MATERIAL TABLE

Element
Aluminium
Copper
Gold
Iron
Lead
Nickel
Silicon
Silver
Tantalum
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Zinc
(wrought)

Young's
modulus
(GPa)
70
130
79
211
16
170
107
83
186
47
120
411
105

Proof or
yield
stress
(MPa)
15-20
33
80-100
14-35

Ultimate
strength
(MPa)

180
9-14
100-225
550

40-50
210
100
350
12
140-195
170
200
15-200
240-370
550-620

110-200

5,000-9,000

Material
first carbon nanotube ropes
Structural steel ASTM A36 steel
carbon steel 1090
Steel, API 5L X65[5]
Steel, high strength alloy ASTM
A514
Steel, prestressing strands
Steel (AISI 1060 0.6% carbon)
Piano wire
High density polyethylene
(HDPE)
Polypropylene
Stainless steel AISI 302 - Coldrolled
Cast iron 4.5% C, ASTM A-48
4130 steel[citation needed]
Titanium alloy (6% Al, 4% V)
Beryllium [7] 99.9% Be
Aluminium alloy [8] 2014-T6
Aluminium alloy 6063-T6
Copper 99.9% Cu
Cupronickel 10% Ni, 1.6% Fe,
1% Mn, balance Cu
Brass
Tungsten
Glass
E-Glass
S-Glass
Basalt fiber[10]
Marble

Yield
strength
(MPa)
?
250
448

Ultimate
strength
(MPa)
3,600
400
841
531

690

760

7.8

1,650

1,860[citation needed]

7.8

2,200-2,482[6]

7.8

26-33

37

0.95

12-43

19.7-80

0.91

520

860

8.19

130

70

200
675
900
448
483
248
220

7.75
4.51
1.84
2.8
2.63
8.92

130

350

8.94

200+

550
1,510
33[9]
3,450
4,710
4,840
15

5.3
19.25
2.53
2.57
2.48
2.7

830
345
414

N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A

Density
(g/cm)
1.3
7.8
7.58
7.8

Concrete

N/A

Carbon Fiber
Human hair
Bamboo
Spider silk (See note below)
Silkworm silk
Aramid (Kevlar or Twaron)
UHMWPE
UHMWPE fibers[11][12] (Dyneema
or Spectra)
Vectran
Polybenzoxazole (Zylon[13])
Toray carbon fiber T1000G
(T1000G[14])
Pine wood (parallel to grain)
Bone (limb)
Nylon, type 6/6
Rubber
Boron
Silicon, monocrystalline (m-Si)
Silicon carbide (SiC)
Ultra-pure silca glass fiber-optic
strands[15]
Sapphire (Al2O3)
Carbon nanotube (see note
below)
Carbon nanotube composites

N/A

500
3,620
23

104-121
45
N/A
N/A
N/A

3(traction)
30(compression)
5,650
380
265
1,000

1.75

2,757
46

0.4
1.3
1.3
1.44
0.97

2,300-3,500

0.97

2,850-3,340
5,800

1.56

6,370

1.80

40
130
75
15
3,100
7,000
3,440

1.6
1.15
2.46
2.33

4100
N/A

1,900

3.9-4.1

N/A

11,000-63,000

0.037-1.34

N/A

1,200[16]

N/A