1

Frequency variations
Part 2
Kjetil Uhlen and Olav Bjarte Fosso
Dept. of Electric Engineering
NTNU
2
Frequency response after a
disturbance
Different time constants of processes make it
appropriate to split the response into stages
Stage I: Rotor swings in the generators (first sec)
Stage II: Frequency drop (a few seconds to several
seconds)
Stage III: Primary control by the turbine governing
systems (several seconds)
Stage IV: Secondary control (several seconds to a
minute)
3
Control stages in power system
operation
50.0
Rf
50.1
0.0
49.9
Frequency [Hz]
Reserves activated [MW]
Time
0 1 min. 15 min. 1 hour
System frequency response: R = [MW/Hz]
P
f
f
P
Primary
Secondary Tertiary
Stage I
Stage II
Stage III
Stage IV
4
Parallel generating units feeding into
an infinite busbar
5
Equivalent circuit pre-fault
conditions
Symmetry makes it appropriate to use a single
transient voltage behind the two parallel units
6
Application of equal area criteria to
determine first stage
7
Equations (1)
Prefault power:
Postfault power:
Changed system gen:
Sharing between units:
Can be shown that sharing between units operation is proportional
to distance to fault (X
d
+ X
T
vs X
s
)
8
Stage II Frequency Drop
Slow down rate:
In terms of power imbal
and intertia:
Lost generation:
Changed gen on unit i:
9
Equations (2)
Using:
Approximate expression in
terms of appearent power:
10
Examples of change of rotor angles
Lost generation
11
Examples of change of rotor angles
Increase in load
The units near the disturbance
initially get the largest change
12
Stage III Primary Control
Due to turbine control action the generator increase
delivered power
Frequency elasticity of load reduces the consumed
load
New generation:
New load:
13
Primary control dynamics caused by
imbalance in real power
Power oscillations
Frequency response
14
Spinning reserves
Spinning reserve
coefficient:
Generators
participating:
Reduced margins impact system response
as fewer units contributes
Same droop
assumed
15
System response for different spinning
reserves
Smaller margins causes larger excursions in frequency
16
Static generation and load
characteristics
17
Example of frequency collapse
18
Under frequency load shedding
19
Frequency variations caused by disturbance
20
Reference point regulation of turbine
controller
Speed can not change instantaneously
because of interita