVV
FyTRVLiRV F~LijLiRTsj. ][[ xqsLRi* [aPR , NS, sxqsV, xmsxmsLiRsVV VVNRP
NSLRis[V DFyj gS "FyRsV s[s[' @s xmsFyjLiRTsj. NSsos "sV'NSLRi
ALis JLiNSLRisVV F~LijsyRV sy*sVaRPVRs xmsTsj. @Li[ gSs DFyxqss
201

[zqs, A ssVV][ F~Li[j NSRV. @lgi[ "@'NSLSj c ALissVV][ saS*j

FyRsVVV JNSLRisVLiRV F~LiRVRVsVsj NRPWy DFyxqss NSRV. Bj ZNP[s sVV
DFyRV WRsVVgS, syLRixmsLRisVVgS C xmsNRPLRisVVsV s xmsNRPLRisVVgRis[ VxqsV
N]sssV. Bj "s[yLiyLiR xqsLigRixWR'\sVsj. NSsos BgRi "@',"D', "sV' @sV
sWR ALis][ JLiNRPLRisVLiRV saS*RV @sV ssVV F~LiRV ryR s NRPVgRiVsV.
Bj sLRiNRPV zmssV saS*j FyRsVVV, @NSLSj sWRsVV GNRPR*sVV ryj LiRVNRPV,
saRP*, \xqs, FyNRPV xmspLRi* xmspLRiV*, DRL ][R L iR sVVsLiRV xmssxmss [R VV
ss "sV'NSLRisVs[ @gRixsVs[ dssVV OUPQLiRgS, sWyLRizR\ sVs
JLiNSLRisVLiRV gRi (LSNRPFNRPV) Vs soLiRso. dssVsgS "xmsLi, sxmsLi'
(sR, @sR) @sV ssLRisVV [s RVLkiRV JLiNSLRiR*sVV; "RRQ *sVzqs' Byj
yNRPsVV][ Dxms[bPLiRgS OUPQLiRVsV. NSsos sWRV[s JLiNSLRisVV, FyRsVVV
[s, AR GNRPR*sVV FsxmsVRW soLiRVsV. NSsos @ys @[R V sgRisVV [s
xmsxms, xmsxmsR sgRisVV[s, LSNRPFNRP][ gRi [sj C @R*RV xqs*LRiWxmssVV.
kss[ aRPV "@ssFZNP[ gRiLRiR yj' (NRP.D 1c2c8) @ss FNRPVQ\[ BRs[ gRi
@sV[ [R V. @ssFNRPVR sgS @ssVQ\s @sgS s[s V (ARNRPLi[) s[LiR VNSRs
NRPsVg]s @RRs @LiR sVV.

y*RaRP sVLiR:
(DxmssxtsQ` )
@sWRaRPRVL]7
[ ssLRi: xmsxmsLi][xmsaRPsV: bP[7\ Q*R:
GssWLiNSLRi A\Qs xqsLisaRPyRyysLi RV GsLi s[R , RV GsLis[R ** 12 **
yRLRisVV : @sWR\sV, RRVLiR Q\sV, @ssLRiQ\sV, xmsxmsLi][xmsaRPsV\sV, bPsxqs*LRiWxms
\sVs[ @\Q*RsVV. CsR sVVgRi AR[V JLiNSLRisVV. C xmsNSLRisVVgS zqsN]ss
yRV Rsss Rs[ F~LiRVRVyRV.

@sWR JLiNSLRi xqs*LRiWxmssV

1) xtsQsV : @sWR: sWy: RVxqs s xqsLi xqs: @sWR: JLiNSLRi: "RRVLiR :'
RVLkiRV: A\Qs ZNP[s : @ys@ [ R VLRiWxmsW: ysxqsW: OUPQy*`
202

@ssLRi:* xmsxmsLi][xmsaRPsV; bPs: @\Q*R: xqsLisXR: *

yRLRisVV : @, D, sV sWR [sNTP [][ @j @sWRsVV JLiNSLRisVV, @[
RVLkiRVsVV yVgRisj, AR[V. @ys, @[R V, yLigRisVsxqsV= OUPQLiRgS @j
@ssLRisVV. xmsxmsLiRsVV DxmsaRPsVLiRVsV, @j bPssVV, Bj @\Q*RsVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @, D, sV sWR [sNTP [][ @j @sWR sWyLRizR\sVsj, @[
JLi NSLRisVV RRVLiR Q\sVsj. @NRPR saRPV*RV, \xqsVRV, FyRs zms RVLkiRVVRV
RRVLiR Li @sgS BR 'JLi'NSLRis[V RRVLiR Li. @j ZNP[s sVV ARQ\V sosRs zms
sj. FsLiRVss @sgS @ys, @ [ R V (ysVLRiWxms) LRizR\sVsj. yNRPV
sVsxqsV=NRPV @LiRsj, OUPQLiRgS @j GssLRisVW [sRgRiVsV. @Li xqs*LRiWxmssVV
sVLigRiNRPLRi\sVsj, RV:LRizR\sVsj, @\Q*R xqs*LRiWxms\sVsj; "JLi'NSLRisVV NRPWy
NSsj. LRi*RVRVLiRV xqsLSRVV AL][zmsLisVgS RVLkiRVVTRVLiRV saS*RVV
AL][xmss[V. AL][xmssVV ss RVLkiRVVTs @sxqs gS @szmsLiRVN]sj NSs, AL][xmssVV
]gji[ @RRV RVLkiRVV[, AL][xmssVV ]gjis xqssVNSLi[ sWRs[V @RRV
RVLkiRVVRV NSRV, FsxmsVRW @Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV, AR[V, xs[V NRPy!
@LiRVss sVWRV @sxqs V [s ysyRV RVLkiRVVRV. @sgS sVWRV @sxqs V
]gjisxmsoRV ysyRs FsgRi @szmsLiRVN]LiRV? @LiRVss @RRV
xmsxmsLi][xmsaRPsVLi, @j*dRVV\s @\Q*RVRV. BR sVLjiN]LiR sZaP xt[ sQ][ @sWR,
@sgS xqsLRi*sWyLRizR JLiNSLRisVV GgRi gRizLiy @sVyss VxqsVN]sszqs
sosj. "@'NSLRi, "D'NSLRi, "sV'NSLRi sWyLRizR\sVsj JLiNSLRisVV. @LiVVssW
aRPLRiWxms JLiNSLRisVV][ x @ysLRiWxms sWysVV][ xmsRQOPR Qs VVgS
RVRVRVsj. @LiVVssW ysRVLiRV xqsLRi* @ys, xmsxmsLiR xmsNRPX WR
sVLiy xmsLRisWLiR xqs*LRiWxms WRsVV mx sLRisWR[V @ys @[R V sORPQsVVgS
BR JLiNSLRi aRPsVV y*LS OTPQLiRTsj. @lgi[ JLiNSLRisVV gRiLjiRrys
DFyj ss \saS*sLSj @s "A'NSLSj ALiss[ sNRPLiRTsj, @LiVVssW
xqs*RgS sLRiVFyj NRP LRiWxmssVV ss xqsLRi* sNRPsVVV LRixqsLjiLiRTs,
NRPRsWy RRVsVVsNRPV sORPQs VVgS RVLkiRWR RRVLiR VRV, ZNP[s VRV. NSsos
@ssLRiVRV. GgRi @ssLRiVRsgS @ys, @[R V yLigRisVsxqsV= LRiWxmssVV
203

OUPQLiRgS, @lgi[ ys ssLRi ryR s NRP{tsQLiRgS @ssLRi JLiNRPLRisVV

RVRVsV. NSsos xmsxmsLiRsVV DxmsaRPsVsVV LiRVsV @LiRVss @sWR saS*j
rys yRNRP xms}tsQR sVV sVLjiRVV xmsxmsLiR DxmsaRPsVsVVgS gRiyj rys xms}tsQR sVV
NRPWy VxmsosV. RVLkiRVsVLiRV xmsxmsLiR DxmsaRPsVsVV gSx gSxNSj ssR
[ R xqszR rysRRVsVV LRixqsLjiLiRTsj. sVLRi ys yRNRPsVV @[ @LiR sVV][
LRixqsLjiLiRV BR sZaP[xtsQs VV. GLiRVNRPsgS ysVLRiWFyRNRPsVVgS sxqsLij Lis
xmsxmsLiRsVV "NRPLRiryR s' ss xmsxmsLiR aRPsVV NRPgjisj. gSs JLi NSLRisVLiRV
xmsxmsLiRsVV @[R V xqssVWxsVVgS [NPR yRNRPsVV][ xqssWsR*sVV ss, NRPLRi
ryR s NRPLRiQ XryR sgS @j zqs*NSLRisVV. yR yRNRP lLiLiRW LRixqsLjiLiRV ss
lLiLiTLiNUP sORPQ\sVs JLiNSLRi AR ysLiRTsj. sVNSLRisVLiRV bPsLi
(sVLigRiNRPLRisVV), @\Q*RLi (lLiLiRsj [sj) NRPWTsosj. xqssVxqs \Q*R, @bPs,
sNRPsVVV aSLiRVsV. sVLjiRVV, ssVV DxmsWgjiLis JLiNSLRisVLiRV NRPR
sWRV, FyRsVVV, @sWRV, @FyRsVVVgS RVRVsV. NSsos ARs[R
ARaRPsVV @[R VsVVgS "@RVsWR x' (sVV.sVLi. c 2) C AR[V
xsVs xmsTsj. NSs xqsLRi* @ys, @[R V sgRisVV, FyRsVVV,
sWRV ]gjiLi, "xqs AR', "xqs s [ R V' @s xmsTsj. @LiRVss FyR, sWR
NRPs @LiRsW RRQ *sVV xmsFyjLiRVNRPV DFyRVsWRsVVgS gRizLi, C NRPR
DFyRVsVV y*LS JLiNSLRisVV gRizLiRTsj.

JLiNSLRi AR GNRPR*s xmsn sV

2) xtsQsV : GsLi RV][NPR sssy xmsRVVNRP: JLiNSLRi: sWR: FyR:
A\Qs* xqsLisaRP Ayy }qs*Q\ ss xqs*Li FyLRisWLij NRPsV AysLi RV GsLi s[R *
xmsLRisWLiR RLji+yLi xsyLi, RXdRVLi d sLi RgSQ* AysLi xmssxts Q: B
sxmsosLSRV[* RVLkiRVxqs Ady*`*
yRLRisVV : C sR sVVgS (FyRsVVV c sWRNRPV [ R Li [R s zms) A
sssVV ss 'JLi'NSLRisVV sWRRVs, FyRsVVs, @LiRVss "JLiNSLRis[V
ARRVs VxqsVN]s, Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV RssV FyLRisWLij NRPLigS VxqsVN]ss
xs[R N PR V, RXdRV\sVs dssVV RzLixmsgS xqs*xqs*LRiWxms\sVs ARRVLiRV,
204

@sgS @sV ssVLiRV s sVd Ljigji s F~LiRLRiV.

xqs*LRiWxmssVV : sVVR @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNSLRisVVV AL][zmsLi, "JLi'NSLRisVV xmsFy
jLiRTsj. BR sVNSLRisVLiRV Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV RVRsV @gRixsVs[ yss
ysVgS Rs xqs*LRiWxmsLigS VxqsVN]s xqssVNSLi[ s[s s[ xmsRRVsVV ]gji,
ysVgS sVgjisxmsoRV s[s VNRPV AL][zmsLixmsTs saRP*, \xqs, Fys[ @NSLRi, DNSLRi,
sVNSLRisVVV @s[s ]gji "ARgS' ysVgS sVgRiVVsV. C sR sVVgS yss[
xqs*LRiWxmssVV[, RsNRPV ysVgS xmsLRisWLiR Q\sV sVRVsV. ryyLRiLigS xmsxmsLiRsVV[
xmsosV, RsFyssV xmsLjis QQ\sVs sV[ ssVV ]gjiLi, aRPVsWR A RXzts Qs
sVLRiLi, xmsxmsLiRsVV[ dsso xmso[R V. xmsxmsLiRs[V saRPV*TgS, \xqsVTgS, FyTgS
dsRVLiRV s FsoRVsj. C xmsxmsLiRsVV VVNRP LSNRPFNRPV VxqsVN]s[ ryOTPQ
xqs*LRiWxmsoTs dsss zms, xqs*xms xmsxmsLiRsVLiRs [V xqs*LRiWxmssVV][ VxqsV
N]sVRVy[, @[ ryOTPQ xqs*LRiWxmssVV. A ryOTPQ xqs*LRiWxmssVV][ xqsVxtsvzms @sV ys
syLjiLisxmsoRV, A @sV ssVLiRV xmsxmsLiRsVV LSNRPFNRPV gSs, @j @ssVs
gSs, @lgi[ RsgRiVLjiLi NRPWy RVRRV. sVLRi AL][xms RXzts Q][ aRPV syLRi
[LiVVLisj. A AL][xmsRXzts Q GsVsgS ysLi N]sWssVs[ DyxLRi][
"sV'NSLRisVs[ FyTRVLiRV gRiR, xqs*xmssVV s s, sV s[VsgSs[
gRiR, xqs*xmssVV RVNRPV sRVss zmssj. gSs aRPV AL][xms RXzts Qs ]gjiLi,
xqsVxtsvzms @sV sLi[ RWzqssxmsoRV @j "s @LiR: xms, s ztsQQ, sDRVR:
xms, s xms, s @xms' ByjgS zms, LSNRPFNRPV sosxmsoRV FyR*Li gSs
[NPR F[, @j FyRV NRPWy NSRs[ sXs NRPWy ]gjiLi, sosj ys[R Vs
zms, FyRs[ xqsVxtsvzms @sWsLi NRPWy ]gjiLi saRP* \xqs ssVV NRPWy
]gjiLisj. s[s sV ssVV NRPWy ]gji, RVLkiRVs[V RsNRPV ysVgS xmsLRisWLiR Q\sV
soLiRVsV. BLi xmsLRisWLiR sLi NRPgjis xs[R N PR V RXdRV\sVs "sVNSLRi'sVs[
FyRsV dssVV @gRix LRiWxms\sVs FyR*, NSLRiR*Li ]gji, RzLixmsgS,
xqs* xqs*LRiWxms\sVs ARRVLiRV soLiRVsV. BNRPR RgiR Li @sVsj FsNRPR xmsTsj?
@sgS V\lgi[ VNRPR FysVV ][R V[, @NRP[ FysVV Li Fg]VN][y
@ssV, xqsVxtsvzmsR VLi[ Lis ]gjiLiRVN][y. @NRP[ gRiR xqs*xmssVV
205

LSNRPFNRP dsLi ]gjiLiRVN][y. BgRi @sV sxmspLRi*NRPLigS, ss[NPR Li][

syLjiLiRgS, FyR*sVV RzLixmsgS A xqsVxtsvzms xqssVNSLi[s[ RVLkiRVsVs
RVRVsV. BgRi VxqsVN]s[ yLjiNTP sVLRi xmsoVNRP soLiRRV. aRPV "Gss[V\ sxtsQ
xqssVQry][7ryRLik LSR=sVVyRV xmsLRiLi[LRiWxmsxqsLixmsR }qs*s LRiW}ms
sxtsQR[ xqs DR s VxmsoLRiVxtsQ:' (y.D. 8c12c3) @[ sR sVVgS C xqsLixmsryRVRV C
aRPLkiLRisVVsVLiT xqssVVyssVVsLji xmsLRiLi[ F~Lij Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV zqs RV\
soLiRVsV. @RRV DR s V xmsoLRiVxtsvRs aRPV NRPWy zmssj.
3) xtsQsV : sz LRi xqsLRiWLji*s[ZNP[ LRi*Li xmssxts Q: xqsLRi: Vj xqsLiryLS`
xmsos: c xmsoLRi*s` Rj*s[NPT yLi Dyxqs*
yRLRisVV : xqsLRisVV @s[ Vj xqsLixqsLjiLixmsRVss, ss[NPR sVV gRiyLjiNTP sVd
Ljigji FysVV ][R RV NRPy!
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : Bj y[ @s, xqsLRisVV NSRs ss[NPT Lis yLjiNTP, Ljigji xqsLRi Vj Fs
gRi NRPgRi][, @[ sR sVVgS, Bj RVLkiRVV[, FyRV NSRs ss[NPT Lis ysNTP,
FyRsV Vj sVLRi xmsoRV. @lgi[ FyT ss NSLRiR*sVV @gRixsVV,
dssVV xmsoRV. Bj DR s Wj NSLRiV sWLiR sVV. RVLkiRVV\s, @RRVV\s
ARsV sR sVs xqs*LRiWxmssVV FsxmsVRW [R V. Fs\lgi[ xmsNSaRPsVV sR xqsWLRiVRV
[][, Dxts QR *sVV, xmsNSaRPsVV sR @gji[][ @lgi[ sVs xqs*LRiWxmssVV FsxmsVRV
@sRV xqs*LRiWxmss[V. @Li RVLkiRV xqs*LRiWxms\sVs ys[ RsNRPV sos xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV
@sxqs V ][[ xqssVNSLi[ NRPWy [V|RVRgiR VV soLiRso, Fs\lgi[ FysVV ][[
xqssVNSLi[ NRPWy @j y[. ][s xqssVNSLi[ A FysVV xmso[R V, Li
]gjis RLRiVyR FysVV FsRNRPV FsW[R V. @lgi[ xqsXzts Q, zqs , LigRisVVV @y
L][xmsRXzts Q][ xRVLiRV AL][zmsLiRTyLiVV NSs, yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs AL][zmsLi
RVNRPV [aPR NS ssyss[V [R V. Bj DR s Wj NSLRiV\s xs[R sWLiR sVV.
4) xtsQsV : sVLiRsVR sVj RWLi RV xmsxmssryR NRP yyLi xqsyLiR gSsVyLi,
xqsyzqsyLi sWyLi FyyyLi R NPR xmsrysVssyLi RVys` DFyxqssWs:
JLiNSLRi: x xmsxmsR [V ALidss* RyR sORPQ . "AaRPsWzqsQsy{s
sVR sWRQXxts Q RXxts QR V:* DFyxqs[xms j}tsQR VLi RRLiR sVsVNRPLixmsRW' (sW.NS.
206

3c16 ) Byj
yRLRisVV : BNRP sVLiRsVR NSLRiV\ZNP[, N]j gS NRPWy ryR s ssVVV V
xqsVN]s[yLjiNTP, sVVsVVORPVsoNRPV, xqsyLiR , xqsRVj NRPyLjiNTP, xqsyxqsVNRPV sWRsVV,
sWRV c FyRsVV gRiVLjiLi xqsLiZOP[QxmsLigS ssVV NRPgjisyLjiNTP, \|mss zmss "JLi'NSLRi
DFyxqss @s[ sjyxqss, xFyzmsNPT ALisgS soLiRVsV. NSsos @\Q*R
xmsNRPLRiLi[ @sgS (sW.NS. 3c16)s NSLjiNRP[ BgRi xmsTsj. GsVsgS "@aRPsV
xqs VVgS sos yLjis, yLji @j NSLRisVV sVLiRsVR sV, DR s V Rxts QgS sVWRV
sR sVVVgS s s [zqs, dsLRisV @sVgRizLiRVNRPV DFyxqsssVV Dxms[bPLiRTsj.
DR s Wj NSLRiVNRPV ZNP[s ss[V BRLRiVNRPV @sgS xqsyxqsVNRPV JLiNSLRi DFyxqss\sVs
@sWR DFyxqss xmsTsj.

@yLiRLRi yRlLi[ DFyxqsy @LigkiNSLRi:

qx s*LRiWxmssVV : DR s Wj NSLRiVV JLiNRPLRisVVsV ARgSs[ VxqsVN]LiRVLRiV. sVLiRsV
yjNSLRiVV, sVVsVVORPVsoV xqsyLiR sVV, xqsRVj gRiyLRiV, JLiNSLRisVV syLRisVV [}qs
rysVLiR QsVV [syLRiV, xqsyxqsVV sWRV FyRsVV gRiVLjiLi xqsLiOTPQxmss VVgS VxqsV
N]ssyLRiV JLiNSLRi ysVsVV][, xmsdNRP ALis][ DFyxqss [R VVRVLRiV. kss[ aRPV
"RV: xmsoslLi[R Li sW[\ s JsV B[[\ ss @ORPQlLi[ xmsLRiLi xmsoLRiVxtsQLi @yLiVVR xqs
[zqs xqsWlLi[ xqsLixmss:* RVy Fy][R LRi: R*y ssLRiVR[ GsLi x yRV xqs
Fyxmsy ssLRiVQQNPR : xqs rysWLRiVdsRV[ x[NPR Li xqs GRry` sxmsn Vy`
xmsLSRLRiLi xmsoLjiaRPLi xmsoLRiVxtsQLi CORPQ[' (xms.D. 5c5) @s aRPV G DFyxqsNRPV\[ C
JLiNSLRisVVsV sWRsVV][ xmsLRisV xmsoLRiVxtsvTs ysLiRV[ @RRV
xqsWLRi[sVLiRsVVs xqsWLRi gRiysVs RVLiRV xqsLixmssVRgRiVRVyRV. xqsLRisVV
NRPVVxqssVVsV sTsV. @RRV x[NPR sVV F~LiRVRVyRV. A DFyxqsNRPVRV
zLRigRiLRiVT NRPy xmsLRiV\s qx sNRP xmsoLRiVxtsv[ s[N]s xmsoLRiVxtsvTs
F~LiRVRVyRV' @s aRPV NSLiRLRi, [aSLiRLRi sVVNTP x Fyzms ryR ssVVsNRPV
zmssj. @LiVVssW aRPV "r sWy sVXRV sVR: xmsRVVNS @[s xqsNS
@ssxmsRVVNS: NTPRWxqsV xLiRLRi sVR sWxqsV xqssVNRPQRVVNSxqsV s NRPLixms[
:' (xms.D. 5c6) @s bP @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNSLRisVV[ JN]NRPsWRsV
207

ysLixmsLSRV. @Li yssVVV sVXRVg][R LRis[V, NRPsVNRP Wgji C sWRsV

sRkRVLSRV. @[ssVV NRPgRixmsoN]s ysLixmssRVVsV. @Wgji NRPLizmsLixmsRV,
RVxmsRRs aRPV sWy DFyxqss }msLRi ss sVsVxtsvRV rsV, xqsWLRi[NPR sVVV
FyzmsLiR Wxms xmsn sVV [j LiRV ss @R ys sLRiVR sVVgS HNRPsVV NRPVRLRiRs
VxqsVN]s, @yLiRLRi LRiWxmssVV][ ([Lij Fso RVsV @LiR sVV[) @NSLRi c@
\sry*sLSj sWR GNRPR* DFyxqss F~LiRV NRPssV xmsTsj. F~LiRVRVsV
zqsyLiRsVV R LRiDxms[aPR sVV][ NRPWTsj NRPsVNRP, RRsVryLRisVVgS DFyxqs LRiWxmsxmsn sVV
NRPWy [j LixmsTsj. @LiRVsss[ @NSLRi \saS*sLRi HNRPDFyxqss ss NRPgjis xmsn Li
aRPLkiLRi xmsRyLiRLRisVV, sVLjiRVV xqssVN`P RLRi+ssVV y*LS NRPsVsVVNTP xmsTsj.
@LiVVsxmsNUP xxqsWRsVLiRV "WsV: NRPRVsQRVxqsQ*Li Ry z RLRi+RV'
(.xqsW. 3c3c57) zmssV DxmsNSsV DxmsxqsLiLSsV @sVxqsLjiLi xqssVxqs
DFyxqssLi sWRs[V [R W. @LiaRP DFyxqsyxmsn sVV ZNP[s sVV zqs N]LRiZNP[
xmsTsj. xms[NRP DFyxqss sLijLiRTsRs xxqsWRsVV[ xmsTsj.
C yRVsVV][ JLiNSLRi ssVV VxqsVN]sV[V gRizLiy. GLiRVNRPsgS
JNSLRisVVsV @LiR sVV [xqsVN]sV[V BR gRizLiRTsj. "@R QOPR QLiR Li JLiNSLRi'
(sW.D. 8) @R QOPR QLiR sVVgS JLiNSLRisVs DxmsNRPsVsVV [zqs, sVLRi DxmsxqsLiLRisVLiRV
"GsLi JLiNSLRi @\Qs' (sW.sV.c12)@s "JLiNSLRis[V AR' @s BgRi VxqsVN]ss
yRV Rs AR[V ARxqs*LRiWxmssVVgS F~LiRVRVyRs sVLiR DxmsxqsLiLRisVV[
zmssj. Bj sVxmsn sVV [j Liso NSsos BjsLRiNRPV zmssV BR @yLiRLRi
xmsn yRssVV ([Lij Fso xmsn sVV) xmsysryR s xqsV N]LRiZNP[. @sgS @NSLRisVV
saRPV*TRVLiRV [Lij FsoRVsV @yLiRLRi xmsn sVV [j LiRV xmsR sgS sos "Rs
AR[V AR xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS F~LiRVRVyRV' @sV yss xqsVLiRV N]LRiZNP[. NSsos
sWR, FyRsVV GNRPR* DFyxqss @LigkiNRPLjiLiRV[ ][xtsQs VV [R V. lLiLiRV sR sVVVgS
gRizLiRsRVsV. @sgS @ys @[R V sORPQsVVgS JLiNSLRi RsV
gRizLiRV xmsyssVsV ssOTPQR \sV sosj. @s DxmssxtsQR VV C @LiR sVVsV
@}msOTPQLi[V VxmsoRVss. @lgi[ DR s Wj NSLRiVV JLiNSLRisVVsV ARgS
gRizLi[V Rs AR[R AR xqs*LRiWxmssVV F~LiRVRVyLRis y*RaRP sVLiRsVV[
208

DxmsxqsLiLRisVVgS xmsTsj. BgRi FsLiRVNRPV xmsTsRsgS, syLji}qs

"JLi'NSLRisVV[ ARgSs[ VxqsVN]LiRVLRiVsV @sWssVV ]gjiLi sVVRL i xmsxmsLiR
sVVsNRPV, saRPV*TgS RWzmsLisj. @lgi[ yxmsNRP RXzts QgiR y[ "JLiNSLRi'sVVsV
DFyzqsLiy gSs xmsLjis RXzts Q][, xmsxmsLiRsVV[ sos sxtsQR WV, yRVLiRV
N][Lij NRP gRiyRV, yxmsRRVsVVsyRV, ARW N][Lij NRPNRPV xqsLiLij Lis ARW [s R
sV DFyzqsLiy gSs, sLiR V\sVs @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNSLRisVV][ Ds "JLiNSLRi'sVV
DFyxqss [R VNRPWRRV. INRPs[ [zqss][ @j @sLiR NRPs[V. DFyxqss @sgS DFy = RgiR
LRigS, yxqsLi = soLiRV @sgS GNSgRiR. [sNTP RgiR LRigS @sgS @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNS
LRisVVsV "JLiNSLRi'sVVsNRPV RgiR LRigS, BR RgiR LRigS @sgS BRLRiVV }ms ysLRiW
xms\sVs DFyxqssNSRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS "JLi' @ORPQLiR sVVsNRPV xmsdNRPsVVgS [V sxqsVs o[R V.
@j @ [ R V xqs*LRiWxms\sVs xs[V. @j sxqsVR LiR\sVsj. NRPLRiVR LiRsVVsNRPV
DFyxqss NRPVRVLRiVsV. @LiRVss sjyxqs xmspLRi*NRPLigS, GNSgRiR][ "JLi'NSLRisVV ss[NPR
sVV][ syLjiLiRV[V BR DFyxqss. @gRi syLjiLiRgS @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNSLRi
sWR ]gji @j @sWRgS xs[V RVs @j sVs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs AR[V RVs
RV RVsV BgRi VxqsVN]sVNRPV "JLi'NSLRisVV ALisgS sosj.
VxqsVN]s zmsRxms ALis NRPWy @sxqsLRisVV [R V.
@syLjiNRP : NSLjiNRP (1c24)
xtsQsV c xmspLRi*s` @R G[ a]N[ S ss*
yRLRisVV : xmspLRi* sR sVVgS BNRPR N]s a]N[ PR sVVVss

@R xmss NSLjiNS:
NSLjiNRP (1c24)
JLiNSLRiLi FyRa][ sy` Fyy sWy s xqsLiaRPRV:*
JLiNSLRiLi FyRa][ y* s NTPLiRzms LiR[V`** 24 **
yRLRisVV : JLiNSLRisVVsV FyRsVVVgS xqsVN]ssRVVsV. FyRsVV[ sWRV
xqsLi[xsVV [R V. JLiNSLRisVVsV FyRsVVVgS VxqsVN]s N]LiRsVV NRPWy xmsW
ssVV LiLiRsNRPLRi[R V.
209

xmsLRisWLiR JLiNSLRi dsNRPXRNRPXR:

1) xtsQsV : RV][ZNP^ Q : rysW\sQ: Fyy GssWy:, sWyaRP Fyy:* Rry`
JLiNSLRiLi FyRa][sy` c BRLiR :* GsLi JLiNSlLi[ [ RXuyLiR Li @RXuyLiR Li y s
NTPLi` @zms xmsWsLi LiR[V` NRPXyLiR y*` c BRLiR :**
yRLRisVV : dsNTP rysVR LRisVVV soss, JLiNSLRisVV FyRsVVVgS FsLRiVgRi
ssV. BgRi JLiNSLRi ryR s xqssVRVsVLiRV Rxts Q, @RXxts Q xmsWyV N]LiRsVV
NRPWy LiLixmsLSRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS JLiNSLRi ssVV ss NRPXyLiR R LiRVyLRiV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : "JLiNSLRi FyRa][ sy`' C NSLjiNRP[ JLiNSLRisVV FyRsVVVgS
VxqsVN]ssss xmsTsj. sVLji @xts Qs V sVLiRsVV[ "@RQOPR QLiR JLiNSLRi'sVs
zmssj NRPy RVsV aRPLiNRP xmsLjixLjiLiRVNRPV sWRsVV[ FyRsVVs xmsTsj.
RVLkiRVVRV, JLiNSLRisVV VVNRP @ys @ [ R V sORPQRV @sVsj ssOTPQR \sVsj
GLiRVNRPsgS \|mss zmss FyRsVVV sWRs, sWRV FyRsVVs, rysWssVV
ss dsNTP rysVQ\sVs Aj c Azms:, DRL<iR c D RVR*Li, sV c @{ms R LRisVVV
soss. @lgi[ JLiNSLRisVVsV FyRsVVVgS VxqsVN]sssV. "@NSLRi' ALis
[xqsVN]s, xmsTs JLiNSLRisVV, gRiR rysV\s \saS*sLRiVRV, @RRV xqssVxqs
gRiR xmsxmsLiRsVV GRV @LigRisVVV, mx sLi]ssVj sVVsVV][ NRPWT soyRV,
@RRV xmsRsV FyRVRV. @lgi[ DNSLRisVV][ NRPWTRVVs xqs*xmsQrysV\s \xqsVRVsV
j*dRVFyRVRVgS, @lgi[ sVNSLRisVV[ NRPWTRVVs xqsVxtsvzms rysV\s FyTs
@yNRPXR dRgS GLRiVgRissV @R NRPWy @lgi[ xqs* ARsV xmssxmss
[R VgS, dssVV OUPQLiRgS RVLkiRVVRV @NRP[ RsNRPV ysVgS ZNP[s JLiNSLSR
LRiWxmssVVgS sVgjiFsosV. Blgi[ JLiNSLRisVV FyRsVVVgS RVVRVs @LiR sVV.
DFyRVsVV][ VxqsVN]sgS, NRPsVsVVgS JLiNSLRisVLiRV xqs` RVRVss @LiR sVV.
BgRi xmssxmss [R VgS JLiNSLRisVV RVRVsV. BgRi JLiNSLRi ryR s [zqss
xqssVNSLi[ RXxts Q @sgS gRiyj @sqx s ][ NRPWTRVVs xmsoR, R s, LRi gSs,
@RXxts Q [NSLiRLSV, xqs*LiR [NPR sVVgSs RXxts Q, @RXxts Q Fs xmsWssVVsV LiLi
xmsNRP, JLiNSLRi ssVLiRV NRPXyLiR LiRs. NRPXRNRPXRR F~Lijs s FsxmsVRW sj
s}tsQR LRizRsVVgS soLiRVsV. BgRi sbPxts Qxmsn sVV [j LiRV ss s FsxmsVRW
210

Rxts Q @Rxts Q y*LS FyzmsR VgRiV @sxts QFyzms LiLiRRV. ksNTP "WyLiR xqsLi[R s
s DsR RORPVuysV* yzqs sj : LS, yzqs yzqs [aPR xmsLjisV:** yzqs L][g][
s xqsLiyF yzqs NSsWj xqsLixms o:* s xqsVxL<iR WgRix s DxmsyRVsVXRs:**
s a][N][ y LRi: NSs NSLRiVR *Li s NSLRiR* s [ R VLi y zms R R RR[xms
@zms sxtsQ[ (X.y 2c1c276, 277, 278) B* aRPV xmssWsVV NRPXRNRPXRRV
FsgRi soLiRsV yss zmssj. zqs RsxqsVQ\ss ARsV zqsN]s s[Vssy\,
yj [sy\, sVxqsRssVV [sy\, [aPR xmsLji sV [R Vsy\, L][giR sVV [sy\,
xqsLiyxmssVV [sy\ NSsWRV][ xqsLigRisVV [sy\, xL<iR RVsVV [sy\, Dxmsy
LRisVV [sy\, @lgi[ a][NPR sVV [NPR AsLiRsVV [sy\, G N]j gS NRPWy NRPLRiQ XR*sVV
gSs NSLRisVV [sy\, VxqsVN]sVNRPV RRVsV ssVV NRPWy soLiRVsV.

NSLjiNRP (1c25)
RVVLiR xmss[ [R : xms[ x sLRiR VLi*
xmss[ sRRVVNRPxq s s RVLi sR[ NRP*`** 25**
yRLRisVV : xmsssVVsLiRV sVsxqsV= [LiR sRVVsV. xmsssV RVLRizRsVgRiV
x. xmsssVVsLiRV sRRVVNRPVR gRiV ysNTP FsNRPRsW RVsVVLiRRV.

xmsLRisWLiR xms[ \|s sLRiR VsV

1) xtsQsV : RVVLiR xqssWRy` RVyy[ xmsLRisWLiR LRiW}ms xmss[ [R :
sVs:* RVry` xmss: x sLRiR VsV* sz RR xqsy RVVNRPxq s RVLi
sR[ NRP*`* "sy*s [ NRPVRaRPs'* (\.D. 2c9) B aRPV[:
yRLRisVV : "RVVLiR' c NRPVxmsssV c @sgS xmsTs xmsLRisWLiR LRiWxms\sVs
xmss\sVs JLiNSLRisVV. xsVLiRV sVsxqsV= |mss][, A xmsssVs[ "JLiNSLRi'
RR*Li VxqsVN]ssxmsVRV, xmsss[V sLRiR V\sVs xsVV @s RVRVsV.
BgRi sRLi RVVNTP NRPyTNTP Fs RVsVV NRPgRiRV. aRPV NRPWy "sy*LixqsVRV
[ssssW RVsVV LiRRV' (\.D. 2c9) @s xmssWsVV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : @lgi[ sVLjiVVNRP aRPV xmssWsVV "AsLiRLi x[ sy*s* s
[ NRPVRaRPs', (\.D. 2c9) A xsVVVVNRP AsLiR xqs*LRiWxms\sVs Ry*s
211

VxqsVN]s sy*LixqsVRV [sNTP RVxmsRRV. BR AsLiRsVsgS RV:LRizR\sVsj.

[NPR Li[ NRPlgi[ AsLiRsVV, RV:xqszRsVVgS soLiRVsV. Bx, xmsLRi[NPR sVV[,
[NSLiRLRisVVV, xqs*LiR [NPR sVV[, AsLiRsVV NRPgjis xqssVNSsVV[ A AsLiRsVV
OUPQLiRVss zqs RV:sVV NRPVgRiVsV. sWss AsLiRsVV NRPy NTPsLRiV, [s R
AsLiRsVV DRQXxts Q\sVsj. yLji AsLiRLiNRPy BLiRVT AsLiRLi dssNRPs
sLiRsVV DRQXxts Q\sVsj. @LiVV[ x AsLiRsVV sLRiNRPV gRi AsLiRsVVV
RV:xqszR\sV LSNRPFNRP][ NRPWT sos AsLiRsVV. LSNRPFNRPV [s AsLiR
xqs*LRiWxms\sVs RVLkiRVV[, sVsxqs*LRiWxmssVV. @Li xqs*LRiWxmssVV RVLkiRVVRV FsxmsVRW
xqs`, ` xqs*LRiWxmsoRV. ][[ gRiyRVsV NRPWy VxqsVN]s[ ` xqs*LRiWxmsoRV, FsLRiVNRP
@s[j @Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVV. xmsssVV xmsLRisWLiR xqs*LRiWxms\sVs RVLkiRV AR, NRPsVNRP
@RRV xs[V, RVsVV [syRV. @Li xqs`, `, AsLiR xqs*LRiW xmso\s yRV
A RVLkiRVV\s sVs AR. @lgi[ sVLjiVVNRP aRPV "xqs y GxtsQ sVs
Ay7L][7sVX][ 7W 7RVLi \ s 7RVgRiLi z \ s x'
(X.D. 4c4c25) A C AR saRPRVsVVgS [aPR xmsLji[ R LRizRsVV., xmsoVNRP [sj,
sXyxmssVV [sj, syaRPsVV [sj, RVsVV [sj, AR[V saRPRVsVVgS @ RV
ryssVgRiV x. NSsos xmsssVV RVLRizRVRgRiV xsVV NSsos xmss
sRRVVNRPVR V, GxmsVRV AR ssVV soLiTsyRV. FsxmsVRV @ssR*sVV][
zqs RV\ soLiRVsV. NSsoss[ FsxmsVRW RVLRizRVRV. @Li[gSs R xqssWyssVV][
NRPWTs sRRVVNRPVQ\s WgjiNTP Bj ssOTPQR sVV NSRV. ssVV][ NRPWTsy\
xmsssVLiRV sRRVVNRPVQ\s ARs RVLRizRVRV. @Li[gSs R sWgRisVV][
RVVNRPVR V GxmsVRW RVsLij RVRs xms[R V. kss[ aRPV "Wg][ z
xmsyxmsR' (NRP.D. 2c3c11) WgRisVV xms sxmsRVsVVs xmsTsj. @sgS
xmsoV sbPLiRV RVsV xqs*ssVV gRiRs @LiR sVV. NSsoss[ sbPLiRV RzmsLiRV
N]LRiNRPV @xmssVR s VVgS soLiys @FyRVsVV. xmsssVLiRV sRRVVNRPVQ\s
ss[V xmsLRisWLiR sVV. GLiRVNRPsgS @ RVsVV ZNP[s ssVzs[V. @LiRVsss[
"AsLiRLi x[ sy*s s s [ NRPVRaRPs' (\.D. 2c9)

NSLjiNRP (1c26)
212

xms[xxmsLRiLi x xmssaRP xmsLRi: xqsQXR:*

@xmspL][*7sLiRL][7x: @sxmsLRi: xms[7sRV:** 26 **
yRLRisVV : xmsssVV @xmsLRi xsVV, xmsLRix @s xmsVRVsj. xmsssVV
@xmspLRi*sVVsV, xmsssVV @sLiRsVVsV, @xsVVsV, @sxmsLRisVVsV, @sRVsVV
sV xmsRVRVsj.

xmsLRisWLiR Qxmss Gs xmsLSxmsLRixLRiW}ms yzqsR :

1) xtsQsV : xmsLSxmslLi[ x xmss:* xmsLRisWLiR R: OUPQ[xtsv sWy Fy[xtsv xmsLRi Gs
Ay x B s xmspLRi*Li NSLRiLi @xqs sR[ B @xmspLRi*:* s @ryLiRLRiLi
s dRVLi NTPLi` sR B @sLiRLRi:* Ry xsV @s` s sR[ B
@x:* @xmsLRiLi NSLRiLi @xqs s sR[ B @sxmsLRi: xqs LiRL][ x:
|\ qsLiR sxmsn Vss` xmssxmsn Vs: BRLiR :**
yRLRisVV : JLi NSLRisVs[ xmsssVV xmsLS, @xmsLSNRPV xgS sosj. xmsLRisWLiR sVV
s sWR c FyRsVVV OUPQLiRgS, xmsLRi\sVs RVLkiRVs[V xsVV. RVLkiRVLi FsgRi
soLiRVsV @sgS "@xmspLRi*:' c BRsNTP xmspLRi*Li [V NSLRisVV [R V, "@sLiRLRi:' c BRs
NRPy sdRVLi [R V, "@x:' c BRsNTP RV GdsV[R V, "@sxmsLRi:' c BRsNTP
NSLRisVV Fsj [R V, BRRV x c @ LiRLRiV\ DxmsV gRiR LkigS sLiT soLiRVsV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : aRPV "GR\ Q* xqsRNSsV xmsLRiLi yxmsLRiLi R xRV][LiNSLRi:' (xms.D.
5c2) xmsssVs[ JLiNSLRisVV xmsLS, @xmsLS xsVVgS sosj. @xmsLRisVV xqsNRP
RLSRLRi RXaRPLSbP][ NRPWRVN]sj, xmsLRisVV zLRigRiLRiVR V. C lLiLiTLiNUP JLi NSLRis[V
xmsdNRPsVV NRPsVNRP, C xmsLRi, @xmsLRi xsVVV lLiLiRW JLiNSLRis[V xmsLS @xmsLRisVVV
lLiLiRW NSLRiNSLRi @sy xqs*LRiWxmssVV[. xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVV][ syLji}qs, NSLRis[V
[R V, @LiRVss NSLRisVW [R V. ZNP[s gRi` @sWssVV][ gRi`, xqs*xmssVV
NSLRisVs, xqsVxtsvzms ysNTP NSLRisVs xmsszqs sRVsV. xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVV][
syLji}qs, @R NSLRiNSLRisVVV lLiLiRW [sj. @LiVV[ gRiR RXzts Q][ NSLRiQ\sVs
gRi`, xqs*xmssVVV @xmsLRi x sVs, xqsVxtsvzms xsVs xmsTsj. C
lLiLiRW @syxqs*LRiWxmssVV[. sVLiRsVR @j NSLRiV\s sVVsVVORPVso\s yLRiNRPV,
ysVLRiWFy][ NRPWTRVVs sZaP[xtsQ DFyxqss saS*RgS, \ryRgS, xqsVxtsvFyR gS
213

JLiNSLRisVV[ xmsTs][ @j @xmsLRi xQ\sVsj. DR s Vj NSLRiVNRPV @sy

NRPXR\sVs, ysVLRiWFyRNRP \sVs, sWRWLRiWxms\sVs, yNRPXR\sVs gRiyRVsV
xms}tsQj Li, A xqsVxtsvzms @sV ssVLiRV xmsLRixgS VxqsVN]sVRVyLRiV.
"JLi'NSLRisVV @}msORPQ][ IZNP[ AR @NSLRi, DNSLRisVs[ @xmsLSx, sVNSLRisVs[
xmsLRix. DFyj LRizR\sVs, xmsLS, @xmsLS x NSs @RRV RVLkiRVVRV NRPWy
NSRV xs[V. @[ sVs AR. BgRi ss[NPR Li][, xmsLRisWLiR LigS sWRV, FyRsVVV
OUPQLiRgS, A RVLkiRVV[ xsVs RVRVsV. @LiRVss BRs xmsoVNRPNRPV
[VsR \sVs NSLRisVV [R V NRPsVNRP BRRV "@xmspLRi*sVV'. BRs NRPy sQQ\sVs
[VgSs, sxtsQR VLigSs, xmsNRPX RVs, sWRV RVs, CaRP*LRiVRs [V @LiRLRisVV
[syRV NRPsVNRP @RRV "@sLiRLRiVRV'. @lgi[ BRsNTP xLigS [Vk [R V NRPsVNRP
BRT "@x:' Fs\lgi[ NSLRi\sVs yRVRVLiRV NSLRiLigS ][[ FysVV
]gjiFgS, yRVRVLiRV NSLRisVV NRPWy ]gjiFso[, @lgi[ gRiyj LiRVV
]gjiFgS, A RVLkiRVVT RVLiRV A @sxqs [ ][R so @LiRVNRPV @RRV NSLRisVV
NRPWy NSRV. @sgS G @sry ][R VNRPV @RRV NSLRisVV NSRV. "R[R RQx
@xmspLRi*Li @sxmsLRiLi @sLiRLRiLi @xLi @RVsWR x' (X.D. 2c5c21) C
x NSLRisVV [syRV, NSLRisVV [syRV, @LiRLRisVV [syRV, xsVV
[syRV A C AR[V x' @s aRPV NRPWy zmssj. @LiRVss, xLigS
[V NSLRisVW [R V. @RsNTP xqsXzts Q, zqs , RVLi @s[j [R V NRPsVNRP "sxmsLRi:'.
@LiRVss BgRi NSLRiNSLRisVVV lLiLiRW A RVLkiRVVTRVLiRV @yL][xmssVV[gSs
yNTP @RRV R VRV NSRV. @lgi[ sVLjiVVNRP aRPV 'xqsx sL ][ x:'(sVV.D.
2c1c2) @LiRLRisVV xsVV NRPWTsyRV; @RV @sVsVRV @s zmssj. NSsos
@RRV @RV, xmsoVNRP [syRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS @RRV [xms, RV @LiR @Rs[
soyRV. @LiR @RVs[ @sxmsoRV, yss y sVLjiVVNRP ryssVV FsNRPR
soLiRVsV? sVLjiVVNRP ryssVLiRV FsgRi xmsoRyRV? @gRi ][R VNRPV NRPWy @LiRLRiLi
@sgS ssysLi [syRV. @LiRVss @RRV sVLjiVVNRP aRPV "s RVy
|\ qsLiR sxmsn V[7sLiRL][7x: NRPXR=Q LRixqsxmsn Vs Gs' (X.D. 4c5c13) G\lgi[
DxmsV xqsNRPsVV [xms RVRVs[ [y [s xmspLji DxmsVLRiV VVNRP
xmsn Vds sLis sVVR [V, @[ sR sVVgS C AR RV c [xmsRVs[ [y [s
214

mx spLiR Q\sVs xmsn Vds sLis GLRiVNRP. DxmsVgRiR s, xmssxmsn VsV\, \Rs xqs*LRiWxmso\s
yRV A RVLkiRVV\s AR.

NSLjiNRP (1c27)
qx sLRi*xqs xms[j: sVR sVLiRqx sQ\ s R*
GsLi z xmssLi y* saRPV[ RRsLiRLRiLi** 27 **
yRLRisVV : xmsssVV xqsNRP xmsxmsLiRsVVsNRPV Aj @lgi[ sVR Li (zqs ) RVLisV
xmsssVVsV AsR sVVgS VxqsVN]s xmss yyRQ sLi F~LiRVRVyLRiV.

xmsyRssxqsyyysrys sV
xtsQsV : Aj sVyLiy:, DR zqs xmsRW: xqsLRi*xqs xmss Gse sWRW
xzqs, LRi xqsLRi sVXgRiRXzts QNS: xqs*Fyjs` DRRsW=sxqs sRVyj
xmsxmsLiRxqs RVysVRWds @RRV: GsLi z xmssLi AysLi
sWRWyjrydsRVLi y* R` ORPQ}qss RyRsLi saRPV[ BRLiR :**
yRLRisVV : Aj c sVR @LiRsVVV, @sgS DR c zqs RVsVVV xqsLRi*sVV
sWRWRV sLis @sgS sWRWs c sWRWgRisVV, LRi xqsLRisVV, sVXgRiRXzts QNPR c
sVV Bss xqs*FyRVLiRV xmsoVRVs ANSaSj xmsxmsLiRsVV s[ sWRWs, LRi,
sVXgRiRXzts QNPR s sLixmssgRiVsV. BgRi saRPRV ssVV NRPgjis sLis[
ARssVV F~LiRVRVyRV.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : "Aj' @sgS xmsoVNRP ][[j , "sVR ' @sgS zqs s[j , "@LiRLi'
@sgS xmsRVLi RVLi Li[j xqsLRi*sVV sWRWRVsLis. @Li sWRWRVV
@sgS sWRWs c sWRW gRisVV, LRi c xqsLRisVV, sVXgRiRXzts QNPR c sVV Bss
xqs*FyRVLiRV xmsoVRVs ANSaSj (ANSaRPsVV, yRVV, sVV, @gji, xmsXjs) s[,
sWRWs, LRi, sVXgRiRXzts QNPR s ][R VsV. BNRPR }ms sVWRV DyxLRiNRPV
ss [R y \ZaP sosj. sVVR sWRW gRisVVsV syLji}qs sVssVV
RWR[[V sWRVs RWzmsLi[ RXaRPQ\ sVs gRiLi sWRV @s zqs, @sgS
RWR[[Vj ][zmsNRP[V @s sVVLiRV zqs A RXaSs RWRVRVysVV. @gRi
][zmsNRPNRPV sVVLiRV RLRiVyR @s[ [aPR NSsVVV soyLiVV. BNRP lLiLiRsj yRV FysVV
RXuyLiRLi syLji}qs sVsNRPV sVVLiRV yRVRVLiRV FysVV sosj ][R [R VsRs
215

RVRV. @R NRPR[s yRVRVLiRV, [R s\sVs, NRPRNRP][ NRPWTRVVs FysVV

][R VsV. @lgi[ Rs @R\sVs zqs LRi\ sVs, sRQ\sVs xqs*LRiWxmssVLiRV RyRNRP\sVs
gRiyj @sxqs V ][R VsV. yRs RVNRP, FysVs[ RxmsVs ss, FysVVgS
][R VRVsj. @lgi[ RVLkiRVVRs RVNRP, gRi`, xqs*xmssVs[ RxmsVs ss
Li NRPVgRiVRVsj. BNRP sVWRsj FsLiRsWsoRVLiRV dsLRiVsV syLjisxmsVRV,
FsLiRsWsNTP, dsLRiVNTP Fs xqsLiLiR sVV [R V. FsLiRsWs dsLRiV[s gRiVsVV][
NRPWTRVVsj, @Li ysRVLiRV, dsLRiV G xqsLiLiR sVV ss ][R VRVsj? LigS
LRisVV VVNRP @sygRixs[V ysVLRiWFyRNRP\sVs A LRiVgS ][R VRVss,
yxqss sVVgS syLji}qs ][[ ysVLRiWFy][ NRPWTRVVs A LRiV LigSLRis[V.
LigSLRisVVsV dsT A LRisVVV FsRsW ][R so. @lgi[ ysVLRiWFy][ ][[,
xqsNRP RLSRLRi\sVs xmsxmsLiRsVV xmsLRisWLiR Q\sVs ys[, y\ss AR xqs*LRiWxmss[V. BgRi
gRizLi A xmsys, ARsV ysVgS VxqsVN]s, @RRV @NSLRi, DNSLRi,
sVNSLRisVsV ryssVVNRPV rysgS sos JLiNSLRis[V, RVLkiRVsVs VxqsVN]s
xqssVNSsVLi[, [aPR NS @LiRLRisVV [s ARgS sFyRV.

NSLjiNS (1c28)
xmssLi {aRP*LRiLi sy` xqsLRi*xqsxXR[V zqs RsV*
xqsLRi*yzmsssWLiNSLRiLi sVy* k L][ s a][R ** 28 **
yRLRisVV : xmsssVVsV @LiRLjiVVNRP xXRRVsVVsLiRV Ds CaRP*LRiVsgS V
xqsVN]ssRVVsV. Vj sVLiRVRV JLiNSLRisVVsV @LiR yzmsLis yssgS R
a][NPT LiRRV.
1) xtsQsV : xqsLRi*xqs FyRxqs xqsQX xmsRRWxqs[ xXR[V zqs RsV CaRP*LRiLi
xmssLi sy`* xqsLRi*yzmssLi [sVs` JLiNSLRisV AysLi @xqsLiryLjisV, k LRi:
Vj sWs, sVy* y* s a][R * a][NPR ssVR @sVxmsxms[: * "RLRi a][NPR sWRs`'
(y.D. 7c1c3) ByjaRPV:*
yRLRisVV : xqsLRi* Fy RsVVsNRPV xqsQX @sgS xmsNRPLi, ssVs[ xmsRRVLi
xmsoVNRPV xms[aPR # \sVs xXRRVsVLiRVs CaRP*LRiVRVs xmsssVVgS VxqsVN][y.
Bj sVLiRsVR sV @j NSLRiVNRPV xmsTsj. gSs DR s Wj NSLRiV\s yLRiNRPV,
216

qx sLRi*yzms\Vs, ANSaRPsVsVLki JLiNSLRisVV AR xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS, @xqsLiryLjigS

sosRs VxqsVN]s[yLRiNRPV ssVLRi a][NPR s[V soLiRRV. @Li yRV "a][NPR sVVsV
yV RVyRV'.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : xqsQX (.gki. 18c61) "CaRP*LRi: xqsLRi* WyyLi xX Z[ aP[ @LiR Vs xts Q,
sVRVs xqsLRi*Wys RVLiyLRiWys sWRVRW' xqsNRP FyV xXRRVsVV
[ soLiT C [}LijRWsV RVLiRsVVsV sRVxmsoRVs [xmssos CaRP*LRiV[,
A ryOTPQ[V xmsssVsV "JLi'NSLRisVV @s gRiVLjiL iy. @lgi[ "@RVsWR gRiWyZNP[aPR
xqsLRi*WyaRPRVzqs R:' (.gki.10c20) xqssVxqs FyV WNRP xXRRVsVVsLiRV
xmsRgSRgS s[s[ soysV. "JLi' @s[ aRP sVV G\[ xXRRVsVV sVLi sxqsVs ][,
@j CaRP*LRiVT yZNP[ "JLi'NSLRisVV. kss[ aRPV "GxtsQ [[ saRP*NRPLS sVy xqsy
yyLi xXR[V xqsssxts Q:' (ZaP[*.D. 4c17) C [s oRV (AR) saRP*NRPLRi
xmsxmsLiRxqs*LRiWxms\sVs NSLRisVV [R VVRVyRV. @RRV xqsLRi*yzmsRVV, GxmsVRW
FyVVVNRP xXRRVsVVsLiRV xmss[bPLiRVVyRV. @lgi[ sVLjiVVNRP aRPV "xqs
y GxtsQ AR xXj' (y.D. 8c3c3) A C AR xXRRVsVLi[ sosj. @Li
"JLi'NSLRisVV @NSLRisVs[ gRiR, DNSLRisVs[ xqs*xmsLi, sVNSLRisVs[ xqsVxtsvzms gSs, A
JLiNSLRisVVsNRPV @ssVVgS ][[ ryss[V [R V. @sgS xqsLRi*sVW JLiNSLRis[V.
ANSaRPsVVs[ JLiNSLRisVV xqsLRi*yxmsNRP\sVsRs "AysLi' @sgS ysVgS VxqsVN]s,
@xqsLiryLjigS gRiyRVRVLiRV xmsoR V gSNRP, @Li k LRiVRV Vj sVLiRVRV, C
AR Ry*s Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVgS gRiVLjiL i, a][NSsNTP NSLRi\sVs s[s V, yj RVsV
@sWssVV [s yRV, s sVLRi NSLRisVV [syRV. @LiRVss a][NPT LixmsRV.
kss[ aRPV "RLRi a][NPR sWRs`' (y.D. 7c1c3) ARs[R a][NPR sVVsV RLjiLiRVsV
(yFsosV). @lgi[ sVLjiVVNRP aRPV "sVxsL i sWsWysLi sVy*k L][ s
a][R ' (NS.D. 2c1c4) A |msR \s s V\ss ARsV VxqsVN]s, s[LiR VgS "s[s V
xmsLRisW\Q sossV' @s Rs xqs*LRiWxmssVVgSs[ saRPLiVVLiRVN]s k LRiVRV a][NPT LixmsRV.
xmsLjis QQ\sVs aRPLkiLSRV][ yRs sLixmsNRP, xqsLRi* xmsxmsLiRsVs[ sW[, xqsNRP
aRPLkilLi[LijRW][ xqs, s[s V yj RVsV aRPLkiLRisVV sR, @LiRds RXaRPLigS, ysV
RXN`PgS soLiTsyTNTP a][NPR Li FsNRPR? BgRi VxqsVN]s AR s a][NPT LixmsRV.
@LiRVNRPV "ARs a][NSs yVRVyRV' @s aRPV xmssWsVV.
217

NSLjiNS (1c29)
@sW][7sLiRsWRaRP \ Q*RrxmsaRPsV: bPs:*
JLiNSL][ sj][ [Vs xqs sVVslLi[RL][ s:** 29 **
yRLRisVV : @sWR @Li[ @sLiRLRiWxms\sVs sWR \Q*RsVV DxmsaSLiR\sVsj. bPs
\sVsj @LiVVs JLiNSLRisVVsV FssLRiV VxqsVN]LiRVL][ @RRV sVVs NSs s[L]NRPRV NSRV.

@sWR: xmss Gs FyR Ay

1) xtsQsV : @sWR: RVLkiRV: JLiNSLRi:* dsVRV[ @sRW B sWy xmsLji:
ry @sLiyRVxqs xqs: @sLiRsWR:* \ sysRQ *Li @xqs xmsLji[RVLi aRPNRP[ BRLiR *
xqsLRi*Q\ Q*R DxmsaRPsVy*` Gs bPs:* JLiNSLRi: RVy yR: sjR: [Vs xqs:
xmsLRisWLiR RRQ *xqs sVsy` sVVs:* s BRLRi s: aSxqsQ sRzms BRLiR :**
yRLRisVV : @ sWR\sVs JLiNSLRisVV RVLkiRVVRV. [s][ N]sRV[ ysNTP
sWR RVs @LiR sVV. [sVVNRP xmsLji[ R sVV @sLiR\sVs][ @j "@sLiRsWR'sVV
kss "BLiy @Liy' @s @xmsLji[ j LiRV NRPVRLRiRV. xqssVxqsQ\sVs \Q*RsVV [s[
Dxms[bPLiRV[ @j bPssVV. JLiNSLRisVV VxqsVN]s[yRV, @RRV xmsLRisWLiR RR*sVVsV
sVsssVV [R VV ss sVVs @sRVsV. BRLRi sVV aSxqsQ @yRWj s[R
@LiVVssV "sVVs' NS[R V.
xqs*LRiWxmssVV : Bj sLRiNRPV xmsTsV @sWR\sVs JLiNSLRisVV RVLkiRVsVV. [s][
N]sRV[ ysNTP "sWR' @s @LiR sVV. [sVVNRP xmsLji[ R sVV @sLiR\sVs][ @j
"@sLiR sWR' @s xmsRVsV. @sgS ksNTP BLiy @Liy @s xmsLji[ R sVV
VxqsVN]sVNRPV aRPNRPsVV NSRV. A RVLkiRVV[, \saS*sLRiVTgS gRiysxqs NRPV,
\xqsVTgS xqs*Fysxqs NRPV, FyTgS xqsVxtsvFys xqs NRPV xmsLjis LigS sosVgS ][R VsV.
@gRi sVWRV @sxqs sV xmsLjis LigS VxqsVN]s ryOTPQ[V RVLkiRVVRV. IZNP[
RVLkiRVVRV A @sxqs V ][s xqssVNSLi[, A @sxqs ysVLRiWxmssVV][ xmsLji
sLigS sosVgS ][R VsV yxqsysNTP @sryLRizR\sVs RVLkiRVVRV, @NSLRi, DNSLRi,
sVNSLRisVV [s @sWR. @LiRVss ksRVLiRV BLiy @Liy RVsV xmsLji[ j LiRV
NRPWy aRPNRPsVV NSRV. @LiRVss xqsNRP RXaRPLSbP (AyNRP, Aj\sNRP, AjNRP)
sVs[ xmsxmsLiRsVV DxmsaRPsVLiRV ss @j "bPsLi' @sgS sVLigRiNRPLRi\sVs RVLkiRVsVV.
218

BgRi JLi NSLRisVVsV VxqsVN]s[yRV, AR RR*Li sVssLi [R VV ss @RRV

"sVVs' @s zmssLiRVs aRPV "JLi'NSLRisVV DxmsxqssgS xms[R s RVRV
RVsj. Bj sxqsVR LiR\sVs ssVV "BgRi VxqsVN]sNRP, BRLRi sVV aSxqsQLi
@yRVssVV [zqssxmsNUP yLRiV sVVsNS[LiR V. ( .gki. 3c2) xtsQsVLiRV aRPLiNRPLRiVV
"AR xqs*RVLi sVWR: @ys R [sWxRV aSryQLiR ryLixmsyRV
LRizRy*` aRPXR ssV @aRPVR NRPyLi R NRPVLRi*s* Rry` @ryLixmsyRVs`
xqsLRi*aSxqsQs` @zms sVWLiR s` Gs D}msORPQRV:*'' aSryQLiR ryLixmsyRVsVVsV sR,
s[R sLRiVR sVgRiV @LiR sVV NRPLi xqs*RVsVVgS LiRV\ BRLRiVsV gRiWy sWzLixms
[R VVyRV @RRV aSryQLiR xmsLRiLixmsLRi FsLRiVgRisyRV. @RRV xqsLRi*aSxqsQs[R @LiVVssV,
sVWLiR Vs][ xqssVssVVgS D}msOTPQLiRRgjisy[ RVgRiVsV. @LiRVss C xmsNRPLRisVV
@sV ssVV][ NRPWTRVVs, @sV ssVV][ xmsTs sxqsVR LiR s\sVsRs
VxqsVN]s, DFyxqsssV C xmsNRPLRisVLiRV sVsssVVgS VxqsVN]sssV.
aSxqsQsVV[ RRQ *sVVsj sosVgS VxqsVN][y gSs, NRPLRiN PR V @k s\sV ARsV
VxqsVN]sV @sVsj NRPVRLRiRV. FsLiRVss? @sgS NRPLRi [V RsRVLiRV
AL][zmsLixmsTsj, ysV RVsV @sV ssVV][ syLjiLisxmsoRV, AR xqs*LRiWxmsLi
RVRgS, NRPLRi VVNRP xqs*LRiWxmss[V N][[LiVV, ARgS sVgRiVVsV. Fs\lgi[
NRP VVNRP xqs*LRiWxmssVV @gjiRVLiRV @gjigS sWLjiFso[, NRP [ R VsV xqs*LRiWxmssVV
N][VFso[ @lgi[ NRPLRi @LiVVsyRV aSxqsQLi VxqsVN]sxmsoRV, A xqssVNSLi[
ARRVLiRV sds\sVFsosV. C RXzts Q][ syLjiLisxmsoRV sWLiRWNRPsVLiRV
VRsW DFyxqsyxmsLRiLigS xms[R s, FsR\ss DFyxqss xmsRLi DxmsWgjiLissV
@j "sVss sVV' @s[ dxqsVN][y. C DxmssxtsQR V sVssLi N]LRiNRPV sxqsVR LiR
s\sVsj. BRLRi ysNSLRiVV, @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNSLRisVV][ xqssVzts Q sR*Li
[j Li, GNRPR*Li ryj Li, RVLkiRVsVV RgiR LRiNRPV dxqsVNRPVFsoss |msRLRiV. sVLji
N]LiRsVLij "JLi'NSLRisVV CaRP*LRiVRs, sVLjiN]LiRsVLij JLiNSLRisVVsV yssVV
[R VgS @RRV sLji*NRP xqssWj F~Lij, @NRPR RVLkiRVVRV RVRVss, BgRi
@s[NPR sR sVVVgS |msRLRiV. gSs C xmsNRPLRisVV[ xqssWj RVsV aRP sVV FsRsW
DxmsWgjiLiR [R V. sVs @sV ssVV][ sVsNRPV NRPlgi[ @sxqs s syLjis][
RVLkiRVsVV RVRVsV. @Li[gSs sVs @sxqs NRPV xqsLiLiR sVV [s xqssWj ss
219

RVLkiRVsVV FsgRi F~LiRgRisVV? FsLiRVNRPsgS xqssWj ryLRi*NRP\sVs @sV ssVV

NSRV. NRPsVNRP xqssWj ss[ RVLkiRVsVV F~Lijs][ AR syLRisVV N]LiRLjiZNP[ xmsLjisVR
sVgRiVsV NSsos @LiRLjiNTP NRPlgi[ @sxqs ryLRi*NRP xmspLSsV ssVV][, aSxqsQ RXzts Q][
@yL][xms @xmsyR xmsNTPRV][, sxqsVR LiRsVVgS RVLkiRVV Ts VxqsVN]sV[V BR
xmsys\sVsj. aSxqsQsVV }ms yNRPsVVV, @sV ssVLiRV F~LiRVxmsLRi, syLjiLi
sxmsoRV RVLkiRVV[ sVs xqs*LRiWxms\sVs ARgS RVRVsV. AgRisV xmsNRPLRisVLiRV
RWzmss xqsLRi* DFyRVsVVV, Dxms[aPR sVV N]LRiNRPV xmsTss[ gSds NTPRV N]LRiNRPV [zqs
F~Liys FsRsW xms[R V. aSxqsQsVV, gRiVLRiV Dxms[aPR sVV syLjixqsW, sVsssVV
[R W. saRP*, \xqs, FyVgS ][[ AR xqs*LRiWxmssVV s\sVs RVLkiRV\sVs
ys[ RVs zms, AL][xms\sVs FyRsVVV @sLis ]gjiLi, GsR sVVgS gRiXx
sLSsVV[ \|msNRPxmsV sRVNRPV, NTPLiR sWxmso sVVLiRV s, \|msNRPxmsV sTs
RLRiVyR, sVVRL i sWxmsosV ]gjiLisVgS, @[ sR sVVgS s[s V ByTs, @s[
[}LijRWs[ sWxmso][ saRP*, \xqs, FysV sWxmso][ RVLkiRVsVLi[ sVRV
xmsyssVV. @lgi[ @NSLRi, DNSLRi, sVNSLRis[ sWRV AL][zmsLi, JLiNSLRisVV @sWR
RVs zms A xqssVNSLi[s[ RVLkiRVsVV RVRVss zms, @j @sLiR\ sVsRs
$ g_RFy RVyLRiV C xmsNTPRVsV zmsyLRiV. JLiNSLRisVV, AR, RVLkiRVVRV JZNP[
RR*Li, sVs @LiRLji xqs*LRiWxmssVV. BgRi VxqsVN]syLRiV xqsLiryLRisVs[ s sVLRi
sVV sVLi ssVVNRPVQ\ xmsssVVgS RVLkiRVVTgS sVgRiVVsV. JLiNSLRisVVsV
aRPLiNRPLRiVV xmsaRP DxmssxtsQ` xtsQLi[ "xqsRxRLSzLiry @xmsLjigRix ygRi
xqsLiyxqs afR xqsLiuysWRW sRR*s[NPR RVsV sRVsV gRiXzR: xqs GsLi
RWssLi sRyLRi NRPRsVLi NSs @s[NPR z s NRPLRi: [R s: [NS: zqsxts Q
[xtsv[s JLiNSLRi ys[s NRPRsVLi xqs [NPR Li RV B' (xms.D. 5c1) @s
zmsyLRiV @sgS sVsVxtsv[ [V JNRPRV gSs xqsRsVV, xRLRisVV,
@zLixqssV, @xmsLjigRi xsVV, ygRisVV, xqsyxqssVV, afRsVV, xqsLi][xtsQs VV, NRPxms
LSzRsVV, sVVsgRiV RVsVsRVsVsVVV FyLiRVRW, @LiRlLi[LijRV sgRixsVV,
}LijRV sgRixsVV FyLi, ys saRPxmsLRiVRVN]s, JLiNSLRisVV[ x
ssVVsV NTP ][ (@sgS }mssV][, ARRVs[ }mssVxqs*LRiWxmssVV][) ysLixmsgRiRV.
FsgRi @sgS xmsaRP DxmssxtsQ` lLiLiRs sVLiRsVV "GsLi xmsXxts Q*[ R|\ qs# xqsx[ yR
220

GR\ Q* xqsRNSsV xmsLRiLi yxmsLRiLi R xRV][LiNSLRi: Rry` sy*s G[ \ ss

ARVR s[s GNRPRLRi sVs[*' sVLiRxtsQsVV "GsLi xmsXxts Qs [ R|\ qs# xqsx[yR
zmsxmsR: GR\ Q* xqsR NSsV GR` xQ\ s xmsLRiLi R @xmsLi R xxmsLRiLi @RLi
@ORPQLiR Li xmsoLRiVuyLi @xmsLRiLiR FyLi xmsRsVLi RV` R` JLiNSLRi Gs
JLiNSLSRNRPLi JLiNSLRi xmsdNRPy*`. xmsLRiLiz x aRPRVxmsORPQ sL>iR Li qx sLRi* R LRi
sZaP[xtsQ sLij RLi. @R: s aRPNRPLi @dLijRV g][R LRiy*` ZNP[s sVsry @sgSzRVLi.
JLiNSlLi[R V suy*j xmssWryds[V NSQ @s[bPR xs[ yLiVVyLi R`
xms{qsR B @sgRisV[ aSxqsQ FysWy`. Ry @xmsLRiLiR x Rry` xmsLRiLiR
@xmsLRiLiR x RV` JsVNSLRi: B DxmsRLRi[. Rry[s Li sy*s G[\ ss
ARFyzms ryR s[ \ ss JsVNSLSys[s GNRPRLRiLi xmsLRiLi @xmsLRiLiy @s[*.
x@sV gRi`. s[j xts QLiz ALisLi JsVNSLRi: x:' @sgS J xqsRNSsW
xmsLRixsVV xqsRsVV, ORPQLiR Li NSs @ORPQLiR Li, kss xmsoLRiVxtsvRs s[yLiRVV
ssxLjiLiRLRiV. @xmsLRi xsVLiRV zLRigRiLRiVT gS xmsosLiRVs, kss
s[yLiRVV FysVs ssxLjiLiRLRiV. NRPsVNRP xmsLS, @xmsLS xV lLiLiRVsW
"JLi'NSLRis[V. FsLiRVss @sgS @xmsLRi ][R VNRPV, JLiNSLRis[V NSLRisVV. BLi
xmsLRixsVV xqsNRP R LRi ssLij RsVV. C xsVLiRV Fs R LRisVVV [s o. NRPsVNRP
sW][ kss xqsWLixms aRPNRPsVV NSRV. @dLijRVsVV, BLijRVsVVNRPV ]LRiNRPRV,
NRPsVNRP kss ryOSQR VgS VxqsVN]sV aRPNRPsVV NSRV. FsLiRVNRPsgS yNRPV][ }msj
@xmsLRi xsVV, sVsxqsV= [R [ss ysLi [|qsRsW, A ysLi[}qsj
xsVVNSRV. gSs sVsxqsV=, yNRPV [sss \RssLiRsW yNRPV sWRV[,
sVsxqsV= VxqsVN]sV[ @j xsVV. A xsVVsV C yNRPV, sVsxqsV=
VxqsVN]s[R V. A xsVV VVNRP [R xqsV=[, @xmsLRix sVV RVRVsV.
@Li xmsLRixQ\sVs "JLi'NSLRisVV @sV xmsdNRPsV xqsLiryLRiVV ZNP[s Li VxqsVN]s,
sVssLi RW. "JLi'NSLRisVVsV xqsLiryLRiVV DFyzqsLiRNRPWRRV. Bj JNRP xmsNTPRV.
sVLji "JLi'NSLRisVVsV FssLRiV DFyzqsLiy @s ssLRiLigS xms[s oRVysVV. "JLi
WLRiVs xqsV=s: RR=sRVLRi*Li L][ [s xqs k sV{ k W Ws:
xms][R RW`'. BR "JLi WLRiVs xqsV=s' @sVsj INRPs FyRLi, "RR=sRVLRi*Li'
@s[j lLiLiRs FyRsVV, "k W Ws: xms][R RW`' @s[j sVWRs FyRLi. BgRi
221

xmsy xtsQVQOPT Q: @s sVWRV FyRsVV][ W[NPR Li, VsL`i[NPR Li , xqsVsL`i[NPR Li. @s[
sVWRV [NS][ NRPWTRVVs gSRV ys NRPVgRi[R VVsV, Vj s xmsNSbPLixms
[R VVss, C sVLiRsVVsV ORPQ][ [zqssy\, C xmsxmsLiRsVV][ NRPWTRVVs
[NSV, [NSLiRLSV, xqs*LiR sVV W[NPR Li, VsL`i[NPR Li, xqsVsL`i[NPR Li F~Lij ss G
DxmsWgRisVV [R s VxqsVN]s, @lgi[ C [NSV F~Lijy NRPWy, Axmso Li
OUPQLis zmsRxms sVLRi yso xmsoVNRP][ NRPWTRVVs C xqsLiryLRisVV FsLiRVNRPs
VxqsVN]s ys RVLiRV sLRiNTP Lijsy\, sRQ\sVs RR*sVV VxqsVN]s, A
sVRVRV gRiVLRiVso RgiR LRiNRPV FLiVV, gRiVLRiVso, bPxtsvT RR*Li VxqsVN]s[ @j NSLRi
sVVsV gRiVLjiL i, gRiVLRiVso [R ][, aSxqsQ syLRi][ xqsszqsLisxmsoRV C gSRV @s[
DFyxqsssVVsV x[s VLi, RVLi ryOTPQgS AyLRiLi [xqsVN]sRLRiV. BgRi @gji
x[RVV, gSRV DFyxqsNRPVV yLji DFyxqsssVV AyLRi [xqsVN]sRLRiV. @sgS
xQ\sVs @gjis, JLiNSLRisVV][ NRPWTs gSRVs @LiRLRiLigRisVVs szms xXRRV
sVLiRV AL][xms [|qsRLRiV @gji xqsWRNRPsVV NRPsVNRP, xXRRVLi[ AyL][xms
[zqssyLRiV NRPsVNRP, gSRV "JLi'NSLRisVVs ds\sVsj NRPsVNRP, yLRiV xqsLS*s sR,
gSRVs AyL][xms [zqssyLRiV, ys xmsdNRPgS "JLi' @s[ yss sVssLi [xqsW
JLiNSLRisVVsV gRiVLjiL i, yss[ yLRiV RR*LigS VxqsVN]sRLRiV, @Li yLjiNTP JLi
NSLRisVV xqsLiLiR Li sosj NRPsVNRP, yLjiNTP xqsLiLij Lisj A JLiNSLRisVV. @LiRVss
Bj xqsLRi*ryyLRiLigS, @LiRLRiW (xqsLiryLRiVV [}qs yssVV NSRV. @LiRVss[ C
@gRisV xmsNRPLRiLi, ZNP[s Li ss[NPR Li][ xmshRisLi [R VssV. @Li[ gSs JLiNSLRisVVsV
ysLiRNRPWRRV.

AgRisV xmsNRPLRi xqssWxmsLi

$sV` gRis` xmspFyR aRPLiNRPLRi NRPXR g_RFyR AgRisV xmsNRPLRi NSLjiNRP, @sVs
xmspLRi*NRPsVVgS saS $ aSLRiy{mshRi ry*sV $ $ $ xqs*LRiWFysLi[LiR xqsLRixqs*d
sVry*sV yLji[ yRVLSxqskORPQ xqssVRVsVLiRV VV{tsQZNP[aP` [ 2012s
xqsLisR=LRisVV[ xmsTs sWLiRWNRP aRPLiNRPLRi xtsQsVV (xtsQ yRLRisVV),
yssVV(xqs*LRiWxmssV) @ORPQLiR sVV][ C sWLiRWNRP @\Q*R xqs*LRiWxmssV @s[
gRiLiR sVVsLiRV F~LiRVxmsLRiRTsj
c JLi R` xqs` c
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INRP xmsRVRsVV][ @ys c @ [ R VsVVsV INRP ys RVLiRV INRP xmssxmssLi

[zqs, ysNTP sORPQ\sVs xsVV VVNRP xms FyRs [R VssV. @s[NPR aRPVRVV
kss sLSLRi [R VVRVss. "\|s[R sVXRLi xmsoLRiry` x xmsaS`
ROTPQRa][Rl Li[ @R a][LiR Q*Li R xmsxqsXRLi \|s[R Li saRP*sVRLi sLjixts Qs V (sVV.D.
2c2c12) sVVLiRVgRisVVs sos Bj @sVXR\ sVs xsVV ssVNRPgRisVVssW
xs[V, ROTPQsVVsNRPW xs[V, DRL SsNUP xs[V, NTPLiRsW \|msssW yzmsLi
sosj xs[V BRLiRRVW yRVRVLiRV xmssVV xmsRRVsVVs[ ZNP[s sVV
RxmsVs, xsVVNRP[ ssVVgS xqsRQ\sV sosRsV s[ysVaRPxqsssVV. @lgi[
sVL][NPR aRPV "a][Rxqs a][RLi sVsr sV[R Vs y][ x yRLi s D Fyxqs
Fy: RORPVxtsQaPR QOPR VLRisVVR k LRi: }msyryN[ SR sVXy ss' (ZNP[.D. 1c2) @j
[sNTP [s, sVsxqsV=NRPV sVsxqsV=, yNRPVsNRPV yNRPV sVLjiRVV @[ FysVVsNRPV
FysVV, NRPLiNTP NRPsV. BVLiRV ss k LRiVV sVyssVVsV sR C
[NPR sVVsVLiT RVV[Lij @sVXRVgRiVRVLRiV. sVLjiVVNRP aRPV "RV\Q* Rs sR
sRs \ s Rs sR s z sNRPVLiR *QQZNP[xm sLji[F sR[7sy bPy*s
Rj *dRVsVzqs R][7sj*NRPL i RVR*[` **' (X.D. 4c3c26) xmsVNRPV [R s[j
[Vj gRi][ @j, xmsVNRPVRVsy[ xmsVNRPV [R V. GRVsgS xmsVNRPVys xmsZNP[ aRPNTP
@sybP gRisVNRP, ysNTP yaRPssVV [R V. @j xmsVNRPVNRPV ysNRPLi[ sTgS sQQ\sVsj
A lLiLiRsj Gk [R V. @lgi[ sVL]NRP aRPV "@R RV\QRyNSaRPsVsV sxtsQ Li RORPV: xqs
yORPVxtsQ: xmsoLRiVu RLRi+yRV RORPVLRiR W s[[R Li xmsn W xqs Ay gRiLiyRV
xmsn VsVRW s[[R sVyxLS xqs AyyLSRV ygRiR Ws[[R Li
aRPX[ yds xqs Ay aRPLRisRV a][RsV*' (y.D. 8c12c4) @sgS [sRVLiRV C
RORPVso y*LS DxmsOTPQR \sV AAaRPsVV @sVgRiR\sVRVVs][, @RRV yORPVxtsQ
xmsoLRiVxtsvRV. @RsNTP LRiWxmsgRixsVV N]LRiNRPV s[[LijRVsVVsj."s[s V kss yxqss
RW|qsRsV' @sV @sV ssVV [R VVsj AR. ysNTP, gRiLiR gRixsVV N]LRi\ZNP
yzqsNRPRVVsj. s[s V C aRPsVVsV xmsZNPRss RRVsj[V AR. ysNTP aRP[ y
LRi\ZNP ygjiLijRV sVVsj. s[s V kss ssRss RRVsj NRPWy AR[V. ysNTP,
aRPssVVsLRiV\ZNP a][[LijRVsVVsj @sgS xqssVxqs sxtsQR VsVV VVNRP Dxms
s F~LiRVyRV @R[ @s yRLRisVV. ( 24 s }ms[ sosj DLiRsVs soLij)
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(y.D. 6c2c1) "xqs[s rs[VRsVgRi A{qs[NPR ....' J rsVVy ALRiLi sVVsLiRV A

GNRPsWRsVVgS @j*dRV\sVs xqsR*xqsVs[ RVVLi[s V,. A xqsR*xqsVs o sVLiT[V DR
LRiVgRiVRVsRs G\[ xmsTs][ @j @sy RXzts QgiR yLjiNTP, Rs @sR RXzts Qs
xsVLiRV sVLRiVNRPV zmss aRPV yNRPsVV. FsLiRVNRPsgS xsVV sVVLiRV
JNRP[ soLisV, RLS*R xqsNRPsVV xqsXLi[s V @sVsj, NSsVV][ NRPWTsj.
sWLiRWNRP DxmssxtsQR V[, @lgi[ @s[NPR aRPVRV[ xmsLRisWLiR syLRisVV [zqssxmsoRV,
xsVV NSdRVRs, NSsVV Rs RVLi[ ][R VRVsRs zmssj.
@LixmsVRV xsVV FyLRiLi sVsV NSsVLiRV, RLS*RRVsV NSsVLiRV @sV
FsgRi NRPVRVLRiVRVLij? NSsos FsxmsVRW soLiTs xsVLi[ xqsXLiRVRVsV
@sy NSLRisVV][, @sRxmsRVzmsryzmsR\sVs RLRi+s (gRiR xqs*xms), @RLRi+s
(xqsVxtsvzms) RVLiRV aRPLkiLSRVs[ @sy NRPR\sVs ysVLRiWxms sWRW aRPLkiLSRV][
NRPWTsy\, aRPULRisVV[ @sxqs V NRPVgRiVRVyRVs @sR sXLi
[R VVRVyRV, aRPULRisVV gRiR, xqs*xms, xqsVxtsvzms @sxqs V xqsXLiRVRVyRVsV
@sy sxqss[V NRPy!

224