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jehL muR
Kjg - 2011
FG jiyt
Kidt u.n.jh. tjhghD
nguha kW Jiwjiyt
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry- 636 011.
yhaf
Kidt v. runrf
br h. rkh bkA#,
iz nguha,
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry - 636 011.
iuahs,
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry - 636 011.
U. brh. mjf,
Uk f. ckhknft
bjhf Ma,
muR nkiyg,
Vjh - 636 117.
nry khtl.
bjhf Mia,
muR nkiyg,
nkLgo ,
nry - 636 111.
60 .v.v. jh mlgLsJ.
bt MbrKiw mnlh :
bghUslf
gf v
myF 1 : yf RW tf
tf(Digital Circuits)
1 - 16
17 - 33
34 - 68
69 - 145
146 - 160
myF 6 : ouhtf
161 - 180
181 - 196
197 - 204
205 - 216
iii
1. yf RW tf (Digital Circuits)
1.1 mKf
ol Kiw Vuhskhd miyfis Jakhd Kiw vLJ bry
mf ms Ukiy vf (Binary Digits) gagho csd. vdnt ol
Kiw mf ms yftif RWf (Digital Circuits) njitgLwJ. mitf
xbthW mnj tifyhd tbghUsh (Hardware) ifahsgLwJ. xirtot
Kiw (Analog System) iur jikia fLgL xGfhd braKiwF
TLjyhd ol RWf njitgLwJ.
fah fLgLJ ol Kiw bkbghU (Software)
gagLjgLwJ. m J braf tbghUis (Hardware ) khwhk
bragLwJ. Kiw bjhrhiyf bt bkbghU (Software)
jahfgL m VgL FiwghLf galhs ifF brw
fgLwJ.
mdyh Kiwia l ol Kiw nrfgL jftf iur nghw
ghUJ fgL vj j gh yhk Ug bgwgLwJ. Mdh
mdyh Kiw iur nghw fhuzfsh jft nr ghfgLwJ.
ol Kiw bkhj iur rj fgLtjh jftf rahd Kiw
s ilwJ.
ol RWf mdyh cWfis bfhL mikfglh mJ mdyh
Fzij bgUF. m ol jik mwnt UfhJ. ol Kiw Fiwj
iur fhy za Kjatiw bgW iknuhuhrr (Microprocessors) nghW
Mufzfhd flisfis VWbfhS jik, Wfzfhd
bghahsf nrJ br wid bgUF.
ko itnul(Multivibrator)
ko itnul vgJ xU dQa RW MF. mj cjah
miyah, fhyRW, -s (Flip-Flop) nghw Uiy mikfis clhf
Ko. ko itnulf Uiy bgUfis bfhL (ouhlf,
thf) jilf kW njfis gagL FWFtr izghf
mikfgLwJ._W tifahd koitnul RWf tHf csd.
mitahtd
f=
1
In(2) . C . (R1 + 2R2)
4
RESET
7
Vcc
DIST
3
6
OUT
THR
OUT
2
TRIG
Trigger
GND CTRL
1
5
10nF
GND
t = RC ln (3) 1.1 RC
t- brf R-
X C- ghu
Vcc
R1
4
RESET
Vcc
DIST
6
OUT
THR
R2
OUT
TRIG
GND
1
CTRL
5
10nF
GND
Volts
Trigger Signal
Capacitor Voltage
Output Pulse
Time
iy
0
Fiw
0V
off
&
=1
gl 1.2 (1)
gl 1.2 (3)
cL
btpL
input gate 1
14 +3 to +15V
input gate 1
output gate 1
output gate 2
input gate 2
input gate 2
OV
4001
4011
4030
4070
4071
4077
4081
4093
13 input gate 4
12 input gate 4
11 output gate 4
10 output gate 3
9
input gate 3
input gate 3
gl 1.2 (4)
5
iy th (NOT Gate)
btpL bk (1) v cL A 0 MF. mjhtJ btpL co
jiy (Inverter) MF. iy th xU cil kL bgWsJ. vdnt iy
th xU jiy (Inverter) vd miHfgLwJ.
cL A
0
1
gl 1.2 (5) FpL
IEC milahs
btpL B
1
0
cik mltiz
IEC milahs
cL btpL
B
Q
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
cik mltiz
eh
th (NAND Gate) = (Not And)
eh
eh th (NAND Gate) xU vyh th vgJ vyh th (And
Gate) jiy (Inverter) MF. mj btpo 0 vd FfgLsJ. mj uL
cLfS bk (1) v btpL (0) MF. kw rkaf btpL bk (1) MF.
eh th uL myJ mjF nkgl cLfis bgWsJ.
cL
A
0
0
1
1
IEC milahs
cL btpL
B
Q
0
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
cik mltiz
IEC milahs
6
cL btpL
B
Q
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
cik mltiz
eh th (NOR Gate)
J xU myJ (OR) thiy bjhlJ iy th (NOT) bfhL
mikfgl RwhF.
J xU myJ th (OR Gate) mj btpo 0 vd FfgLsJ.
j btpL 1 bk v cL (0) MF.
Q = NOT = (A myJ B )
NOR th uL myJ mjF nkgl cLfis bgWsJ. mj btpL
bk v mj cLf bk Mf UfhJ.
cL
A
0
0
1
1
IEC milahs
cL btpL
B
Q
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
cik mltiz
IEC milahs
cL btpL
B
Q
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
cik mltiz
IEC milahs
7
cL btpL
B
Q
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
cik mltiz
_W cL th
btpL
cL
thf btpLf
AND NAND OR NOR EX-OR
_W cL bfhl th RUf
thf btpLf
cLf
A
EXNOR
btpL
AND NAND
OR
NOR
cLf
btpLf
miu
To
gl 1.3 (2) miuTo (Half Adder) EX-OR th kW AND th
1- bit
Full
Adder
C out
A
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
C in
S
gl 1.3 (4)
cL
B
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
Ci
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
btpL
Co
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
S
0
1
1
0
1
0
0
1
fgh (Subtractor))
vyuh RWf fgh RWf To (Adder) R mogil
bragLwJ. fgh RWf _W Lf (bits ) gagLjgLwJ. mitf
xWbfhW ahrkhdit MF.
Di = XiYiBi
cik mltiz
gaghLf
- shf rhjhuzkhf sh g miyfis bfhLsJ. rhjhuz
-shf FWF tr jiy izghf izfgL rhjdf
10
RS -sh
D -sh
T -sh
J.K -sh Kjad.
RS - sh (Reset-Set)
RS -sh uL NORthf FWFtr izghF.
RS -sh braghL gl fhlgLsJ.
f kW fU yh 1 kW 0 MF.
RS -sh bghJthf SR -sh vd
miHfgLwJ. R (Reset), S (Set) MF. mJ uL
FWF tr iz NAND myJ NOR yh
thf MF. nrF (bit) btpo Q vd
FfgoUF. cLf R kW S Fiwthf
gl 1.4 (1) RS -sh Ujh btpL Q,Q iyahf UF. cL
mfkhf, R Fiwthf Ujh btpLf
Fiw VgL tiu khwhk UF.
D -sh (D-Flip-Flop)
D-tif -sh iwa ehf mf ms gagho csJ. J
ony -sh (Delay flip-flop) vd miHfgLwJ.
btpL Q cL iy vLfgLwJ. mj cL myJ Data cL
kW xU fofhu vifF jhkjgLjLwJ. D -sh giHa idtf
br Riy nAhL jhkjnfhL Matiw sFwJ.
SET
cik mltiz
Data input
direct
inverted
cL
RESET
btpL
iy
Set
Reset
gl 1.4 (2) D - sh
T -sh (T-Flip-Flop)
T tif -sh cL T mfkhdh mj iy khWwJ. sh g
Wjglh T cL Fiw -sh giHa kF khW j braw
cik mltiz _y sfgLwJ.
11
gaf
1. T -sh RW xU (bit) myJ igd o (binary digit) jftiy
nrfgagLwJ.
2. VnjD xU T -sh gy j fzofis (counter) mikfgagLwJ.
gf (Registers)
ol RWf gf a nrF mikghF. gf xU
nfnfL, sh MF. mj btpL W izfgL co ju
MF. gf bjhl kW gf iz cL kW btpLfis
bgWsd. mitf Serial-in, Parallel out (SIPO), Parallel in Serial Out (PISO)
vdFlgLsJ.
Hstate
J
Q1
Q1
Clock
K
Hstate
vnfhl (Encoder)
vnfhl vgJ jftfis xU gotUJ myJ nfho UJ kw
tifF khWwJ. mjhtJ kj FpL tufis vu m Fplhf kh
jUwJ.
cjhuz
Ml - igd vnfhl
MlUJ igd 8 cLfis 3 cLfis bfhLsJ.
aho vnfhl
onfhl (Decoder)
onfhl vgJ gy cLfis, gy btpLfis bfhl yh RW
MF. mJ nfhl cLfis nfhl btpLfshf khWwJ. mjDila cL,
btpL nfhf ahrkhdjhf csJ. J xU fyit ol RwhF, j
13
I0
out
out
I1
I1
0
Se
Sel
Sel
A 2-to-1 mux
cik mltiz
O0
O0
in
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
in
O1
Sel
O1
Sel
14
S0
S1
2 - to - 4 line
D0 D1 D2 D3
I0
F3
F2
F1
F0
dhf
gF -m
I- rahd ilia njbjLf
1.
2.
3)
M) a RW
<) fj VuszRW
M) 777
M) cL iy
) bghJ
<) iy
6.
M) nkhndhl koitnul
<) nl iy
5.
<) 555
4)
) 810
M) jiy (Invertor)
<) khLnyl
7.
8.
M) KGTo
) tl
<) buoga
9.
M) o-nfhl
) buoga
<) tl
10)
M) tl
) o-nfhl
<) buoga
) vnfhl
<) gth
III- xU y tf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
IV- xU gf ms tiuaW
1.
2.
3.
t
1. ml ko itnul
2. nkhndhl ko itnul
t
1. KGTo, fgh
sFf
1. o nfhl, vnfhl
2. RS -sh, D -sh
V- thd ila
1. yh nfLf braghil glJl sFf (VnjD _W)
2. miuTo, KGTo braghil glJl sFf.
ilf
1. m
2. <
3.
4. m
5. M 6.<
16
7. m
8. m
9.
10. m
2.1.1 gngw(Modulation)
gngw njit
fh irif miy FWa u kL gaf Ko. Vbd fh
d gaz brnghJ mj r (m) br (intensity) FiwwJ.
17
gngw tiff
Kakhd gngw Kiwf tUkhW
1. Rgngw (Amplitude Modulation)
2. mbt gngw (Frequency Modulation)
3. fl gngw (Phase Modulation)
Rgngw(Amplitude Modulation)
gngw braKiw C miy R, irif miy F
jFjthW khWkhdh mjF R gngw vW bga. J thbdh kW
bjhiyfh mikf gagLjgLwJ. j gngw C miy
mbt khwhk UF. j gil mfy(Band width) Fiw.
C miy
R gngw miy
gl 2.1 (a) R gngw bragl miy
18
gwf njit
nuonah Vdh Vfgl gngw miyf bgUah bgUfgL
xghDF bfhLFnghJ xgh xbtpL VJ UfhJ. jF
fhuz C miy mbt xgh lahu muhJ. Mifdh
x btpL uhJ. j fhuzkhf Monah miyf jFj Kiw fgl
ntL. njitahd ms bgU xghF bfhLfgl ntL.
gwfRW
gngwgl miyia nffToa x miyahf kh, C miyia,
Monah miyia jjahf f ntL. thW F ntiyia br
RW gwf RW vdgL.
gwfRW C miyia Uj (Rectify) brJ mj befo gFia
(Negative cycle) FwJ. gngw bragl miyf gho gF rkkhf
csjh, mj ruhr akhF. vdnt xgh afhJ. befo gF
fgLtjh ruhr k aF, ca gFF il mik.
Ujgl gngw miy Monah miy, C miy csd. xU l
Rdh fgl Monah miy kL bgUF gFF brwJ.
njitahd iya gngwgl C miy L1, C1-dh nj
bragL gy iyf flJ ilnahLF bfhLfgLwJ. J ilnahL miy
gho gFia kL mDkF. befo gF jdh ujhwJ. gho gF
cs miyf C miy kL ~luh fgL jiuF mDggLwJ.
s Monah miy kL mLj gFF brwJ.
21
time
amplitude
(a)
time
amplitude
(b)
time
amplitude
(c)
time
(d)
2.3.
Amplitude
7
3
-1
-3
t0
Sampling
PAM
t1
t1
t1
t1
PDM
PPM
PCM
23
gaf :
1. PAM, PWM kW PPM Kiwf xnu khahd gaf ol Kiw
ilwJ.
2. tifahd xgu Kiwf, fhy kos bragho
gagLwJ.
3. f ntf tiy gfshd xUizj nrit tiyg (Integrated Service Digital
Network)- j PCM Eg gagLwJ.
4. braifnfh xgu Kiw PCM kW khw bragl bllhkhLnyr (DM) Mait Fl gafis jUwJ.
gf :
1.
gaf :
1. brYyh tiy g C miy KJbfYghf mikwJ. braifnfh
cl bjhl bfhs gagLwJ.
2. iknuh miy thbdh bjhlf, bjhiyfh kW bjhiyng
bjhlfSfhf gagLjgLwJ.
24
ah-clh (Yagi-Uda) Va :
J ilngh Mldh VgL y Hfis, y cWfis mfkhf
nrJ <LbrwJ. mj cWf, uggh (reflector) kW a (Director)
MF.
khWgl fl Va
J f vikahd mikig bfhlJ. skhd fl xU
gfUJ iz thbdhlD, kbwhU Kid Rjukhf bjh
bfhL UFkhW mikfgLwJ. j mikig vj guY mikfyh.
skhd f mik ey wid jUwJ. jF xU ia mik
njitgLwJ. khWgL neyhj (non-linearity) mbtF Vg f
kW (Impdedance) jik mik.
xL (Patch) Va
J jiu js rJukhf mikfgL, fll bghUjgoUF.
cjhuzkhf jiu js FHh iz ghij Mldh vw tho Mldhit
Twyh.
Va njitf
Va njitahd diy VW mf ms d dGjij clhf
ntL
J njitaw dfUJ njitahd diy J tHF w
bfhoUf ntL.
mf gil mfy cs diy VFgoahf njitahdh btntW
iyaf diy Vf RHY go Uf ntL.
Va gf
irg (Directivity)
yhg (Gain)
gil mfy (Bandwidth)
l (Impedance)
irg
Mldh vj iria neh Uwnjh mir cs diy
mfkhf VF, Jnt irg vdgL.
bgUf
VF mf ms diy bfhLF jikia Mldh yhg(Gain)
vdgLwJ. J irgig bghUJ mik.
gil mfy
Mldh wikahf VfToa df viy, gil mfy vdgLwJ.
l
Mldh KG sF ilF ndhl, dGj j
l MF.
Va tiff
1. cw Va (Indoor Antenna)
2. btw Va (Outdoor Antenna)
1. cw Va
oF cnsna mikfgL Mldh MF.
V-Va (V type)
fj rl Va (Door frame)
cw fl Va (Built-in-antenna)
2. btw Va
1. U JUt Va
2. kofgl UJUt Va
3. ah Va
27
s
tor
ec
Dir
mi
ns
fol
de
dd
i-p
ole
Tra
Re
fle
cto
ss
io
Lin n
e
gl 2.6.1 (a) ah Va
28
Support
Parabolic
Off-center
Secondary
Reflector
gl 2.6.3(a) LNB
30
Mnlh-LNB(Octo LNB)
J vL btpLfis bfhoUF. mjhtJ xU Mldh vL
Vfis xnu rka izfyh.
gl 2.6.4. braifnfh V
dhf
I rahd ilia njbjL
1. j ir bjhl _______ Kiw gagLjglJ.
m) fyh bjhl
) gngw Kiw
M) nkhnfh
<) f bjhl
M) nkhl
) gngw
<) gR gngw
M) iw
) mfy
<) R
M) 300
) 3
<) 3000
M) R gngw
<) mbt gngw
M) l
32
) l
<) nyhl
M) jL Va
<) ah Va
M) 4
) 16
<) 27
M) bttis l
<) c l
) irif miy
<) miy
III. xU tf ila
1. gngw vwh vd?
2. gngw tiffis TWf.
3. bfh(horn) tot Vaiy g TW
4. uil btpL LNB vgJ ahJ?
5. ah Va cs cWf ahit?
6. Jo gngw tiffis TW,
7. gwf vwh vd?
8. nkhl vwh vd?
IV. xU gf ms ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
V.
1.
2.
3.
4.
thf ila
Jo gngw tiffis T, m VnjD ehF tifg vGJ.
E miyfis g t.
xgu Mldh cs tiffis sF.
jL tot Vaiy g t.
ilf
1. M
2.
3.
4. m
5. m
6. m
33
7.
8. M 9.
10. <
3. thbdh x gu kW x th
(Radio Transmission and Reception)
3.1 mKf
ehf thbdh kW bjhiyfhf bjhiybjhlfhf kLky,
bghGJ nghfhf csd. thbdh bjhl Kiw U rhjdf csd.
mit thbdh gu (Radio transmitter) kW thbdh th (Radio receiver).
3.1.2 tiff
m.
M.
.
34
l - ona gt M~iga
J xU sh V M~igauhF. J g~g kW khLnyl gFfis
izwJ. J C miy wid bgUFwJ.
R kh thbdh gu
gl 3.1
3.1(a) R kh thbdh gu flgl
xth (Microphone)
J xU r khW rhjd (Transducer) MF. J xia, x diyfshf
(Audio Signals) khWwJ.
gu Va (Transmitting Antenna))
J gngwgl miyfis fhj miyfshf (Electromagnetic waves) kh,
thbt guwJ.
vg (Pre emphasis)
l miyah (Crystal Oscillator)
35
4.
5.
6.
ggiy gu ( FM Transmitter))
gl 3.1(
3.1(b)) ggiy thbdh gu flgl
gt bgU kW xgu Va
gngw fjgl xmiyahdJ mj dGj kW ndhl
Ma U KiwfY bgUfgL xgu MbldhF mDggLwJ. gu
MbldhthdJ RF miyfis fhj miyfshf kh thbt guwJ.
36
1. VW bfhSj (Reception))
nuonah miyfis VW bfhtjF xU Va njitgLwJ. J Via
nuonah miyfnshL izwJ.
2. njbjLj (Selection))
gntW thbdh iyafUJ Ugkhd (Desired) thbdh iyaij
njbjLF w MF. j ntiy LC burd be xfh (Resontant network)
iwntwgLwJ.
3. gFgh (Detecton))
j bra Kiw nuonah mbt df Monah mbt
dfshf khwgLwd. J xU l ilnahlh iwntwgLwJ.
4. Ug bgWj ((Reproduction))
xdiy xahf khwgLtJ Ug bgWj vd miHfgLwJ. J
xU xghdh (Speaker) iwntwgLwJ.
V wf
xU thbdh V ju kW w fl wf mogil
khfgLwd.
1. czw ( Sensitivity))
J, tik Fiwj nuonah mbt d iljhY nghJkhd
Monah mil cg br w MF. J M.v~ gFf bgUF
wfis bghWjJ.
37
2. njbjLF w ( Selectivity))
J Va ilF df UJ Ugkhd dfis myJ
iyafis kL njbjLF w MF. J ir bragl RWf
(Tuned circuits) Jakhd miybkil bghWjJ. vdnt fbtl kW
M.v~ M~iga njbjLF wid mfgLJwJ. njbjLF
w mfkhtjh xU V, nk{ miy kW mLJs nrd lghLfis
(Adjacent Channel Interference) jwJ.
3. Kir (Fidelity))
J, vj H KG Monah mbt tuid bgUf br
w MF. J Monah M~igaf totikid bghWjJ.
4. cW rkiy (Stability))
J V ilF x ms khWjf yhk, cWrkiy
btpil cg br w MF. V cWrkiy VgLj V.. RW
gagLwJ.
4.
M.v~ Miga
obll
Mbldh
Monah
Miga
M.v~
gt ris
M
obll
~ga
B+
1.
2.
3.
gt
ris
gl 3.1(
3.1(a)) TRF thbdh V flgl
38
V. v~
M~ga
xgh
gFgh ( Detector))
J M. v~ kW V.v~ M~iafSF il gagLwJ. J xU
R gngw oblluhf ntiy brwJ. J M.v~ dfshf khW.
l myJ d ilnahLf gagLjgLwd.
r (Power supply)
J V cs vyh iyfSF njitahd dGjij
bfhLwJ. J nglahfnth ngl vndluhfnt Ufyh.
eikf
m.
M.
.
J xU f vjhf V.
vjhd RWf gagLjgLsd.
miybk njitiy.
ikf
m.
M.
.
kh
thbdh
mbt
bgU
fy
miyah
gl 3.3(
3.3(b)) Ng bAnuhil jJt flgl
uL btntW (F 0 , F ) miyfis xU ouhl _y fyjh
S
ouhl btpo ehF jkhd miyf ilwJ. mitahtd:
Kj miy (FO)
ulh iy (F )
s
uL miyf TLj (F + F )
o
s
uL miyf ahr (F - F )
o s
tiw ju uL miyf TLjdh VgL Ahnkh vw
njitaw miyfS UF. t uL miyf ahrij kL
IF Mf vLJ bfhL kw miyf toflgLwJ. Jnt NgbA V
jJtkhF. jJt V.v, v~ v, fnf, nulh kW bjhiyfh
Vf gagLjgLwJ.
1.
2.
3.
4.
eikf
m.
M.
.
cz w kW njbjLF w - mf
ey new
ey cWw
40
ikf
m.
M.
m#br nrd
NgbA Vf gil mfy njitahd kl (Level) UJ Fiw
nghJ j tif m#br nrd lghL clhwJ. U ahrkhd thbdh
iyaf f mUfhik njbjLfgL nghJ tif lghL clhwJ.
J m#br nrd lghL vd miHfgLwJ. ij jf Fiwthd
I.v~ d njbjLfgl ntL. vdnt Ng bA Vf U
lghLfis jf Fiwthd I.v~ d njbjLfgl ntL. vdnt
Ng bA Vf U lghLfis jf iliy mbt (IF)
njbjLfgLwJ. uil khWj Vf (Double Conversion) j uL
lghLf KGtJkhf jfgLwd. Vbd Fiwthd kW mfkhd
I.v~ df njbjLfgLwd. vdnt xU uil khWj V U
fbtl iyfis kW U I.v~ M~igafis bfhLsJ.
Vj
RF
Mga
gF
r
gF
IF
Mga
gF
oll
gF
Monah
Mga
gF
Monah
btpL
gF
xgh
V
gF
Mnyl
gF
AC 230 V
50Hzris
gt
ris
gF
6V DC
kh (Convertor)
J Kj obll vd, kW mbt kh (Frquency changer) vd
miHfgLwJ. J fy (Mixer) kW nyhf Mnyl iyfis
bgWsJ. nyhf Mnyl gngw yhj (Unmodulated) nuonah mbt
dfis cg brwJ. fy iy Mnyl diy cg brwJ.
fy iy Mnyl dfiy M.v~ diy fyFwJ. iy
mo lona d njbjLfgLwJ. I.v~ d k
Mnyl kW d mbtf ahrF rkkhf csJ.
(IF = fo fs)
gFgh (Detector)
J gw (Demodulator) myJ ulhtJ obll vd miHfgLwJ.
j iy d ilnahL gagLjgLwd. J I.v~ d UJ,
C miyfis tofo, Monah diy wJ. V.v~ d Monah iyF
bfhLfgLwJ.
r (Power Supply)
J vyh iyfSF njitahd dGjij bfhLwJ. J
nglahfnth, ngl vndluhfnth Ufyh.
RF
Mga
gF
r
gF
IF
Mga
gF
l
gF
o
ndl
gF
Monah
Mga
gF
Monah
btpL
gF
xgh
M
nyl
gF
AC
230 V
50Hz
ris
gt
ris
gF
V
gF
6V
nyhf miya
J xU Ah Mnyl. J gngw yh nuonah mbt
iriffis cUthFwJ. j iriff fyF brYjgLwwd.
fy
J, nuonah irif kW Mnyl irif vd U miyfis fy,
btpo I. v~ irifia (10.7 bkfh bA) bfhLwJ.
ondl
J xU gw (Demodulator) MF. J mbt gngw bragl
I. v~ irif UJ Monah irifia wJ. l ilnahLf obll
ilnahLfshf gagLjgLwd. bghJthf gagL _W tif RWf
tUkhW:
m.
M.
.
ouh ondl
~ghl ondl
nunah obll
l
J iriffnshL xW nrJs iur Jofis (Noise pulse)
fLgLJwJ. J xU fil I. v~ bgU MF. J xU g Mf ntiy
brwJ.
br cz mbt bgU
Kj Monah miyf o. vg bragLwJ. J Monah mbt
iriffis bgUFwJ. it K (Pre) bgU, brYJ (Driver) bgU, kW
m bgU vd gFfgLwd. K kW brYJ bgUf dGj
bgUf MF. m bgU w bgU MF J Kirid (Fidelity)
mfgLJwJ.
ggiy V
3. I. v~ irif mbt
455 nyh bA
5. obll gagLjgLwJ.
ondl gagLjgLwJ.
44
6. l njitiy.
l njitgLwJ.
o- vg ( De- Emphasis)
v~ v V, vgF vuhd bra, o- vg vd miHfgLwJ.
ca mbt irif R mjF Vwhngh FiwfgLwJ. Fiwj
mbtid mDkF (Low pass) ~l, M ~l tofo bex
gagLwJ. j ~l 75 iknuh brf iy neuij bfhLsJ. J
irif fyJs iur mbtiz Fiwf cjwJ.
l
v~ v irif R khwhk Uf ntL. Mdh, gu UJ
V VaYF gaF nghJ nuonah miyf kf (Fading) cr
(absorption) kW vbuhj (Reflection) Maitfsh, iriff
njityh khWjf cUthwd. vdnt wghd x btpoF j
khWjf fgl ntL. Mjyh j ntiyfhf l gagLjgLwJ.
J g (Clipper) vd miHfgLwJ. J I.v~ bgUia nghW
bjL iy (Saturated) bgUahf ntiy brwJ. j iy, cL v,v
irif, btLF (Cut off point ) kW bjL F (Saturated point)
il aFwJ. fSF mgh cs vj R btpo ngh
nruhJ.
Va
iz
gF
thbdh
mbt
bgU
Kj iy
fy
miyah
Kj iy
iliy
mbt
bgU
ulh
iy
fy
l
miyah
ulh iy
iliy
mbt bgU
r
bgU
gFgh
bfh
RW
Jo
mbt
miyah
V
gFgh
V
bgU
3.4 R kh V RW mik
1k
220/16v
Va
+6VDC
-470K
470
.01MFD
BF 194B
.01MFD
0-565pf
izj
njf
1k
--6V
gf
m.
M.
.
ntiy br Kiw
nkny cs mogil R BF194B ouhlU bgUahf
gagLjgLwJ. j cL kW btpL f ir bragl
khf. izfgLsd. ir njf kh RUfSl
izfgLwd. vdnt fhfS njfS xW nrJ irRwhf
(tuning circuit) ntiy brwJ. xU Mblhd j ir bragl be X
cl izfgLsJ.
Mbldh fhj miyfis M v~ diyfshf khWwJ. ir
njfsh irirf (Signals) njbjLfgLwd. mj iriff
bgUffhf, bgUF jugLwJ. ouhl njbjLfgl iriffis
bgW gyij bgUFwJ. jDila bgUfgl btpL iriff, fbtl
iyF mfgLwJ.
mDTyf ((Advantages)
m.
M.
uTy
it mf cWjik yhjit MF. (Unstable)
gf
m.
M.
.
47
tgLJj ((Tracking)
cns tU M.v~ miynfw, I.v~ ms TLjyhd Mnyl miyia
(Fo = Fs + IF), Mnyl cUthf ntL. braghL, tgLJj (Tracking)
vdgLwJ.
Mnyl cns tU M.v~ miyfis rahf tgLjhlh (Improper
tracking) bghUjyh IF mbt, IF bgUF ilf t brJL.
tiw tgLJ iHf (Tracking errors) vnwh. jdh la, thbdh
iyaf mj iyUJ kh ntWiy ilF. tiw jf
KKid tgLJj (Three point Tracking) vw Kiwia cgnahfgLJnwh.
ngl
Mnyl
gF
ok
Fig. 3.6
izj
nj
gl 3.4
3.4(b) Va kW miyah nj iz
Kiw izj njf (Ganged Capacitors) cl ngl njia
(Padder Capacitor) bjhlizY ok njia (Trimmer Capacitor) gf
izY izJ, mtid rahf m# bra ntL. thW
brtjh A.M. xgu mbt bjhF Min, Mid, Max Ma _W iyfY
Mnyl mbt RF miyia rahf tgLJwJ. ijna KKid
tgLJj (Three Point Tracking) vnwh. jdh la, thbdh iyaf
ca iyf ilwJ.
cL ir , Mbldh fh, ir nj kW k
izfgLwd. J njitahd irifia njbjLJ mjid ngF
brYJwJ. miya irif vlUF brYjgLwJ. uL
dfS bjhlJ fyfgLwwd. fyfgL nghJ IJ mbtf
cg bragLwd.
izj
njf
gl 3.4
3.4(c) AM thbdh V fy RW
btpo iliy mbt (Intermediate frequency) irif
njbjLfgLwJ. fbyl cs I. v~ kh, ri kh MF.
J I.v~ irifF (455 nyh bA) ir bragLwJ.
I.v~ irif = F + F
o
s
F = miya mbt
o
F = irif mb
s
btpL I.v~ irif, I.v~ bgUF bfhLfgLwJ.
gf
m.
M.
.
49
gFgh
gFF
220 K
180 K
eL
gFgh
iliy mbt iliy mbt
kh
kh
fy
iliy mbt
kh
gl 3.4
3.4(c) Uiy iliy mbt bgU ((Two Stage IF Amplifier))
ntiy br Kiw
j iy 2 x BF 195 ouhlf gagLjgLwd. I.v~
khf, j cL kW btpL f izfgLwd. itf
irfgl khf kW I.v~ irifF (455 nyh bA)
irfgLwd. cL d ouhl ngF brYjgLwJ.
btpL d fbyl UJ vLfgLwJ. ouhl I.v~ irif
gyij bgUwJ.
iliy mbt kh Kjik irfgl izRwhf
kW Jiz irfgl bjhl Rwhf ntiy brwJ. gil
mfyij guhkf (10 nyh bA kW brfl fhfSF ilna
Wfkhd iz (tightly coupling) gwgLwJ bgUfgl btpL irif
obllUF bfhLfgLwJ.
50
eikf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ey njbjLF w
ey czw
Fiwj l
bry Fiw
ey cW rkiy
gFgh (Dectector)
J gw myJ ulhtJ obll vd miHfgLwJ. J
Monah bgU kW I.v~ bgUF il gagLjgLwJ.
l ilnahLf, d ilnahLfshf ntiy brwd.
gFgh iliy mbt kh
iliy
OA 79
x KHf
mbt
0.01
irif
jha
1 K
0.01
fLghL
gFF
iliy
mbt
10 K
bgUUJ
brcz
mbt
bgUF
gf
m.
M.
.
ntiy br Kiw
J , obll, ~l (Filter Condenser) vd _W fis
bfhLsJ. I.v~ kh izfgLwJ.
J xU ilnahL obll I.v~ d, ilnahoF bfhLfgLwJ.
I.v~ irif befo gh ir VgLbghGJ ilnahL ntiy br. mLJ
gho gh ir VgLbghGJ ilnahL ntiy brahJ. btpo gh I.v~
d clhfgL. J tofo bex cbrYjgLwJ. j
tofo M v~ iriffis tofo kW KG Monah d fgLwJ. j
Monah d, th fnuh tna Monah bgUF bfhLfgLwJ.
j m d V bexF bfhLfgLwJ.
kFj (Fading)
nuonah mbt df gy VgL khWjf kFj (Fading)
vd miHfgLwJ. thbdh VW bfhSj (Reception), Vayh bgW
bfhsgl df bjhlJ khWwJ. Vbdwh gu Mbldh UJ
(Transmitting antenna) makly (Ionosphere) _y df VF Vaiy
(Receiving Aerial) tjilwJ. makly ml (Density) bjhlJ khWtjh
d nthnl{ bjhlJ khWwJ. vdnt Vf xU uw yhj
m d cUthfgLwJ. kFjiy jf xU jha x fnuh
ntiy brwJ.
nH bfhLfgLsthW V RW uL tiffshf d f
gLsd.
1.
2.
52
OA 79
0.01
iliy
mbt
1K
irif
0.01
68 K
Kj iliy
mbt
bgU
5 F/ 12V
10 K
ouhl
ngRF
brcz
mbt
bgUF
ntiy br Kiw
nkny obll R, V bex izfgLsd. j bex xU
bul kW iggh flr gagLjgLwJ. obll ilnaho
JUtij (Polaity) bghWJ gah clhfgLwJ. ilnahL ndhF gah
izfgLtjh, v (Negative) gah ilwJ. thW ilj V gah,
nj nrfgLwJ.
V gah dGj thbdh mbt kW iliy mbt
ouhlf ngfSF bfhLfgLwJ. j gah dGj d
gyij bghWjJ. d gy rhjuzkhf (Noramal) UFbghGJ, gah
dGj rhjhuzkhf Ugjh, x rhjhuzkhf UF.
mf d ngh nrU nghJ, mfkhd v gah clhfgL, M v~
kw I.v~ iyf yhg FiwwJ. khwhf Fiwj d ngh nrU nghJ
Fiwthd gah clhfgL M v~ kW I.v~ iyf yhg mfwJ.
Kothf, d r khdhY xgh UJ u btpL x (Stable Audio
Output) VgL.
uTyf
1.
2.
br cz bgUf
20 bA Kj 20 nyh bA tiu cs mbt bjhFig (Range)
bgUF bgU, br cz bgU vd miHfgLwJ. bghJthf brcz
bgU, dGj bgU, w bgU vd fgLwd.
53
gf
m.
M.
.
ntiy br Kiw
Vf Monah bgU, tUkhW fgLwd.
1.
K bgU (Pre Amplifier)
2.
brYJ bgU (Driver Amplifier)
3.
btpL bgU (Output Amplifier)
K bgU
J Kj iy dGj bgUahf ntiy brwJ. obl (Detector)
btpL (Output) j bgUF bfhLfgLwJ. J Monah irif
dGjij bgUFwJ. j btpL, brYJ (Driver) iyF
bfhLfgLwJ.
br cz
miyf
gFgh
gFUJ
S1
P
S2
x KHf
fLghL
Z- bgU
S1
S2
cL iriff
1.
2.
3.
U iriff gagLwd.
it rkkhd dGjij (R) bgWsd.
mit xWbfhW 180 of khwhf ( 1800 out of phase) UF.
mDTyf
m.
M.
.
<.
R V m w mf
R bkhj w (Overall efficiency) mf
brytfgL w (Power Consumption) Fiw
iur iy
uTyf
m)
M)
.
fhbk bk bgU
J neuo iz (direct coupled) bgUahf ntiy brwJ. J
khia gagLJtiy. vdnt J kh yh Monah bgU vd
miHfgLwJ.
56
-DC
1.2 K
270
Spaker
AC 128
TR3
18 K
56
TR1
TR2
TR4
5MFD
22
BC 148
BC 158
1000MF
AC 127
10 K
2.2 K
300MF
100MF
3.3 K
2.2 KPF
+DC
ouh ondl
~ghl - ondl
nunah gFgh
57
ouh ondl
J xU _wLF irfgl myJ lhf (stagger) irfgl
ondl MF. ir (tuned) RWf gagLjgLwd. itf
_W ahrkhd mbtfSF irfgLwd. Kj ir RW,
iliy mbtF irfgl fil I.v~ khahF. J
uL brfl fhfis bfhLsJ.
uL d ilnahLf gagLjgLwd. mitf brfl
fhfnshL izfgLwd. j m uL ~l RWf
izfgLwd. j ~l RWf, Monah ~l RWf MF. m
Monah irif tofo njf FWnf vLfgLwJ.
F0+ F2
F0- F2
gl 3.4.1 (a) FM ggiy ouh ondl RW
cL irif ka mbt UJ mfF nghJ Kj ilnahL
ntiy br kW ulhtJ ilnahL ntiy brahJ vdnt btpo Monah
irif xU gh ir nj itfgLwJ. cL irif Fiw nghJ
ulhtJ ilnahL ntiy br vdnt btpo Monah irif mLj
gh ir nj itfgL. filahf, btpo U gh irfS xW
nrfgL Monah irifahf vLfgLwJ. j Monah irif, bgUffhf
Monah bgUF bfhLfgLwJ.
~ghl - ondl
J ~ng kh (Phase Shift) ondl myJ ika ir (Centre Tuned)
ondl vd magLwJ. j R ika mbtF
irfgl uL ir RWf kL gagLjgLwd.
fil I.v~ bgU UJ (l) cL irif jF
bfhLfgLwJ. fil I.v~ kh iuk kW brfl fhfis
bgWsd.
uL d ilnahLf ntiy brwd. xU iz nj, (CC)
iukF, brfl kaKidF il izfgLwJ. vdnt
cL irif j iz nj kW gugu l (Mutual Induction) _y
brflF bfhLfgLwJ.
58
nunah obll
j RW ondl RWl xJsJ. d ilnahLf vir
izfgLtJ jh j unaf ahr MF. l iy
gagLj njitiy. fil I.v~ kh uL ir RWfis
bfhLsJ.
iz nj (CC) kW iuk, brfl RUfSF ilna cs
gugu l _ykhf (Mutual Induction) cL irif bfhLfgLwJ j
m uL ~l njf izfgLwd. kW xU nyhL
bul gagLjgLwJ.
gngw yhj irif bfhLfgLnghJ, btpL irif dGj
rkkhf UF. cL irif khW nghJ btpL dGj khW, cL irif
mbt mfF nghJ, mf btpL dGj clhfgLwJ kW
cL irif mbt Fiw nghJ Fiwthd btpL dGj
clhfgLwJ. d ika mbt UJ mfFnghJ Kj
ir R m mfkhF. vdnt Kj ilnaho m mfF. nj
rka ulhtJ ir R m FiwJ, ulhtJ ilnaho m
Fiw. Mjyh m ghothF. d Fiw nghJ m
befothF.
59
Above resonance
5.5 MHz
Below resonance
D1
T1
VR1
C1
x iliy
mbt
cL
R1
C3
C2 VR2
R3
R4
D2
Below resonance
C4
e2
ovg RW
Above resonance
V3
R2
C6
C5
x KHf
fLghL
br cz
miyf br
cz
mbt
bgU
nebrj (-Alignment)
V njbjLF w kW czwfis mfgLj, ir
RWfis ir brJ kW khWgL flrfis rahf mikJ bragL
Kiw miybk vdgL. J bjhluhf d thahf fgLwd.
1.
2.
njitf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
M. v~ d b#dnul
m l
FU oiutf
ko l
ntiy br V
60
I.~
bgU
obll,
Monah
bgU
mV
m
nthl
RF
mbt
bryl
Via mikj
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
V Vaiy Jof.
xgh l m liu izf
V Mnyl af TlhJ.
d b#dnul bldfis I.v~ bgU cL fnshL
izf.
V af TlhJ.
x fnuh mfgr iy Uf ntL.
nlh fnuh Fiwjgr iy Uf ntL.
b#dnuliu mikj
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
b#dnuliu mj M iy Uf bra.
nkhL kW ng brylf njitahd iy Uf ntL.
mbt bryliu gagL njitahd I.v~ diy (455 nyh
bA) njbjLf.
M v~ m fnuh mj mfgr iy Uf ntL.
M v~ m f m bldf izfgl ntL.
J flthW fgLwd.
jh mbt (v.v~) miybk
ca mbt ( v. v~ ) miybk
Via mikj
1.
2.
3.
V Vaiy Jof.
xgh l m liu izf.
Mnyl af TlhJ.
61
4.
5.
6.
7.
Va f b#dnuliu izf.
V.. af TlhJ.
X fnuh mfgr iy Uf ntL.
nf flr Fiwj iy Uf ntL.
500KHz - 30 MHz
IF
d
b#dnul
I.v~,
obll,
Monah
bgU
M.v~
gF
RF
mV
m
nthl
mbt
bryl
.gl
gl 3.5 (b) R.F bgU miy br flgl
b#dnuliu mikj
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
b#dnuliu mj M iy Uf bra.
nkhL kW ng brylf mj njitahd iy Uf ntL.
mbt bryliu gagL, njitahd M.v~g dfis
njbjLf.
M v~ fnuh mj mfgr iy Uf ntL.
m nf mj m f izfgLwJ.
brKiw
mfgr mofhf ir Rwfis r bra ca mbt
miybkoF Mbldh k r bragl ntL. jh mbt
miybkoF fhf nfh r bragLwJ. m l mfgr
btpL fhL nghJ rbrtJ Kofgl ntL. r brtJ Wjgll
nfh kW k bkGdh _lgl ntL.
uh (Tracking))
V miybk Kojl, mj KG bjhFY J uhf Xnu
msthf bragLwjh vd ghf ntL. j juij guhkf iliy
mbt irif ( 455 nyh bA) rkkhf Uf ntL. V rkkhd I.v~
diy guhkgjF bragL braKiw ouh vdgL.
uh vdgL braghL kfis nglfis r brtj _y
iwntwgLwJ. kf ca mbt bjhF r bragLwd.
VnjD xU ngo, nf U gFfS rbraglh, vyh ngfY
V Ufukhf bragL.
Kbdriff
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
braKiw
neahf kW r brtjF gogoahd braKiw gwgl ntL.
nH bfhLfgLs nrhjidf gwgLwd.
1.
iy nrhjid (Static test)
2.
aF nrhjid (Dynamic test)
iy nrhjidf
J Kjnrhjid vd miHfgLwJ. J VF ris bfhLgjF K
nrhF nrhjid MF. J flthW fgLwd.
1.
2.
3.
4.
bk fhL nrhjid
xbthU rhjdK bk taiu bgWsJ. jid nrhgJ bk
tafis nrhF nrhjid vdgLwJ.
xgh nrhjid
Vf ffis nrhF nrhjid f nrhjid Kiw MF.
ghit nrhjid
jta cWfis, vJs bghUfis ftF nrhjid, ghit
nrhjid vd miHfgLwJ.
ild nrhjid
J ulh nrhjid vd miHfgLwJ. J VfSF ris
bfhLfgl nrhfgL nrhjid MF. J fthW fgLwd.
63
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
irif nrhjid
J irif FJj (Signal injection) vd miHfgLwJ. J btw
df bfhLfgL nl{fis nrhF nrhjid MF. j ntiyfhd
d b#lf gagLjgLwd. nrhjidah gGjilJs iyf
fLofgLwd.
dGj nrhjid
iyfis milahs bjjl mj j dGj nrhjid
gagLjgLwJ. vdnt cwfis milahs fhz j nrhjid
gagLjgLwJ. j nrhjidia iwntw dGj msfgLwJ.
nrhjidF nth l gagLjgLwJ.
ndhl nrhjid
J cWf tahf brY ndhlid msL gGjhd
cWfis fLoF nrhjid MF. J f Kakhd nrhjid MF. jF
ml gagLjgLwJ.
jil nrhjid
J gGJ milj cWfis cW bra mj jil kig msJ
nrhF Kiw MF. jF X l gagLwJ.
f nrhjid
J fil nrhjid MF. J btntW iyaf ffis rghF
nrhjid MF.
64
1)
2)
V A tUj
i)
ii)
3)
i)
ii)
iii)
m ouhlf h MUfyh.
oiut ouhghk, dGj bgUf h MUfyh,
tofL njf, IF ouhlf, r ouhl, f
njf h MUfyh.
4)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
Mnyl fh gGjhUfyh.
65
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
6)
XU iyaf kL ilwJ.
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
7)
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
8.
i)
ii)
iii)
Mnyl fh gGjhUfyh.
izj nj, ok gGjhUfyh.
Kj IFT kW Mnyl fhiy rahf miy bra ntL.
9.
i)
ii)
iii)
m ouhlf, f, f iz nj Matid
nrhf ntL.
IFT jtwhf miy bragoUfyh.
m ouhlf xWbfhW bghUjyhk Ufyh.
10.
11.
f gGjhUfyh.
th fnuh, M M~ R gGjhUfyh.
ngl rahf bghUjhkUfyh.
ngl vndl iz rahf yhkUfyh. Fiwghoid
r brJ btFneu Via a (Soak Test), nrhjid bra ntL.
66
i)
13.
14.
izj nj gGjhsJ.
15.
V iyaf l kh vLwd.
dhf
I. rahd ilia njbjLf
1. Kj gu (Transmitter) _______ vgtuh 1887 ML cUthfglJ.
m) khnfh
M) nk# Muh
) J.L . ~ngL
<) bA bA
2. iknuh~ngh xU r khW rhjd (Transducer) mJ _______ ia x
diyfshf (Audio signals) khWwJ.
m) x
M) x
) fhW
<)
3. f vikahd thbdh V _______ MF.
m) l V M) V.v V
) v~.v V
<) bjhl V
III. xU y tf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
IV. xU gf ms ila
1. thbdh V gntW wfis t.
2. o.M.v~ thbdh V flglij tiuJ mj braghil
sFf.
3. thbdh mbt bgU Rid tiuJ sFf.
4. R kh thbdh V gagLjgL fLogh Rid
tiuJ sFf.
5. thbdh V cuw gGJ Vgl fhuzfis bjhFJ vGJf.
V. thd ila
1. R kh gu flglij tiuJ sFf.
2. ggiy gu flglij tiuJ sFf.
3. R kh thbdh V flglij tiuJ sFf.
4. Uiy iliy mbt bgU iy Riw tiuJ
sFf.
5. Z- bgU (push pull Amplifier) Riw tiuJ sFf.
6. bjhl thbdh V flglij tiuJ sFf.
ilf
1.<
2.M
3.m
4.
5.m
6.
68
7.
8.m
9.
10.
4. bjhiyfh xgu kW x th
(TV Transmission and Reception)
4.1 mKf - bjhiyfh xgu jJtf
bjhiy u elF fHfis e fzh fhzToa xU rhjdjh
bjhiyfh ( Tele - vwh u vision-vwh ghit) KjKj
bjhiyfhahdJ 1927 C.F. b#, J.L. ng vgtfsh cUthfgL,
1930 th ~ghbth vD Phfsh KGikahf
totikfglJ. bjhiyfh cUthfgLlbjwh mjF Kdjhf,
nfkuh cUthfgoUf ntL. Vbdwh o.. njhW vj xU gK
Kj nfkuh _y gl ofgoUf ntL vgij eh mnth. Kj
thfis (Vacuum tube) bfhL cUthfgl o. d Fiwfl
rhjdfshd ilnahLf, ouhlf kW I.. (IC)f bfhL
cUthfgL tUwJ. ntfkhf tsJ tUw j ehff cyf
bjhiyfh gF aikahjjhlJ.
bjhiyfh _W Ka ffis cslaJ.
1.
gl oj (Capturing Pictures - Camera)
2.
g brj, kW xguj (Recordings Transmission)
3.
glij o iu VgLJj (Reception or Reproduction)
j _W ffis gjh gFthahf (Stagewise) ghlf gof
nghf.
myLj (Scaning)
myLj vgij e ffnshL xlyh vthW eh xU jfij goF
nghJ, fzhdJ lJ Kid MuJ tyJ neh goJ bfhL brW
tyJ Kidia milJ, L jhdhfnt cldoahf lJ gfF tJ mLj
tia gof Muwnjh, mkhna o. nfkuhY, o. glFHhY
fthdJ elwJ.
nfkuh f eilbgWbghGJ iu Gj gkhdJ j_y gy
TWfshf fgLwJ. nfkuh vthW xU gkhdJ gy TWfshf
fglnjh mnjngh bjhiyfh t glFHh fgl mg
xW nrfgl ntL. braghlhdJ myLj _y fjgLwJ.
mjhtJ glFHh dQ JghUJ sa vyuh
fiwahdJ iu lUJ tykhf, tyUJ lkhf, nkUJ Hhf,
UJ nkyhf mirfgLw fF `myLj` vW bga.
o. iu xU KGikahd gl njhwkf ntLkhdh xU beho neu
15625 nf nfhLf njit. j myLj bragL ntf (gh ntf) f
mf vgjh e fQF myLj bragLtJ bjtiy. Vbdwh
ff iy jik, xU dho 16 xU gF (1/16 th of a second) MF.
branyhL Toa glij fzLnghJ fid kh fnahL
xlyh. iu kh iulgLnghJ buh#l by Kghf 24 gl
69
2.
W
Start of a line
End of a line
Retrace
Trace
Raster
gl 4.1 (1)
70
3
5
gl 4.1 (2)
vyuh fiwahdJ iu lJ nkKid MuJ onu nfhL,
-onu nfhL vd bjhlahf myL brJ Kidia milwJ. ijna
ta (m) buhu myLj (Progressive Scanning) vnwh. jf
Koahj y FiwghLf njhd.
f gh (Flickering Effect)
15,625 nf nfhLf 25 ~nufshf nf bragLnghJ (1 ~nu
Kojl UJ L fiwahdJ nk neh vLJ brygLnghJ
btof -onu nfhL VgLwJ. rka dhdJ btWikahf (m)
fWghf njhwkF J xU Fl neu oF. (0.04 sec) j neu f
Fiwthf UjhY, xU W khw VgLtij eh czu Ko. mLJ L
mLj ~nu Jtf btr ilF mj W L nj gh VgL.
goahf 1 behoF Fiwjgr 25 Kiw (25 gl nuf VgLtjh) U,
btr vd kh kh ffSF xU cWj VgLJtJ ngh j gh fG.
Jnt f gh vdgL.
ghig r bra nuhu nf Kiw y khw bragL l
nyL nf Kiw cUthfglJ.
1
2
3
4
5
313
314
315
316
(c) KG nu
622
623
624
625
310
311
312
313
gl 4.1 (3)
bragL Kiw
625 HL bfhl xU ~nuik ulhfJ nf brtj _y j
ghghdJ rbragLwJ. mjhtJ, Kj vyuh fiwahdJ 2, 4, 6 vw
uilgil vfis (Even Field) nf brJ bfhnl tJ gl 2(a)
fhosthW 312 1/2 iy KojJ L btof -nu _ykhf
fiwahdJ nk bfhL brygL, 1, 3, 5 vw xiwgil vfis (Odd field)
nf brJ xU KG ~nuik br. j Kiwjh lnyL nf
Kiw vdgLwJ.
RUfkhf brhdh xU ~LF (Even Field) kbwhU ~L (Odd field)
(uily kW xiwy) mikJ nf br KiwF lnyL
nf Kiw vW bga, jidgl bjthf sFwJ.
mgoahdh xU ~nukhdJ U ~Lfshf fgL 312 + 312 = 625
nf bragLwJ. iy branyhL Toa gl njhwkgjF 25 gl
~nuf xU beho neu Vgl ntL vW ghnjh, mgoahdh 25 x 2
~LfshdJ Vgl ntL, iy buhu nf Kiwia
xLbghGJ nf ntfkhdJ mnj 1 beho neu 25 ~nufSF gyhf
(25+25 = 50) 50 ~Lf VgL tz bragLjgLwJ, mjhtJ btof
onu kW -onu ~LfshdJ 25F gyhf 50 ~Lfshf khwgLwJ.
nkY thW xU ~LF kbwhU L mikJ nf bragLtjh
il vj xU nfhL Lglhk bjhlahf nf bragLwJ,
1 ~nu 2 ~LfshfgL nf bragLbghGJ ntf mfgj
_y, btof nu, onu bragL nghJ btik kW fUikahf
njhW neu FiwfgLwJ. ljl j ntf e ffSF bjtiy.
Mf j lnyL nf Kiw _y f ghghdJ rbragljh
KiwahdJ bjhlahf gagLjgL tUwJ. nkY nf VgL
ntf vj khwK Vglhjjh gl gil mfyij mff ntoa
mtaiy.
glFHh
J btlFHh tifia rhjJ.
72
mik
bjhiyfh thf gagLjgL glFHh kiwKf
NLgLjgL tif nfnjhL gagLjgLwJ. mjhtJ ll iH
_ykhf NLgLjgL, nfnjhL dQfis cwJ. tiw ju
glFHh fLgLJ , KLF , kW fil MndhL Ma
vynuhLf gagLjgLwd.
bragL j
nfnjhL dQfis ctjh dQ (Electrongun) Jgh vW
miHfgLwJ. nfnjhL, f vD bghUshyhd cUiis to
mikfgLsJ. cUis Kid njha rgl ll R myJ
nga kW uhoa MirLf R rgoUF. it
btggLjglh msffkhd dQfis cG. it dQ fiw
(Beam of Electrons) vW miHfgL.
73
o~s nah
glFHh fGJghf, tikghdJ mikfgLsJ. J
dQ JghUJ btnaW dQ fiwia ir U (Deflection)
74
fhjir
nfhLf
neiy
o~s
nah fh
zD fiw
neiy
o~s
nah fh
fhjir
vbyuh
fiw
iliy
o~s
nah fh
gl 4.1 (5)
mr j (Aspect Ratio))
vjbthU glFHh Fl j jh jahfgL.
mjhtJ glFHh s 4 gF vwh mj cau 3 gF Uf ntL
(4:3)
glFHh sF, cauF cs j mr j MF.
khLny kW xgu gF
bjhiyfh xgu, gl miyfshdJ R gngw Kiw (AM)
gngw bragl ntosjh mjfhd C miyf l
miyah _y cg bragL bgUfgL gngwgFF
jugLwJ.
Composite
video signal
TV
Camera
Camera
amp
HD VD
MB MS
Deflection and SP
Cen
Equalization and
Signal level
setting
Video
amp
Distributor
and
switcher
Crystal
oscillator
Audio
amp
N-monitor
Video
amp
DC
clamp
Modulated
RF amp
Power
amp
Transmitting
antenna
Signal level
controls
Frequency
multiplier
RF
amp
VSB filter
and
combining
network
LS
LS
Audio
Audio
input processing
unit
Coaxial cable to
transmitter
Cable to
Distributor transmitter
and
switcher
Audio inputs
from other
studios
Audio
amp
Pre
emphasis
circuit
FM
Modulator
Crystal
oscillator
AFC
Frequency
multiplier
Power
amp
LS - Loud speaker
gl 4.1 (6)
gngW fjgL, thf bragL ouhlUF
mDggLwJ.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
80
64S
xU t
neu
iliy
Jof
0.4
64S
bragL
t neu
Blanking
level
Ped. height
Ped.
height
cr btik
iy
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
P
0.6
gl
tuf
D.C level
20
12.5
D.C level
40
Ped. height
D.C level
60
52S
75
fUik iy
100
v/v max
0.8
1.0
t
brnul (Serrated) g
Filed sync elF nghJ line sync M jlf Vglhk Uf it 4.7 iknuh
dho mfy cs 5 miu nfhLfshf fgLwJ. ijna btLl neiy
Jo Serrated Vertical sync Pulse vnwh. xiw y 312.5 vw
miunfhoUJ uil y 625 MtJ nfho KoY Mugjfhf
it 5 miunfhLfshf (27.3 iknuh dhof) fgLwJ.
Equalising pulses
t Vertical sync Jof jna fgLwJ. xiw kW
uilyf rahd Kiw iljh jh dl ghj rahf elF.
xiw y Mug KGnfhlhf uil y Mug miunfhlhf
csJ. Fiwghil FtjF 5 equalising pulses Jo KD D
gagLjgLwJ. tiw Kiwna Pre-equalising pulses kW Post-equalising pulses
vW miHnwh.
77
5-Pt.
equalising
pulses
Vertical
sync
pulses
End of 1st
field
12.5 lines
7
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
5-Pt.
equalising
pulses
309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332
6 broad field
5 arrow
equalising sync pulses
pulses
5 arrow equalising
pulses
blanked lines
gl 4.1 (8)
Pre-equalising pulses
mit 5 miunfhLfshf 2.5 nfhLf fhy mikfgLwJ. jdh it
xiwy kW uily Ko line oscillator I synchronise brwJ. j
bkhj fhy ms 160 iknuh dhof.
Post-equalising pulses
5 field sync JofSF wF it 5 miunfhLf fhynjhL
MuwJ. jdh horizontal sync bjhlJ ilwJ. y kiwJo fhy
UyfY xnu khahf Uf ntL. xiw kW uil yfSF
ilna obuW KG nfhoUJ miunfhoF khWtjh horizontal sync-
fhy khl th clhwJ. j equalising Jofis nrgjh rahf
interlaced scanning elwJ.
nekiw gngw
tif onah nfa R mfj btr ms TL. fUik ms
Fiw. mfgr btik ms 100% khLnyr ilwJ. mfgr
fUik ms kW byt Fiwj khLnyr ilwJ.
vkiw gngw
tif onah nfa R mfjh btr ms Fiw: fUik
ms TL. mfgr btik ms 12.5% khLnyr ilwJ. mfgr
fUik ms kW byt Mait 100% khLnyr ilwJ. ah
cgnahfgLjgL CCIR - B (Consultative Committee of International Radio - phase
Alternation by line - B) vkiw gngw Kiw gagLjgLwJ.
78
gl 4.1 (9)
gl 4.1 (10)
iur g
btikia neh
efUj
uTy
d r VgL O khwdh gl jik lghL
(impulsive interference) VgLwJ.
mDTyf
1.
2.
uTyf
xU side band xU gFia tofLtjF J r uakhwJ. mthW
tofL bghGJ~ng (Phase) kW R Fiy J VgLwJ.
79
Sound Carrier
Frequency Range
Picture Carrier
47 to 54 MHZ
48.25 MHZ
53.75 MHZ
54 to 61 MHZ
55.25 MHZ
60.75 MHZ
61 to 68 MHZ
62.25 MHZ
67.75 MHZ
5 VLE
175.25 MHZ
180.75 MHZ
182.25 MHZ
187.75 MHZ
189.25 MHZ
194.75 MHZ
196.25 MHZ
201.75 MHZ
203.25 MHZ
208.75 MHZ
210.25 MHZ
215.75 MHZ
11
217.25 MHZ
222.75 MHZ
12
224.25 MHZ
229.75 MHZ
3
4
10
UHE 21 to 69 Channels
Ifdhnfh
nk{ Mfh
ofh
sfh
czw (Sensitivity)
J xU bghU xbthU Ea gFia onah ffshf khW
wdhF. J xU nfkuh o njitahd ms Uj ntL.
fUik ndhl (Dark Current)
vjjkhd xjik Kf jo Hhj nghJ ilF f Fiwj
ms m d ndhl fUik ndhl vwiHfgLwJ.
ny Fz (Lag Characteristics)
X f ntfkhd ntWghLfis rahd Kiw czu Koahj nfkuh
Fzij ny Fz vnwh.
rh gt (Resolving Power)
fh btik, fUik gFfis czJ mjnfw m ilf
brtnj xU nfkuh rh gt vnwh.
nk{ brr
Kj sh nso c gF t, Mok, a
nghwtitfsh Md urhad fyit bfhl nghnlh nfnjhL
mikfgoUF, nfkuh by _y gkhdJ nghnlh nfnjho nk G
nghJ vyuhfshdJ mUJ btnabrY. go btnaW
vyuhf msthdJ, nghnlh nfnjho Gw x g msit
bghUJ UwJ. go btnaWw vyuhf, vyuh gkhf kh
gl 4.2 (1)
81
nf fiw
vyuh Jgh
U fiw
(d ndhl)
brfl
vyuhf
d
btpL
ilndhL
No.2
600V
ilndhL
No.4
1160V
.01MF
20K
MndhL
1500V
gl 4.2 (2)
83
6.2 ofh
gl xU ofh nfkuh o mikghdJ fhfgLsJ. J
nghnlh floo (Photo Conductivity) jJtij mogilahf bfhL
aFwJ. j mogil vdbtwh xgL khu lhb# nso
jil msthdJ Fiw.
Fiwj
ntf bfhljhf Ugjh mF brfl vr VgLtiy.
lhb# ns KGtJ j fiwahdJ nf bragl o bghUjgL
UF jF osr fhf cjwJ.
j nghnlh nya jokdhdJ 0.0001 c.m MF. J xU Rnyl ngh
bra gL. fUik w tU nghJ j jil ms Rkh 20 bkfh X. Mf
, xgL nghJ vyuhf Xl mfkhtjh, mj jil Fiwa MuF
. nghnlh flo nya vgF btr Gnkh mj Fl gF
jil ms 2 bkfh X msF FiwJL.
Image
Signal Plate
btik
fUik
nghnlh
nya
nfkuh d
btpL
nf g
vyuh
Jgh
gl 4.2 (4)
xahdJ lhb# nso bjhlahf GJ bfhoUF nghJ nghnlh
nya xbthU gF ~nu neuF VwthW nf bragL. lhb#
nso jil mjnfwthW mik. Mjyh jil ms khwkhdJ
cns Gw x msit bghWJ UF. byR _ykhf cns G x
gdh nf bragL lhb# nslhdJ jlUF vyuhfis
btnaw, lhb# nslhdJ gho jik bfhljhf khLwJ. j
rka vyuh JghUJ brY vyuhf lhb# nsil nf
bra , lhb# ns jdF njitahd vyuhf lhb# nsoUJ
U tJL . U tUw vyuhfis nk{ Mfh ngh
ofh vjF gagLtiy. Mdh mj l VgL d, vw nyhL
bul tna gyjugl dGjfis VgLJwJ. j RL mo
ilF dGjK nkny brhd ndhl MoL cns
Gw x msit bghWJ mikUF,
mf ndhldh, RL - ilF dGjK mfkhf ilF.
Mjyh btisgF G lf UJ mf dGjK, fUikgF
G lf UJ mf dGjK, fUikgF G lf UJ
Fiwthd dGjK ilF. nk{ Mfh ngh, koisa gF
njitiy. thW ilF m dyhdJ M~iga _y thf
bragL nfkuh oUJ bttU.
85
sfh
f tiy
fzho #d
MndhL
vyuh
fiw
btpL
vyuh Jgh
nfnjhL
nlh bragl
Rjkhd
xfToa d
ns SnO2
P nlh
bragl
SnO2
(b)
(a)
Rjkhd
gl 4.2 (5)
Fiwj wgrf bfhl ofh nfkuh oig fhoY,
FLgoahf mf wgrf bfhljhf j sfh nfkuh oghdJ
cUthfglJ. j nfkuh oghdJ ju thj glK, mf cz wndhL
Fiwj btrnyna bragl Toajhf mikfgLsJ.
gl sfh nfkuh o lhb# ns mik kW m d
fu vLF Kiw Mait fhfgLsJ. j lhb# nsil ju
w fUf midJ ofh nfkuh oig nghwjhF. j lhb#
nslhdJ PIN vw ilnaho _y (P-P type, I-Intrinsic, N-N type) btF wghf
bragLwJ. j cw o Mi[L vD jk rgLsJ.
J mf ms vyuhfis bfhljhf, lhb# nso d
nslhf mikwJ. J N tif Fiw flahf bragLwJ. Rjkhd by
nkhdhirL (Lead Monoxide) vD jkjh rgoUF. J xU Rjkhd
Fiw flahF. vdnt jh J I vw vG _ykhf FfgLwJ. j
Rjkhd FiwflahdJ W nlh bragL tif FiwflahdJ
W nlh bragL P tif Fiwflahf bragLwJ. j nk jh
vyuh JghUJ sa vyuh fiw tJ G. lhb# nso
jok 15 x 10 l msthF. gl sfh dyhdJ vthW
vLfgLwJ vgJ bjthf fhlgLsJ.
sfh cs nghnlh flo lhb# nslhdJ ofh csJ
ngh mikUF. xU W ntWghL vdbtwh, wf bragLw
86
nfkuh of xL mltiz
v
1.
Fz
x khWj
.Mfh
xgL cj
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ew
S/N j
ntf
bgu bugh
6.
af
f mf
30db
Halo lag iy
fF
<lhdJ
thdJ
7.
8.
iy
ms
mf
bgaJ
ofh
xgL
flJj
mf
50db
mf lag
eW
sfh
xgL
flJj
rW mf
50db
Fiwthd lag
t Fiw
vJ
vJ iuthdJ
iuthdJ
Fiw
rnw mf
aJ
eLju
89
AGC
gah
220V, 50HZ,
nyhf
M
nyl
B+
C2
R1
R2
C1
S. IF = 33.4 MHz
P. IF = 38.9 MHz
onah IF
Mga
2/3 nl{
AGC
r
onah
obll
g Arhl
V.v.
btof
nAhL
Arhl
Mnyl
15625Hz
btof
btpL
bgU
Arhl
btpL
Mga
nah
Medium B+
voltages
g AGC,
AFC RWF
iud
fnuh
fhuh
fnuh
F
F
onah
Mga
Monah
gt
Mga
15625Hz
50Hz
Mga
th
fnuh
Monah
Mga
g Arhl
btpL gFUJ
btof
Mnyl
50Hz
ony
ACC il
5.5 MHz
nu RW
FF r
obll
fil
onah IF
Mga
r d
FM lnfa
r IF
Mga
5.5 MHz
Fiwj
dGjgF
iH dGj
(To F.F)
brgnul
VHF d
ig
nyhf
M
nyl
Varactor diode
Electronic tuning
RF
Mga
UHF
r
UHF d
AC dGj
VHF
Mldh
UHF
Mldh
EHT
buoga
EHT
MndhL
glFHh
xaf Jo gh
gh: (Syne pulse separator)
gF TLgl miyfUJ (Composite Video Signal) xaf Jofis
jna wJ.
o~unal (Differentiator)
gF xaf JofUJ iliy xaf Jofis (Horizontal
syne pulses) kL jna bjLwJ. J xU ca mbtid kL
mDkF tofL RW MF.
lfnul
lfnul: (Integrator)
gF xaF JofUJ, neiy xaF Jofis (Vertical Syne
Pulses) jna bjLwJ. J xU Fiwj mbtid mDkF
tofL RW (Low pass Filiter) MF. tiyf neiy miyahF
mfgL neiy xaf H jfgLwJ.
90
xgF
xgF: 5.5 MHz bgU
xbgh Rdh (Sound Trap Circuit) 5.5MHz x I.F. miyfis jna
wJ.
br cz mbt bgU
gu KdGj bragl x miy (Pre-emphasised Audio signal) dGj
(De-emphasis) bragL giHa iyF bfhLtugLwJ. x bgUgF (Audio
amplifier) xaiyfis bgUks bgUFwJ.
xgh (Speaker)
F xaiyf fhjh nffgL rj miyfshf khwgLwJ.
91
Tl Kiw
bk#jh
(f + y)
f
41%
30%
11%
100%
white
89%
kr
(f + gir)
ah
(gir + y)
70%
59%
gir
gl 4.3 (2)
(30% f + gir (59%) = kr (Yellow (89%)
(30% f + y (11 %) = bk#jh (Magenta) (%)
(11% y + gir (59%) = ah (Cyan) (70%)
f + gir + y = btik (White)
(30%)R + (59%)G + (11%)B = btik (100%)
bk#jh
(btik - gir)
f
y
(btik - y -gir)
(btik - gir - f)
btik - y - gir
= f
btik - gir
= bk#jh
fU
btik - gir - f = y
ah
(btik - f)
btik - y
= kr
kr
(btik - y)
btik - y - f
= gir
gir
(btik - y -f)
btik - f
= ah
gl 4.3 (3)
92
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Fz
PAL-B
NTSC
7MHz
0-5MHz
5.5MHz
6MHz
0-4MHz
4.5MHz
45.75MHz
41.25MHz
525 lines
15,750Hz
30 frames/sec
60 fields/sec
3.58 MHz
38.9MHz
33.4MHz
625 lines
15,625Hz
25 Frames/sec
50 fields/sec
4.43 MHz
od tiff
vu tif
tif(Mechanical Type)
m. lbu tif
M. bkl tif
izfgl fhf
6
5
4
3
6
5
10
10
1 12
11
2
bghJ mR
4
10
11
2
1 12
11
3
1
12
Mbldh
UJ
M.v~
bgU RW
r
RF
gl 4.4 (1)
nyhf
MRnyl
RF
F tif
Kiw sho F _y khW jil kid kh mj _y
0-33v tiu ntWgL, mj ir bragLwJ.
Va
gl iliy
mbt
btpL
H.P.tofo
kW
ouhf
thbdh
mbt
cL
thbdh
mbt
bgU
izj njf
thbdh
mbt
btpL
ia
RW
fy
nyhf
miyah
fy
ia
RW
E ia
fLghL
gl 4.4 (2)
od gf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
vLJfhL
4 MtJ nrd mbt bjhF 61-68 MHz MF. gl C miyf, nrd
mbt bjhF Kj gFahd 1.25MHz-F wF mikUF. mjhtJ
61+1.25=62.25 MHz gl C miyf. x C miyf, nrd mbt
bjhF, fil 0.25 MHz-F K mikUF.
mjhtJ 68-0.25 = 67.75 MHz x C miyf
c miyah mbt = 101.15 MHz
VIF = c miyah mbt - gl C mbt
= 101.15 - 62.25
VIF = 38.9 MHz
S.I.F = c miyah mbt - x C mbt
= 101.15 - 67.75
S.I.F= 33.4 MHz
95
Vcc
Vcc
Vo
Vo
Vin
Vin
C
Trap circuit
Trap
circuit
Parallel Trap
Series Trap
L
C1
Vin
C2
Vo
Bridged T Trap
Vcc
Vcc
Vo
Absorption
trap circuit
Vin
Vo
C
Vin
Degenerative
trap circuit
gl 4.4 (3)
eikf
jid gagLJtjh miy brj (Alignment) vD fodkhd g
njitiy jidgagLj Fiwj l nghJkhdJ, Fiwthd bry, f
bjthd gl ilwJ.
31.9 MHz, 33.4 MHz,, 34 MHz, 38.9 MHz, kW 40.4. MHz, Ma
mbtfSfhd ouh RWf IF bgUF K gagLjgLwJ.
bghRWfis ne brj , CRO ilF gL is (Response
curve) gl fhlgLsJ. thW ilf brjh, IF bgUf xL
bkhj r Rkh 8000 vD ms ilfbgW jdh onah oll gFF
Rkh 3 Kj 5 V (P-P) ms gl Iv~ miy ilF.
gf :
1.
2.
gl 4.5 (1)
jtif bgU bjhiyfh th njbjLF w kW
czw (selectivity and sensitivity) mfwJ.
mogil onah I.v~ bgU RWgl nH bfhLfgLsJ. nt
ouhf _y njitahd df njbjLfgL njityh df
xJfgLwd. jF cL df L nf tahf
bfhLfgLwd. Mjyh nu bfghl jfgLwJ. lhfL
o Kiw ifahsgLwJ. Kiw _W fhf btntW
mbtfSF o bragLwJ. jdh mbt gL (frequency response)
eF ilwJ. thfgl I,v~ miy onah obll gFF jugLwJ.
gl 4.5 (2)
98
bragL j
fil I.v~ ouh ~ghk JizRUUJ ilfbgw onah
I.v~ dfUJ, ilnahL D ahdJ, befo miu I.v~ diy kL
mDkwJ. befo miu I.v~ miyYs C miyfis uL tofo
RWfshf tofLwd. jdh TLgl miy jna fgL, 2v (p-p)
ms btplhf ilwJ..
ilnahL D kbwhU g elwJ. onah I.v~ C miy.
(38.9 MHz ), r I.v~ C miy ( 33. 4 MHz ) ilnaho fyfggLwJ.
mthW fyfgL bghGJ. j uo ahrkhf (38.9- 33.4) 5.5.MHz
lnfa r I.v~ btplhf ilwJ.
j 5.5.MHz lnfa r I.v~ miy r ouh R _y
jna fgL, r I.v~ MggaUF bfhLfgLwJ.
glbgU gf
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
gl 4.5 (3)
ntiy br j
onah oll gFUJ ilfbgw Rkh 2 V (P-P) ks gl miyia,
brYJ bgUahdJ eF bgUf brJ, vl tna Rkh 4V (P-P) ms
glmiy btpoid mwJ. vl mikJs L.C ir rW gl
miyl fyJs 5.5 MHz x miyia jLF ouh Rwhf bragLwJ.
jdh glfh, xgilf (Sound bars) VgLtJ jfgLwJ.
100
ne iz Kiw glbgU wf
1.
2.
3.
ikf
1.
2.
3.
Keyed AGC
mik
cL miyf kW is-ng Jof ( Flyback pulses) iljh kLnk
gF a AGC dGjij bfhLF. cL miyf kW
is-ng Jof ilfho ouhl brayw iyF brW L.
U miyfS gFia af br rh nghW bragLtjh gF
Keyed AGC vwiHfgLwJ. ~isng Jof (Keying pulses) vW
miHfgLwJ.
101
aF j
ouhl flJ bghGJ, 2V (P-P) cr xaf miyf thfgL
fbyl ilwJ. jdh ilnahL kW LOT RU tna ndhl
ghJ C1 ndwkilJ, a nerhukhFwJ. Jnt AGC dGj
MF. ilnahL nj wf miltij jwJ. (lnahL
ndhF Kiw izfgLsjh). AGC dGj Rkh 1.5V to 4V tiu
ilwJ.
3.
25V(P-P)
IN 4148
15v To 4v
56K
Winding
on LOT
D1
2V
(P-P)
TR1
12V
68K
1K
BC-158
.01MF
3K
AGC
preset
From Video
detector
1K
Fig. 10.8
570
gl 4.5 (4)
glFHh fGJgF bghUjgLs iliy kW neiy
tisF RUfdh dQfiw nkY G mirfgL dl
ghj elwJ. jdh iu KG btr (Full Raster ) ilwJ.
nfnjhL kW Lf `bgh ilbt vdgL nj (0.6pf/2kv)
izfgLwJ. dGj ntWghodh glFHh cns UF
vynuhLfSilna cns VgL bghia. J khWghijia ( by pass)
btna mikJ, bghia btna VglbrwJ. jdh glFHh
ghJfhfgLwJ.
fLgLjgL oUJ v bragL nj, thia braf
brj , jdJ ndwdh bjhlJ fiw ndhlid VgL
EHT dGjij wf brJ (Switch off spot) vD Fiwia jwJ.
4.6 xaf kW os gF
xaf Jo gh ((Sync Pulse Seprator)
mik
TLgl miyUJ xaF Jofis jna bjLgJ R
ntiyahF. ` tif bgU (Class `C ampifier) _y xaF Jofis jna
fyh.
103
R2
470pf
From video pre-amp
TR1
BC148A
120K
12v
220
1K
C1
220pf
47K
R1
47K
330pf
.01MF
Differentiator
C2
To Horizontal AFC
Integarator
To vertical
Oscillator
gl 4.6 (1)
aF j
ngF jna ne dGj bfhLfglhjjh, cr xaF Jof
ne dGjkhf (+ve voltage) mikJ, mit thfgL fbyl ilwJ.
F neiy kW iliy xaf Jof ilwJ .
C1, R1 vD ca mbtid mDkF tofo, iliy xaf
Jofis jna wJ. tofo Differentiator vW miHfgLwJ.
iliy xaF Jof, iliy AFC gFF mDggLwJ.
104
Anti hunt
circuit
AFC Filter
1KPF
180K
D2
IN4148
D1
180K
H.Sync
il iy
miyf
IN4148
68pf
pf
.1
56K
C2
.033
C1
100K
47KPF
1KPF
20V
47K
Winding on
LOT
DC fLghL
AFC dGj
gl 4.6 (2)
gF jhnd a, iliy mbt ntWghLfis fLgLJtjh,
jha mbt fLghL vwiHfgLwJ.
105
mik
iliy xaF Jof lnahLf bghJ nfnjhL Kid
mfgLwJ. LOT UJ ~isng Jof vLfgL ugg miyfshf
khwgL ilnahfSF bjhliz mfgLwJ.
bragL j
bghJ nfnjhL Kid U ilnahLfSF ilna rkkhd Mdh v
JUtKs dGj ilwJ. iliy xaf Jo
mbtF, ~isng UgbgW Jo mbtF mf
ahr Ujh, mf dGjK, Fiwthd ahrkhf Ujh Fiwthd
dGjK, dGjK btplhf ilF. btpL khWjik
fyjJ nejikahf (Pulsating D.C) UF.
C 1 R 1 C 2, AFC tofoahf bragL ikahd ne rhukhf (Puredc )
khWwJ. Jnt AFC fLghL dGj vdgLwJ. fLghL
dGj, iliy miyahF brW mj mbtid 15,625 Hz Mf
ne brwJ. (Locked) . jdh iu gl lUJ tykhfnth, tyUJ
lkhfnth eftJ myJ gl bjahk rhJ nfhLfshf njhWtJ Mait
jfgL iyahd gl ilwJ.
Ao
AFC tofo J jhkjJl fLghL dGjij mwJ. ij
miyahfshf.
fl
tif
miyahf
1.
Blocking Oscilator
2.
Multivibrator
3.
Complementary pair relaxation oscillator
4.
Overdriven sine wave osillator
5.
Ramp Generator
Mait MF.
iliy miyahahf gagLjgL ko itnul tif
miyah braghoid bghGJ ghngh.
106
+12V
R1
R2
il iy
nAhL
fLghL
R4
VR1
15,625Hz
C1
R3
iliy
brYJ
bgUF
C2
TR1
TR2
Cb
Ce
BC148B
BC148B
DC fLghL
AFC dGj
gl 4.6 (3)
mik
R 1, R 2 , VR 1, R 3 , R 4 , C 1 kW C 2 Mait miyah cg br
mbtid zF neukhf (Time constants) MF. Q1 kW Q2
ouhlf xnu tif ouhlf (BC 148B) Mf UF. R1 jil
tna Q1 ouhlUF njitahd fbyl dGj, 12 V risUJ
ilwJ. Q1 ng dGj, R2 tna ilwJ. Q2 ngF njitahd
dGj VR 3 kW R 3 tna ilF. Q 2 fbylUF njitahd
dGj .R4 tna ilF. Q1 fbylUJ C1 vD nj Q2
ngRl izfgoUF. Q2 fbylUJ C2 vD nj Q1 ngRl
izfgoUF. thW izfgLtJ netif }l (Positive
feedback) MF. Q2 ng fLghL AFC dGj mfgLwJ.
aF j
RW ml koitnul (Astable Multibrator) tifia rhjJ RF
ris dGj jugll Q1 , Q2 Ma U ouhlf fbyl
ndhl gha MuF. njhL iz nj (Coupling Capacitor) C1 C 2 -
}l bgW. vj U ouhlfS xnu neu flJ iyF bryhJ
vgj mogil, C1 fbyl ndhl gha fbyluhdJ mf gho
iyF brY. j gho iy C1 vw nj _y Q2 ngF
jugLwJ. Mifah Q2 MdJ f-M~ (Cut off) iyF bry, Q1 cr flJ
iyF brWL. C1 ,C2 }lkhdJ -Q1,Q2 - Kiwna cr flJ
iy, f-M~ iy vw iynyna Fl fhy itUF. xU Fl
107
108
18KV
+110v
TV20
+110v
15,625Hz
+250V
33K
BA
PF
159
R1
100
C1
Boosted B+
BA 159
C4
BU205
Flyback
Pulses
TR1
+25V
BA 159
BD115
C5
To vertical
stage
6.3V AC
47
To
filament
of picture
tube
C3
R3
VL
gl 4.6 (4)
nlg ilnahL
BU205 aFbghGJ LOT j miyf (Self Oscillations) VgLwd.
tiyf befo iris nlg ilnahL jiuLwJ. jdh btpL
gF VgL dhw H bgUks jLfgLwJ. Mjyh, j ilnahL
Mw lnahL (Energy recovery diode) vW miHfgLwJ.
j ju bgaf
1.
2.
3.
0.47f
TR1
47K
BC148B
neiy
cau
fLghL
56K
100K
lnul
gFUJ
.22f
4KPF
neiy
nAhL
fLghL
1K
neiy btpL
gFUJ }l
47K
25V
47f
50Hz
10K
neiy
brYJ
gFF
mik
gl 4.6 (5)
j RW nu miyah (Ramp generator) tifia rhjjhF. neu khfshf
R3 (100K) kW (C3 0.47 MF)gagLjgLwJ. ouhl Q1 ngF VR1 kW
R2 _yK, fbylUF R 3 R 4 _yK aF dGj +25v risUJ
mfgLwJ.
lnul gFUJ neiy xaf Jof (Vertical sync pulses) C1
tna gFF ilwJ. Q1 ngF, neiy btpL gFUJ
R1kW C2 tna }l mfgLwJ.
110
bragL j
RF ris mfgll R3 tna C3 ndw milwJ. C3
wfjh 50 Hz miyf cg bragL neiy brYJ (Vertical
driver) kW btpL bgUfsh (output amplifier) bgUfgLwJ. btpL
gF UJ }l gFF mfgLwJ. }l _y ilj
miyfis Q1 bgUFwJ. jdh 50 Hz miyf bjhlJ mf rs
miyahf ilwJ. VR1 vD khW jil _y ouhl ng
dGjij khdh, fbyl ndhl khW. jdh C3 ndw kW
wf fhy khW. j _y cg bragL mbtid khwyh.
VR1, V. Hold fnuh Mf bragL 50 Fz Hz miyfis rahf cg bra
cjwJ. V.Hold fnuhiy gagL, fh nkY G XLtij
fLgLjyh.
xgu cs rkaf lnul gFUJ ilF xaf
Jof, gu (Transmitter) neiy miyah miy ntfF
bjhiyfh neiy miyahia khWwJ. (Synchronizing).
V. Size myJ V.Height (VR2) vgJ brlhf gagLjgLwJ. jid
ntWgL, fh cauid Tlnth. Fiwfnth brayh.
mik
neiy miyahUJ 50 Hz miyf neiy brYJ bgUF
(Q1) ilwJ. j btplhdJ Q3 (PNP) ngRl izfgLsJ. ris
dGj +25V, VR1 _ykhf Q2 (PNP) fbylUF R1, R2 kW R3 _ykhf Q3
ngF jugLwJ. Q2 ng, R2 kW R3 r izfgLwJ.
Q2kWQ3 vlf, R4 kW R5 jilfsh izfgLwJ. Q3
fbyl v bragLwJ. C1 njahdJ R4 kW R5 rF ilY
R1, R2 rF ilY izfgLwJ. Q3 fbyl v bragLwJ.
C1 njahdJ R4 kW R5 rF ilY R1, R2 rF ilY
izfgLwJ. Q2 kW Q3 vlf r UJ btpL vLfgL
neiy tisF RUfSl izfgLwJ.
bragL j
neiy miyahUJ 50 Hz ugg miyf Q1 _ykhf bgUfgL
Q3 ngF jugLwJ. R3 tahf Q2 ngF tiyf ilwJ. +25v
risUJ Q2 kW Q3 F aF dGj mfgLsjh, 50 Hz
ugg miy onu fhy Q2 KndhF gah Mf Q3 ndhF gha
Mf mikwJ. jdh Q 2 aF iyF jsgL, onu miyia
thFwJ. Q3 aF iyUJ GfgL braHj iyia milwJ.
111
1
neiy
miyahF
}l
TR3 AC188
neiy
miyah
gFUJ
TR1
BC148B
50Hz
neiy
brYJ
bgU
33
470
100
470
100mfd
100mfd
neiy
tisF
RUf
neiy
kiwJof
TR2 AC187
50Hz
25V
neiy aho
fnuh
gl 4.6 (6)
rk bragl iz mta
o.. t RWfSF izfgl dGj VwjhfSl (Fluctuations) Ujh, mRWf gagLjgL ouhlf, d ilnahLf,
njf, LOT kW I..f gGjila neL. jid jgjF o.,
tfSF buFnyl gtris mta njitgLwJ.
Fuse
T1
+
110V
175V
-C
AC mains
8K2
10K
279K
Q1
SK305
Q2
BD115
Error
amp
220mf
IN4002
220 V
100K
IN4002 E
5.6K
-Q3 BU326
5.6V
zener
1K1
+21 V
IC
Regulator
Error
voltage
4K7
100mf
220V
Series
regulator
500
40W
2.2K
100Kpf
240 V
--
Voltage
adjust
+
12 V
260 V
4 x 2.2 Kpf
4 x 1N4007
100mf
25V
220mf
40V
gl 4.7 (1)
mik
RwhdJ _W ouhlf (Q 1, Q 2 Q 3) kW xU d ilnahL
Matiw bfhL cUthfgLsJ.
113
bragL j
R co gLjglhj o.. dGj jugLwJ. cL
dGj Vwjhf UjhY zfgl msthf j btpL
ilF cL dGj mfFbghGJ, btpL dGjK
mfF. iy Q2 fbyl ndhl mfwJ. j mfkhd
ndhl, R3 U KidfSilna mf dGj ia (voltage drop)
VgLJtjhQ 1 ng dGj FiwwJ. j isthf btpL
dGj FiwwJ. thwhf, btpL dGj iygLjgLwJ.
cL dGj FiwbghGJ, btpL dGjK Fiw.
iy, Q2 ng - vl dGj Fiw. j isthf Q2
fbyl ndhl FiwwJ. j Fiwthd ndhl R 3 U
KidfSilna Fiwj dGj ia VgLJtjh Q 1 ngh
dGj TLwJ. j fhuzkhf btpL dGj mfwJ. thwhf
btpL dGj iygLjgLwJ.
R btpoUj +11OV iyahf vLfgLwJ. kh
Jizf RUUJ IC RW _y 12 nth bgwgLwJ. UJ 12 nth
xgFF ris dGjkhf vLfgLwJ. 120 nth d ilnahL,
msffkhd dGj ghUJ. ghJfhwJ (Over voltage protection).
C1 kW C2 rtha njfshf (Reservoilr capacitors) bragLwJ R2
vD br btpL dGjij ntWgLj cjwJ (B+ adjustment).
iliy tisF RUSF brY tafJUt (Polarity) kh
izfgoUfyh.
gl 4.7 (2)
gl 4.7 (3)
xU % oiut cj bfhL btof irbril (Vertical Size preset)
bjhL ghF bghGJ nfhL Modh myJ jh .... neiy miyah
(Vertical Oscillator) FiwghLsJ.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
gl 4.7 (4)
iu, nkY G Fl ms btr njhwhk eL kL gl
njhWtJ cau Fiwthd gl ( Insufficient height) vd miHfgLwJ. mjF
khnfh gl is vW bgaUL.
gl 4.7 (5)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
gl 4.7 (6)
1.
19.
gl 4.7 (7)
gl 4.7 (8)
117
3.
4.
5.
6.
gl 4.7 (9)
ikagLJ fhjf jtwhf m# bragoUfyh. bjhiyfh
th K fzhoia itJ bfhs ntL.
nah mik cs ikagLJ fhjfis m# brJ
glidikakh ilf bra ntL.
22. F is njhWj
F fhjf jtwhf m#
bragoUfyh. bjhiyfh th K
fzhoia itJ bfhs ntL.
nah mik cs F fhjfis
m# brJ F isid rbra
ntL.
gl 4.7 (10)
118
gl 4.7 (11)
25. iykha gl (Tilted Picture)
gl 4.7 (12)
nah mik nfhzyhf bghUjglh is njhW.
gl 4.7 (13)
tisa fhjf vdgL _iyfis r br fhjf (Corner Correction
magnets) jtwhf m# bragoUfyh.
119
27. iu eL x kL njhWj
(A bright spot in the centre of the screen)
Fiwghoid Switch on Spot vW Twyh. iliy kW neiy
tisF RUfSF (Horizontal & Vertical deflection coils) brY iz taf
JofgoUfyh.
iz tafis rahf ftJ, tisF RUfSl izf
ntL.
gl 4.7 (14)
gl 4.7 (15)
cyj <agwhf Ujh Uggw itfntL.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
gl 4.7 (16)
121
gl 4.7 (17)
fhfis xodhngh WW nfhLf (W) njhW is Smeared Picture
vdgLwJ.
J mf Low Frequency response-dh VgLwJ.
1.
onah m gFYs Peaking coil gGjhUfyh.
2.
onah I.v~ gF jtwhf miy bragoUfyh.
gl 4.7 (18)
1.
2.
3.
4.
38. (m) R M~ gh
o tiu M~ brj wF, iu eL njhW btr, R
M~ gh vd miHfgLwJ. FiwghL bjhlJ ojh ghg vJ
ujukhf fW o.. iu VgLL.
1.
2.
3.
G1 UJ v bragL nj Xg M Ufyh.
gh y ilnahL Xg M Ufyh.
.M.o. ng (CRT base) jsj izghf Ufyh.
gl 4.7 (19)
123
gl 4.7 (20)
gl 4.7 (21)
nkTwgl U mFfSF, fhQ fhuzf kW rbr
Kiwid g, mFiwfis r bra ntL.
Kj, gGJs bjhiyfh thia, (th Ujh) ntW l /
o, ewhf cs Mbldh mik izJ nrhJ ghf ntL.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
gl 4.7 (22)
iu njhW cUtJl xodhngh njhW cUtidna ng
cUt (Ghost image) cnwh.
1.
ugfgl
d
Ug
MbldhF
ilgnj
FiwghoF fhuzkhF. Mbldhid rahf mikf ntL.
2.
ju Fiwthd l, ~l ta, od MatdhY FiwghL Vglyh.
42. Venetian Lines njhWj : x eW
gl 4.7 (23)
125
fhuz
Co-Channel interference -dh FiwghL VgLwJ xnu nrd xguggL
U ntW iyaf bjhiyfh th iljh, is VgLwJ.
VnjD xU nrd f rahf ilFkhW, Mbldhid mikf ntL.
fhuzf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
gl 4.7 (24)
126
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
fhuzf
1.
2.
3.
f kW mj iz taf kW iz nj (Coupling
Capacitor) Matiw nrhf ntL.
xgFF ris dGj ilfhJ Ufyh.
Earphone Jack xg M Ufyh.
m ouhlf, gah jilf, x I.v~ gF gGJ
Ufyh.
cyj <agW, jhu mR LgoUj
th fnuh xg MUfyh.
I.ahf Ujh nth{ msf ntL.
fil I..ia kh ghf ntL.
48. _filjhngh x
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
49. A Kl Toa x : gl eW
1.
2.
gl 4.7 (25)
bjhiyfh th x tU bghGJ gl gil gilahf njhW
is Sound bars in picture vdgLwJ. r ouh, I.v~of kW fhf
jtwhf m# bragoUfyh.
glFHhid
ifahSbghGJ
Kbdriff
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
vLJ
bfhs
ntoa
128
ko l : (Multimeter)
o.ia miy brtjF mf czw (Sensitivity) bfhl koliu
gagLj ntL. mj czw 20,000 Volt /AC/DC Uf ntL. mjhtJ
xU nth V.ianah, o..ianah msgjF, kol jil (Input impedance)
129
gaf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
....
....
....
btof
gh
M
M
Arhl
gh
uh
nA
ngl
brt
gh
fy ngl
gt
lh
ngl
Attenuator
RF
gl 4.8 (1)
130
1.
2.
3.
brayh.
4.
5.
6.
C.R.O.
gf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
bthyhnfh (Wobbulosecupe)
J xU Wobbulator, CRO, Marker Generator Matid csla xU
rhjdkhF.
btlhnfh (Vectorscope)
J Colour Bar generator, CRO mla xU rhjdkhF.
ne br K ftf ntoait
1.
2.
3.
4.
ntL.
bghRWfis miy brJ gL tisit (Response Curve) rah
ilf brj ntL.
IFT fis miy brJ 34 to 38 MHz mbt tuid gjL tis
(Response Curve) Flat Mf ilf bra ntL. xbthU mbtQF
Marker Frequency I kh miy brj ntL.
38.9 MHz, 50% kh ilFkhW miy brj ntL.
C R O
~nghf
bjhF
-khf
mbt
b#dnul
RF Out
CRO
ouh
khf
RWf
I.v~
bgUF dGj
lo
I.v~
bgUf
obll
nuh
50 Hz
gl 4.8 (2)
b#dnul
RF
m
CRO
khf
5.5 MHz
r nl
M~ gh
5-6
MHz
r
I.v~
bgU
obll
nuh
50 Hz sweep
gl 4.8 (3)
132
1.
2.
3.
4.
F m#bk
F kW tisa fhjfis (Ring magnets ) m# brJ
ngl-I tis. be yhk ilf brj ntL.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
f kL iur kL
fSl Toa gl iurYl Toa f x
glK x bghUjkW ilj
Xt nyho
135
5.
6.
vkiw gl.
btWikahd btr kL (Only plain, raster); f x iy.
fUikahd gl
iu btr iy
ryhj Fj (Out of Focus)
kfyhd gl
nu nfhLf kL
nu nfhLfSl Toa gl
bt Rl Tla gl (Silvery picture)
R M~ gh (Switch off spot)
iliy Jil gF
(Horizontal Section) VgL FiwghLf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
7.
r gF VgL FiwghL
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
gGid rbra
Kbdriff :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
KgLbghGJ
fU
bfhs
ntoa
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
gl 4.8 (4)
gl cau kW mfy tHfidl Fiwthf njhW. is
RUa gl myJ jgh jiy ms uhl (Stamp type rester) vdgLwJ.
FiwghL bgUghY a (14) bjhiyfh th (Portable T.V. receiver) f
VgLwJ.
L ris Fiwtjhnyh, xGFgLjgl gtris btpL
dGj Fiwtjhnyh, is VgLwJ. Kj, bliyr gagL
a ghf ntL.
139
fhuzf
1.
2.
3.
gl 4.8 (5)
gl 4.8 (6)
140
1.
2.
3.
4.
gl 4.8 (7)
1.
2.
3.
gl 4.8 (8)
1.
9. gl is (Blooming of Picture)
gl 4.8 (9)
bjhiyfh th iud fnuh kW fhuh
fnuhfis KGtJ Todh gl cau kW mfy mfkhF.
iud kW fhuh fnuhfis Fiwjh, cau kW mfy Fiw,
is gl (Blooming of Picture) vdgLwJ.
1.
EHT U (T.V.20) gGjh Ufyh.
2.
L.O.T. jsJ Ufyh.
3.
glFHh jsJ Ufyh (f mJ)
10. ( Breathing)) is
gl cauK mfyK jhdhfnt To Fiw. is is
vdgLwJ.
1. EHT U, (rectifier), L.O.T, glFHh gGjhUfyh.
gl 4.8 (10)
1.
2.
3.
4.
12. (Ringing)
gl
brFJ
nfhLf
njhWtijna (Ringing) vnwh,
jid (Picture is in Jail) vW TWtJL.
1. iliy btpL ouhl fthf
(leakage) Ufyh.
2. L.O.T. J js (Weak)
3. jtwhd njia nah ngyF
gagLJj.
4. iliy aho fhYF gf
izYs jil Xg M
Ufyh.
gl 4.8 (11)
gl 4.8 (12)
dhf
rahd ilia njbjLf
I-rahd
1.
2.
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
tfnzhl tiuaW.
bf fhu sFf.
vyuh Jgh g ahJ?
fhuh o fUik ndhl vwh vd?
bjhiyfh t onah I.v, r I.v mbtfis FLf.
onah Mga ntiyf ahit?
fhuh fhnuh g ahJ?
Arhl miyah g ahJ?
vj cr dGj Arhl btpLgF cg
bragLwJ?
10. btof miyah g ahJ?
144
IV- xU gf ms ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
V- thd ila
1. glFHh ntiy br Kiwia glJl t.
2. bjhiyfh gu (Television Transmitte) flglij tiJ sFf.
3. fU btis bjhiyfh t flglij miy totfSl
tiuJ fhLf.
4. fU btis bjhiyfh t gntW gFf brafis
sFf.
5. ne iz (Directcoupled) Kiw glbgU (VIDEO AMPLIFIER)
Rid miytotfSl tiuJ sFf.
6. bjhiyfh KY afhjjfhd (Dead Fault) fhuzfis tirgl
vGJf.
7. nk{ Mfh fhuh o gl tiuJ mj braghil sFf.
8. ofh fhuh o gl tiuJ mj braghil sFf.
9. iliy tisF Rid (Horizontal deflection Circuit) tiuJ mj
braghil sF.
10. bjhiyfh t iu gLif trnfhL kL (Horizontal Line only)
bjwJ. mgGfhd fhuzij flJ t.
ilf
1.m
2.m
3.
4.
5.<
6.m
145
7.
8.m
9.
10.
jL g bjh Egf :
j Ka ghff :
a (Motor)
J Fl ntf bfhl Fiwj dGj bragL Blower (or)
Universal motor MF. y tif Record Player f D.C. nkhlhfS gagLwJ.
146
Field winding
Regulator knob
Needle
Record player
Arm hold
Turn Table
x th
147
aF j
Record Player F njithd rhu mjl switch I On bra ntL.
iy Record bghUjgLs Turn Table MdJ RHy MuF. Record-
FLs ntfF VwthW Speed Regulator-I kh mikf ntL. wF
Crystal cl Toa Tone Arm vw ghfij irjo tto g bragLs
x miyfshdJ Crystal _y miyahf khwgLwJ. miyahdJ
Amplifier-F brY bgUfgL xgh Voice coil-F clhf
mfgLwJ. XghdJ x miyfis btgL nfL kH cjwJ.
Kj
g
bgU
cL
bgU
ulh
g
bgU
Rt
o
nfl
ns
bgU
ng
bgU
miy
ah
m
F
bgU
ng
jiy
Monah
btpL
ehlh (Tape)
jiy gF (Head)
nkhlh (Motor)
bgU (Amplifier)
x th (Microphone)
xgh (Loud speaker)
iz f (Supply wire)
148
xgh
m
F
gF
ehlh (Tape)
J brtf to Plastic fzhodh bragoUF ghlf ir kW
ngR x miyf g bragLtjfhf gagLwJ. ehlhit (Tape) U
Jjehf bka l g to UF. it C-30, C-60, C-90 nghw
totf Casette ilwd. it uL grfu mik J
RwgoUF.
jiy gF (Head)
ehlh g bragLs ntfF VwthW x miyia U nlig
efj gagLwJ. ehlh ntf rW mfkhFnghnjh myJ Fiwnghnjh
xaiyahdJ rW ahrkhf nfF. tikghdJ ehlh g
bragLs x miyia miyahf U bgU RWF mDwJ.
a (Motor)
tikghdJ ehlh mla grfu mikig af gagLwJ. it
nkhlhUl neuoahf bjhl bfhshk bg _y izfgoUF. mit
Fiwj w bfhl shaded pole motor myJ synchronous motor tifia rhjJ.
x th (Micro phone)
X miyfis diyfshf kh bgU RWF mDg gagLwJ. it
gagLw lF Vg gntW xkhf gagLjgLwd.
iz f (Power card)
rhjdF ndhl brYJtjfhf gagL flia ris xa
myJ gt fhL vnwh. fU, t kW gir Ma _W wf
flf itfgoUF. t gho Mf, fU befo Mf
gir y iz bra gagLwJ.
bgU (Amplifier)
Fiwj w bfhl ndhlij mfJ xbgUF clhf
mDg gagLwJ. ehlh fU Ka Button myJ Switch f nH
bfhLfgLsd.
Record
Play back
149
Re/wind (R.W.)
Front Forward(F.F.)
Stop
Eject
Auto stop
mik
j mik gntW totf sho kW v~F jflh bragL
UF. jD xU Fiwj wDilajhf a totY xif a
(Synchronous motor or Shaded Plate motor) bghUjgoUF. j K gf
ehlh it gaitgjfhf fj jFj izl bghUjgoUF. j
myJ nkw ehlh g fUia af itgjfhf gl tif rhf
UF.aF Fiwj dGjij bfhLf U RW mikf
goUF. J khW dGjij ne dGjkhf kh RWF
mDwJ.
ntiy br j
rhjdF ndhl brYjgL jhtLF kh _y Fiwj
khW ndhlkhf kh U _y Fiwj khWndhlij ne
ndhlkhf nkhlhiu brwil. Eject vw gFia wJ nlig bghU
ns glid mGal jiygF MdJ ehlh J mGJ iy
bghUJ. nkhlh RHy MujJ nkhlhUl izfgLs bg _y
grfu mik RHW ehlhit efu brwJ. ehlh efU jUth
jiygFahdJ ehlh g bragLs x miyia diyahf kh
bgU RWF mDwJ. tikghdJ Fiwj diy bgU
xbgU th fhYF mDwJ. tikghdJ ehlh g
bragLs x miyia btgL nfL kH gagLwJ. nkfl
j ehlh g fUahdJ aFwJ.
gaf
L dQ rhjdkhf gagLwJ.
Tape gagL njitahd ghlf kW irfis nff cjwJ.
AC/DC Supply af Toa xU va tif rhjdkhf gagLwJ.
iyfSF VwthW gntW totf ilwJ.
5.3.2 MP3 CD
xU MP3 CD vgJ (bghJthf xU CD-R myJ CD-RW) MF. ol
xf nfhf g bragoUF. Vbdwh xjft go mj
mik UF. jdh xbthU nj nghJ CD-f KGikahf RHy
njitiy. jdh w bry FiwfgLwJ. RAM (Random Access
Memory)- ghlf jhjf (Skipping) ghJfhfgLwJ. ghlf sij
bghWJ vzw ghlf g bragLwJ. xU jukhd Monah CD(74 l)
18 ghlfis g br. xU jft (data) CD eLjukhd MP3 nfh 138
ghlfis g br.
ID3 vw iz MP3 nfh gaitfgLwJ.
J y
bragLfsh (Players) kLnk bra aY. y ij MP3 nfh brW
njo bgWt. MP3- xju CD- juijl Fiw. Vbd gnghJ y
Hf clhwJ. MP3 CD-f jftfSl Toa nfhfis bgUF.
btntwhd bragL (players) vghF mYtyfju UfhJ. y
rkaf jftfSl z braglhj iyF J jsgLwJ. y
viyfSF nk ij bragL itf KoahJ. mitahtd. viyF
mla bga nfh (File name), Jiz-ko(sub-fold) viy, nfhf
vif viy kW wfis FiwF g Mait MF.
5.3.3 DVD
DVD vgJ ol onah o(Digital Video Disc) myJ ol btrho
o(Digital Versatile Disc) vd miHfgLwJ. J xU tifahd xa jL,
nrF Clfkhf gagLwJ. J il-thd vgtuh fLofgL,
, nrh, njhgh vgitfsh ts bgwJ. j Ka ga, gl kW
jftfis nrJ itgjhF. CD- msit nghynt DVD-fS UF. Mdh
152
nrF ms mijl 7 klF mf. jft nr mogil it DVDROM, DVD-R, DVD+R(xU Kiw kLnk g) DVD-RW, DVD+RW(re-writable) kW DVD
RAM vd mikwJ. tiffsh jftfis nrf, mf gy Kiw bra
aY. DVD nyrf miys 650nm MF. vdnt x w tghf
UF. DVD onah kW Monah jLf gl kW x bjhFfis vjhf
bjhl bfhS tif totikfgLwJ. y tif DVD-f onah
fUJl (concept) jftfis nrJ g brwJ.
5.3.4. MP4
MP4 vgj Moving Picture Expert Group vgjhF. 1998-M ML
btlglJ.
MP4
vyh jkhd gfis bfhLsthW
totikfglJ. jnghJ MP4- xU nfh M-iy Eg Kndw
gagLjgLwJ. xU jukhd FG, onah kW mtkhd FpL (code)
mikig bgWsJ. MP3 bghJthf, ruhr izajs galhsfSF f
iuthd jhfij VgLsJ. MP4- mKf kfSF bjhlahf
tsia bfhLwJ. nkY mj galhsfSF caju xgu Clfij
bfhLwJ.
1999-M ML MP4- ju bt bgw jfju thjjhf, midJ
uhd bra tifY M-iy jft xgufY VWbfhsglJ. j
ftik, lLgtfSF vjhf MP4-I gagL, tiyajsY kW
gntW gaghoY bragl itwJ. tf mf gidia bfhLtu
J xU fUahf gagLjgLwJ. nkY y brhj gadhsfSF, mf fhy
jft vF, kW brhj brafSF gagL tif MP4
cUthfgLwJ.
MP4 xU egjFj gaghil, njitahdtfSF Fiwj gil
mfy jUwJ. vdnt xbthUtU MP4- gaid bgwyh. j Eg bllh(Desktop) kW Laptop- mf wid cUthFwJ. mf gyjU gntW
izajs bjhl ntffhf MP4 cjwJ.
154
155
5.6.1. lh~
dhf
I. rahd ilia njbjL
1. irjo RHY nkir _______ M MdJ.
m) v~F jfL
M) jhujfL
) sho jfL
<) fhg jfL
158
III. XU tf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
irjL F tiuf
ehlh gfU cs glfis TW,
bkjL(CD) f mikJs gFf ahit?
VCD- gafis TW.
MP3 vwh vd?
DVD jft nr mogil mikj gtif DVD-fis TW.
S-nu-jo nrF msf g TW.
g mil (memory card) g RUfkhf TW,
USB gagL ntW y mikfis TW.
gntW tifahd I-gh fis TW.
159
IV. XU gf ms ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
2. M 3.
4. <
5.
6. M 7. m
160
8. <
9.
10. M
6 ouhtf
(Transmitters and Receivers)
brngh, brl ngh (Mobile) myJ fyh (Wireless) ngh vW
miHfgL. itf cL Mldhit bfhl, ifF mlF ngh MF.
o gagLJ ngh ngh myhk l L l Fiwj vig
bfhLjhYTl vLJ bry vjhf UF. il L btna btFu
brY kf xUtUl xUt bjhl bfhs J f njitgLwJ.
161
CDMA gaf:
xU CDMA bkhig ngh
1. GPS FpL ghFghL (kos) xU Kdh gaghL MF. J mJ
nkY CDMA xUJ nkik bgwJ.
2. CDMA-xwh rijF bfhL tugl Qualcomm (Fthfh) ju IS -2000.
Fthfh ju IS -2000vgij CDMA 2000 vW Twyh. j ju gy tif
bkhig ngh fgfS, Fnshglh braifnfh tiyaik nrJ
ij gagLJwJ.
OMNITRACS-braifnfh mik l L l efU Eg
CDMA gagwJ
6.1.5. TDMA (TIME DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS) xgu
TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) vgJ xU nrd ttif Kiw
gjfgl Clf tiyaik MF. diy btntW fhy ghij J
gy galhsfSF clhd fhy ghij (Slot) mLjLJ Jjkhf g
guwd. J xnu khahd xguig gy iyafSF gjwJ.
(cjhuz thbdh mbt nrd) mnj rka nrd bfhssF jFj,
xU Fl gFia kL gagLj mDkfgLwJ. TDMA, ol 2G
brYyh Kiw cs y bkig bjhlfhd cyf Kiw (Global system) IS- 136,
j eg ol brYyh (PDC) kW DECT (Digital Enhanced Cardless
Telecommunications) jukhd, vLJ bryToa nghfY gagLwJ.
braifnfh guj viyf kW ifalf nuonah tiyaikfY
gagLwJ.
Data stream divided into frames
101010111010101
gaghLf:
mft tofo (Filters)
J gytifahd bghU bfhL
jahfgLwJ. xUtifahd ghrngh
shofh cUthfgLwJ. J btis
xUJ tU wkhiyia 99% nk jLJ
WJwJ. eilKiw cyf KGtJ mj
mft tofoia gagLJwhf.
uhQt, rl eltoif, bjhrhiy kW
thf gaghLf mft tofo
gagLwJ.
Ul fh (Night Vision)
vbghGJ bragL iy UF
mft, u fQF yglhj
fhiaTl, mft miys nfkuh
tahf bjthf ghfKo. xU mlahd
U kiwfgoUF fhTl j
mft u fh _y iu bjthf
fhz aY btg ms g br fU:
(Thermography)
tfhl: (Tracking)
J VWbfhl Vfiz tfhL Kiwia nkbfhljhF.
btg_l (Heating)
mft fRf, ftdkhf jahfgl btg_L _yf
gagLwJ. njitahd lfis fbfhL btgnkwyh. nkY Mfha
khd wiff ciwUF gfoid cUfitf ff
gagLwJ. x CLUthj Kiw cz rikf, Nnlw, f caj
btgiyia bfhLf mft fR gagLwJ. bjhrhiy cg
Kiw, mft btg_l vgJ f ugykhdjhF. cjhuzkhf
tzR rbrj, shoif cUFj, sho gw itj, mR cyj
kW fodkhFj nghw ntiyfis bra mft btg_l gagLwJ
thiy a (Metrology)
gaf
~S^ xU jukhd br bjhl KndhoahdJ. J Fiwj w
bfhL Fiwj viy bfhl mikghF. Vbdwh rhjdf thbdh
xgu br bjhl Kiwia gagLJwd.
mDkfgl caj fw tiuaiw
Class
mW
dBm
Class 1
100
20
Class 2
2.5
4
Class 3
1
0
167
(VwjhH) s
~100l
~10l
~1l
gaghLf
~S^ bkhig ngh bAbrlhdJ
bkhig nghF, nA - bAbroF (Hand-free-Head set) ilna
fyh bjhlig VgLJwJ. J jnghija ugykhd xU gaghL
MF.
jeg f (Personal computer PC) Fiwj gil mfyij bfhL
Fl viyF fyh tiyaikig bfhlJ.
fyh bjhlig PC- cL kW btpL k, rhgyif kW
mL fUfSl VgLJwJ.
nfhfis khw, thd bjhl ilf, njFa akd kW
idlYF OBEX rhjdfis izwJ.
nrhjid fU f bjhlig kh mikwJ. nkY GPS V, kUJt
fUf, (Bar Code) JL ufa FpL, Ezh fU kW
nghFtuJ fLghL rhjdfY gagLwJ.
a sgufis ~S^UJ mDg aY. (sgu rhufis
mLjtUF)
U bjhyf tiyaikF fyh ghykhf csJ.
upload
169
Nikon
Minolta
Pentax
Sony
6.2.5 VGA
Video Graphics Array (VGA) vw f fh ju KjKj 1987- IBMM rijF bfhL tuglJ. VGAit ndho bghUahf Kdh EGA
kW CGA uh mlhlUF Twyh. MCGA vgJ Tl IBMM
cUthfglJ. Mdh J VGAit nghy UjhY mijl f vikahd
totij bfhlJ.
VGA, midJ , KG v uh bratif kW fbgh bjh
Ega gagL vGJ, v bratif Ma uil MjwJ. y
jukhd uh bra tiffshtd
640x480 in 16 colours
640x400 in 16 colours
320x200 in 16 colours
320x200 in 256 colours (Mode 13h)
ijnghy VGA ju bratif mj Kndhoahd EGA, CGA kW MDA
Matiw mjDila xUfik a, Mtzf myhk bra tifia
MjwJ.
bra l
Mtzyhj, Mdh ugykhd 66 fy bratif, Xbratif vd
miHfgLwJ. J njitahd bjhEg bralfis uh
khdfis cUthFwJ. j bratif nkh 13h- rhaiy.
ahghu mf fZlkhd, eZlUJ y tifah uh braghLf
wJ
ghl bratif
jukhd f bjhEg vGJ kW vf j bratif 80x25 kW
40x25 bratifah MdJ. XbthU miw 16 fy tiff 8 K
mikF, 8 mikF njbjLfyh. j gf f L
(Blanking) mikghf cUthfyh. j fl njF mik fyuhf
16 fyfis nj brayh.
VGA gagLJgtf fU btis kW fy bratif ulnk
njbjLwhf. Mdh fU btis mf gagLJtiy. fy
bra l rhg wkhf gagLjgLwJ
AhLnt bra
fy bral tif xbthU iu cik 2 igfshf
FlgLwJ. iy myJ g ig, tHfkhd gfhf eilKiw
gig mikF kW caiy iglhdJ. a lij gagL gntW
iyfis mjhtJ fy, fl, g (Character), mik kW gytF
gagLwJ
171
VGA nfkuh
mf ol nfkuhf kW dQ rhjdf (nfkuh csit) VGA jnghija junk gagLwJ. j y gaghLf W yt cjwJ.
VGA nfkuh csnfkuh g myJ g milf _ykhf cUtf
neilahf nrfgLwJ. wF j cUtf f mrhf khwgLwJ
myJ TV iu bghJ kf ghitF nf tahf bjhl bfhLfgL
iulgLwJ.
VGA jFil nfkuh vLF glf 640x480 bfhoUF.
mjhtJ gl mfy 640 [ Mf Uf. VGA nfkuh vLfgL glf
bgUghY Fiwj lijna nrf vLJbfhS
VGA nfkuh gagL lf
brngh
isahL nfkuh
ca bkfh [ nfkuh
igdhFy
VGA tifahdJ mj msF kLnk ju mj bjF iy. 640x480
[ vgJ 0.3 bkfh [Yf rkkhd cUtij bfhLF. j bj glij
bgjhF nghJ FiwwJ. vdnt ed khl kW TV iuf 1280x1024
gagLjgLwJ.
toa Ja
toa Ja vzw [ l cz mik kW cz
mik nthL bghUJ by w Matiw bghUJ by w
Matiw bghUJ mikwJ. bra t vthW fhia msgJ
vgjhF. ilbrh vgJ toa Jaij KndwhJ, Vbd vLfhj
cUtij cUthfhJ.
fy Ja
w cz mikf xGFgLJ fy Jaij bfhoUF. it
xU r lmikF xU nghnlh ilnahil kL bfhoUF. nkY
172
af viy
r l mik, ms kW iw fhu br nghnlh ilnaho
ms ituL af viy bga isit VgLJwJ. mf juKs
cz mikfns mf Jaij bfhLF. nkY bga af viyia
btplhf bfhLF. J r k nrJ RAW nfh ghJfhfgLwJ.
xU khWgl Fiji film super CCD, super CCD, SR Mait U nghnlh ilnahLfis
xU r l mikF gagLJwJ. mf Egw bfhl nghnlh
ilnahLf Hfis msL brwJ mnj rka Fiwj Egw nghnlh
ilnahLf ca xia msL brwJ
OR
miytir
xU eilng (th-lh) xU miytia kL bgUF. CB thbdh
40 miytir aF. xU brnghdhdJ 1,664 kW mjF nkY
miytia bfhlJ.
viy (Range)
xU eil ng (Walkie-takie) 0.25 th xguia bfhL 1 ik bjhiy
xgu braToaJ. Mijl mf w bfhljhd CB thbdh 5 th w
bfhL Rkh 5 ik bjhiyF xgu brwJ. brnghf jf
miwfSFns aFwJ kW mit egKoahj viyia jUwJ. xUt
W ikfSF mgh UjhY, j ciuahliy Fl fhy KGikF,
brYyh Kiw bgwKo.
176
gl 6.3.(c)brJLf flik
xbthU JL (cell) xU cq iyaij bfhoUF. mnf,
xguF njitahd nfhu kW xgu rhjdf mla a folK
UF.
1960-M Mo mbkf Ia ehLf thbdhng vw brh
ga UjJ. j bghU U tf ngr-jS (Push-to-talk two way) vw
thbdh tif rhjdf bfhl mikghF. J a FHgkhd brhyhf
thbdh bjhiyng kW thbdhngfSilna UjJ. gHfhy Ut
thbdh ga Ujjhf fhz ayiy. 1930-M Mo xUizj
brbjhl FG (Federal communication commission) gy thf fhuzfSfhf
thbdh bjhiyng aFefis, jF mogil cik bfhLJ af
itjJ.
dhf
I.rahd ilia njbjL
1. brnghf cik_______ MF
m) Mldh M) th lh
) bjhiyng
<)Ut thbdh
2. brngh th tna ngR xahdJ g bragL _______ miyahf
khwgLwJ.
m) miy
Mthbdh miy
) x miy
<) brz miy
3. cyf ngh vW miHfgLtJ _______ MF
m) CS M CDMA
) GSM
<) TDMA
4. mft f vgJ _______
m) xf
M) fhj xf
) thbdh miy
<) x miy
5. cUtfis gl of cj fU _______
m) ifgl fU
M) f
) brngh
<) thbdh bgo
6. VGA nfkuh vLF glf ms _______ Mf UF
m) 640 x 480 M) 460 x 480 ) 460 x 840 <) 640 x 840
7. xU miu-uil f bjhl (Half duplex) _______ irf
brbjhlig tHFwJ.
m) xU ir M) gy ir ) U ir <) ehFir
8. yt fbjhiyngf gagL mik fU _______
m) miu-uil bjhl
M) KG-uil
) fyh bjhl
<) braifnfh bjhl
9. jj miw (cell) ........................... gF uil Fu (duplex voice) miytiria
bgWwJ.
m) 1/7
M5/7
) 1/8
<)7
10. braifnfh ifng (cell phone) RUfkhf...........................vW miHfgLwJ.
m) nr ngh
M brngh
) bkhig ngh
<)th lh
179
III. xU tf ila
1. brngh vwh vd?
2. PCS, GSM, CDMA, TDMA J vGJ
3. CDMA gafis TW
4. mft ff vbfF gagLwJ.
5. ~SL vwh vd?
6. nfkuh ntiy ahJ?
7. miu-uil, KG-uil fbjhl Kiwia xL.
8. braifnfh ngh ntiy ahJ?
9. WLL vgJ vd?
10. WLL juf ytiw TW
IV. xU gf ms ila
1.
brngh jJtij t
2. TDMA xgu g RUfkhf TW
3. miytir kW viyf g t
4. thbdh bjhiyng braghil t
ilf:
1.(<)
2. (M)
3. ()
4. ()
7.()
8. ()
9. (m)
10. (m)
180
5. (m)
6.(m)
7. yftif f
( Digital Computer)
7-1 f (Computer) KDiu:
f vgJ xU dQ rhjd. tufis nrfJ KiwgL eh
bfhLw Ffgo bragL. bkbghUS lbghUS mla xW.
mitf gntW totikf Uwd.
f vw brhUJ f tjJ. f vgJ fzL
(fhFny) vw bghU jU. e mwhl thif fzLj vw tHF
ekF eF gHfkhdnj eh Tl, fj, bgUf vD fj brafis
gy Nufis mwhl ifahSnwh. va fzLf Fiwj neuijna
vLJ bfhS. Mdh fyhditfSF mf neu njitgL. fzo
Jakhd rahd Ko Ka. vdnt itfisbayh kdbfhL
Jakhf iuthf fzL bra xU fUia fLofnto
kjMuh <Lglh. j isthfnt fl vw rhjd wjJ.
eh W ghF f Mug fhy Ujij fhoY ntWglJ.
ifahS jf, ntf, Ja Mat ts VgLsd. e mwhl
thif f njit mfJsJ. khdf, unt Jiwf
obf Kg brj, bjhiyng kW flz brYj, tf
gzij Litf, vLf, kUJt M, thiy Kd nghw
Jiwf f gaghL f f mf.
vgo UD fF X tiuaiw cL. kjf fzLfis
jhfns brwd. Mdh f rhjd X Cik rhjd. mJ rahf bragl
rahd flisfis l ntL. vdntjh eh f vthW bragLwJ
vgij mJ bfhs ntL.
yftif f ts
jfhy fhzgL gntW tifahd fbghfis g
fhngh mitf Ijh jiyKiwF cajhD, tot, w, idw
kW cgnahngh vifia bghWJ gy tiffshf fgLwd.
bghJthf tU f tifgLjgLwd.
1. Ea f (Micro Computer)
J ntf kW nrfF w mogil fbgh fil tifia
rhjJ. j CPU iknuhuhrruhf bragL. vL a iknuhuhrr
jfLfis bfhL Kj iknuh fl braglJ. gutyhf mfkhf
gagLjgL jeg f (PC personal computer) j tifia rhjJ. PC
Vuhskhd kW m rhjdfis ifahSwJ. 16 , kW 32 ,
fbsyh 8 tsna. IBM PC. PC-AT vgitf iknuh
flUF vLJfhLf.
2. a f (Mini Computer)
Xnu neu xWF nkgltf gagLJgo totikfglJ J.
mf ms brfis nrfJ itJJbfhS wD ntfJl bragL
wD bfhlJ. xnu rka gntW cgnahghsf gy tifY
gagLJgo mikjJ. tif f bgUks tufis nrfF
Wtdf gagLjgLwJ. cq gF gY (LAN) tiff
gagLwJ.
182
yftif f mogilf
f vwh vd?
f vgJ cns mDggL tufis nrfJbfhL,
bfhLfgL mfSnfg y Kiwf myJ totf Kofis
bfhLF xU dQ rhjd. vtif ahrkhd ntiyfis Tl br.
rgsgoa jahf gagLjyh. mLjfznk mfia Muh
ntiynfh myJ rhugo jahfnth gagLjyh.
8. nrf (Storage)
mfgoahd tufis nrfJ itJbfhs jfthW f bkh
vdgL csik csJ. ulhtJ tifahd sh (Floppies) nghw
mikY tufis nrfJ itJ bfhsyh. j shfis fF
btna itJ bfhsyh ntWfF vLJ bryyh.
2. Ja (Accuracy)
xUt ntfkhf gy iHfSl fzL brtjhf itJbfhnth.
mgogl Ko cgnahfyhjJ. ntnwh mrK UwJ. 15I 7M tFgjhf
itJbfhlh 2 mokhd khW Koit 2.141 fzL brJ 4 M lUjkhf
Koit 2.1428 vW fhngh. xUt 9 lUjkhf 2.142857143
Koidfhgh. Vdnt ntfnjhL f Jakhd, rahd Koit
fhzyh.
3. Cf (Diligence)
f fisngh, ftdFiwnth, nrhnth VglhJ. iH gy
kneu ntiy br. aDF mfkhd fzLfis brtjhf UjhY
xnu khahd rahd JaJl bragL. f jwik xnu
ntiyia Ug Ug brbghGJ kjidl wghf brwJ.
4. gw (Versatility)
f vgJ fj rkghLfis ntfkhf br xU dQ rhjd.
Mdh mij jho gyjkhd ntiyfis mJ brwJ. mjid gy jkhd
kfSF gntW gl ntiyfis br xU khah#hy bgo vnw brhyh.
xU rhjhuz kjDF f vgJ jhdhfnt ntfkhf bragL fzL
fU. fia g bjj xU kjDF gufis bfhL ntfkhf
bragL xU aukhF. gufis VWbfhL, xGFgL, y
fj brafis jhdhfnt brJ eh Ua Koid jUwJ.
vdnt f tufis khW xU rhjdkhf bfhsyh. gntW
ghlf nj bgW kbgfis nghwJ guf. tF cs
midJ khztf bga, taJ, ghd, vil, cau nghwit guf.
xU eho kf tUkhd, nrf, KjLf nghwit guf.
br ntiynfg ffis tifgLjyh.
tufis VwJ. nrfJ itJ bfhwJ. tifgL eh
UathW itJbfhwJ. nrfJitJs gufis Ubgw,
Ua got Koit g bra cjwJ. tU ghlf f
braghLf g mfkhf mJ bfhsyh.
184
gl 7.1 jeg f
f gf:
f Ka gfis g fhngh. ntf, Ja, Cf,
gw kW idbfhSj Ma jiyf J g thfyh.
ntf (Speed)
f ntfkhf bragL vgij eh mnth. eh kfz nghL
fzLfis xU fahdJ xU y dhof brJLwJ. xU Mu
kjf ruhr khjtUkhdij fLof gfgLwh vgjhf
itJ bfhnth. jfhf mtf vyh tifahd tUkhdij nrff
ntosJ.
1. KjjiyKiw ff:
KjjiyKiw ff bjah thfis (Thermion Valves)
gagLaJ. jf tot bgjhf, mitf J vGJtJ
fodkhf Ujd. jjiyKiw ff y:
ah (ENIAC) J jh 1946 mbkfh bgntah
gfiyfH #h vf kW #h kh vgtfsh flgl Kj dQ
fahF. J vyuh bkf blnul kW fhFnyl
(Electronic Numerical Integrater and Calculator) vd bgalgld. ah 30 x 50
mosK 30 l vil, 18000 ntf ofS, 70000 gfis 10000
bfghlfis 1,50,000 th r njit bfhlJ. iwa grd f
ahif l rthjjhf csJ f a tot.
vth (EDVAC) vyuh o Mnlhnko fl 1950
totikfglJ. f cnsna tufis nrfJ
mfis mD mik itfglJ. gufS mFfS
mUnyna Ugjh gw ntf mfjJ. f cnsna
mfis nrfJ itF tr UjJ.
w Kj jiyKiwff:
vrh (EDSAC)
vyuh ony nlhnu{ Mnlhnko fliu (Electronic Delay Storage
Automatic Computer) 1949 nf{ gfiyfHf v.. totikjh.
185
2. ulh jiyKiwff:
1955 MLth ouhl vD rhjd Kj jiyKiwf
Uj vy ofis kh mikf cjaJ. ouhlf ofis l
ajhf mf braghLwD cilaJ. ouhl iHnah (filament)
myJ btggLJ njitnah iy. cg bry f Fiw. thW
f tot XusF FiwfglJ.
ulh jiyKiwjh bru uhr (CPU) vw fUJ,
idgF, f bkh, c mD gufis (input) bgwgL Kof
(output) nghw fUJf ts bgwd. j fhy fl nuhuh bkh
nfhngh COBOL, ~nghouh FORTRAN nghwit tsailjd.
ulh jiyKiwff y:
1. IBM 1620 Kjyh jiyKiwfnahL xLif J to aJ.
ma nehfF bgUghY gagLjgLwJ.
2. IBM 1401 j tot aUJ eLju msF UjJ. ahghu
mf gagLjglJ.
3. CDC 3600 j tot bgaJ. ma nehfF gagLjgLwJ.
5. Ijh jiyKiw f
1990- ff Ijh jiyKiw ff vd miHfgLwd.
f mntf bragL. mnjhLTl izahd ntbwhU braY br.
braif m mKfgLjgL jhdhfnt KobtLF w bgwJ.
f D ts bgW bfhnl UwJ.
2) 010101010011
e.g. ADD A, B, R1
MOVE R1, S
Assembler
translated by assembler
Object Program
0101 00101010
0100 00010111
187
mitf
cL (Input) vw bga cns brYjgL guf myJ
flisfis VW bfhSj
gufis jdFns nrfJ itJ bfhs
cgnahgt njitnfg gufis tifgLj
btpL (Output) vw Koit mj
f cnsna vyh brafis fLgLj
it xbth braghLfis tUkhW thngh
cL (INPUT) f gufis mD ll
f vgJ eh bfhLF gufis VW tifgL bragL.
xU dQ rhjd vgJ ekF bj. vdnt Kiwahd bragho _y
cL vgJ gufis VW f itgjhF.
f bral
jft
cL
cL
myF
nrF
myF
btpL
myF
fLghL
myF
ika
brayf
fj Vusz
brayf
braghL (Processing)
ff jdF bfhLfgl Tl, fj, bgUf, tFj nghw fj
brafis rahd Kiw brjny braghL (Processing) vW bga. ika
189
btpL (OUTPUT)
J bfhLfgl ju kW flisf Ko MF. nkY f
btpo ilF jftf mj cgF ghJfhfgL kjdh
thfToa tot jUwJ. nkY btpL jftf mj cw
nrfgL ekF njitahdbghGJ btplhf bgwgLwJ.
fLghL (Control)
f flisf gogoahf iwntwglhY mj cL kW
btpL nghw braghLf midJ fLghlf (control unit)
fLgLjgLwJ.
fj Vusz brayf
fLghlf
ON board cache memory
fLghlf (Control unit)
fLghlf gS (load) VgJ kW jj flisfis VW bfhtJ
MF.
mj flisf xU bkh tot UF. mJ machine code vW
miHfgLwJ.
vu FpL (Machine code) xWF {aF ilgljhf UF.
fLghlf flisfisfshf njitgLnghJ bgW gogoahf
bragLJwJ.
gl 7.3 Processor
Ro (Mouse)
J iknuhrh nlhfis af
(Microsoft windows) gagLwJ. Ro rhjdij mG,
Roia ug milJ efJnghJ mJ iu
njhW mJ riPfis fbghF mD
iu fhL. njitahd xiw nj bra ntoa
l Roia itJ Ro nk cs lJ
bghjhid mGj ntL.
191
gl 7.4
gl 7.5
gl 7.6
J Ro mo gJ nghy UF. mJ uh
oirduh gagLjgLwJ (Graphic designer). mj gij
RHWnghJ iu njitahd l ia mikf
Ko.
tUo (Scanner):
J glfis ciuia cl cj. j J
itfgLs fhj csij xU glkhf fbgh
bfhLF.
gl 7.7
gl 7.8
xngdh (Light pen)
ngdh to cs J iu J izf
goUF. j Kidia iu J itjh mj l
xU neuij fzL ngdh bjhL l magL.
#ho (Joystick)
gl 7.10
gl 7.9
192
iuaf (Monitor)
mf ms gagLjgL btpL rhjd. J fhiu vdgL.
fbghl izfgoUF J bjhiyfh bgo nghW UF. J
CRT mikig bfhLsJ.
gl 7.11
liy iuf (Solid state screens)
liy iuf LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) vW miHfgLwJ. m f
a ouhlf xia cH brwJ. m cUtij clhFwJ. LCD
iuf kof (Laptops) gagLjgLwJ.
mRbgh (Printer)
gytifahd mRbghf nyr mRbgh (Laser), ikR
mRbgh (inkjet printer), m mRbgh (Dot matrix printer)
gytif w f btpLfis cLgQwd. mitf
tgo (hard copy) vdgL glfS ciufS mlgl
gffis bgw cjwJ.
gytifahd mRbgh nyr mRbghf bga
Wtdf gagLjgLwJ. mit mLtmf
wid ntfij bgWsJ.
gl 7.12
gytif mRbghf xL
Mug iy
mrof xU
gfF MF
bry
ntf
mf fz
High volume
iur jik
mRw
m
mRbgh
ikR
mRbgh
nyr
mRbgh
Fiw
eLju
mf
Fiw
Fiw
mf
eLju
eLju
mf
iy
mf
Fiw
iy
Fiw
eLju
M
Fiw
mf
193
gl 7.13
tiuf (Plotters)
tiuf xU btpL rhjd MF. mJ mRbgh nghw mik
UF. Mdh bghJthf mf cUtfis mrof cjwJ. jhis (Paper)
tiu KD D mirwJ. mnj rhjdf nkgF xW myJ
mjF nkgl ngdhf jhis (Paper) gLif tr mirf ngdhf
FJtr (vertical) mir gl tiua cjwJ. ytifahd tiuf tz
ngdhfis bgW tzglfis clhf gagLwJ.
Xgh (Speakers)
gl 7.14
afKiw tiff:
uL Ka afKiwf csd. mitahtd
jglt gagLJ afKiw (Single user operating system)
gy gagLJ afKiw (Multi user operating system)
afKiwF cjhuzf (Example for operating system)
nlh afKiw (Windows operating system)
d afKiw (Linux operating system)
194
lul
1. bjhFgh KGjftfis
brwJ.
.
lul jftfis
bkhbgaJ bjhFwJ
2. gogoahf bjhFfgl
bkhbgafgl jftf
jftf xU tL (Disk) _y
RAM MnrffgL
nrfgLwJ. nkY njitahd njitahd bghGJ
bghGJ gagLjgLwJ
gagLjgLwJ.
3. bjhFgh jftf ntfkhf
bragLwJ.
lul jftf
bkJthf bragLwJ.
4. mf bkhf bjhFghid
lul gagLJwJ.
f Fiwj bkhf
gagLJwJ.
dhf
I. rahd ilia njbjLf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
f vwh vd?
CPU thFf.
ALU thFf.
uL cL rhjdf bgafis FLf.
#h, o (Joy stick) vwh vd?
III. xU tf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
IV. xU gf ms ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
V. thd ila
1. f tsia g sFf.
2. xU f mogil braghil fl glJl sFf.
3. cL kW btpL rhjdfis glJl sFf.
ilf:
1) m
6) <
2) <
7) m
3) M
8) m
4) m
9) m
196
5)
10) m
8 . jft bjhiybjhl
(Telecommunication)
mKf
8.1 x iH f (Optical Fiber Cable )
mik
gl 8.1
gl 8.2 ko ~igg nf
nf tiff
197
8.2 Ez
iy x gu, V (MicroWave Transmission and reception))
Eziy
Eziy xgu vgJ Eziyfis mDtJ, VgJ MF. mJ
Eziy iz _y bragLjgLwJ, Eziy iz Eziy
thbdh vjia Eziy nfhu nk bghU Eziy xgu iya
_y bragLjgLwJ.
.Eziy
Eziy x cs iuafK (Monitor)mj wfS
Eziy xgu Kiw mj xgu rhjd iua ( Monitor) csJ.
mj cjah xgu VgL FiwghLfis neuoahf ghJ mgGfhd
fhuzij flJ gGij galhsfSF eik cldoahf bra
Ko.
198
sh nAh
thr
tuyhW
Phf kW bghatYefsh uhlh totikfglJ.
1895 mbyrhl nghngh (Alexandar Popou) vw uZa uhQt gia nrj
aa nghjidahs nfhbAu o (coherer tube) vw d clhF l
uijil fl fUia fljh.
mjF mLj ML 1897 gh nf
ouhliu m izJ uL xnu
l Ujh mJ nkhndhnlo
af (Monostatic operation) MF.
ouhlU, tU jjahf
UjhmJ ignlo af (bistatic
operation) MF. gy ouhlfS
myJ gy tfS gagLjglh mJ
konlo af (Multistatic operation)
MF. bgUghY nrhdhf nkhndnlo
af bragLwd.
Mo nrhdhf g miyfis
cg brwJ mJ (PING) vd
miHfgLwJ.
mJ
L
vbuhfgL vnfh (enho) miyfshf
khWwJ. mj miyf bghJthf dQ
Rwh cUthfgLwJ.
uhlh gaf
uhlh braghil gagL mj iu bghU bjhiyit fla
Ko. uhlh braghL gy Jiwf gagLwJ. mj braghL Kj
uhQtJiw Fl lf vFsJ fl mik khd gwj
ga tuf, fg nghFtuJ kW rhiyf ga tufis maKo,
mj cjah mf g _l cs lfY bghUis bjthfghf Ko.
fggil gagLjgL uhlhf uL fgfSF ilna cs
bjhiyit flJ mit xWl xW nkhjhk UF iyia
clhFwJ. nkY fl bry ntoa yif bjthf bjJ bfhs
Ko mj cjah fl nghFtuij bjthf ifahs Ko.
201
jJt (Principles)
uhlh gagLjgL o (dish) myJ Vj thbdh miyfis cg
brJ Fl yif neh mDwJ. mj miyf s tU jikia
gagL bghU jik, l, mj braghL Matiw mJ bfhs Ko
mj braghLF m f gagLjgLwJ.
nrhdh (Sonar)
nrhdh (Sound Navigation and Ranging) vgj RUf MF. m mD l
jJt gagLwJ. J uL _ fgfSF ilna cs u kW
fl MHij fla gagLwJ. nrhdh mj braghL bghUJ uL
tifahf fgLwJ.
1. gh nrhdh (Passive Sonar)
2. Mo nrhdh(Active Sonar)
gl 8.7
202
dhf
I. rahd ilia njbjLf
1.
2.
3.
4.
203
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
braifnfhf xU Fl ntiyfhf_______
m) jwJ M) VtgLwJ
)fgLwJ,
<) WjgLwJ.
muhe (Astronomy Satelite) braifnfh xU _______mik
jFnghJ bj.
m) igdhFy
M) gJ
) gl,
<) bjhiyneh.
bjhiybjhl braifnfh thbdh kW bjhiyfh, bjhiyng
nghw fUf _______ XlUJ kbwhU lF mDwJ.
m) rkh
M) xguig
) ju
<) brf
uhlh mik xU xguig bfhLsJ mJ _______cg brwJ.
m) nuonah miyfis
M) M.v miy
) Monah miyfis
<) khLnyl miyf
uhlh vgJ xU _______ UF lij fla cj mikghF
m) bghU M) miy
) <) cnyhf
Mo nrhdh_______ ouhlY tY gagLjgLwJ.
m) rjmiyf
M) x
) miytot
<) I.v miy
II..
xU y thijf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
OFC tiuaW
uL j OFC nff bgafis vGJf.
Eziy iz tiuaW
uL j braifnfhf bgafis vGJf.
uhlh vwh vd?
III..
xU y tf ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
IV..
xU gf ms ila
1.
2.
V..
thd ila
1.
2.
ilf:
1.M
2. m
3.
4.m
5. M 6.<
204
7.m
8. m
9. m
10. m
9. kUJt dQ rhjdf
(Medical Electronic Equipments)
9.1 mKf
kUJt rhjdf neh jikia ma tifgLj myJ
kUJt iyfis ifahs cjtToa tif totikfgLwd. it
bghJthf fLikahd ghJfh jufSl totikfgLwd. kUJt
rhjdf kUJt bjhEg bjhF cslaJ.
brKiw:
gaghL:
ja VgL khWghLfis fla gagLwJ.
gaghLf
Infrasound
Acoustic
Ultrasound
209
miytot
9.7 ol X-f
-f flgl
ispPAC
FPGA
CPLD
Power Manager
gagL rhjdf:
gaf:
gaf:
FPGA braghL:
gaf:
CPLD braghL:
gaf :
212
w nkyhik braghL:
midJ braghoF njitahd wid tHFwJ.
gaf:
gaghLf
gaghLf:
mf gaghLf, y viyf bfhnl gagLJwd. Kj jiyKiw
(First generation) bragLJ ehndh bghUf, illha-il-MirL cs
Na fkiw bghUshf (Sunscreen) gagLwJ. nkY mHF bghUf kw
214
dhf
I. rahd ilia njbjL
1.neh jikia gl oJfhL fU_______
m) .o.nf
M)cgLJ FHh
) Eiupu fU
<)ECMO
2. onya _______neh iyia fLgLjyh.
m) janeh
M)kr fhkhiy
) Wneh
<) t neh
3. _______ jaJo miyfis diyahf khjU fU
m) ol X-f fU
M)btgiykh
) dQ uj mGj fU <) ECG
4. kjdh czugL fFiwj muh r miy viy_______
m) 20Hz
M) 2kHz
) 20kHz
<) 200kHz
5. muh ro xU Ka gaghL_______
m) nahbju
M)uj mGj
) ja nfhshW
<) nrhndhuh
6. dQ uj gnrhjid fU msL Kf _______
m) tl
M) rJu
) brt
<) tl
7. vynuh-vr~nsh uh (EGG) vgJ _______braghil dhwyhf
khjUwJ.
m) ja
M)_is
) eu
<) tWgF
8. lh miy _______viyia bfhlJ.
m) 4 Kj 30Hz
M) 4 Kj 7 Hz ) 8 Kj 13Hz <) 3 Kj 3.5Hz
9. ehndh Eg_______ tiu ehndh my bgUfis totikwJ
m) 1-100
M) 10-100
) 1-10
<) 100-1000
10. jnghija ehndh Eg rhakhd xwhf _______x CLUthj bghU
x CLU bghUshf csJ.
m) Jjehf
M)jhu
) jf
<) mYa
215
III. xU tf ila
1. dQ kUJt rhjdf ytiw TW
2. .o.nf ga uL TW
3. EEG vwh vd?
4. EEG gagL ehF jkhd miyfis TW
5. ol X-f mik g TW
6. ehndh bjh Eg vwh vd?
IV. xU gf ms ila
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ilf:
1.m
2. M 3. <
4.
5. <
6.m
216
7.
8. <
9. M 10. M
kh dhjh
dQ rhjdf
neu : 3 k
kbgf: 200
gF -m
15
15x11 = 15
15
1=15
15x1=15
10 x4
4 = 40
il vGJ
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
AND nf - tiuaW
KG To - tiuaW
gngw tiffis TW
thbdh Vf gagLjgL bfhiff ahit?
v~. v. oll tiff ahit?
bf fhu - sF
bjhiybjhl braif nfh gaf uL TW.
bkjLf mikJs gFf ahit?
gntW tifahd I-gh (i-pod) fis TW.
f nrfF gF (Storage unit) Ka gfis vGJf.
_W tifahd mRbgh bgafis vGJ.
ehndh bjh Eg vwh vd?
218
gF -
5 x 10 = 50
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
mlkoitnuliu t.
ah Mbldhit g t.
R.F bgURid tiuJ sF.
bjhiybjhl braif nfh g - sF
bjhl Clfkhf USB vthW gagLwJ.
t.
1. CPU
2. ALU
49. glFHh mikig gl tiuJ ghff F
(myJ)
flt braghil RUfkhf TW.
1.ECG
2.muh - r
gF -<
V. VnjD 4 dhfSF U gf ms thf ila.
(dh v 55 - flha g mF dhthF)
4 x 20 = 80
219
jehL muR
Kjg - 2011
FG jiyt
Kidt u.n.jh. tjhghD
nguha kW Jiwjiyt
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry- 636 011.
yhaf
Kidt v. runrf
br h. rkh bkA#,
iz nguha,
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry - 636 011.
iuahs,
dQa bjhla Jiw,
mud bgha f,
nry - 636 011.
U. brh. mjf,
Uk f. ckhknft
bjhf Ma,
muR nkiyg,
Vjh - 636 117.
nry khtl.
bjhf Mia,
muR nkiyg,
nkLgo ,
nry - 636 111.
60 .v.v. jh mlgLsJ.
bt MbrKiw mnlh :
brKiw - I
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
brKiw - II
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
nrhjid v -11
d b#dnul kW .M.X mj
R.F.
d
nehf
R.F d b#dnul kW .M.X Mat mogil braghLfis
mj.
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
1.
bghU/cgfuzbga
R.F d b#dnul
CRO
vif
1
1
gl 1 ((
) CRO Kfnjhw
3
.M.x - mik
_W Ka mikf csJ.
1. vyuh f gF
iH, nfnjhL Mait. iHah nfnjhL
NLgLjgLnghJ nfnjho UJ vyuhf fiwahf btahF.
2. fGJgF
_W LfS X, Y vd U n#ho mirF jLfS mikUF.
Kj
nfnjhL gF UJ btahF vyuh fiwia fLgLJwJ. x
ne nfhlhf khWwJ.
ulhtJ
ne nfhlhd vyuh f ntfij KLFwJ
_whtJ
vyuh fiu iu ikaF vLJ brwJ.
mirF jLf
it x,yjLf vd miHfgLwJ tF mfgL
dGjjjh vyuh fiwfis tisf Ug KowJ j KiwF
vynuhlho o~s vW bga.
1. X-jLf
jLf
J ilng vD RWl izfgL ugg
(Saw tooth) miyia cUthFwJ iu ika G ia l tykhf
(Horizontal) efu brwJ. J iu cs X- mrhF.
2.Y-jLf
jLf
bgUf btpL RWl izfgLwJ y jflhdJ iu
ika G btria nkUJ Hhf (Vertical) efubrwJ. J
iu y-mR MF.
msit fzlyh.
4. .M.x gaf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2.
3.
4.
5.
X-mik
mik - j fLgL cjah iu njhW miy totij
FJ trjh nkY, Gkhf KGtJ efj aY. J clhf bfhLF
dGjij To FiwF nghJ VgLwJ.
6.
Y-mik
mik - j fLgL miy totij gLif tr tyJ wnkh
myJ lJ wnkh KGtJ efj aY.
7.
8.
9.
Ko
thW d b#dnul kW MX flik braf kW mj
gafis mJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v - 2
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
bghU/cgfuzbga
(IC) 555
jil 1 K,5 K, 100 K
nj 0.01 F
ouhl (NPN)
.M.X
unghL
vif
1
2,3,1
2
1
1
1
ml ko itnul
gy tot miyfis cg br RwhF. j mik IC 555-I
gagL mikfgLJ. tif koitnulfSF iyahd iyf
iy. j btpL J neu mfkhf J neu Fiwthf UF.
vdnt j btpL xU rJu (Square) tot miyahf mik. j R
btpL kW nj dGjK miyto fhlgLsJ.
1.
2.
nj wf neu rkghL
Td = 0.693 (RB) C ms
3.
4.
mbt ms
1
1
1.44
F = ----- = ----------------------- (or) ---------------- KHZ
T
0.693(RA + 2RB)C
(RA + RB)C
+Vcc
8
1K
7
1K
Vout
5K
Q1
0.01pf
LC
LC
5K
Q1
Voltage
across capacitor
2
Voc
3
C
1 Voc
3
Vcc
out put
Time
T
+5 V
100 K
55
4
3
IC 555
6
6
7
2
gl 2 (<) : nkhndhnl ko i
tnul
itnul
4
R
+ Vcc
SK
+ Vcc
Trigger
+ Vcc
Threshold
comparator
Threshold
Reset
R
SK
SRFF
S
0.01Fd
2
Trigger
C1
3
output
+ Vcc
Output
Trigger
comparator
5K
gl 2 (C) : nkhndhnl
btpL miytot
gl 2 (c) : nkhndhnl ko
itnul flgl
nkhndhnl ko itnul
RWF xU iyahd iyf cL Kj j btpL Fiwj
iy UjhY of br nghJ caj iy btpL ilF vwhY
8
Ko
bfhLfgl (IC) 555-I bfhL ml, nkhndhl Riw
mikJ mj braiy kW btpL miy totfis mJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v - 3
NOR, NAND, EXOR jf th (Logic gate) mj
nehf
vif
1
1
1
1
10
1
brKiw
1. ungho (IC) -I bghUj.
2. gt risia M br.
3. (IC)- fSF gl fhosgo jf cL (Logic input)
bfhLJ btpil fhz.
4. +5V DC cL 1 vd, 0V DC cL 0 vd vLJ bfhs ntL.
it jf cLfshf A,B vd FfgLwJ.
5. risia W izfis f.
9
1) NOR nf
NOT-OR nfL izjJ, OR nfo jiy braghnl NOR nfo
braghlhF.
1.
2.
3.
4.
2) NAND nf
cL
B
gl 3 ((a))
NOR GATE
RW sfgl
0 (m) 5 V
14
3
330
cL
0 (m) 5 V
LED
gl 3 ((b))
10
+5V
cik mltiz
yh cL
yhbtpL
Y = A+B
gl 3 ((c))
NAND GATE
yh FpL
IC 7400
cL
gl 3 ((d))
0 (m) 5 V
A
IC
7400
cL
0 (m) 5 V
LED
gl 3 (e)
cik mltiz
NAND GATE
yh cL
A
0
0
1
1
B
0
1
0
1
yh btpL
Y = AB
1
0
0
0
11
gl 3 ((f))
EX- OR GATE
yh FpL
A
IC
cL
Y =A + B
7486
gl 3 ((g))
RW mik EX-OR GATE
+5V
0 (m) 5 V
1
A
IC 7486
cL
0 (m) 5 V
330
2 B
LED
gl 3 ((h))
12
gl 3 ((i))
EX-OR GATE
cik mltiz
yh cL
yh btpL
Y=A+B
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
3) EX-OR GATE
EX-OR nfo gl 7486 (IC)-I bfhL fhlgLsJ.
1. a njw _y EX-OR nfo rkghL Y = A + B = AB + AB
2. A.,B vw cLf xWbfhW kh UF nghJ, kLnk btpL
ilF
3. cik mltiz _y ij mayh.
Ko
NOR, NAND kW EX-OR nff mik, bra kW cik mltiz
Matiw mJ bfhnl.
13
nrhjid v - 4
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
bghU/cgfuzbga
(IC) 7486
(IC) 7408
(IC) 7432
vif
2
2
1
1.
3. sh
sh braf ah yhnfil bfhL bragLwJ xWF
nkgl cLfS, xU cik btpL, Jiz btpL cL. j
cLf mLj khw tU tiu bjhlJ oF.
Flip Flop - gy tiff
1.
2.
5.
SR sh
CSR sh
J.K sh
3.
4.
14
D - tif sh
T - tif sh
1. SR sh
J xU mogil RwhF S(set), R(Reset) vw U cLfS Q.Q vw
U btpLfS csd. j bra ghil cik mltiz _y mayh.
2. CSR sh
nffY, shY cL iriff xnu neu khWtJ
rhaiy, mjfhf sh gRf gagLjgLwJ vdnt jF shL
SR sh vW bga.
SR kW C vw c^fS Q, Q vw btpLfS cL. ehF NAND
nfLf fyitahF. glK mltiz j braghil ma itwJ.
1) miu To ((Half adder))
a. FpL tiugl
miu
To
cL
btpL
gl 4 ((a))
cik mltiz (Truth Table)
S=A+B
C=A-B
yh
btpL
yh
cL
A
C0
0
0
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
b. yh tiugl
IC 7486
IC 7400
gl 4 ((b))
2. KGTo (Full Adder)
a. FpL tiugl
KG
To
cL
Cin
gl 4 ((c))
15
btpL
yh
cL
A
Cin
C0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
S=A+B+C
C = A.B + B.C + C.A
b. yh tiugl
gl 4 ((d))
3. D - tif sh
CSR sh kbwhU totkhF brfis nrJitf gagLwJ,
vdnt jF Data Flip-Flop vW bga. j mik kW bra glY,
mltizY bfhLfgLsJ.
4. T tif sh
fzL braYF njitahd f Kakhd FF MF vdnt jF lh
(Toggling) sh vW bga CSR- btpLfis L cLfSl (Feed
back) izJ bragL KiwahF mik, mltiz_y braghL
magLwJ.
5. J.K sh
CSR- R = S = 1 vw iy mDkfgLtiy. vdnt J.K sh _y
ij mikfyh.
1. J ehF NAND nf mlaJ
2. U cLf J, K vd csJ
3. Q, Q vd U btpLf csJ. j mik, bra mltiz _y
mayh.
iy mltiz
RW
cL
sh
S R
0 0
1 0
0 1
1 1
btpL
gl 4 ((e))
16
Q
0
1
0
-
Q
1
0
1
-
Comment
Initial
Set
Reset
Not allowed
2. CSR -sh
iy mltiz
RW
cL
C
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
btpL
gl 4 ((f))
D-TYPE -sh
3.
S R Q Q Comment
0 0 0 1 Initial
1 0 0 1 Since clock is
1 0 0 1 absent
1 1 0 1 no action
0 0 0 1 No change
1 0 1 0 Set
0 1 0 1 Reset
1 1 * * Not allowed
iy mltiz
Logic
Input
D
0
1
btpL
cL
Logic
Output
Q Q
0 1
1 0
gl 4 ((g))
T-TYPE -sh
4.
iy mltiz
IC 7434
Logic Logic
Input Output
T
Qn+1
1
Qn
1
Qn
btpL
cL
gl 4 ((h))
5.
J-K- -sh
RW
cL
btpL
gl 4 ((g))
17
Since clock is
absent
no action
yh btpL
Comment
Initial
Since
clock is absent
no action
No change
Set
Reset
Toggling
Ko
U cLf bfhl miuTo (Half Adder) KGTo (Full Adder) kW
sh tiffis, mj, mik, braiy mltiz _y bjJ
bfhnl.
nrhjid v - 5
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.
rhoiy t
RG6 nfh. Ma nf
vif
1
1
1
25 metre
khf ntL).
1.
Metal
Reflector
Flat head bolts
LNB
Self-locking nuts
Retainer nut
Philips head screw
Mounting foot
nrhjid brj
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Feed horn
and LNBC
Mast
gl 5 ((c))
gl 5 ((d))
Ko
nkbrhd Kiw xU o Mldhit mikJ, nrhjid brJ
bliu glij bjthf mikabrnj.
Lat
18.93N
28.67N
13.08N
11.63N
Long
72.85E
77.23E
80.30E
78.13E
AZ
EL
128.56
146.26
130.79
123.63
56.37
51.24
67.03
66.09
21
nrhjid v : 6
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
vif
4 8 f
1
1
1,1,1,1
1,1,1
10K th fnuh
150, 56, 1, 100K jilf
0.01 F,0.1F, 0.004Fnj
330 PF
220 F/12v
100 F/12v
6V DC Power supply
Avo l (or) ko l
nrhjid
1. R csthW midJ bghUfis izf.
2. vlhtJ id 0.1F nj cjah th fnuh eL
Kidl izf.
3. (IC)- 9 - 10 fis xwhf izJ jiul.
4. (IC)- 12-tJ F jiuF il fiu R
csthW izf.
j izf Koj wF Monah Mgga gF 1-tJ F +6V
izig R csthW izf. d Monah Mgga afij
nrhJ (IC)- xbthU Y dGjfis msL ca msit
bfhLfgLs mltiz rghf.
mGj mltiz
TBA 810 (IC)
dGj
6V
0V
0V
22
10
11
12
0V
0V
0V
0V
3.2V
Ko
23
220V
50Hz
Supply
P
10
2 X 1000
F/12V
56
330 PF
12
11
xgh
220
F/12V
220
F/12V
Power Supply
,
1O K,
,V/C
4 IN4001
9
6
10
TBA
810 IC
100
F/12V
0.1
F
1OO K
100
F/12V
cL
Monah
miyf
0.004
F
150
0.01
F
nrhjid v : 7
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
vif
(IC) 74147
(IC) 74148
(IC) 7442
(IC) 74148 ons (7 JL)
jil 330
LED
1
1
1
10
10
I.. vnfhl
kj (Manual) FpL tufis (code) au m Fplhf khjU
mikghF. v FpL rhjdf (ir) R braghlhf gagLwJ.
0000
1
-
0001
-------
------1001
2. vL yf - <yf vnfhl
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
II.. o-nfhl
onfhl vgJ xU ol fyit tifahF. j co mfgl
ol nfhil njitahd vF khjU xU yh RwhF.
BCD - to - 7 JL onfhl (7 Segments) : 7 JL LED mik f
ugykhdjhF BCD mik UJ v tot khjU RwhF.
(IC) -744 - I gagL cL kW btpLf gl fhlgLsJ.
A, B, C, D vd ehF cLfS a Kj b tiu 7 btpLfS
csd.
(ii) 9 Kj 8 tiuyhd btpLf xbthW 7 JL LED-fSl
izfgLwJ.
(iii) 7-LED-f MndhLfSF bghJthf nfnjhLf mikwJ.
(i)
5V
330
1
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
10
2
3
I/P
4
5
6
7
8
9
16
9
IC
7447
7
6
14
330
330
330
LED
A (LSB)
B
C
D CMSB
GND
5V
A
(LSB)
B
BCD
Input
C
D
15
16
1
2
14
3
4
13
12
BCD - to - 7
segment
Decoder
5
6
7
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
7-Segment
Output
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
a
f
e
d
O/P
GND
5V
0
1
10
11
12
13
1
3
Octal
Input
4
5
6
7
EI
2
3
4
5
16
IC
74148
Binary
Outputs
6
14
15
Carry
Outputs
GND
gl 7 ((c))
BCD - to - 7 Segment o - nfhl
(<yf - 7 JL)
Ko
vnfhl kW o-nfhl- Riw (IC)-I gagL mikJ mj
braghLfis mJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v : 8
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1..
2.
3.
bghU/cgfuz bga
AM nuonah t
6V gtris
AVO l (myJ) kol
vif
1
1
1
nrhjid
1. bfhLfgl vyuh bghUfis bfhL ro csthW
R kh nuonah tiu izJ bfhs.
2. R kh nuonah tiu gt risl izf.
3. bfhLfgl AVO l myJ ko l cjah R kh nuonah
t 1) ftl (Convertor Stage) 2) IF Mga 3) Monah Mga
kW btpL ouhlf dGjfis msL mltiz
csgo rghf.
26
BF 194 B
BF 195 C
BF 195 D
OA 79
gl 8 : V.v thbdh th RW
OA 79
BC 148B
BC 158B
AC 187
AC 188
6V
Speaker
27
ouhl
bga
gF
BF 194 B
ftl
dGj
C
B
0.5V
E
0V
5.8 V
BF 195 C
IF Mga 0.8 V
0V
5.7 V
BF 195 D
IF Mga
BC 548 B
AC 187 (I)
AC 188 (II)
0.8V
Monah
Mga 0.5 V
Monah
btpL gF 3.8 V
0V
5.8V
0V
5.5 V
6V
3V
Monah
btpL gF 1.2 V
3V
0V
Ko
xU R kh nuonah t gntW iyf bragL Kiwia mt
dGj msL Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v : 9
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1
2
3
vif
1
1
1
nrhjid
1. bfhLfgl dD bghUfis bfhL R csthW
v.v. tiu izJ bfhs.
2. v.v nuonah tiu 6VDC gt risl izf.
3. bfhLfgl AVO l myJ kol cjah mbt gngw (FM)
thbdh th 1) fbtl, 2) IF Mga 3) kW Monah Mga
kW btpL gF ilF dGjfis msL mltiz
csthW rghf.
28
29
S
0.1
F
10
2 X 1000
F/12V
TBA
810 IC
10
1OO K
56
100
F/12V
8
9
F/12V
100
150
4
12
330 PF
0.004
F
cL
Monah
miyf
1O K,
,V/C
,
Powe Supply
CAX 1619
IC
ggiy
thbdh
220V
50Hz P
Supply
ggiy
thbdh
Vj
xgh
220
F/12V
220
F/12V
0.01
F
dGj
gF
CAx1619 (IC)
6 VDC
cL dGj
2.
Monah Mga
kW btpL gF
TAB 810 (IC)
dGj
v
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
6 VDC
0
0
5.9
1
1.2
3.8
0
0
0
0
3.2
Ko
nrhjid v : 10
xU R kh thbdh th VgLs
gGij flJ rbrj
nehf
xU R kh thbdh th VgLs gGij flJ r brj.
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1
2
3
vif
1
1
1
31
820
1K
SPAKER
1)
2)
nrhjid
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Ko
V.v thbdh th VgoUj gGij flJ gGij tiu
eyKiw aFtij bjJ bfhnl.
32
nrhjid v - 11
njitahd bghUf
t.v
v if
1.
2.
3.
1
1
1
nrhjid
1. Kj tiu `ON brJ af. f ff Fiwj x UjJ.
2. th fnuhiy mf ms To f x Fiwthfnt UjJ.
vdnt t Fiwj x gGJ csJ vgij cW bra.
3. gtris gF dGjij msl. rahd ms Ujh
4. d TBA 810 (IC) Monah Mga gF dGjij msl.
dGj fFiwj ms Ujh
33
34
S
0.1
F
10
2 X 1000
F/12V
TBA
810 IC
5
10
1OO K
56
100
F/12V
8
9
100
F/12V
150
12
330 PF
0.004
F
cL
Monah
miyf
,
1O K,
,V/C
Powe Supply
CAX 1619
IC
ggiy
thbdh
220V
50Hz P
Supply
ggiy
thbdh
Vj
xgh
220
F/12V
220
F/12V
0.01
F
5. TBA 810 (IC) gGJ csJ vgij cW brJ TBA 810 (IC)I
roUJ a (IC) -I izJ rhl bra.
6. L tiu aa nghJ t mf xl aaJ.
Ko
v.v t VgLs gGij flJ mgGij tiu ey
Kiw aF Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v - 12
njitahd bghUf
t.v
v if
FM Mldh
xgh 8/5W
6 V DC gt ris
nrhjid
1.
FM thbdh thia mikf ro csthW midJ vyuh
bghUfis NLnfh cjah izf.
2.
FM Mldhit CxA 1619 I ca izl izf.
3.
CAX 1619 RW gyif btpL gF th flnuh
nkKidia eL Kid (Hot end) ia TB 810 Monah RWgyif cL
izl izf.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ko
FM tiu mikJ 88 MHz Kj 108 MHz tiu gil mfy cs midJ
ffis nj br Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
35
0.1
F
10
8
9
7
2 X 1000
F/12V
TBA
810 IC
56
100
F/12V
10
1OO K
1
12
330 PF
0.004
F
150
xgh
220
F/12V
220
F/12V
0.01
F
cL
Monah
miyf
,
1O K,
,V/C
Powe Supply
CAX 1619
IC
ggiy
thbdh
220V
50Hz P
Supply
ggiy
thbdh
Vj
100
F/12V
36
nrhjid v - 13
njitahd bghUf
t.v
vif
gGJs AM thbdh th
(With low Sound) (Fiwj x)
AVO l myJ ko l
RF/AF d b#dnul
tiu nrhj
1. tiu (ON) M brJ af.
2. iya ff Fiwj x iljJ.
3. th fnuhiy mf ms U iya ff Fiwj
xnyna iljJ. vdnt t Fiwj x (Low Sound) gGJ csJ
vgij cW brJ bfhs.
37
SPAKER
1K
820
Ko
bfhLfgl R kh thbdh th VgoUj Fiwj x (Low
Sound)fhd fhuzij fljij mgGij tiu ey Kiw aF
Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
38
nrhjid v - 14
njitahd bghUf
t.v
vif
gGJsV.v thbdh th
tiu nrhj
1. tiu ON M brJ af.
nrhjid
1. tiu ONbrJ ffis nflnghJ f 50 Hz A x (Hum Sound)
nflJ.
2. Kj gtris gFia nrhf. gt ris gF izfgoUj
kh tHfij l mf NnlaJ.
3. clnd tiu OFF brJ L kh -I nrhf.
4. kh nfhf (Cores) jsJ mf ilbtl fhzglJ.
5. kh gGJ csJ vgij cW bra.
6. khia mj izUJ fH mjFgyhf mnj ks a
7. d tiu ONbrJ aa nghJ t mf xl A x (Hum
Sound) gGJ yhk aaJ. nkY kh mf Nnlwhk aajh
50 Hz A x gGJ fglJ.
Ko
V.v R kh thbdh th VgoUj 50 Hz A x (Hum Sound)
gGfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij tiu aF Kiwia bjJ
bfhnl.
39
40
820
gl 14
14: Rkhw (AM) nuonah t (BELL 700 IC)
1K
SPAKER
nrhjid v - 15
njitahd bghUf
t.v
vif
gGJs FM t
AVO l myJ ko l
tiu nrhj
1. tiu ONbrJ af. iya ff midJ iurYl iljJ.
2. o flriu njitahd ms r (adjust) brJ iur ms
Fiwaiy.
vdnt t iur x (Noisy reception) gGJ csJ vgij cW bra.
Mldh kW od gF
Mnyl gF.
oll kW mij rhj lRW
Monah Mga kW btpL gF.
nrhjid
1. tiu ONbrJ ffis nj bra. ff iurYl
nflJ.
2. nf flr cs Mldh okfis miy bra. iur x
Fiwaiy.
3. nf flr cs Mnyl okfis miy bra. iur x
Fiwaiy.
4. vdnt Mnyl fh nfhiu r (adjust) bra. f iur x
FiwJ mf xl nflJ. miy brtij W fhiy bkGF _y
(Seal) bra.
Ko
bfhLfgl FM t VgoUj iur x gGJfhd fhuzij
flJ mgGij tiu rahd Kiw aF jij bjJ
bfhnl.
41
42
S
0.1
F
10
2 X 1000
F/12V
TBA
810 IC
5
330 PF
12
10
1OO K
56
100
F/12V
8
9
100
F/12V
150
0.004
F
cL
Monah
miyf
,
1O K,
,V/C
Powe Supply
CAX 1619
IC
ggiy
thbdh
220V
50Hz P
Supply
ggiy
thbdh
Vj
xgh
220
F/12V
220
F/12V
0.01
F
brKiw - II
nrhjid v
v-11
ngl b#dnul kW
~g b#dnul gmj
nehf
ngl b#dnul kW ~g b#dnul g mj
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
bghU/cgfuz bga
ngl b#dnul
~g b#dnul
vif
1
1
Kf njhw kW cgnahfgLJ j
1. nuonah mbt btpoUJ bghJ UR jtl (Co-axial cable) _ykhf
bjhiyfh bgo bghUj ntL. brFiwgh (Attenuator) _y
nuonah mbt miy ria kh mikfyh.
2. HORIZONTAL BAR PATTERNI gagL vertical size, linearity Matiw
uik brayh.
3. VERTICAL BAR PATTERNI gagL horizontal size, linearityI ia brayh.
4. CROSS HATCH PATTERNI gagL horizontal kW vertical ia brayh.
Focussing ia brayh.
5. DOT PATTERN-I gagL fy o. xU KfgLJ (Convergence) ia
brayh.
6. PURE WHITE PATTERNI gagL fy o. fU iy, btis iy r
brayh.
7. xgFidia bragagLjyh.
gaf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
......
......
......
......
......
btof Arhl
gh
gh
M
M
brt
gh
fy ngl
uh
nA
ngl
gt
lh
ngl
Attenuator
RF m
gl 1 (M) : g b#dnul
44
mbt
fLgL
45
bt
mbt
fLgL
_y
ndhl
btpL
bgU 2
ilnahL jil
toth RW
bgU 1
xL M/V
bjhifpL
fLgL
N/W
iy
_y
ndhl
nkiy
btpL
dGj
mbt
gl 1 () : ~g b#dnul flgl
~g b#dnul
~g b#dnul vgJ gy tot miyfshd ir miy, rl miy kW
Knfhz (Triangular) miyfis cg br rhjdkhF.
~g b#dnul Kf gF kW bragLJ j
1. mbt fLgLia gagL njitahd U j ndhlfis
xGFgLjyh.
1. ca ndhl
2. jh ndhl
2. ca ndhl _y, bjhifpL (Integrator) RWF njitahd dGj
tHfgLwJ. vdnt j btpL ndhl xU ne nfhlhf Fl fhy
ilbt cawJ. jDl izfgl nj ndhl To
Fiw nghJ ndhl miy r TL , Fiw.
3. dGj xL gy m RW koitnul (Votage comparator multivibrator)
R tiy mik iyia rW kh mikwJ. j khw ca
ndhlij OFF brJ, jh ndhlij ON brwJ. Fl fhy
ilbt iy kh L ca ndhl ON M, jh ndhl
OFF-iyF tJL.
4. miy totf
1. nk kW ndhl _yf tHF dGj fhuzkhf bjhifpL
R btpo Knfhz (Triangle)miy tot ilwJ.
2. bjhifpL btpil xL gy m RW tahf bgW nghJ rJu
(Square) tot miyf ilF.
3. ilnahL jil RW tahf Knfhz tot miyfis xUizJ
v tot miyfis bgwyh.
5. bgU iyf
U bgUiyfS njbjLj miy totfis xnu neu jjahf
btLwJ.
~g b#dnul Ka braghLf
~g b#dnul Ka brafshtd
1. 0.01HZ Kj 1000 KHZ tiuyhd mbt miyfis cg br.
2. rJu, Knfhz, v tot nghw ntWgl miy totfis
cg br.
3. 1% Ja bfhl Fiwj mbt miy cg br.
Ko
thW ngl b#dnul kW ~g b#dnul nghwt bra,
Kf mik fLgLf kW ga Matiw mJ bfhnl.
46
nrhjid v
2
v-2
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
vif
1
1
nrhjid
1. Kj Via ON brJ cL AC 220V, 50HZ dGjij msl.
rahd ms U nkbjhlu.
2. ON OFF Switch I nrhf. rahf U mLj iyF bry.
3. AC,(Fuse), FWiH gtrisgF cs ghytot U, DC togh
nj mgF izfgLs jilfis nrhJ DC btpL
R dGjij msl. dGj (11OV, 18V, 12V) rahd ms
U nrhjidia nkbjhlu.
4. gLiftr (Horizandal) btpL ouhl fyl R dGjij
msl dGj Fiwj ms U clnd Via WL
Arhl btpL ouhliu nrhf, ouhl ewhf Ujh
mLj gFia nrhf.
5. L.O.T gGJ csJ vgij cW brJ L.O.T (Line output Transformer) ia
roUJ a L.O.T ia izJ rhl bra.
6. L Via af V iu , xgh x VgL.
Ko
gGJs KY afhj bjhiyfh t VgLs gGij
mjfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij tiu L aF Kiwia
bjJ bfhnl.
47
48
AGC
gah
220V, 50HZ,
nyhf
M
nyl
B+
C2
R1
R2
C1
S. IF = 33.4 MHz
P. IF = 38.9 MHz
onah IF
Mga
2/3 nl{
AGC
r
onah
obll
g Arhl
V.v.
btof
nAhL
Arhl
Mnyl
15625Hz
btof
btpL
bgU
Arhl
btpL
Mga
nah
Medium B+
voltages
g AGC,
AFC RWF
iud
fnuh
fhuh
fnuh
F
F
onah
Mga
Monah
gt
Mga
15625Hz
50Hz
Mga
th
fnuh
Monah
Mga
g Arhl
btpL gFUJ
btof
Mnyl
50Hz
ony
ACC il
5.5 MHz
nu RW
FF r
obll
fil
onah IF
Mga
r d
FM lnfa
r IF
Mga
5.5 MHz
Fiwj
dGjgF
iH dGj
(To F.F)
brgnul
VHF d
ig
nyhf
M
nyl
Varactor diode
Electronic tuning
RF
Mga
UHF
r
UHF d
AC dGj
VHF
Mldh
UHF
Mldh
EHT
buoga
EHT
MndhL
glFHh
nrhjid v
3
v-3
bjhiyfh V iu mf fSl
Toa gl bjwJ. ((Snow Picture))
gGJfhd fhuzij flJ rbrf.
nehf
bjhiyfh V iu mf fSl Toa gl bjwJ.
(Snow Picture) gGJfhd fhuzij flJ r brj.
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
vif
1
1
xgu
iz
irif irF Vg
mik
bjhiyfhbgo
ah tif
Mldh
Jiz ghku
tiko
nrhjid
1. tiu ON brJ af, iu mf fSl Toa gl
bjyhk UjJ.
2. Kj bjhiyfh Vaiy nrhf. rahd ir Ujh,
3. Va ir bfhL brY fl (Feeder wire) kW tYoia (Booster)
nrhf. ey iy Ujh
4. V Va cL kW izfis nrhf, rahf Ujh
5. miynj (Tuner) B+, AGC, VIF Ma f izfis nrhJ mt
dGjfis msl. B+ 12V, AGC 1.2V rahd ms Ujh
6. miynj gGJ (Tuner) vgij cW brJ giHa njia L a
njia izJ <a gW (Solder) bra.
7. L Via aa nghJ iu glK, ngR bjthf UjJ.
Ko
bfhLfgl gGjilj bjhiyfh V VgoUj mf fSl
Toa gl (Snow picture) vw gGfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij
L tiu bjthf aF Kiw bjJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v - 4
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
vif
1
1
nrhjid
1. tiu ON brJ af.
50
51
IF
irif
m
FiwF
bgU
jhkj
gLJ
nfhL
tz
irif
bgU
Y K
f kW
x fL
gLJ RW
thU
(G-Y)
cl
4.43MHz
tzgF
bgU
RGB bgUf
To kW
y aF
bgU
To kW
gir aF
bgU
To kW
t aF
bgU
glFHh
tz
btis
glFHh
xUiz
gh kW
AGC U
gl
gFgh
nrhjid v - 5
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
vif
1
1
nrhjid
1.
2.
53
IF
irif
m
FiwF
bgU
jhkj
gLJ
nfhL
tz
irif
Y K
bgU
f kW
x fL
gLJ RW
thU
(G-Y)
cl
4.43MHz
tzgF
bgU
RGB bgUf
To kW
y aF
bgU
To kW
gir aF
bgU
To kW
t aF
bgU
glFHh
tz
btis
glFHh
xUiz
gh kW
AGC U
gl
gFgh
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ko
bjhiyfh t iu f tz (retrace) nfhLf njhW
gGJ Vgljh mgGfhd fhuzij flJ Via rbrJ aF
Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v
v- 6
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
vif
gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
ko l
1
1
nrhjid
1. tiu ON brJ af.
2. t iu gir tz nfhLf kL VglJ.
54
55
IF
irif
m
FiwF
bgU
jhkj
gLJ
nfhL
tz
irif
Y K
bgU
f kW
x fL
gLJ RW
thU
(G-Y)
cl
4.43MHz
tzgF
bgU
RGB bgUf
To kW
y aF
bgU
To kW
gir aF
bgU
To kW
t aF
bgU
glFHh
tz
btis
glFHh
xUiz
gh kW
AGC U
gl
gFgh
Ko
bjhiyfh V iu gir tz nfhLf njhW gGJ
VglJ mgGfhd fhuzij flJ Via rbrJ aF Kiwia
bjJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v
7
v-7
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
vif
1
1
nrhjid
1.
2.
3.
57
IF
irif
m
FiwF
bgU
jhkj
gLJ
nfhL
tz
irif
Y K
bgU
f kW
x fL
gLJ RW
thU
(G-Y)
cl
4.43MHz
tzgF
bgU
RGB bgUf
To kW
y aF
bgU
To kW
gir aF
bgU
To kW
t aF
bgU
glFHh
tz
btis
glFHh
xUiz
gh kW
AGC U
gl
gFgh
4.
nrhjid v-8
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
vif
1
1
bjhiy
fh V VgLs gGij flj
bjhiyfh
1.
2.
nrhjid
1. t iu gfthL nfhL (Horizantal line) gGJ csjh t neiy
R (Vertical Sweep) gF gGJ csJ vgij cW brJ bfhs.
2. tiu ON brJ af, xU FU oiut cjah neiy (Vertical size)
br-I (preset) bjhL ghf. iu cs nfhL Modh myJ jh
neiy miyah (Vertical Oscillator) gGJ vgij cW bra.
3. neiy miyah gF izfgLs ouhl myJ IC
f dGjij msl. Gj rahdms Ujh.
58
af
irif irF Vg
mik
xgu
iz
bjhiyfhbgo
ah tif
Mldh
Jiz ghku
tiko
59
nrhjid v
9
v-9
bjhiyfh V iu neiynfhL
(Vertical line)) bjwJ. mgGfhd fhuzij
flJ rbrJ Via a fhLf.
nehf
bjhiyfh V iu neiynfhL (Vertical line) bjwJ.
mgGfhd fhuzij flJ rbrJ tiu a fhLf.
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
vif
gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
ko l (Multimeter)
1
1
uggh
Uir - Va
af
xgu
iz
ah tif
Mldh
irif irF Vg
mik
bjhiyfhbgo
Jiz ghku
tiko
nrhjid
1. V iu neiynfhL (Vertical line) vw gGJ VgL csjh
neiygF (Vertical Sweep) gGJ csJ vgij cW brJ bfhs.
2. neiy tisF RUSF brY iz fl nrhf iz
ewhf Ujh,
3. neiy tisF fhiy ko l _y nrhf, fh ewhf Ujh
4. neiy gF izfgLs ne fhiy (Linearity Coil) nrhf,
fh ewhf Ujh,
5. neiy tisF fhYF bjhl iz izfgLs njia
nrhft, nj wJ (Open) myJ FWFRW (Short Circuit)
VgoUjh a njia izJ <agW (Solder) bra.
6. L Via ON brJ af t neiynfhL gGJ (Vertical line
Fault) iu KGtJ f (Raster) njhaJ.
Ko
bjhiyfh V neiynfhL gGJ (Vertical Line Fault) Vgljfhd
fhuzij flJ mgGij L tiu ey Kiw aF
Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v
10
v-10
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
vif
1
1
af
irif irF Vg
mik
xgu
iz
bjhiyfhbgo
Jiz ghku
tiko
Ko
bjhiyfh V cau Fiwj gl (Heightless Picture) vw gGJ
Vgljfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij L tiu ey Kiw
aF Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v
11
v-11
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
gGjilJs bjhiyfh t
ko l ((Multimeter)
vif
1
1
nrhjid
1. t gl ewhf njhWwJ. x kL (Sound) Vglhjjh V Monah
bgU kW btpL gF gGJ csJ vgij cW bra.
2. Monah bgU kW btpL gF dGjij msl rahf
Ujh.
3. xgh iz kW xgh th fhiy nrhf rahf
Ujh.
4. Monah bgU kW btpL gF izfgLs IC f
dGjij msl rahf Ujh
5. x fLgLia (VolumeControl) nrhf gGJ Ujh a fLgLia
izJ <agW (Solder) bra.
6. L Via aF nghJ iu bjthd glK xgh x
njhaJ.
63
uggh
Uir - Va
af
xgu
iz
irif irF Vg
mik
bjhiyfhbgo
ah tif
Mldh
Jiz ghku
tiko
gl 11 : bjhiyfh gl csJ.
Mdh xiy vgij fhLwJ.
Ko
bjhiyfh t gl ewhf csJ. xgh x iy (No Sound)
gGfhd fhuzij flJ Via r brJ aF Kiwia bjJ
bfhnl.
nrhjid v
12
v-12
bjhiyf
h t btisw nfhLf
bjhiyfh
((Retrace Lines ) kL bjwJ. gl iy gGfhd
fhuzij flJ rbrf.
nehf
bjhiyfh V btisw nfhLf (Retrace lines) kL bjwJ.
gl iy gGfhd fhuzij flJ rbrj.
64
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
vif
1
1
af
irif irF Vg
mik
xgu
iz
bjhiyfhbgo
ah tif
Mldh
Jiz ghku
tiko
nrhjid
1. Via ON brJ af.
2. V gl btpL ouhlf kW mijrhj bghUfis nrhJ
mgF dGjij msl rahf Ujh,
65
Ko
bjhiyfh t btisw nfhLf (Retrace Lines) gGJ
Vgljfhd fhuzij flJ mgGij Via ey Kiw aF
Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v
13
v-13
DVD nsa VgLs gGid flJ
rbrJ a fhLf - wj gGJ (Dead fault))
nehf
DVD nsa VgLs gGid flJ rbrJ a fhLj wj
gGJ (Dead fault).
njitahdbghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
vif
1
1
1
nrhjid
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
RW tL
ol
irif
jfw
go
xUfik
irif
gh
irif
bgU
AMP
nyr
btpL
Mo
V
Ko
gGJs DVD nsa VgLs gGij flJ rbrJ L tiu
aF Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v
14
v-14
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
4.
vif
1
1
1
1
gGJ flj
1. DVD nsa kW bjhiyfhF njitahd dGj izig
bfhLf.
2. DVD ia bjhiyfhl izf.
3. DVDI, bjhiyfhia ON bra.
4. DVDI wJ MP3 Disc - I bghU _l.
5. DVDY bjhiyfh iuY No Disc vW tjh DVD No Disc
vw gGJ csJ vgij cW brJ bfhs.
gGij rbrj
1. nkbrhd gGJfis tirahf nrhjid brJ fl nghJ byR kLnk
gGjilJsJ
2. gGjhd byir kh a byi[ izjl No Disc gGJ
bjhiyfh iu glK, x bjthf VglJ.
RW tL
ol
irif
jfw
go
xUfik
irif
irif
bgU
gh
AMP
nyr
btpL
Mo
V
nrhjid v
15
v-15
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
vif
1
mKf
brnghf fyh nritia brwJ. jfhf j cnsna Mldh
mikfgLwJ. eh brngh tna ngR nghJ, mj x miy gbragL
thbdh miyahf khwgLwJ. J fhW tna gu cq iyaij
milwJ, iya, eh ahl ngr Unwhnkh mtUF tiyaik _y
bjhlig VgLjUwJ.
68
brngh cs ir kW gy gFf
1. ON kW OFF
brnghid af j iy glid gagLjyh.
2. ons (Display)
brnghid
fhzgL. mit
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
ON
br
nghJ
iu
fl
xUfik
d tik
ngl iy
FpLf (Message, lock, alarm etc.,)
tiyaik bga
fofhu
lJ, tyJ, kW eLgf iraik (Left right hold)
3. irgyif
irgyif cs
njitahdtfSl ngryh.
vfis
mG
eh
bjhl
bfhL
4. Call Key
eh ahl bjhl bfhs ntLnkh mt viz v
gyif myJ nrJ itfgl Call register-UJ bgW j glid
mGJ nghJ bjhlig bgw Ko.
5. Navikey
J xU ehF t xUfik irahF. Vfdnt khd brj kw
ffis afyh.
7. END key
eh brngh ng Kojl END vw Key-I cldoahf mG bjhlig
Wj ntL.
8. Micro Phone
eh ngh cs ik tna ngR nghJ, mJ x miyia miy
myJ thbdh miyahf khjUwJ.
9. Charger Connector
brnghid rh{ bra gf tho mjbfd bfhLfgl Jis rh{
id bghUj ntL.
69
10. FM Connector
FM thbdh Mldhit rhJ myJ rhuhkY UF. xU y
nghf jbfd j bghUf cL. ij bghUjnghJ kLnk
thbdhia bjthf nffKo.
10
11
2
12
7
6
8
On/Off
Display
Left and right selection key
Navi Key: 4-way scroll key and middle selection
Cell key
Keypad
End key
Microphone
Charger connector
Audio connector
Speaker
Camera
70
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Ko
thW brngh bra kW ghJfhF Kiwia mJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v - 16
TV/ DVD nkh g mj kW guhkj
nehf
xU TV/ DVD nkh fnuh mikig kW mJ bragL Kiwia
g bjJ bfhSj.
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
2.
3.
vif
1
1
1
mKf
bjhiyfh kW DVD nghw dQ rhjdfis njitahd bghGJ
af Wj gagjgL bjhiy fLgL (Remote Control) - mik
kW mJ bragL Kiwia g bjJ bfhSj.
mik
bfoahd sho myJ v~F nghw bghUdh bragL tot
brtf mik UF.
TV bjhiy fLgL (Remote Control) cs Ka gFf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Power ON OFF
Menu
Channel (+, -)
Time
Zoom
Games
Colour
Auto Scanning
0-9 Buttons
Volume (+ - )
1. Power ON OFF
J nkh fnuh t w UF. ij mGJnghJ
bjhiyfh iu-X, X VgL.
2. Menu
bkD vw j gliz mG Channel, Sound, Picture Matiw +or ()
bfhL njbjLfyh.
3.
3.Channal (+, )
Utif glf mikJsd. + vw gliz mGJnghJ nk
Channal-fis njbjLfyh. (-) vw glid mG gf nrdiy
njbjLfyh.
4. Time
Kakhd brfis Fj neu ghf jtwyh. tif neuf
f neuij njbjLJ Time vw glid bfhL g brJ mikjh,
jhdhfnt mf mnjneu iu bjgo br nkY Fl
neu mij jhdhfnt Wj Ko.
5. Zoom
tif glid mG iu glfis l, Fiwf Ko.
6. Games
bjhiyfh VnjD xU isahL g bragoUF. mij
bragLj j glid mGjyh.
72
7. Colour
mDkff
brwJ.
4. OK
eh nj br ffismDkF gldhF.
5. PREV
Kija ffis L bfhL tu gagL gl
6. RETURN/TITLE
Kija fnfh myJ jiyf cs gFnfh bry gagL.
7. STOP
ffis Wj gagL gl
8. PLAY/PAUSE
jfhfkhf Wj myJ bragl itf gagLwJ.
9. SUBTITLE
bkh tifia njbjLF gl
10.
ffis ntfkhf K efj, efj gagL gl 2x, 4x,
8x, 16x, 32x
11.
ffis nk, bkJthf efj gagLwJ . , ,1/8,1/16,
12. SETUP
bkD cs mikig, cns mDkf, btnaw cj.
13. NEXT
elJ bfhoUF f UJ mLj fF clnd bry
gagLwJ.
74
14. MUTE
jfhfkhf xia Wj gagL.
15. AUDIO
Monah bkhianah myJ nrdiynah njbjLf cj.
nkh fnuhiy guhkF Kiwf
1.
2.
3.
4.
Ko
TV/DVD - f nkh fnuhf mik, m cs Ka glf
brafis kW nkhil guhkF Kiwia bjJ bfhnl.
nrhjid v - 17
njitahd bghUf
t.v
1.
bghU/cgfuz bga
vif
SMPS gt ris
3. gt kh (Power Transformer)
gF gt kh njitahd ms AC dGjij mff
Fiwf brwJ.
cL U
kW togh
cL
AC
dGj
btpL U
kW togh
SMPS w
kh
ca mbt
ir
ir
gh (or)
jLF
miyah
iH
bgU
PW
SW 1
xGF
bragl
btpL
FW
SW 2
EW
PW - Kjik RU
FW - }l RU
EW - iH cz RU
mf
dGj
ghJfh
SW - Jiz RU
76