Sci Focus 2 HB Answers

Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005.
This page may be photocopied for classroom use.

Carls new experiments
1.1
A N S W E R S
Answers to worksheets
Key
1A
1B
2C
2D
Carl's experiments
0
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6
8
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Days
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2C
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2D
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1 Qualitative. They were qualitative because all observations were recorded using only words.
2 Carl thought that he should also do a quantitative analysis; that is, record the observations using
numbers to measure how much the grass actually grows under different situations.
3 a Controls.
b Every experiment needs a control against which results can be compared.
4 Types of grass, amount of grass.
5 The amount of water was kept the same.
6 The amount of sunlight.
7 The amount of water.
8 The soil would have had some water in it on Day 1 and would take a few days to dry out.
9 Measurements to be taken at the same time of day. Same ruler to be used and measured from the same
place. Others as appropriate.
10 Repeating measurements is a good way to improve accuracy. Once a collection of different
measurements is taken, an average can be obtained.
11 a
b 1A 16 or 17 mm
1B 6 or 7 mm
2C 16 or 17 mm
2D 12 or 13 mm
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
T H E M A R I A N A T R E N C H
1
2
3
Extreme units
1.2
A N S W E R S
Graphing skills
1.3
A N S W E R S

Predicted energy consumption in Australia in 200910

electricity
45.2%
other
3.3%
solar
1.0%
oil
0.4%
wood
15.3%
natural gas
34.9%
Reading number
Blood glucose levels
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0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
1
2, 3 The greater the height,
the lower the graph.
4 a 16
b 40
5
6, 7 The greater the mass,
the higher the graph.
8 a 13
b 28.5
9 a high BMI
b medium BMI
c low BMI
d medium BMI
10 Various answers, eg:
a 1.4 m, 39.2 kg
b 1.6 m, 64 kg
c 1.8 m, 129.6 kg
Body mass index
1.4
A N S W E R S
Mass (kg) BMI (1.6 m tall people) BMI (1.8 m tall people)
50 19.5 15.4
60 23.4 18.5
70 27.3 21.6
80 31.3 24.7
90 35.2 27.8
100 39.1 30.9
110 43.0 34.0
120 46.9 37.0

Height (m) BMI (50 kg people) BMI (60 kg people)
1.2 34.7 41.7
1.3 29.6 35.5
1.4 25.5 30.6
1.5 22.2 26.7
1.6 19.5 23.4
1.7 17.3 20.8
1.8 15.4 18.5
1.9 13.9 16.6

Mass (kg)
B
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20 40 60 80 100 120 140
1.8 m
1.6 m
A N S W E R S
Unit 1.1: What, why and how?
1 experiment
2 micrometer
Unit 1.2: Scientific research
1 research
2 observations
3 quantitative
4 qualitative
5 inference
6 variable
7 hypothesis
8 aim
9 conclusion
Unit 1.3: Better measurements
1 estimate
2 mistake
3 error
4 parallax error
5 reading error
6 instrument errors
7 average
8 metric
9 period
Unit 1.4: Scientific conventions
1 conventions
2 apparatus
3 procedure
4 discussion
5 conclusion
6 bibliography
7 data
8 tabulated
9 independent variable
10 dependent variable
11 line of best fit

Sci-skills crossword
1.5
Sci-words
1.6
A N S W E R S
A N S W E R S
A N S W E R S
1 Tungsten W
Sodium Na
Zinc Zn
Einsteinium Es
Tin Sn
Boron B
Cerium Ce
Radon Rn
2 Am Americium
Uub Ununbium
Ne Neon
Ar Argon
Cd Cadmium
O Oxygen
H Hydrogen
Si Silicon
S Sulfur
3 a Radium e Sulfur
b Potassium f Helium
c Iodine g Silver
d Mercury
4 a 12
b Any atoms before carbon on the list, eg
oxygen, helium
c Any atoms after carbon on the list, eg zinc,
silver
d Atomic weight generally increases
e AW of Mg = 24
AW of C = 12
24/12 = 2 times heavier
f AW of He = 4
AW of C = 12
12/4 = 3 times lighter
5 a Hydrogen, H
b Caesium, Cs
The elements
2.1
A N S W E R S
1 a 99.99 per cent
b They are averages based on experimental data and are not 100 per cent accurate.
2 Students to colour in diagram.
3 Iron is needed to carry oxygen in our blood from the lungs to all parts of our body.
4 Breathe in, eat them in food, drink them.
Body elements
2.2
A N S W E R S
Elements wordfind
2.3
A N S W E R S
G Y M P T N U M N H J G K N D
A R U L U E P U O E N O T O N
L U I U N O E I R L D L I B O
U C D T G N U N O I P D T R R
M R A O S E R I B U O L A A I
I E R N T G O E C M T M N C P
N M M I E O P T A U A U I V L
I A U U N R I S L I S I U E A
U G I M I D U N C N S C M N T
M N M T D Y M I I A I I C I I
L E O I O H D E U R U R O R N
E S R N I T Q D M U M E P O U
A I H C H L O R I N E M P U M
D U C I E M U I R A B A E L X
Q M S K R Y P T O N D P R F B
Element Mass of oxide
(g)
Increase in
mass (g)
Percentage
increase (%)
Atomic
number
Reactivity
order
Aluminium 190.1 90.1 90.1 13 5
Calcium 139.7 39.7 39.7 20 3
Copper 124.5 24.5 24.5 29 9
Iron 142.9 42.9 42.9 26 7
Lead 103.1 3.1 3.1 82 8
Magnesium 166.7 66.7 66.7 12 4
Potassium 141.8 41.8 41.8 19 1
Sodium 175.3 75.3 75.3 11 2
Zinc 124.5 24.5 24.5 30 6
1
2 The points are scattered all over the graph. This shows no relationship between reactivity and mass
increase on reaction.
3
4 As atomic number increases there is a decrease in percentage increase in mass.
5 The higher the atomic number of the metal, the lower the mass gain on reaction with oxygen
6 a Approximately 17 per cent increase in mass.
b Approximately 10 per cent increase in mass.
7 a Iron.
b The result was well above the line of best fit and may have been incorrectly weighed.
8 a The purity of the reacting metals.
b The surface area of the metal sample.
There may be others.
Combination reactions
2.4
A N S W E R S
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Reactivity order
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Plot of mass increase v reactivity order
0 20 40 60 80 100
Atomic number
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Plot of mass increase v atomic number
1
2 The graph is very close to a straight line, sloping upwards as you move right. You can predict the atomic
weight by multiplying the atomic number by 2.5, or you could read the atomic weight from the graph.
3
4 The graph is cyclical, with several peaks and troughs.
Atomic graphs (extension)
2.5
A N S W E R S

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Atomic number
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50
100
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10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1 112
2 The number of protons in the nucleus of the elements.
3 Nobelium, Einsteinium, Mendelevium, Lawrencium, Seaborgium, Bohrium, Rutherfordium, Curium,
Fermium. There may be others.
4 Lead 82 Pb
Gold 79 Au
Oxygen 8 O
Potassium 19 K
Sulfur 16 S
Carbon 6 C
Silver 47 Ag
Iron 26 Fe
Sodium 11 Na
5 9 Fluorine F
4 Beryllium Be
40 Zirconium Zr
13 Aluminium Al
94 Plutonium Pu
80 Mercury Hg
22 Titanium Ti
27 Cobalt 27
15 Phosphorus P
14 Silicon Si
6 a Sodium, Sulfur, Silicon, Selenium, Seaborgium, Scandium, Strontium, Silver, Samarium.
b In order as above: Na, S, Si, Se, Sg, Sc, Sr, Sm.
c As many elements start with the same letter, a second letter is needed to tell them apart.
7 a Alkaline metals, Alkaline earth metals, Noble gases
b Helium He, Neon Ne, Argon Ar
c Helium Balloons, blimps
Neon Neon lights
Argon Fluorescent light tubes
The periodic table
2.6
A N S W E R S
Unit 2.1: Elements,
compounds and mixtures
1 element
2 symbol
3 atom
4 molecule
5 lattice
6 compound
7 formula
8 mixture
Unit 2.2: Physical and
chemical change
1 physical
2 chemical
3 combination
4 reactant
5 product
6 decomposition
7 precipitate
8 arrow
9 solid
10 concentration
11 area
12 catalysis
13 enzymes
Unit 2.3: Inside atoms
1 Dalton
2 Thomson
3 Rutherford
4 Bohr
5 alpha
6 nucleus
7 protons
8 neutrons
9 electrons
10 charge
11 atomic
12 mass
Atoms crossword
2.7
A N S W E R S

Sci-words
2.8
A N S W E R S
1
Microbe size Convert to micrometres (mm X 1000) Convert to nanometres (m X 1000)
3 millimetres 3000 3 000 000
5 millimetres 5000 5 000 000
7 millimetres 7000 7 000 000
5 micrometres 5 000
8 micrometres 8 000
10 micrometres 10 000
2
Microbe name Length or diameter as shown Length or diameter in nanometres
Yeast (fungi) 5 m 5 000
E. coli (bacteria) 3.5 m 3 500
Cholera bacteria 2.5 m 2 500
Filovirus 1 400 nm 1 400
Thiomargarita (fungi) 200 nm 200
Retrovirus 100 nm 100
Cold virus 1.1 nm 1.1
Water molecule 0.3 nm 0.3
3 Thiomargarita (fungi).
4 Thiomargarita (fungi), E. coli (bacteria), yeast (fungi), cholera bacteria.
5 Filovirus, retrovirus, cold virus, water molecule.
6
The size of microbes
3.1
A N S W E R S
cytoplasm
cell membrane
cell wall
flagellum
protein coat
chemical with
instructions for
making new
viruses
0 5 10 15
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15
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Time (hours)
Growth of bacteria
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1
2 Identify the time periods that correspond to each of the four phases:
lag phase = 0 to 2 hours
log phase = 3 to 8 hours
stationary phase = 9 to 12 hours
death stage = 13 to 15 hours.
3 a The antibiotic was taken at about the 13th hour of infection.
b The number of microbes fell very quickly between hours 13 and 14.
4 If you extended the graph to the 16th hour the number of bacteria would be about 4000.
5 The bodys immune system starts killing the bacteria.
Bacterial growth
3.2
A N S W E R S
1
Kills most microbes Stops or slows growth of microbes
Pickling Refrigeration
Pasteurisation Freezing
Heating in cans Drying foods
Salting
2 To keep microbes out; to stop microbes infecting the food, making it go off.
3 The frozen peas contain frozen microbes that will reproduce once the peas are defrosted.
4 a The milk goes off because microbes start to reproduce.
b This implies that the pasteurisation process does not kill all of the microbes present in milk.
5 Microbes like warm conditions in which to reproduce and grow. At lower temperatures they grow more
slowly, as chemical reactions are slower at colder temperatures.
6 Salted meat would last longer as the salt actually kills the microbes. Dried meat would be more easily
spoilt, as the bacteria are already there waiting to grow, but the salted meat would need to be reinfected.
7
Preserving foods
3.3
A N S W E R S
Food Preservation method
Cream refrigeration, pasteurisation
Apricots dried, refrigeration, heating and sealing in a can or jar
Fish refrigeration or freezing, pickling, salting
Pasta sauce refrigeration or freezing, heating and sealing in a jar
Potato chips salting, airtight
Pizza base refrigeration
Grapes dried (sultanas), refrigeration
Orange juice refrigeration
Peanuts salting, airtight
Salad refrigeration
Onions refrigeration, pickling
Jam heating and sealing in a jar
A N S W E R S
Disease Symptoms How do you catch it? What causes it?
Malaria Fever, shivering, headaches Insectmosquito Protozoa
Common
cold
Runny nose, sore and dry throat,
headache
Air, coughing and sneezing Virus
Mumps Painful swelling of the neck. High
fever, headache
Air, coughing and sneezing Virus
Chickenpox Itchy, small red blister all over the
body
Contact with infected person Virus
Cholera Diarrhoea, vomiting, dehydration Contaminated drinking water Bacteria
Ring worm Ring-shaped itchy patches Contact with infected person Fungi
Scarlet fever Fine red rash, sore throat, high
temperature, vomiting, tongue looks
white with red spots
Air Bacteria
Whooping
cough
Extended period of coughs ending
with a whoop sound
Air, coughing and sneezing Bacteria
Tinea Itchy red patches between toes Contact with infected person Fungi
Disease
3.4
A N S W E R S
Microbes crossword
3.5
A N S W E R S
1
2
3 4 5 6
7
8 9
10
11 12 13
14
15
16 17
18 19 20
21
22
23
24
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Unit 3.1: What is a microbe?
1 microorganisms
2 formite
3 microscope
4 electron
5 bacteria
6 cocci
7 flagella
8 fungi
9 yeast
10 mould
11 protists
12 cilia
13 amoeba
14 virus
Unit 3.2: Reproduction in microbes
1 binary
2 daughter
3 antibiotics
4 hyphae
5 spore
6 sporangium
7 budding
8 fission
9 host
10 antibodies
Unit 3.3: Friend or foe?
1 decomposition
2 toxins
3 yoghurt
4 cheese
5 rennin
6 truffles
7 penicillin
8 aerobic
9 fermentation
10 carbon dioxide
11 yeast
12 athletes foot
13 flu
Sci-words
3.6
A N S W E R S
1 100 grams contains
Cereal Energy
(kJ)
Protein
(g)
Fat
(g)
Carbohydrate
(g)
Sugar
(g)
Fibre
(g)
Sodium
(mg)
Potassium
(mg)
Vita Brits
1510 10.9 2.2 67.6 1.1 11.9 400 n.a.
Weetbix
1390 12 1.3 67 2.8 11 280 340
Weeties
1520 10.9 2.2 68.0 1.1 12.0 405 n.a.
Nutri-Grain
1596 21.9 0.6 69.4 32 2.7 600 147
Corn Flakes
1582 7.8 0.2 83.6 7.9 2.6 800 93
Coco Pops
1603 5.4 0.3 87.7 36.5 1.2 564 243
2
Analyse this!page 1
4.1
A N S W E R S
1650

1600
1550
1500
1450
1400
1350
1300
1250
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Protein (g)
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Fat (g)
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Carbohydrate (g)
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Sugar (g)
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Fibre (g)
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3 a All contained similar amounts of energy, though Nutri-Grain, Corn Flakes and Coco Pops
contained the most (about 1600 kJ).
b Nutri-Grain stands out as containing the most protein (21.9 g per 100 gabout double all the
others).
c All contained low amounts of fat, but Vita Brits and Weeties contained most (2.2 g per 100 gabout
triple that of the others).
d Corn Flakes and Coco Pops contained the most carbohydrate (about 85 g per 100 g).
e Vita Brits and Weeties contained almost no sugar compared with the others, while Nutri-Grain
and Coco Pops were made up of about one-third sugar.
f Vita Brits, Weetbix and Weeties contained most fibre (about 12 g per 100 g).
g Corn Flakes stand out as containing most sodium (800 mg per 100 g).
h Weetbix contained most potassium (340 mg per 100 g).
4 a Vita Brits and Weeties are low in sugar and high in fibre.
b Coco Pops and Nutri-Grain are high in sugar and low in fibre.
5 Various answers depending on student response.
6 Various answers depending on student response.
Analyse this!page 2
4.1
A N S W E R S
Sodium (mg)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
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Potassium (mg)
0
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200
250
300
350
400
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1 See Figure 4.2.5 in Science Focus 2.
2 a Produces enzymes that aid in digestion.
b Digests food through chemical and mechanical processes.
c Cut and grind food.
d Absorbs minerals and water from food.
e Stores glucose, detoxifies blood.
f Helps manipulate and push food back for swallowing.
g Produces saliva.
h Stores bile, which helps digestion of fats.
i Absorbs protein, carbohydrates and lipids from food. Most digestion occurs here.
j Pushes food from mouth to stomach.
3 a Large intestine.
b Pancreas.
c Small intestine.
d Rectum.
e Mouth.
The human circulatory system
4.4
A N S W E R S
The human digestive system
4.2
A N S W E R S
3 The left side pumps blood to the entire body and must work harder than the right, which just pumps to
the lungs.
The heart
4.3
A N S W E R S
1
2 The brain.
3 The muscles.
4 a 5800 mL/min
b 17 500 mL/min
Blood flow rates
4.5
A N S W E R S
Blood flow
Part of the body
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Abdomen Brain Heart Kidney Muscles Skin Other
2000
12 500
1500
1000
500
0
At rest
During strenuous exercise
2 a The blood.
b Body wastes, including excess water and salts, and urea.
3 Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
4 The urinary system acts like a filter. Blood flows through the kidneys and is cleaned, so that useful
substances are kept in the blood and the wastes are removed into the urine. It also ensures that the
amount and composition of body fluids are kept at levels that are safe.
The urinary system
4.6
A N S W E R S
2 Triggers include dust, smoke, irritants, chemicals and exercise.
3 The airways become narrower. This is caused by the contraction of the airway muscles with swelling
and inflammation of the airway lining. This then leads to the production of excess mucus, which further
restricts airflow. The result is a reduced amount of air going in and out of the lungs.
4 Wheezing, chest tightness, breathlessness and sometimes coughing.
5 Reliever and preventer medication.
6 A reliever relaxes the muscles of the airway, allowing them to open and produce normal breathing.
A preventer reduces swelling and inflammation of the airways, which helps reduce excess mucus
production.
7 The normal airways are open, not inflamed or irritated, and produce a little bit of mucus.
The asthma sufferer would have a swollen, inflamed lining that may be producing excess mucus, even
between attacks.
Asthma
4.7
A N S W E R S
1 These organisms are too large to allow gases to move directly from the atmosphere to all body cells.
2 The movement of gases across the lining requires a moist surface.
3 a Large surface area and moist surface.
b Insectoxygen moves directly from the air to the tissues; fishoxygen moves from water into the
bloodstream.
c Large surface area and moist surface.
Other respiratory systems
4.8
A N S W E R S
Unit 4.1: Food
1 dehydration
2 water
3 lipids
4 proteins
5 vitamins
6 minerals
7 carbohydrate
8 deficiency
9 thiamine
10 potassium
11 energy
12 nervosa
13 bulimia
14 obese
Unit 4.2: Digestion
1 molars
2 incisors
3 enamel
4 decay
5 fluoride
6 alimentary
7 bolus
8 oesophagus
9 peristalsis
10 villi
11 caecum
12 anus
13 rectum
14 liver
15 sphincter
16 chyme
17 poisons
18 stool
19 flatus
20 glycogen
21 diarrhoea
22 vomit
Unit 4.3: Blood
and circulation
1 plasma
2 fibrin
3 transfusion
4 artery
5 aorta
6 capillary
7 oxygenated
8 atrium
9 ventricle
10 valves
11 systolic
12 pacemaker
13 vein
Unit 4.4:
Excretion: getting
rid of wastes
1 excretion
2 urea
3 water
4 kidney
5 nephron
6 urine
7 ureter
8 urethra
9 bladder
10 dialysis
Unit 4.5:
Respiratory systems
1 respiration
2 glucose
3 carbon dioxide
4 enzymes
5 metabolism
6 anaerobic
7 lactic acid
8 ethanol
9 fermentation
10 windpipe
11 alveoli
12 epiglottis
13 haemoglobin
14 diaphragm
15 exhaled air
16 capillaries
1 2
3 4
5 6
7
8 9 10
11 12
13
14
15
16 17
18
19 20
21
22 23
24
25
26
27
F L A C C I D
P A C E M A K E R
O E S O P H A G U S
U R E A T R A N S F U S I O N
A L I M E N T A R Y
E X C R E T O N
D E H Y D R A T I O N
D E F I C I E N C Y
D I A R R H O E A
P E R I S T A L S I S
F I B R I N
A N U S
D I A L Y S I S
D E C A Y
S T O O L
H
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T
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C
A
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B
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A
S
S
I
U
M
C
M
B
I
M
V
E
N
E
N
E
G
Y
O
Y
G
E
T
E
S
Y
T
O
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C
P
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L
L
A
R
Y
P
L
S
A
V
L
L
N
A
M
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A
T
U
S
Body systems crossword
4.9
A N S W E R S
Sci-words
4.10
A N S W E R S
1
2 Hot, dry windy weather.
3 The contact between your clothes and the seats surface causes the build-up of static electricity through
frictional or contact charging.
4 One surface ends up with more negative charges (your body) and the other surface has more positives
(the car).
5 Normally 10 000 V but up to 20 000 V.
6 Any one of the following:
changing the surface materials of the car seat
changing the type of material in your clothing; some materials, however, such as woollen jumpers
and pants, certain human-made fabrics and plastic raincoats, make the effect worse
always going barefooted, so the charge will leak away when you step outside the carnot good in
winter!
covering your car seats with a conductor such as aluminium foilthis stops the contact-charging
effect
before you get out of the car, touching something metal or glass, which may be enough to take the
charges away without the zap.
7 Your shoes insulate you. Removing them allows the charge to leak out.
8 Trampoline.
Carpet in a house.
Taking a hat on and off.
Taking clothing on and off.
Others as suggested by students.
9 Various answers as suggested by students.
Zapping car doors
5.1
A N S W E R S
1 An energy source, such as a battery, a conductor
(wires) for the electricity to flow through,
something to use up the electrical energy such
as a globe or motor, a switch to turn the current
on and off.
4 Circuit with symbols, as it is faster and requires
fewer details in diagrams; also it is 2D not 3D.
6
7
Electrical symbols and circuits
5.2
A N S W E R S
Electrical current at the footy
5.3
A N S W E R S
1 Circuit A.
2 More people could enter the ground.
3 Total number = 2 5 = 10 people every minute.
4 Circuit B.
5 There are two ways for the current to go, so more current flows.
6 The gate is twice as wide so will admit 10 people every minute.
7 Resistance is lower (half).
8 All the people (current) would enter at the truck entrance gate.
9
B
A N S W E R S
Appliance Power rating
(W)
Power rating
(kW)
Time used
for
Time used
for (hours)
Energy used
(kWh)
Cost ($)
Standard globe 75 0.075 36 hours 36 2.7 0.324
Fluorescent light 40 0.04 24 hours 24 0.96 0.1152
Hair dryer 1500 1.5 10 minutes 0.167 0.25 0.03
Fan heater 2000 2 2 hours 2 4 0.48
Iron 750 0.75 30 minutes 0.5 0.375 0.045
Computer 350 0.35 5 hours 5 1.75 0.21
Microwave oven 1200 1.2 15 minutes 0.25 0.3 0.036
Stove 8000 8 30 minutes 0.5 4 0.48
Frypan 1500 1.5 15 minutes 0.25 0.375 0.045
Refrigerator 600 0.6 1 week 168 100.8 12.096
Washing machine 1000 1 1.5 hours 1.5 1.5 0.18
Television 250 0.25 2 hours 2 0.5 0.06
Kettle 1800 1.8 5 minutes 0.0833 0.15 0.018
Cassette player 10 0.01 20 minutes 0.333 0.003 33 0.0004
$14.1196
Electricity costs
5.4
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
10
11 12
13 14
15
17 18 19 20 21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
16
D I R E C T
A T T R A C T
T U N G S T E N
C U R R E N T
N E U T R A L
K E T T L E
N E G A T I V E
P O S I T I V E
F U S E
A R G O N
P A R A L L E L
A L T E R N A T I N G
V O L T A G E
R E S I S T A N C E
I N S U L A T O R
S E R I E S
M E T A L S
M
M
E
E
F
E
L
D
S
A
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C
O
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P
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L H
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Electricity crossword
5.6
A N S W E R S
A N S W E R S
Unit 5.1: Static electricity
1 positive
2 negative
3 neutral
4 attract
5 repel
6 static
7 induced
8 photocopier
9 field
Unit 5.2: Moving
electricity
1 voltage
2 currrent
3 ammeter
4 voltmeter
5 nichrome
6 insulator
7 metals
8 cell
9 battery
10 lithium
11 photovoltaic
12 resistance
13 argon
14 tungsten
15 component
Unit 5.3: Using electricity
1 parallel
2 series
3 transformer
4 direct
5 alternating
Sci-words
5.7
A N S W E R S
1 A measure of the ferocity, size and impact of the
fire.
2 Fuel consumed, rate of spread and heat energy
available in the fuel.
3 I = H W R
4 I = kilowatt per metre, H = kilojoule per
kilogram, W = kilogram per square metre,
R = metres per hour
5 a I = H W R
= 4 10 50
= 2000 kW/m
Ecological impactmedium impact, trees
killed, slow recovery of ecosystem.
b I = 4 50 200
= 40 000 kW/m
Ecological impactextremely high,
ecosystem completely destroyed.
6 Lower limit
I = H W R
20 = 4 W 5
20 = 20 W
W = 1 kilogram per square metre
Upper limit
I = H W R
500 = 4 W 5
500 = 20 W
W = 25 kilograms per square metre
A sample of the area would need to have
between 1 and 25 kilograms per square metre.
7 a More moisture, lower intensity; less
moisture, higher intensity.
b Higher wind, higher intensity, as the wind
supplies more oxygen and keeps fire moving
faster.
c Fires burn faster and hotter when travelling
uphill than down. Sheltered areas may burn
at lower intensity than open, exposed areas.
Bushfire intensity
6.1
A N S W E R S
1 Huntsman spider and mermithid worm.
2 An organism that lives in or on another.
3 Either directly or via food.
4 Body fluids, digestive glands, gonads, muscles.
5 By bursting out of its body.
6 Weakened.
7 a To water.
b Possibly thirst.
c The worm is aquatic, so its chances of survival are increased.
Whodunnit?
6.2
A N S W E R S
1
2 a 71.76 kg
b 66.04 kg
c 53.56 kg
3 a Steady decrease.
b Initial increase, then steady.
4 Possibly plastic being used to replace glass containers.
5
6 a 133.64 kg
b 127.92 kg
c 190.84 kg
7 Various answers, eg paper used in non-packaging steadily increases.
8 1994: 205.40 kg, 1999: 193.96 kg, 2004: 244.40 kg
9 Packaging and non-packaging totals show different trends. The vertical scale for non-packaging involves
values around three times larger than those for packaging.
A load of garbage
6.3
A N S W E R S

k
g

p
e
r

p
e
r
s
o
n
250
Other
Garden
Food
Paper
200
150
100
50
0
1999 2004
0 1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
y
x 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
1880
1870
1
8
9
0
1
9
0
0
1980
Rabbit advance
6.4
A N S W E R S
1
2 Various answers, eg cattle grazing, land clearing, food for rabbits and other introduced species.
3 Various answers depending on student research.
Total numbers of rare or threatened Australian plants in all conservation categories
29
78
40
17
28
71
41
46
27
48
9
45
34
16
73
133
154
73
19
128
152
51
35
150 237
35
30
14
18
31
44
162
45
774
28
24
128
209
82
57
86 85
37
15
13
23
16
42
27
56
63
48
74
66
27
5 3
47
32
76
15
63
27
34
78
250
30
150
7
13
62
99
125
197
435
452
480
308
419
464
51100
101200
201400
401 +
42
74
150
Threatened plants
6.5
A N S W E R S
Unit 6.1: Ecosystems
1 ecosystem
2 community
3 terrestrial
4 aquatic
5 biosphere
6 biomes
7 habitat
8 microhabitat
Unit 6.2: Physical
attributes of an ecosystem
1 environment
2 adaptations
3 abiotic
4 photic zone
5 pH
6 biotic
7 competition
8 dispersal
9 predation
Unit 6.3: Food chains and
food webs: interactions
of life
1 glucose
2 photosynthesis
3 producer
4 autotroph
5 consumer
6 heterotroph
7 carnivore
8 omnivore
9 herbivore
10 food chain
11 food web
12 biodiversity
13 organic matter
14 decomposers
15 mutualism
16 commensalism
17 parasitism
Unit 6.4: Effects of
human civilisation on the
ecosystem
1 pollutant
2 global warming
3 acid rain
4 transpiration
5 overgrazing
6 deforestation
7 exotic species
8 conservation
Ecology crossword
6.6
A N S W E R S
1
4 5 6
9
10 11
12 13 14 15
16 17 18
19 20
21 22
23
24
25
26
27
28
7 8
2 3
G L O B A L A D A P T A T I O N S
W E B B I O D I V E R S I T Y
C A R N I V O R E
D E C O M P O S E R S
M A G N I F I C A T I O N
P H O T O S Y N T H E S I S
M U T U A L I S M
P R O D U C E R
A B I O T I C
C O M M U N I T Y C O N S E R V A T I O N
A C I D
G
U
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S
A
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Sci-words
6.7
A N S W E R S
1 A push and a pull force.
2 a Evaporation: Change of
state of water from liquid
to gas.
b Transpiration: Evaporation
of water from a plant.
c Stomata: Hole in the leaf
that allows a water and
gases in and out.
3 See Figures 7.1.2 and 7.1.4 in
Science Focus 2.
4 See Figure 7.1.5 in Science
Focus 2.
5 Strong attractions between
water molecules that make
them stick together.
6 The Sun.
7 The water in the straw should
be higher than the water in
the glass.
8 Fill a glass above the rim
and observe the curved
surface. This is due to the
cohesion forces between water
molecules.
9 There is a push and pull force
involved. Pressure in the
roots pushes water upwards.
The force of this push can
take water about two to three
metres. Evaporation of water
from the leavescalled
transpirationpulls the water
molecules up the tree. As
molecules evaporate they
attract the molecules around
them, as there are strong
attractions between water
molecules that make them
stick together. This creates a
small suction force and pulls
water upwards. The attraction
chain continues to the ground
and causes the water to move
from the roots to the tree top.
Capillary action also helps.
As the xylem is a tube, water
molecules are attracted to and
rise up the walls of the tube a
little.
Water movement in trees
7.1
A N S W E R S
The effect of temperature on
photosynthesis
7.2
A N S W E R S
1 a Carbon dioxide, water.
b Glucose (sugar), oxygen.
c Light, chlorophyll.
2 a 6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
light

C
6
H
12
O
6
+ 6O
2
b A lighted splint will flare when placed
in the oxygen gas.
3 a The rate of most chemical reactions
increases as the temperature
increases.
b At these higher temperatures the
enzymes involved in photosynthesis
are altered (denatured). Without
effective enzymes, the rate of reaction
slows.
4 Carbon dioxide level and light intensity. 20 30 40
50
40
30
20
B
u
b
b
l
e
s
p
e
r
m
i
n
u
t
e
Temperature (C)
chlorophyll
All organisms require energy to carry out their life
functions. The Sun is the ultimate source of energy
for all life on Earth.
During photosynthesis plants use the energy
from the Sun to make food. Photosynthesis is a
chemical reaction in which water and carbon
dioxide react to form oxygen and glucose. Glucose
is the chemical in which the energy is stored.
Chlorophyll is a pigment in plants that absorbs the
sunlight. The chlorophyll is contained in structures
called chloroplasts inside the leaf cells.
This stored energy is available to be used later.
The energy in glucose is released in a process called
respiration. Both plants and animals release energy
in this way.
In respiration, glucose reacts with oxygen to
form the products carbon dioxide and water.
Respiration and photosynthesis would occur very
slowly without enzymes to act as catalysts and speed
up the reactions.
2 a Photosynthesis:
Light
water + carbon dioxide oxygen + glucose
b Respiration:
oxygen + glucose water + carbon dioxide
(+ energy)
3 a B b A
4 a Oxygen.
b The rate of gas production would increase,
as more light increases the rate of
photosynthesis.
c Insert a glowing splint and it should burst
into flames.
5 a Carbon dioxide.
b Insert alighted splint and it should go out (or
limewater test).
c Yes.
d Oxygen from photosynthesis, as the set-up
is now in the light. And carbon dioxide, as
respiration goes on all the time.
Photosynthesis and respiration
7.3
A N S W E R S
2
mesophyll cells loosely packed cells that give this part of the leaf a spongy appearance;
loose packing allows large spaces for gases to move between the cells
phloem cells carries food and glucose away from the leaf
air space spaces in the leaf where gases move around cells
lower epidermal cells transparent layer of cells on the bottom of the leaf that act like a skin
upper epidermal cells transparent layer of cells on the top of the leaf that act like a skin
cuticle waxy waterproof layer that reduces loss of water from the leaf
stomata small openings on the leaf surface
xylem cells supplies water to the leaf
palisade cells this layer is tightly packed and contains large numbers of chloroplasts; a large
amount of photosynthesis occurs here
chloroplast structure in plant cells that contains the green chlorophyll
guard cells cells that change the size of the stomatal openings, allowing stomata to open
and close
Leaves
7.4
A N S W E R S
1
2 3 4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11 12
13
14 15
16
17
18
19
W
C
A
A
E
R
O
B
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D
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A
L
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H
L
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M
Y
S
H
S
G
R
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A
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C
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M
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G
I
D
Y
R
O
O
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A
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P
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Y
O
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G
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N
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Unit 7.1: Plant transport
systems
1 glucose
2 starch
3 photosynthesis
4 xylem
5 phloem
6 vascular
7 minerals
8 flaccid
9 turgid
10 cambiam
Unit 7.2: Photosynthesis
and respiration
1 oxygen
2 carbon dioxide
3 chlorophyll
4 chloroplasts
5 iodine
6 cellulose
7 light reaction
8 respiration
9 enzymes
Unit 7.3: Leaves
1 cuticle
2 stomata
3 xylem cells
4 phloem cells
5 palisade cells
6 mesophyll cells
7 epidermis
8 guard cells
9 green

Plants crossword
7.5
A N S W E R S
Sci-words
7.6
A N S W E R S
1
Planet Astronomical distance (AU) Bodes Law
Mercury 0.39 0.4
Venus 0.72 0.7
Earth 1.0 1.0
Mars 1.52 1.6
Unknown planet? 2.8
Jupiter 5.2 5.2
Saturn 9.6 10.0
2 The discovery of Uranus provided proof that Bodes Law was correct and other scientists would more
strongly believe it.
3 Astronomers thought that the asteroids were fragments of a larger planet that had exploded.
4
Planet Astronomical distance (AU) Working Bodes Law
Uranus 19.2 Align equals signs in following lines
192 + 4 = 196
196/10 = 19.6 AU
19.6
Neptune 30.1 384 + 4 = 388
388/10 = 38.8
38.8
Pluto 39.6 768 + 4 = 772
772/10 = 77.2
77.2
5 There is a large inaccuracy in the last two results. Bodes Law does not seem to work in these cases.
6 Bodes Law holds for the first seven planets only. A law must hold for all cases; therefore Bodes Law
is not a true law. The large error in the results for the last two planets showed that the law was a
mathematical coincidence only.
Discovering the asteroid belt
8.1
A N S W E R S
Common name
Constellation Scrambled Clue Unscrambled
AQUARIUS RATEW RIRECAR A bucket is also one WATER CARRIER
AQUILA LEGEA Powerful bird EAGLE
ARA RATLA Found in a church ALTAR
BOOTES SAMNERDH Looks after herds HERDSMAN
CANCER ABCR Sea creature with
exoskeleton
CRAB
CANIS GOD Common pet DOG
CAPRICORNUS TOAG Horned animal GOAT
CENTAURUS TENRACU Half-human, half-horse CENTAUR
CETUS AHELW Large aquatic mammal WHALE
COLUMBA VEDO Bird of peace DOVE
CORVUS RWOC Black bird CROW
CRATER UPC Drinking vessel CUP
CRUX SROCS On the Australian flag CROSS
CYGNUS SNAW The ugly duckling was
one
SWAN
DELPHINIUS PINHOLD Intelligent sea mammal DOLPHIN
DORADO WORDSHISF Type of fish SWORDFISH
DRACO ARDNOG Medieval beast DRAGON
FORNAX ACENURF Oven FURNACE
GEMINI NITSW Born together TWINS
GRUS RANEC Lifting device or bird CRANE
HYDRA TARWE SONTREM Type of monster WATER MONSTER
HYDRUS ESA PENTERS Ocean-going snake SEA SERPENT
LEO LINO King of beasts (Africa) LION
LEPUS RAHE Like a rabbit HARE
LIBRA SASECL For measuring mass SCALES
MONOCEROS NINROCU Mythical horned horse UNICORN
MUSCA LYF Annoying insect FLY
ORION RENTUH Seeks animals HUNTER
PAVO PECKACO Bird that displays blue
and green colours
PEACOCK
PEGASUS DINGWE ROSEH Flying thoroughbred WINGED HORSE
PICTOR TINREAP Artist PAINTER
PISCIS AUSTRINUS NERTHOUS HISF Fish from the south SOUTHERN FISH
SAGITTARIUS HERARC Uses bow and arrows ARCHER
SCORPIUS POONIRCS Stinging arthropod SCORPION
TAURUS ULLB Male cow BULL
TRIANGULUM
AUSTRALE
HTOSNREU GIANRELT Three-sided shape in the
south
SOUTHERN TRIANGLE
TUCANA CANOUT Tropical bird with large
beak
TOUCAN
URSA AERB The grisly is one BEAR
VOLANS NYILGF IFHS Fish that flies FLYING FISH
Constellations
8.2
A N S W E R S
3 The three main areas are the bulge, the disk and spiral arms, and the halo.
4 Elliptical galaxies have a bulge and a halo, but do not have a disk or spiral arms.
5 The bulge is about 10 000 light years in diameter and contains mostly old stars, gas and dust.
6 The halo contains either individual or clusters of old stars, called globular clusters.
7 Bulge = 1 cm, disk = 10 cm, halo = 13 cm
Parts of a galaxy
8.3
A N S W E R S
Global positioning
8.4
A N S W E R S
1 Celestial navigation is the finding of a position on Earth by observation of the Sun, moon, stars and
planets.
The celestial sphere is an imaginary hollow sphere with an imaginary centre at the centre of the Earth.
2 G = Global, P = Positioning, S = System.
3 A constellation is group of stars. Celestial bodies are objects in the night sky. The human-made celestial
bodies are the satellites. This phrase therefore describes the group of satellites orbiting the Earth.
4 NAVSTAR could mean navigation by the stars (these stars being satellites). The actual meaning of
NAVSTAR is NAVigation System by Timing And Ranging.
5 Positional accurately to within metres.
6 The satellites orbit at 20 000 kilometres. The 24 NAVSTAR satellites are in different orbital planes. This
provides global coverage for the GPS.
7 Three satellites will give a latitude/longitude position. This is called a 2D position fix. With four or more
satellites, you get a 3D position which includes latitude, longitude and altitude.
1 2
3
4
5
6
7
8 9 10
11
12
13 14
15
16
17
S
C
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K
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B
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K
A
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A
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Unit 8.1: Space rocks
1 astronomy
2 asteroid
3 comet
4 meteor
5 meteorite
6 meteoroid
7 Halley
8 tails
9 Ceres
Unit 8.2: The night sky
1 light year
2 sphere
3 ascension
4 declination
5 constellation
6 Crux
7 Centauri
8 Hadar
Unit 8.3: The Milky Way
and other galaxies
1 galaxy
2 spiral
3 Milky Way
4 quasar
5 radio
6 AAT
7 Hubble
8 universe
Unit 8.4: Satellites and
remote sensing
1 satellite
2 asynchronous
3 polar
4 Positioning
5 meteorology
6 false
7 Spirit
Sci-words
8.6
A N S W E R S
Astronomy crossword
8.5
A N S W E R S
Solids, liquids and gases crossword
1.1
A N S W E R S
Unit 9.1: Teamwork and topics
1 scientific research
2 explorer
3 scientist
4 team player
5 researcher
6 open-ended
Unit 9.2: Planning your investigation
1 research
2 variables
3 independent
4 dependent
5 controlled
6 aim
7 hypothesis
8 procedure
9 replicating
Unit 9.3: Testing and evaluation
1 quantitative
2 qualitative
3 discussion
4 graph
5 conclusion
6 bibliography
Team research project crossword
9.3
A N S W E R S
Sci-words
9.4
A N S W E R S
1 2
3 4 5
6
7 8
9
10
11
12
13
D
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Sci Focus 2 HB Answers

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Sci Focus 2 HB Answers

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Science Focus 2 Homework Book Answers Pearson Education Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) 2005.

This page may be photocopied for classroom use.

Predicted energy consumption in Australia in 200910

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