Bacteria (

i
/bktri/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms.
Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and
spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats.
Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste,
[2]
and the deep portions of Earth's crust.
Bacteria also live in symbioticand parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have
flourished in manned spacecraft.
[3]

There are typically 40 million bacterial cells in a gram of soil and a million bacterial cells in a millilitre of fresh
water. There are approximately 510
30
bacteria on Earth,
[4]
forming a biomass which exceeds that of all plants
and animals.
[5]
Bacteria are vital in recycling nutrients, with many of the stages in nutrient cycles dependent on
these organisms, such as the fixation of nitrogen from the atmosphere and putrefaction. In the biological
communities surrounding hydrothermal vents and cold seeps, bacteria provide the nutrients needed to sustain
life by converting dissolved compounds such as hydrogen sulphide and methane to energy. On 17 March 2013,
researchers reported data that suggested bacterial life forms thrive in the Mariana Trench, the deepest spot on
the Earth.
[6][7]
Other researchers reported related studies that microbes thrive inside rocks up to 1900 feet below
the sea floor under 8500 feet of ocean off the coast of the northwestern United States.
[6][8]
According to one of
the researchers,"You can find microbes everywhere they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive
wherever they are."
[6]