Final Exam: Sociology

1. What might a sociologist say about why an individual chooses a particular person
to marry?
A. In the case of love, opposites attract.
B. There is no accounting for personal feelings lie love
!. This shows that peoples actions reflect human free will
D. This shows that the social world guides human behavior
". Which discipline defines itself as #the systematic study of human society$?
A. %sychology
B. &conomics
!. 'istory
D. Sociology
(. By saying that the sociological perspective shows us #the strange in the familiar,$
the te)t argues that this point of view*
A. Rejects the amiliar idea that !eo!le sim!ly decide how to act in
avor o the initially strange idea that society sha!es our lives.
B. +hows that common sense is a good guide to understanding human behavior
!. +hows that people often behave in strange ways
,. -ocuses on the bi.arre elements of society
/. -rom a sociological perspective, patterns of childbearing around the world
suggest that the number of children born to a woman reflects*
A. "hether she lives in a !oor or rich society
B. 'ow many children she can afford
!. 'er personal choice
,. The desires of her husband
0. Three roommates are in their dorm room sharing a late1night discussion about
why they are in college. A sociological point of view would point to the importance
of*
A. The desires of her husband
#. "hich country we live in$ because going to college is ar more
common in higher%income nations.
!. !lass, because college students tend to come from families with above1
average incomes
,. Age, because college students tend to be young adults.
2. The pioneering sociologist who studied patterns of suicide in &urope was*
A. Emile Dur&heim
B. 3argaret 3ead
!. Auguste !omte
,. 4arl 3ar)
5. +uicide rates are generally higher among*
A. -emales compared with males
B. %oor people compared with rich people
'. Single !eo!le com!ared with married !eo!le
,. All the above are correct
6. According to &mile ,urhiem, a category of people with a higher suicide rate
typically has*
A. 7reater self1esteem
B. 8ess money and other resources
'. (ower social integration
,. 3ore clinical depression
9. %eople in which of the following categories are most liely to mae use of the
sociological perspective?
A. )eo!le o color
B. %oliticians
!. %eople living in suburbs
,. The middle class
1:. !. Wright 3ills pointed out that sociological awareness tends to be more
widespread*
A. When life is getting better
B. ,uring times of peace and prosperity
'. *n times o social crisis
,. Among the very rich
11. Which of the following statement is TR+E?
A. There is no longer serious poverty in the world
B. %eople the world live in ways that are mostly the same
'. (earning more about other societies hel!s us better understand our
own way o lie
,. Because the ;ntied +tates is so rich, there is little reason for us to learn
about the international economy
1". 3aing use of the sociological perspective encourages*
A. Accepting conventional ideas
B. The belief that society is mysterious
'. 'hallenging commonly held belies
,. %eople to become isolated from one another
1(. 8earning more abou sociology helps us to*
A. Be more active participants in society
B. +ee the constraints in our lives
!. +ee the opportunities in our lives
A. All o the above are correct
1/. An e)ample of the #+ociology advantage$ in a career would be a person in*
A. 3edicine understanding patterns of health and illness in a community
B. <etail sales understanding how effectively connect with diverse people
!. 8aw enforcement understanding which categories of people are at high ris of
becoming victims of crime
A. All o the above are correct.
10. All but one of the following historical changes stimulated the development of the
discipline of sociology. Which one did ,-T?
A. The s!read o the Roman 'atholic church
B. The rise of an industrial economy
!. =ew political ideas stressing individual rights
,. The growth of cities
12. 'istorically, the sociological perspective was most liely to develop in*
A. Isolated villages
#. 'ountries ex!eriencing ra!id social changes
!. =ations with little social change
,. !ountries where tradition was strong
15. In which of the following countries did sociology develop first?
A. !anada
B. The united states
'. France
,. >apan
16. The term #sociology$ was coined in 16(6 by*
A. 'erbert +pencer
B. 4arl 3ar)
!. Adam +mith
,. Auguste 'omte
19. Which of the following is a way of understanding the world based on science?
A. Theology
B. Tradition
!. -ree will
D. )ositivism
":. By lining specific facts together to create meaning, we create a*
A. %rinciple
B. !oncept
'. Theory
,. structure
"1. Which woman made a mar as an early sociologist by studying the evils of
slavery and also translating the writing of Auguste !omte?
A. &li.abeth !ady +tanton
B. 3argaret 3ead
!. >ane Addams
D. .arriet /artineau
"". Two of sociology?s early founders were*
A. Augste !omte and !. Wright 3ills
B. <obert 3erton and &mile ,urheim
!. !. Wright 3ills and 4arl 3ar)
,. Auguste 'omte and 0arl /arx
"(. If we state that children raised in single1parent families are at high ris of being
single parents themselves, we have constructed a @@@@ of family life.
A. %rinciple
B. -ramewor
'. Theory
,. !oncept
"/. In deciding what Auestion to as as they begin research, sociologists are guided
by*
A. +heer chance
B. Their own common sense
'. -ne or more theoretical a!!roaches
,. The data they collect
"0. Which theoretical approach is closest to that taen by early sociologists Auguste
!omte and &mile ,urheim?
A. +ymbolic1interaction approach
B. +ocial1conflict approach
'. Structural%unctional a!!roach
,. =one of the above is correct
"2. Which of the following concepts refers to a social group that people use as a
point of reference in maing evaluations or decisions?
A. %eer group
#. Reerence grou!
!. But1group
,. !ohort
"5. Which of the following concepts refers to a social group that commands a
member?s esteem and loyalty?
A. *n%grou!
B. But1group
!. <eference group
,. =etwor
"6. Which of the following concepts refers to a social group toward which we feel
competition or opposition?
A. In1group
#. -ut%grou!
!. <eference group
,. =etwor
"9. -ormal organi.ations are*
A. +mall groups with elected leaders.
#. (arge secondary grou!s organi1ed to achieve goals eiciently.
!. =etwors that have clear social boundaries.
,. 7overnment agencies with multiple goals.
(:. The concept #bureaucracy$ refers to*
A. A large, normative organi.ation.
B. Any source of inefficiency in organi.ational operation.
!. An organi.ational model that operates informally.
D. An organi1ational model rationally designed to !erorm tas&s
eiciently.
(1. <ead the following list of traits. Which of the following is ,-T one of the traits of
bureaucracy noted by 3a) Weber?
A. Favoring &in over strangers
B. 'ierarchy of offices
!. <ules and regulations
,. +peciali.ation
(". 3a) Weber argued that formal organi.ations, while efficient, have the ability to
@@@@@@ people within them.
A. *m!overish
B. 7enerate conflict among
!. Alienate
,. ;nite
((. Which of the following concepts refers to the rule of the many by the few?
A. Bureaucracy
B. -ormal organi.ation
'. -ligarchy
,. ,emocracy
(/. In his #iron law of oligarchy,$ <obert 3ichels stated*
A. Bureaucracy always means inefficiency
#. #ureaucracy always means the ew rule the many
!. Bureaucracy always means formal rules and regulations
,. All of the above are correct
(0. Which of the following is part of the scientific management approach?
A. 3anagers carefully observe each worer on the Cob
B. 3anagers figure out how worers can be more efficient
!. Worers receive more pay for being more productive
D. All o the above are correct
(2. What traits have been described as a #female advantage$?
A. 3ore willingness to as Auestions
#. /ore em!hasis on communication
!. 3ore fle)ible leadership
,. All of the above are correct
(5. Which of the following is ,-T one of the principles of the 3c,onaldi.ation?
A. &fficiency
#. 'reativity
!. ;niformity
,. !ontrol through automation
(6. The term #3c,onaldi.ation of society$ refers to*
A. /cDonald2s organi1ational !rinci!les coming to dominate much o
society
B. The spread of 3c,onald?s restaurants around the world
!. +ociety becoming more filled with inefficient #red tape$
,. The less and less predictable nature of today?s society
(9. Which of the following is evidence of the #3c,onaldi.ation of society$?
A. <eplacingban tellers with automatic teller machines DAT3sE
B. +hopping in carefully designed, climate1controlled malls
!. The spread of world1wide chain stores and restaurants
D. All o the above are correct
/:. The sociologist who described the primary group was !harles 'orton !ooley.
True or -alse?
A. True
B. -alse
/1. 7enerally, people in the secondary relationship thin of others as a mean to
some end. True or -alse?
A. True
B. -alse
/". &)pressive leadership emphasi.es the completion of tass. True or -alse?
A. True
#. False
/(. +olomon Asch?s e)periment in group conformity showed many people stic to
their opinions even if doing so encourages others to see them as #different$. True or
-alse?
A. True
B. -alse
//. What does the opening chapter story about the conviction of corporate
e)ecutive 3artha +tewart suggest about crime in the ;nited +tates?
A. We fail to punish most criminals
#. )eo!le accused o crimes do not always it the common stereoty!e
o 3street4 criminal.
!. !orporate e)ecutives never have to account for criminal actions
,. <ich people get longer prison sentences than poor people.
/0. Which of the following sociological term refers to #the recogni.ed violation of
cultural norms$?
A. Deviance
B. !rime
!. ;nsuccessful sociali.ation
,. >uvenile delinAuency
/2. #!rime$ differs from #deviance$ in that crime*
A. Is always more serious
B. Is always less serious
'. *s a violation o norm enacted into law
,. Involves a larger share of the population
/5. &very society regulates the behavior of individuals with the goal of preventing
deviance. This process of regulation is called*
A. =eighborhood watch
B. !hildhood sociali.ation
'. Social control
,. The legal system
/6. What concept refers to the formal system that responds to alleged violations of
the law using police, courts, and prison officials?
A. The normative system
B. +ociali.ation
!. !ivil law
D. The criminal justice system
/9. Which of the following is a function of deviance noted by &mile ,urheim?
A. ,eviance affirms cultural values and norms
B. <esponding to deviance promotes social unity
!. <esponding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries
D. All o the above are correct
0:. Which of the following concepts is used in <obert 3erton?s strain theory of
deviance to refer to the process of seeing conventional goals but reCecting
conventional means to get there.
A. *nnovation
B. <itualism
!. <etreatism
,. <ebellion
01. The anthropologist Bscar 8ewis suggested the cause of poverty lies in*
A. A lower%class 3culture o !overty4
B. 8ac of government action
!. Too few available Cobs
,. Bfficial corruption
0". 7overnment data show that about what share of the heads of poor households
in the ;nited +tates did not wor at all in the last year?
A. 1" percent
B. (" percent
'. 56 !ercent
,. 5" percent
0(. <ough estimates suggest that about@@@@@@@ people in the ;nited +tates are
homeless for some time during a given year.
A. 1::,:::
B. "0:,:::
!. 1,:::,:::
D. 7$588$888
0/. <ead the following four statements about homeless people in the ;nited +tates.
Which one of the statements is T<;&?
A. 3ost homeless adults are mentally ill.
B. 3ost homeless adults are substance abusers
!. The elderly are the fastest1growing category of the homeless
D. -ne%third o all homeless !eo!le are entire amilies
00. The deadly fire in a Bangladeshi sweatshop described in the opening to the
chapter shows that*
A. The lives o the world2s !oor are ar worse than most !eo!le in
the +nited States reali1e
B. Bangladesh has suffered a number of natural disasters in recent years
!. -actory Cobs are hard to find in low1income nations
,. +ome countries do a far better Cob of protecting worers than the
;nited +tates does.
02. The wealthiest ": percent of the global population receives about what share of
all global income?
A. ":
B. /:
!. 2:
D. 98
05. The poorest ": percent of the global population receives about what share of all
global income?
A. 7
B. 0
!. 1:
,. 10
06. 'igh1income nations are found where on the planet?
A. &venly spread throughout all world regions
#. /ostly in the ,orthern .emis!here
!. All within =orth America
,. 3ostly in the +outhern 'emisphere
09. Which of the following statements about high1income nations is correct?
A. They are at the forefront of the information revolution.
B. They mae use of large factories and advanced energy sources
!. They contain almost all the world?s financial marets
D. All o the above are correct
2:. In high1income societies, people benefit from*
A. The largest and strongest families
B. The strongest sense of tradition and cultural heritage
'. The highest material living standards
,. All of the above are correct
21. compared to poverty in the ;nited +tates, poverty in low1income nations is*
A. 3ore liely to involve men
#. /ore wides!read and severe
!. 8ess liely to involve children
,. 8ess serious a problem
2". the most productive economy in the world is that of*
A. !hina
B. =orway
!. >apan
D. The +nited States
2(. the concept #absolute poverty$ refers to*
A. A lac& o resources that is lie%threatening
B. The absolute number of people in any country
!. The real poverty rate as opposed to what governments claim to be the
case
,. The poverty rate in low1income countries
2/. in the poorest countries of the world, roughly half of all children who are born
die before reaching the age of*
A. Bne
#. Ten
!. -ifty
,. +eventy1five
20. for the world as a whole, about how many people suffer from chronic hunger
that leaves them less able to wor and places them at high ris of disease?
A. 1 million
B. 1: million
!. 1:: million
D. 7 billion
22. in poor countries, the disadvantages women face relative to men are*
A. About the same as in rich nations
B. =ot as great as in rich nations
'. :reater than in rich nations
,. >ust about none)istence
25. of the roughly 1 billion people in the world who live in absolute poverty, what
share are women?
A. ": percent
B. (0 percent
!. 0: percent
D. ;8 !ercent
26. gender refers to*
A. The degree of ineAuality between men and women in a society
B. The secondary se) characteristics of men and women
'. The !ersonal traits and social !ositions that members o a
society attach to being emale and male
,. %eople?s se)ual orientation
29. the chapter argues that gender is not a matter Cust of difference, but also a
matter of differences in*
A. %ower
B. Wealth
!. %rivileges
D. All o the above are correct
5:. comparing the athletic performances of females and males over time shows*
A. 8ittle or no change in female1male differences in performance
B. The male performances are improving faster than female
performances
'. That women have been closing the ga! with men in most
athletic !erormances
,. =one of the above is true
51. the point of describing gender in the Israeli ibbut.in is*
A. To show that gender is basically biological
B. To show that women can dominate men
'. To show that cultures deine gender in dierent ways
,. To show that boys and girls should not be raised by biological parents
5". 3argaret 3ead?s research on gender in three societies showed that*
A. All societies define #masculine$ the same way
B. All societies define #feminine$ the same way
'. Societies may deine both 3masculine4 and 3eminine4
dierently
,. All of the above are correct
5(. 3argaret 3ead?s research on gender in three societies in =ew 7uinea illustrates
that*
A. -arming is always done by men
B. All societies consider men to be more aggressive than women
!. All societies display much the same gender definitions
D. "hat is eminine to one society may be masculine to another
5/. which of the following concepts refers to social organi.ation in which males
dominate females?
A. )atriarchy
B. 3atriarchy
!. 3onarchy
,. 7erontocracy
50. in the ;nited +tates, the cost of se)ism for men include*
A. 'aving less power than women
B. 'aving fewer privileges than women
'. Engaging in many high%ris& behaviors
,. All of the above are correct
21. An Iowa farmer is part of the primary sector of the ;.+ economy. True or -alse?
A. True
B. -alse
2". The family is a social institution that is found in*
A. 3ost but not all societies
B. About half of human societies
!. 'igh1income nations but not in low1income nations
,. &very human society
2(. 4inship is defined as two or more people who*
A. 4now each other well
B. Are related by blood, marriage, or adoption
!. 8ive together
,. 'ave the same last name
2/. Which of the following is a trait of marriage?
A. It is a legally sanctioned relationship
B. It usually involves se)ual activity
!. It usually involves childbearing
,. All of the above are correct
20. A family unit that includes parents and children, as well as other in, is called*
A. A nuclear family
B. An e)tended family
!. A family of affinity
,. A conCugal family
22. A family composed of one or two parents and their children is called*
A. A nuclear family
B. An e)tended family
!. A family of affinity
,. A consanguine family
25. The concept #endogamy$ refers to marriage between*
A. %eople of the same se)
B. %eople ofdifferent racial categories
!. %eople of the same social category
,. %eople married at least once before
26. A system of marriage that unites two partners is called*
A. %olygyny
B. %olygamy
!. %olyandry
,. 3onogamy
29. Around the world, the most common form of marriage is*
A. %olygamy
B. %olygyny
!. 3onogramy
,. =one of the above are correct
5:. A trend over the course of the last century in high1income nations such as the
united states is that families have become*
A. 3ore dominated by males
B. 3ore egalitarian with regard to gender
!. 8arger in terms of numbers of children
,. 8ess liely to e)perience divorce
51. Which of the following are counted among the functions of family?
A. +ociali.ation of the young
B. <egulation of se)ual activity
!. +ocial placement
,. All of the above are correct
5". -ollowing the structural1functional approach, the family*
A. Bperates to perpetuate social ineAuality
B. 3ight be called the bacbone of society
!. Is not necessary for a society to operate
,. All of the above are correct
5(. A social1e)change analysis of family life might consider*
A. 'ow families eep society as a whole operating
B. 'ow families perpetuate social ineAuality
!. 'ow individuals select partners who offer about as much as they do
,. 'ow families regulate se)ual activity
5/. In many traditional societies, especially in rural areas, marriage is*
A. +et up by the parents of the people to be married
B. ;nnown
!. ,elayed until the people reach their thirties
,. Based almost entirely on romantic love
50. The concept #homogamy$ means that*
A. %eople marry because they enCoy being married
B. Women usually marry older men
!. %eople marry others who are spcoaFFu Fole the,seFves
,. 3arriage is based on romantic love
52. Bne concern about the great importance most people in the ;nited +tates give
to romantic love as the basis of marriage is that*
A.
55. What is the effect of industriali.ation on the typical number of children in a
family?
56. In today?s high1income societies, children are*
59. !ompared to fifty years ago, ;.+ women in their late twenties are now*
6:. In the united states today, the average number of children per family is about*
61. The concept #empty nest$ refers to*
6". Today?s baby boomers are often called the #sandwich generation
because*
6(. %atterns that describe many latino families include*