Botkin & Keller: Environmental Science: Earth as a Living Planet 8th Edition

Guided Reading Assignment: Energy Unit- Chapters 14-15

Name: Claudine Manabat
Chapter #14- Energy: Some Basics
1: How does the energy crisis in Ancient Greece and Rome compare to the oil crisis today?
Explain.
Ancient Greece & Rome over exploiting the source of wood and then finding alternative resource like the
sun. Today we are over exploiting the oil.
Energy Basics
2: What is work? Definition and mathematical equation.
W = F . d W = work F = force d = distance
Work is the exerting force over the distance.
Define the following:
* Chemical Energy: chemical substance to undergo a transformation through chemical reaction.
* Kinetic Energy: the swings energy is the energy of motion
* Heat Energy: energy from random motion of atoms and molecules
* Potential Energy: stored energy
3: What is the first law of thermodynamics? energy cannot be created or destroyed converted a
transformed from one kind to another.
4: What does it mean to have a higher quality of energy? the more easily it can be converted to work.
5: What is the second law of thermodynamics? Energy Efficiency
Energy goes from a high-to-low quality energy
Use energy lower it quality
6: Define: First-Law Efficiency
Amount of energy with out any consideration of the quality or availability of energy
Calculated ratio energy delivered to energy supply.
7: Define: Second-Law Efficiency
How well matches the energy and use is with the quality of energy source.
Energy Units
8: What is the fundamental energy unit in the Metric System? How is it defined?
Joules = J = 1 newton applied distance of 1 meter
9: What is POWER? How is it expressed?
Energy/ time = W = watts

10: What is thermal efficiency? Maximum possible efficiency of a heat engine
11: What is electrical resistivity? What does it cause? Natural resistance to electric flow it causes electric
energy to heat energy.
Energy Sources and Consumption
12: What percentage of the energy in the United States is derived from fossil fuels? 90 %
13: What percentage of the energy use in the United States is used efficiently? 50%
Energy Conservation, Increased Efficiency and Cogeneration
Define the following:
14: Conservation: using less energy & adjusting our energy needs and use to minimize the amount of
high quality energy for a task.
15: Cogeneration (define and give an example): energy system & power plants to provide energy.
Example: natural gas & cycle power plant
16: In the United States, space heating and cooling of homes and offices, water heating,
industrial processes and automobiles account for nearly __60____% of the total energy use
Building Design
17: What is a passive solar energy system? Give examples.18: What are some ways that older homes can
be modified to be more energy efficient?
Passive solar energy system collect solar heat without using moving parts. Example : window that have
overhang to keep cool in summer, keep warm in winter.
18: What are some ways that older homes can be modified to be more energy efficient?
better ventilation
Industrial Energy
19: U.S. Industry consumes about __1/3_____ of the energy produced.
Values, Choices and Energy Conservation
20: Name 3 ways that people could modify their behavior to help save energy
Carpool , washing clothes in cold water, taking short showers
21: What is the concept of Integrated, Sustainable Energy Management?
No single energy source can provide all the energy required by the varius countries of the world.
Micropower
22: What is the concept of micropower?
Smaller, distributed systems for production of electricity
Critical Thinking Issue: Use of Energy Today and in 2030
23: How much energy in exajoules, did the world use in 2010 and what would you project global
energy use to be in 2030?
2010 = 46 2030 = 55
24: The average person emits as heat 100 watts of power. If we assume that 25% of it is emitted
by the brain, how much energy does your brain emit as heat in a year?
25w
25: Can the world supply one-third more energy by 2030 without unacceptable environmental
damage? How?
Yes, if we use renewable resource
26: In what specific ways could energy be used more efficiently in the United States?
Use renewable resources
Chapter #15: Fossil Fuels and the Environment
1: What is Peak Oil? What is predicted to happen when we reach peak oil?
The time when one-half of earths oil has been exploited prices will go up.

Fossil Fuels
2: How were fossil fuels created?
Incomplete biological decomposition of dead organic matter
3: The major fossil fuels- crude oil, natural gas and coal- are our primary energy sources; they
provide approximately __90%_____ of the energy consumed2: How were fossil fuels created?
Crude Oil and Natural Gas
4: Where were crude oil and natural gas deposits created?
Depositional basins
5: Why do we not find oil and gas in geologically old rocks?
It is hot that porous
6: What the favorable rock structure to trap oil and gas deposits?
sand stone & limestone
Petroleum Production
7: How much oil can be recovered from wells by primary production?
Involves simply pumping from the wells. Only get 25 % of petroleum
8: What are enhanced recovery techniques of oil and gas deposits?
Use steam water, chemical, CO2, N2 injected into oil reserve
9: Where are 60% of the total known reserves found?
Middle east
10: When will world oil production likely to peak?
Few decades
Natural Gas
11: How is natural gas primarily transported?
pipeline
12: Why is natural gas considered to be a clean fuel?
Produces fewer pollutants
Coal-Bed Methane
13: What is coal-bed methane and how much is estimated to exist? (How many years does this
represent?)
partial of decomposition of plant by sediment to slowly convert to coal.
14: What are the PROS and CONS of drilling for and using coal-bed methane?
Pros = burns cleaner because of methane
= still produce greenhouse gas
Cons = it becomes salty
= contributes to greenhouse house effect
Black Shale Natural Gas
15: What are some of the concerns of hydrologic fracturing for black shale natural gas?
It contaminated the water table
Methane Hydrates
16: What are methane hydrates composed of?
CH4
How were they formed?
Microbial digestion it organic matter in the sediments of seafloor and has become trapped in ice cages
17: Where do methane hydrates form?
Deep cold seawater
The Environmental Effects of Oil and Natural Gas
18: What are some of the environmental effects of recovery of oil and gas?
Pollution of surface water & groundwater from leaks of pipes or tanks
Use land to contruct pads for wells
19: What are some of the environmental effects of refining of oil and gas?
Oil seapage
Large spills from accidents ( blowouts or pipe ruptures
Ugly - aesthetic
20: What are some of the environmental effects of delivery and use of oil and gas?
Oil spills
Pipeline problems
21: What are some arguments FOR and AGAINST drilling in the ANWR (Alaskan National
Wildlife Refuge)?
For = independence of foreign oil
American rich

Against = disturb habitat
Destroy aesthetic
Coal
22: What is COAL? How is it created?
Partially decomposed vegetation carbonaceous rock buried in a sedimentary environment slowly
transformed solid,brittle, carbonaceous rock
23: Which type of coal has the greatest energy content?
anthracite
Which type has the lowest?
lignite
Coal Mining and the Environment
24: What is strip mining?
Surface mining process that overlying layer of soil and rock is stripped off to reach the coal
25: What are some of the environmental impacts of strip mining?
Acidic water
Gets in the water surface/table
Mountaintop Removal
26: What are some of the environmental impacts of mountaintop removal?
Produce a lot of PM
Kills a lot of bacteria
Kill the topsoil
27: What does the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 require?
mined land be restored to support its premining use
Underground Mining
28: Underground Mining accounts for approximately ___40__% of the coal mined in the United
States
29: What are the dangers to miners in underground mining?
it might collapse
30: What are the environmental impacts of underground mining?
Acid mine drainage
Waste pile pollutade streams
Transporting Coal
31: How is most of the coal transported in the United States?
Freight trans & coal slurry pipelines
The Future of Coal
32: The burning of coal produces nearly _50___% of the electricity used and about ____% of the
total energy consumed in the United States today
33: How much air emissions are created using coal to create electricity in the U.S.?
30 % nitrogen oxide
35 % CO2
34: What did the Clean Air Amendment of 1990 mandate?
Sulfur dioxide emissions from coal burning power plants be eventually at by 70 -90%
35: What is allowance trading?
Innovative approach to managing U.S coal resources and reducing pollution
Oil Shale and Tar Sands
36: What is oil shale? How is it created and where is it found?
Fine = grained sedimentary rock containing organic matter/ kerogyn
Destructive distillation = heated up to 500 oC
37: What are the environmental impacts of developing oil shale?
Sub or surface mining = waste disposal
Tar Sands
38: Why cant petroleum be recovered from tar sands from conventional methods?
It is too thick
39: How are tar sands processed?
Mine = wash with hot water
2 tons of tar sand = 1 barrel of oil