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Ijbgpbiuikboh:G:Eba:: - J ( - JL GXG ( - J) B Boijbf - G - GB - D e - Q - GBXG - /jhah
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HPHHHHHB HCHXOAHAHH3A
n nx npnuenenne x neuennm nenposon
HHCTHTYT OFEIYMAHHTAPHIX HCCHEOBAHHH
MOCKBA
FFK 88.4 H93
Hepeno c anrnnncxoro: B.Bapnapona, K.Rrnmx
Peax1op: .Tpyx
Kountm1epnan nepc1xa: C.Aayen
Fnecrxmee nsnoxenne ncnxoanannrnuecko reopnn xcnoe n xnnoe n, n ro xe
npemx, onaammee ]ynamenrantno rnynno akaemnueckoro noxoa k
paccmarpnnaemtm nonpocam, enaer +ry knnry nesamennmo nx ncex, kro nnraer nnrepec
k conpemennomy ncnxoanannsy. A xpkne n, nouac, rnnnueckne npnmept moryr npoxcnnrt
nekoropte xnsnennte cnryannn nx nmoro uenoneka.
Knnra nsana npn yuac1nn nsa1entc1na "Ynnnepcn1e1cxan xnnra", C.-
He1epypr.
Herbert Nunberg, 1955 Hncrnryr Omerymannrapntx Hccneonann, nepeno
n o]opmnenne, 1999
ISBN 5-88230-071-1
Coepaanne
Hpencnonne.
Bneenne.
Inana I
FECCO3HATEHIHOE B HEBPO3E.
Inana II
CHOBHEHHE.
Inana 3
TOHOIPAuHuECKA H HHAMHuECKA KOHHEHHH HEBPO3A.
Inana 4
HHCTHHKTHBHA XH3HI HEBPOTHKA.
Inana 5
HCHXOHOIH 3IO.
Inana 6
AKTYAHIHIE HEBPO3I.
Inana 7
TPEBOIA.
Inana 8
HPOHECCI 3AHTI 3AHTHIH FAPIEP HPOTHB PA3PAXHTEHEH H
HPHHHHH YOBOHICTBH-HEYOBOHICTBH.
Inana 9
HPOHECC 3AFOHEBAHH.
Inana 10
XAPAKTEP H HEBPO3.
Inana 11 HPHuHHI HEBPO3A 308
Inana 12 TEOPETHuECKHE HPHHHHHI HCHXOAHAHHTHuECKOH
TEPAHHH.
Hpencnonne
Bnepnme +1a xnnra mna naneua1ana na neuenxou nsmxe n Bepne,
mnennapnn, Xancou Xtmepou mepnarou, n nasmnanact Allgemein Aeurosenlehre auf
psychoanalytischer Crundlage. Moen nentm mno noxasa1t npnnnnnm ncnxoanannsa na
npnuepe nenposa. Xo1n c 1ex nop, xax mna onynnxonana +1a xnnra, npomno
nexo1opoe npeun, n cun1am, u1o nsnoaennme n nen npnnnnnm nepnm n no cen ent. C
1ex nop mna npoenana nennan pao1a, xo1opan nouorna nyume nonn1t
cnennqnuecxne nponeum, no ocnonnme nen ncnxoanannsa oc1annct nensuennmun.
Iepepm Hmuepe Htm-Hopx, 1965
Beeoeuue
upe sanoxnn ocnont nsyuennx nenposon n cnonx mnorouncnenntx paorax n
kparko nsnoxnn nx n knnre Aligemeine Neurosenlehre, rperte uacrn ''Bnontx neknn". C
rex nop, onako, ns-no ero nepa ntmnn naxnte ononnennx, koropte sanepmamr nnn
mon]nnnpymr nekoropte nen, nsnoxennte n onee pannnx paorax. Ho ncnxoananns
cnoxnax reopnx, n axe mnorne ontrnte anannrnkn ne cmornn nocnpnnxrt nonte nen
upea, ne ronopx yxe npo nonnukon n cryenron. Ho+romy nepnonauantno x crannn nepe
coo saauy nokasart, uro "nonte" nen ecrecrnenntm opasom nosnnknn na asnce
"craptx", crann uacrtm ncnxoanannrnuecko cncremt n renept nnonne rapmonnpymr c
"onee pannnmn" nsrnxamn. ntrancx orpasnrt ntnemnee cocroxnne ncnxoanannsa n
nokasart, kak on npnmenxercx n ornomennn k nenposy.
nx +ro nenn neoxonmo ncnomnnrt xopomo nsnecrnte ]akrt n conocrannrt nx
c nontmn nanmennxmn. Ho +ro npnunne, a rakxe orroro, uro y cryenron tn pasnt
yponent nororonkn, mon neknnn nonyunnnct neckontko neponntmn; nnora onn kasannct
ouent npocrtmn, a nnora ouent cnoxntmn. pyrax cnoxnocrt nosnnkna orroro, uro x
cunran, uro cneyer coomart rontko ocronepnte cneennx. Mory oannrt, uro ecnn x
sanonnxn npoent, npnnox cocrnennte oxcnennx, ro nponcxonno +ro ckopee
cnyuano. Ho+romy x xouy nouepknyrt, uro x necy ornercrnennocrt, ocoenno sa ry pont.
koropym x ctrpan n cnnrernuecko ]ynknnn +ro n n nexx o npncnoconennn k
peantnocrn n uyncrne nnnt.
Ouent rxxeno nonxrt ncnxoananns rontko cnymax neknnn n unrax knnrn.
Camoananns nmeer orpomnoe snauenne. Hpexe uem crart npo]eccnonantntm anannrnkom,
esycnonno nyxno camomy nporn ncnxoananns. Bo-nepntx, uenonek onxen na
cocrnennom ontre nepexnrt ro, uro yer nponcxonrt c nannenramn, onepnnmnmncx
emy; on onxen nsyunrt ncnxoananns nsnyrpn. Honxn cex, on craner nyume nonnmart
pyrnx. Bo-nroptx, npox ananns, on ocnoonrtcx or onpeenenntx +monnonantntx
cknonnocre, koropte mornn t nomemart ero paore. Kaxt, kro xouer npakrnkonart
ncnxoananns, onxen ymert noorn k ncnxnueckomy xnnennm es npepaccykon n
pnrnnocrn. Fes anannsa ero spenne yer saremneno eccosnarentntmn mornnamn, on
yer nnert ro, uro emy xouercx nnert nnn ne yer sameuart ouennnoro.
Hcnxoananns +mnnpnueckax nayka. Fnaroapx nanmennxm (rnanntm opasom
sa ontntmn nspocntmn n ertmn) tnn copant ]akrt, npexe nensnecrnte nnn
nenepno nnrepnpernponanmnecx; +rn ]akrt tnn coornecent c ncnxnuecko xnsntm n
nenom n na nx ocnone tna c]opmynnponana nce eme neckontko neconepmennax reopnx o
nnamnke ncnxnuecknx nponeccon, o crpykrype ncnxnuecknx mexannsmon n o
]ynknnonnponannn yma. Hcnxoananns cran nesanncnmo nayko. Onako neoxonmo
ormernrt, uro n +rn nayke nccneonannx neorennmt or neuennx ontntx. Mt ne yem
sarparnnart cam ncnxoanannrnueckn mero n omne ncnxoanannrnueckne nen, kpome
rex cnyuaen, kora +ro yer neoxonmo nx roro, urot nyume nonxrt npemer namero
ocyxennx. Mt yem ocyxart nncart, nosnnkmne npn neuennn ontntx
ncnxoanannrnuecknm meroom pyrnmn cnonamn, mt yem ocyxart
ncnxonaronornm nenposa n cnere reopnn upea.
Xorx ornpanno rouko nx ncnxoanannsa nocnyxnno crpemnenne nsannrt
uenoneka or crpaann, nsyuenne nenposon npnnecer nontsy ne rontko npauam,
nnannpymmnm sanxrtcx ncnxoanannrnuecko npakrnko. Bet nncart, nosnnkmne npn
neuennn ontntx nme nckope nponnknn n n pyrne c]ept uenoneuecko xnsnn,
nanpnmep, n nocnnranne ere, nsyuenne pennrnn, n connantnte naykn n rak anee.
Hmoe npnponoe xnnenne nmeer mnoxecrno acnekron. urot nonnocrtm nonxrt
ero, nyxno paccmorpert ero c pasntx rouek spennx. Ho+romy mt paccmorpnm nenpos n
kauecrne npoxnnennx nncrnnkrnnno xnsnn, n kauecrne npoxnnennx eccosnarentno
ncnxnuecko xnsnn, n n kauecrne mann]ecrannn +ro. 3rnonornx nenposa yer
ocyxartcx n orentno rnane. Moryr nosnnknyrt cnoxnocrn c nonnmannem marepnana,
nockontky +ror mero nsnoxennx npnnonr k kaxymnmcx npornnopeunxm, koropte yyr
pement n camom konne. Fonee roro, mt yem packnatnart na nnockocrn ro, uro
nponcxonr na camom ene na pasntx yponnxx n n pasntx nsmepennxx. Hcnxnueckne
nponecct nepennerent n nsanmocnxsant n nenosmoxno nsexart nonropennn.
Hackontko +ro nosmoxno, ncxono rouko nx namnx paccyxenn ncera yer
marepnan, nonyuennt or nannenron. Onako erantnte ncropnn onesne ne yyr
npnneent, nockontky axe ona-enncrnennax nonnax ncropnx onesnn samer coo
ncm knnry. Bnauane mt orpannunmcx koporknmn, npocrtmn npnmepamn, koropte yyr
onee nonesnt cryenram, uem onncanne sanyranntx nnnntx anannson. Onako norom
nam norpeyercx neckontko onee pasnepnyrtx npnmepon.
Iuaea I FECCO3HATEHIHOE B HEBPO3E
Heckontko ner nasa menx nosnann ocmorpert monoym enymky, koropax crpaana
or cnntno pnort. ocmorpen nannenrky, no ne onapyxnn nnkaknx ]nsnonornuecknx
npnunn. Hockontky menx sannrepeconano ee ncnxnueckoe cocroxnne, x cnpocnn ee, ne
paccrponnact nn ona ns-sa roro. uro nponsomno uro-nnyt neotunoe, no nonyunn
orpnnarentnt orner. Onako x npoonxan saanart +ror nonpoc n ysnan, uro neckontko
uacon nasa ona rynxna no necy co snakomtm mne noxnntm uenonekom. Hockontky x snan
+roro uenoneka, y menx nemenenno nosnnkna mtcnt o rom, uro morno nponsorn n necy, n
x noennncx cnoe orako c nannenrko. Ona tna nsymnena n cnpocnna, kak xe x mor
ysnart o +rom. B konne konnon ona npnsnana, uro y nee tn cekcyantnt ontr. Ona
cnoono pacckasana mne o +rom, n ee pnora npekparnnact. Ona nnesanno cnona xopomo
cex nouyncrnonana n nomna sanrpakart.
Btmenpnneennt npnmep nn n koem cnyuae nentsx cunrart ncnxoanannsom, +ro
npocro nccneonanne, nponkronannoe monm ncnxoanannrnuecknm noxoom. Mox
oraka ntsnana nocnomnnanne o cekcyantnom nanaennn, koropomy noneprnact +ra
enymka. o +roro momenra na ne ocosnanana, uro cymecrnyer cnxst mexy +rnm cotrnem
n ee pnoro. 3ro omno o ee cosnannx, nnmt kora x ykasan e na +ry cnxst.
Tyr mt cranknnaemcx nnnom k nnny c naxnemnm yrnepxennem ncnxoanannsa:
ncuxu:ecroe e.euue, eisieamuee oo.esui, e.emc oeccosuame.iui+.
nx nauana nontraemcx nonxrt, kakym pont eccosnarentnoe nrpaer n nenpose. Ha
npnmepe ntmenpnneennoro cnyuax moxno ormernrt, uro cnntnt +monnonantnt ontr,
kpane nenpnxrnt nx nannenrkn, n +ror momenr okastnaercx satrtm, a ero mecro
sannmaer cnmnrom pnora. Taru+ oopaso+ cu+nmo+ e.emc sa+ecmume.e+ earuoeo
onima, romopi cmauoeumc oeccosuame.iui+. Baxnoe cotrne, nponsomemne n
xnsnn nannenra, ntnaaer y nero ns
Koneuno xe, +atnanne camo no cee ne moxer cosart nenpornueckn cnmnrom;
urot satrt ontr cran naronornuntm, onxnt trt nonneuent n pyrne ]akropt.
namxrn. Hoonte nponant n namxrn mt ncrpeuaem y ncex nenpornuecknx nannenron. Onn
nastnamrcx amnesne n npocrnpamrcx rnyoko n pannee ercrno. C pyro cropont, y
nekoroptx nannenron tnamr crpannte, pasposnennte nocnomnnannx, ncnntnammne ryr
n ram. Bnauane mt ne snaem, nouemy +rn pasposnennte, xnno eccmtcnennte
nocnomnnannx ne tnn satrt. Onako n nponecce anannsa mt onapyxnnaem, uro sa
nnmn ckptnamrcx naxnte eccosnarentnte nepexnnannx. Hmenno ns-sa +roro upe
nasnan nx sacnonxmmnmn nocnomnnannxmn (screen memories). Cneymmn npnmep
nomoxer nam nonxrt,uro +ro snaunr:
B nauane anannsa nannenrka pacckasana mne o crpanno nrpe, n koropym ona
nrpana, kora e tno nxrt nnn mecrt ner. Hpnmepno n +ro npemx ponnact ee cecrpa.
Kora nannenrka tna ynepena, uro ee nnkro ne nnnr, ona npnnonnmana peenka n
konxcke o rex nop, noka rononka ne nokastnanact ns-sa sananecok (n re nn na konxcky
nemann sananeckn, urot samnrnrt mnaenna or connna); sarem ona ornyckana cecrpenky n
nosnonxna e ynacrt oparno n konxcky. Ona nocroxnno es ycrann nonropxna +ry nrpy.
Mnorne mecxnt +ro nocnomnnanne ne tno saecrnonano n xoe anannsa; ono ocrananoct
neoxcnenntm. Onako, nocrenenno noxnnnnct n pyrne nocnomnnannx. cnxsannte c
+rnm. Cnauana nannenrka ncnomnnna ent, kora ponnact ee cecrpa. O +rom cotrnn e
coomnn xx. Kora ona cnpocnna ero o eranxx poxennx, on kparko oxcnnn, uro
peenka npnnec ancr. Ona ne nonepnna n crana paccnpamnnart, kak ancr nonan n komnary.
xx ornernn: uepes okno. Ee sameuanne o rom, uro okno tn sakptro, ocranoct es ornera.
Tora ona pemnna saraky no-cnoemy: ancr nneren n komnary, kora okno tno orkptro,
cnpxrancx sa sananeckamn n, kora mart ocranact ona, ntckounn orrya. Taknm opasom,
kora ona nonnmana cnom cecrpenky n konxcke o rex nop, noka ee ronona ne
nokastnanact ns-sa sananecok, onn pastrptnana cneny poxennx cnoe cecrpt (no
npecrannennxm nxrnnerne enoukn).
Ho uro osnauaer nropax uacrt nrpt cecrpenka, ncuesammax n rnynne konxckn?
Poxenne mnamero para nnn cecrpt uacro nmeer rpanmarnueckn +]]ekr. Otuno
peenok ntraercx npeoonert rpanmy c nomomtm ]anrasn. Tak nponsomno n n cnyuae c
+ro nannenrko. Onako n ee nrpe npncyrcrnonano ne rontko poxenne. Mt snaem, uro
poxenne mnamero para nnn cecrpt npoyxaer n pennocrt n nenanncrt. Ecnn rpanma
npeoonenaercx c nomomtm ]anrasn, ro nenanncrt n xenanne cmeprn nonoro para nnn
cecrpt rakxe naxoxr paspxky n ]anrasnxx. Poxenne cecrpt concem ne nonpannnoct
nannenrke; ona xorena, urot ee cnona nc crano. Eme pantme, n nospacre nyx c
nononnno ner, y nee tn nenpnxrnt ontr poxennx para. Tora ona tna rak sna na
saxnarunka, uro yapnna ero nanko. Marepn n nxne npnxonnoct oxpanxrt mnaenna,
urot samnrnrt ero or ee rnena. (axe renept, n nospacre rpnnarn nxrn ner. ona ne
npeoonena nenanncrt k mnamemy pary n mname cecrpe.) Hcuesnonenne cecrpenkn sa
sananeckamn ercko konxckn cnmnonnsnpyer ce xenanne, urot peenok ncues, rakxe,
kak pantme ona xorena ynrt cnoero para.
Tenept mt moxem nonxrt ncm nrpy: ona nsopaxaer poxenne n cmeprt mname
cecrpt. 3a +ro nrpo rakxe ckptnaercx eme onee rnyokax nenanncrt k pary. Tontko
uepes ananns +roro nocnomnnannx mt cmornn nonxrt ornomenne nannenrkn k pary. Ee
ntnemnne cosnarentnoe ornomenne k nemy orpaxano ee eccosnarentnym nenanncrt n
pennocrt, koropte ona noannxna c pannero ercrna.
Taknm opasom sacnonxmmne nocnomnnannx npecrannxmr coo ]parmenrt
nocnomnnannn; o onpeenenno crenenn onn sanonnxmr e]nnnr nocnomnnannn. 3ro
moxno cpannnrt c pynnamn penne nnnnnnsannn, opnenrnpyxct no koroptm apxeonor
onpeenxer, n kakom nanpannennn nponsnonrt packonkn.
B onpeenenntx cnyuaxx nponant n namxrn sanonnxmrcx sacnonxmmnmn
nocnomnnannxmn. Onako n pyrnx cnyuaxx amnesnx nacrontko nonnax, uro opartcx o
nocnomnnann moxno rontko n nponecce nnrentnoro anannsa. Ho amnesnx, n nenom,
xapakrepna ne rontko nx nenpornkon. Fontmnncrno nme satnamr pannee ercrno
nnnort o uerneproro nnn nxroro roa xnsnn. Bosmoxno, mt nomem, nouemy mt
satnaem nepexnnannx nmenno +rnx nepntx nxrn ner, kora ocosnaem, uro nn]anrnntnax
cekcyantnocrt ocrnraer nnka cnoero pasnnrnx n +ror nepno, n ee otunax yuacrt
trt noannenno, ro ecrt satro. Hn]anrnntnoe noannenne nmeer rakne
anekonymne nocnecrnnx, uro axe spent uenonek orkastnaercx ncnomnnrt xort uro-
nnyt ns nn]anrnntnoro nepnoa cekcyantnocrn.
Honnax amnesnx uame ncero ncrpeuaercx npn ncrepnn; ona xapakrepna nx +ro
onesnn. Hpn komnyntcnnnom nenpose, a rakxe npn mnso]pennn (re nnora nosnnkamr
komnyntcnnnte nocnomnnannx), nannenrt ecrnnrentno ncnomnnamr nnunte
nepexnnannx ns pannem ercrna, no cnxst mexy nocnomnnannxmn orcyrcrnyer, no+romy
onn ocramrcx oropnanntmn or konrekcra.
Monoax enymka c pasnnuntmn komnyntcnxmn crpaana or ecconnnnt.
Fecconnnna nosnnkana ns-sa erckoro pnryana. Hannenrka npnnnmana onpeenennym
]nkcnponannym nosy, noxnnact na cnnny, cxan norn n cornyn nx n konenxx. Tontko ee
mex. konenn n nantnt nor mornn kacartcx oexna: ocrantnte uacrn ee rena, ocoenno
xnnor, nn a koem cnyuae ne onxnt tnn kacartcx oexna.
B nauane neuennx nannenrka nonxrnx ne nmena, uro osnauaer +ror pnryan. Hnmt
mnoro nosxe ona pacckasana ]akr. kasanoct t ne nmemmn ornomennx k +romy pnryany:
o mecrnanarn ner ona cnana n komnare cmexno co cnantne ee ponrene. nept tna
npnorkptra n ona uacro cntmana, kak nponcxonr cekcyantnt konrakr mexy
ponrenxmn. 3ro cekcyantno nosyxano ee n ne anano sacnyrt. B pyro pas ona
pacckasana, uro, npncnymnnaxct k ponrenxm, ona ]anrasnponana o rom, kak ee oren nexnr
na marepn n o rom, kak conpnkacamrcx nx xnnort. Tyr ce oxnartnano ornpamenne n ona
optnana ]anrasnm. Eme kak-ro pas ona ncnomnnna, uro oponact c macrypanne,
nserax npnkocnonennx k rennrannxm. Xorx ona uyncrnonana cnntnoe xenanne
npnkocnyrtcx k xnnory n k rennrannxm, e yananoct cepxnnart cex. 3rn
nocnomnnannx ne tnn satrt; onn ncera ocranannct n cosnannn. Ho ona ne snana, uro
+rn nocnomnnannx tnn cnxsannt, n nnmt coennnn nx. moxno tno nonxrt, uro ona
ntranact mtcnenno crepert cekcyantnt konrakr mexy ponrenxmn. n ro xe npemx
opxct c cocrnenno macrypanne. Bneuarnennx n nepexnnannx, koropte npnnenn k
nosnnknonennm cnmnroma, ocranannct n cosnannn, no cnxst mexy +rnmn nneuarnennxmn
n nepexnnannxmn, koropax npnanana nm cmtcn, tna eccosnarentno.
Taknm opasom, namxrt o nepexnnannxx, cnxsanntx c onesntm, moxer
coxpanxrtcx n cosnannn, no cnxst +rnx nepexnnann c cnmnromom, a rakxe nx snauenne,
ocraercx n eccosnarentnom. Hpnunna onesnn uacro ocosnaercx, no +omue onesnn, ro
nx uero ona ncera ocraercx n eccosnarentnom. Feccosnarentnoe coepxannn
ncnxnueckoro nponecca ne oxsarentnoe ycnonne nx pasnnrnx cnmnroma, no
npenapnrentntm ycnonnem nx pasnnrnx cnmnroma xnnxmrcx eccosnarentnte cnxsn u
+omuei ncuxu:ecroeo npoecca. 3rn mornnt coepxar n cee cmtcn cnmnroma.
uro mt nmeem n nny, kora ronopnm o cmtcne cnmnroma? B namem npnmepe
cnmnrom nosnnk or roro, uro nannenrka cntmana snykn cekcyantnoro konrakra mexy
ponrenxmn n or roro, uro ona oponact c macrypanne. B pnryane sactnannx nannenrka
ntranact ynnuroxnrt cekcyantnt konrakr mexy ponrenxmn n orpanrtcx or xenannx
macrypnponart. Taknm opasom, ecnn ronopnrt n nenom, cmtcn cnmnroma, ero nent nnn
mornn, cocronr n nonropennn naxntx noannenntx nepexnnann n nmnyntcon:
ononpemennoe yonnernopenne nncrnnkra n orpnnanne yonnernopennx n rom nne,
koropt nenpnemnem nx cosnannx.
Hockontky kaxt nenpornueckn cnmnrom ntaer uacrt eccosnarentno
ncuxu:ecro rusuu, mt nocrapaemcx art kparkoe onpeenenne repmnny
eccosnarentnoe.
3ro ne npocrax saaua, nockontky y nac o cnx nop ner npxmtx cnnerentcrn
cymecrnonannx eccosnarentnoro. Mt ntnonm ero cymecrnonanne ns kocnenntx
cnnerentcrn
renecnoe +ro) n
]opmnpymr noovroeuue. A ono, n cnom ouepet, ntstnaer ecrnne nnn npeornpamaer
ero. Hoxoxe, uro pasnnrne xstka rakxe ocnonano na rakom nmnyntce, koropt norom
rpanc]opmnpyercx n nonenoe ecrnne. Pasronop n monuanne, onpeenennax nosa rena.
xecr, axe nanpxxenne nnn paccnanennoe cocroxnne nmemr cmtcn nnn nent. Honxrt
cmtcn ecrnn soponoro uenoneka nerko. Ecnn xe uenonek onen, nonxrt, kakona nent
kasanoct t eccmtcnenntx* ecrnn rpynee, no nent ecrt n y nnx. Hmomy
ncnxnarpy, xorx t uyrt-uyrt snakomomy c ncnxoanannsom, anno nsnecrno, uro y
kararonnueckoro crynopa ecrt cnox nent.
He ncnxornunt nannenr no npemx ncnxoanannrnuecko ceccnn npnnnman
crpannym nosy. Bo npemx ceccnn on nenonnxno nexan na kymerke, kpenko cxan epa.
Cmtcn +ro nost ntxcnnncx n xoe anannsa. Ero mart ymepna, kora emy tno enxrt ner.
B coornercrnnn c enpecknm opxom, on unran monnrny na ee mornno n nnesanno
nouyncrnonan norpenocrt ncnpaxnnrtcx. urot ne ocknepnnrt mornny marepn, on cxan
epa n. crox nenonnxno, ounran monnrny o konna. Kak nokasan ananns, on cepxnnan
nmnyntc ocknepnnrt mom kymerky, n no+romy ntrxrnnancx n cxnman epa. Crox nosne
mornnt marepn, nannenr snan, nouemy on cxnmaer epa; no on ne snan, nouemy on
cxnmaer nx no npemx anannsa. Hyxno tno onecrn +ro o ero cosnannx, noromy uro
mtmeunoe nanpxxenne norepxno cno cosnarentnt cmtcn.
Taknm opasom, +ro moxer conepmart ecrnnx, koropte yyr nocnpnnnmartcx
cosnannem, no nx mornn n nx cmtcn yyr eccosnarentntmn.
Y monoo xenmnnt npekparnnnct mencrpyannn n ee xnnor cran ynennunnartcx;
ona tna cuacrnnna, uro y nee yer peenok. Y nee tno crontko npnsnakon
epemennocrn, uro ona eccosnarentno nnena n sanyxenne ontrntx cnennanncron, n
axe nasnann ary poon. Ona yxe nekoropoe npemx tna samyxem. Ee myx xoren peenka
n rposnncx pasnecrnct c ne, ecnn ona ne saepemeneer. Bmecro roro, urot oparnrtcx k
npauy n, no mepe nosmoxnocrn, neunrtcx or ecnnonx, nnn kak-ro no-pyromy npnnxrt
cnom cyty, ona nonnocrtm orneprna peantnocrt n npnrnopxnact nepe coo n nepe
pyrnmn, uro epemenna; nepnee ckasart, cama nannenrka nonce ne npnrnopxnact, no ee +ro
nponsneno n rene rakne nsmenennx, uro ee xenanne ponrt peenka, kasanoct, tno
ntnonneno.
Cneonarentno, +ro cnocono nponsnecrn n rene rakne nsmenenne, koropte
ntstnamr nnnmocrt ncnonnennx xenann. Otuno, ecnn uenonek xouer yonnernopnrt
crpemnennx n, on ntraercx nsmennrt nnemnn mnp. Takne nsmenennx nastnamrcx
a..on.acmu:ecru+u. Ho ecnn nsmenennx nponcxoxr n +ro, onn nastnamrcx
aemon.acmu:ecru+u (uepennn). Hama nannenrka ne nontranact neunrtcx or ecnnonx:
nmecro +roro, ona nsmennnact nsnyrpn.
Bce nenpornkn, n ro nnn nno crenenn, repxmr cnoconocrt nonyuart
yonnernopenne, nsmenxx peantnocrt - nacrontko, nackontko peantnocrt moxer trt
nounnena nx none. Onn menxmr cex n raknm cnocoom onnamrcx nekoroporo
yonnernopennx. Onn peepeccupvmm or annonnacrnuecknx peaknn k anronnacrnuecknm.
3ro moxno nponnnmcrpnponart cneymmnm cpannennem: kora sopont uenonek
xouer nocrponrt camoner, on cnauana enaer pacuert, ueprexn, n npononr +kcnepnmenrt
o rex nop, noka ne nocrponr yaunt camoner. Y menx tn nannenr-ncnxornk, koropt
xoren nocrponrt camoner. On noxnncx na cnnny, sakptnan rnasa, maxan pykamn n, n
nonno ynepennocrn, uro nocrponn camoner, nepexnnan uyecnoe uyncrno nonera.
3opont uenonek ntraercx nsyunrt sakont npnpot, urot nnnxrt na nnx n nounnxrt
cnonm nenxm, a ontno npocro menxer cex n coornercrnnn co cnonm xenannem. 3opont
crapaercx npncnoconrtcx k peantnocrn; ontno ntraercx nsmennrt peantnocrt c
nomomtm marnn
7
. Hpn saonenannn napymaercx npncnoconenne k peantnocrn, n xenanne
nsmennrt nnemnn mnp oopaunnaercx us+eueuu+u e oeo. Tora cnoconocrt k nponepke
peantnocrn napymaercx, net ecnn +ro +ro nocnpnnnmammee +ro, ero saaue xnnxercx
nponepka peantnocrn, ro ecrt ono onxno onpeennrt, ornocnrcx nn paspaxnrent k
nnemnemy mnpy n coornercrnyer nn nocnpnxrnm, nnn xe on ornocnrcx k nnyrpennemy
mnpy n moxer npnpannnnartcx k omymennxm n uyncrnam. Ecnn nannenr mamer pykamn n
nepnr, uro nocrponn camoner, on rouno norepxn cnoconocrt nponepxrt peantnocrt.
Marnn n nceuorymec1no
He rontko ymennoontnte ncnontsymr marnm. Boome-ro, nce mt o cnx nop
ynorpenxem marnm. Ipannna mexy marnuecknm ecrnnem n ecrnnem,
npncnoconenntm k peantnocrn, ne ncera samerna. stk, nanpnmep, nce eme ouent uacro
necer n cee marnm. Ouent uacro mt ne moxem conpornnnxrtcx kpacnopeunm xopomero
oparopa, xorx nama nornka onponepraer ero aprymenrt. Mt npocro okononant ero
cnonamn. Hmax pennrnosnax monnrna n nmo nonynxpnt oparop okastnamr
marnueckoe nosecrnne. Cnonom, -Horocon, tn mnp corno-
!
uanrasnx o nonere ona ns pennemnx ]anrasn uenoneuecrna (Hkap).
Cnauana noxnnnact ]anrasnx o nonere, a sarem noxnnnact nerammax mamnna Hoxoxe, uro
]anrasnx cosaer peantnocrt, n uacro +ro okastnaercx npano uanrasnx ne noannxercx,
no ee nnmamr komnonenron n n npnnaramr k peantno xnsnn n coornercrnnn c nayuntmn
n rexnnuecknmn nosmoxnocrxmn. Koneuno xe, mnorne ]anrasnn roxe coepxar n cee
kpynnnt peantnocrn, n nx moxno onapyxnrt n xoe anannsa. pyrne xe ]anrasnn
noannxmrcx, kak mt yxe snaem Onn noxnnxmrcx, kora n nnx nosnnkaer norpenocrt,
kora peantnocrt ne moxer yonnernopnrt norpenocrn n.
pen. B cnonnennxx ere n nepnotrntx nme, cnono +ro neuro marepnantnoe, c
nnm opamamrcx, kak c npemerom, n ono naeneno marnuecknmn cnocrnamn.
Bnso]pennkn ncnontsymr marnm xstka n nerarnnnom n n nosnrnnnom cmtcne. Monuanne
mnso]pennka uacro osnauaer, uro on ne xouer ynnuroxnrt mnp cnonmn cnonamn. Hnora
on xouer pannrt mnp cnonom, a nnora cnacrn. 3ro nanomnnaer npoknxrnx n
narocnonennx nopmantnoro uenoneka. nx ymennoontntx n nx ere marnueckax
cnna cnon snaunr ropaso ontme, uem nx nopmantnoro nspocnoro uenoneka.
Peut +ro cnoco ntpaxennx. Ee nent omenne; ee oekr pyro uenonek.
stk +ro ]ynknnx +ro, cnyxamax n. Ero saaua nnnxrt na pyrnx. Bnso]pennk
ckasan, uro on moxer ronopnrt co mno, rontko kora nmnr menx; kora on ne
pasronapnnaer, snaunr on menx ne nmnr n nyume mne ocrannrt ero n nokoe. B pyro pas
on nonaran, uro cnonmn cnonamn on onnoornopxer mnp. Hoxoxe, uro +neprnx,
nponcxoxmax ns nnno +ro, ncnontsyercx rakxe nx ]opmnponannx xstka.
Bnepep cenan ntno, uro xstk nponcxonr ns cekcyantntx nncrnnkron. Ecnn
rak ono n ecrt, rora mt moxem es rpya nonxrt, nouemy nekoropte nmn, nesanncnmo or
coepxannx cnoe peun, naunnamr ronopnrt npn maneme nosmoxnocrn. Hoxoxe, uro
onn nennxmrcx sa pyrnx nme c nomomtm cnon, cnonno xorxr yepxart nx pasronopamn.
3ro otuno nmn c nnoxo pasnnrtm oekrnnntm nnno, koropte c nomomtm marnn
cnon ntramrcx npentcrnrt pyroro uenoneka u npnnxsart ero k cee. 3ro xnnenne
onontno uacro ncrpeuaercx y mnso]pennkon n nauane onesnn. nx nnx pasronopt uacro
xnnxmrcx samemennem nmnn. pyrne xe nmn ronopxr ouent ocropoxno, c onrnmn
nnesanntmn naysamn, onyckax mnorne cnxsymmne snentx, napymax crpykrypy
npenoxenn n ]opmnpyx neonornsmt. C nomomtm nepecranonkn n nsmenennx cnon onn
xnno xorxr ckptrt cnon rante nmnyntct. Taknm opasom, nocpecrnom peun moxno
npakrnkonart, kak nosnrnnnym rak n nerarnnnym marnm.
Peut +ro samemenne ecrnnx. nx roro, urot ronopnrt, kak n nx nmtx
pyrnx ecrnn, neoxonmt ncnonnnrentnte oprant. Xorx cnono ]opmnpyercx
rnanntm opasom n nepepantnom koprekce, onako ncnonnnrentntm nncrpymenrom
xnnxercx nepn]epnnax myckynarypa, ocoenno myckynarypa ropna n pra. Kak npannno,
peut npnnonrcx n ecrnne, kak n ]ynknnn ncex ocrantntx opranon, c nomomtm
cekcyantntx crpemnenn, nent koroptx sanperna, c nomomtm ecekcyannsnponannoro
nnno. 3ro ntpaxenne cynnmann, koropte nosnnkamr ouent pano. Ho ecnn nnno
saxnecrtnaer +ro, ]opmnpymmee nnno, pyrnmn cnonamn, ecnn nepepantnt koprekc
nnn peueno annapar (ropno, por) nnn n ro, n pyroe ononpemenno, +pornsnpyercx, n
pesyntrare nosnnkaer napymenne ]ynknnn peun.
Hapymenne ntpaxaercx n rom, uro peuenax ]ynknnx +ro perpeccnpyer o
marnuecko ]ast. 3ro ocoenno xpko samerno na npnmepe mnso]pennkon n
komnyntcnnntx nenpornkon, xstk koroptx kpane cekcyannsnponan.
Onako ne rontko xstk, no n nen, n mtcnnrentnt nponecc, n ecrnnx, kopoue
ronopx, nmax ncnxnueckax akrnnnocrt, moxer npnopecrn marnueckn orrenok
(marnueckn +]]ekr knno]nntmon).
Makcnm Ioptkn n cnoe anronorpa]nn pacckastnaer, kak on yunn kpecrtxnnna
unrart. Kora kpecrtxnnn nayunncx unrart n cran nonnmart ro, uro unraer, on saymancx,
kak xe moxer cymecrnonart ro, uero ner; net npn urennn neuero nnert nnn cntmart,
onako unrammn nnnr nme, neca, nonx, cntmnr pasronopt n nenne nrnn, kak yro
nce +ro nponcxonr na camom ene. B konne konnon, on c nocroprom nocknnknyn, uro +ro
npocro marnx. Hoontm opasom ncrepnk nepnr n cnon ]anrasnn, kak n peantnocrt,
komnyntcnnnt nenpornk ymaer, uro c nomomtm cnonx pnryanon on npeornparnr
necuacrte, napanonk nonaraer, uro nosnrnnno nnn nerarnnno nnnxer na mnp neknmn
sanyranntmn ecrnnxmn n rak anee.
Kak npannno, marnx conponoxaercx omymennem ece+oevuecmea. axe soponte
nmn cyenepnt; komnyntcnnnte nenpornkn nepxr n cnoe ncemorymecrno n marnm, a y
mnso]pennkon +ra nepa npnnnmaer nenepoxrnte pasmept.
B kauecrne npnmepa x xoren t pacckasart o nannenrke, koropax nocroxnno
pacuectnana koxy na rpyn, a copannt nepxnn cno koxn ckartnanact manentkne
mapnkn, koropte tnn noxoxn na rpxst. Kora x cnpocnn ee, sauem ona +ro enaer. ona
ornernna, uro ona cosaer ns semnn nme, kak For, ner, uro ona cama n ecrt For.
Hannenrka cmecrnna cnoe nonoxenne n mnpe; mexannsm nponepkn peantnocrn tn yrepxn.
Ona nenrn]nnnponana cex c semne n c Forom. Ipannna mexy ee +ro n nnemnnm mnpom
nourn ncuesna: ona uyncrnonana cex ncemoryme n nepnna, uro moxer anronnacrnuno n
marnueckn cosart mnp ns cocrnennoro rena. 3ra nannenrka crpaana manne nennunx; ee
omymenne cocrnennoro ncemorymecrna npnnxno ]opmy meranomannn.
Mannx nennunx cnxsana c santmenno camoonenko, o uem mt yxe ynomnnann
Cocrnennax nnunocrt nepeonennnaercx rak, kak otuno nepeonennnaercx rontko
nmnmt oekr. Mannx nennunx oxcnxercx rem, uro nnno orxonr or oekron n
opamaercx na +ro. Taknm opasom, omymenne ncemorymecrna npemecrnyer mannn
nennunx. Omymenne ncemorymecrna ynennunnaer camoynepennocrt, noono crpacrno
nmnn, n uenonek naunnaer nepnrt, uro cnocoen nokopnrt mnp. Pasnnna mexy
nnmnennocrtm n omymennem ncemorymecrna (n manne nennunx) cocronr n rom, uro
omymenne ncemorymecrna nosnnkaer npn orcyrcrnnn peantntx oekron, kora camo +ro
cranonnrcx oekrom nnno. Taknm opasom, neoxonmtm ycnonnem nx nosnnknonennx
omymennx ncemorymecrna xnnxercx +pornsannx nnno.
Ouvueuue ece+oevuecmea oxeamieaem ece oeo, a +aeu cesaua .uui c
onpeoe.euui+u qvuru+u u opeaua+u. Hanpnmep, rennrannn cunramrcx marnuecknm
nncrpymenrom (]annnueckne kyntrt, saknnnannx, nonmenax nanouka). Hmax pyrax
+porennax sona roxe moxer trt naenena marnuecknmn cnocrnamn. Hanpnmep, marnx
+kckpemenron n no ce ent nrpaer naxnym pont ne rontko n opxax nkape n n
napono mennnne, no n n cnax n ]anrasnxx nspocntx, a rakxe n nrpax ere.
Marnueckax cnna txannx nrpana rnannym pont n cnmnromaronornn onoro ns
monx nannenron. On cunran, uro ero txanne nnoxo naxner, n on orpannxer nosyx. B xoe
anannsa ntxcnnnoct, uro n ercrne y nnx c cecrpo tna rakax nrpa: onn tmann pyr na
pyra no oexnom. B ro npemx on yman, uro rak enamrcx ern.
Cuo no ece+v, uapuccu:ecroe .uouoo oaem oeo ouvueuue ece+oevuecmea u
uaoe.em +aeue opoeeuuie soui.
Marnx npncyrcrnyer n n nonepte o rom, uro moxno npnunnnrt npe npoknxrtem
nnn crnasom. Fonee roro, nekoropte komnyntcnnnte nenpornkn n mnso]pennkn nepxr n n
ro xe npemx oxrcx, uro macrypnpyx n ntenxx cemx, nttxax nosyx ncnpaxnxxct n rak
anee, onn cosamr sntx yxon, n uro axe ona-enncrnenntm nx mtcnt moxer nanecrn
npe mnpy. Tor ]akr, uro marnx cnyxnr ne rontko nosnrnnntm n npoykrnnntm cnnam, no
n nerarnnntm n paspymnuentntm, moxer sacrannrt nac ycomnnrtcx, rak nn yx
ncemorymecrno n marnx sanncxr or nnno. Onako mt onxnt nomnnrt, uro nerarnnnax,
paspymnrentnax marnx noxnnxercx kora nnno yxe perpeccnponano n nponsomno
pasenenne nncrnnkron, uro xopomo nnno na npnmepe komnyntcnnnoro nenposa. Ecnn
ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt, nensnecrntm noka nx nac cnocoom, coennxmrcx c nnno,
rora +rn nncrnnkrt rakxe emoncrpnpymr marnueckym cnny onako, ne n nosnrnnnom
cmtcne, a n nerarnnnom. Taknm opasom, nosnrnnnax marnx naxonrcx na cnyxe y
cekcyantntx nncrnnkron, y 3poca; nerarnnnax marnx naxonrcx na cnyxe y
cekcyannsnponanntx ecrpykrnnntx nncrnnkron nnn nncrnnkron cmeprn, ro ecrt na
cnyxe y cansma; no oa nna marnn cnyxar n.
Oa nna marnn, a rakxe omymenne ncemorymecrna n mtcnn o ncemorymecrn(
noxnnnnct n ncropnn uenoneuecrna, kak nnot annmncrnueckoro nocnpnxrnx mnpa koropoe
tno y nepnotrntx nme. Takoe nocnpnxrne mnpa moxno ncrpernrt v ere n mnornx
ymennoontntx. Ha annmncrnuecko crann pasnnrnx nnyrpennee nce eme
npnnnmaercx sa nnemnee (nnemnn mnp xnnxercx orpaxennem nnyrpennero mnpa).
Ipannna +ro ne oruernnna, ona pasmtra. 3ro nce eme ne cnocono esomnouno
ornnunrt nnyrpennne nponecct or nnemnnx n, n cymnocrn, ne cnocono conpornnnxrtcx
narncky crpemnenn n n ne moxer nx mon]nnnponart. Orenenne +ro or n eme ne
sanepmeno; +ro +ro nce eme nnmt uacrnuno oprannsonannax n ooconennax uacrt n.
Cneonarentno, ncemorymecrno n marnx npnnanexar k ro crann pasnnrnx nnunocrn, na
koropo +ro nnmt cnerka orennnoct or n, n n koropo n, rak ckasart, nce eme nnsko k
+ro; +ro eme ona npnunna roro, uro uacro nourn nenosmoxno orennrt crpemnennx n or
crpemnenn +ro.
Xorx marnueckn nmnyntc sapoxaercx n n, marnx npoxnnxercx n +ro. Kaxt
nenpornk opamaercx k ro nnn nno ]opme marnn; marnx nrpaer naxnym pont npn nmom
nenpose. Hoxoxe, uro marnx rakxe orneuaer na nonpoc o rom, kakona nent nnn kakon
eccosnarentnt cmtcn nenpornueckoro cnmnroma, koropt, kak mt snaem, nentsx
nonnocrtm oxcnnrt c nomomtm onnx rontko npu:uuuix cnxse.
uepennn ntenxer uertpe crann ncemorymecrna n marnn. On cunraer, uro nepnax
]asa +ro ece+oevuecmea oes vc.oeu, koropoe npenonoxnrentno coornercrnyer
cocroxnne sapotma n marke. 3ro uncro rnnorernueckax ]asa, y nac ner nnkaknx
okasarentcrn ee cymecrnonannx, n no+romy mt ee paccmarpnnart ne yem.
Hpenonoxenne Taycka o rom, uro mnso]pennk n kararonnueckom crynope nosnpamaercx n
marepnnckym yrpoy, moxno paccmarpnnart, kak nornepxenne +ro rnnorest.
Bropax ]asa, +aeu:ecrue ea..muuauu, onee ocronepna; ee npnsnaer n upe.
Hpenonaraercx, uro na +ro ]ase nmo nmnyntc, nmoe xenanne nocnpnnnmamrcx kak
marnx Hanpnmep, ecnn mnaenen ronoen, n n peantnocrn ero xenanne ne
yonnernopxercx, on moxer ocrnut yonnernopennx, npecrannn, uro cocer monoko. Xorx
mt ne moxem ckasart c onpeenennocrtm, rakont nn na camom ene omymennx mnaenna,
no y nspocntx mt ncrpeuaemcx c ananornuntmn nponeccamn; cronr rontko ncnomnnrt o
cnonnennxx, n koroptx nonmentm opasom ncnonnxmrcx xenannx. uanrasnn, cnt naxny
rakxe xnnxmrcx marnuecknm ncnonnennem xenann, npecrannxmmnx coo koppeknnm
peantnocrn. C nomomtm rouno rako xe marnn xenannx ncnxnueckn ocymecrnnxmrcx n
rannmnnnannxx ncrepnkon n mnso]pennkon uepes nnsyantnoe nosyxenne.
Tpertx ]asa, cornacno uepennn, +ro ece+oevuecmeo, oocmueae+oe c no+ouim
+aeu:ecrux recmoe. Ee nosnnknonenne cnxsano c sapoxennem peun. Bnauane peut
cocroxna ns neunenopasentntx snykon, koropte sarem tnn naenent marnuecknm
snauennem, n axe ceronx cnet +roro moxno ncrpernrt y ere n y mnso]pennkon.
3nykn nnauane tnn cnxsant c nexmn, koropte rakxe nmenn marnueckoe snauenne. B
xoe pasnnrnx cnona crann acconnnponartcx c +rnmn nncrnnkrnnntmn snykamn n nexmn,
koropte, naroapx +romy comsy, rakxe npnnxnn marnueckn xapakrep. Hoxoxe, uro
nnauane cnona tnn cmemannt co spnrentntmn n cnyxontmn nexmn, n xoe cnoxnoro
nponecca orennnnct or nnx, a sarem ntcrponnnct n onpeenennym crpykrypy, ne
sanncxmym or konkperntx spnrentntx nnn cnyxontx nen. Cnxst mexy nepantntmn
nexmn n ncemn ocrantntmn nexmn, koropte openn nesanncnmocrt, cnxst,
nounnxmmymcx onpeenenntm sakonam, mt nastnaem mtmnennem. Marnx n
ncemorymecrno, koropte n npetyme ]ase ornocnnnct k cnonam n nexm, nepexoxr na
cneymmym ]asy n nnnnamrcx n mtmnenne. Kak npannno, komnyntcnnnt nenpos
cnyckaercx nmenno o +ro crann pasnnrnx +ro. Bcemorymecrno n marnx mtcne nrpamr
naxnym pont n +ro ]opme nenposa.
Hpn ncnxnuecknx paccrpocrnax saepxka pasnnrnx +ro moxer nponsorn na
nmo crann; cranx, na koropo nponsomna saepxka, naknatnaer cno orneuarok na
ornomenne nannenra k peantnocrn. Taknm opasom, +ro moxer nepnyrtcx na cranm
ncemorymecrna n marnn. B cnmnromaronornn nekoroptx mnso]pennkon (nanpnmep npn
kararonnueckom crynope) xnno omnnnpymr esycnonnoe ncemorymecrno n marnx; npn
napanoe npeonaamr marnueckax nepeonenka +ro n nenom n emonnueckn nnemnn
mnp; npn ncrepnn ncemorymecrno ne n xecron; npn komnyntcnnnom nenpose -
ncemorymecrno n marnx mtcne.
Heantnoe +ro
Eme neoprannsonannoe +ro, koropoe omymaer cex enntm nentm c n,
coornercrnyer neantnomy cocroxnnm, n noromy nastnaercx uoea.iui+ oeo. nx
manentkoro peenka, noka ero norpenocrn ne okastnamrcx neyonnernopenntmn n
nepnt pas, +ro, nepoxrno, xnnxercx neantntm. Hpn nekoroptx kararonnuecknx n
mannakantntx npncrynax, npn ncnxosax, koropte neyr k menrantno esopnenrannn, a
rakxe (koneuno, n mentme crenenn) npn nenposax, uenonek onnaercx rakoro neantnoro
cocroxnnx, npn koropom on ocrannxer cee nce yonontcrnnx n ornepraer nce nenpnxrnoe.
B nponecce pasnnrnx kaxt uenonek ocrannxer +ror napnnccnueckn nean, no, na camom
ene, nocroxnno crpemnrcx nepnyrtcx k nemy, ocoenno +ro samerno npn nekoroptx
saonenannxx. Ecnn npn onesnn +ror nean nnont operaercx, nannenr, necmorpx na cnon
crpaannx n uyncrno nenonnonennocrn, uyncrnyer cex onee nnn menee ncemorymnm n
naenenntm marnuecknmn cnnamn, koropte on crannr na cnyxy cnonm onesnenntm
crpemnennxm. Mt ne onxnt satnart, uro kaxt cnmnrom coepxnr n cee nerarnnnoe
nnn nosnrnnnoe ncnonnenne xenannx, koropoe nomoraer nannenry peannsonart cnoe
ncemorymecrno.
uanrasnpyx o nosnpamennn n yrpoy, uenonek crpemnrtcx ocrnut neantnoro
cocroxnnx +ro.
Honm1xn npncnocon1tcn x peantnoc1n
Tpyno art rounoe nayunoe onpeenenne peantnocrn. unnoco]t nsanna
nnnct na +ro nponemo, a ceuac ]nsnkn ntramrcx onpeennrt, uro rakoe peantnocrt.
Onako, ns npakrnuecknx coopaxenn, mt yem nastnart peantnocrtm ro, uro nce mt
omymaem, kak peantnocrt, xorx cymnocrt +roro nonxrnx nourn nenosmoxno yxnarnrt.
Cymecrnyer nnyrpennxx peantnocrt n nnemnxx peantnocrt. Xenannx, uyncrna,
+monnn, mtcnn +ro uacrt nnyrpenne peantnocrn, a nce, uro nponcxonr no nnemnem
mnpe n nosecrnyer na namn oprant uyncrn, npnnanexnr k nnemne peantnocrn. Oe
peantnocrn sanncxr or nsmenenn, koropte nponcxoxr nnyrpn nnn nonne.
Hoka mexy +ro n n napnr aconmrnoe cornacne n cnoono ncnontsyercx marnx,
ouennno, uro uenonek ne npncnoconen k peantnocrn. Ha crann ncemorymecrna n marnn
+ro eme ouent cnao oreneno or n; nnyrpennne paspaxnrenn onaamr nenepoxrno
cnno n nm nenosmoxno conpornnnxrtcx. Hekoropte mnso]pennkn nocnpnnnmamr narnck
nncrnnkron kak cnny, koropo nenosmoxno conpornnnxrtcx, n esoronopouno
nounnxmrcx e, a komnyntcnnnte nenpornkn, roxe uyncrnymmne npnnyxenne, ne
nounnxmrcx emy. Mnorne ymennoontnte n nepnotrnte nmn nepxr, uro nyxno
ncnontsonart marnm nx oysannx cnonx nncrnnkron n paspaxnrene ns nnemnero
mnpa. 3opont uenonek oxonrcx es marnn, on orneuaer na rpeonannx nnyrpennero n
nnemnero mnpa ecrnnxmn, npncnoconenntmn k peantnocrn. Kora cocroxnne
mnso]pennka ynyumaercx, moxno samernrt, kak napannentno c ycnnennem cnxse c
oekramn n ykpennennem +ro, ero cocrnennoe ncemorymecrno n marnx nepememamrcx na
oekrt. Onako npn anannrnueckom neuennn omymenne ncemorymecrna nepememaercx na
anannrnka. Fontnte n ern nnmt npemenno orkastnamrcx or ncemorymecrna. ern
naemrcx, uro nnont operyr ncemorymecrno, kora ntpacryr. Henpornkn ymamr, uro
nosnparxr ero c nomomtm neuennx; onn nonaramr, uro naroapx neuennm operyr nce, uro
rontko moxno cee npecrannrt cranyr nennkn aprncramn, yuentmn, kopoue ronopx,
cranyr nmtmn, n utem pacnopxxennn naxoxrcx nencuncnnmte cpecrna nx roro, urot
nokopnrt mnp n ncnonnnrt nce xenannx. Bepa n cocrnennoe ncemorymecrno rak cnntna
orroro, uro uenonek ne xenaer nonnocrtm paccranartcx co cnonm napnnccnuecknm
neantntm +ro. Hanpnmep mnso]pennkn, y koroptx mnorne ncnxnueckne nponecct
nporekamr cosnarentno (n ro npemx kak y pyrnx onn ocramrcx n eccosnarentnom),
cosnarentno crpemxrcx ncemn nosmoxntmn cnocoamn nepnyrt cnoe neantnoe +ro,
koropoe, no nx mnennm, tno yrepxno no npemx onesnn.
Kaknm xe opasom nmn nce-rakn orkastnamrcx or napnnccnueckoro neantnoro
+ro n or cnocrnennoro emy ncemorymecrna?
Heantnoe +ro xnner no npnnnnny yonontcrnnx. 3ro +ro yonontcrnnx. Bce. uro
npnnocnr yonontcrnne, npnrxrnnaercx k +ro n nxonr n nero; nce nenpnxrnoe ornepraercx
n npoennpyercx na npaxent nnemnn mnp. Onako nenosmoxno noepxnnart rakym
peaknnm na npnxrnoe-nenpnxrnoe. Hpexe ncero, nenosmoxno ynnuroxnrt nce
nenpnxrnoe nnmt c nomomtm rannmnnnann (nanpnmep, nenpnxrnoe uyncrno ronoa),
nenosmoxno ocrnut yonnernopennx nnmt c nomomtm marnn. Bmecro +roro +ro tnaer
ntnyxeno conepmart ecrnnx, koropte oecmeume.iuo yonnernopxmr norpenocrt n
ycrpanxmr nenpnxrnoe uyncrno. Bo nroptx, nenosmoxno neuno samnmartcx or nnemnero
mnpa c nomomtm orpnnannx, rannmnnnann n npoeknn. Hecmorpx na ro, uro nnemnn
mnp coepxnr n cee mnoro nenpnxrnoro, ero nenosmoxno nonnocrtm orneprnyrt nnn
nancera or nero yexart. Taknm opasom neoxonm mexannsm, nocnpnnnmammn
nenpnxrnte paspaxnrenn. Hakannnnax ontr (cnet n namxrn), uenonek yunrcx ysnanart,
kako paspaxnrent ntstnaer yonontcrnne, a kako ont. 3ro snanne, ocnonannoe na
nponepke peantnocrn, nosnonxer conepmart nenenanpannennte ecrnnx. urot
ecrnonart n coornercrnnn c rpeonannxmn xnsnn, uenoneky neoxonmo nepern or
esyepxnoro npnnnnna yonontcrnnx k npnnnnny peantnocrn.
Mexy nocnpnxrnem n ecrnnem, npncnoconenntm k peantnocrn, nosnnkaer
mtmnenne, koropoe nanpannxer ecrnne n moxer axe sanxrt ero mecro. Hocrenenno
nakannnnaercx xnsnennt ontr, n cncreme nocosnannx ckannnnamrcx cnet-
nocnomnnannx, koropte nnora moryr ocrnrart ocrport nacroxmero nocnpnxrnx, n,
naroapx +romy, n +ro ]opmnpyercx opas nnemnero mnpa, koropt ne ouent cnntno
ornnuaercx or camoro mnpa. Bce +rn nponecct, utx npnpoa eme ne nnonne xcna,
]ynknnonnpymmne n cneax-nocnomnnannxx, nporekamr nnyrpn, n xorx cosaercx
nneuarnenne, uro onn nanpannent na oekrt nnemnero mnpa, na camom ene onn or nnx
ne sanncxr.
Hsmenennx, nponcxoxmne n ctpom marepnane mtmnennx (mtcnnrentnt
nponecc) nosmoxno, eccosnarentnte maremarnueckne ntuncnennx, cornacno uepennn
moryr o onpeenenno crenenn coornercrnonart xenaemtm peantntm nsmenennxm no
nnemnem mnpe. Ha annmncrnuecko crann pasnnrnx nnemnn mnp xnnxercx opasom
nnyrpennero mnpa, a na crann nocneonarentnoro mtmnennx - naoopor. Kak rontko,
naroapx nocnpnxrnm, pesyntrar mtmnennx npnxonr n coornercrnne c nnemne
peantnocrtm, moxer nauartcx nenenanpannennoe ecrnne. Taknm opasom, nocrenenno
pasnnnaercx opran mtmnennx, koropt onocnr o cncremt nocnpnxrnx pesyntrar
mtmnennx, eccosnarentno nonyuennt n cncreme nocosnannx, rouno rak xe. kak
myckynarypa onocnr o +ro oekrt ns nnemnero mnpa. Ecnn uenonek xouer ynnert,
nouyncrnonart, nonmxart oekr ns nnemnero mnpa, on onxen saecrnonart
myckynarypy, urot orxnyrtcx o oekra nnn npnnecrn ero n konrakr co cnonmn
opranamn uyncrn. Touno rakxe pesyntrar mtmnennx onxen trt onecen o c]ept
oprana uyncrn, o cosnannx.
Ocoo ]opmo mtmnennx xnnxercx cyxenne, nnrennekryantnax ]ynknnx,
roronxmax ecrnne, aanrnponannoe k peantnocrn. Cornacno upey, ompuame.iuoe
cyxenne +ro nepexonax ]asa or nrnopnponannx k npnsnannm. Hpnsnanne nosmoxno
rontko rora, kora paspaxnrenn ns nnemnero mnpa pastcknnamrcx n nanpannxmrcx n
nocnpnnnmammym cncremy nx cosnarentnoro nocnpnxrnx, ro ecrt rora, kora +ro
cornamaercx c nnemnnm mnpom. Cneonarentno, akr npnsnannx naxonrcx no nnnxnnem
nmnyntcon, crpemxmnxcx k konrakry n oennennm c oekramn nnemnero mnpa. Ero
nnraer +neprnx coxpanxmmnx xnsnt cekcyantntx nncrnnkron, +neprnx 3poca.
Hrnopnponanne xe, nanpornn, nosnnkaer ns cocroxnnx, n koropom paspaxnrenn ns
nnemnero mnpa nocnpnnnmamrcx, kak neuro nenpnxrnoe, nockontky onn npenxrcrnymr
nacrynnennm nokox. 3ro ne opamaer na nnx nnnmannx n sakptnaer or nnx cncremy
nocnpnxrnx. Orpnnanne saxonr eme antme. Ono coornercrnyer ome renennnn +ro
nnknnnponart, orroprart, ynnuroxart nenpnxrnte paspaxnrenn, rouno rakxe , kak
npnsnanne n cornacne cneyer renennnn nopart n cex, oennnrt c +ro nce npnxrnoe.
Taknm opasom, ncrokn +ro ]ynknnn +ro nncrnnkrt, a pesyntrar moxer trt kak
nonoxnrentntm, rak n orpnnarentntm Cornacne n npnsnanne nosnnkamr ns nncrnnkron
xnsnn, a nrnopnponanne n orpnnanne ns ecrpykrnnntx nncrnnkron.
Herarnnnsm mnso]pennka xnnxercx kpannm npoxnnennem ecrpykrnnnocrn. Ham
nsnecrno, uro mnso]pennk crpemnrcx ocnoonrtcx or ncero ontra, npnoperennoro n
reuenne xnsnn, n no+romy ero nnno orxonr or naxoxmnxcx n ero cosnannn opason
oekron. Ho mepe roro, kak nporpeccnpyer onesnt, mnso]pennk naunnaer nsannxrtcx n
or ynopxouennoro nocosnarentnoro mtmnennx, or cneon-nocnomnnann, ocrannenntx
paspaxnrenxmn ns nnemnero mnpa, n naxoxmnxcx n +ro n nne ctporo marepnana.
Ononpemenno r +rnm nponcxonr perpeccnx nnno n pasenenne nncrnnkron. Hs +roro
moxno cenart ntno, uro npn mnso]pennn ]ynknnx orpnnarentnoro cyxennx
perpeccnpyer o nerarnnnsma, n nncrnnkrt cmeprn nnn ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt
nonyuamr npxmo ocryn k nnrarentntm n nocnpnnnmammnm cncremam +ro.
Hoxoxe, uro rakoe orpnnarentnoe n ecrpykrnnnoe ornomenne k uyxomy n
nensnecrnomy mnpy xnnxercx nepnnuntm. H n camom ene, ern n nepnotrnte nmn
uacro yeramr or nontx paspaxnrene nnn ynnuroxamr ncrounnk +rnx paspaxnrene.
Kak xe uenonek npeoonenaer rakoe orpnnarentnoe ornomenne k nnemnemy mnpy? Mt
cmoxem es rpya ornernrt na +ror nonpoc, ecnn nocmorpnm, kak uenonek ornopaunnaercx
or nnemnero mnpa npn naronornuecknx cocroxnnxx.
Y nannenra n kararonnueckom crynope orkptrt rnasa, no y nero nycro nsrnx, n
kora k nemy opamamrcx, on ne pearnpyer, rak uro cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro on
akrnnno ne sameuaer nnemnn mnp. Hoxoxe, uro rakne nannenrt npemenamn ne ocosnamr,
uro nx okpyxaer, noromy uro onn cmorpxr cknost naxoxmncx nepe nnmn oekr,
cnonno ero n ner nonce, onn cmorpxr na nekym rannmnnnannm, koropym onn nnxr
nosan nero. Onn uacro ne pearnpymr, kora k nnm opamamrcx pyrne nmn, onako onn
cntmar ronoca-rannmnnnannn n pearnpymr na nnx. To ecrt +rn nannenrt nocnpnnnmamr
nnyrpennne paspaxnrenn raknm opasom, cnonno nonyuamr nx uepes oprant uyncrn.
Bmecro roro, urot nocnpnnnmart nnemnne paspaxnrenn, onn pearnpymr na nnx
nerarnnno rannmnnnanne. Cncrema cosnarentnoro nocnpnxrnx nourn nonnocrtm
sakptra or nnemnero mnpa. Camax npnmnrnnnax ]ynknnx +ro, cnoconocrt cosnarentno
nocnpnnnmart paspaxnrenn ns peantnoro, nnemnero mnpa, kopoue ronopx, cnoconocrt r
eocnpumum, uapvueua. Hpexe ncero +ro npoxnnxercx n espasnnunom ornomennn k
mnpy, koropoe ykastnaer na ro, uro crpemnennx nnno ne nanpannent napyxy; pyrnmn
cnonamn, oprant uyncrn ne nonyuamr +neprnm nx roro, urot nocnpnnnmart nnemnn
mnp.
Ecnn mt crnmynnpyem rakoro nannenra, on nno naunnaer samnmartcx, nno
cranonnrcx arpeccnnntm. Hannenr ornepraer nnemnn mnp, koropt on cunraer
npaxentm, n ynnuroxaer ero, urot samnrnrtcx. Enncrnennte npoxnnennx xnsnn,
koropte mt moxem samernrt y raknx nannenron, +ro ntnonnenne nererarnnntx ]ynknn.
Onn npnsnamr ro, uro aer nm yonontcrnne, nanpnmep, yonnernopenne camtx
npnmnrnnntx cekcyantntx nncrnnkron n ]ynknn +ro; a nce, uro ne npnnocnr
nemenennoro yonontcrnnx n nponcxonr ns nnemnero mnpa ornepraercx c rako cnno,
uro eno oxonr axe o nerarnnntx rannmnnnann, a ecnn n +ro ne nomoraer, rora n
xo ner nenanncrt n xpocrt. 3ro npnsnaer rontko nnyrpennn mnp; nce ocrantnoe
ornepraercx nnn ynnuroxaercx.
Ecnn rakne nannenrt opamamr nnnmanne na nnemnn mnp, onn ne nnonne
nonnmamr, uro onn nocnpnnnmamr. Onn uacro nyramrcx ne rontko n rom, kak na oekra
cnxsant mexy coo, no n n rom, kak onn camn cnxsant c oekrom. Hnora onn
comnenamrcx, xnnxmrcx nn onn coo nnn kem-ro pyrnm. Takoe nyrannoe npecrannenne
o nnemnem mnpe n o ero cnxsxx c cyekrom uacro conponoxaercx eme onnm xnnennem,
koropoe nastnaercx mpausueumus+o+.
Tpansnrnnnsm nosnnkaer orroro, uro rpannnt +ro pasmtrt. B nopmantnom
cocroxnnn mt moxem ornnunrt nnyrpennne nepexnnannx or nponcxoxmero no nnemnem
mnpe. Hpn rpansnnnrnsme +ra cnoconocrt repxercx. B +rom cnyuae nce ncnxnueckne
nponecct nnxyrcx n oonx nanpannennxx: or nnyrpennero mnpa k nnemnemy n or
nnemnero k nnyrpennemy. Hannenr npnnnmaer nnyrpennne nepexnnannx sa cotrnx
nnemnero mnpa, a nnemnne nsmenennx kaxyrcx emy nsmenennxmn nnyrpennero mnpa. 3ro
nennuamn rpnym] annmnsma, ncemorymecrna n marnn. B ornnunn or kararonnueckoro
crynopa, nx koroporo xapakrepno nerarnnnoe ornomenne k nnemnemy mnpy mnp
ornepraercx, ynnuroxaercx, samenxercx nerarnnno rannmnnnanne npn rpansnnnsme
napnr amnnanenrnt kon]nnkr, c koroptm recno cnxsana opta sa cymecrnonanne
oekrnnnoro mnpa. Bor xanoa onoro nannenra: xouy nmnrt rex, no, n ro xe
npemx, x onxen nenannert rex, kycart rex n nrt. ne snam, uro sacrannxer menx
enart ro, uero x concem ne xouy. B +rom cnyuae ocoenno xcno nnen kon]nnkr mexy
nncrnnkramn xnsnn (3pocom) n ecrpykrnnntmn nncrnnkramn (nncrnnkramn cmeprn). Ho
ecnn n cocroxnnn crynopa oekrnnnt mnp nonnocrtm ornepraercx, ro npn
rpansnnnrnsme enamrcx nontrkn npnsnart ero; onako ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt pas sa
pasom ryxr +rn nontrkn na kopnm.
Ho kak xe ocnooxamrcx or +roro kon]nnkra mnso]pennkn, crpemxmnecx k
ntsoponnennm? Kaknm opasom onn ne rontko naxoxr nenycmtcnennoe nornepxenne
cymecrnonannx nnemnero mnpa, no n npncnocannnamrcx k nemy?
Bnso]pennx naunnaercx c omymennx, uro nacrynnn konen cnera. 3ro omymenne
karacrpo]t, npn koropom mnp kaxercx nannenry ryckntm, myrntm, axe meprntm,
nycrtm; peantnocrt okastnaercx nx nero norepxnno. Konen cnera moxno oxcnnrt
rem, uro nnno orxonr or oekron nnemnero mnpa n nponcxonr pasenenne
nncrnnkron. Bet pesyntrarom orxoa nnno xnnxercx perpeccnx, n xoe koropo
ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt ntptnamrcx na cnooy. Bmecro nnnosnoro ornomennx k
nnemnemy mnpy nosnnkaer cancrckoe ornomenne, n okpyxenne ontnoro okastnaercx n
peantno onacnocrn. Hoxoxe, uro nannenrt nnonne nonnmamr +ro, net nx nnx mnp
ymnpaer. Omymenne karacrpo]t ntstnaer xenanne nepnyrt norepxnnt mnp, nnont
nanpannrt nnno na oekrt. Ho+romy cneymmax cranx onesnn xapakrepnsyercx rak
nastnaemtm eoccmauoe.euue+, noccosannem peantnocrn. Xorx nsnecrnt ne nce ]ast
+roro noccosannx peantnocrn, nx o onpeenenno crenenn moxno pekoncrpynponart,
nsyuax reuenne onesnn.
Hnno orxonr or nnemnero mnpa n nanpannxercx k +ro; +ro saxnecrtnamr norokn
nnno, koropte npexe tnn cnxsant c oekramn. B pesyntrare nosnnkamr
ncemorymecrno n marnx (annmnsm), mannx nennunx, norepx rpannn +ro n nponepkn
peantnocrn. Kora nnno orxonr, naunnaercx pasenenne nncrnnkron, n ecrpykrnnnte
nncrnnkrt ntptnamrcx na cnooy. Tenept ne rontko nnno ne nanpannxercx k
oekram, no n camn oekrt arpeccnnno ornepramrcx. Onako arpeccnx nanpannena ne
rontko na oekrt, no n na +ro, uro emoncrpnpyer orkas or nnmn n npncrynt xpocrn, npn
koroptx nannenrt nanocxr cee yneutx. Onako necomnenno, uro nce eme coxpanxmrcx
nnnosnte cnxsn c oekramn. 3ro ouennno npn ncnxnueckom konrakre, koropt nnora
yaercx ycranonnrt c raknmn nannenramn. Ho xecrokn amnnanenrnt kon]nnkr nckope
c nomomtm ecrpykrnnntx nncrnnkron ynnuroxaer +rn cnxsn. Ecnn onesnt ne
ocranannnnaercx na +ro ]ase, ro sa ne ner cneymmax ]asa, koropax rakxe moxer
sa]nkcnponartcx; na +ro crann ecrpykrnnnte nmnyntct, ckonnnmnecx n +ro,
nepememamrcx na nnemnn mnp; onn npoennpymrcx. Pasnnnamrcx napanonantnte,
nnoxonpnueckne rannmnnnannn n mannx npecneonannx. Coepxanne +ro mannn rakono:
n oymennennte n neoymennennte oekrt npecneymr nannenra n myuamr ero ncemn
mtcnnmtmn n nemtcnnmtmn cnocoamn c cekcyantno nentm, n nannenr camtmn
]anracrnuecknmn meroamn ntraercx or +roro samnrnrtcx. Oymennennte oekrt, kak
npannno, romocekcyantnt; neoymennennte oekrt, ckopee ncero, cnmnonnsnpymr
rennrannn nannenra. Kak mt yxe ysnann, nannenr oroxecrnnxer cex c romocekcyantntm
oekrom n, n ro xe npemx, npoennpyer cex na nero. Taknm opasom, romocekcyantnt
npecneonarent +ro oekr, ntpannt na napnnccnuecko ocnone, a rennrannn
npoennpymrcx na oekrt nnemnero mnpa roxe n kauecrne napnnccnueckoro oekra.
Ha rpansnrnnno ]ase nnemnn mnp n +ro cmemnnamrcx pyr c pyrom. Fonesnt
naunnaercx, kora nnno orxonr or oekron, a antnemee pasnnrne nokastnaer, uro
oekrt roxe nonaamr n +ro; onn nnrpoennpymrcx n +ro n nponecce nenrn]nkannn.
Hrak, npn kararonnueckom crynope nonnocrtm orcyrcrnymr nnnosnte cnxsn c
oekramn; na rpansnrnnno ]ase noxnnxmrcx nontrkn ycranonnrt +rn cnxsn, koropte
onako npecekamrcx ecrpykrnnntmn renennnxmn; a n napanonantnom, napnnccnueckom
cocroxnnn .uouoosuoe omuoueuue r eueuue+v +upv ]opmnpyercx na +asoxucmcro
ocnone. (Hpecneonarenn myuamr nannenron.) Xorx mnp nce eme kaxercx nannenry
nonntm onacnocre, koropte on, nepoxrno, nnnr nyume, uem sopont uenonek, onako
on yxe cenan naxnt mar k npnsnannm mnpa, net on cornamaercx c rem, uro mnp.
npana napnnccnueckn okpamennt n kpane npaxent, cymecrnyer.
nanman, kak npn mnso]pennn, nce re nmn, koropte nnnnannct n +ro
nannenra pyrne nannenrt, mececrpt, npau kora naunnanoct ntsoponnenne,
npoennponannct n ]opme npaxeno, no +pornueckn sapxxenno cnnt. Bckope nannenr
nonmnn onn ns oekron, npaua. Hannenr nounnnncx ero pykonocrny n nnepcrny; on
axe nomen antme n naennn npaua cocrnenntm ncemorymecrnom n marne. Hannenr
cran pyxenmnee ornocnrtcx k cnoemy okpyxennm. Hpnmnpenne c npauom (c ornom)
ntpasnnoct n ]opme npnsnannx ero ntcmnm cymecrnom n n ]opme masoxncrckoro
nounnennx ero nnnxnnm.
Xorx nponecc ncnenennx, nponecc noccranonnennx paspymennoro oekrnnnoro
mnpa, moxer ocranonnrtcx na +ro crann, +ro nce panno nporpecc, net norepxnnax
peantnocrt tna no mnorom pekoncrpynponana. Fonee roro, ouennno, uro. naroapx
npoeknnn, ncuesnynmax oucmauu mexy +ro n oekramn nosnnkna nnont, nockontky
oekrt cnona naxoxrcx no nnemnem mnpe n nocnpnnnmamrcx kak xnnennx nnemnero
mnpa. Taknm opasom cnona nauann paorart camte npnmnrnnnte ]ynknnn +ro:
nocnpnxrne, orenenne nnyrpennero mnpa or nnemnero, npnsnanne peantnocrn,
cymecrnymme nne +ro.
Bocnpnxrne oekra yxe ne ntstnaer crpaxa nepe nannrammecx yrposo, a
npenpamaercx n +asoxucmcroe vooeo.icmeue. Hocro.irv coocmeeuuoe ece+oevuecmeo
naueuma nepeuocumc ua ooerm u noe.emc meuoeuu oeuueami ooerma, +i
+ore+ pacc+ampueami omom npoecc, rar ua:a.o nonimor npucnocooumic r
pea.iuocmu. B nponecce nocrenennoro npncnoconennx k peantnocrn, arpeccnx
npenpamaercx n naccnnno-repnnmoe ornomenne k mnpy; nenpnxrnoe nocnpnnnmaercx n
npnnnmaercx, cornacno uepennn. Hockontky cansm opamaercx na nnunocrt camoro
nannenra n cmemnnaercx c masoxnsmom +ro, crpaanne npenpamaercx n yonontcrnne. Ecnn
xe, n xoe antnemero pasnnrnx, masoxnsm oystnaercx, rora npeooo.euue cmpaoauu
npuuocum uapuccu:ecroe vooeo.icmeue. Hponecc npenpamennx cansma n n masoxnsm
+ro otuno naunnaercx, kora nnno nannenra nnont nanpannxercx na oekrt; +ror
nponecc otuno sakanunnaercx xorx t uacrnuntm noccosannem peantnocrn. Mt moxem
cenart ntno, uro nponcxonr nonoe cmemenne pasenenntx nncrnnkron n nonropnoe
nounnenne ecrpykrnnntx nncrnnkron. Cornacno uepennn, +ro nmont n camom
mnpokom cmtcne +roro cnona; raknm opasom Jpoc, naroapx orpannuennm arpeccnn,
npnnonr k npusuauum peantnocrn k aanrannn k peantnocrn.
Hocrenennoe npncnoconenne k peantnocrn n nponecce ntsoponnennx
conponoxaercx nnnosntm karekcncom oekron; cyx no ncemy, +ror nponecc
ananornuen pasnnrnm ntopa oekra y peenka, koropt mt n ntraemcx noccosart.
Orcyrcrnne oekron n ckonnnmeecx n +ro sanoknponannoe nnno nopoxamr
crpemnenne k oekry, koropoe, n cnom ouepet, nneuer nnno k oekram n nanpannxer
nnnmanne na peantnocrt. 3ro nepnonauantno tno ncero nnmt opranom nocnpnxrnx n
paspxkn. Aanrnpyxct k peantnocrn, +ro oxonr o ro crann, kora arpeccnnnoe
ornomenne k nnemnemy mnpy okastnaercx n camom +ro; cansm n npenpamaercx n
masoxnsm +ro. Ho masoxncrckoe npnsnanne onesnennoro nocnpnxrnx nnemnero mnpa
+ro ncero nnmt npnsnanne peantnocrn, no nonce ne npncnoconenne k ne; nx roro, urot
npncnoconrtcx k peantnocrn neoxonmo ecrnonart n coornercrnnn c npnnnnnom
peantnocrn.
Takax ]opma onesnn, kak enepconannsannx, nokastnaer, uro npnsnanne
peantnocrn nocnpnxrnn opranon uyncrn sanncnr or eme onoro ]akropa, or ocoo
crpykrypt n camom +ro.
enepconannsannx +ro rakax ]opma onesnn, npn koropo mnp n nce, uro
nocnpnnnmaercx, kaxercx nocnpnnnmammemy +ro nckaxenntm n uyxnm. 3ro cocroxnne
moxno cpannnrt c konnom cnera npn mnso]pennn, net n oonx cnyuaxx ne rontko mnp,
no n cocrnennoe reno cyekra kaxercx emy nsmenenntm n uyxnm.
Mt npnmnn k ntnoy, uro norepx peantnocrn npn mnso]pennn nosnnkaer n
pesyntrare orcrynnennx nnno or oekron n pasenennx nncrnnkron. Cocroxnne
enepconannsannn nosnnkaer npnmepno rakxe, net ono uacro noxnnxercx nocne norepn
oekra nnn nocne norepn nmnn. Bocnpnxrne norepn oekra nmnn nnn nonnxenne
yponnx nnno conponoxaercx omymennem, uro nce omymennx, koropte nocnpnnnmaer
+ro nepeantnt. To, uro ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt ntpnannct na cnooy, moxno
nonxrt no onesnenntm xanoam nannenron, naxoxmnxcx o +rom cocroxnnn. 3ro moxno
nonxrt rontko cneymmnm opasom: nockontky xanot nannenron moxno
nnrepnpernponart, kak xanot na kacrpannm n nockontky nannenrt crpaamr kpane
rxxentmn cocroxnnxmn enepconannsannn n ntkastnamr pyrne npnsnakn
ycnnnnammerocx napnnccnsma, moxno cenart ntno, uro nponcxonr oroxecrnnenne
+ro c rennrannxmn. Kora nnno, nakonnennoe n +ro, repxercx, ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt
ntxoxr n yrpoxamr +ro, nocnpnnnmax ero, kak rennrannn. Hockontky npn nnesanno
yrpare nmnn nourn ncera na kakoe-ro npemx nacrynaer enepconannsannx, moxno
ckasart, uro uyncrno orcrpanennocrn xnnxercx npxmtm pesyntrarom nnesannoro nepexoa
nnno or oekra k +ro. Kakont t nn tnn konkpernte erann, n nmom cnyuae, norepx
oekra nnno conponoxaercx norepe uyncrna peantnocrn cencopnoro nocnpnxrnx n
omymenn +ro. Mt rontko uro ynomnnann o rom, uro na camo rxxeno crann
mnso]pennn peantnocrt norepxna, a no npemx ntsoponnennx, kora nnno cnona
opamaercx k oekram, peantnocrt npnsnaercx. Hs +roro moxno cenart na ntnoa: no-
nepntx, nx nocnpnxrnx nnemnero mnpa neoxonmo, urot +ro tno cnocono
nanpannxrt nnno na oekrt. 3ra mtcnt yxe nanpamnnanact, kora mt ocyxann
pasnnrne +ro, nocrenennt nepexo or orropxennx nnemnnx paspaxnrene k npnnxrnm
(n nosnrnnnom cmtcne). Bropo ntno sacrannxer nac nsrnxnyrt na cnryannm no-nonomy:
npn enepconannsannn +ro nocnpnnnmaer, no peantnocrt +roro nocnpnxrnx kaknm-ro
opasom ne npnsnaercx pyro uacrtm +ro. Bosnnkaer omymenne, uro +ra uacrt crpemnrcx
nonnocrtm nrnopnponart +ro nocnpnxrne. Bocnpnnnmammee +ro crpaaer or rakoro
orropxennx.
Taru+ oopaso+, npusuauue pea.iuocmu u aoanmau r ue saeucum ue mo.iro om
npupooi eocnpuuu+amueeo u oecmevmueeo oeo, uo u om +exauus+a, uaxooueeoc e
ca+o+ oeo, romopi pacc+ampueaem neperueauu oeo u npusuaem ux pea.iui+u u.u
uepea.iui+u. Bepoxrno, +ro oruacrn oxcnxer, nouemy orpnnanne peantnocrn, cokptrne
npant, cunraercx amopantntm. Tyr nam npnercx npepnart +ry remy n oparnrt
nnnmanne na +ror mexannsm. Bckope mt ynnnm, kak on nnnxer na npncnoconenne k
peantnocrn.
Cauonanmenne
uro +ro sa mexannsm? Ha nepnt nsrnx kaxercx, uro on nnuem ne ornnuaercx or
nepnnunoro camonanmennx, no, na camom ene, on cnocoen na ontmee. Mt yxe
ncrpeuannct c +rnm mexannsmom n cnonnennxx, re on npoxnnxercx n nyx ]opmax: no-
nepntx, kak +noncnxnueckoe nocnpnxrne ne n omymenn, ro ecrt n ]opme
nocnpnnnmamme cncremt +ro; a no-nroptx, n kauecrne sanpemamme, coprnpymme n
kpnrnkymme crpykrypt, koropax nanmaer sa namnmn mtcnxmn, xenannxmn n
+monnxmn n nnnxer na nnx. Bropax ]opma pasmemaercx n nocosnannn n nastnaercx
nensopom cnonnenn.
Hpn enepconannsannn camonanmenne nounnxercx +romy nonomy mexannsmy.
Bnauane nnemnne n nnyrpennne nneuarnennx nocnpnnnmaer +ro; sarem nocnpnnxrt
marepnan onennnaer pyro mexannsm +ro n oopxer ero nnn ne oopxer. 3ro
nnyrpennee nanmenne rakxe cnxsano c onpeenenntm nnom nocnpnxrnx, no cnntno
ornnuaercx or xnnocrn cencopntx nocnpnxrnn +ro. 3ro neuro pyroe, no nourn
nenosmoxno art +romy mexannsmy rounoe onpeenenne. Bosmoxno, +ry rpynocrt moxno
oxcnnrt rem, uro +ror nnyrpennn mexannsm crnmynnpyercx rontko paspaxnrenxmn,
yxe npomemnmn uepes cencopnte oprant +ro; a cencopnt annapar +ro nxonr n npxmo
konrakr c nnemnnmn, peantntmn nneuarnennxmn, a rakxe c nnyrpennnmn
nncrnnkrnnntmn cnnamn n. 3ror nont mexannsm nocnpnnnmaer rontko cnet
nneuarnenn, a ne camn nneuarnennx.
Bne:am.euue, romopoe peeucmpupvem omom +exauus+, ue coomeemcmevem
uacmoue+v :vecmeeuuo+v eocnpumum. Hs +roro mt moxem cenart ntno, uro +ror
kpnrnkymmn n nanmammn mexannsm nocrenenno orenxercx or nep-
8
Koneuno xe, mt aneko ne ncuepnann nponemy npncnoconennx k peantnocrn.
Tem, kro xouer rnyxe osnakomnrtcx c +ro nponemo, x pekomenym crartn Xanna
Xaprmanna na +ry remy, n ocoennocrn Ich-Psychologie und Anpassungsproblem.
Internationale Zeitschnft fur Psvchoanalvse und Imago, Vol. XXIV, 1939. uacrnuno
nepeneena na anrnnckn n knnre Organi:ation and Pathologv of Thought, no peaknne
anna Panonopra. New York: Columbia University Press, 1951.
nnunoro camonanmennx, or mexannsma, ne naenennoro cencopntmn kauecrnamn.
Cneymmne paccyxennx nornepxamr nam ntno mnaenen n nepnte nn cnoe xnsnn
nourn ne nocnpnnnmaer nnemnn mnp armueuo. Ho on ouent xnno ntpaxaer uyncrna
yonontcrnnx n neyonontcrnnx, n y nac ner nnkaknx comnenn. uro on ouent xopomo
nocnpnnnmaer nnyrpennne nponecct. Hsnecrno, uro npn mnso]pennn napymaercx
akrnnnoe nnnmanne, nx roro, urot akrnnno omartcx c nnemnnm mnpom n npnnnmart
ero, axe rora, kora on nenpnxren, neoxonmo, urot na oekrt tno nanpannenno
nnno. Kora ymentmaercx nnrepec k nnemnemy mnpy, ynennunnaercx camonanmenne
(mnso]pennx n enepconannsannx).
Hpn camonanmennn nnno orxonr or nnemnnx oekron n nanpannxercx na
nponecct nnyrpn +ro. Camonanmenne ocoenno ycnnnnaercx na nnoxonpnuecko
crann mnso]pennn. Tpenora, conponoxammax nnoxonpnueckne omymennx, noyxaer
+ro nonoxnrt konen nx onesnennomy npncyrcrnnm. Taknm opasom, saaua
camonanmennx. cocronr n rom, urot ykasart na ont n orperynnponart npnxrnte n
nenpnxrnte uyncrna. Camonanmenne +ro npnmnrnnnax ]ynknnx +ro n ona nanonee
akrnnna, kora n +ro ckannnnaercx nnno 3ro, nponnrannoe nnno, pyrnmn cnonamn,
kpane napnnccnunoe +ro, ne pearnpyer na nnemnne paspaxnrenn. Hanpnmep, xnnornte
nnuero ne nnxr n ne cntmar no npemx reukn, uenonek no npemx oprasma nocnpnnnmaer
rontko cnoe yonontcrnne, no ne nocnpnnnmaer nnuero ns nnemnero mnpa. B cnonnennxx
(n npn mnso]pennn) akrnnnoe nnnmanne nanpanneno na nnyrpennee nocnpnxrne, u o ecrt
na camonanmenne. Xorx npn nenpose camonanmenne rakxe cranonnrtcx onee
uyncrnnrentntm, ono ne ncera ocrnraer cosnannx, noromy uro nmnyntct, koropte moryr
ntsnart nenpnxrnte uyncrna uacro npecekamrcx na kopnm. Moxno ckasart, uro
ymennoontno rnnepuyncrnnrenen k nenpnxrntm omymennxm
Cynep+ro (nean +ro)
Ftno t nenpannntno cenart ntno, uro camonanmenne nonnocrtm
rpanc]opmnponanoct no nnnmanne. Oruacrn camonanmenne ocranoct n cnoe
nsnauantno ]opme, a pyrax ero uacrt npenparnnoct n kpnrnkymmn, coprnpymmn,
cepxnnammn mexannsm, koropt nanmaer, perncrpnpyer n nonepraer nensype nce
nponecct, nporekammne n +ro, ro ecrt nce nocnpnxrnx, omymennx n uyncrna. Hs +roro
mexannsma pasnnnaercx nornueckax n mopantnax camokpnrnka.
Y nopmantnoro cpenero uenoneka camonanmenne n kpnrnkymmee +ro
nepennerent pyr c pyrom; onn ornocnrentno rapmonnuno paoramr nmecre. To, uro
enaer onn mexannsm, ne npornnopeunr romy, uro enaer pyro, xenannx onoro
peannsymrcx, ne ncrpeuam npenxrcrnn co cropont pyroro. Otuno, na +rnx
komnonenra +ro nenosmoxno orennrt pyr or pyra Tontko kora nosnnkaer ouent
cnntnt kon]nnkr, cranonnrcx nnno, uro +ro pasnte mexannsmt.
Hanpnmep, npn enepconannsannn +ro xnno packonoro. uenonek yxe ne uyncrnyer,
uro nocnpnxrne, mtcnn n omymennx npnnanexar +ro, onn kaxercx conepmenno uyxnmn
B cnonnennxx +ror packon uacro tnaer eme cnntnee. Hanmammn mexannsm uacro
npecrannen n cnonnennn n nne neko ]nrypt, on orkonor or +ro cnonnna n
cnpoennponan na pyroro uenoneka. Hcnxnueckn mexannsm, koropt otuno naxonrcx
nnyrpn +ro, nnesanno nepenocnrcx no nnemnn mnp. Hpn mnso]pennn rakoe xnnoe
pacmennenne +ro otunoe xnnenne. Hanpnmep, kora uenonek rannmnnnnpyer, uro sa
nnm cnexr, nanmammax ]ynknnx npoennpyercx na nme, koropte noncmy mnnonxr
sa nannenrom, noxnamr ero, snamr nce, o uem on ymaer n uero xouer, n onaamr
snoneme cnno, or koropo nannenr ne moxer ckptrtcx.
3opont uenonek roxe nounnxercx rako cnne. Hoka +ra cnna naxonrcx n +ro, ee
nourn nenosmoxno ynnert, onako, ee moxno ynnert, ecnn ona cnpoennponana na
nnemnn mnp. Hapanonk, ncnontsymmn npoeknnm n ontme crenenn, uem sopont
uenonek, c ee nomomtm ysnaer o cnoem nanmammem n kpnrnkymmem mexannsme. To, uro
nnyrpennne nponecct nocnpnnnmamrcx nmenno rak, nerko npoemoncrpnponart na
npnmepe exenenno anannrnuecko npakrnkn. Hanpnmep, ecnn nannenr eso ncxknx na ro
ocnonann, xanyercx, uro anannrnk cepnrcx na nero n neer cex nepyxenmno, moxno
c ynepennocrtm ckasart, uro nannenr npoennpyer na npaua cocrnennte npaxente
nmnyntct, nnn, rounee, on uyncrnyer n cee onpeenennte sanpernte nmnyntct, koropte
cranonxrcx cosnarentntmn, rontko kora on npoennpyer nx na pyroro uenoneka.
3ra cnna xnnxercx nnyrpenne y soponoro uenoneka n y nenpornka, a y ncnxornka,
ocoenno y mnso]pennka, npnnnmaer nn nnemne cnnt, nockontky ona nepenocnrcx no
nnemnn mnp. nx mnso]pennkon +ra cnna otuno xnnxercx uem-ro nexenarentntm, axe
npaxentm. Mt nomnnm, uro nepnonauantno nce paspaxnrenn, npnxoxmne ns
nnemnero mnpa, nocnpnnnmamrcx, kak neuro npaxenoe n ornepramrcx c nomomtm
npoeknnn. Hockontky +ro mnso]pennka perpeccnpyer na pannmm cranm pasnnrnx, mt
moxem nonxrt npoeknnm nnyrpennnx nmnyntcon, ecnn cmoxem onycrnrt, uro onn
ecrnnrentno omymamrcx, kak npaxente cnnt. Mt uacro cpannnnann mnso]pennka c
peenkom. Mt snaem, uro peenok, nocnpnnnmammn saorxmerocx o nem uenoneka kak
ncrounnk yonontcrnnx, n pyroe npemx moxer nocnpnnxrt ero kak ncrounnk onn, kak
npara, ecnn +ror uenonek ne yonnernopnr ero nncrnnkrnnnte nyxt. Hpn nopmantnom
pasnnrnn nepnnunoe conpornnnenne nocnnrannomy nnnxnnm ne rontko npeoonenaercx, no
+ro eme n npnnnmaer n nnnrtnaer +ro nnnxnne n ono okastnaer cnoe nosecrnne na
nporxxennn nce xnsnn; nnnxnne cranonnrcx eccosnarentntm. Hpn napanoe ono
nptnaercx n cosnanne n nne npoeknnn, no ornepraercx: ono npnnnmaer ]opmy
npecneonarene ns nnemnero mnpa, orkya ono n npnmno nepnonauantno. Cneonarentno,
mt enaem ntno, uro nanmammn n kpnrnkymmn mexannsm, nosnnkmn n +ro,
pasnnnaercx, nnnrtnax onpeenennte nnemnne, no ontme uacrn onesnennte,
nneuarnennx. Hpn mnso]pennn +ror mexannsm cnona cranonnrtcx cosnarentntm n
ornepraercx c nomomtm npoeknnn.
Ontr paort c mnso]pennkamn nokastnaer, uro uyncrno, yro sa roo
nocroxnno nanmamr, nponcxonr ns ckonro]nnnn, ro ecrt ns +pornsnponanno ]ynknnn
+ro, koropax npenparnnact n +kcnnnonnsm n tna cnpoennponana na nnemnn mnp.
Hannenr-nencnxornk c pannero ercrna nepnn, uro npocro nsrnxnyn na cnoero orna,
parten n na pyrnx myxunn, on moxer nx kacrpnponart, a rakxe oxncx, uro pyrne moryr
ero kacrpnponart onnm nsrnxom. 3ror xe uenonek myunn cex camonanmennem n
xecroko camokpnrnko. Hcropnueckn ananns nokasan, uro nnauane on oxncx
ocyxammnx (n, nosmoxno, cepnrtx) nsrnxon marepn, uenoneka, acconnnponanmerocx c
kacrpanne. (Xopomo nsnecrno, uro cymecrnymr nsrnxt, nonnte nenanncrn. Bepa n
marnueckym cnny nsrnxa nnna, nanpnmep, n cyenepnxx o crnase.). Peenkom nannenr
xnno nenrn]nnnponancx c +rnm nsrnxom; n n camom ene, otunax peaknnx uenoneka na
nnemnne nenpnxrnocrn nnyrpennxx npaxenocrt.
Taknm opasom, npn nenrn]nkannn cansm ecrpykrnnntx nncrnnkron
nanpannxercx na cyekra n, cmemnnaxct c +kcnnnonncrcknm nncrnnkrnnntx
komnonenrom, npoxnnxercx, kak masoxnsm. Bsrnx, nanpannennt nnyrpt, npenpamaercx n
kpnrnkymmn n mnnonxmn mexannsm. Hepnnunoe camonanmenne (perynxrop uyncrn
yonontcrnnx-neyonontcrnnx) renept coennxercx c nontm mnnonxmnm mexannsmom,
koropt okastnaercx n onnosnnnn k romy, uro ocranoct or +ro. Hcrounnkom nocnyxnnn
ponrenn nnn re, kro ncnonnxn nx pont. 3ro ouent xopomo samerno npn
enepconannsannn: +ror mexannsm nce eme ocraercx nnyrpennnm, no nennocrt peantnocrn,
koropym nocnpnnnmaer +ro, orpnnaercx. Orpnnanne, kak yxe ynomnnanoct, nponcxonr or
ecrpykrnnntx nncrnnkron.
Xorx nontrka cnxsart +ror mexannsm c nnnnnyantntmn +porenntmn sonamn
moxer nokasartcx neckontko pnckonanno, ]akrnueckn nentsx orpnnart, uro nomnmo
+nemenron nnsyantno c]ept, n nem coepxartcx n +nemenrt ns cnyxono c]ept. Xopomo
nsnecrnt cnyxonte rannmnnnannn napanonkon, n koroptx nm cntmarcx onnnennx no
ncenosmoxntx sntx enax; na nnx nanxrcx onnnennx n ockopnennx. Ha nnmn
nacmexamrcx n cnonamn noyxamr k sntx enam. (Honoxnrentnte ronoca mt eme yer
ocyxart n pyro cnxsn.) Ecnn cnymart nnnmarentno, uacro moxno onapyxnrt, uro +rn
cnona npnxoxr ns pannero ercrna nannenra n nx nponsnocnnn nmn, c koroptmn y nero
tnn nnnosnte ornomennx. Ionoca npnkastnamr emy n npeocreperamr ero;
cnyxonte rannmnnnannn xnno ntpaxamr ponrentckym kpnrnky. Omymenne, uro sa roo
cnexr, n ronoca npn mannn npecneonannx ]opmnpymr uacrt +roro mexannsma, koropt
npn napanoe npoennpyercx na nnemnn mnp, a y soponoro uenoneka ocraercx nnyrpn, n
cosnarentnoe +ro ero nourn ne sameuaer. B cnonnennxx on nastnaercx nensopom n
npecrannxer coo ncnxnueckn mexannsm, koropt n cocroxnnn opcrnonannx
coprnpyer, nocnpemaer n okastnaer kpnrnueckoe nnnxnne na namepennx, xenannx n
nmnyntct nnunocrn. Tonorpa]nueckn mt nomecrnnn ero n cncremy nocosnannx. Bo cne
kpnrnkymmne cnona peko cranonxrcx cosnarentntmn, n n cocroxnnn opcrnonannx
camokpnrnka rakxe kpane peko ntpaxaercx n cnonax, a ecnn ona nce xe cranonnrcx
cosnarentno, ona ne tnaer cront xe necrepnnmo momno, kak cnyxonte rannmnnnannn
napanonka. Camokpnrnka ne nocnpnnnmaercx cosnarentno; ona ocraercx n nocosnanne.
Taknm opasom nnunocrt pacrnopnna n cee uyxeponoe cymecrno ne rontko c nomomtm
spennx, no n c nomomtm cnyxa. uenonek pasnnn n cee ocot mexannsm, koropt kak t
nnnr n cntmnr nsnyrpn, no (ecnn ymennoe soponte n nopxke) ne ocrnraer npxmoro
nocnpnxrnx. 3ror mexannsm nonyuaer neorpannuennym nnacrt na +ro, or koroporo on
orenxercx rontko npn napanonantno mannn npecneonannx. Konrpont n kpnrnky,
koropte uenonek, nourn +roro ne sameuax, nanpannxer na cex, nce onee nnn menee
cosnarentnte camoynpekn, napanonk npnnnctnaer oekry ns nnemnero mnpa. 3ro cnoero
poa cnpoennponannax conecrt ontnoro.
Horepm conecrn y mnso]pennkon cneyer cunrart xnnennem, conponoxammnm
norepm connantntx cnxse n orkas or +rnuecknx n +crernuecknx orpannuenn. Hockontky,
n ro xe npemx, mnso]pennk uyncrnyer, uro ero nakastnamr, myuamr n nnnxmr na nero c
nomomtm marnn, ner comnenn, uro n cnpoennponanno conecrn npncyrcrnymr cancrckne
renennnn. Htrkn n myuennx npecrannxmr coo peannsonannte nakasannx n
yonnernopxmr uyncrno nnnt; onn, o onpeenenno crenenn xnnxmrcx
npornnononoxnocrtm conecrn. Xapakrepno, uro na ]ase nenrn]nkannn uyncrno nnnt
ocoenno cnntno, ckopee ncero noromy, uro oekrt ]nsnueckn ynnuroxamrcx. Hpn
nontrkax noccosannx mnpa na crann npoeknnn uyncrno nnnt cnaeer, net, naroapx
npoeknnn, oekrt nosnpamamrcx no nnemnn mnp; onn naenxmrcx cancrcknmn
nmnyntcamn nannenra n nocnpnnnmamrcx uepes npnsmy masoxnsma. Ho mnso]pennk
samnmaercx or nosnpamennx oekron, net onn npnnanexar nnemnemy mnpy n moryr
cnona ntsnart onesnennte uyncrna. 3ro crano onee npnmnrnnntm n ornepraer nmte
nnemnne paspaxnrenn. 3ro norepxno cnom oprannsannm; ono pacnanoct na uacrn n
mexannsm, koropt pantme tn nnyrpn, okasancx cnapyxn n oxnnn nony +ro.
Taknm opasom, mt packptnn ncrokn konrponnpymmero mexannsma conecrn. On
pasnnnaercx no mepe roro, kak +ro nnpaer n cex anropnrert pannero ercrna. Ho+romy
mannm npecneonannx cneyer paccmarpnnart, kak nontrky ocnoonrtcx or myuamme
conecrn. Onako conecrt npoxnnxercx oruacrn, kak yrposa nakasannx, oruacrn, kak camo
nakasanne. Cnono conecrt (conscience) osnauaer cosnanne (coknowledge), yuacrne
n snannn nnyrpennnm snannem, ro ecrt c nomomtm nnyrpennero spennx n cnyxa. Kak yxe
ormeuanoct, y conecrn ner cencopntx opranon, ona nocnpnnnmaer rontko ro, uro npomno
uepes +ro, n pacnopxxennn koroporo naxonrcx mexannsm nocnpnxrnx.
3ra nonax, orennnmaxcx or +ro uncro ncnxnueckax crpykrypa nastnaercx cvnepoeo.
Ona nosnnkaer ns nnemnnx paspaxnrene, pacrnopnnmnxcx n +ro, c nomomtm opranon
uyncrn (spennx, cnyxa n rak anee). Horom ona orenxercx or +ro (or renecnoro +ro). B
npetyme rnane mt ysnann, uro cynep+ro sapoxaercx n xoe nenrn]nkann,
cnxsanntx c npnnxrnem nnmn. Tenept mt onxnt pacmnpnrt nonxrne nenrn]nkannn,
net +ro nornomaer nneuarnennx o oekrax c nomomtm ecex opranon uyncrn. Onn
orptnamrcx or renecnoro (nocnpnnnmammero) +ro, nepenneramrcx pyr c pyrom n raknm
opasom ]opmnpyercx nesanncnmax crpykrypa, cynep+ro.
B nauane +nnono cnryannn eme nentsx ronopnrt o cynep+ro. Ono xnnxercx
peaknne na +nnon komnnekc. Mantunk menrantno nornomaer cnoero orna; on kak t
cranonnrcx cnonm cocrnenntm ornom. Hepemena n +ro sannmaer mecro npexne cnxsn c
oekrom (ro ecrt nmnn n nenanncrn k orny), nepemena, nosnonxmmax mantunky
cepxart uyncrnennte crpemnennx k marepnn n arpeccnnnoe ornomenne k orny.
uyncrnennax nmont k marepn rpanc]opmnpyercx n nexnym nmont: arpeccnnnoe
ornomenne k orny npenpamaercx n npnsnanne ornonckoro anropnrera; cansm
mon]nnnpyercx n npoxnnxercx n akrnnnocrn; kopoue ronopx, mantunk naunnaer
cynnmnponartcx n npncnocannnartcx k peantnocrn.
B neantnom +ro nmnyntct n esoronopouno npnnnmamrcx n yonnernopxmrcx, no
noxnnenne cynep+ro napymaer rakne rapmonnunte ornomennx mexy +ro n n. Cynep+ro
nknnnnnaercx mexy +ro n n. Ono ynnuroxaer rapmonnm, napnnmym n nx ornomennxx, n
nnnxer n na crpemnennx n, n na crpemnennx +ro. Cynep+ro nonyuaer nnacrt na +ro.
Bcnecrnne +roro +ro npnxonrcx npncnocannnartcx k rpeonannxm omecrna.
Hockontky omecrno ne moxer paccmarpnnart norpenocrn orentnoro uenoneka, a
cynep+ro cranonnrcx nnyrpennnm npecrannrenem omecrna (Anekcanp nastnaer +ro
xecrknm sakonom ncex npemen, norpeenntm n kaxo nnunocrn), ro cynep+ro, kak n
omecrno, nectma cypono n axe xecroko. Ono rpeyer or uenoneka orpeutcx or cnonx
nyx, nnnort o camonoxeprnonannx. Cynep+ro +ro cytx, ntcmn anropnrer, ono ne
rontko npnnyxaer uenoneka orkastnartcx or yonontcrnn (ocoenno, or uyncrnenntx
yonontcrnn), no n onpeenxer mepy nakasannx sa napymenne +rnx neanncrnuecknx
rpeonann. 3ro, n pacnopxxennn koroporo naxoxrcx peantnte cnnt, nno npnnonr
npnronop n ncnonnenne, nno ner, n sanncnmocrn or cnoe cnoconocrn k conpornnnennm.
Kak cynep+ro crano raknm crpornm? Mt snaem, uro ono c]opmnponanoct n xoe
nenrn]nkannn. Mt yxe ocyxann, uro nenrn]nkannx xnnxercx ncnxnuecknm
+knnnanenrom opantno ]ast n amnnanenrna, ro ecrt moxer ononpemenno ntpaxart n
nmont n nenanncrt. B +nnono cnryannn mantunky nerue ncero samnrnrtcx,
nenrn]nnnponanmnct c ornom, koroporo on ononpemenno n nenannnr n nmnr. Kora
+ro nornomaer orna, nnno or nero orxonr. Mt yxe ykastnann na ro, uro kora nnno
orxonr, nacrynaer pasenenne nncrnnkron, n ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt ntptnamrcx na
cnooy. B pesyntrare +roro, nnno ecekcyannsnpyercx. 3arem ecrpykrnnnte
nncrnnkrt nanpannxmrcx k +ro n pasmemamrcx n nem. Hen o orne, nornomennom +ro, ne
pacnaamrcx na uacrn naroapx cansmy, koropt nepnonauantno tn nanpannen no
nnemnn mnp, na orna, a renept naxonrcx n +ro. Pasnnnmaxcx raknm opasom ncnxnueckax
crpykrypa orenxercx or +ro, cranonnrcx onee nnn menee nesanncnmo n npenpamaercx n
cynep+ro. Taknm opasom, cansm n, nanpannennt na oekrt nomoraer ]opmnponannm
cynep+ro. A cansm cynep+ro, utx momnocrt sanncnr or konkperno nnunocrn, nsnpaer
cnonm oekrom +ro. 3ro nnnrano n cex peantnym nnn npenonaraemym crporocrt
anropnreron, n +ra crporocrt npoonxaer cymecrnonart, no ns nnemne ona npenpamaercx
no nnyrpennmm.
B +nnono cnryannn nacroxmero cynep+ro eme ner. Ono pasnnnaercx n kauecrne
ornera na nmnyntct, koropte nosnnkamr ns +ro cnryannn n y koroptx ner mancon na
ycnex. 3ro npncnocannnaercx k rpeonannxm peantno xnsnn n, nmecro ecnonesnoro
karekcnca oekron, nponcxonr nonesnoe nsmenenne n camom +ro. Cynep+ro xnnxercx
cnecrnnem ycnemnoro npeoonennx +nnona komnnekca. Crpemnennx n, koropte mornn
t npecrannxrt onacnocrt, ecnn t ocranannct nensmenntmn, tnn nounnent, nrxnyrt
n +ro n ecekcyannsnponannt. Hx +neprnx, cnoono nporekanmax n n, renept
ckonnenrpnponanact n cynep+ro, koropoe nomoraer +ro n ero opte npornn sanperntx
nmnyntcon. Cneonarentno, cynep+ro nosnnkno n xoe nenrn]nkannn n, nocne orxoa
nnno, k nemy nepemna +neprnx, npexe npnnanexanmax oekram. Ho, nockontky
ncrounnk +ro +neprnn naxonrcx n n, cynep+ro okontntm nyrem uepnaer cnon cnnt ns
n. Bcnecrnne +roro, ono cnxsano n c n, n c +ro. H n, n +ro moryr nnnxrt na nero, rak xe
kak n ono moxer nnnxrt na nosyxennx, nosnnkammne n nnx. B coornercrnnn co cnonm
nponcxoxennem, cynep+ro ononpemenno xnnxercx npecrannrenem n nnemnero mnpa. n
n. Hs-sa roro, uro ono naxonrcx mexy nymx mnpamn, emy npnxonrcx ncnonnxrt pont
nocpennka, ro ecrt koopnnnponart crpemnennx +ro n n raknm opasom, urot ne tno
nn nnyrpennnx, ncnxnuecknx, kon]nnkron, nn nnemnnx, peantntx.
Ho rakoe neantnoe coornomenne ena nosmoxno axe y soponoro uenoneka, ne
ronopx yxe o ontnom. Cynep+ro ymennoontntx uacro rpeyer or +ro nenosmoxnoro.
Menanxonnx xnnxercx xpknm npnmepom peaknnn na rakne rpeonannx cynep+ro. Hpn +rom
saonenannn conecrt, ]ynknnx cynep+ro, nrpaer ocoym pont. Hannenr, crpaammn
menanxonne, nocroxnno ynpekaer cex; on uyncrnyer cex xanknm, neocrontm,
nonepraer cex ncenosmoxntm nakasannxm, nnora eno oxonr axe o camoyncrna.
Cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro menanxonnkom npannr cnna, nent koropo ynnuroxnrt ero.
Menanxonnk orkastnaercx or nnmn, cranonnrtcx ckyntm n xantm n onrcx, uro norynr
cnom cemtm. Ecnn ne cunrart nspeka noxnnxmmnxcx rannmnnnann, menanxonnx noxoxa
na rpayp.
Ho, n ornnunn or rpaypa nopmantnoro uenoneka, onnaknnammero norepm nmnmtx,
koropomy uepes kakoe-ro npemx yaercx oropnart nnno or norepxnnoro oekra n
nepnyrtcx n nopmantnoe cocroxnne, nx naronornueckoro rpaypa npn menanxonnn
xapakrepna kpanxx xecrokocrt. 3ra xecrokocrt nanpannena rnanntm opasom na camoro
menanxonnka, xorx moxno es rpya samernrt samacknponannte cnet xecrokocrn no
ornomennm k okpyxammnm. H n camom ene, uenonek n cocroxnnn cnntneme enpeccnn
moxer conepmnrt npecrynnenne, n ono yer nx nero ocnooxennem n nckynnennem. H
npn rpaype, n npn menanxonnn oekr, nactmennt nnno, tn norepxn. Ho npn
nopmantnom onnaknnannn nnno orxonr or oekra n ncnontsyercx re-ro eme n npn
+rom ne nponcxonr pasenenne nncrnnkron (ro ecrt nnno npocro nepememaercx na
pyro oekr), a npn menanxonnn +ro nenosmoxno, rak kak cynep+ro menanxonnka
rpeyer cnnmkom mnororo. Fonesnt naunnaercx nocne paso:apoeauu e .moeu n camom
mnpokom cmtcne +roro cnona.
Tako uenonek ouent napnnccnuen, on ne moxer ntnecrn yapa no cnoe
camoonenke n ornonr nnno or oekra. Ecnn uenonek kpane amnnanenren a mt
snaem, uro menanxonnk amnnanenren orxo nnno conponoxaercx pasenennem
nncrnnkron n ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt ntptnamrcx na cnooy. Xorx amnnanenrnocrt
sacrannxer ero n orner Ha pasouaponanne n oekre, orkasartcx or nero, on, n ro xe npemx
nenrn]nnnpyercx c oekrom. Hockontky +ro nornomaer oekr, ncuesaer paccroxnne
mexy opasom oekra n cynep+ro, n oekr cranonnrcx ocrynntm arpeccnn +ro. Cansm
upesmepno cyponoro cynep+ro renept nanpannen ncknmunrentno na uenoneka, koroporo
menanxonnk nmnn, n c koroptm, naroapx nenrn]nkannn, oennnnoct ero +ro.
Crpemxct k camoyncrny, menanxonnk xouer cmeprn koro-ro pyroro, no nenrn]nkannx
c oekrom npnnonr ero k camoynnuroxennm. Koneuno xe, upesmepno cyponoe cynep+ro
ncrpeuaercx ne rontko npn menanxonnn; mt ntpann menanxonnm rontko nx roro, urot
nokasart, nackontko ceptesntmn moryr trt nocnecrnnx upesmepnoro cansma cynep+ro.
Menanxonnx ne ncera noxnnxercx nocne nacroxme norepn nmnn. nanman
cnyuan, npn koroptx menanxonnx nosnnkana nocne npo]eccnonantntx pasouaponann nnn
nocne roro, kak nannenr orkasancx or nenn, koropo nocnxrnn ncm cnom xnsnt. B nenom, y
+roro rnna nannenron cnate cnxsn c oekramn, a rpeonannx n neant upesmepnte, n
ecnn on repxer enncrnennym nent, koropax tna y nero n xnsnn, nemenenno
npoyxamrcx nocroxnnax roronnocrt k nenrn]nkannn n nsnauantno cnntnt cansm
cynep+ro. Kpane ocrpax n rpeonarentnax conecrt onpeenennoro rnna nme kopennrcx
n +rom cansme, a ne n nonnnntx nnnosntx ornomennxx c oekramn. Cymecrnymr,
nanpnmep, ]anarnunte pe]opmaropt, mopanncrt n ackert, koropte, npexe ncero, ne
xnnxmrcx xopomnmn nmtmn. B kauecrne npnmepon moxno ynomxnyrt ncropnn xnsnn
Cn. Hrnarnyca Hoont n Toncroro.
upesmepno kpnrnunoe cynep+ro nnnxer na ornomenne +ro n npn pyrnx ]opmax
ymenntx saonenann. Hanpnmep, npn komnyntcnnnom nenpose nnno perpeccnpyer o
anantno-cancrcko crann. Ho komnyntcnnnte nenpornkn ne emoncrpnpymr n cnoem
noneennn anantnte n cancrckne ueprt. Haoopor, onn kpane uncrte, conecrnnnte n
nnnmarentnte k pyrnm, onn myuamr cex ncenosmoxntmn onnnennxmn n ynpekamn.
Cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro +ro, na koropoe nnnxer kpnrnka cynep+ro, ]opmnpyer peaknnn,
urot samnrnrtcx or crpemnenn n. 3rn nannenrt enamr concem ne ro, uro cenano t
+ro no nnnxnnem n, onn nakastnamr cex, myuamr n orkastnamrcx or yonontcrnn.
Honnnyxct rpeonannxm cynep+ro, +ro orkastnaercx or crpemnenn n, nsmenxx cex c
nomomtm ]opmnponannx peaknnn. Cynep+ro nomer na na ]ponra: no-nepntx, ono
ntraercx cepxart crpemnennx n (c nomomtm +ro); no-nroptx, ono sacrannxer +ro
cnyxnrt cee.
Hecmorpx na cxocrno crpykrypt cynep+ro menanxonnka n komnyntcnnnoro
nenpornka, kaprnnt saonenannx y nnx conepmenno pasnnunte, n romy ecrt ne npnunnt.
Menanxonnk cknonen k napnnccnuecko nenrn]nkannn (+ro nornomaer oekr n oekr
ncuesaer); komnyntcnnnt nenpornk, c pyro cropont, necmorpx na cnom xnnym
amnnanenrnocrt, nnkora nonnocrtm ne orkastnaercx or oekra. Bo-nroptx, y
menanxonnka perpeccnx n pasenenne nncrnnkron rnyxe, uem y komnyntcnnnoro
nenpornka, no+romy y menanxonnka ontmee konnuecrno ecrpykrnnntx nncrnnkron
ntptnaercx na cnooy; +rn ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt sarem nonaamr na cnyxy k
cynep+ro n ykpennxmr ero cansm.
Mannx, uepeymmaxcx c menanxonne nnn cneymmax sa ne, xnnxercx camtm
xpknm okasarentcrnom orpannunnammero n noannxmmero nnnxnnx cynep+ro, nockontky
ona emoncrpnpyer nnunocrt, cnoonym or +roro nnnxnnx. Mannx +ro +]opnueckoe
cocroxnne, n koropom ne cymecrnyer connantntx orpannuenn, nnn, ncnontsyx namy
repmnnonornm, moxno ckasart, uro nce nenrn]nkannn pacrnopnnnct. Ocnoonnmnct or
neoxonmocrn cunrartcx c okpyxammnmn, nannenr nocroxnno crpemnrcx yonnernopnrt
cnon nncrnnkrnnnte xenannx. Mantxk ne nounnxercx nnkaknm npnkasam, sanperam n
orpannuennxm. On uyncrnyer cex cnoontm no ncex ornomennxx. B nem nnuro ne
conpornnnxercx crpemnennxm n, +ro peannsyer +rn crpemnennx eso ncxknx orpannuenn.
Mannakantnoe cocroxnne +ro nacroxmax npornnononoxnocrt menanxonnueckomy
cocroxnnm. Hpn uncro mannakantnom cocroxnnn ner n cnea nnnxnnx cynep+ro.
Hockontky ouent uacro mannx nosnnkaer nocne menanxonnn, cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro
mannx npecrannxer coo nporecr npornn roro, kak cynep+ro opamaercx c +ro npn
menanxonnn. Mannx nokastnaer, uro orkas or nenrn]nkann, n pesyntrare koroptx
c]opmnponanoct cynep+ro, conponoxaercx paspymennem connantntx orpannuenn n
sanperon.
Hpn occecnnnom nenpose nnnxnne cynep+ro cepxnnaer anantno-cancrckne
crpemnennx n ntstnaer ]opmnponanne peaknnn, n ro npemx kak npn ncrepnn onn
npoxnnxercx n orpnnannn rennrantnoro nnno.
Ftno t necnpanennno yrnepxart, uro cynep+ro npncymn nnmt anantno-
cancrckne namepennx. Hsyunn ero pasnnrne, nerpyno samernrt, uro n ero ]opmnponannn
yuacrnymr n nnnosnte cnnt. Manentkn peenok ne cam yunrcx konrponnponart
nererarnnnte ]ynknnn, ero +romy yuar. uyxo uenonek ne moxer sacrannrt ero
konrponnponart c]nnkrep. Hnmt pan snakomoro n nmnmoro uenoneka on yer
crapartcx ncnpaxnxrtcx n onpeenennoe npemx. On rak enaer, noromy uro +roro xouer
nmnmt uenonek. Xenanne oekra, na koroporo nanpanneno nnno, on npnnnmaer rak
xe nnsko k cepny, kak n cnoe cocrnennoe xenanne; on nenrn]nnnpyercx c oekrom n
ecrnyer n coornercrnnn c +rnm. Ero sa +ro xnanxr n, kpome roro, on uyncrnyer
napnnccnueckoe yonnernopennx or roro, uro conepmnn neuro ocronoe uepennn
nastnaer +ro mopantm c]nnkrepa. Ckopee ncero, y kaxo crann pasnnrnx
coornercrnymmax +rnka. Ecnn peenok, naxoxmncx na onee ntcoko crann
pasnnrnx, samernr, uro npnunnnn nmnmomy uenoneky ont, on nocrapaercx ontme +roro
ne enart.
Xorx nentsx orpnnart, uro yaunoe oyuenne uacro ocrnraercx c nomomtm yrpost
nakasannx, nce xe cneyer nouepknyrt, uro nepnoe cornacne c orpannuennem
nncrnnkrnnno xnsnn, ocoenno nncrnnkrnnntx komnonenron, otuno ocnontnaercx na
nmnn. Kora nncrnnkrnnnoe yonnernopenne ornepraercx ns crpaxa norepxrt nmont
oekra, rora +ro nornomaer +ror oekr n karekrnpyer ero nnno; on cranonnrcx
uacrtm +ro. Ho konrpacry c neantntm +ro, mt nastnaer +ro +ro-neanom. Hs-sa nmnn k
+romy neany uenonek nennxercx sa nero n nounnxercx ero rpeonannxm 3ro nounnxercx
cynep+ro no crpaxom nakasannx, no +ro-neany ono nounnxercx ns-sa nmnn. Onako +ro
ne uyncrnennax nmont, noromy uro kora oekrnnnoe nnno npenpamaercx n +ro-
nnno, nponcxonr ecekcyannuannx, sa koropo moxer nocneonart cynnmannx.
Hapnnccnsm +roro +ro xnnxercx nroptuntn!
Ecnn +ro-nean n cynep+ro xnnxmrcx npecrannrenxmn nnemnero mnpa n +ro, rora
nerpyno nonxrt, uro connantnte ecrnnx n orkas or nncrnnkron nponcxoxr ne rontko
ns crpaxa nepe nakasannem, no n ns nmnn. Henrn]nkannx ecrnnrentno amnnanenrna
Fonee roro, ecnn +ro-nen - +ro opas nmnmtx oekron n +ro, a cynep+ro opas
oekron, ntstnammnx crpax n nenanncrt, rora nouemy xe +rn nonxrnx uacro nyramr n
ono ncnontsymr nmecro pyroro? 3a +ro n ornere ncropnueckoe pasnnrne +rnx nonxrn.
Kora upe nnepnte c]opmynnponan konnennnm +ro-neana, on nouepknyn ero
nnnosnt acnekr, nepoxrno ns-sa roro, uro +ro-nean okpyxaer nexnax neantnax
nmont. Hosnee on cran ontme nouepknnart cancuckym cropony, cyponym n
rpeonarentnym, croxmym-na-+ro cynep+ro.
Ha npakrnke rpyno orennrt +rn nonxrnx pyr or pyra. 3ro-nean coepxnr n
cee ontme marepnnckoro nnno, cynep+ro ornonckoro; na ene onn cmemant. Fonee
roro, nnno +ro-neana ecekcyannsnponanno n n nem moxno narn nekoropte
ecrpykrnnnte +nemenrt, n a cynep+ro ecrnymr nnnosnte cnnt, nockontky cynep+ro
nosnnkaer ns nenrn]nkannn c amnnanenrno nmnmtm ornom. 3ro-nean, re
omnnnpyer marepnnckoe nnno, naunnaer pasnnnartcx na orennrantntx cranxx, a
cynep+ro, re omnnnpyer ornonckoe nnno, nnepnte noxnnxercx rontko na rennrantno
crann. Crnmyn k ]opmnponannm cynep+ro +ro onacnocrt kacrpannn, onacnocrt,
yrpoxammax ncemy +ro, noromy uro +ro nenrn]nnnponano c rennrannxmn. Bcactnax orna
n cnoe +ro, mantunk ne rontko nseraer onacnocrn kacrpannn, no n nonyuaer samnrnnka n
opase orna, koroporo nornornno +ro. Cynep+ro ]opmnpyercx ne rontko ns-sa nenanncrn,
no n ns-sa nmnn n crpaxa sa napnnccnueckoe +ro, koropomy rposnr onacnocrt.
Touno rakxe, kak +ro nmnr +ro-nean (cynep+ro), rakxe n cynep+ro nmnr +ro
(nropnunt napnnccnsm +ro). Tyr cranonnrcx nonxrno, nouemy +ro nosnonxer cynep+ro
mnoroe enart no-cnoemy 3ro uacro nosnonxer cynep+ro myuart cex, noromy uro sa +ro
ono nonyuaer nmont n samnry 3ro cornamaercx c orpannuennem nncrnnkron, koroporo
cnauana rpeymr oekrt, a norom cynep+ro, noromy uro n nne komnencannn ono
nonyuaer napnnccnueckoe yonnernopenne. (Hanpnmep, yonnernopenne or roro, uro
xnnxemtcx nopxountm uenonekom.) Ecnn xe napyment cnxsn c oekramn n
]opmnponanne cnxsanntx c nnmn ne, kak +ro tnaer npn napanoe, rora
npenpnnnmamrcx nontrkn komnencnponart neocrarok nmnn c nomomtm npoeknn n
rannmnnnannn. Hen o npecneonannxx n rannmnnnannn ne ncera coepxar n cee
orpnnanne n ]opme sanperon, kpnrnkn, ockopnennn n romy noonoro, tnamr rakxe
oopnrentnte, conasnxmmne ronoca, koropte xnanxr nannenra n nocxnmamrcx ero
kpacoro, oporo n conepmencrnom.
Hmn, ntpocmne es nmnn, cranonxrcx neomnrentntmn, neocrynntmn,
nennnmarentntmn k pyrnm n yonnernopxmr cnon nncrnnkrnnnte norpenocrn nourn es
orpannuenn. Onn rnn aconnantnoro uenoneka +ro uenonek, koroporo ne nmnnn n
ercrne. H, nakonen, nmn c xopomo pasnnrtm cynep+ro uacro menxmrcx nocne
pasouaponannx n cnoem neane nnn nocne roro, kak on repxer nennocrt. Onn repxmr
connantnte uyncrna n cranonxrcx espaccyntmn n xecroknmn no ornomennm k cnonm
npexnnm pystxm. Ftn nanecen yap no napnnccnsmy raknx nme, n no+romy onn
nsannxmrcx or cnonx neanon n mcrxr rem, kro npecrannxer +rn nen no nnemnem mnpe.
Moxno cenart ntno, uro y nme, koropte pocnn n armoc]epe nmnn, nosnnkner
mxrkoe n nerpeonarentnoe cynep+ro. Onako, otuno +ro ne rak, nockontky nonyuennax
nmont orpannunnaer arpeccnm, koropax, ecnn e ne yaercx paspxnrcx, nanpannxercx
nnyrpt n nnnnaercx n cnnt cynep+ro.
Cymecrnyer pasnnna mexy nmtmn, koropte crann connantntmn cymecrnamn
naroapx nenanncrn, n nmtmn, cranmnmn connantntmn cymecrnamn naroapx nmnn.
Ha npakrnke, n ]opmnponannn connantntx neanon nrpamr pont oa +rnx ]akropa, no n
onnx cnyuaxx npeonaaer onn ]akrop, a n pyrnx pyro. Ecnn npeonaaer
nenanncrt, noxnnrcx cknonnocrt k crporocrn n ackernsmy; ecnn npeonaaer nmont,
xnsnt yer npnnocnrt ontme paocrn. Cynep+ro/+ro-nean +ro ouent cnoxnax n
pasnernnennax crpykrypa; npn onnx ycnonnxx yer omnnnponart cyponoe cynep+ro, a
npn pyrnx onee cnncxonrentnt +ro-nean.
Ouent naxno nouepknyrt, uro n cynep+ro npncyrcrnyer nnnosnt komnonenr,
nockontky +ro nomoraer nam nsexart onocroponnero nsrnxa ne rontko na ero snauenne
nx nenposa, no n na ry pont, koropym on nrpaer n aanrannn nnunocrn k connantnomy
coomecrny. 3ro ncnonnxer npnkast cynep+ro ne rontko ns crpaxa, no n ns-sa nmnn. Bet
cynep+ro nponsomno ns opasa orna.
anare eme pas ncnomnnm ro, uro mt ysnann npo cynep+ro: ono cocronr ns cneon
xnsnennoro ontra, ro ecrt, o onpeenenno crenenn, ns peantnocrn. Ho ono ne rontko
xnnxercx npecrannrenem peantnocrn n +ro, ono eme n nomoraer +ro oportcx npornn
nnemnero mnpa n npornn crpemnenn n. Hcropnx pasnnrnx cynep+ro nokastnaer, uro ono
nosnnkaer ns kon]nnkra mexy nncrnnkramn n rpeonannxmn nnemnero mnpa.
Cneonarentno, ono xnnxercx npoykrom aanrannn k peantnocrn n, n cnom ouepet,
cranonnrcx naxntm mexannsmom, koropt nomoraer +ro npoonxart npncnocannnartcx k
peantnocrn. Herarnnntm okasarentcrnom +roro xnnxercx rnnnos. Homnmo konrakra c
rnnnornsepom, npn rnnnose ncuesaer ncxkn konrakr c nnemnnm mnpom.
Innnornsnpyemt nonnnyercx ncem npnkasam rnnnornsepa, koropt sannmaer mecro
cynep+ro n nsnyrpn nonmentm opasom ycrpanxer peantnocrt nnn cosaer
peantnocrt cnonamn, nsrnxamn n xecramn. 3ror npnmep xcno nokastnaer, kak
ornomenne +ro moxer trt nsmeneno marre u no nosecrnnem cynep+ro. Taknm
opasom, npncnoconenne k peantnocrn sanncnr ne rontko or +ro, no n or cynep+ro.
Cynep+ro canknnonnpyer nocnpnxrne, mtcnn n omymennx +ro, ono paspemaer cunrart nx
uacmouu+u.
Onako +ro sanncnr ne rontko or peantnocrn n or cynep+ro, na nero rakxe nnnxer
n. To xe camoe nepno n ornocnrentno cynep+ro, koropoe, n cnom ouepet, nnnxer na n.
Taknm opasom, ncnxnueckne cncremt omamrcx mexy coo: no-nepntx, nponcxonr
nsanmoecrnne mexy +ro n n; no-nroptx, mexy +ro n cynep+ro; n, n-rpertnx, mexy
cynep+ro n n. Hmnyntct, nosnnkammne n ono ncnxnuecko crpykrype, moryr,
ncnecrnne +rnx nenpeptnntx nsanmoecrnn, okasartcx n pyro crpykrype n, ecnn
neoxonmo, nonnnxrt na nosyxennx, nporekammne n rperte crpykrype. 3ro ysnaer o
nmnyntce, nosnnkmem n n n uacrt nosyxennx ononpemenno nepexonr n cynep+ro.
Ecnn +ro nosyxenne ne coornercrnyer nmnyntcy n, cynep+ro sanpemaer
ncnonnnrentntm opranam +ro peannsonart nmnyntc. Tak cranonnrcx nosmoxntm
rapmonnunoe corpynnuecrno ncex ncnxnuecknx crpykryp. Ho nsanmoecrnne mexy
crpykrypamn moxer trt napymeno. Ecnn ono napymaercx nonnocrtm, rora moxer
nponsorn pacmennenne nce nnunocrn, n +ro okaxercx no nnacrn namepenn n, kak +ro,
nanpnmep, tnaer npn mnso]pennn. Ho ecnn cnxst ynnuroxena ne nonnocrtm, ecnn,
nanpnmep, npepnana rontko cnxst mexy cynep+ro n n, a mexy +ro n n cnxst
coxpannnact (komnyntcnnnt nenpos), rora cynep+ro moxer nnnxrt na crpemnennx n
rontko okontntmn nyrxmn, uepes +ro, na koropoe ono nnnxer nanpxmym. 3ro npnnnmaer
nmnyntct, ncxoxmne ns n; onako cnxst mexy +ro n cynep+ro ne npepnana n, naroapx
nemenenno kpnrnke cynep+ro, +ro orkastnaercx or cnonx namepenn nnn mon]nnnpyer
nx. Fonee roro, moxer cnyunrtcx rak, uro +ro cornacnrtcx c nee, xenannem nnn
nmnyntcom, koropomy ono o +roro npornnocroxno, n ne yer nomnnrt o cnoem npexnem
necornacnn. eno n rom, uro pasnte komnonenrt +ro pasnnnannct ne ononpemenno. Te
uacrn +ro, koropte orcramr n pasnnrnn moryr, kak n nncrnnkrt, sa]nkcnponartcx;
ncnecrnne rakoro omnounoro pasnnrnx, ]nkcnponannte uacrn +ro perpeccnpymr,
orenxmrcx n repxmr cnxsn c ocrantntmn uacrxmn +ro. B pesyntrare, ona uacrt +ro ne
nonnmaer pyrym. Takne pacmennenne +ro rnnnuno nx nenposon, kak mt ynnnm n
antnemem.
B kauecrne npnmepa kpanero cnyuax, x xoren t pacckasart o xopomo
opasonanno n ouent pasopunno xenmnne. Y nee tnn ntcokne cosnarentnte nen.
onako ona uacro conepmana nocrynkn, koropte npornnopeunnn ee mopantntm n
+crernuecknm nsrnxam, ona sannmanact anantno macrypanne n uacro nrpana co cnonmn
]ekannxmn. Kora x oparnn ee nnnmanne na konrpacr mexy raknm noneennem n ee
xopomnm nocnnrannem n upesmepno uncronnornocrtm, ona menx ne nonxna. Ona ana mne
crepeornnnt orner Ho net +ro xe +ou ]ekannn. Ouennno, uro +ra nn]anrnntnax
uacrt +ro ocranact n npexnem cocroxnnn n norepxna cnxst c pyro, ouent pasopunno
uacrtm.
Hosxe mt pasepem +ro onee nopono. Ceuac x xoren t rontko ynomxnyrt, uro
+ro-nean cynep+ro moxer co npemenem nsmennrtcx n coornercrnne c okpyxennem n
connantntmn ycnonnxmn, xorx n ontmnncrne cnyuaen eccosnarentnax uacrt (xpo) ne
sarparnnaercx. B saknmuenne, x xoren t nouepknyrt, uro cymecrnyer rakxe nerarnnnoe
cynep+ro, koropoe sacrannxer uenoneka noxnonnxrtcx neanom, koropt xnnxercx
npornnononoxnocrtm oekry nenrn]nkannn (nanpnmep, norpenocrt trt ne raknm kak
oren). Onako, nackontko x nonnmam, +ro nropnunt nean, nacrpoennt nonepx
nepnnunoro, n, kak npannno, ner pyka o pyky c onee nnn menee xnntm pacmennennem
namepenn cynep+ro (+ro-neana).
Oomax, moxno ckasart, uro n npecrannxer coo nonornueckoe nacnene;
cynep+ro rpannnm nnn ncropnueckoe nacnene; a +ro nacroxmym peantnocrt.
Cnn1e1nuecxan qynxnnn +ro
upe npnnnctnaer cekcyantntm crpemnennxm n. 3pocy, renennnm
oennxrtcx c oekramn c nentm cosannx nono ennnnt Ananornunym renennnm
moxno ynnert n +ro, renennnm, koropax ntpaxaercx n cnoconocrn cnxstnart,
oennxrt, cosanart. Onako y +ro renennnn 3poca cekcyantnte nenn, a n +ro
cekcyantnoe snauenne orcyrcrnyer.
3ro kora-ro tno uacrtm n, no, n xoe pasnnrnx, orennnoct or nero n
ooconnoct. H crpemnrcx ne rontko k oennennm c oekramn, no n k noccoennennm
c +ro. H ncera crpemnrcx noccoennnrtcx c +ro, n naoopor; pyrnmn cnonamn, ncera
cymecrnyer renennnx ynnuroxnrt ooconennocrt +ro or n, urot onn mornn cnnrtcx
pyr c pyrom. 3ra renennnx samerna n cnonnennxx, npn onpeenenntx ncnxornuecknx
cocroxnnxx n npn nenposax, kora noannennte uacrn +ro npncoennxmrcx k n.
Kora +ro n n oennxmrcx nacrynaer nonnoe napnnccnueckoe yonnernopenne.
Cyx no ncemy, +ro cocroxnne omnnnpyer n reuenne nepnoro roa xnsnn, kora mexy n
n +ro cymecrnyer nonnax rapmonnx, +ro ntnonnxer ro, uro xouer n. Kora oxnaemoe
yonnernopenne ne nacrynaer, rapmonnx napymaercx.
Hoka ner cynep+ro, ornomennx mexy +ro n n ouent npocrt. C noxnnennem
cynep+ro +rn ornomennx cranonxrcx onee cnoxntmn, noromy uro +ro ntnyxeno
paorart n pasntx nanpannennxx. Bo-nepntx, ono koopnnnpyer anronomnte n
pasnoopasnte nncrnnkrt n n conpaer nx nx oennennoro ecrnnx (3ro ne ntnocnr
npornnopeun.). Bo-nroptx, ono npnnonr crpemnennx n n coornercrnne c rpeonannxmn
peantnocrn. B-rpertnx, ono npnmnpxer rpeonannx cynep+ro c rpeonannxmn n n c
rpeonannxmn peantnocrn. Taknm opasom, +ro nrpaer pont nocpennka mexy pasntmn
uacrxmn nnunocrn, a rakxe mexy nnunocrtm n nnemnnm mnpom.
Ha ocnone marepnana, nonyuennoro npn ncnxoanannrnueckom neuennn, moxno
cenart ntno, uro nepnoe omyrnmoe npoxnnenne ]ynknn +ro +ro cynep+ro. Cynep+ro
nacnennk +nnona komnnekca. 3nnon komnnekc cocronr ns onpeenenntx ornomenn
mexy ponrenxmn n peenkom. B pesyntrare npeoonennx +nnona komnnekca, cynep+ro
samemaer ero oekrt (orna n mart); ro ecrt ornomenne k oekram ns nnemnero mnpa
ntstnaer nepemeny n +ro. 3ro accnmnnnpyer ncnxnuecknx npecrannrene +rnx oekron
n yepxnnaer nx uyncrnamn n a]]ekramn, cnxsanntmn c nnmn. 3arem +ro cosoaem ns
eckoneunoro konnuecrna nocnpnxrnn, nneuarnenn, uyncrn, ns +monnonantntx opason
oekron nonym n, npn onpeenenntx ycnonnxx, nesanncnmym crpykrypy, koropym mt
nastnaem cynep+ro. 3ror nont ncnxnueckn mexannsm ]opmnpyercx naroapx
accnmnnxnnn n nnrerpannn orpomnoro konnuecrna cneon, ocrannenntx n +ro nnemnnmn n
nnyrpennnmn paspaxnrenxmn. B xoe accnmnnxnnn n nnrerpannn +ro npnnonr n
ecrnne ]ynknnm, koropym mt nastnaem cuumemu:ecro. Taru+ oopaso+,
cuumemu:ecra qvuru oeo npoe.emc e accu+u.uu euvmpeuuux u eueuuux
o.e+eumoe, e npu+upeuuu rouq.urmvmuux uoe, e ooeouueuuu npomueono.oruocme u e
+euma.iuo+ meop:ecmee.
Eme onnm npoxnnennem cnnrernuecko ]ynknnn +ro xnnxercx nompeouocmi
oocumi npu:uui, koropax, n camom npnmnrnnnom nne, cymecrnyer axe o
]opmnponannx cynep+ro. 3ra norpenocrt ne nncrnnkr, no ona onaaer
nncrnnkrnnno npnnyxamme cnno. ne conpamct yrnynxrtcx n +ry nponemy,
noromy uro nponema npnunnnocrn npnnanexnr k onacrn ]nnoco]nn. Mt noronopnm o
nompeouocmu naxonrt npnunny, o ncnxonornuecko nponeme, o norpenocrn cnxstnart
na ]akra raknm opasom, urot nropo onpeenxncx nepntm. Cnny +ro norpenocrn
noxany nyume ncero moxno nponnnmcrpnponart nocrrnnnornuecknm nnymennem.
Innnornsnpyemomy tn an npnkas norn n yron komnart, nsxrt sonrnk, koropt ram
croxn n orkptrt ero uepes nxrt mnnyr nocne roro, kak on nter ns rnnnornueckoro
rpanca. Kora on ntnonnnn +ror npnkas, ero cnpocnnn, nouemy on packptn sonrnk. On
ornernn: Homo+v :mo ner oxt. (Ha camom ene nnkakoro oxx ne tno.)
Horpenocrn narn npnunny nacrontko cnntna, uro kora ner nnkako npnunnt, ee
ntymtnamr.
Crpemnenne cnxsart nent cotrn rak, uro nocnenee sneno onpeenxnoct nepntm,
+ro kopent npnunnno-cnecrnennoro mtmnennx. 3ror nponecc necomnenno ornocnrcx k
nocosnarentno ncnxnuecko exrentnocrn. Ecnn npnunnno-cnecrnennax cnxst
okastnaercx nnnmsne n ne coornercrnyer peantnocrn, rora +ror nponecc nastnaercx
pannonannsanne. Hoxoxe, uro pannonannsannx n cocroxnnn opcrnonannx
coornercrnyer nropnunomy ycnoxnennm cnonnennx. Bropnunoe ycnoxnenne crnaxnnaer
cnnmkom xpkne kon]nnkrt, sanonnxer nycrort n npnaer nenornuntm menrantntm
nponeccam cnonnennx npnemnemt nn. Ecnn paora cnonnenn ne cymena
samacknponart narenrnte mtcnn cnonnennx, +ro enaer nropnunoe ycnoxnenne n ono xe
npnaer npoxnnennomy cnonnennm ornocnrentno nornunt nn. Kora noannenne ne
aer pesyntraron (nanpnmep, npn mnso]pennn), kora noannennt marepnan nxonr
npxmo n cosnanne, cpasy xe nosnnkaer pannonannsannx. Hockontky +ro, n coornercrnne co
cnoe renennne oennxrt n cnxstnart, ne ntnocnr npornnopeun, ono nemenenno
ntcrpannaer npnunnno-cnecrnennym cnxst mexy nemamn nnn nexmn, koropte ne
nmemr pyr k pyry nnkakoro ornomennx. Pannonannsannx, koropax npn ncnxosax
npnnnmaer ]opmy rannmnnnann, sanonnxer nponan n mtcnnrentno exrentnocrtm,
ntsnannt pacmennennem +ro. (3ro ne moxer onycrnrt, urot n cosnannn cymecrnonann
nycrort.). uem monoxe uenonek, uem menee on nornuen, uem on npnmnrnnnee nnn uem
ontme on onen, rem ckopee on naxonr npnunnt.
Kak yxe ormeuanoct, norpenocrt narn npnunny rak cnntna, cnonno xnnxercx
nponsnono or nncrnnkron. Ona npoxnnxercx n ercrne n ]opme nmontrcrna. Bnauane
peenok cnpamnnaer o rom, orkya epyrcx npemert n ontme ncero o rom, orkya
epyrcx nmn. Hosnee, ecnn peenok ne sanyran, on naunnaer cnpamnnart o pasnnunxx
nonon. Hmontrcrnom peenka, na camom ene, nnxer cekcyantnt nncrnnkr. Bosnnkaer
nckymenne paccmarpnnart nn]anrnntnoe nmontrcrno kak nncrnnkrnnnt komnonenr.
Cekcyantnte nncrnnkrt +ro npoxnnennx 3poca, koropt npecrannxer coo nce
nncrnnkrt xnsnn. Hx nent oennenne nyx cymecrn nx cosannx nonoro cymecrna.
Heoxonmocrt nckart npnunnt n ]nsnueckom mnpe, norpenocrt narn npnunny, ckopee
ncero, ananornuna rnopuecko ]ynknnn 3poca. (Kora nmn coennxmrcx, cosaercx
nonoe cymecrno; kora nccneonarent naxonr npnunny xnnennx, on uacro moxer orkptrt
sanono camo xnnenne.)
H cosnarentnocrt 3poca, n norpenocrt +ro narn npnunny crpemxrcx coennnrt
na snena, urot cosart neuro nonoe; onako, onn nponecc xnnxercx npoxnnennem n, a
pyro +ro. Moxno cenart nnonne oocnonannt ntno o rom, uro norpenocrt narn
npnunny +ro 3poc, cynnmnponannt n +ro. To, uro npoxnnxercx n n kak renennnx k
oennennm nyx cymecrn, n +ro roxe npoxnnxercx kak renennnx k oennennm, no ne
oekron, a ne, mtcne n nocnomnnann. Hoka renennnx k cnnresy ocraercx n n, ona
nocnr cekcyantnym okpacky; nxox n +ro, ona cynnmnpyercx, n onnm ns ee npoxnnenn
cranonnrcx norpenocrt narn npnunny. B omem n nenom, cnnrernueckax ]ynknnx +ro
npecrannxer coo npnnnnn ntcme menrantno xnsnn.
Tenennnx +ro k oennennm, cnxstnannm n rnopuecrny, nknmuaer n cex rakxe
renennnm k ynpomennm, oomennm, nnrepnperannn n, n konne konnon, k nonnmannm.
Hpn mnso]pennn eccnxsnte, axe npornnopeunnte nen cnxsant mexy coo, n
nmenno no+romy mtmnenne nannenron-mnso]pennkon kaxercx raknm necrptm. Hannenrt
ntramrcx nsernyrt xaoca, n koroptm onn naxoxrcx, ]opmnpyx ennym kaprnny xnsnn, n
koropo ner npornnopeun. Oomax, onn ntramrcx crnanrt npornnopeunx; onn
cmemnnamr cnet-nocnomnnannx c peantntm nocnpnxrnem n cosamr nonym
Weltanshauung (]nnoco]nm xnsnn), npncnoconennym k nx cnenn]nuecknm
ncnxonornuecknm norpenocrxm. Ha camom ene, +ro ]nnoco]nx orcrpanennoro yma:
orcrpanennoro or peantnocrn. Onn ncronkontnamr mnp no-cnoemy n yonnernopxmr cnom
norpenocrt nonxrt mnp, koropoe aer nm onpeenennoe yonnernopenne n nnora
samerno cnnxaer yponent rpenorn, kak npannno, nx ]nnoco]nx xnsnn, n cymnocrn,
kocmonornuna, ocnonana na nponeme nponcxoxennx uenoneka; mnp, koropt onn
norepxnn, nospoxaercx, noccosaercx n yme c nomomtm cnnresa. Hponema
nponcxoxennx uenoneka, raknm opasom, oomaercx n cnonrcx k npocro ]opmyne, k
nee cosannx nenoro mnpa.
Tenennnx k ynpomennm n oomennm, k nnrerpannn n romy noonomy.
nokastnaer, uro cnnrernueckax ]ynknnx +ro nounnxercx +konomnueckomy npnnnnny,
koropt sacrannxer +ro +konomnrt ycnnnx. B n ncnxnueckax +neprnx reuer cnoono, ram
napnr xaoc; nonaax n +ro, +ra +neprnx npenpamaercx n nanpannennym +neprnm, rak uro
coepxannx +ro cranonxrcx cranntntmn n nocneonarentntmn. B n napnr xaoc, a n +ro
nopxok: nepnnunt nponecc n samenxrcx nropnuntm nponeccom +ro,
eccosnarentnte nen n n +ro oruacrn cranonxrcx nocosnarentntm, n renept
cnnrernueckax ]ynknnx moxer nx oysart. Taknm opasom cnnres ne rontko oennxer
nce uacrn nnunocrn, no n npnnnocnr n ]ynknnonnponanne +ro ynpomenne n +konomnm.
uem mname peenok, uem npnmnrnnnee nspocnt, uem mentme nnrerpnponano ero
+ro, rem nerue on nepenocnr npornnopeunx. uem ntme yponent menrantnoro pasnnrnx, uem
onee nnrerpnponano +ro, rem ontme ono crpemnrcx k oennennm. Cnnrernueckax
]ynknnx nponaaer, kora nnunocrt nonnocrtm pacnaaercx, kak +ro tnaer npn
ncnxosax. Onako, kora nenocrnocrt +ro naxonrcx no yrposo, no nekoropoe
konnuecrno koncrpykrnnno +neprnn nce eme ocrynno (kak npn napanonantntx ]opmax
mnso]pennn), cnnrernueckax ]ynknnx +ro upesmepno crnmynnpyercx; nce es pasopa
coennxercx n nepememnnaercx, cncremarnsnpyercx, n n koneunom pesyntrare nosnnkamr
rannmnnnannn. Cnnrernueckax ]ynknnx +ro ntpacraer o neotuntx pasmepon.
(Oomenne, ynpomenne n cncremarnsannx mnso]pennuecknx ne nanomnnamr nekn
]nnoco]ckn Weltanschauung.).
Hpn paccmorpennn napanonantntx rannmnnnann cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro
onn npecrannxmr coo ne rontko nontrky noccosannx peantnocrn, no n nontrky
cynnmannn. uakrnueckn, xyoxecrnennoe, nayunoe n connantnoe rnopuecrno, ro ecrt
cynnmannx, sanncnr or npannntnoro ]ynknnonnponannx +ro-cnnresa. Hpnsnakn
cynnmannn moxno samernrt n ouent pannem nospacre. Hanpnmep, npnyuaxct k
uncronnornocrn, peenok orkastnaercx or npxmoro yonnernopennx nncrnnkron pan
onee ntcoko nenn (nmnn marepn). Onako nonnax cynnmannx ne nacrynaer o rex nop,
noka ne yer npeoonen +nnon komnnekc n ne c]opmnpyercx cynep+ro. Hs nnnosntx
ornomenn c oekramn nnemnero mnpa pasnnnamrcx nennnosnte ornomennx,
nanpnmep, mopantnte n connantnte uyncrna; +rn nonte uyncrna cnnresnpymrcx ns uyncrn
+nnona komnnekca.
To, kak ona xenmnna ntnpana npo]eccnm, moxer cnyxnrt npnmepom
cynnmannn: urot nsyuart mennnny e npnmnoct npeoonert conpornnnenne cnoero
orna, koropt cam tn npauom. Oryunnmnct onn ro, ona ntmna samyx. Xorx ona c
+nrysnasmom nsyuana mennnny n npekpacno cana +ksament, ona pemnna pocnrt
nsyuenne mennnnt nocne samyxecrna. Onako, nnauane ona ntranact yenrt cnoero
myxa, nsyuanmero pyro npemer, nepeknmunrtcx na nsyuenne mennnnt. Hent ee
mtcne nokastnaer, nouemy ona pemnna orkasartcx or npo]eccnn, koropym ntpana no
cocrnenno none: ecnn ee myx craner npauom, e camo ne npnercx cranonnrtcx npauom,
nockontky okontntm nyrem, uepes npo]eccnm cnoero myxa, ona cmoxer noepxnnart
enncrnennym ocranmymcx cnxst co cnonm ornom. Cynnmannx nponsomna sect nourn
rakxe, kak ona nponcxonr npn ]opmnponannn cynep+ro: +ro nornomaer nnnosnt
oekr n conponoxammne ero nncrnnkrt, c nomomtm nenrn]nkannn orkastnaercx or
oekra n nepenonr nncrnnkr na pyrym nent. 3ro oennxer oekr n nncrnnkr,
oekr cranonnrcx eccosnarentno nee, nenn nncrnnkra menxmrcx n on npenpamaercx n
ecekcyann+nponannym ncnxnueckym +neprnm. Y name nannenrkn +ra +neprnx
paspxxanact cnauana n yuee, a norom n npo]eccnn. Kora ona nonxna, uro oekr ne
moxer oecneunrt npxmym paspxky ee nncrnnkra, ona pemnna nokonunrt c cynnmanne.
Ouennno, uro +rnm aneko ne ncuepntnaercx nponema cnnresa n nenom n
cynnmannn n uacrnocrn.
Inannax saaua cnnrernuecko ]ynknnn
ne ymep. Bmecro namepennx ynrt ero ocranoct rontko uyncrno nnnt. On ckasan, uro
nemepa nanomnnana emy eme n o rom npemenn, kora on uacamn croxn nepe menexte
knerko n soonapke, rmerno naexct ynnert cnapnnanne menee. Fonee roro, on
ncnomnnn ]anrasnm o rom, kak orpomnt nennc orna nxonr n mart, ptsraer n nnraer
peenka n yrpoe. Kora nosxe on c rpenoro n ornpamennem ysnan, kak nponcxonr
sauarne, on noyman, uro n xenmnna, n peenok moryr nonyunrt rxxente yneutx. B
coornercrnne c +rnmn acconnannxmn, on pemnn, uro on, naxoxct n yrpoe, xoren
npornornrt orna, xoren ntcocart ncm ero cnny n, raknm opasom, ynrt ero.
Hecmorpx na cnom cnoxnocrt, ocnonnax rema cnonnennx xcno nnna:
a+ouea.eumuoe omuoueuue r omv u ncuxu:ecroe cocmouue v+a. romopoe 4peo
peroucmpvupoea. e mep+uuax nepeooimuoeo cmaoa, noc.e moeo, rar oi.o coeepueuo
voucmeo oma. Pacrauue, mocra, mpeeoea, :vecmeo euui ue noseo.mm naueumv
coeepuumi maroe re npecmvn.euue.
Acconnannn ko nropo uacrn cnonnennx ykastnamr na ]anrasnn nannenra o
oxnnnennn nnn noccosannn yrepxnnoro oekra c nomomtm anantntx poon.
Cnpanennnocrt rakoro ronkonannx nornepxaercx cneymmnmn eranxmn ns
anannsa oceccnnnoro nenpornka, o koropom mt yxe ronopnnn:
Onaxt yrpom on nonyunn saneuarannoe nnctmo ns cnoe ]npmt, koropoe
npnneno ero n yxac. On ncnyrancx, uro ]npma npncnana emy npnunrammymcx cymmy ener
n, raknm opasom, pasptnaer c nnm nce enonte cnxsn, nockontky, kak on noyman c
packaxnnem, nocnenee npemx on ne rak xopomo paoran, kak pantme. Hpexe uem nckptrt
konnepr, on nouyncrnonan norpenocrt ncnpaxnnrtcx. Cpasv noc.e oeqerauu ou eopve
nou., uro saneuarannoe nnctmo nonce ne osnauano pasptn ornomenn, a coepxano n cee
uek, koropt onxen tn nokptrt ero neannne pacxot. Tak ono n okasanoct. Hoonte
nepexnnannx perynxpno cnyuannct no npemx rnyouamnx enpeccn, kora on
comnenancx n cymecrnonannn Fora. Hocne e]ekannn, kak rontko |]ekannn| ntxonnn
napyxy, emy na ym npnxonno nenepoxrnoe mnoxecrno okasarentcrn cymecrnonannx
Fora n enpeccnx ncuesana. Xorx ero paspaxano. uro osapenne nacrynaer, kora on cnnr
n ryanere cpasy nocne e]ekannn, on nce panno ocnooxancx or comnenn na nekoropoe
npemx.
3ect x xoren t nponnrnponart Poxama, koropt ntraercx nokasart, uro
rpaypnte pnryant nepnotrntx nme npecrannxmr coo peaknnm na nepnnunoe
npecrynnenne. Tpaypnax nepemonnx n nekoroptx nepnotrntx nnemenax cocronr ns
onpeenenntx ouncrnrentntx pnryanon, koroptm npemecrnyer ncnpaxnenne na mornny
ymepmero. Hpn menanxonnn, nporornne onesnn, npn koropo naxnym pont nrpaer
conecrt, n knnnnuecko kaprnne omnnnpymr anantnte n opantnte crpemnennx. Apaxam
okasan, uro npn menanxonnn, koropax roxe npecrannxer coo cnoero poa rpaypnt
pnryan, rpayp no norepxnnomy oekry ormeuen opantntmn n anantntmn cnmnromamn.
Hpn kararonnuecknx npncrynax nannenrt naukamrcx n ]ekannxx n cunramr, uro onn
enamr nonomennx, urot nckynnrt cnom nnny n sanono ponrt mnp, koropt (cornacno
nx rannmnnnannxm) onn ynnuroxnnn. Cxontm opasom n y nenpornkon uyncrno nnnt
orstnaercx na nnmenapnrentnom rpakre. e]ekannx n pnora uacro npnnoxr k paspxke
uyncrna nnnt. Hekoropte npnmept moryr +ro npoxcnnrt:
Hannenrka oceccnnno-nenpornueckoro rnna onxna tna noexart n nyremecrnne.
Ee nepntmn cnonamn na anannse n ent nepe nyremecrnnem tnn: Conepmenno ne xouy
exart n Fepnnn, +ro menx npocro npnnonr n yxac. B +ror momenr y nee saypuano n
xnnore, n x oparnn na +ro ee nnnmanne. Hannenrka sacmexnact nao mno n ckasana, uro
+rn snykn ne nmemr nnuero omero c rem, uro ona rontko uro ronopnna, uro ona npocro
xouer ecrt. ne ornernn, n nannenrka samonuana, no, nomonuan, ona ckasana: Ha camom
ene, x uyncrnym cex nnnonaro nepe Anaronem. Anaront n +ro npemx c nerepnennem
xan ee n Fepnnne.
Eme ona nannenrka crpaana or cocroxnn nosyxennx, nepemexanmnxcx c
enpeccnxmn, no npemx nepeptna n neuennn. Ona ne morna nn ecrt, nn cnart n crpaana or
sanopon. Kpome +roro, ona nocroxnno nokynana nemn. Ona kynnna orpomnoe konnuecrno
neme, koropte e ne tnn nyxnt n nemenenno nx pasapnna. Hocne +roro y nee nosnnk
cnop co cnyxamnm n omecrnenntx anxx, koropt yrnepxan, uro ona ne sannarnna sa
nxo. Hocne +roro ona crana nocroxnno ymart o ecuecrnom nocrynke, koropt ona na
camom ene conepmnna nesaonro o +roro. Hponepxx cuer, koropt ona rontko uro
onnarnna, ona samernna omnky n cnom nontsy. Ee nepntm noptnom tno nepnyrt
pasnnny, no ona orneprna +ry mtcnt, pemnn, uro xosxnn +ro ]npmt ocrarouno orar.
Tyr cranonnrcx xcno, uro nannenrka xorena nckynnrt cnom nnny, nokynax nenyxnte e
nemn. Baxen tn ne ]akr nokynkn, a rpara ener. Ona ntnnarnna onr, xorx n n pyrom
mecre. nx anannrnka ouennno, uro sect entrn cnmnonnsnpymr ]ekannn.
Moxno nospasnrt, uro rontko npn konnepcnonno ncrepnn anantno-opantnte
komnonenrt uyncrna nnnt npenpamamrcx n cnmnromt, nockontky n ncrepnn npncyrcrnyer
omax renennnx rpanc]opmnponart ncnxnueckoe n ]nsnueckoe, n ro npemx kak npn
occecnnnom nenpose n npn pyrnx saonenannxx uyncrno nnnt ocraercx n npeenax
ncnxnuecknx nnaenn. Onako, nsnecrno, uro k occecnnnomy nenposy ncera npnmemana
ncrepnx; x no ontry snam, uro ncrepnueckne cnmnromt komnyntcnnnoro nenposa
npoxnnxmrcx rnanntm opasom n nnmenapnrentnom rpakre. ne crany nnrnponart
mnoxecrno npnmepon, a npnney ncero onn, ouent xapakrepnt, emoncrpnpymmn
xopomo nsnecrnym cnxst mexy +pornsmom n cansmom.
Hannenr pacckasan con, n koropom ymepnn nce ero pocrnennnkn. Cpasy nocne
anannsa, no npemx koroporo anannsnponancx +ror con, on nomen n ryaner. On ncntrtnan
sarpynennx npn e]ekannn. Tora on cran ]anrasnponart (x nnrnpym yknantno):
cnonno poxan peenka. Mne kasanoct, uro ronona peenka ne moxer nponesrt. Ona tna
rakax ontmax, +ro tno rak rpyno! 3arem x nouyncrnonan nenepoxrnoe oneruenne, kak
yro x ponn peenka. 3ror xe nannenr ncera norpyxancx n rnyokym enpeccnm, ecnn
cpasy xe nocne npoyxennx ne uyncrnonan nnxennx n knmeunnke. Kak yxe
ynomnnanoct, on crpaan or cknonnocrn k comnennxm n pasmtmnennxm, koropte
sakanunnannct comnennxmn n cymecrnonannn Fora. Hocne e]ekannn comnennx
npekpamannct, n emy na ym nnesanno npnxonnn rtcxun okasarentcrn cymecrnonannx
Fora. 3a comnennxmn ckptnanact nenanncrt k orny. Hocne e]ekannn on ocnooxancx or
comnenn n nornepxan cymecrnonanne Fora (orna). Hockontky on nonaran, uro npn
e]ekannn poxaer peenka, moxno cenart ntno, uro on ntrancx nckynnrt orneyncrno
c nomomtm ]anrasnn o poxennn xnnoro cymecrna, n raknm opasom ocnoonrtcx or
nnnt.
Uacmo .mou c ue:ucmo coeecmim :vecmevm oo.ee:euue, pooue peoeura. To ecrt
ynnuroxenne onoro uenoneka moxer trt nckynneno poxennem pyroro.
Hornomenne orna (nmnmoro oekra), koropoe ecrnnrentno nponcxonno n
nepnotrnte npemena, c rex nop cnmnonnueckn nonropxercx n ]anrasnn. C nomomtm
e]ekannn, npnoperamme snauenne poon, uenonek ntraercx annynnponart +ry
]anrasnm, ro ecrt anantno ntnecrn ro, uro tno nornomeno opantno. B nenom, moxno
cenart cneymmn ntno: uyncrno nnnt coepxnr n cee rakxe nem o rom, uro neuro
tno esmo n +ro nyxno eepuvmi, n ocooe yapenne enaercx na nosnpamennn, n
anantnom nnn opantnom cmtcne. uyncrno nnnt ne rontko ntpaxaer crpax norepxrt
nmont, ono ocnonano na camo npnmnrnnno ]opme connantntx ornomenn, epn n
orana. Hoxoxe, uro uyncrno cocrnennocrn rakxe cnxsano c nepnnuntm uyncrnom
nnnt.
uyncrno nnnt rakxe nknmuaer n cex packaxnne n rocky. Packaxnne +ro
myunrentnoe coxanenne o coexnnom. Ono rpeyer ynnuroxnrt ro, uro tno conepmeno.
3ro annenne npoxnnxercx n rocke no norepxnnomy oekry; n cnyuae orneyncrna n
rocke no norepxnnomy orny. Hpoennpyx npornouennoro orna npoeknnx npexe
ncero osnauaer ntkntnanne, ntpactnanne napyxy nepnotrnt uenonek ntrancx
noccranonnrt ornonckym nnacrt. Moxno cenart ntno, uro pennrnx n connantnax mannx
npecneonannx coornercrnymr +ro crann pasnnrnx uenoneuecrna.
Uvecmeo euui crpieaem uevooe.emeopeuuoe ooermueuoe .uouoo, romopoe
cmpe+umc r vooe.emeopeuum, cmpe+umc cuoea .moumi ooerm e pea.iuocmu..
Hapanonk nonyuaer +ro yonnernopennx (xorx n n nerarnnnom cmtcne) c nomomtm
npoekrnnntx rannmnnnann, pennrnosnt uenonek c nomomtm pennrnn, a nopmantnt
uenonek npocro poxaer ere n sannmaercx connantno nonesntm rnopuecrnom. Hnmt y
nenpornka +ro crpemnenne noknpyercx. Crpax norepxrt nmont nosnnkaer, kora
oekrnnnoe nnno ne nonyuaer yonnernopennx. Tocka no norepxnnomy oekry na
camom ene ntpaxaer crpemnenne nsannrtcx or crpaxa norepxrt nmont, ro ecrt cmpax
oouuo:ecmea. Cnntnoe uyncrno nnnt napymaer nmonnte ornomennx.
uyncrno nnnt ntpaxaercx ne rontko n crpaxe norepxrt nmont n n
neyonnernopennom crpemnennn k oekry, no n n onn, ynnxennn, camoynnunxennn, n
paonencrne n nocroxnntx neyauax; ono npoxnnxercx n nocroxnntx nckynnennxx n
orpeuennxx; ono npoxnnxercx n cynnnnantntx mtcnxx, n nenpornuecknx cnmnromax
konnepcnonno ncrepnn, n mnso]pennuecknx npecneonannxx, n ]anrasnxx nannenron c
nsnpamennxmn. Crpaanne n camoncrxsannx nponnstnamr nce cymecrno raknx nannenron.
Horpenocrt n nakasannn moxer nacrontko omnnnponart na uenonekom, uro on moxer
axe conepmnrt nacroxmee npecrynnenne, urot narn onpananne +romy myunrentnomy
uyncrny n nonyunrt oneruenne or nakasannx. Beoi ua ca+o+ oe.e cvuecmevmm .mou.
romopie cma.u npecmvnuura+u us-sa :vecmea euui.
Yxe ynomnnanmncx o]nnep crapo ancrpncko apmnn, nepeunn crapmnm no
snannm, nen cex ntstnamme n nponokannonno n +rnm nannek na cex nakasanne. On
norepxn cnoe snanne n nonan n rmptmy na neckontko ner. Ha anannse on npnsnancx, uro
npekpacno ocosnanan, uro nakasanne nensexno. Hnkaknx nnemnnx ocroxrentcrn
ntnyxanmnx ero rak cex necrn ne tno, no on ne mor yepxartcx n npononnponan
crapmnx no snannm n paspaxan nx. Kora on cran ymart o cnoem noneenne, on nnkak ne
cmor ero oxcnnrt. On npekpacno nen cex n rmptme n +ro okastnaer, uro ero ecrnnx
tnn nanpannent na ro, urot nanneut na cex nakasanne; n rmptme on nen cex
nacrontko xopomo, uro ero cpok cokparnnn. On nouepknnan. uro nnkora n xnsnn emy ne
tno rak cnokono n xopomo, kak n rmptme. Bor eme onee cnntnoe okasarentcrno:
kora, orcnen cnon cpok, on ntmen na cnooy, ro uyncrnonan cex noannenntm n
onnoknm. B rakom nacrpoennn on xennncx na xenmnne, koropax sacrannxna ero yxacno
crpaart. On ne mor yrn or nee, necmorpx na nce cnon crapannx. (Hmenno ns-sa +roro on
npnmen na ananns.) onroe saknmuenne xnno ne yonnernopnno ero masoxnsm n
ocrarouno crenenn n, nockontky on ne mor xnrt es nakasannx, on namen nakasanne n
nnne cnoe xent. n ne mor pasornct c ne, necmorpx na nce cnon cosnarentnte ycnnnx.
Henosmoxno nepeonennrt nnnxnne norpenocrn n nakasannn, koropax nepekptnaer
nce ocrantnte +monnn. Ecrt nmn utx xnsnt nennkom cocronr ns oxnannx nakasannx.
urot xorx t oruacrn nonxrt +ry nenepoxrnym norpenocrt n nakasannn, mt onxnt
cnona nepnyrtcx k ]opmnponannm cynep+ro. Hauanom ]opmnponannx xnnxercx +nnona
cnryannx. Kora nosnnkamr nnemnne rpynocrn, peenok orkastnaercx or
nncrnnkrnnnoro yonnernopennx ns-sa crpaxa norepxrt nmont. Bnemnne sanpert
npnnoxr k orpeuennm or nncrnnkron; ncnecrnne +roro ne rontko orpannunnaercx
nncrnnkrnnnax xnsnt, nocnecrnnx kya onee snaunrentnt. Peenok ne npocro
npnnnmaer sanper n nonnnyercx. Peenok omymaer +ro, kak neuro nenpnxrnoe, kak uro-ro,
k uemy ero npnnyxamr. 3anpemammn uenonek nocnpnnnmaercx kak npar. Ecnn peenok
cnymaercx, ecnn on orkastnaercx or nncrnnkrnnnoro yonnernopennx, n +ro ocraercx
nekoropax npaxenocrt no ornomennm k romy, kro nanoxnn sanper. Ho +ra arpeccnx ne
ntxonr napyxy, noromy uro, no-nepntx, peenok cnnmkom cna n nepasnnr, urot
copennonartcx c nspocntmn, n, no-nroptx, on rakxe nmnr uenoneka, nanoxnnmero
sanper. 3ra nmont neoxonmoe ycnonne nx nocnymannx n nocnnrarentnoro nnnxnnx.
Taknm opasom, nmont cepxnnaer ntxo ecrpykrnnntx nncrnnkron, nanpannenntx na
nmnmoro uenoneka; amnnanenrnocrt cosaer ]on nx nepnoro cepxnnannx arpeccnn.
Ho mepe roro, kak nncrnnkrnnnax xnsnt pasnnnaercx n cranonnrcx onee
nenocrno, yonnernopenne nncrnnkrnnntx komnonenron cranonnrcx nx peenka menee
naxntm, uem yonnernopenne rennrantntx (]annnuecknx) crpemnennn. B kauecrne
oekra cnonx crpemnennn mantunk nsnpaer mart, no rennrantnoe crpemnenne k ne
noknpyercx crpaxom nepe mecrtm orna, crpaxom kacrpannn. Fonee pannne sanpert,
ornocxmnecx k marepn nnn nxne, renept nokpennxmrcx +rnm crpaxom; raknm opasom,
orpannuenne nncrnnkrnnno xnsnn noxnecrtnaercx crpaxom kacrpannn. Pantme +rn
orpannuennx tnn pesyntrarom crpaxa norepxrt nmont, renept xe onn nosnnkamr n
ocnonnom ns-sa crpaxa kacrpannn. B panne crann, kora orpannunnanact nperennrantnax
nncrnnkrnnnax xnsnt, nenanncrt n arpeccnx no ornomennm k sanpemammemy uenoneky
ntxonnn napyxy. Arpeccnx ntxonna n npn orpannuennn rennrantntx crpemnenn.
Onako oekrom nenanncrn cranonnrcx yxe ne mart, a oren. Pantme arpeccnx
nanpannxnact na cyekra, a renept ona nanpannxercx na +ro. Taknm opasom, cekcyantno-
rennrantnoe xenanne, nanpannennoe na mart okastnaercx cnxsanntm c nenanncrtm n
mecrtm, nanpannenntmn na orna. Ho, nockontky mantunk n ro xe npemx nmnr cnoero
orna. on ornepraer nenanncrt, npoennpyx ee na orna, renept nenanncrt nocnpnnnmaercx
kak uacrt orna. (Hmenno +ro moxer trt ncrounnkom napanonantno mannn
npecneonannx.) urot samnrnrtcx or onacnocrn kacrpannn, mantunk ncrynaer na
npenaueprannt nyrt. On npxuer cnon rennrannn.
Fonee roro, mantunk nenrn]nnnpyercx c yrpoxammnm ornom n nrxrnnaer ero n
cnoe +ro, rouno rakxe, kak on o roro oennxncx c sanperamn rex, kro ero nocnnrtnaer, c
sanperamn, orpannunnammnmn ero nperennrantnym nncrnnkrnnnym xnsnt. C +roro
momenra orpannuennx nncrnnkrnnno xnsnn naunnamr cnxstnartcx c opasom orna,
koropt yxonr n eccosnarentnoe. 3ro, napxy c pyrnmn ornoncknmn opasamn,
nornomaer arpeccnm (n, oruacrn, nnnosnte nncrnnkrt), nanpannennym na orna.
Honeenne mantunka cxono c noneennem nepnotrnoro uenoneka. Ho, n ro npemx kak
nepnotrnt uenonek ynnan cnoero orna n noxnpan ero, conpemennt uenonek nonyuaer
yonnernopenne, npocro nenrn]nnnpyxct c nnm, ro ecrt nornomax ero ncnxnueckn. Y
nepnotrnoro uenoneka nocne yncrna orna nosnnkana rocka n packaxnne, a conpemennt
uenonek, noenn orna, ncntrtnaer uyncrno nnnt.
B nperennrantntx cranxx pasnnrnx nnno crpax nepe nnemnnm anropnrerom
cepxnnaer nepnotrnte nncrnnkrnnnte nmnyntct, a n ]annnuecko ]ase
yonnernopenne rennrantntx nmnyntcon noknpyercx crpaxom kacrpannn. 3ror crpax
npeoonenaercx no mepe ]opmnponannx cynep+ro r. crpax nepe nnemnnm anropnrerom
samenxercx crpaxom nepe nnyrpennnm anropnrerom. Tenept uyncrno nnnt n mentme
crenenn sanncnr or nnemnnx ycnonn, n n ontme or nponeccon, nporekammnx nnyrpn
camoro +ro, or koroptx nentsx cexart.
Cynep+ro, kak mt snaem, +ro ocoax crpykrypa nnyrpn +ro n ono ns ee
]ynknn xnnxercx conecrt. Cynep+ro onxno cnenrt sa namepennxmn, nmnyntcamn n
xenannxmn +ro n ne rontko sacrannxrt ero ecrnonart n coornercrnnn c namepennxmn
cynep+ro, no n sacrannxrt ero ymart, uyncrnonart n xenart n coornercrnnn c +rnmn
namepennxmn. Ecnn mexy cynep+ro n +ro nosnnkaer nanpxxenne, ecnn +ro
conpornnnxercx namepennxm cynep+ro uyncrnamn, mtcnxmn nnn ecrnnxmn, ryr xe
nosnnkaer uyncrno nnnt, cosnarentnoe nnn eccosnarentnoe nocnpnxrne crporocrn
cynep+ro. xoren t nouepknyrt eme pas, uro conecrt +ro ]ynknnx cynep+ro, a
uyncrno nnnt +ro cocroxnne +ro, koropoe xnnxercx pesyntrarom kon]nnkra mexy
crpemnennxmn cynep+ro n crpemnennxmn +ro.
Ecnn mt nepnemcx k ncxono rouke ]opmnponannx cynep+ro, cranonnrcx
ouennntm, uro ono nosnnkaer ne rontko ns crpaxa kacrpannn, no n, ecnn npnnxrt no
nnnmanne nponcxoxenne +roro crpaxa, ns cansma camoro uenoneka. anee, ecnn yuecrt,
uro no npemx ]opmnponannx cynep+ro rennrantnax ]ynknnx npemenno saropmaxnnaercx
(narenrnt nepno), ro nonyuaercx, uro mopant, koropym npecrannxer cynep+ro, c ono
cropont, pasnnnaercx ns crpaxa kacrpannn, a, c pyro cropont, ntstnaer orpeuenne or
myxecrnennocrn, koropax nx mnornx nme coepxnr n cee arpeccnm n cansm. 3ect x
xoren t nponnrnponart uacrt ncropnn onesnn oceccnnnoro nenpornka.
Mart nannenra yexana n nyremecrnne. uepes neenm nocne ee oresa k ne
onxen tn npncoennnrtcx Oren. Hannenra oxnarnno nosyxenne. On cran ynpekart
menx sa ro, uro ananns nnrcx rak onro n rpeonan rouno ckasart, kora xe konunrcx
neuenne. n myrky ornernn, uro ecnn on yer necrn cex noontm opasom, ro ananns
yer nnrtcx cro ner. On ymen n xpocrn, ne ckasan mne, uro n +ror ent yesxan ero oren.
Ha cneymmn ent on nauan anannrnueckym ceccnm, saxnnn, uro on ne xoren npnxonrt
ceronx, norom) uro on onrcx menx cnpocnn ero, uro on rakoro cenan, n on ornernn,
uro kynnn nakanyne penontnep, sapxnn ero, cnxn c npeoxpannrenx, nanpannn n por n
nent uac epxan rak n ne mor naxart na kypok. 3arem on cran ]anrasnponart, uro
pocaercx no noes, na koroptm n +ror neuep onxen tn yesxart ero oren. 3ra ]anrasnx
osnauana on ocosnan +ro, noka pacckastnan ee uro on xouer nnmnrt orna
yonontcrnnx or ncrpeun c mareptm. Kpome roro. yxe ne n nepnt pas y nero noxnnxnnct
]anrasnn o camoyncrne, c nomomtm koroporo on xoren oromcrnrt cnoemy orny. Hocne
neyauno nontrkn camoyncrna on cnonranno ornpannncx nponoxart orna na crannnm
n rak rporarentno c nnm npomancx, uro oren tn ynnnen. Onako on ne yepxancx n
ckasan orny, uro ouent necuacren n nocrapaercx nokonunrt c coo.
Cpasy nocne nosnpamennx co crannnn ero saxnecrnyno nenepoxrnoe packaxnne, n on
pemnn ncnpannrtcx, ro ecrt nepecrart macrypnponart, nokonunrt c cancrcknmn
]anrasnxmn, npoart cancrckne knnxkn, koroptx y nero tno mnoxecrno, ontme ne
ntrartcx nokonunrt c coo n cosnarentno npoonxart ananns. Kora x nonpocnn ero
nemenenno orart mne penontnep, on nomen omo n, es manemnx nospaxenn, npnnec
mne penontnep n nce narpont. (Otuno on tn nenepoxrno ckyntm, n +ror ent on axe
sannarnn sa rakcn.) Hekoropoe npemx ananns nporekan yonnernopnrentno; nannenr
uyncrnonan cex nce nyume n nyume, axe kora nepnynnct ero ponrenn.
On cran nacrontko mopantntm, uro ne nosnonxn nn cee, nn pyrnm nnkaknx
nontnocre. Hpnexan, oren pacckasan cekcyantnt anekor. Mart tna neonontna, n ctn
ee noepxan, uero kak npannno ne cnyuanoct. B ror xe ent nnn na cneymmn on
ntnycrnn rast, ntxox ns ryanera. On tn n oruaxnnn or mtcnn, uro mart morna +ro
ycntmart. Hocrenenno n nem nakonnncx napacrammn rnen na orna. H nor uro
nponsomno, on onycrnn omnky n o]nce cnoero orna (re on paoran) n yman, uro oren
ero orpyraer. Ho oren tn nacrpoen pyxenmno n npocrnn ero. Ero peaknne na +ro tno
oruaxnne, crpacrnte camoynpekn n nosononnenne mtcne o camoyncrne. Mne on
npnrposnn, uro cnona nauner macrypnponart, nokynart cancrckne knnrn, xonrt k
npocrnryrkam n nrt nx. H n camom ene, nckope on ncrpernn npocrnryrky, koropax
paspemnna emy nonrt ee. Onako yonontcrnne or +roro tno ne raknm cnntntm, kak on
oxnan. Ha cneymmym nout on ynnen no cne onoro ns cnonx onoknaccnnkon, y
koroporo tna manentkax uepnax coauka. Bo cne coauka nanana na nero n nnennnact emy
n pyky. Coauka nanomnnna emy nerpa, koroporo, kak nncann n raserax, nnnuenann sa ro,
uro on ntrancx nsnacnnonart enym xenmnny. Emy ncera ouent npannncx +ror
onoknaccnnk, n on uacro macrypnponan c cancrcknmn ]anrasnxmn o nem.
On nourn ncera macrypnponan c cancrcknmn ]anrasnxmn. On comnenancx, uro
ananns moxer +ro nsmennrt, naoopor, on naexncx, uro ananns npenparnr ero n
orkponennoro cancra, eeoi, no eeo +ueuum, caous+ oi. ueome+.e+i+ ampuovmo+
+vrecmeeuuocmu, om romopoeo ou ue xome. omrasieamic, rpo+e mex +o+eumoe, ropoa
eeo +v:u.o :vecmeo euui.
Tenept mt moxem nonxrt, nouemy on rak nnesanno nsmennncx nocne nontrkn
camoyncrna, nouemy on cran raknm mopantntm n c rako roronnocrtm oran mne
penontnep. Hepe nontrko camoyncrna on tn arpeccnnen no ornomennm k orny, n
norom nouyncrnonan cex nnnonartm. Htraxct conepmrt camoyncrno, on xnno nanpannn
arpeccnm na cex n ntrancx nckynnrt cnom nnny, orneprnyn nmym cekcyantnym
akrnnnocrt n oran cnon rennrannn (Orkas or penontnepa coornercrnyer cnmnonnuecko
kacrpannn.) On nen cex rnnepnopmantno n nocrenenno cran nce ontme nounnxrtcx orny
n ero uyncrno nnnt npoxnnnoct n ckpomnocrn, camoorpeuennn. paonennn, camoncrxsannn,
n nocroxnnom oxnannn nakasannx n axe a crpemnennn k nakasannm. B +ro npemx y nero
ne tno nn cekcyantntx omymenn, nn +peknnn. On tn kak t kacrpnponan.
sameuan, uro n pyrne nannenrt nennxmrcx sa cansm, urot orornart crpax
kacrpannn, n cansm xnnxercx nx nnx okasarentcrnom roro, uro onn ne yrparnnn cnom
myxecrnennocrt. Onako, kora nosnnkaer uyncrno nnnt, cansm ne naxonr paspxky n
oekrax n nanpannxercx na +ro, ycnnnnax norpenocrt n nakasannn; nerpyno nonxrt, uro
mopant uacro acconnnpyercx c nnmennem myxecrnennocrn, ro ecrt c ncnxnuecko
kacrpanne. Moxno ckasart, uro ne rontko komnnekc kacrpannn pasnnnaercx ns uyncrna
nnnt, no n uyncrno nnnt npecrannxer coo cnecrnne komnnekca kacrpannn.
Orkas or arpeccnn, koropt npnnonr k ]opmnponannm uyncrna nnnt,
komnencnpyercx masoxncrcknm yonnernopennem. Mt yxe ntennnn rpn ]opmt
masoxnsma:
nepnax, opoeeuua ]opma noxnnxercx a) n nsnpamennxx, ocnonanntx na
npepacnonoxennocrn k masoxnsmy, ) n ymenntx onesnxx, npn koroptx cynep+ro
oruacrn pacrnopxercx, nanpnmep, n mnso]pennn, n n) n kauecrne samemennx norpenocrn n
nakasannn, nanpnmep, kora ontno nanocnr cee yneutx nnn ]anrasnpyer, uro ero tmr.
Bropax ]opma masoxnsma reucru masoxnsm, on xnnxercx cnecrnnem npnnxrnx
kacrpannn n ercrna n xencrnennocrt. On nastnaercx xencknm, noromy uro ]opmnpyer
nncrnnkrnnnte cknonnocrn, xapakrepnte, rnanntm opasom, nx xenmnn.
1
Tpertx ]opma
masoxnsma +ro -mopantnt masoxnsm, recno cnxsannt c xencknm masoxnsmom .On
pasnnnaercx, kak rontko uro tno nokasano, no nnnxnnem cynep+ro. Cansm orpaxaercx
or oekra n +ro n paspxxaercx ram. Akrnnnoe nncrnnkrnnnoe nneuenne npenpamaercx n
naccnnnoe. Haccnnnoe ornomenne +ro samenxer cancrckoe ornomenne n k nnemnemy
mnpy. Menanxonnk, nanpnmep, upesntuano amnnanenren. Ecnn on ntnyxen orkasartcx
or oekra nmnn, on nenrn]nnnpyercx c nnm, n ero +ro nornomaer oekr. Ero cynep+ro,
n ocnone cnoe cancrckoe, renept nonyuaer nosmoxnocrt paspxnrt arpeccnm na opas
oekra nnyrpn +ro. 3ro, c pyro cropont, nenrn]nnnponanmnct c oekrom nmnn,
masoxncrckn nacnaxaercx +ro arpeccne. Taknm opasom, cymecrnyer nnnosnax
masoxncrckax cnxst mexy +ro n cynep+ro. Y menanxonnka ouent crporoe cynep+ro ero
conecrt rnnepuyncrnnrentna, n ns-sa +roro y nero ouent cnntnoe uyncrno nnnt. Ecnn xe k
uyncrny nnnt oannrt nnnosnme crpemnennx, rora mopant npenparnrcx n masoxnsm,
uro n nponcxonr npn menanxonnn. uyncrno nnnt +pornsnpyercx n npenpamaercx n
mopantnt masoxnsm. B pennrnosntx camoncrxsannxx, n reponuecknx cmeprxx sa Fora, sa
naro napoa nnn uenoneuecrna n n nekoroptx ]opmax cocrpaannx +ror nn masoxnsma
yonnernopxercx n connantno npnemnemo ]opme.
axe kora cymecrnyer nnnosnax cnxst c oekrom, ona moxer noepxnnartcx
c nomomtm crpemnennx k crpaannm, ntpaxennomy n ]opme norpenocrn n nakasannn,
ocoenno kora oekr neocrnxnm no nnemnnm nnn nnyrpennnm npnunnam. Hnora
nannenr npnnnmaer na cex uyxoe uyncrno nnnt n crpaanne cranonnrcx enncrnenntm
cnxsymmnm snenom mexy nnm n uenonekom, koroporo on npexe nmnn Mt epem na
cex uyxne rpexn.
Xorx na npakrnke ne ncera moxno orennrt uyncrno nnnt or norpenocrn n
nakasannn, onako moxno ckasart, uro uyncrno nnnt +ro rocka no norepxnnomy
' Kak +ro nn napaokcantno axe xenckn masoxnsm nnora npecrannxer coo
orpnnanne crpaxa kacrpannn n sakanunnaercx arpeccne. Hannenr-masoxncr npocnn
npocrnryrok nrt ero xntcrom. Kora on nosyxancx n ocrarouno crenenn, on sanpan
xntcr y npocrnryrkn, crannn ero n yron, a sarem arpeccnnno n xpocrno conokynnxncx c ne.
Kora x cymen oxcnnrt nannenry uro on ntraercx okasart xenmnne, uro ne y nee a y
ueeo ecrt nennc, on ocosnan, uro nce +ro nanomnnaer emy nnpkonoe npecrannenne, n
koropom enymka ter xntcrom nomae, no nce panno ocraercx npekpacno n xenanno
xenmnno. uacro emy ncnomnnanact ero mart, yrpoxammax peenky ntrxnyrtm
ykasarentntm nantnem. 3ror opas ncera conponoxancx nenanncrtm k ne
(ynnuroxennomy) oekry, a norpenocrt n nakasannn npecrannxer coo xenanne cnona
npoxnnrt arpeccnnnocrt no ornomennm k +ro cyekra, a nckynnenne +ro ncnonnenne
+roro xenannx. Taknm opasom, uyncrno nnnt naxonrcx na cnyxe y neyonnernopennoro
oekrnnnoro nnno, a norpenocrt n nakasannn n +pornsnponanntx ecrpykrnnntx
nncrnnkron, nanpannenntx npornn +ro cyekra. B uyncrne nnnt omnnnpyer xenanne
ynnuroxnrt sanpernym mtcnt nnn ecrnne. B norpenocrn n nakasannn +rn mtcnn n
namepennx peannsymrcx, n +rn ecrnnx nonropxmrcx, onako nanpannennt onn ne na
oekrt no nnemnem mnpe, a na camo +ro. Bnna n nckynnenne recno nsanmocnxsant.
Hentsx ckasart, uro norpenocrt n nakasannn +ro pesyntrar uyncrna nnnt, nockontky
nentsx npecrannrt cee ono es pyroro, y nnx omne ncrokn n ncropnn pasnnrnx.
Tontko npn onom saonenannn omnnnpyer uyncrno nnnt, a npn pyrom norpenocrt n
nakasannn. Hpn ncrepnn noepxnnaercx rennrantnax oprannsannx n npncyrcrnyer
crpemnenne k oekry, xorx ono n noanneno, n uyncrno nnnt omnnnpyer n ]opme
packaxnnx, rockn n crpaxa norepxrt nmont. Hpn oceccnnnom nenpose rennrantnym
oprannsannm samenxer anantno-cancrckax, onako uenonek nce eme crpemnrcx k oekry,
n ryr omnnnpyer camopaspymnrentnax norpenocrt n nakasannn. Hpn menanxonnn xe
oekr nnno norepxn n ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt nanpannxmrcx na +ro. Hpn
mnso]pennn uyncrno nnnt npoxnnxercx n mtcnxx o ncnpannennn mnpa, a norpenocrt n
nakasannn n rom, uro ecrpykrnnnte nneuennx peannsymrcx n ]opme masoxncrcknx
crpaann (mannx npecneonannx, nnoxonpnx).
uyncrno nnnt ne rontko nmemnnaercx n yonnernopenne nncrnnkron, ono rakxe
moxer ynennunrt nncrnnkrnnnoe nanpxxenne n cosart masoxncrckne yonnernopenne.
Fontmnncrno sanperon ycnnnnamr nncrnnkrnnnoe nanpxxenne.
Honeem nror. uyncrno nnnt npoxnnxercx n nyx ]opmax, ona eueuu, ro ecrt
coua.iua mpeeoea, a pyrax nnyrpennxx, nnn nonnnnoe :vecmeo euui. uyncrno nnnt
nosnnkaer na noune amnnanenrnocrn. uem cnntnee peenok nmnr uenoneka, koropt
pacrnn ero, rem cnntnee uyncrno nnnt, ro ecrt, rem cnntnee crpax norepxrt nmont +roro
uenoneka Ecnn peenok, npxuact or ponrene nnn nxnn, eme cnocoen yonnernopxrt
sanpernoe xenanne, ne oxnax, uro sa +ro ero nakaxyr, ro, kora n nrpy ncrynaer crpax
nepe cynep+ro (nnyrpennee uyncrno nnnt), +ro yxe cranonnrcx nenosmoxntm. Fnaroapx
conecrn cynep+ro ncera snaer o rom, kakne menrantnte nponecct nporekamr n +ro.
Cynep+ro konrponnpyer nmym mtcnt, nmoe xenanne, nmoe namepenne (xorx +ror
nponecc no ontme uacrn ocraercx n eccosnarentnom) n noknpyer nx, ecnn onn
npornnopeuar ero rpeonannxm. Ho mepe roro, kak ponrenn repxmr cnoe nnnxnne,
nnemnee uyncrno nnnt (connantnax rpenora) ymentmaercx, a crpax nepe cynep+ro n
esycnonnoe nounnenne ero sakonam ynennunnamrcx
uem onee crpornmn tnn oren, mart nnn nxnx, rem crpoxe cynep+ro n rem cnntnee
uyncrno nnnt.
Moxno npenonoxnrt, uro momnocrt uyncrna nnnt sanncnr or crporocrn uenoneka,
koropt pacrnn peenka. Onako +ro ne ncera rak, nockontky, nanpnmep, y mantunka, y
koroporo tn mxrkn n cnat oren, moxer pasnnrtcx nenepoxrnoe uyncrno nnnt, n ne
menee cnntnoe uyncrno nnnt moxer nosnnknyrt y mantunka, ntpocmero es orna n
nsanonannoro xenmnnamn. uem ontme nmnn nonyuaer peenok, uem mxrue ero
ponrenn, rem ontmee konnuecrno arpeccnn noknpyercx n npenpamaercx n uyncrno nnnt.
Tak ntpacramr nenepoxrno xopomne ern, rxxko crpaammne or nenocnntnoro rpysa
uyncrna nnnt. Arpeccnx, koropo ne yanoct ntrn napyxy, nensexno nonopaunnaercx
npornn +ro n nponsnonr nnyrpn paspymnrentnym paory. uyncrno nnnt cranonnrcx eme
cnntnee, ecnn npoptnaercx xorx t namek na arpeccnnnocrt no ornomennm k uenoneky,
koroporo peenok ouent nmnr.
Heoxonmo yuecrt eme onn momenr. Peenok, y koroporo ymep oren, kora on
tn eme ouent manentknm, n koropt poc es orna, cosaer orna n cnoe ]anrasnn, n
uacro uenonek ns ]anrasnn samenxer peantnym nnunocrt npn ]opmnponannn +nnona
komnnekca. Y nero rakxe nosnnkaer cynep+ro, cnxsannoe c nnm uyncrno nnnt n nce, uro ns
+roro cneyer. C pyro cropont peenok, koropt nnkora ne snan cnoero orna,
nnepaunt peenok, uacro ntpacraer c uyncrnom ont. Bnnt onn kak t ne uyncrnymr
n neyr cex xecroko, kak yro mnp nepe nnmn n onry. Onn mcrxr sa ro, uro y nnx ner
orna.
Ouennno, uro uyncrno nnnt moxer nosnnknyrt rontko ecnn npncyrcrnyer
amnnanenrnocrt, kora nenanncrt n nmont opmrcx pyr c pyrom n ntramrcx npnrn k
komnpomnccy. 3poc cnnxaer nme, arpeccnx nx pasenxer. Kora ncrpeuamrcx noe
nme nnn ]opmnpyercx rpynna, oa nepnnuntx nncrnnkra nensexno onxnt
cronknyrtcx pyr c pyrom. Pesyntrarom +roro kon]nnkra xnnxercx uyncrno nnnt no ncex
ero npoxnnennxx, koropoe noknpyer arpeccnm n aer nmxm nosmoxnocrt xnrt nmecre.
Ha npakrnke, mt ne ncrpeuaemcx c nncrnnkramn cmeprn n nncrnnkramn xnsnn n
uncrom nne; onn ncera o onpeenenno crenenn cmemant pyr c pyrom. K kaxomy
nnnosnomy crpemnennm nomemana arpeccnx. Hoannenne nmtx nncrnnkrnnntx
norpenocre ntstnaer uacrnunoe pasennenne nnnosntx n ecrpykrnnntx
komnonenron. Henpornueckn cnmnrom cosaer komnpomncc mexy cekcyantntmn n
arpeccnnntmn nncrnnkramn, n nannenr nonyuaer masoxncrckoe yonnernopenne or cnonx
crpaann, rak ckasart mopantnoe oocnonanne cnoe onesnn. Hnnnnnsannx nese
pasnnnanact cxontm opasom, npxmte cekcyantnte crpemnennx nce cnntnee
cepxnnannct, nm osnonxnoct ntxonrt napyxy rontko nmecre c nnyrpenne arpeccne,
ro ecrt c +pornsnponanntm uyncrnom nnnt. Kopoue ronopx, :vecmeo euui e.emc oouu+
us npoovrmoe ee:uo oopioi +erov uucmuurma+u rusuu u uucmuurma+u c+epmu.
Ecnn cpannnrt mopant namnx ne c uyncrnamn nepnotrnoro craa nocne
orneyncrna, moxno samernrt, uro onn cocroxr ns onnx n rex xe +nemenron; koneuno
xe, ceronx +rn +nemenrt npoxnnxmrcx n onee cnoxntx komnnannxx, n no+romy nx
nenpocro ysnart. Hocne orneyncrna +rn uyncrna tnn peaknne na peantnoe ecrnne,
conepmennoe no nnemnem mnpe, a ceronx onn xnnxmrcx nce nnmt peaknne na xenannx.
Onako, nockontky nce ncnxnueckoe nocnpnnnmaercx kak peantnoe, +ra peaknnx n
rounocrn coornercrnymr peaknnn na nacroxmee npecrynnenne. uyncrno nnnt n mopant n
nenom nyume ncero okastnamr, uro nmn, n xoe cnoero pasnnrnx, npomnn uepes
nenepoxrno onesnennoe camooysanne, urot nounnnrt cee cnon nncrnnkrt.
upe mnorokparno nouepknnan, uro cynep+ro ns nokonennx n nokonenne
coxpanxer rpannnn, n +rn rpannnn, n nnne cynep+ro, kak t nacneymrcx. Hockontky
uyncrno nnnt pasnnnaercx no nnnxnnem cynep+ro, moxno ckasart, uro uyncrno nnnt
rakxe nacneyercx, xorx nnunt ontr, koneuno xe, npnaer emy nnnnnyantnte ueprt.
Hapymennn n rapuonnunou nsanuoenc1nnn ncnxnuecxnx uexannsuon
C nosnnknonennem cynep+ro n ncero, uro c nnm cnxsano (nnnt, nakasannx n crta),
]ynknnx +ro crana onontno sanyranno. Mopantnte rpeonannx, nosnnkmne no
nnnxnnem +ro cepxnnamr n axe orpnnamr nncrnnkrnnnym xnsnt. Mopant perynnpyer
uyncrna, xenannx n ecrnnx n nosxe naunnaer perynnponart n mtmnenne. Ecnn cynep+ro
yanoct nanxsart cnon rpeonannx, nncrnnkrnnnax xnsnt orpannunnaercx. 3ro ocoenno
nepno n cnyuae nenposon. Taru+ oopaso+, c mo:ru speuu oeo ueepos npeocmae.em cooo
ompuauue rusuu. C pyro cropont, orpannunnax nncrnnkrnnnte rpeonannx, cynep+ro
samnmaer +ro or onacnocrn, ncxoxme or nnx. He rontko nenpornk, no n sopont
uenonek crapaercx konrponnponart cnom nncrnnkrnnnym xnsnt n aanrnponartcx k
peantnocrn, ns-sa crpaxa nepe oekrnnno onacnocrtm, raxmecx n nncrnnkrnnno
xnsnn, ns crpaxa nepe kacrpanne n ns crpaxa nepe cynep+ro. Cymecrnyer rakxe crpax
norepxrt narocknonnocrt cynep+ro, koropoe coepxnr n cee ne rontko arpeccnnnocrt, no
n nnnosnte komnonenrt n noepxnnaer napnnccnueckoe +ro. Henpornueckax
aanrannx, koneuno xe, neaeknarna, net nenpornk npncnocannnaer cex k mnpy,
koropt kaxercx emy nonntm nenepoxrntx onacnocre. Horpenocrt n rako
npeynennuenno aanrannn ntsnana upesmepno rpeonarentnocrtm cynep+ro.
B nmom cnyuae, aanrannx k peantnocrn nponcxonr sa cuer nncrnnkrnnno
xnsnn, net uem nyume uenonek konrponnpyer cex, rem nyume on ntnonnxer peantnte
xnsnennte saaun.
Aanrannx k peantnocrn rnanntm opasom ocnonana na rom, uro uenonek ocosnaer
n npnsnaer cymecrnonanne oekron nne +ro. uenonek nocrenenno aanrnpyercx k
peantnocrn, n yxe ne kaxt paspaxnrent ns nnemnero mnpa nocnpnnnmaercx, kak
npaxent n ornepraercx, +ro nornomaer yxe ne kaxt oekr, noxoxmn nx
yonnernopennx nncrnnkron. Onako +roro eme neocrarouno nx roro, urot uenonek
c]opmnponan oekrnnnym kaprnny nnemnero mnpa, namen t n ne cnoe mecro n
ecrnonan namepenno n nenenanpannenno. 3ro komnnekcnt nponecc, koropt
conponoxaercx ecekcyannsanne ]ynknn nocnpnxrnx n ntnonnennx. uenonek
nocrenenno nponnraercx k npnnnnny peantnocrn n yunrcx ne rontko npemenno
orkastnartcx or yonontcrnnx n orknatnart ero na norom, on yunrcx rakxe repnert ont.
Ho axe +roro neocrarouno nx "oekrnnnoro" nsrnxa na mnp. 3ro npomexyrounax
crynent: uenonek yxe orkasancx or cnoe cocrnenno marnn, no nce eme npnnnctnaer
marnm oekram nnemnero mnpa. B +ro ]ase aanrannx k peantnocrn ocnonana na
+aooxucmcro+ cmpaoauuu, koropoe npnunnxer mnp. Hosxe n +ra ]asa npeoonenaercx;
mnp ontme ne naenxercx nncrnnkrnnntmn n napnnccnuecknmn nmnyntcamn cyekra;
mexy +ro n nnemnnm mnpom nosnnkaer rpannna. uopmnpymrcx rpannnt +ro; +ro
orenxercx or nnemnero mnpa Ononpemenno c +rnm pasrpannuennem nosnnkaer cynep+ro;
c ono cropont, ono xnnxercx npoykrom npncnoconennx k peantnocrn, a c pyro
cropont; npoykrom oysannx nncrnnkron. 3ro rnnnunt komnpomncc mexy
nnyrpennnm mnpom n nnemnnm mnpom. Cynep+ro nosnnkno ns npncnoconennx k
peantnocrn, n renept ono camo cranonnrcx naxnemnm +nemenrom aanrannn, net
nmenno cynep+ro onxno cauruouupoeami nneuarnennx, n rontko nocne +roro +ro moxer
nocnpnnxrt nx kak neuro peantnoe.
Or naccueuoeo eocnpumu uenonek nepexonr k armueuo+v, k nounnennm
paspaxnrene, npnxoxmnx cnapyxn n nsnyrpn (akrnnnax aanrannx). B +ro xe npemx
pasnnnaercx peut, nncrnnkrnnnte onomarono+rnueckne snykn npenpamamrcx n opasnt n
cnmnonnueckn xstk, a sarem nosnnkamr ]ynknnn cyxennx n mtmnennx. Mexy
nocnpnxrnem n ecrnnem nknnnnnaercx mtmnenne.
Hecomnenno, nmnyntct, ]opmnpymmne mopant, peut n mtmnenne nosnnkamr ns
nncrnnkron, n ocoennocrn ns cekcyantntx nneuenn, n cnet +rnx nneuenn moxno
onapyxnrt n nmom ncnxnueckom ecrnnn; onako nce +rn ]ynknnn +ro oxsant cnonm
cymecrnonannem ecekcyannsnponannomy, cynnmnponannomy nnno. nx aanrannn k
peantnocrn neoxonmo, urot +ro nocroxnno n pasntx nnnosntx ]opmax nornomano
nnemnn mnp n ynnuroxano ero (ecekcyannsnponano), a rakxe, urot +ro n nnemnn
mnp nnmnnnct cnoe marnn. 3ro ounmaercx, ero ontme ne rxrorxr nncrnnkrnnnte
norpenocrn, emy nerue ntnonnxrt cnon ]ynknnn, ro ecrt cnyxnrt nnunocrn n nenom.
Hockontky nponecc npncnoconennx k peantnocrn ouent cnoxnt n nnrcx ouent onro,
nmoe napymenne, axe camoe nesnaunrentnoe, moxer nanpannrt +ro ne n ry cropony.
Homexn moryr nosnnkart c pasntx cropon: npexe ncero, nx cosaer n. Hanpnmep,
cnntnax crpacrt moxer sarnymnrt kpnrnky cynep+ro n ero sanpert, n +ro npenparnrtcx n
cnenoe opyne nncrnnkron. Mt ronopnm: Hmont cnena n uacro ncnontsyem ntpaxenne
cnenax xpocrt. Hmont n nenanncrt ne sameuamr nn npenxrcrnn, nn onacnocre. Kpome
roro, napymennx aanrannn moxer cosanart camo +ro, ecnn ono repxer uyncrno
peantnocrn oekron nnemnero mnpa n omymenn n uyncrn nnyrpennero mnpa
(enepconannsannx). Ecnn napymaercx cnoconocrt ornnuart nnyrpennn mnp or
nnemnero, repxercx nponepka peantnocrn. Bnyrpennn mnp npenpamaercx no nnemnn n
naoopor, n rora uenonek yknantno ntxonr sa pamkn (rannmnnnannn n
rpanc]opmannx peantnocrn npn ncnxosax). Homexn moxer ntstnart n cynep+ro. Ono
moxer trt nsnauantno nepasnnrtm nnn upesmepno cnntntm. Ecnn cynep+ro nepasnnro,
uenoneky rpyno npncnoconrtcx k connantnomy coomecrny. Ecnn xe cynep+ro
upesmepno cnntnoe, ono moxer ncrynnrt n kon]nnkr n co crpemnennxmn n, n co
crpemnennxmn +ro. Ecnn noannxmrcx crpemnennx n, nosnnkaer nenpos, ecnn
napannsyercx ]ynknnx +ro, nosnnkaer ncnxos. B nmom cnyuae, n ro nnn nno crenenn,
menxercx ornomenne k peantnocrn.
Ouennno, uro ocnonnax saaua +ro nocnpnxrne peantnocrn n npncnoconenne k
ne. Aanrannx +ro komnpomncc mexy nncrnnkrnnntmn norpenocrxmn n n
peantntmn nosmoxnocrxmn. Cynep+ro, c ono cropont, naxonrcx na cnyxe y
napnnccnueckoro +ro (samnmaer ero or onacnocrn kacrpannn), no, c pyro cropont,
ono naxonrcx n onnosnnnn k +ro, a rakxe k nnnosntm crpemnennxm n. Taknm opasom,
cynep+ro moxer ncrynnrt n kon]nnkr n c +ro, n c n. B +ro opte kro-ro onxen
ycrynnrt: nno +ro, nno cynep+ro, nno n. B sanncnmocrn or ncxoa cotrn, nosnnkaer
onpeenennt nn nenposa.
enepconannsannx osnauaer, uro pemenne ne tno naeno. Mexy +ro n cynep+ro
nosnnkno oruyxenne. Ecnn renecnoe +ro (nocnpnnnmammee +ro) ne ycrynaer namepennxm
cynep+ro, cynep+ro nrnopnpyer nocnpnxrnx n uyncrna +roro +ro.
Hpn rpanc]epntx nenposax otuno ycrynaer n Cynep+ro ne nponyckaer
crpemnennx n uanp+vm k nocnpnxrnm n ne paspemaer +ro npnnonrt n ecrnne
aeknarnte nasomoropnte cekperopnte nponecct. Onako, +neprnx, ypnxmax n n,
rpeyer paspxkn, n ns-sa +roro +ro menxer cnom oprannsannm, nosnonxx crpemnennxm n
nonyunrt nckaxennoe n nenonnoe yonnernopenne c nomomtm nenpornuecknx cnmnromon.
Cynep+ro ntstnaer n +ro cosnarentnoe nnn eccosnarentnoe uyncrno nnnt, uro nneuer sa
coo norpenocrt n nakasannn.
Hpn oceccnnnom nenpose +ro samnmaercx or crpemnenn n ncnecrnne
nporecra cynep+ro perpeccnpyx na cranm marnuecknx mtcne n ecrnn. Hncrnnkrt,
n cnom ouepet, perpeccnpymr na anantno-cancrckym cranm. Onn nanpannxmrcx na
cyekra n npoxnnxmrcx n +ro n nne camoncrxsann. Taknm opasom, n nrore crpemnennx
n noexamr; onn yknonnnnct or cynep+ro n n ]opme cansma ocenn n +ro.
Camoncrxsannx nckynnxmr nnny. Hpn ncrepnn +ro, no npnkasy cynep+ro, samnmaercx,
noannxx rennrantnte crpemnennx. Onako nncrnnkrt epyr no cno konrpont renecnte
nponecct n, n oxo cynep+ro, uacrnuno paspxxamrcx n marnuecknx n anronnacrnuecknx
ecrnnxx.
Hpn mannn cynep+ro ycrynaer xenannxm +ro n nenrn]nkannn +ro annynnpymrcx.
Hpn menanxonnn +ro nonnocrtm ycrynaer rpeonannxm cynep+ro, nnnort o
camoyncrna.
Hpn npocrtx ]opmax mnso]pennn nnauane paspymaercx +ro-nean ns-sa roro, uro
nnnosnax cnxst c oekrom cnnmkom cnaa. Ho+romy ner nnkaknx kon]nnkron nn mexy
cynep+ro n +ro, nn mexy cynep+ro n n. Kon]nnkr nosnnkaer mexy +ro n peantnocrtm.
Hpn napanoe kon]nnkr c conecrtm ynaxnnaercx c nomomtm npoeknnn, a
ncnecrnne +roro rouno rakxe, kak n npn npocro ]opme mnso]pennn nosnnkaer
kon]nnkr mexy +ro n peantnocrtm, oekrnnnt kon]nnkr, ananornunt romy
kon]nnkry, koropt cymecrnonan n nauane ]opmnponannx cynep+ro.
Ecnn cpannnrt pont, koropym nrpaer +ro n ]opmnponannn nenposa, c pontm
nncrnnkron, cranonnrcx xcno, uro nncrnnkrt onpeenxmr coepxanne nenposa, ]anrasnn,
xenannx, crpemnennx n romy noonoe, a +ro onpeenxer ]opmy nenposa, ro ecrt or
npnpot +ro sanncnr, no uro npenparnrcx nenpornueckn kon]nnkr: n oceccnnnt
nenpos, n ncrepnm nnn n kakoe-ro pyroe saonenanne. Hanpnmep, perpeccnx nnno na
anantno-cancrckym cranm ne ncera npnnonr k oceccnnnomy nenposy.
Hosxe mt nepnemcx k +rnm nponemam, a noka uro mt eme ne roront k onee
erantnomy n rnyokomy ocyxennm.
Iuaea AKTYAHLHBE HEBPO3B
Paccmorpen, kakona pont eccosnarentnoro n nenpose, kakona ronorpa]nx
nenpornuecknx cnmnromon, n ynnen, uro coepxanne nenposa sanncnr or nncrnnkron, a
]opma nenposa sanncnr or +ro, rpyno yepxart or nckymennx nemenenno nepern k
crpykrype onesnn n nenom. Onako noka uro nam npnercx ornoxnrt ocyxenne +roro
nonpoca n nepern k pyrnm nponemam.
mopum nenposon
H no ce ent cymecrnyer nyrannna n neonpeenennocrt n nonpoce o pasnnuntx
]opmax nenposon. Hanpnmep cnono nenpacrennx ncnontsyercx nx roro, urot
narnocrnponart nce ]opmt nenposon, nponcxoxenne, npnunna n coepxanne koroptx
ne xcnt. Hyxno npnsnart, uro ne nerko nponecrn uerkym rpannny mexy pasnnuntmn
saonenannxmn, n ne cneyer ynnnxrtcx romy, uro onesnt, npn koropo uem ]nsnuecknx
nsmenenn, otuno nastnamr nenpacrenne nnn ncrepne. 3ro ykastnaer na ro, uro
neoxonmo ntpaorart rouky spennx, koropax nosnonnr nam cenart ncnxonornueckne
ymosaknmuennx ornocnrentno onesnn. Hcnxoananns oecneunnaer nmenno rakym rouky
spennx, rnanntm opasom noromy, uro nosnonxer nam ynnert ncrokn eccosnarentno n
nncrnnkrnnno xnsnn. Hockontky nncrnnkrt npnnanexar n k nonornuecko n k
ncnxnuecko c]epe, nenpornueckne napymennx roxe moryr ntpaxartcx nymx cnocoamn:
nno uepes ncnxnuecknx npecrannrene nncrnnkron, ro ecrt uepes uyncrna, a]]ekrt,
nen n romy noonoe, nnn uepes ]nsnueckym paspxky.
Moxno nospasnrt, uro +ro nckyccrnennoe pasenenne (na onesnn, ocnonannte na
]nsnuecknx ycnonnxx n na onesnn, ocnonannte na nonornuecknx ycnonnxx), nockontky
nce onesnn, nosnnkamr na comarnuecko ocnone.
Hcnxoananns npnnnnnnantno ne nospaxaer npornn roro, uro nce nenpost
nosnnkamr na oprannuecko ocnone. Hpocro ncnxoananns yunrtnaer ro, uro pont
oprannuecknx rpanm ne ncera onnakona; nekoropte nenpost xnnxmrcx npxmtm
cnecrnnem oprannuecko rpanmt, onako n pyrnx cnyuaxx, necmorpx na nce ycnnnx, ne
yaercx okasart npncyrcrnne +roro ]akropa. Hensexno npnxonmt k ntnoy, uro
ncnxnueckn ]akrop nrpaer pemammym pont ne rontko n ]opmnponannn nenposon, no n n
onpeenenntx oprannuecknx saonenannxx. Cneyer yunrtnart +ro n npnnnmart no
nnnmanne, uro ncnxnka nnnxer na nce oprannueckne saonenannx, a nekoropte ns nnx
ntsnant ncknmunrentno ncnxonornuecknmn npnunnamn. Onnpaxct na reopnm
nncrnnkron, ncnxoananns cnauana ntennn pasnnunte ]opmt nenposon, a sarem cosan
mkany, n koropo pasmecrnnnct nce saonenannx, naunnax or uncro comarnuecknx n konuax
ncnxnuecknmn. Hcnontsyx ncnxonornueckn mero nccneonann, ncnxoananns neckontko
onepenn nonoron, n renept, nosmoxno, n onn naunyr nccneonannx n +rom nanpannennn.
Xorx npakrnueckn nenosmoxno nponecrn rpannny mexy comarnuecknmn
saonenannxmn n ncnxonornuecknmn, upey nce xe yanoct orennrt nenpost,
ntsnannte oprannuecknmn npnunnamn, rak nastnaemte armva.iuie ueeposi (actual
neuruses), or ncnxonenposon; on nponen +ro pasenenne na ocnone ncnxonornueckoro
kpnrepnx On rakxe ykasan, re ncnxnueckoe ncrpeuaercx c oprannuecknm.
Ha npakrnke ncnxoanannrnk peko ncrpeuaercx c akryantntmn nenposamn - net
nannenrt, crpaammne or nnx, peko k nemy npnxoxr onako onn nnrepecnt c
reopernuecko roukn spennx. Bet akryantnt nenpos npncyrcrnyer n kaxom
saonenannn n, kak mt ysnaem nosxe, ncnxonenpornueckne cnmnromt nosnnkamr na ero
ocnone.
Kak yxe ynomnnanoct, nenpacrenne nastnamr camte pasnte onesnn, koropte
rpyno noornart no kakoe-nnyt onpeenenne. upe nepntm orennn nenpacrennm or
nenposa rpenorn. On ornec oa saonenannx k armva.iui+ ueeposa+. B akryantntx
nenposax on ne naxonn nn ncnxnuecknx npnunn, nn ncnxnuecknx mexannsmon; a
ncnxonenpost, kak on samernn, tnn ntsnant ncnxnuecknmn ]akropamn. Taknm opasom,
on nopnan c mennnncknm nanpannennem roro npemenn n ntpan onee npoykrnnnt
nyrt. axe ceronx moxno ycntmart, uro nockontky ne naent comarnueckne
napymennx, onesnt nocnr ncnxonornueckn xapakrep. upe ncnontsonan n rounocrn
npornnononoxnt mero, on cunran nencnxorenntmn re onesnn, koropte nenosmoxno
oxcnnrt c ncnxonornuecko roukn spennx.
Ha akryantnte nenpost moxno nnnxrt c nomomtm ncnxonornuecknx meroon no
rontko okontntmn nyrxmn, ro ecrt nsmenxx opas xnsnn nannenra. Homnmo nenpacrennn
n nenposa rpenorn, k akryantntm nenposam uacro ornocxr nnoxonpnm. ueepn cunraer,
uro enepconannsannx roxe npnnanexnr k +ro rpynne.
Henpac1ennn
narnos nenpacrennx o cnx uacro nenpannntno ncnontsyercx. Boome-ro
nenpacrenne cneyer nastnart conepmenno onpeenennym onesnt; ona npoxnnxercx
rnanntm opasom n nontmennom uepennom annennn, yromnennn, ycranocrn,
onesnenntx ]nsnuecknx omymennxx n napymennxx nnmenapennx. Hpnunno cunraercx
cnnmkom rxxenax paora, neuant n romy noonoe. Onako, +ro ne ouent yenrentno,
net ontnte nenpacrenne c rpyom nepenocxr nmym ]nsnueckym nnn ncnxnueckym
narpysky. uepennn onncan npemennoe nosnnknonenne rnnnuntx nenpacrennuecknx
cnmnromon (rononno onn, rnnepuyncrnnrentnocrn, onesnenntx omymenn n pykax n
norax n romy noonoro) n nasnan +ro ononenno nenpacrenne. Ona uacro nosnnkaer
nocne nouno nonnmnnn n, cneonarentno, nanpxmym cnxsana c cekcyantno xnsntm. Eme
pantme upe onapyxnn, uro upesmepnax macrypannx, npoonxammaxcx onroe npemx
n uacrte nounte nonnmnnn npnnoxr k nenpacrennn. He nnonne xcno, nouemy
macrypannx ntstnaer nenpacrennueckne cnmnromt.
Macrypannx +ro nopmantnax uacrt cekcyantnoro pasnnrnx. 3ro ornocnrcx, kak
k nn]anrnntno macrypannn, rak n k nopocrkono. Y mantunkon ona onee nnrencnnna,
uem y enouek; y oonx nonon ona moxer npnnnmart pasnnunte ]opmt. Macrypannx
conponoxaercx kon]nnkrom, koropt uacro npeoonenaercx c nomomtm ]opmnponannx
peaknn, kak yer nokasano nosxe. Ecnn yaercx npeoonert kon]nnkr, +rn peaknnn
npnnnmamr yuacrne n ]opmnponannn uepr xapakrepa, uro moxer trt ouent nonesno nx
nnunocrn. Ecnn xe ne yaercx npeoonert kon]nnkr, ]opmnpymrcx samennrenn
macrypannn, nnn cama macrypannx cranonnrcx uacrtm nenpornueckoro cnmnroma.
Kpome roro, +nemenrt macrypannn xnnxmrcx cocranno uacrtm nopmantnoro
nononoro akra.
Otuno macrypannx conponoxaercx nnyrpenne opto. 3ra opta nnocnr
cnom nenry n cnmnromaronornm ncnxonenposon. Hoxoxe, uro pnryant komnyntcnnnoro
nenpornka xnnxmrcx npoonxennem macrypannn: c ono cropont, onn samemamr
macrypannm; c pyro cropont, samnmamr or nee. Macrypannx pacnpocrpanena mnpe,
uem otuno cunraercx. Hnmt re nannenrt-myxunnt, koroptx kpane cnntno sanyrann n
ercrne, ne macrypnponann n nopocrkonom nospacre. Macrypannx, ne ntxoxmax sa
onpeenennte pamkn, ne npnnocnr npea. Ho ecnn macrypannx npoonxaercx n nocne
nopocrkonoro nospacra n npakrnkyercx upesmepno uacro, ona, c ono cropont, moxer
trt npnsnakom nenopmantnoro cekcyantnoro pasnnrnx, a c pyro cropont, moxer
npnunnnrt nekoropt npe, koropt, onako, otuno npeynennunnamr. Hpeynennuenne
onacnocrn, ncxoxme or macrypannn ckopee ncero ocnontnaercx na orpnnannn
nn]anrnntno cekcyantnocrn, ro ecrt na noannennn cocrnenntx cekcyantntx
crpemnenn Hyumnm okasarentcrnom +roro moryr cnyxnrt nannenrt, koropte
nouyncrnonann cex nyume, kak rontko nsannnnct or uyncrna nnnt, cnxsannoro c
macrypanne.
Onako nentsx orpnnart, uro upesmepnax macrypannx ocrannxer npente cnet.
Ho ns uero cocroxr +rn cnet? unsnueckne cnmnromt, ckopee ncero, oruacrn rokcnunt n
oruacrn pe]nekcnnnt no cnoe npnpoe, n ntsnant upesmepno crnmynxnne
cekcyantnoro annapara.
Onako mt snaem, uro nonono akr (a macrypannx +ro nonono akr) +ro ne
uncro ]nsnueckn nponecc. Iennrannn moryr trt nosyxent ncnxnueckn, a
cekcyantnte xenannx n nen moryr ocrnut paspxkn c nomomtm nosyxennx
rennrann; kopoue ronopx, ncnxnueckax +neprnx nrpaer naxnym pont n nmom nononom
akre. Hpn macrypannn ]anrasnn, koropte, kak npannno, conponoxamr mexannueckym
crnmynxnnm rennrann, nactment ncnxnuecko +neprne. axe ecnn macrypannx
npnnocnr ]nsnuecko yonnernopenne, ncnxnueckoe yonnernopenne ne nacrynaer,
nockontky oekr ]anrasn ne peanen. Hencnontsonannax ncnxnueckax +neprnx nepoxrnee
ncero ckannnnaercx n nanonee cekcyantntx opranax. Taknm opasom, macrypannx
nanocnr ncnxnueckym n ]nsnueckym rpanmy; nx nentsx paccmarpnnart no orentnocrn.
uenonek upesmepno crnmynnpymmn rennrannn n cosammn neorpannuennym
nosmoxnocrt nx yonnernopennx, okastnaercx ne n cocroxnnn ntepxart axe manemee
cekcyantnoe nanpxxenne; nosnnkaer norpenocrt n crnmynxnnn, nmymax nce nonte
cnocot, no nce xe ne ocrnrammax nonnoro yonnernopennx. uro xe kacaercx
ncnxnueckoro acnekra, ro nerkn ocryn k yonnernopennm npnnonr k upesmepnomy
pasnnrnm ]anrasnn, k nesanncnmocrn or peantnoro cekcyantnoro oekra, k ornepxennm
peantnocrn, a nnora axe k orkasy or peantnocrn. Ho camtm naxntm ncnxnuecknm
nocnecrnnem macrypannn xnnxercx ynennunnammeecx uyncrno nnnt, koropoe ee otuno
conponoxaer, a rakxe nnyrpennxx opta, koropax moxer npoonxartcx roamn n
rpeonart or uenoneka nce ncnxnuecko +neprnn. He concem xcno, nouemy npn
macrypannn nosnnkaer uyncrno nnnt. 3ro nentsx oxcnnrt onnmn rontko sanperamn,
noromy uro nnora cnntnoe uyncrno nnnt nosnnkaer n es ncxknx sanperon. Cneymmn
]akr nomoxer nam +ro nonxrt: macrypannx n nopocrkonom nospacre - +ro nonropenne
nn]anrnntno macrypannn. Hn]anrnntnax macrypannx conponoxaercx ]anrasnxmn ns
+nnona komnnekca. Hockontky uyncrno nnnt yxonr kopnxmn n +ror komnnekc, ono cnona
nosnnkaer nmecre c eccosnarentntmn ]anrasnxmn, conponoxammnmn macrypannm n
nopocrkonom nospacre. 3rn nn]anrnntnte ]anrasnn npn macrypannn ]opmnpymr
eccosnarentnoe xpo yymero nenposa.
B rnane, nocnxmenno uyncrny nnnt. mt ysnann, uro noknponannte n
nepaspxxennte arpeccnnnte nncrnnkrt, nonopaunnamrcx nnyrpt n npenpamamrcx n
uyncrno nnnt. Hpn macrypannn nnkora ne tnaer nonnoro cekcyantnoro
yonnernopennx, Bo kpane mepe n ncnxnuecko c]epe, nockontky ner peantnoro
oekra. Arpeccnx, cmemannax c nnnosntm nmnyntcom, renept npenpamaercx n
norpenocrt n nakasannn. Hoxoxe, uro +ro n ecrt uyncrno nnnt, cnxsannoe c
macrypanne."
Orkas or macrypannn nponcxonr nocne rxxeno optt, no annennem uyncrna
nnnt. uacro cnyuaercx , uro rpenora n nnoxonpnueckne nnn ncrepnueckne cnmnromt
samemamr macrypannm. Mt yxe nouepknnann, uro nenpacrennueckne cnmnromt
]opmnpymr akryantno-nenpornueckym ocnony nx ncrepnuecknx n nnoxonpnuecknx
nenposon. Comarnueckne napymennx, koropte nekora peantno npncyrcrnonann,
nnnrtnamrcx, n ncnxnky n npenpamamrcx n ncnxonenpos. Hekoropte orpnnamr
cymecrnonanne nenpacrennn n uncrom nne n ntramrcx npoemoncrpnponart, kakne
ncnxnueckne mexannsmt ckptnamrcx n ee crpykrype; mt ne nospaxaem npornn rako
konnennnn, nockontky +ro onaaer cnnrernuecko ]ynknne n crpemnrcx
accnmnnnponart nenpacrennueckne cnmnromt (comarnueckne, akryantno-nenpornueckne
cnmnromt), nnnecrn nx n ncnxnueckym crpykrypy n sarem ncnontsonart nx npn cosannn
ncnxnuecko onesnn.
Tyr nosnnkaer ouent naxnt nonpoc. upe onaxt ckasan, uro ropaso
nnrepecnee ntxcnxrt, nouemy uenonek nmnr, uem nouemy on ne nmnr; pyrnmn cnonamn,
nnrepecno ysnart, kak on ocnooxaercx or napnnccnsma. Hapnnccnsm +ro nepnnunoe
pacnpeenenne nnno; oekrnnnax nmont pasnnnaercx nosxe, nyrt ee onor n nonon
onacnocre. B cnxsn c +rnm ymecrno cnpocnrt, nouemy uenonek nepecraer macrypnponart.
Ham nsnecrnt na ]akra: no-nepntx, mantunk npekpamaer macrypnponart ne rontko ns-sa
uyncrna nnna, no n ns-sa crpaxa kacrpannn (n, nosmoxno, +ro rnannax npnunna); no-nroptx,
enouka npekpamaer macrypnponart ns-sa pasouaponannx n knnrope n ns-sa ornpamennx k
cnonm rennrannxm.
Ho mt cnona n cnona nnnm, uro nn myxunnt, nn xenmnnt ne orkastnamrcx or
macrypannn nancera. uacro macrypannx nosononnxercx, kora nnyrpennne nnn
Yxe pennne enpen nonnmann, n uem cmtcn macrypannn. B knnre Ftrnx, rnana 38,
ronopnrcx H ckasan Hya Onany "Bon k xene para rnoero n ncnonnn onr para myxa
nepe ne, n cosa cemx pary rnoemy." H Onan snan, uro ne emy yer cemx, n kora
npnmno npemx norn emy k xene para cnoero, npo.u. ou ce+ ua se+.m, urot ne
ocranoct cemx pary ero. H ro, uro on cenan tno snom n rnasax Iocnoa, n On ymeprnnn
ero .. Onan macrypnponan nmecro roro, urot conepmnrt nonono akr c xeno ymepmero
para, n coornecrnnn c sakonom nennpara 3emnx cnmnonnueckn coornercrnyr marepn,
snaunr ncx +ra ncropnx oosnauaer nonono akr c mareptm n uenoneka, conepmnnmero ero,
ynnaer For (oren).
nnemnne ycnonnx napymamr nmonnym xnsnt nnunocrn, kak +ro tnaer n apmnn, n
rmptme, n konnenrpannonnom narepe nnn npn pasptne nmonno cnxsn.
Hnora macrypannx xnnxercx npnsnakom ntsoponnennx, npn anannse +ro
ocoenno samerno. Ecnn nannenr tn nacrontko sanyran, uro ne cmen macrypnponart, mt
cunraem, uro npemennoe nosononnenne macrypannn +ro npnsnak ntsoponnennx.
Houemy onomy uenoneky nerue orkasartcx or macrypannn, uem pyromy? Houemy
onn uenonek, nonan n oruaxnnoe nonoxenne, nosnpamaercx k cnoe nn]anrnntno
npnntuke, a pyro ne nosnpamaercx? upe orneuaer na +ror nonpoc cneymmnm
opasom: nosmoxno, cymecrnyer npoxennt ]akrop, onpeenxmmn pasnnrne n
nnrerpnpymmn cekcyantnte komnonenrt-nneuennx n nenrpantnt rennrantnt
nncrnnkr, n mt noka uro ne n cnnax nonxrt +ror ]akrop. Macrypannx npornnopeunr
nmnn k oekry Bosmoxno, cnonrannoe ycnnenne crpemnennx k oekry nmnn nnesanno
npekpamaer macrypannm.
Hnoxonpnn
Hnoxonpnx recno cnxsana c nenpacrenne. Ona uacro conponoxaer macrypannm
n nopocrkonom nospacre. Crpax nakasannx, cnxsannt c uyncrnom nnnt, cnnnaercx c
nenpnxrntmn ]nsnuecknmn omymennxmn, cnxsanntmn c macrypanne, c nenpornuecknmn
cnmnromamn, n yrnnnsnpyer nx ncnxnueckn. Ho nnoxonpnx moxer npoxnnrtcx n n onee
nosnem nepnoe xnsnn, uepes mnoro ner nocne orpouecrna, ecnn cekcyantnax xnsnt ne
npnnocnr yonnernopennx.
Hxrnecxrnnernn myxunna crpaan or crpaxa, uro ero cepne nepecraner nrtcx,
koneunocrn ornayr n rak anee. On ne mor cnart, noromy uro uepes kaxte neckontko
mnnyr npoctnancx, urot nponepnrt, nce nn y nero na mecre. On oecmeume.iuo omyman
ont n paone cepna, n koneunocrxx n n nocy. Kyntmnnann ncex +rnx xano tn crpax,
uro on ymper or aprepnockneposa. On cntman o rom, uro n ero nospacre moxer pasnnrtcx
aprepnocknepos n renept nonaran, uro ero nnyrpennne oprant, koropte on npecrannxn
cee n nne neknx rpyok, sanoknpymrcx n kakax-nnyt uacrt ero rena ornaer. On cam n
camom nauane neuennx, eso ncxkoro nnnxnnx co cropont npaua, cnxsan cnon crpaannx co
cnoe neperynxpno nonono xnsntm. onrne rot on conepman coitus interruptus. On
uyncrnonan, uro +ro nx nero npeno, y nero onenn rennrannn n ronona n tnn pasnte
pyrne nenpnxrnte omymennx. Heckontko pas on ntrancx ncnennrtcx c nomomtm
kpane arpeccnnnoro nononoro akra, no kaxt pas ero ocranannnnan crpax napymnrt
mopantno-pennrnosnte sakont. B konne konnon ero nepenonnnn crpax, uro cemx, koropoe
on yepxnnan no npemx nononoro akra, sanoknpyer ero nennc n npnunnnr emy
nenonpannmt npe.
To, uro otunt uenonek uyncrnyer n rennrannxx npn cekcyantnom nosyxennn,
+ror nannenr uyncrnonan no ncem cnoem rene (+ry ]opmy nenrn]nkannn n nnnosno
nactmennocrn +ro, mt nastnaem napnnccnsmom). Crpax norepxrt uacrt rena
coornercrnyer eccosnarentnomy crpaxy norepxrt rennrannn, ro ecrt crpaxy kacrpannn.
Cnepma ne naxonna ntxoa npn nononom akre, n +ro ntsnano ckannnnanne nnno,
koropoe sarem pacnpocrpannnoct no ncemy reny n ntsnano cocroxnne nanpxxennx. c
koropom +ro ne morno cnpannrtcx ncnxnueckn. Or nosnnkme onn +ro samnmanoct c
nomomtm craporo eccosnarentnoro crpaxa kacrpannn, uro n ntpasnnoct n
nnoxonpnuecknx omymennxx n crpaxax.
Hockontky nx mnso]pennn xapakrepna rpanc]opmannx oekrnnnoro nnno n
napnnccnueckoe, nerpyno nonxrt, nouemy nnoxonpnx nanonee cnntno npoxnnxercx na
pannnx cranxx mnso]pennn, kora nannenrt eme ne moryr oysart napnnccnueckne
nnnosnte rpeonannx pyrnmn cnocoamn. Pasnnna mexy ncrepnuecko n
mnso]pennuecko nnoxonpne cocronr n rom, uro npn ncrepnuecko nnoxonpnn
oekrt nnemnero mnpa ocramrcx oekramn nnno, a npn mnso]pennuecko
nnoxonpnn oekramn nnno, n ro nnn nno crenenn, cranonxrcx oprant cyekra n
uacrn ero rena.
enepconannsannn
nx nnoxonpnka xapakrepno ncknmunrentnoe (xorx n rpenoxnoe)
camonanmenne. To xe camoe ornocnrcx n k enepconannsannn. enepconannsannx +ro
oruyxenne nnemnero mnpa or nnyrpennero. Hannenr repxer omymenne peantnocrn
nnyrpennnx n nnemnnx nocnpnxrnn n omymenn. Bnemnn mnp kaxercx emy crpanntm,
nepeantntm, npnspauntm, n mtcnn, uyncrna n omymenne cocrnennoro rena roxe, o
nekoropo crenenn, repxer nx nero cnom peantnocrt. Mnorne ]akrt nornepxamr, uro
orpnnanne peantnocrn nocnpnxrnn, omymenn n uyncrn xnnxercx nepntm cnecrnnem
nontrkn nepeonpeennrt nnno, ro ecrt ornecrn ero or oekra n nanpannrt n pyroe
mecro. 3ro npomexyrounoe cocroxnne, pasnnuammeecx no nnrencnnnocrn n nnrentnocrn,
npncyrcrnyer no ncex nenposax n noromy camo xnnxercx akryantntm nenposom. Ecnn y
nnoxonpnn :acmo tnaer ncnxnueckax cynepcrpykrypa, ro npn enepconannsannn
akryantno-nenpornueckn +nemenr nepepacnpeenennx nnno eceeoa conponoxaercx
ncnxnuecknm ]akropom, a nmenno napymennxmn n +ro, napymennem nocnpnxrnx.
Hopasnrentno, nackontko cnntno uyncrno ecnomomnocrn n rpenorn y nannenron,
crpaammnx or enepconannsannn n norepn peantnocrn nepexnnann. Touno rakxe, kak
cymecrnyer ncrepnueckax n mnso]pennueckax nnoxonpnx, cymecrnyer ncrepnueckax n
mnso]pennueckax enepconannsannx. Hpn ncrepnuecko enepconannsannn, oekrt
coxpanxmrcx; npn mnso]pennuecko enepconannsannn onn nponaamr nnn nor-nor
nponayr.
Henpos 1penorn
uakrnueckn, c nmtm akryantntm nenposom cnxsanno nekoropoe konnuecrne
rpenorn. Onako, nanonee cnntna ona npn nenpose rpenorn; sect n kaprnne onesnn
omnnnpyer rpenora. Tpenora npoxnnxercx n pasntx ]opmax: cnoono rekyme,
neonpeenenno, nanpnmep, n nne npncryna, n nne rpenorn oxnannx, n nne
ecnokocrna o kom-ro, sarpynennoro txannx, yuamennoro cepnenennx, nnesanno
nexnarkn kncnopoa, poxn, nonoca n romy noonoro. Bce +rn cnmnromt ne oxsarentno
npoxnnxmrcx nmecre. Kaxt ns nnx moxer ykastnart na rpenory. B rakom cnyuae mt
ronopnm o sauarouno rpenore. Hekoropte ]nsnueckne cnmnromt rpenorn noxoxn na
konnepcnonnym ncrepnm, nanpnmep, nnesannt: sarpynennx c txannem, poxt n rak
anee. Touno rakxe, kak npn nenpacrennn. ncrepnueckne cnmnromt moryr rpynnnponartcx
nokpyr akryantno-nenpornueckoro xpa n n nenpose rpenorn.
Hpocrax nenpacrennx ne sanncnr or ncnxnuecknx npnunn, n npocro nenpos
rpenorn roxe ne onpeenxercx ncnxnko. Ero ntstnamr napymennx nponecca
cekcyantnoro nosyxennx, nanpnmep coitus interruptus, coitus reservatus,
]pycrpnponannoc nosyxenne, nnrentnoe nosepxanne n rak anee.
Ecnn cekcyantnoe nosyxenne nporekaer nenopmantno, ro ne nponcxonr
paspxkn n oprasme n ne nacrynaer yonnernopenne. Henpacrennx nosnnkaer ns-sa
upesmepno cekcyantno akrnnnocrn, a nenpos rpenorn ns-sa nonropxmmnxcx
napymenn cekcyantnoro yonnernopennx nnn ns-sa ero orcyrcrnnx. Hentsx ncknmunrt,
uro nnora rpenora nosnnkaer ns-sa nnrokcnkannn, noromy uro nsnecrnt onesnn,
nanpnmep, Faseona onesnt, ocnonannte na nc]ynknnn rnponno xenest, ns-sa
koropo nosnnkaer rpenora. Cornacno oruery uepennn, rpenora pasnnnaercx nocne
]nkcnponannx vas deIerens (onepannx Cranaxa). Ocoax ]opma napymenn, ntsnannax
nenopmantno cekcyantno xnsntm (ro ecrt nenpacrennx nnn nenpos rpenorn) sanncnr or
nna cekcyantno rpanmt. Kpome roro, npn nenpacrennn nencnontsonannax ncnxnueckax
cekcyantnax +neprnx nrpaer rnannym pont, a npn nenpose rpenorn rnannym pont nrpaer
uncro comarnueckax +neprnx.
Hapymennx nncrnnkrnnno xnsnn, nknmuammne n cex nno ncnxnueckn, nno
comarnueckn komnonenr, npncyrcrnymr no ncex akryantntx nenposax. Akryantnte
nenpost moryr nnrtcx onro; onn moryr crart xponnuecknmn. B rakom cnyuae onn
npenpamamrcx n ncnxonenpos, no +ro nponcxonr ne cnyuantm opasom, nockontky
kaxomy akryantnomy nenposy coornercrnyer onpeenennax ]opma ncnxonenposa:
nenpacrennn coornercrnyer konnepcnonno ncrepnn, nenpos rpenorn ]onn,
nnoxonpnx mnso]pennueckomy ncnxosy.
Cnnrernueckax ]ynknnx +ro nounnxer cee onesnennte omymennx akryantntx
nenposon n nepepaartnaer nx n ncnxonenpos. Hpnmepom +roro moxer cnyxnrt
mnso]pennueckax nnoxonpnx. Ona xnnxercx cnecrnnem ocoenno onesnenntx
nanpxxenn n opranax. 3ro nocnpnnnmaer nsmenennoe cocroxnne opranon ne rontko kak
neuro onesnennoe, no n kak neuro uyxoe. 3ra uyxeponocrt nocroxnno paspaxaer +ro
n ee neoxonmo no urot +ro nn crano nounnnrt cee. Peaknnx mnso]pennka na rakne
renecnte omymennx rnnnuna. Pasnnnamrcx nnoxonpnueckne nen-rannmnnnannn; nx
nent npeoonert n ncnxnueckn nounnnrt cee +rn napymennx, koropte +ro
nocnpnnnmaer, kak napnnccnueckne rpanmt. B nepno ]ase onesnn +ro ocymecrnnxercx
cneymmnm opasom: nannenr crpemnrcx noccranonnrt c nomomtm nnoxonpnuecknx
ne cnoe neantnoe +ro, koropoe, kak emy kaxercx, on norepxn. 3ro nnnrtnaer
onesnennte oprannueckne napymennx, ntsnannte sanoknponanntm nnno, n
ncnxnueckn opaartnaer nx; c ono cropont, +ro yonnernopxer norpenocrt n
nakasannn; c pyro cropont, +rnm ypannonemnnaercx napymennt napnnccnsm +ro. Bce,
:mo nepnonauantno eocnpuuu+a.oci. rar ue:mo uenpumuoe u :vrooe, sacmae.em oeo
ucno.isoeami cuumemu:ecrvm qvurum, u e pesv.imame omoeo oeo accu+u.upvem (e
onpeoe.euuix vc.oeux) mo. :mo nperoe omeepea.oci.
Accnmnnnpymmax n cnxsymmax cnna +ro nepepaartnaer akryantno-nenpornueckoe
xpo ne rontko npn mnso]pennuecko nnoxonpnn, no n npn nmom pyrom nenpose.
Cxontm opasom +ro npeopasyer nenpacrennueckne cnmnromt n konnepcnonnym
ncrepnm. Hcnxnueckne noyxennx sacrannxmr +ro nennxrtcx sa ]nsnueckne omymennx
nenpacrennn, xorx re anno yxe nepecrann cymecrnonart. Onn ]opmnpymr rak nastnaemoe
akryantno-nenpornueckoe xpo konnepcnonno ncrepnn, rouno rakxe, kak
nnoxonpnueckne omymennx ]opmnpymr akryantno-nenpornueckoe xpo mnso]pennn.
Herpyno nonxrt, kaknm opasom +ro npeopasyer nenpos rpenorn n ncnxonenpos (n
]onm, n occecnnnt nenpos). Hosxe mt ocynm +ro onee nopono. Taknm opasom,
ouennno, uro nmo nenpos cnxsan c napymennxmn n cekcyantno xnsnn. Onako +ro ne
snaunr, uro nmoe napymenne cekcyantno xnsnn n camom mnpokom cmtcne +roro cnona
nensexno npnnonr k nenposy.
Ha nonpoc, nouemy ne kaxt uenonek saonenaer akryantntm nenposom, ecnn n
ero cekcyantno xnsnn nponcxoxr kakne-ro napymennx, moxno ornernrt ouent npocro:
peaknnx uenoneka sanncnr or ero npepacnonoxennocrn. Hekoropte moryr ntepxnnart
cekcyantnoe nanpxxenne ouent onro, n ro npemx kak pyrne concem neonro. 3ro
sanncnr or cnoconocrn yepxnnart nnno, ne ntstnax npn +rom ceptesntx napymenn,
nnn cynnmnponart ero.
Iuaea 7 TPEBOIA
Tpenora npoxnnxercx ne rontko n nenpose rpenorn. Ona npncyrcrnyer rakxe n
nnoxonpnn, n enepconannsannn n, nnora, n n nenpacrennn. Fonee roro, ona xnnxercx
cocranno uacrtm nmoro ncnxonenposa. Hpn ncnxonenpose nenpornueckne cnmnromt
uacro sannmamr mecro rpenorn nnn conponoxamr ee. Cnmnromt coornocxrcx c rpenoro
cneymmnm opasom: kora noxnnxmrcx cnmnromt, rpenora nno ncuesaer nonce, nno
cranonnrcx menee nnrencnnno. Ecnn nannenr ne moxer cartcx cnmnromy, noxnnxercx
rpenora. Hanpnmep, ecnn nannenr crpaaer komnyntcnnntm ymtnannem n emy ne
nosnonxmr mtrtcx, y nero nosnnkaer rpenora. Tpenora cnpanennno cunraercx ono ns
ocnonntx nenpornuecknx nponem. onroe npemx cymecrnonann comnennx, kakono
nponcxoxenne rpenorn, ncnxnueckoe ono nnn ]nsnueckoe, n o cnx nop eme ner ennoro
mnennx. upe yxe anno samernn, uro comarnueckn ]akrop nrpaer naxnym pont npn
nosnnknonennn rpenorn. Hsyuax nenpos rpenorn, on ynnen cnxst mexy napymennxmn
paspxkn cekcyantnoro nosyxennx n nosnnkamme nocne +roro rpenoro. Her comnenn,
uro +ra rpenora npecrannxer coo peaknnm na cekcyantnym rpanmy, nockontky
cekcyantnoe nosyxenne, ne cymenmee norn no nopmantnomy nyrn, tno sameneno
rpenoro. H nocne +roro upe cenan ntno, uro nnno npenpamaercx n rpenory.
Hosnee on mon]nnnponan +ry rouky spennx n pemnn, uro nnno ne moxer cpasy
npenparnrtcx n rpenory; rpenora nosnnkaer n +ro, n kauecrne peaknnn na napymennx n
nncrnnkrnnno xnsnn. He ouent naxno, kako ns +rnx konnennn nt npnepxnnaerect
net n n ro, n n pyro ronopnrcx o napymennxx n nncrnnkrnnno xnsnn, a +ro n
ncnxnueckoe, n ]nsnueckoe xnnenne. Cneonarentno, rpenora moxer trt ntsnana
ncnxnuecknmn npnunnamn nnn ]nsnuecknmn; ee moryr noponrt oe +rn c]ept
ononpemenno.
Tpenora n onacnoc1t
Tpenory nannenra, crpaammero or ]onn moxno paccmarpnnart kak
npornnononoxnocrt oprannuno ntxoxme rpenorn npn nenpose rpenorn n uncro ]opme,
rpenora npn ]onn ncnxnueckn oycnonnena. Y nannenrkn, oxnmecx nrpart na
]oprentxno na nynnke, tnn neckne npnunnt nx crpaxa, no onn ocranannct n
eccosnarentnom. 3ro noxoxe na rpenoxnt con. Cnonnen uyncrnyer rpenory, no
ncnxnueckym onacnocrt, ntsnanmym +ry rpenory, on moxer nocnpnnxrt rontko n
samacknponanno ]opme. Onako pasnnunx mexy ]one n rpenoxntmn cnonnennxmn c
ono cropont n oekrnnno rpenoro c pyro, ne rak nennkn, kak +ro moxer
nokasartcx na nepnt nsrnx. Oekrnnnax rpenora +ro rpenora, ntsnannax nsnecrno
onacnocrtm. Henpornueckax rpenora ntsnana nensnecrno onacnocrtm. Hpn ]onn
onacnocrt c nomomtm npoeknnn cranonnrcx noxoxe na oekrnnnym onacnocrt:
nnyrpennn ncrounnk rpenorn rpanc]opmnpyercx no nnemnn.
Tpenora +ro peaknnx na onacnocrt. Ho ercrno roxe xnnxercx peaknne na
onacnocrt. Hocne roro, kak nannenr, crpaammn ]one, nepemecrnn nnyrpennmm
onacnocrt no nnemnn mnp, on moxer nontrartcx yexart or nee. Ho yexart moxno
rontko nenaonro, ne nancera, net, na camom ene, nenosmoxno yexart or cex camoro.
Cneonarentno, nannenr c ]one onxen nocroxnno nosnonrt nce nonte samnrnte
coopyxennx, urot ne nonycrnrt k cee rpenory. Hockontky onacnocrt ckptnaercx
nnyrpn, on ne moxer ncrpernrtcx c ne, nsmennn peantnocrt, on onxen nsmennrt cex n
pesyntrarom +roro xnnxercx orpannuenne cnoot ero +ro.
Taknm opasom, ]onx npn rpenoxno ncrepnn +ro peaknnx na rpenory, koropax,
n cnom ouepet, xnnxercx peaknne na onacnocrt Tyr nosnnkaer nonpoc: uro xe +ro sa
onacnocrt n kakax saaua y rpenorn?
Tpenora n aqqex1
Ha +ror nonpoc ornernrt ne npocro, no mt nonpoyem cenart nce, uro n namnx
cnnax Hpexe ncero, mt nontraemcx onee nopono onncart rpenory. Tpenora cocronr ns
nnyrpennero nenpnxrnoro nosyxennx neponnoro txannx, yuamennoro cepnenennx
n napymenn n nasomoropno c]epe (uenonek neneer nnn kpacneer n rak anee); kpome
roro, ycnnnnaercx nnn ocnaenaer akrnnnocrt mtmn kopnyca n koneunocre (poxt nnn
napannu). Moropnoe nosyxenne, yuamennoe txanne n cepnenenne, ycnnennax
cekpennx (noroorenenne, cnest, mouencnyckanne) n nasomoropnte nsmenennx nce +ro
renecnte ntpaxennx a]]ekra, xapakrep koroporo sanncnr or ero npnpot. A]]ekrt, kak
yxe nouepknnanoct, nponcxoxr nenocpecrnenno or nncrnnkron; onn xnnxmrcx
ncnxnuecknmn npecrannrenxmn renecntx nsmenennn n perynxpno coennxmrcx c nexmn
nnn c pyrnmn ncnxnuecknmn opasonannxmn. Taru+ oopaso+, mpeeoea omo aqqerm,
romopi om.u:aemc om ecex ocma.iuix aqqermoe mo.iro ceou+ cneuqu:ecru
uenpumuix xaparmepo+. Y nee ecrt n ]nsnonornueckn n ncnxonornueckn acnekr, n ona
moxer trt ntsnana n ]nsnonornuecko n ncnxonornuecko npnunno. Comarnueckn ona
ntpaxaercx n ycnnenno akrnnnocrn onpeenenntx cncrem opranon. Ycnnennax
akrnnnocrt opranon conponoxaercx a]]ekrom, nokastnammnm, uro +neprnn, nosnnkmne
ns nncrnnkron, ocrnrnn paspxkn. Hponecc paspxkn, a rakxe conponoxammne ero
cnenn]nueckne omymennx, nocnpnnnmamrcx kak a]]ekr. Taknm opasom, rpenora cocronr
ns nponeccon paspxkn n ns nocnpnxrnx cnenn]nuecknx nenpnxrntx uyncrn n omymenn.
Xorx mt ysnann, kakona ]enomenonornueckax opnenrannx ]nsnonornuecknx
nponeccon npn rpenore, mt ne npnnnsnnnct k nonnmannm ee cmtcna. Bosmoxno, mt
nponnnemcx uyrt antme, ecnn nooem k nponeme rpenorn c ncropnuecko roukn
spennx. Cornacno upey, nnnepnannn n omymennx npn kaxom a]]ekre ncropnueckn
oycnonnent. C coornercrnnn c konnennne apnnna, upe cenan ntno, uro
]nnorenernueckn a]]ekrt tnn ecrnnxmn, nanpannenntmn na npncnoconenne k
peantnocrn, n npecrannxnn coo nepnnunym peaknnm na naxnoe cotrne, n nentm +ro
peaknnn tno npeoonenne rpanmarnuecknx nepexnnann. B xoe pasnnrnx, or nokonennx
k nokonennm, +rn ecrnnx, naroapx nocroxnnomy nonropennm, crann anromarnuecknmn
n eccosnarentntmn: onn nacneonannct n, n konne konnon, crann npoxnnxrtcx, kak
a]]ekrt n xnsnn nnunocrn. Hcrepnueckn npnnaok, koropt npecrannxer coo
makcnmantnoe ocrnxenne eccosnarentntx ecrnn n +neprernuecko paspxkn, cnyxnr
npekpacntm npnmepom a]]ekra. 3monnonantnoe noneenne ncrepnka no npemx npnnaka
kaxercx eccmtcnenntm, no ecnn mt nocmorpnm na ero ncropnueckne kopnn, ro ynnnm,
uro, kora +rn +monnn nosnnknn, onn tnn nnonne ocmtcnenntmn. Hepntm ontmnm
ocrnxennem ncnxoanannsa tno ro, uro on okasan, uro ncrepnueckne npnnakn +ro
eccosnarentnoe nonropenne nekora aeknarntx peaknn na peantnte nepexnnannx.
Ecnn mt yem paccmarpnnart ncrepnueckn npnnaok, kak xpkn npnmep a]]ekra, mt
ynnnm, uro a]]ekrt +ro ocaok apxanuntx nepexnnann; onn nrpamr pont cnmnonon
n xnsnn nnunocrn. B nenom, onn npecrannxmr coo nontrkn npncnoconrtcx k
peantno cnryannn (ne ncera ycnemnte). Onn npecrannxmr coo ynacneonannte
ecrnnx, kak t ocrarkn ecrnn, koropte kora-ro coornercrnonann peantnocrn, no
renept ntrecnxnnct ns cosnannx n sanncxr or nncrnnkrnnno xnsnn. C mo:ru speuu
npoucxoroeuu, mpeeoea, rar ocooi aqqerm, npeocmae.em cooo pearum ua
mpae+amu:ecru onim n sannmaer ynnkantnoe nonoxenne cpen a]]ekron naroapx
cnoemy cnenn]nueckomy omymennm. A]]ekr ]nkcnpyercx na panne crann n oxnnaer n
nne peaknnn na peantnt paspaxnrent. Cneonarentno, rpenora +ro ynacneonannax,
apxanunax peaknnx na peantnt paspaxnrent.
Tpenora n 1panua
Cpenn, nopmantnt uenonek cnocoen nepenocnrt otunte paspaxnrenn,
nepenapnnart nx n +konomno pacnpeenxrt nx +neprnm. Ho ecnn nnrencnnnocrt
paspaxnrenx ntme, uem otuno, nosnnkaer rpanmarnueckn +]]ekr. Vee.u:euue ouepeuu
pasoparume., c romopi+ oeo ue +orem cnpaeumic sa ooi:ui cpor, +i uasieae+
mpae+o. 3ro cnpannxercx c otuntmn paspaxnrenxmn c nomomtm samnrnoro aptepa
npornn paspaxnrene, o koropom mt yxe ronopnnn. Ho ecnn +ro cranknnaercx c
rpanmarnuecknm paspaxnrenem, ro ecrt c paspaxnrenem, c koroptm nenosmoxno
cnpannrtcx sa otunoe npemx, rora ono nepenonnxercx +neprne n samnrnt aptep
npornn paspaxnrene ncntrtnaer orpomnoe nanpxxenne nnn nomaercx. Ecnn aptep
nomaercx, a rpenora npn +rom ne nosnnkaer, rora moxer nacrynnrt mokonax peaknnx nnn
axe cmeprt. Ecnn samnrnt aptep npornn paspaxnrene moxer nor-nor cnomartcx, +ro
repxer cnoconocrt pearnponart nenenanpannenntmn ecrnnxmn, npncnoconenntmn k
peantnocrn, n, nmecro +roro, noxnnxercx a]]ekr rpenorn.
K namemy onpeenennm rpenorn, kak apxanuno peaknnn na upesmepno cnntnte
paspaxnrenn, mt moxem oannrt, uro ona nosnnkaer, rontko kora +ro repxer
cnoconocrt cnpannxrtcx c ycnnennem paspaxnrene.
Ftno sameueno, uro y uenoneka noneprmerocx neoxnanno onacnocrn, nosnnkaer
rpanmarnueckn nenpos, a ne nenpos rpenorn. Xorx n cnmnromaronornn raknx nannenron
rpenora orcyrcrnyer, ona npoxnnxercx n cnonnennxx, n koroptx onn sanono nepexnnamr
rpanmarnueckym cnryannm. Cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro rpenora, ne nosnnkmax no npemx
rpanmt, noxnnxercx no cne nx roro, urot moxno tno sanono nepexnrt onacnym
cnryannm n rpenora t npn +rom nosnnkna. Bo cne uenonek kak t xer rpanmy, no+romy
+nemenr neoxnannocrn ncuesaer. uakrnueckn, o.e+eum oruoauu ncera npncyrcrnyer n
rpenore; no mnornx cnyuaxx cosaercx nneuarnenne, yro nannenr crpemnrcx k rpenore.
Mexy cnoono or rpenorn, no onacno cnryanne, npn koropo nosnnkaer
rpanmarnueckn nenpos (nx nosnnknonennx rpanmarnueckoro nenposa neoxonma
neoxnannocrt) n cnryanne n rpenoxnom cnonnennn cymecrnyer ]ynamenrantnax
pasnnna. Cotrne, ntsnanmee rpanmarnueckn nenpos, +ro peantnt ]akr, koropt
nenosmoxno annynnponart, a n cnonnennn rpanma oekrnnno ne cymecrnyer; nannenr
nmer ee n ncnxnueckn nonropxer ee n onee mxrko ]opme. Tpenora, ne nosnnkmax n
peantno cnryannn, renept nepexnnaercx no cne. Oxnanne, npncymee rpenore,
ntnonnxer naxnym saauy: ono nororannnnaer +ro k onacnocrn, urot ra ne sacrana ero
npacnnox n ono cmorno t ncrpernrt ee nenenanpannenntmn ecrnnxmn. Onako, n
cnyuae rpanmt, aeknarnax peaknnx nenosmoxna, nepoxrno ns-sa ncnponopnnn mexy
cnno paspaxnrenx (konnuecrno +neprnn na ennnny npemenn ynennunnaercx) n
nopmantno cnoconocrtm +ro cnpannxrtcx c paspaxnrenxmn (samnrntm aptepom
npornn paspaxnrene). B pesyntrare, n nne peaknnn nosnnkaer ne+]]ekrnnnt a]]ekr
rpenorn. Onako rpenora oxnannx ntnonnxer cnom nonornueckym nent: no-nepntx, ona
nosnonxer uenoneky nororonnrtcx k onacnocrn; no-nroptx, +ro, crpemxct k npncrynam
rpenora, koropte nonropxmrcx pas sa pasom, moxer na nekoropoe npemx paspxnrt
+neprnm, nakonnennym n pesyntrare rpanmt.
Herpyno nonxrt, uro nx roro, urot ne nosnnk rpanmarnueckn +]]ekr, +ro
onxno nororonnrtcx k ncrpeue c nontm n upesntuano cnntntm paspaxnrenem.
Kaxt nont paspaxnrent crannr nepe +ro nonym saauy. Bnauane +ro cknonno ne
npnnnmart paspaxnrenn, nockontky onn moryr napymnrt cocroxnne nokox. Takax
koncepnarnnnocrt +ro npoxnnxercx rakxe n rom, uro ono crpemnrcx coxpannrt
karekrnpymmne +neprnn na kpane nnskom yponne. Paspaxnrenn, c koroptmn +ro
ncrpeuanoct yxe neckontko pas, nocnpnnnmamrcx c mentmnmn sarparamn ncnxnuecko
+neprnn, uem nesnakomte paspaxnrenn. Kpome roro, +ro yxe nayunnoct onennnart cnny
snakomtx paspaxnrene. 3ro, cronknynmeecx c upesntuano cnntntmn nesnakomtm
paspaxnrenem, nnauane repxercx n cranonnrcx oecno+ouui+. Hockontky +ro ne moxer
cnxsart +ror nont paspaxnrent c nocnomnnannxmn o pyrnx paspaxnrenxx, ono ne
snaer, kako on okastnaer +]]ekr n, uro onee naxno, emy ne xnaraer akrnnnocrn,
neoxonmo nx roro, urot onnaert +rnm paspaxnrenem. Hponcxonr oparnoe:
paspaxnrent onnaenaer +ro n sacrannxer ero nrpart naccnnnym pont. B +rom-ro
naccnnnom, oecno+ouuo+ cocroxnnn n nosnnkaer rpenora. Fnonornueckn, nporornnom
+ro ecnomomnocrn xnnxercx mnaenuecrno n, o nekoropo crenenn, panee ercrno;
ncnxonornuecknm nporornnom xnnxmrcx re momenrt, kora peenok nnn nspocnt
uyncrnyer, uro nnemnne nnn nnyrpennne paspaxnrenn cnntnee ero. Cneonarentno,
rpenora mnaenna nonornueckax; rpenora onee nosnnx nepnoon xnsnn, rnanntm
opasom, ncnxonornueckax. Hpn nonornuecko rpenore, rposxmax onacnocrt ne
ocosnaercx; rakax rpenora +ro npocro peaknnx na rpanmy. Hpn ncnxonornuecko rpenore
rpanma ocosnaercx, kak nannrammaxcx onacnocrt; raknm opasom, +ra rpenora +ro
peaknnx na rposxmym onacnocrt.
Tpenora xnnxercx nonornuecko peaknne +ro, nent koropo camocoxpanenne.
Y mnaenna +ro n n nourn ne pasnnuamrcx n ]akrnueckn nenosmoxno onpeennrt,
npnnanexnr nn peaknnx n nnn +ro. Ho+romy ner cmtcna ronopnrt o rom, xnnxercx nn
rpenora mnaenna (akryantnax rpenora) ncnxnuecko nnn ne xnnxercx. Cornacno
]opmynnponke upea, ncnxnueckne nponecct +ro comarnueckne nponecct, koropte
nsnauantno xnnxmrcx eccosnarentntmn. Tontko n xoe pasnnrnx +ro nounnxer cee
eccosnarentnte peaknnn n, n onn nonyuamr ocryn k nocnpnxrnm n k moropno uacrn
ncnxnueckoro annapara. pyrnmn cnonamn, kora +ro orenxercx or n, a]]ekr rpenorn
ocrnraer cosnarentno cncremt +ro, nocnpnnnmaercx n ntpaxaercx ncnxnuecknm
komnnekcom rpenorn.
Tpenora n cauonanmenne: npeynpeaammnn cnrnan
Ecnn +ro nesnakomo c paspaxnrenem n ne moxer cnxsart ero c npetymnmn
nepexnnannxmn, kak xe +ro ocosnaer, uro on onacen, kak xe ono, rak ckasart, nanepe
ysnaer, uro neoxonmo samnrnrtcx or upesmepno cnntno +neprnn nonoro paspaxnrenx?
Bo-nepntx, cymecrnyer mexannsm camonanmennx, koropt cnenr sa ncemn
nponeccamn nnyrpn +ro n perncrpnpyer nx. Ecnn ronopnrt o naronornuecknx cocroxnnxx,
ro nyume ncero camonanmenne pasnnro npn enepconannsannn n nnoxonpnuecko
mnso]pennn. Bnso]pennk npenocxono nocnpnnnmaer nce nnyrpennne nponecct.
3ro soponoro uenoneka onnaenaer nncrnnkrnnntmn nponeccamn, ne saocrpxx na
nnx nnnmannx, net +ro nemenenno ypannnnaer yponent nanpxxennx mexy nenpnxrntmn
n npnxrntmn uyncrnamn, koropte noxnnxmrcx c nosnnknonennem nncrnnkrnnno
norpenocrn. Ho ecnn reuenne nncrnnkron napymaercx n y +ro nosnnkamr rpynocrn,
kora ono ntraercx onnaert nmn, rora +rn nncrnnkrt cranonxrcx ncrounnkom
onesnenntx omymenn. Otuno nnnmanne uenoneka opameno na nnemnn mnp, no,
kora onesnennte omymennx ycnnnnamrcx, ono opamaercx k nnyrpennemy mnpy. Bkana
npnxrntx-nenpnxrntx uyncrn ornonr nnnmanne or nnemnnx nene n rpanc]opmnpyer ero
n camonanmenne. Herko nonepnrt, uro mnaenen opamaer mentme nnnmanne na
nnemnn mnp, uem nspocnt, noromy uro on cnnmkom cnntno sanxr nnyrpennnmn
nponeccamn, koropte on eme ne nayunncx paspxxart no nnemnem mnpy.
Mt rakxe moxem cenart ntno, uro nnrepec uenoneka k camomy cee
(camonanmenne) pasnnnaercx pantme, uem nnnmanne k nnemnemy mnpy. Ecnn +ro nepno,
snaunr nnnmanne mnso]pennka perpeccnponano, coornercrnenno, nx camonanmennx
(cm. Inany V). Camonanmenne nnoxonpnueckoro mnso]pennka nacrontko cnntno, uro
on sameuaer manemne nsmenennx n cnoem rene, koropte uacro tnamr onesnenntmn.
Hnora on axe yrnepxaer, uro nnyrpennne nponecct kaxyrcx emy camtmn onacntmn, n
no+romy emy npnxonrcx npenpnnnmart ecrnnx, koropte, na nepnt nsrnx, kaxyrcx
nam nemtcnnmtmn, no koropte, ecnn npncmorpertcx, okastnamrcx samnrntmn
ecrnnxmn. Ecnn on ycnemno ntnonnxer +rn samnrnte ecrnnx, rora y nero ner
rpenorn, no ecnn emy ne amr nx conepmnrt, rora on crpaaer or crpamno rpenorn.
Taru+ oopaso+, e.aeua saoa:a ca+ouao.moeuu cooouumi oeo o me:euue
eosovroeuu om uenpumuix-npumuix cepuu. Jma uuqop+au noseo.em oeo
npeonpuumi ueooxoou+ie oecmeu. :mooi eepuvmi cocmouue noro. Hpn mnso]pennn
camonanmenne moxer npocnrnannsnponart, uro neoxonmo ycranonnrt samnrnte
cncremt, a n pyro pas moxer noome nnkak ne npopearnponart. 3ro uyncrnyer cex
nacrontko eccnntntm nepe nnnom nenepoxrno +neprnn paspaxnrenx, uro
perpeccnpyer na onee npnmnrnnnym cranm, n n pesyntrare rpenora npenpamaercx n
nannky. Kora rpenora ocrnraer kyntmnnannn, nannenrt naunnamr conepmart
eccmtcnennte ecrnnx; onn ntpactnamrcx ns okon, tmrcx ronono o crent n rak
anee. Komnara, n koropo xnner nannenr, cnnmkom nx nero recna, on xouer cexart n
no+romy ynnuroxaer nce, uro cronr y nero na nyrn; pyro nannenr epercx, noromy uro
uyncrnyer, uro na nero nanann nparn, n cam ne nanaaer, a samnmaercx. Fercrno (n samnra)
or onacnocrn npn mnso]pennn nocnr cxono c ]one. Hannenr npoennpyer nnyrpennmm,
nncrnnkrnnnym onacnocrt napyxy; sarem on cosaer samnrnte koncrpyknnn n
nocnpnnnmaer onacnocrt, kak neuro ecrnnrentno nnemnee n peantnoe. B +rom cmtcne
mt moxem ronopnrt o samnrnom aptepe npornn nnyrpennnx paspaxnrene. Henosmoxno
ne samernrt, uro y ncex nannenron rpenora cnrnannsnpyer o onacnocrn. Taru+ oopaso+,
oo onacuocmu +oevm cueua.usupoeami oea e.euu. ca+ouao.moeuue u mpeeoea. Ho
camonanmenne ykastnaer rakxe n na npnxrnte omymennx, n ro npemx kak rpenora
cnrnannsnpyer rontko o nenpnxrntx omymennxx, ro ecrt o onacnocrn. Henpnxrnte
omymennx npnnoxr k rpenore. B nopmantnom cocroxnnn onesnennte omymennx, a ne
rpenora, ntstnamr noxoxmne ecrnnx, samnmammne or onacnocrn
Kora cymecrnymr nnemnne paspaxnrenn, onacnocrt oekrnnna. Hpn nenposax n
ncnxosax onacnocrt nnyrpennxx, nncrnnkrnnnax. Onako, +konomnueckax cnryannx
onnakona n oonx cnyuaxx: npn rpanmarnuecko cnryannn, ro ecrt npn ecnomomnocrn,
samnrnomy aptepy rposnr paspymenne. Cneonarentno, ocnono rpenorn xnnxercx
upesmepnoe ycnnenne paspaxnrenx, koropt paspxxaercx uepes cnenn]nueckn?
onesnennte nsptnt, koropte nastnamrcx rpenoro. Tpenora, coornercrnenno, sanncnr or
konnuecrnenntx ]akropon; pyrnmn cnonamn, nmoe upesmepno cnntnoe nosyxenne,
roronoe npopnartcx cknost samnrnt aptep, ntstnaer rpenory.
Tpenora - +ro a]]ekrnnnax peaknnx n, raknm opasom, ona xnnxercx
nenenanpannenntm ecrnnem. Bnauane ona nosnnkaer anromarnueckn, a nosnee ee
npnnonr n ecrnne +ro. Honropm eme pas: c ono cropont, c nomomtm rpenorn
onpeenennte upesmepnte ckonnennx +neprnn moryr ocrnut paspxkn c pyro cropont,
mpeeoea cueua.usupvem o eposue onacuocmu n ntstnaer samnrnte ecrnnx, xorx
oruacrn n cama rpenora nrpaer pont samnrt.
Poonan 1penora
Kak tno nokasano ntme, rpenora +ro apxanunt ocrarok naxnemero
rpanmarnueckoro ontra. 3ro ]nnorenernuecko konnennnn esycnonno ne npornnopeunr
ror ]akr, uro cymecrnyer rakxe naxnemn nnnnnyantnt ontr, uepes koropt
nensexno npoxonr nmo uenonek n koropt xnnxercx uuoueuova.iui+ nporornnom
rpenorn; +ro poonax rpanma. Ho+rt yxe ouent anno uyncrnonann, kak +ro naxno.
Bekcnnp ckasan, uro Maky]] ne snan rpenorn, orroro, uro tn ntpesan ns yrpot
marepn n ne npomen uepes mykn poxennx.
Her neoxonmocrn npecrannxrt okasarentcrna roro, uro nponecc poxennx cam
no cee okastnaer rpanmarnueckn +]]ekr. Onako cneyer nepeuncnnrt npnsnakn
rpenorn nonopoxennoro. Mt moxem cenart ntno, uro on uyncrnyer rpenory,
ocnontnaxct rontko na ananornxx.
Hno, naxoxmncx n npenarantnom cocroxnnn samnmen or nnemnnx
paspaxnrene; on nnraercx uepes nnanenry. Poxenne nanxstnaer concem nnte ycnonnx.
Mnaenen nnesanno okastnaercx nnnom k nnny c neoxonmocrtm npeoonenart nnemnne
paspaxnrenn, n ocnonnom rakrnntnte no cnoe npnpoe. Hs renno markn on nonaaer n
xonont nosyx, on onxen npncnoconrt kponoopamenne n txanne k nsmennnmnmcx
nonornuecknm ycnonnxm. Aanrannx nponsnonrcx rnanntm opasom c nomomtm
myckynarypt txarentntx opranon n cepna. txanne naunnaercx ns-sa nnrokcnkannn,
no ero naxnocrt n rom, uro nonopoxennt cranknnaercx c neoxonmocrtm
npncnocannnartcx k nontm ycnonnxm xnsnn. Aanrannx ocrnraercx c nomomtm
cokpamenn txarentno n cepeuno-cocyncro myckynarypt. 3rn nsmenennx
npecrannxmr coo ecrnnx, nanpannennte na aanrannm k nontm rpeonannxm xnsnn.
Ckopee ncero, onn conponoxamrcx cnenn]nuecknm nenpnxrntm omymennem, na uro
ykastnaer nnau nonopoxennoro. Takne ecrnnx, conponoxaemte cnenn]nuecknm
omymennem n xnnxmmnecx peaknne na naxnoe nepexnnanne, nastnamrcx a]]ekramn.
Poxenne esycnonno xnnxercx naxnemnm nepexnnannem. Cnenn]nueckn nenpnxrnt
a]]ekr, nx koroporo xapakrepno nsmenenne txannx n kponoopamennx, mt nastnaem
rpenoro. Cneonarentno, poono a]]ekr moxno cunrart a]]ekrom rpenorn. Hockontky
+ror a]]ekr xnnxercx cnecrnnem rpanmt, mt onxnt nontrartcx nonxrt +ry rpanmy.
Mt yxe ynomnnann, uro noxnnenne nocne poxennx mnoxecrna nontx n
esxanocrntx nnemnnx paspaxnrene moxer nponsnecrn rpanmarnueckn +]]ekr. Ho
cymecrnyer n pyro ]akrop. Hno no nnyrpnyrponom cocroxnnn moxer yonnernopnrt
nce cnon norpenocrn n rom uncne n nnnosnte uepes cnom mart, nockontky on
coennen c ne. Pot ynnuroxamr +ro enncrno; nponcxonr orenenne or marepn.
Horpenocrn peenka ontme ne moryr trt anromarnueckn n napnnccnueckn
yonnernopent uepes mart. Tenept nx +roro neoxonm oekr. Hockontky cpasy nocne
poxennx +ror oekr ne npncyrcrnyer n nockontky nenosmoxno rak tcrpo nayunrtcx
no-nonomy cnpannxrtcx c paspaxnrenxmn (nanpnmep, y marepn eme ner monoka),
nosnnkaer uanpreuue, cosannoe ycnnennem norpenocre, koropte ne nonyuamr
nemenennoro yonnernopennx. Mt ykasann na ro, uro upesmepnoe ycnnenne
paspaxnrene onacno. Hacroxmnm xpom onacnocrn xnnxercx +konomnueckoe napymenne
pacnpeenennx +neprn, ntsnannoe ycnnennem paspaxnrene. Tpenora +ro peaknnx na
onacnocrt. Taknm opasom, nonopoxennt pearnpyer rpenoro ne rontko na nnemnmm
rpanmy, no n na ynennuenne nncrnnkrnnno +neprnn, na nanpxxenne, koropoe cosaer
neyonnernopennax norpenocrt. Hpn poxennn nosnnkaer nonax rpenora: peaknnx na
nnemnmm oekrnnnym rpanmy, koropym moxno nasnart ontm, n peaknnx na
nnyrpennmm onacnocrt, na ycnnenne nncrnnkrnnnoro nanpxxennx. Hepnym peaknnm
moxno nasnart oekrnnno rpenoro; nropym moxno paccmarpnnart, kak nporornn
nenpornuecko rpenorn, nockontky nenpornueckax rpenora sanncnr or nnyrpennero
cocroxnnx. Hpn poxennn nnemnn ]akrop connaaer c nnyrpennnm, n n antneme
xnsnn nenpornueckax rpenora yer nocroxnno noepxnnartcx rontko n rom cnyuae, ecnn
cymecrnymr ne rontko nnyrpennne ycnonnx nx rpenorn, no n nnemnne. Poxenne
xnnxercx rnnnunom npnmepom npncyrcrnnx oonx ycnonn.
Honox nrorn, moxno ckasart, uro poonax rpanma +ro nonornueckax
cnryannx, ocnonannax na rom, uro mnaenen ecnomomen nepe nnnom nnemnnx n
nnyrpennnx paspaxnrene. Poonax rpenora +ro ntmeonncannax anromarnueckax
rpenora, nosnnkammax ns-sa +konomnuecknx napymenn npn nounnennn paspaxnrene.
3ro neoxonmt +nemenr pasnnrnx, on noxnnxercx na rpannne mexy nymx naxntmn
nepnoamn xnsnn, nx koroptx xapakrepnt conepmenno pasnte ycnonnx; n n reuennn
xnsnn, kora uenonek nepexonr c ono crann pasnnrnx na pyrym, cnona noxnnxercx
rpenora (nanpnmep, npn nepexoe or narenrnocrn k nopocrkonomy nepnoy).
Cronknynmnct c onee ntcoko ]aso pasnnrnx, npetymax ]asa sakanunnaercx ne
cpasy, n ns-sa +roro nosnnkaer rpanmarnueckax cnryannx.
comnenamct, uro y poono rpenorn ecrt ncnxnueckn konrekcr (kak cunraer
Pank), no ona onpeenenno rpanc]opmnpyercx n antnemem n ncnxnueckym rpenory.
Hcnxnueckoe coepxanne ncnontsyer comarnueckn mexannsm rpenorn nx
camontpaxennx. nx ncnxnuecknx coepxann noome xapakrepno ncnontsonanne
cymecrnymmnx comarnuecknx nyre. B antneme xnsnn crapt anromarnueckn
mexannsm es rpya cnaxaercx nontmn coepxannxmn, nockontky onesnennte
nepexnnannx, cxonte c poxennem, nonropxmrcx cnona n cnona.
anare eme pas paccmorpnm cnryannm poxennx. Hapnnccnueckoe nnno
npnnxstnaer nno k marepn. Kora, no npemx poon, nx enncrno paspymaercx, kora
peenok orenxercx or marepn, noknpymrcx crpemnennx 3poca k oennennm n
pacrnopennm. Ha ocnone komnyntcnnnoro nonropennx, xapakrepnoro nx ncex
oprannuecknx cymecrn, mt moxem cenart ntno, uro cpasy nocne poxennx nosnnkaer
perpeccnnnax renennnx, ro ecrt renennnx noccoennnrtcx c mareptm. Onako,
orenenne or marepn +ro cnepmnnmncx ]akr, koropt, nonornueckn, nenosmoxno
annynnponart. 3ro crpemnenne noccoennnrtcx c mareptm n noccranonnrt nacnntcrnenno
paspymennoe enncrno, +ra neocymecrnnmax renennnx ntstnaer kpane onesnennoe
nanpxxenne, peaknne na koropoe xnnxercx rpenora. Hockontky nno ne snakom c
oekrom n ncrnnnom cmtcne +roro cnona, on ne nocnpnnnmaer orenenne or marepn, kak
norepm oekra. Honopoxennt npocro omymaer napymennx +konomnn nncrnnkrnnntx
+neprn. Tpenora npecrannxer coo peaknnm ncknmunrentno na +rn napymennx.
C.eooeame.iuo, poooea mpeeoea omo cmpax pasoe.euu. 3ro nonornueckoe xnnenne,
no ono cranonnrcx nporornnom ncnxnuecko rpenorn.
Tpancqopuannn poonon 1penorn
Hentsx ne samernrt, uro yxe y mnaenna ecrt onpeenennax crenent roronnocrn k
rpenore, n +ra roronnocrt ycnnnnaercx n pannem ercrne. Xorx cymecrnyer mnoxecrno
pasnnuntx npoxnnenn mnaenuecko rpenorn, onako moxno ntennrt nanonee
rnnnunte ]opmt. Crpax remnort n crpax nepe nesnakomtmn nmtmn nor nanonee
rnnnunte ]opmt nn]anrnntno rpenorn. Crpax remnort, crpax onnouecrna, crpax nepe
nesnakomtmn nmtmn, nce +ro moxno cnecrn k onomy ]akropy: k rocke no uenoneky, na
koroporo nanpannenno nnno. Hepnnunax rpenora nosnnkna, kora peenok orennncx
or marepn; renept xe rpenora nosnnkaer, kora nmnmoro uenoneka ner pxom, n +ro roxe
orenenne onako, yxe ncnxnueckoe orenenne, a ne ]nsnueckoe. Crpax kacrpannn
moxno paccmarpnnart, kak npoonxenne +ro rpenorn; sect rakxe peut ner o
orenennn or napnnccnueckn nennmoro oekra.
Ho nce xe ne nnonne xcno, nouemy rocka no marepn onxna ntstnart rpenory.
Haxoxct n yrpoe marepn, peenok npnnxsan k marepn ncem cnonm (napnnccnuecknm)
nnno. Hocne poxennx +ra cnxst coxpanxercx, no ns nonornuecko ona npenpamaercx n
ncnxonornueckym n noepxnnaercx c nomomtm opranon uyncrn rnas, yme, noca,
ocxsarentntx opranon n rak anee. Moxno ckasart, uro peenok nocne poon coxpanxer
nnyrpnyrponym cnxst c mareptm, no yxe na pyrom yponne. Onako +ra cnxst uacro
pnercx, kora ne nacrynaer peantnoe yonnernopenne, nanpnmep, kora mart ne aer
peenky rpyt. Ha +ro crann pasnnrnx peenok nce eme cnocoen yonnernopxrt cnon
norpenocrn c nomomtm rannmnnnann. Oprant uyncrn crnmynnpymrcx nsnyrpn;
nanpnmep, peenok nnnr orcyrcrnymmym mart n cocer orcyrcrnymmym rpyt. Ho
norpenocrt n nnme ne moxer trt yonnernopena c nomomtm rannmnnnann. Ecnn mart
nce ne npnxonr, n pesyntrare orcyrcrnnx nocnpnxrnn nosnnkaer nnyrpennee nanpxxenne,
kak +ro tnaer npn norepe oekra; net oekr (mart) na camom ene cocronr ns
nnnnnyantntx nocnpnxrnn. Hockontky nanpxxenne, ntsnannoe ]pycrpnponanno
norpenocrtm, nenosmoxno yannrt c nomomtm rannmnnnann, ro norepx nocnpnxrnn
ananornuna norepe oekra npn orenennn or marepn. Onako, npemennoe orenenne or
marepn ne ncera ntstnaer nanpxxenne, n pesyntrare koroporo opasyercx
rpanmarnueckax cnryannx, nockontky no mepe pasnnrnx +ro peenok yunrcx
konrponnponart cnon nncrnnkrnnnte norpenocrn. Xorx orcyrcrnne marepn ne ncera
nneuer sa coo rpanmarnueckym cnryannm, peenok uacro naunnaer rpenoxnrtcx,
nockontky +ro nanomnnaer emy o nepnom pasenennn, n uepes acconnarnnnym cnxst
npnnonr k nonropennm nepnnuno rpenorn. Tpenora cranonnrcx yxe ne peaknne na
rpanmy, a peaknne na onacnocrt norepn oekra. Taknm opasom, rpenora ocnonana na
ontre; ona cnrnannsnpyer o rom, uro cymecrnyer onacnocrt norepxrt oekr, n nosnnkaer,
kora mart orcyrcrnyer. Orcyrcrnne marepn n rpenora, conponoxammax orcyrcrnne
nocnpnxrnx +ro nepnax rpanc]opmannx rpenorn ns nonornueckn-anromarnuecko n
ncnxnueckym (ntsnannym camnm +ro), (Ocnontnaxct na +rom ymosaknmuennn, moxno
nonxrt, nouemy ern n nspocnte oxrcx onnouecrna.) Orcyrcrnne nocnpnxrnn cranonnrcx
norepe oekra. Kora y peenka naunnaer pasnnnartcx uyncrno npnnxsannocrn, nmo
ynpek marepn, nmax yrposa, nmax ee nennnmarentnocrt moryr ntsnart crpax norepxrt
nmont. Anromarnueckax rpenora, nonornueckax no cnoe npnpoe, n xoe pasnnrnx
noouepeno npoxonr uepes norepm nocnpnxrnx, norepm oekra n norepm nmnn n
npenpamaercx n ncnxonornueckym rpenory, koropym ntstnaer +ro n k koropo ono kak t
crpemnrcx. 3ro yxe ne peaknnx na onacnocrt; +ro npocro npeynpexammn cnrnan,
koropt sacrannxer +ro npnnxrt mept npeocropoxnocrn. Hyxno ormernrt, uro nosnnkaer
oruoauue onacuocmu, nockontky annapar rpenorn npnnonrcx n ecrnne npn ono nnmt
mtcnn o rom, uro moxer nosnnknyrt onacnocrt. Hoka rpenora tna anromarnuecko, +ro
nepexnnano ee naccueuo, renept xe +ro armueuo ntstnaer rpenory.
Hepexo or naccnnnocrn k akrnnnocrn recno cnxsan c ncnxnuecknm pasnnrnem
aanrannn k peantnocrn.
Xorx mt yxe ocyxann +ro, x xoren t nonropnrt eme pas, uro aanrannx k
peantnocrn pasnnnaercx raknm opasom, uro nocnpnxrnx n nepexnnannx, koropte
nepnonauantno tnn naccnnntmn, cranonxrcx akrnnntmn. Bcnecrnne +roro nepexnnannx
cranonxrcx onee cosnarentntmn, onee sanncxmnmn or nene +ro; nx ropaso nerue
konrponnponart. Hrpax, ern nonropxmr onpeenennte nneuarnennx n nepexnnannx, kak
yro xorxr nonyume npncnoconrtcx k +rnm nepexnnannxm. Hannenrt, crpaammne
rpanmarnuecknm nenposom, nonropxmr n rpenoxntx cnax cno rpanmarnueckn ontr,
urot nocrenenno npeoonert ero. 3ro, nepnonauantno npomemee uepes rpanmy
naccnnno, renept nonropxer ee n onee mxrkom napnanre, n rpenora renept xnnxercx
cnrnanom o nomomn. Tyr-ro n nponcxonr paspxka orpomnoro konnuecrna +neprnn,
nosnnkmero n +ro ns-sa nnemnnx paspaxnrene nnn ns-sa nnyrpennnx nncrnnkrnnntx
nponeccon. 3ro ona ns ]opm apeaknnn. Kpome roro, rpenora npecrannxer coo
nontrky samnrnrtcx or onacnocrn, xorx npn nenpose +ra nontrka opeuena na neyauy.
Hockontky saaua +ro coomnrt o onacnocrn n yknonnrtcx or nee, ner
comnenn, uro +ro ona ns camtx npnmnrnnntx crpykryp +ro, cnyxamnx nx
npncnoconennx k peantnocrn. Bnauane ona nosnnkaer anromarnueckn n ee ]ynknnx
cocronr n rom, urot ocnoonrt nnunocrt or upesmepnoro konnuecrna +neprnn. Onako
nckope rpenora nepememaercx ns cocroxnnx ecnomomnocrn k oxnannm onacno
cnryannn. 3a +rnm cneyer nepexo or onacno cnryannn k cnryannxm, nopoxammnm
onacnocrt, raknm kak, norepx oekra, norepx nmnn, kacrpannx n crporocrt cynep+ro. Bo
ncex +rnx cnryannxx rpenora npeynpexaer uenoneka o peantntx nocnecrnnxx. (He
naxno, peantnt nn +rn nocnecrnnx rontko nx ncnxnkn nnn n nx oekrnnnoro mnpa
roxe. B ocnonnom, nce +rn onacnocrn peantnt.) Hosxe mt nontraemcx nonxrt, nouemy
rpenora ne ncera tnaer aeknarno peaknne n uacro, naoopor, tnaer neaeknarno
peaknne.
Tpenora n ont
Ecnn rpenora nepnonauantno tna oxsntm norepn, oxsntm pasenennx n
peaknne na nenepenocnmt paspaxnrent, rora nosnnkaer nonpoc: uem rpenora
ornnuaercx or onn? Bet ont +ro roxe peaknnx na nenepenocnmo cnntnt
paspaxnrent, koropt moxer npnnecrn k paspymennm rkane, k nonpexennm nnn k
norepe oprana, karekrnponannoro nnno (nce oprant karekrnponannt nnno).
Y mnaenna ont eme ne orennnact or rpenorn; y nnx omn ncrounnk.
unsnueckax ont nosnnkaer, kora paspaxnrent, nosecrnymmn na nepn]epnnte
oprant, cnnen nacrontko, uro nponsaer samnrnt aptep, ro ecrt kora +ro ntraercx c
nomomtm samnrntx ecrnn nsannrtcx or paspaxnrenx, no ne moxer +roro cenart.
Ecnn xe ont nosnnkaer no nnyrpennnx opranax, +ro okastnaercx concem ecnomomntm.
Taknm opasom, ont n nonornueckax rpenora nepnonauantno tnn peaknne na rpanmy,
npopnanmymcx cknost samnrnt aptep. Tenept nerpyno nonxrt, uro mnaenen ne moxer
ornnunrt ont or nonornuecko rpenorn, nockontky n oonx cnyuaxx +konomnueckax
cnryannx onnakona. Hosxe nonornueckax rpenora uacrnuno npenpamaercx n
ncnxnueckym rpenory, cranonnrcx nesanncnmtm xnnennem n orenxercx or onn. C +roro
momenra ont n rpenora moryr npoxnnxrtcx, kak nesanncnmte pyr or pyra peaknnn. C
nomomtm a]]ekra ncnxnuecko rpenorn peenok samnmaercx or upesmepno nnrencnnntx
paspaxnrene, rposxmnx ynnuroxnrt samnrnt aptep. Fnonornueckax rpenora n ont
nosnnkamr yxe nocne roro, kak paspaxnrenn npopnannct cknost samnrnt aptep.
Hockontky ncnxnueckax rpenora npecrannxer coo nontrky conepmnrt ecrnne,
noxoxmee k cnryannn xorx otuno +ra nontrka sakanunnaercx neyaue mt
moxem cenart ntno, uro +ro, o nekoropo crenenn, samnra or onn.
Mt ennm rpenory na comarnueckym n ncnxnueckym, n roxe camoe moxno ckasart
n o onn: ont tnaer renecnax n ncnxnueckax. Xorx ]nsnueckax ont n comarnueckax
rpenora nponcxoxr ns onoro ncrounnka, mexy nnmn cymecrnyer naxnoe pasnnune. Font
+ro npocro omymenne; n cocran rpenorn nxonr eme n ecrnne. H ]nsnueckax ont n
nepnnunax rpenora +ro peaknnx na npoptn samnrnoro aptepa; ont +ro
cnenn]nueckoe nenpnxrnoe omymenne n upesmepno crnmynnpyemo uacrn rena; a]]ekr
rpenorn +ro ecrnne-paspxka. Horom +rn peaknnn orenxmrcx pyr or pyra n nx
nyrn pacxoxrcx. Hs comarnuecko rpenorn pasnnnaercx ncnxnueckax rpenora, a ns
]nsnuecko onn - ncnxnueckax ont.
Kora n oprane nosnnkaer ont, on karekrnpyercx napnnccnuecknm nnno, kak
nokasan uepennn; +ror opran rpeyer ncm ncnxnueckym +neprnm, koropax, otuno,
ncnontsonanact no-pyromy. (Hanpnmep, synax ont nornomaer nect ncnxnueckn
nnrepec.) axe ncnxnueckn npecrannrent oprana, opas oprana, moxer trt ne menee
onesnenntm, uem oekrnnnax ont. Hmn c amnyrnponanntmn koneunocrxmn, uacro
uyncrnymr ont n oprane, koropt na camom ene orcyrcrnyer; ro ecrt onn uyncrnymr
ont n ncnxnueckom npecrannrenn oprana. Kak n rpenora, ont moxer nepememartcx ns
renecno c]ept n ncnxnueckym. Hocrenennoe nepememenne nnno ns rena n ncnxnky
cnxsanno c pasnnrnem oekrnnnoro nnno. Cneonarentno, ncnxnueckax ont moxer
noxnnrtcx rontko rora, kora napnnccnueckoe nnno, nanpannennoe na +ro,
npenpamaercx n oekrnnnoe nnno. Oekrt, nactmennte nnno, naunnamr nrpart
pont rena cyekra. Kora oekr ne onpantnaer naex nnn nponaaer, nosnnkaer
ncnxnueckax ont.
Houemy ncnxnueckoe orenenne or oekra, ero norepx, nanpnmep cmeprt, nnn
pasouaponanne n oekre ntstnaer rakym ont? Kak yxe ynomnnanoct, npn poxennn y
peenka ner opasa marepn. Hocrenenno, nocne nonropxmmerocx yonnernopennx
nn]anrnntntx nyx, ntpncontnaercx nonnt opas marepn. Kora nosnnkaer
norpenocrt, mnaenen crpemnrcx k ee yonnernopennm, koropoe nepasptnno cnxsano c
nocnomnnannxmn (nexmn) o marepn. Bcnecrnne +roro, peenok xouer ne rontko nonyunrt
yonnernopennx, on xouer, urot npnmna mama. Hocrenenno, crpemnenne k
yonnernopennm npenpamaercx n crpemnenne k marepn. Crpemnenne k oekry,
nactmennomy nnno, mt nastnaem mocro. Orenenne or oekra ntstnaer rocky. Bcem
rxxeno no nnyrpennnm nnn no nnemnnm npnunnam nonnocrtm orkastnartcx or oekra.
Menanxonnk n, o nekoropo crenenn, uenonek, onnaknnammn norepm nmnmtx,
c nomomtm nenrn]nkannn noccosaer norepxnnt oekr nnyrpn +ro. Hpn nmo
norepn ns rockn npexe ncero nosnnkaer nenrn]nkannx. 3ro, rak ckasart, nosnpamenne k
nepnonauantno cnryannn, kora oekr nce eme tn uacrtm +ro. Onako, nockontky ne
moxer nacrynnrt nacroxmee yonnernopenne, nanpxxenne ycnnnnaercx nce ontme n
ontme, n oekr, koropt nornornno +ro, renept ecrnyer rouno rakxe, kak uacrt rena,
noneprammaxcx upesmepno crnmynxnnn. Hnno, nocroxnno ckannnnammeecx n +ro
uacrn rena n uyonnmnax rocka cosamr rpanmarnueckym cnryannm ecnomomnocrn. B
+ro cnryannn nnepnte nosnnkaer ncnxnueckax ont.
Tenept mt nnnm, uem ornnuaercx ncnxnueckax rpenora or ncnxnuecko onn:
ncnxnueckax ont +ro peaknnx na rpanmy, na peantnym norepm oekra; ncnxnueckax
rpenora +ro peaknnx na onacuocmi norepn oekra. pyrnmn cnonamn, ncnxnueckax
ont nosnnkaer, kora pnercx nactmennax nnno cnxst mexy oekrom n cyekrom
(neant n romy noonoe moryr nrpart pont oekra); ncnxnueckax rpenora noxnnxercx,
kak rontko nosnnkaer onacnocrt, uro +ra cnxst pasopnercx.
Tpenora n ec1pyx1nnnmn nnc1nnx1
Paccmorpen, rar cnxsant mexy coo rpenora n ont, mt ysnann, uro rpenora
npecrannxer coo cnrnan o rom, uro moxer nosnnknyrt ont, uro cymecrnyer yrposa
renecnoro nnn ncnxnueckoro ynnuroxennx. Hanonee ouennna +ra onacnocrt npn crpaxe
kacrpannn. Kora-ro cymecrnonana peantnax nnemnxx yrposa kacrpannn n rpenora tna
npxmo peaknne na +ry onacnocrt. Hockontky cynep+ro pasnnnaxct, nnnrtnaer n cex
nnemnn mnp, onacnocrt kacrpannn roxe nnrepnannsyercx; nnemnxx onacnocrt
npenpamaercx no nnyrpennmm (n eccosnarentnym yrposy co cropont cynep+ro).
Hcrounnkom rpenorn xnnxmrcx ne rontko uncro cekcyantnte nncrnnkrt, no n
(nnrepnannsnponannte) ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt. uonn cnxsannte c xnnorntmn,
cneyer paccmarpnnart, kak ony ns peaknn na +ry nnrepnannsnponannym cancrckym
onacnocrt; crpax kacrpannn npocmarpnnaercx sect namnoro xcnee, uem n pyrnx ]onxx.
Hpn ]onxx, cnxsanntx c xnnorntmn, ro ecrt npn samacknponannom crpaxe kacrpannn,
ntpaxaercx uacrt cansma, koropt nornornno +ro, nockontky arpeccnx, koropax npexe
tna nanpannenna na orna, renept nanpannxercx na camo +ro. He rontko npn ]onxx,
cnxsanntx c xnnorntmn, no r npn pyrnx nnax ]on, cansm, nanpannennt na +ro,
]opmnpyer naxnemym uacrt rpenorn. 3ro moxno npoemoncrpnponart c nomomtm
kparkoro npnmepa. 3ro npnmep ns ncropnn onesnn xenmnnt, noka uro x ne pacnonaram
noontm marepnanom ns ncropnn onesnn myxunnt.
Hannenrky, o koropo mt yxe ynomnnann, oxnartnana rpenora, kak rontko ona
okastnanact na ynnne. Inanntm opasom ona oxnact orkptrtx npocrpancrn. Ee rpenora
tna nacrontko cnntna, uro ona okastnanact n nonno pacrepxnnocrn n rontko uyom ne
nonaana no mamnnt. Ona cnonno namepenno exana npxmo na npoesxammne
mamnnt. Moxno tno t es rpya npoemoncrpnponart e, uro sa raknm noneennem
ckptnannct ]anrasnn o npocrnrynnn. Onako ror ]akr, uro rpenora cranonnnact
nenepoxrno cnntno, kora ona ncrpeuana na ynnne koro-nnyt ns snakomtx, ykastnan,
uro +ro nenepnax nnrepnperannx. Bnepnte rpenora nosnnkna, kora ona ncrpernna na
ynnne para. Ha yponne cosnannx nx nannenrkn tno ouennno, uro crpax nepe parom
na camom ene xnnxncx crpaxom, uro ee nakaxyr. Onako n nauane, ona ne nonnmana, sa uro
ee nakaxyr. 3ror par ontme ncex crapancx orpanrt ee or ncero cekcyantnoro; on ne
nyckan ee n cnon cekcyantnte nrpt c pyrnmn enoukamn. B cnxsn c +rnmn
nocnomnnannxmn ona npnnomnnna, uro n ercrne oxnact cekcyantntx yncrn,
conepmaemtx na ynnne. B ropoe, n koropom ona xnna, ecrnnrentno tno conepmeno
cekcyantnoe yncrno, nocne +roro oren crporo-nacrporo sanpernn e ntxonrt na ynnny
ono. Xorx n ro npemx ona ne concem nonnmana, uro rakoe cekcyantnoe yncrno, y nee
nce xe tno o +rom nekoe cmyrnoe npecrannenne. Crpannoe nmontrcrno rxnyno ee na
ynnny, n ona nocroxnno napymana sanper orna. Hs-sa +roro n ns-sa mnoxecrna pyrnx
npnunn, ona ncera xana, uro oren ee nakaxer, n ananns yenrentno npoemoncrpnponan
+ro e. Crpax nakasannx, koropt ona nouyncrnonana, ncrpernn para na ynnne, tn
nepememen c orna na nero.
B nopocrkonom nospacre ona ysnana, uro rakoe cekcyantnoe yncrno. Tora-ro y
nee n noxnnnact ]onx, no na yponne cosnannx ona yxe ne oxnact, uro ee ytmr na ynnne.
B konne konnon, n xoe anannsa ona nonxna co nce xcnocrtm, uro oxnana, uro oren
nakaxer ee uem-ro npoe cekcyantnoro yncrna, n uro ee npecrannenne o nononom akre
ncera tno kpane masoxncrcknm. Ona uacro nanocnna cee pant, nx roro urot ee
oren, koropt tn npauom, neunn ee. Kora oren neunn ee pant, ont nx nee
npenpamanact n cekcyantnoe yonontcrnne. Ecnn mt ncnomnnm, uro rpenora +ro eme n
rpenoxnoe oxnanne, mt nomem, uro n +rom cnyuae nannenrka xana nakasanne, koropoe
ononpemenno xnnxnoct masoxncrcknm yonontcrnnem. Onacnocrt npenparnnact n
yonontcrnne.
nonce ne xouy ckasart, uro n ]onxx ne saecrnonannt pyrne ]opmt rpenorn.
Haoopor, na npnmepe ro xe camo nannenrkn nnno, uro crpax nepe cynep+ro, crpax
norepxrt nmont n pyrne crpaxn npoxnnxmrcx ononpemenno. Onako samernte
ynyumennx ne nacrynnnn, noka ne tn onapyxen masoxncrckn komnonenr.
Caomasoxncrckn komnonenr cekcyantntx nncrnnkron rakxe oxcnxer cneymmee
napaokcantnoe xnnenne: rpenora, koropax onxna samnmart uenoneka or onacnocre,
uacro nonepraer ero eme ontme onacnocrn, napannsyer ero, a nnora npnnonr ero
npxmo k cmeprn.
Teopernueckn, +ro xnnenne moxno oxcnnrt rem, uro ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt
anromarnueckn ycnnnnamrcx, kora ckannnnaercx nnno n ns-sa neyonnernopenntx
xenann nosnnkaer nanpxxenne. Hsyuax komnyntcnnnt nenpos, mannm npecneonannx n
mannakantnym pennocrt, mt ysnann, uro n raknx cnyuaxx nmont ne npenpamaercx n
nenanncrt; ycnnnnaercx norpenocrt n nmnn n, ononpemenno, ycnnnnaercx norpenocrt
n nenanncrn. Tor ]akr, uro ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt npnxoxr n ecrnne, kora
nenosmoxno paspxnrt ycnnnnmeecx nnno, moxno oxcnnrt rem, uro pasenenne
nncrnnkron nponcxonr rora, kora cekcyantnt nncrnnkr noknpyercx n +neprnx
cekcyantntx nncrnnkron nepexonr k ecrpykrnnntm nncrnnkram. 3ro rakxe nokastnaer,
uro ceooooui ncuxu:ecrue ouepeuu .eero nepe+euammc. Ycnnnnmeecx nnno
cranonnrcx onacntm, ecnn ono ne moxer paspxnrtcx n ero +neprnx nepexonr k
ecrpykrnnntm nncrnnkram. Tak xe cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro ecrpykrnnnte
nncrnnkrt cranonxrcx akrnnntmn, kora rpenora soner na nomomt; npn upesntuano
cnntno rpenore onn npnnoxr k napannuy n k norepe cosnannx, k annynnponannm
paspaxnrenx ro ecrt k nokom. C.eooeame.iuo, mpeeoea omo ue mo.iro pearu
ua ooermueui u.u euvmpeuuu uucmuurmueui pasoparume.i, oua ca+a no ceoe
u+eem uucmuurmueuoe npoucxoroeuue. Taknm opasom, rpenora +ro omax,
ynacneonannax, a]]ekrnnnax peaknnx, y koropo ne nenn: c ono cropont, ona
samnmaer or narncka nesnakomtx n upesmepno cnntntx paspaxnrene; c pyro
cropont, ona paspxxaer ncnxnueckym +neprnm n cnnxaer yponent nanpxxennx, pyrnmn
cnonamn, ona oecneunnaer noko nx +ro. H sa nonornuecko n sa ncnxonornuecko
rpenoro ckptnaercx komnyntcnnnoe nonropenne koncepnarnnntx nncrnnkron.
Cneonarentno, rpenora, n nonornueckax n ncnxonornueckax, ncera xnnxercx peaknne
na onacnte paspaxnrenn, koropte moryr nponsnecrn rpanmarnueckn +]]ekr. Takoe
onpeenenne rpenorn oxcnxer, nouemy rpenora ncrpeuaercx ne rontko y uenoneka, no n y
ncex ocrantntx cymecrn. 3ro roxe okastnaer, uro rpenora -+ro peaknnx na oekrnnnym
onacnocrt.
Henpo1nuecxan 1penora
Tpenora, n kauecrne peaknnn na oekrnnnym onacnocrt, nosnnkna n xoe
+nonmnnn. Y nnnnnnsonannoro nspocnoro uenoneka +ra peaknnx o nekoropo crenenn
ntponnact, n +ro, nepoxrno, nponsomno or roro, uro n xoe kyntrypnoro pasnnrnx,
uenoneky npnxonnoct nce mentme oportcx c nnemnnmn cnnamn n on nocrenenno
nayunncx nounnxrt cee npnpoy. Peenok rpenoxnrcx ontme, uem nspocnt,
nepnotrnom uenonek rpenoxnrcx ontme, uem nnnnnnsonannt. Tpenora xe, ntsnannax
nnyrpennnmn npnunnamn, naoopor, ycnnnnaercx, noromy uro no mepe kyntrypnoro
pasnnrnx, uenonek ntnyxen nce cnntnee konrponnponart cnon nncrnnkrt. axe y
nepnotrnoro uenoneka rpenora uacro npecrannxer coo crpax nepe nnyrpennnmn
onacnocrxmn, ro ecrt nepe onacnocrxmn, cnpoennponanntmn no nnemnn mnp (nanpnmep,
crpax nepe npnspakamn); cneonarentno, rakax rpenora ]akrnueckn ne sanncnr or
nnemnnx ycnonn.
Henpornueckax rpenora, n kako t ]opme ona ne npoxnnxnact, xnnxercx peaknne
na nncrnnkrnnnym onacnocrt, na nnyrpennn paspaxnrent. Ona moxer trt ntsnana kak
nonornuecknm, rak n ncnxonornuecknm ]akropom; ro ecrt rpenora moxer trt nno
anromarnuecko peaknne, nosnnkme ns +konomnueckoro cocroxnnx nncrnnkrnnno
cnryannn, nno cnrnanom o onn, koropt noaer +ro
B nepnom cnyuae n n nponcxonr neuro, ananornunoe cnryannn poxennx, n
anromarnueckn nknmuaercx rpenora. B nocnenem cnyuae n n nponcxonr neuro onacnoe
nx +ro n ns-sa +roro +ro noaer cnrnan rpenorn. Hepnt cnyua rnnnuen nx akryantnoro
nenposa: nropo nx ncnxonenposa.
Hpn akryantnom nenpose rpenora nponcxonr ns comarnueckoro ncrounnka. Hpn
rpanmarnuecko cnryannn ecnomomnocrn ona xnnxercx aeknarno peaknne na annenne
neyonnernopenntx nncrnnkrnnntx norpenocre. Takax rpenora nosnnkaer npn
napymennxx n cekcyantno xnsnn n xnnxercx peaknn na nenopmantnoe reuenne nnno,
no ona nonce ne oxsarentno nosnnkaer npxmo ns cekcyantntx nncrnnkron. Mt ysnann,
uro neoxonmtm ycnonnem nx nosnnknonennx rpenorn xnnxercx +monnonantnax peaknnx
na nepememenne karekrnpymme +neprnn ns n n +ro. 3ry nepememammymcx
nnyrpnncnxnueckym +neprnm ne cneyer nyrart c cekcyantntm nnno. Onako, ecnn mt
nce xe xornm nouepknyrt cekcyantnoe nponcxoxenne rpenorn, mt onxnt enart +ro
rontko n repmnnax ecekcyannsnponannoro nnno. 3ro moxer paorart rontko c
ecekcyannsnponanntm nnno, nockontky n npornnnom cnyuae ero ]ynknnonnponanne
napymaercx. Xorx npn akryantntx nenposax +konomnueckax cnryannx cxona c
+konomnuecko cnryanne npn poono rpenore, rpenora akryantnoro nenpornka +ro
eme n pesyntrar ]ynknnonnponannx +ro; xorx ona saponnact n n, cnnt +ro
c]opmnponann ee n npenparnnn n a]]ekr rpenorn.
3ro moxer noponrt rpenory nno no nnnxnnem ns nnemnero mnpa, nno no
nnnxnnem cynep+ro, nno no nnnxnnem n. B nepnom cnyuae, mt nmeem eno c
oekrnnno rpenoro; no nropom c mykamn conecrn; a n rpertem c comarnuecko
rpenoro. Hpn akryantnom nenpose rpenora nosnnkaer, kak mt rontko uro ysnann, kak
peaknnx na ycnnenne nosyxennx n n. Hpn ncnxonenpose rpenora ne nosnnkaer
anromarnueckn, ona npecrannxer coo cnrnan o onacnocrn; cneonarentno, +ro
mornnnponannax peaknnx. 3ro peaknnx n na nponecct, nporekammne nnyrpn n n na
nponecct, nporekammne nnyrpn cynep+ro. Bor npnmep, koropt nponnnmcrpnpyer +ro.
Xenmnna pasouaponanact n cnoem myxe; ona nonnocrtm oranxercx or nero n
cnntno crpaaer. Bckope nocne +roro e cnxrcx rpenoxnte cnt, n koroptx ona conepmaer
nonono akr co cnonm ornom, koropt npn +rom ee xecroko nsnnaer. Hocne +roro ee
nopaxaer rpenoxnax ncrepnx. Hnno, koropoe npexe tno nanpannenno na myxa,
noknpyercx n ne moxer paspxnrtcx Ona naxonr naseky n perpeccnnno nanpannxer na
cnoero orna +neprnm nnno. Hnno, koropoe npexe tno nanpannenno na myxa,
npnnonr n ecrnne nnnosnte crpemnennx n, sa]nkcnponannte na orne. Onako +rn
crpemnennx onxnt ocrartcx neyonnernopenntmn. Takax ]pycrpannx, ntsnannax
nncrnnkrnnntm nanpxxennem, npecrannxer onacnocrt nx +ro. urot nsexart
onacnocrn, +ro noaer cnrnan rpenorn. Tak ouennno, uro oxnanoct nakasanne, ero
rpeonano cynep+ro n +ro nocnpnnxno +ro nakasanne masoxncrckn. Hocneymmn ananns
+ro nannenrkn nokasan, uro rpn ]akropa ntsnann rpenory onacnocrt n nnne cynep+ro,
nncrnnkrnnnax onacnocrt n nepaspxxennoe (ckonnnmeecx) nnno. B +rom ncnxonenpose,
kak n no ncex ocrantntx, npncyrcrnyer n akryantno-nenpornueckn ]akrop, koropt n
nocnyxnn ornpanno rouko onesnn.
Conepmenno ouennno, uro n ncnxonenposax, nomnmo rpenorn, koropym cosaer
+ro, npncyrcrnyer eme n akryantnax rpenora. Hpn nmom nenpose nncrnnkrnnnax xnsnt o
onpeenenno crenenn orpannuena, uro npnnonr k nncrnnkrnnntm nanpxxennxm,
koropte oruacrn moxno paspxnrt c nomomtm rpenorn.
B cnxsn c +rnm ncnomnnaercx pannxx reopnx upea, cocroxnmax n rom, rpenora
+ro pesyntrar ntrecnennx. uakrnueckn, rpenora xnnxercx upesntuano uyncrnnrentntm
nnnkaropom napymenn n nncrnnkrnnno xnsnn. C ono cropont, +ro nponecc
paspxkn; c pyro cropont, +ro cnrnan o nomomn npn noxnnennn onacnocrn. Haunnaercx
samnrnax opta c +ro onacnocrtm, n rom uncne x ntrecnenne. Tpenora nopoxaer
noannenne. Onako, reopnx o rom, uro rpenora nosnnkaer ns ntrecnennx, roxe nepna,
nockontky npn noannennn nncrnnkrnnnoe rpeonanne ornepraercx n nnno uacrnuno ne
moxer paspxnrtcx. Orcyrcrnne yonnernopennx cosaer nanpxxennx n n, koropte, kak n
rpenora, moryr crart npnunno ntrecnennx. Bosnnkaer onacnocrt nx +ro, na koropym +ro,
n cnom ouepet, pearnpyer rpenoro. Hockontky ntrecnenne ne oxsarentno nemenenno
npnnonr k ]opmnponannm cnmnromon, rpenora moxer nosnnknyrt n npomexyrke mexy
ntrecnennem n ]opmnponannem cnmnromon. C pyro cropont, nenpornueckax rpenora ~
+ro nnnkarop ncnxnueckoro kon]nnkra. Taknm opasom, rpenora, n cymnocrn, ne sanncnr
or ntrecnennn n moxer noxnnrtcx o roro, kak nosnnkner ntrecnenne, nnn nocne; ee
saaua npocro npnnneut nnnmanne +ro k onacnocrn n sacrannrt ero npenpnnxrt
coomeemcmevmuue samnrnte ecrnnx.
Ycnonnn nn nosnnxnonennn 1penorn
Camte pasnte onacnocrn npnnyxamr +ro cosanart rpenory. Hponecct,
nporekammne n n, moryr npnnecrn k onacnocrn norepxrt oekr, nmont nnn rennrannn
Horepx nmnn n pasnyka c oekrom +ro ocnonno +nemenr onacnocrn nx xenmnn;
kacrpannx n pasnyka c ntcokonennmtm oekrom ~ ocnonno +nemenr onacnocrn nx
myxunn. Crpax nepe cynep+ro noxnnxercx nosxe, otuno n ]opme myk conecrn.
Hocnenxx cranx rpanc]opmannn crpaxa nepe cynep+m +ro crpax cmeprn, crpax
cytt, koropt xnnxercx npoeknne cynep+ro.
Ha kaxo crann pasnnrnx cymecrnymr cnon ycnonnx nx nosnnknonennx rpenorn.
Hepnoe ycnonne nonornueckax ecnomomnocrt mnaenna. Fepn]ent ykasan na ro, uro
ns-sa +ro ecnomomnocrn no mnornx nepnotrntx nnemenax marepn, saorxct o
nonopoxennom, nmnrnpyer nnyrpnyrponym cnryannm. Hmenno cnoe ecnomomnocrtm
nocne poxennx uenonek ornnuaercx or ontmnncrna xnnorntx. Fes samnrt on nornner.
Ero ncnxonornueckax ecnomomnocrt coornercrnyer nonornuecko. 3ro nepasnnro,
essamnrno nepe narnckom nosyxenn. Cneonarentno, ncnxonornueckax
ecnomomnocrt mnaenna roxe xnnxercx ncrounnkom onacnocrn. B pannem ercrne
uenonek necnocoen cam o cee nosaornrtcx n nonnocrtm sanncnr or rex, kro yxaxnnaer
sa nnm n yonnernopxer nce ero norpenocrn. Ha +ro crann norepx oekra xnnxercx
onacnocrtm.
Onacnocrt kacrpannn xapakrepna nx ]annnuecko ]ast. Onacnocrt, xnnxmmaxcx
pesyntrarom rpeonann cynep+ro, xapakrepna nx nepnoa narenrnocrn. uacro moxno
nanmart, kak onn ycnonnx nx nosnnknonennx rpenorn pasnnnamrcx ns pyrnx, onee
pannnx ycnonn. Ha npnmepe komnyntcnnnoro nenposa moxno samernrt, kak nnrencnnnt
erckn crpax kacrpannn nocrenenno nsmenxercx n, n nopocrkonom nospacre,
npenpamaercx n crpax nepe cynep+ro. Y xenmnn uacro, nmecro crpaxa kacrpannn,
noxnnxercx crpax nakasannx, nno npecrannennt cnmnonnueckn, kak crpax poon, nno
npxmo kak masoxncrckn komnonenr cekcyantnoro nncrnnkra. Onako, ecnn mt
ncnomnnm, uro uacro sa crpaxom kacrpannn ckptnaercx xenanne kacrpannn, a rpenora
uacro npecrannxer coo rpenory oxnannx, mt moxem cenart ntno, uro crpax
kacrpannn coepxnr masoxncrckne +nemenrt. Bce +rn ycnonnx nx nosnnknonennx rpenorn
peko noxnnxmrcx no onnouke; uame ncero onn cocymecrnymr ok o ok, ne nnnxx pyr
na pyra. Bnnmo, nmenno ns-sa +roro cocymecrnonannx pasnnuntx ycnonn nx
nosnnknonennx rpenorn mt o cnx nop ne moxem pasopartcx n nponeme rpenorn.
Kaxo crann pasnnrnx nnno n +ro coornercrnymr cnon ycnonnx nx
nosnnknonennx rpenorn n ]opmt rpenorn. Tak, nanpnmep, na nperennrantno crann, re
ecrpykrnnnte nncrnnkrt nrpamr onee naxnym pont, uem na cneymme ]ase, rpenora
moxer coepxart ontme caomasoxncrcknx +nemenron n okastnart onee cnntnt
napannsymmn +]]ekr, uem rpenora na rennrantno crann. B ]annnuecko ]ase
nncrnnkrnnnax onacnocrt nocnr rennrantnt xapakrep, a rpenora xnnxercx crpaxom
kacrpannn. Y xenmnn rpenora, noxnnxmmaxcx na oekrnnno crann n pesyntrare norepn
oekra nmnn, uacro ornocnrcx k onacnocrn, koropax noxnnxercx c ncuesnonennem
samnrt, saort, kopoue ronopx, yonnernopennx, koropoe aer nmnmt uenonek
Coepxanne rpenorn sanncnr or crann pasnnrnx nnno, ro ecrt or ro crann, na
koropo nponsomna ]nkcannx.
C pyro cropont, ]opma sanncnr or crann pasnnrnx +ro. Hs +roro moxno cenart
ntno, uro neonpeenennax rpenora, ntpaxammaxcx rnanntm opasom n yuamennom
cepnenennn n txannn, nosnnkaer na ono ns camtx pannnx cran, nosmoxno, axe
npn poxennn, a norom nonropxercx n akryantnom nenpose, rpenora, ocnonntm cnmnromom
koropo xnnxercx poxt, ornocnrcx k ro crann pasnnrnx +ro, kora eme moxno tno
yexart, no +romy npenxrcrnonan caomasoxncrckn komnonenr onacnocrn. Tpenoxnte
cocroxnnx, n koroptx omnnnpymr renecnte cnmnromt, ckopee ncero ornocxrcx k
rennrantno ]ase n coornercrnymr konnepcnonntm cnmnromam. Heonpeenennax rpenora,
nnmennax renecntx cnmnromon (otuno +ro camoynpekn) xnno npnnanexnr k crann
pasnnrnx +ro, kora or nero yxe orennnoct cynep+ro n yxe nosnnkno uyncrno nnnt.
Tpenora +ro ]ynknnx +ro, koropax, kak n nnno, moxer perpeccnponart o
rouek cnoe ]nkcannn; npn onesnn rpenora npnnnmaer ]opmy onee panne a]]ekrnnno
peaknnn. pyrnmn cnonamn, nopmantno pasnnroe +ro moxer nepnyrtcx k crapo peaknnn
a]]ekra rpenorn, kora ono cranknnaercx c rpynocrxmn npn oysannn nncrnnkra, n
nncrnnkr cranonnrcx onacntm. Cneonarentno, cmtcn rpenorn sanncnr or konkpernoro
saonenannx n or kaxo onacnocrn. Koneuno xe, n kaxom saonenannn npncyrcrnyer
neckontko ycnonn, neoxonmtx nx nosnnknonennx rpenorn; onako, omnnnpyer
rontko ono ycnonne. Hanpnmep, npn ncrepnn ocnonnoe ycnonne nx nosnnknonennx
rpenorn
+ro norepx nmnn; npn ]onn +ro komnnekc kacrpannn; a npn occecnnnom
nenpose +ro upesmepno cyponoe cynep+ro. Bosnnkaer nckymenne npnnncart kaxo
onacno cnryannn xapakrepnym ]opmy rpenorn n ycnonne nx ee nosnnknonennx, n sa
kaxo ]opmo rpenorn nnert coornercrnymmym onacnocrt. Onako, na npakrnke
onontno rpyno ntxnnrt, kakax nmenno onacnocrt noponna rpenory, noromy uro c
rpenoro cnxsant nropnunte ]anrasnn, koropte ne nmemr nnuero omero c ee cymnocrtm
Taknm opasom, ]anrasnn o nnyrpnyrpono xnsnn okastnamrcx recno cnxsanntmn c
onpeenenntmn cocroxnnxmn rpenorn. Onako onn npecrannxmr coo ncero nnmt
pankantnym nontrky yexart or onacnocrn, yexart rya, re uenonek uyncrnyer cex
makcnmantno samnmenntm n marepnnckym yrpoy.
Tenept nepe namn nosnnkaer cneymmax nponema: kakono xe npenapnrentnoe
ycnonne nx nosnnknonennx nenpornuecko rpenorn? Houemy onn uenonek nocnpnnnmaer
nncrnnkrnnnoe rpeonanne, kak onacnocrt n pearnpyer na nero rpenoro, a pyro ner?
Ecnn mt eme pas cpannnm rpenory npn ]onn c oekrnnno rpenoro, mt ynnnm, uro
npn ]onn ncrounnk onacnocrn naxonrcx nne +ro; rpenora +ro peaknnx na
knasnpeantnym onacnocrt. Onako, na npakrnke +ro ne rak, nockontky +ro
cnpoennponannax onacnocrt. Ona ckopee ncnxnueckax, uem peantnax. Cneonarentno,
pasnnna mexy nenpornuecko n oekrnnno rpenoro cocronr n rom, uro nenpornueckax
rpenora +ro peaknnx na ncnxnueckym onacnocrt, a oekrnnnax na peantnym
onacnocrt. Onako, mt snaem, uro nx ncnxnkn nnyrpennee ne menee peantno, uem
nnemnee. Pasnnunx mexy nnyrpennnm n nnemnnm cranyr eme onee neonpeenenntmn,
ecnn mt ncnomnnm, uro nncrnnkrnnnte onacnocrn uacro ocnontnamrcx na oekrnnntx,
peantntx ycnonnxx n uro nekoropte nnyrpennne onacnocrn nekora tnn nnemnnmn,
oekrnnntmn. Tpenora ncero nnmt ykastnaer na cnaocrt +ro, na ero necnoconocrt
cnpannrtcx c onacnocrtm, nne sanncnmocrn or roro, orkya ncxonr +ra onacnocrt,
cnapyxn nnn nsnyrpn. Taknm opasom, kpnrepnem nenpornuecko rpenorn onxen trt
kako-ro pyro ]akrop. Ha nepnt nsrnx, oekrnnnax rpenora +ro peaknnx nn
snakomym onacnocrt, a nenpornueckax rpenora +ro peaknnx na nesnakomym onacnocrt,
ro ecrt na onacnocrt, koropym uenonek ne ocosnaer. Onako, nockontky rpenora cnntnee
ncero n ercrne, kora cosnarentnte nponecct eme ne orennnnct or eccosnarentntx,
ror ]akr, uro ncrounnk onacnocrn nexnr n eccosnarentnom, ne moxer nrpart pemammym
pont n ]opmnponannn nenpornuecko rpenorn.
Fontmnncrno nme opmrcx c rpeonannxmn nncrnnkron, ocoenno c
rpeonannxmn cekcyantntx nncrnnkron, koropte nocnpnnnmamrcx, kak onacnte, n ne y
ncex noxnnxercx rpenora, kora nponcxoxr napymennx nncrnnkrnnno xnsnn. Hs +roro
mt moxem cenart ntno, uro yponent nncrnnkrnnnoro nanpxxennx, koropt uenonek
moxer nepenocnrt es npea nx cex, naptnpyercx. Pamkn, n koroptx moxno
konrponnponart nosyxenne, sanncxr or konkpernoro uenoneka. 3rn pamkn
npecrynamrcx, kora cymecrnyer onpeenennax roronnocrt r mpeeoee, n nmenno +ra
roronnocrt cosaer npepacnonoxennocrt k nenposy. C.eooeame.iuo, oma eomoeuocmi
saeucum, c oouo cmopoui, om uecnocoouocmu ncuxu:ecroeo annapama cnpaeumic c
vcu.euue+ ouepeuu, eiseauui+ us.uuuu+ eosovroeuue+, a, c opveo cmopoui, om
:pesei:auo :vecmeume.iuocmu r onacuocmu. Cnonm noneennem nepe nnnom
onacnocrn nenpornk nanomnnaer mnaenna, nockontky on nennxercx sa re ]opmt rpenorn,
koropte nopmantnt uenonek anno npeoonen. Peaknnn ero +ro na nncrnnkrnnnte
norpenocrn sa]nkcnponannct na erckom yponne, onn ycrapenn n yxe ne roxrcx nx
nsmennnmnxcx ycnonn nspocno xnsnn, n cranonxrcx neoxonmtm npenapnrentntm
ycnonnem nx nosnnknonennx nenpornuecko rpenorn.
Iuaea 8
HPOHECCB 3AmHTB 3AmHTHBH BAPLEP HPOTHB
PA3PAHTEHEH H HPHHHHH YOBOHLCTBHR-HEYOBOHLCTBHR
Mt nonxnn, uro rpenora +ro cnrnan yrpost. Mt onapyxnnn, uro ona xnnxercx
nonesno peaknne +ro; cnrnan rpenorn nanpannxer nnnmanne +ro na yrposy n ntstnaer
samnrnte mept. Ouennno, uro rnn samnrno peaknnn sanncnr or npnpot +ro, or crann
ero pasnnrnx, n or nnrencnnnocrn rposxme onacnocrn. 3amnra cnaoro n nnoxo pasnnroro
+ro yer ornnuartcx or samnrt nonnocrtm pasnnroro n nyume oprannsonannoro +ro.
Kaxax onacnocrt crpemnrcx npopnart samnrnt aptep npornn paspaxnrene n
paccrponrt ecrnne npnnnnna yonontcrnnx-neyonontcrnnx, ]ynknnonnponanne
koroporo nanpanneno na samnry or nnyrpennnx paspaxnrene. 3ra yrposa napymaer
+konomnueckym oprannsannm ncnxnuecknx +neprn, n ns-sa +roro nosnnkaer
neoxonmocrt npnnxrt samnrnte mept. B ro npemx kak nent samnrt cocronr n
nserannn neyonontcrnnx, yer npannntno cunrart, uro rpenora, koropax cama xnnxercx
kpane nenpnxrntm a]]ekrom, nnnxer na nontrky samnrnrcx.
nx otunoro, nopmantnoro nspocnoro uenoneka samnra xnnxercx onontno
npocrtm enom: ona ocymecrnnxercx c nomomtm ercrna nnn pyrnx samnrntx ecrnn.
Ho cpannennm co nspocntm peenok n mentme crenenn cnocoen aeknarno samnrnrt
cex or onacnocre; uem mentme peenok, rem rpynee emy samnrnrt cex. Hpexe ncero,
noka peenok ne pasenxer nnemnn n nnyrpennn mnp, on npx nn cmoxer npannntno
nokannsonart ncrounnk onacnocrn. Ho axe ecnn t on tn cnocoen cenart +ro, emy
tno t rpyno npornnocroxrt yrpose, nockontky on eme neocrarouno nnaeer
moropntm annaparom, urot aanrnponartcx k peantnocrn. Ho+romy nce samnrnte
peaknnn peenka npornn nnemne nnn nnyrpenne yrpost oxsarentno yyr
sakanunnartcx nsmenennxmn n nem camom. On ocrnraer konrponx na c]nnkrepom,
noromy uro nnaue on t tn norpyxen n eckoneunte kon]nnkrt co cnonm okpyxennem.
Cnoco pearnponannx peenka na yrpost ornnuaercx or peaknn nspocnoro; on
moxer ncnontsonart conepmenno pyrne samnrnte mept. Xorx n nponecce pasnnrnx
rexnnka samnrt nonepraercx nsmenennm n xorx ee npnmnrnnnte ayronnacrnueckne
]opmt samenxmrcx pyrnmn, onn nce eme ocramrcx n eccosnarentnom n kauecrne ocaka
npoenno ]ast pasnnrnx, n npemx or npemenn nnont noxnnxmrcx y nspocnoro. Takne
apxanueckne samnrnte mexannsmt, koropte yxe ne xnnxmrcx aanranne k peantnocrn,
rakxe ]opmnpymr uacrt eccosnarentnoro ]ynknnonnponannx +ro.
B reuennn nepntx neent xnsnn mnaenen aconmrno napnnccnuen. On
ncnontsyer, no mano sameuaer nnemnn mnp, on nocroxnno cnnr, kak ecnn t on xoren
nponnrt cnom nnyrpnyrponym xnsnt. Touno nentsx ycranonnrt ocnonan nn con na
xenannn cnart, kak y nspocnoro uenoneka, nnn xe on npocro cnxsan c cocroxnnem
espasnnunx. Ho nce nnnmocrn, onako, con peenka n ornnunn or cna nspocnoro nmeer
nnoe snauenne. Ecrt nmn, koropte onaamr ocoo cnoconocrtm tcrpo norpyxartcx
n con. rem camtm nserax nenpnxrnocre xnsnn n cosanax npenxrcrnne nx
nenepenocnmtx paspaxnrene ns nnemnero mnpa. Moxno npenonoxnrt, uro con
mnaenna npecrannxer coo ercrno or rpeonann peantnocrn, n +ro ocoenno nepno,
noromy uro mnaenen ropaso mentme, uem spent uenonek, cnocoen npornnocroxrt
rpeonannxm peantnocrn.
Hpn sactnannn nnrepec k nnemnemy mnpy nponaaer, a oekrnoe nnno
cmenxercx napnnccnuecknm nnno. C roukn spennx pacnpeenennx nnno, sacnynmn
uenonek nnsok k nnyrpnyrponomy cocroxnnm. Hosa sapotma, koropym npnnnmamr
mnorne nmn no cne, norpenocrt cnxmero n renne, npekpamenne akrnnnocrn opranon
uyncrn, rex camtx opranon, saaue koroptx xnnxercx noepxanne konrakra c nnemnnm
mnpom nce +ro ronopnr n noepxky anno roukn spennx. Hpnx k +romy
ymosaknmuennm, mt yxe ne ynnnxemcx, uro mnaenen npoonxaer npenarantnym
cranm, rora kak nspocnt nnmt nepnonueckn, no npemx cna, ntraercx nepnyrtcx n
yrpoy marepn. Xenanne cnart - perpeccnnnoe crpemnenne n nono marepn ocnonano na
orpnnannn, cnoero poa ornepxennn peantnoro mnpa n rxrorennn k npenarantnomy
cocroxnnm.
Takax samnra noxoxax na ercrno perpeccnx, xnno ntpaxena n rnyokom
rnnnose n ceptesntx naronornuecknx cocroxnnxx, raknx kak kararonnueckn crynop.
Kcrarn, n nocnenem cnyuae yrpaunnaercx nnaenne moropntm annaparom, uro ntpaxaercx
n pasomennn mtmeuntx nnnepnann (Flexibilitas cerea).
pyro npnmnrnnnt, omn cnoco samnrt, koropt ocymecrnnxercx c
nomomtm ecrpykrnnnoro nncrnnkra n mtmeuno akrnnnocrn, rakxe narnxno
npncyrcrnyer npn kararonnn. Ono ns ocnonntx xapakrepncrnk kararonnn xnnxercx
nerarnnnsm, renennnx cnonrt na ner kaxoe nosnrnnnoe crpemnenne c nomomtm
nerarnnnoro. ecrpykrnnnt nncrnnkr nanonee xpko npoxnnxercx npn nerarnnnsme. Ecnn
yx kararonnk nokastnaer kakym-nno peaknnm, ro +ro otuno xpocrt nnn ecrpykrnnnax
nenanncrt npn noxnnennn manemero nnemnero paspaxnrenx. Taknm opasom on
orpaxaer nnemnne paspaxnrenn, paspymax nx c nomomtm moropno cncremt,
ntrecnxx nx ns nonx cnoero spennx.
Taknm opasom, samnra, no-nepntx, npnsnana npeornparnrt npoptn samnrnoro
aptepa npornn paspaxnrene (+ro +konomnueckax npnunna); kpome roro samnra rakxe
nosnnkaer n cnxsn c napnnccnuecko peaknne na nnemnn mnp. Onako, oa +rn mornna n
reuennn nepntx cran pasnnrnx recno cnxsant pyr c pyrom n ncrpeuamrcx nmecre n
crpemnennn ko cny, k cocroxnnm, n koropom orcyrcrnyer nosyxenne. Tak kak +ro
crpemnenne ntpaxaercx n komnyntcnnnom nonropennn, cneonarentno rnyouamnm
ocnonannem nmoro samnrnoro ecrnnx xnnxercx komnyntcnnnoe nonropenne
eccosnarentnoro. Eme onnm omnm mornnom xnnxercx npnnnnn yonontcrnnx-
neyonontcrnnx, n koropom npoxnnxercx renennnx k ercrny or onn.
Tem ne menee, samnra nanpannena ne rontko npornn nnemnero mnpa. Tak,
nanpnmep, mt snaem, uro nannenr-kararonnk ncntrtnaer rnen axe es nnemnnx npnunn,
uro on opercx npornn nnyrpennnx paspaxnrene rakxe, kak n npornn nnemnnx, n, raknm
opasom, uacro paspymaer camoro cex, kak ecnn t on nepexnnan cex kak neuro
uyxeponoe. Hoontm opasom mnaenen ptkaercx n nponsnrentno kpnunr n orner na
nnyrpennne paspaxnrenn, or koroptx on xouer nsannrcx B ontmnncrne nenposon,
onako, npnxonrcx rakxe samnmartcx or ontmoro konnuecrna nnyrpennnx
paspaxnrene, a nmenno or nncrnnkrnnntx norpenocre. axe necmorpx na ro, uro onn
ne ncera npecrannxmr coo nenocpecrnennym yrposy, nx yonnernopenne moxer
npnnecrn k peantno yrpose. Ho+romy +ro paccmarpnnaer cekcyantnte noyxennx kak
orpomnym onacnocrt.
Cneonarentno, mt onxnt ntennrt ne ]opmt samnrt: samnry, koropax
nosnnkaer, kora nenpnxrnoe nncrnnkrnnnoe noyxenne ntsnano nnemnnmn npnunnamn,
n samnry, koropax noxnnxercx es nnemne npnunnt. Cymecrnymr saonenannx, n
koroptx samnra no ontme uacrn ocnonana na ornomennn k oekry, +ro saonenannx, n
koroptx ona ne sanncnr or oekra. Kora nponcxonr saepxka na napnnccnuecko
crann oprannsannn nnno, rora ycranannnnamrcx samnrt npornn nncrnnkrnnntx
nmnyntcon, axe ecnn ontme ner cnxsn c oekrom nmnn no nnemnem mnpe, kak npn
menanxonnn, nnn kora ona coxpanxercx n rannmnnnannn kak npn mnso]pennn, rora kak
na oekrno crann oprannsannn nnno, samnra ycranannnnaercx rontko rora, kora
nocnpnnnmaercx oekr nnn ero samecrnrent (nanpnmep, npn ncrepnn). 3ect, no nce
nnnmocrn, samnra noxnnxercx rontko rora, kora noxnnxercx neoxonmocrt ornparnrt
nncrnnkrnnnt nmnyntc, koropt nanpannen na ocot oekr (]onx). Tem ne menee, ne
ncera nerko oruernnno orennrt samnry npornn nnemne npnunnt or samnro npornn
nnyrpenne npnunnt.
Hen1nqnxannn
Henrn]nkannx kak ]opma samnrt nnepnte pasnnnaercx ns neonpeenenntx
nsanmoornomenn c nnemnnm mnpom. Xorx na oekrno crann pasnnrnx nnno
nanpanneno na oekr nnemnero mnpa, +ror oekr eme ne nokannsonan n npocrpancrne,
nne +ro Kora no npemx opantno n kannnanncrnuecko crann pasnnrnx nponcxonr
ynennuenne nnnosnoro nosyxennx, rora yonnernopenne n cnxrne nenpnxrnoro
cocroxnnx nosyxennx nponcxonr c nomomtm cocannx, nockontky na anno crann por
xnnxercx opranom paspxkn. Paspaxnrent ncuesaer c yonnernopennem, ocrnrnyrtm c
nomomtm peantnoro moropnoro ecrnnx, koropoe npnnonr k paccnanennm. 3ror
nponecc rakxe moxno paccmarpnnart kak samnry, nockontky on ecrnnrentno yanxer
nenpnxrnt paspaxnrent. Ecnn rakoe ecrnne ne moxer nponsorn, nanpnmep, kora
mart ne npenaraer peenky rpyt, rora +ro ncnxnueckn nornomaer ocrannxmmax
yonontcrnne mart nnn rpyt. Bosmoxno, peenok noopaxaer, uro cocer n nonyuaer
yonnernopenne, ro ecrt annapar nocnpnxrnx +ro karekrnpyer ncnxnueckym +neprnm, n,
naroapx +romy, crnmynnpymrcx n yonnernopxmrcx ncnxnueckne npecrannrenn
rakrnntntx opranon, opranon cnnsncro oonoukn pra n ry. Ocymecrnnenne nnrpoeknnn
marepnncko rpyn npnnonr k ocnooxennm or onesnennoro cocroxnnx nosyxennx.
Henrn]nkannx, koropax rakxe nastnaercx nnrpoeknne, raknm opasom xnnxercx
nanonee npnmnrnnntm cnocoom nsannennx or paspaxnrene, koropte, nepexox
onpeenennym rpant, okastnamr rpanmarnueckoe nosecrnne. 3amnra ycnnnnaercx
naroapx amnnanenrnocrn, koropax xapakrepna nx nenrn]nkannn n opantno ]ase.
Moxno ckasart, uro nnno ncnontsyer oekr nx roro. urot ycrpannrt nncrnnkrnnnt
paspaxnrent cnocoom, coornercrnymmnm anno ]ase pasnnrnx (+ro nornomaer
nnemnn oekr). Peenok naunnaer onaart oekrom opantno n ynnuroxaer
paccroxnne mexy coo n oekrom nx roro, urot nsannrtcx or nncrnnkrnnnoro
nosyxennx n onrtcx nckomoro nokox.
Henrn]nkannx, kak ]opma samnrt, na napnnccnuecko n orennrantno cranxx
nrpaer pyrym pont, uem na rennrantno n oekrno cranxx pasnnrnx nnno. Ha
rennrantno crann nenrn]nkannx nrpaer naxnemym pont n xnsnn uenoneka, a nmenno
nomoraer c]opmnponart cynep+ro n nnmaer crpemnennx +nnono koncrennxnnn nx
npxmoro nncrnnkrnnnoro xapakrepa. Hocne +roro mantunk, uepes nenrn]nkannm, onxen
nornornrt orna, koroporo on ononpemenno nenannnr n nmnr, cenart ero rpeonannx n
sanpert cnonmn cocrnenntmn, uro nosnonnr emy orkasartcx or cnoero crpemnennx k
marepn, a rakxe or nasnauennx cocrnenntx rennrannn. Cneonarentno, uepes
nenrn]nkannm ocymecrnnxercx samnra npornn npxmtx nncrnnkrnnntx rpeonann,
nockontky mart ontme ne paccmarpnnaercx kak cekcyantnt oekr. 3ro, onako, ne
snaunr, uro c nenrn]nkanne npekpamamrcx nce ornomennx c oekrom n peantnocrtm.
Ha rennrantno crann ncknmuamrcx rontko uyncrnennte ornomennx. Bce ocrantnte
ornomennx ocramrcx nerponyrtmn; a c nomomtm sapoxammerocx cynep+ro pasnnnamrcx
connantnte ornomennx.
Cneonarentno, mt onxnt enart pasnnune mexy uacrnuno n nonno
nenrn]nkann. C nomomtm nepno ornpamamrcx rontko onpeenennte ornomennx c
oekrom, c nomomtm nropo nce ornomennx. Hepnym moxno nanmart npn ncrepnn,
nropym n nenposax napnnccnueckoro rnna. Hannenrt, koropte ocrnrnn rennrantno
crann n c]opmnponann npounte oekrnte ornomennx, onee cknonnt k pasnnrnm
uacrnuntx nenrn]nkann, n ro npemx kak nannenrt, koropte nnn ne ocrnrnn
rennrantno nnn oekrno crann nnn ocrnrnn rennrantno ]ast, no ne orkasannct or
napnnccnsma, onee cknonnt pasnnnart nonnym nenrn]nkannm.
Y nanarnnerne enymkn pasnnnnct ncrepnueckne rpenoxnte cocroxnnx, ona
oxnact corn c yma. Bckope crano xcno, uro sa rpenoro ckptnamrcx nnrencnnnte
camoynpekn no nonoy macrypannn. 3aonenannm npemecrnonan nepno ornomenn c
myxunnamn. uacro ona nonaana n nonoxenne, kora ona ornnanact or nx cekcyantntx
npnrxsann, no perynxpno macrypnponana nocne nnx. Hepnonauantno ona pearnponana na
macrypannm uyncrno nnnt, koropoe nosnee tno samemeno noannxmmnm crpaxom
corn c yma. Crpax corn c yma, koropt kasancx noxoxnm na nnnmsopnym nem, cran
nonxren n cnere ee nn]anrnntnoro ontra. Onaxt noutm, kora e eme ne tno n nxrn
ner, ona co cnoe kponarkn nosnana orna. Bmecro orna n ee komnary npnmen
nenanarnnernn kysen n cran ee macrypnponart. uepes neckontko ne ona cnpannnact
c nosecrnnem +roro conasnennx, onako ono nosnnkno nnont, n ee onesnn. 3ror kysen
tn ncnxornkom, cymacmemnm, n ymep uepes neckontko ner n ncnxnarpnuecko
ontnnne. B nopocrkont nepno ona cunrana, uro craner cymacmeme ncnecrnne
macrypannn. 3ror kysnn cran ceptesntm npeocrepexennem nocnecrnn cekcyantno
akrnnnocrn. B cnoem saonenannn ona nenrn]nnnponanact c nnm, ona uyncrnonana, uro
noono emy comna c yma n no+romy nakastnana cex sa macrypannm. Taknm opasom,
naroapx nenrn]nkannn, ona cmorna ornparnrt cnon cekcyantnte nmnyntct. Hoxany
cneyer orpannunrt nsnoxenne anannsa annoro cnyuax, nockontky roro, uro yxe ckasano
nnonne ocrarouno, urot nokasart, uro nncrnnkrnnnoe rpeonanne moxer trt
ornpameno nocpecrnom nenrn]nkannn. Heoxonmo nnmt npnannrt, uro pyrne
ornomennx +ro nannenrkn c npornnononoxntm nonom, ro ecrt ornomennx es
rennrantnoro konrakra, ne tnn samerno napyment Cneonarentno, +ro ncrepnueckax
nenrn]nkannx.
Kora oekrnte ornomennx nmemr neonpeenennt xapakrep n npncyrcrnyer
ntpaxennt napnnccnsm, nocpecrnom nenrn]nkannn ornepraercx nent oekr. Onn
ns neckontknx rnnon romocekcyantnocrn nponcrekaer ns +roro: mantunk
nenrn]nnnpyercx c mareptm n nmnr rontko mantunkon, nockontky mart nmnna ero.
Tako cnyua nenrn]nkannn npnnonr k romy, uro xenmnna nepecraer cymecrnonart n
kauecrne cekcyantnoro oekra. Fnaroapx +ro nenrn]nkannn rerepocekcyantnte
crpemnennx n oekr, k koropomy onn nanpannent, nonnocrtm ornepraercx. Hpn
menanxonnn n onpeenenntx ]opmax mnso]pennn nocnecrnnx nenrn]nkannn eme
rnyxe. Y menanxonnka orcyrcrnyer nonnnnt nnrepec k okpyxammnm ero nmxm, xorx
on n ecnokonrcx o nnx, a naxoxmncx n crynope mnso]pennk nonnocrtm espasnnuen k
cnoemy okpyxennm.
Konnennnx nenrn]nkannn kak samnrnoro mexannsma ne ncknmuaer pyrnx ee
acnekron, nosnrnnntx. ecrnnrentno, cymecrnyer nenrn]nkannn ns-sa nmnn, koropax
ne nmeer nnuero omero c samnro. Kak yxe tno nouepknyro, nenrn]nkannx moxer
trt amnnanenrno, ro ecrt nerarnnnax cropona amnnanenrnoro nponecca moxer
ncnontsonartcx kak samnra or ero nosnrnnno cropont. Hockontky nmont ntrecnxer
nenanncrt, moxer nponsorn n oparnoe: nenanncrt ntrecnxer nmont. B nmom cnyuae,
nmenno uepes nenrn]nkannm ycranannnnaercx coennenne mexy +ro c oekrom nnn
nncrnnkrom, koropt o +roro orneprancx. To, uro +ro ne moxer orneprnyrt, yepxnnax na
paccroxnnn, ornepraercx uepes accnmnnxnnm, cnnres. Y +ro ]opmt samnrt npnmepno
cneymmn cmtcn: Ecnn x rem nnn nntm cnocoom ne nounnm cee npornnnnka, ro x
oennmct c nnm n naroapx +romy oesnpexy ero.
Hpoexnnn
pyrnm rnnom npnmnrnnno samnrt xnnxercx npoeknnx. Henpocro ycranonnrt
momenr, kora ona nnepnte noxnnxercx; npoeknnx +ro, nepoxrno, ona ns nanonee
npnmnrnnntx ncnxnuecknx ]ynknn.
Ho pasnnuntm nonoam yxe yrnepxanoct, uro sa ncknmuennem nepexnnann
yonontcrnnx-neyonontcrnnx, +ro nocnpnnnmaer nnyrpennne nponecct rontko n
npoeknnn. nx roro, urot cosnarentno nocnpnnxrt nncrnnkrnnnym yrposy, +ro onxno
ee +kcrepnannsonart, ro ecrt nokannsonart n npocrpancrne.
Kak n n pyrnx cnyuaxx, kora +ro ncnontsyer panee cosannte ]nsnonornueckne
mexannsmt, ono nckope rakxe onnaenaer ]nsnonornuecko npoeknne nx roro, urot
ncnontsonart ee nx yonnernopennx ncnxnuecknx crpemnenn. Onpeenenno nerue
nserart n ncnontsonart samnrnte mept npornn nocnpnnnmaemo yrpost, uem npornn
yrpost, koropax nce eme naxonrcx nnyrpn n, cneonarentno, manosamerna. uem mentme
peenok, rem on ecnomomnee on ne moxer no xenannm koopnnnponart cnon
mtmeunte ecrnnx, on ne moxer yexart nnn npenpnnxrt cosnarentnte
nenenanpannennte samnrnte ecrnnx npornn yrpoxamme onacnocrn. Cneonarentno, n
ero orpannuennom pacnopxxenne nmeercx nnmt enncrnennoe cpecrno npoeknnx
nnyrpennero ncrounnka nosyxennx na nnemnn mnp. Ho+romy, na camtx pannnx
cranxx pasnnrnx +ro, npoeknnx cama no cee cranonnrcx akrom samnrt,
npemecrnennnkom moropnoro ercrna. Pesyntrar npoeknnn cocronr n rom, uro
nosyxenne, cnxsannoe c neyonnernopenntmn nncrnnkrnnntmn rpeonannxmn,
yepxnnaercx nne +ro, ro ecrt +ro orenxercx or ncrounnka onacnocrn.
Hpoeknnx rakxe cnyxnr npnnnnny yonontcrnnx-neyonontcrnnx uenonek
crpemnrcx ko ncemy, uro npnxrno, n ornepraer nce onesnennoe, ocoenno n ercrne.
Hepnonauantno, npoeknnx +ro samnra or nncrnnkrnnntx paspaxnrene, koropte
axe necmorpx na nx nnnosnt xapakrep nepexnnamrcx kak onesnennte, ecnn nx
+neprnn ckannnnamrcx n yrpoxamr npnnecrn k rpanmarnueckomy nosecrnnm. Hpn mannn
npecneonannx, naroapx npoeknnn, na nnemnn mnp nepenocnrcx masoxncrckn
komnonenr nncrnnkron mnso]pennka. Hannenr kocnenno, uepes npecneonarenx,
nocnpnnnmaer nncrnnkrnnnoe namepenne n masoxncrckn ero nepexnnaer. 3a npoeknne
uacro cneyer nnrencnnnax moropnax akrnnnocrt. nx roro, urot nsannrtcx or
npecneonannx npenpnnnmaercx nce nosmoxnoe, pesyntrarom raknx nnnmsopntx ne
moxer crart axe yncrno. Hocne roro, kak nce onesnennte paspaxnrenn ncknmuamrcx
nocpecrnom npoeknnn, nce okpyxenne npnnnmaer orrenok npaxenocrn, n ro npemx kak
+ro ocrannxer yonontcrnne.
Xorx nspocnte nenpeptnno npoennpymr ne ocosnanax roro, nce xe npoeknnn
ropaso onee uacrt y nepnotrntx nme n ere. Ecnn peenok yapxercx o cron, on
ter ero, kak ecnn t cron namepenno npnunnnn emy ont. Moxno npenonoxnrt, uro
mexannsmt npoeknnn oxnnamr n rex saonenannxx, n koroptx nomnmo perpeccnn nnno
rakxe nmeer mecro perpeccnx +ro. Hyume ncero +ro moxno nanmart y mnso]pennkon. Ha
onpeenenno crann onesnn onn nnont oxnnnxmr neoymennennte oekrt n
naunnamr noospenart, uro okpyxammn.
"Hanpnmep, ecnn ronont mnaenen yonnernopxer cnom norpenocrt
rannmnnnnpyx, kak cocer rpyt marepn ro moxno npenonoxnrt, uro nocne roro kak
cnycrx nekoropoe npemx on omantnaercx n oxnannn yonnernopennx, mnaenen moxer
rannmnnnnponart uro mart ecr ero, kak t ntpaxax +rnm. He x ronoen, a mart ronona n
ona xouer menx cecrt. 3ro moxer trt npemecrnennnkom nosnnx ne npecneonannx
ocnonannem nx nnnmsnn orpannennx.
Mnp ranr n cee onacnocrn, npornn koroptx onn ocnonnn camte pasnoopasnte
samnrnte mept (koropte nam kaxyrcx nepasopunntmn). Ha annmncrnuecko crann
crpax nepe onacnocrtm cnntnee, uem na onee ntcokom yponne, n on uacro noxnnxercx,
kora +ro perpeccnpyer na +ry cranm.
Ha onee ntcoko crann pasnnrnx, kora nnyrpn +ro nponcxonr
n]]epennnannx, napymennx n pacnpeenennn ncnxnuecko +neprnn yxe ne necyr
ncknmunrentnym ornercrnennocrt sa nosnnknonenne npoeknnn. Takxe cymecrnymr
ncnxnueckne mornnt, mornnt mopantnoro xapakrepa. Hpoeknnx n annom cnyuae osnauaer
3ro ne x xouy conepmnrt uro-ro sanpernoe nnn rpexonnoe, a kro-ro eme. Taknm opasom
ymnpornopxercx conecrt. Cneonarentno, kora cynep+ro c]opmnponano, npoeknnx
nosnnkaer ns-sa pyrnx npnunn. Onako, npoeknnx rakxe npnoperaer pyroe snauenne na
rennrantno n oekrno cranxx.
B ro npemx kak na orennrantno crann aknenr n npoeknnx, n nenrn]nkannx
npnsnant samnrnrt or uucmuurma, na rennrantno crann npnannxercx neoxonmocrt
samnrnrtcx or ooerma. Honesno onpeennrt, nmena nn mecro npoeknnx o ycranonnennx
cynep+ro nnn nocne. B nocnenem cnyuae anee cneyer onpeennrt momenr noxnnennx
npoeknnn, kaknm opasom ee noxnnenne cnxsano c annennem cynep+ro, n npn kaknx
ocroxrentcrnax npoeknnx sarparnnaer camo cynep+ro nnn axe paspymaer ero.
Hpn pasnnrnn ntmeynomxnyroro rnna romocekcyantnocrn nponcxonr
ononpemennax npoeknnx nncrnnkra n oekra. 3ro nponcxonr n nopocrkonom nospacre,
n ro npemx, kora, kak npenonaraercx, nponcxonr okonuarentnt ntop oekra n
onapyxnnamrcx napymennx n nopmantntx ornomennxx c npornnononoxntm nonom.
Iomocekcyantnt ntop oekra ocymecrnnxercx nocpecrnom nyx akron, no-nepntx,
ornepxenne marepn c nomomtm nenrn]nkannn n, no-nroptx, npoeknnx cocrnenno
nnunocrn na pyroro mantunka. Taknm opasom romocekcyantno xenaemt oekr uro
napnnccnueckn oekr. Ha +rom npnmepe moxer trt npoemoncrpnponano, uro otuno
cnoonte karekcnct oneruamr npoeknnm. Y nnnnnon c napnnccnuecko
npepacnonoxennocrtm pasouaponanne n marepn uacro npnnonr k romocekcyantnocrn.
3amnrnt xapakrep npoeknnn onee xnno npoxnnxercx n mannn npecneonannx npn
napanoe. Kak npannno, npecneonarent - +ro panee nmnmax nnunocrt roro xe nona, uro n
nannenr. Hapanonk ornepraer cnon caomasoxncrckne nmnyntct, npoennpyx nx na
napnnccnueckn ntpannt oekr.
Kak mt snaem, cynep+ro ~ +ro uacrt +ro, koropax nnnrtnaer n cex oekrt
nnemnero mnpa. Hpn nekoroptx ]opmax mnso]pennn cymecrnyer renennnx nstmart
nnno ne rontko ns nnemnnx oekron, no rakxe n ns cynep+ro, crpykrypt +ro,
nosnnkme naroapx nenrn]nkannn. Hsxrne nnno ns cynep+ro ntpaxaercx n
cnpoennponanno nen o nnemnem nnnxnnn (mannx npecneonannx). 3amnra npornn
nnnosnon cnxsn c cynep+ro n npornn ero orpannunnamme cnnt +ro nropax npnunna
nosnnknonennx mannn npecneonannx. Kora rpeonannx conecrn noxnnxmrcx n ]opme
cnyxontx rannmnnnann +ro npexe ncero npoeknnx. B pesyntrare ornepramrcx
oekrt nenrn]nkannn n, cneonarentno, ncuesaer cynep+ro. Takax npoeknnx rakxe
ornepraer nnnxnne nnemnero mnpa, sakpennnmeecx n +ro. Ho nce nnnmocrn, rakoe
nosmoxno npn perpeccnn nnno n +ro, c ononpemenntm nncrnnkrnnntm pasenennem.
Hpoeknnx ne ncera npnnonr k raknm ceptesntm nocnecrnnxm. Tak, nanpnmep,
npn ]onn, npoeknnx ne npnnonr nn k ornepxennm nnemnero mnpa, nn k esnnrerpannn
+ro. Manentkn Ianc, nxrnnernn nannenr upea, noknponan arpeccnnnte nmnyntct,
nanpannennte na orna, c nomomtm cnoero crpaxa nepe nomatmn. On xoren ykycnrt
cnoero orna, no rpanc]opmnponan +ro xenanne n crpax trt ykymenntm nomatm. On
cnpoennponan cno cocrnennt nmnyntc na cnoero orna, a sarem, n coornercrnnn co
cnonm nospacrom, nepemecrnn ero na xnnornoe. Bsanmoornomennx manentkoro Ianca co
ornom nknmuann n cex ne rontko nenanncrt; on rakxe nmnn ero. Kon]nnkr
amnnanenrnocrn tn pemen peenkom cneymmnm opasom: on cnpoennponan
npaxente nmnyntct n ononpemenno cmecrnn nx na pyro oekr. Hannenrka, koropax
oxnact noxnnxrtcx na nynnke rakxe npoennponana na okpyxenne cnon
+kcrnnnnonncrckne nmnyntct, koropte noxnnnnct n ercrne. Pasnnune mexy
ncrepnuecko (]onuecko) n napanonantno npoeknne onontno uerkoe: n nepnom
cnyuae oekr coxpanxercx, no nropom yrpaunnaercx. Taknm opasom npn ncrepnn, n
ornnunn or mnso]pennn, coxpanxmrcx nsanmoornomennx c nnemnnm mnpom. B camom
ene, manentkn Ianc nnmt samennn onn peantnt oekr na pyro, orna na nomat.
Ecnn mt cpannnm nnamnky npoeknnn c nnamnko nenrn]nkannn, mt ynnnm,
uro onn nmemr ono omee kauecrno ~ nepememenne ncnxnuecko +neprn. Hpn
nenrn]nkannn, onn nepememamrcx c opasa oekra na +ro; npn npoeknnn c +ro na
oekr nnn ero opas. Y +roro nnamnueckoro nponecca moryr trt na npornnononoxntx
pesyntrara: n nepnom cnyuae, paccroxnne mexy oekrom (opasom) n +ro ymentmaercx;
no nropom cnyuae, ynennunnaercx. B oonx cnyuaxx napymaercx cnxst c peantnocrtm.
Hpn nonno nenrn]nkannn peantnt oekr ncuesaer, a no nropom cnyuae cymecrnyer
nnnmsopnax peantnocrt, koropax xnnxercx orpaxennem nnyrpenne peantnocrn.
Hepe+eueuue ncuxu:ecrue ouepeu +ro nanonee oouu cnocoo usoae.euu om
eposue onacuocmu.
Ocoennocrt +rnx ncnxnuecknx ]ynknn cocronr n rom, uro onn peko nosnnkamr
nesanncnmo pyr or pyra. Xorx, otuno, nenrn]nkannx kak ]opma samnrt xnnxercx
xapakrepno uepro menanxonnn, a npoeknnx napanon, onako, n ontmnncrne
cnyuaen, oe +rn ]opmt samnrt npoxnnxmrcx ononpemenno, no+romy ne ncera moxno
nonxrt, kakax uacrt samnrnoro nponecca xnnxercx nenrn]nkanne, a kakax npoeknne.
Hepeuemenne
Cmemenne ncnxnuecknx +neprn, onako, nosnnkaer ne rontko n +rnx nyx rnnax
samnrt. B ]onn xnnornoro manentkoro Ianca nentnocnmax nenanncrt k nmnmomy orny
nepemecrnnact na nomat. Tenept sa arpeccnnnte nmnyntct mcrnn ne oren, a nomat.
Homnmo npoeknnn n nenrn]nkannn kon]nnkr amnnanenrnocrn moxer trt pemen
naroapx npocromy nepememennm ncnxnuecknx +neprn c nepnonauantno nen na ee
samecrnrenx.
B ro npemx, kak n ]onn samemammax nex onontno recno acconnarnnno cnxsana c
ornepraemo nee, n oceccnnnom nenpose ntxnnrt nepnonauantnym nem otuno
ropaso rpynee. Pak npenoxnn xopomn npnmep oceccnnno-nenpornueckoro
cmemennx:
Ero nannenr nomnmo npounx neme crpaan rakxe or oceccnnntx mtcne o
cenne n uepnom ]one. Hocne orcnexnnannx nosnnknonennx +rnx mtcne, tno
onapyxeno, uro sa nnmn ckptnaercx mtcnt o ocnnntx ymax (c cenno), sa ne
mtcnt o ocne, a sa ne ockopnenne orna, koroporo on nastnan ocnom.
Taknm opasom, n oceccnnnom nenpose nenepenocnmax nex ornepraercx n
kon]nnkr amnnanenrnocrn cnnxaercx, naroapx nepememennm na nesnaunrentnym
nem; or nepnonauantno nen ocraercx nnmt namek. Hpn ceptesno mnso]pennn, re
eccosnarentnt nepnnunt nponecc nropraercx n cosnanne, renennnx k nepememennm
onee xpko ntpaxena, nockontky npn +rom saonenannn kpyronopor ne, mtcne,
acconnann n romy noonoro xnnxercx nourn npannnom. Bnso]pennk moxer cnxsart
mexy coo nmte nemn, axe re, koropte nopmantnomy uenoneky kaxyrcx
neconmecrnmtmn. Bnso]pennk nekpnrnueckn ncnontsyer nepememenne, urot ntpasnrt
cnon mtcnn. Mtmnenne mnso]pennka moxno cpannnrt c pasrako peyca (c
onpeenenntmn oronopkamn +ro nepno n nx oceccnnno-nenpornueckom mtmnennn).
Bnso]pennky uacro ocrarouno ycntmart snyk, urot ntsnart nckyccrnennte
nnsyantnte acconnannn, n naoopor.
Hsuenenne n npo1nnononoanoe n 1pancqopuannn ax1nnnoc1n n naccnnnoc1t
Kak yxe ronopnnoct, ncnxnueckne samnrnte mexannsmt peko ecrnymr n
uncrom nne. B onom enncrnennom ecrnnn, nomnmo npoeknnn, nenrn]nkannn n romy
noonoro, mt rakxe moxer ynnert n pyrne ]opmt samnrt. Hepnonauantno manentkn
Ianc xoren ykycnrt cnoero orna; kora y nero noxnnnact ]onx, on cran oxrtcx, uro ero
ykycnr nomat. Bpaxenocrt k orny, cansm, nsmennncx na cnom npornnononoxnocrt,
masoxnsm, n rpanc]opmnponancx ns akrnnnocrn n naccnnnocrt. Taknm opasom, nncrnnkr
npenparnncx n cnom npornnononoxnocrt. Cneymmn npnmep, koropt anee yer
ocyxartcx erantno, moxer nocnyxnrt nam noyunrentntm npnmepom opamennx
nenoro cekcyantnoro nncrnnkra; rakoe opamenne pesyntrar samnrt npornn nncrnnkra,
koropt nsnauantno nmen npannntnoe nanpannenne.
Onaxt onn nannenr, yyun n rpexnernem nospacre ynnen cnom mart, kora
ona kopmnna rpytm ero mnamero para. On saxoren, urot ona rakxe nakopmnna rpytm
ero, onako mart orkasana emy. C roro momenra, rnyoko onenmnct na nee, on
ornepnyncx or cnoe marepn n oparnncx k crapmemy pary, c koroptm nauan
macrypnponart. B nopocrkonom nospacre y nero noxnnnoct xenanne nsxrt nenne pyroro
myxunnt n por; n, xorx on ne ornaxnncx cenart +ro, on yxnrpxncx cocart cno
cocrnennt nennc. On ne cmor narn noxoa k npornnononoxnomy nony; on
camocroxrentno yonnernopxn cnon cekcyantnte norpenocrn nsnpamenntm opasom.
3ect mne ne xorenoct t ocyxart pyrne ]akropt, orneuammne sa nosnnknonenne
nsnpamennx, x rontko xoren npoemoncrpnponart, uro n pesyntrare nn]anrnntno
]pycrpannn, nanpannennt na npornnononoxnt non nncrnnkr moxer trt orneprnyr n
opamen na cnom cocrnennym nnunocrt, ro ecrt moxer trt nnnepcnponan n cnom
npornnononoxnocrt n rpanc]opmnponan ns akrnnnocrn n naccnnnocrt.
B pyrom, nekoroptm opasom onee cnoxnom npnmepe, cxonte nponecct samnrt
moryr trt npoemoncrpnponant ropaso onee yenrentno.
Hannenrka ntpaxeno nnsyantnoro rnna (ona tna oapenno xyoxnnne)
nonnocrtm ntrecnnna cnom cekcyantnym ckonro]nnnm n +kcrnnnnonnsm, koropt
npoxnnxncx ouent poko n okontntmn nyrxmn. Ee cekcyantnax xnsnt tna nonnocrtm
noannena; ona ne nmenn nnkaknx cekcyantntx ornomenn c myxem n reuennn nocnennx
neckontknx ner. B nponecce anannsa ona nocrenenno npeoonena ropmoxenne cnonx
cekcyantntx uyncrn. Bo npemx nepeptna n neuennn ona ncrynnna n +pornueckne
ornomennx c xenartm myxunno. Bosononnn ananns, ona nce ontme n ontme
noopaxana, uro x ee npesnpam. Ho ntpaxennm moero nnna, rony ronoca, monuannm ona
saknmuana, uro x nopnnam, ornepram n npesnpam ee. Hnkakne aprymenrt nc mornn
yenrt ee n oparnom. B moem npncyrcrnnn ona crana uyncrnonart cex rpenoxno,
noromy uro uyncrnonana, uro x nanmam sa ne. Hecomnenno, y nee noxnnnact
rannmnnnannx, uro x sa ne nanmamB nponecce anannsa npemx or npemenn noxnnxnnct
nsonnponannte napanonantnte nen. Fonee rnyokoe nccneonanne ee crpaxon nokasano,
uro sa moe nnunocrtm npexe ncero tna ckptra omanyrax xena ee nmonnnka, a rakxe,
na onee rnyokom yponne, ee mart. Ona oxnact +rnx xenmnn n tna yexena, uro
onn nanmamr sa ne n ynpekamr ee sa ee noneenne, ocyxamr ee n npesnpamr. Taknm
opasom, nosnnkna ouennnax mannx npecneonannx, n na nepnt nnan ntmna nex, uro sa
ne nanmamr. B cnxsn co cnonnennem, nonaraxct na npemecrnymmne nepexnnannx, x
ckasan e, uro crpax roro, uro sa ne nanmamr, coepxnr n cee nnnepcnm
nn]anrnntno ckonro]nnnn n nocnomnnanne o ranom nanmennn sa nonontm akrom
ponrene. 3ra nnrepnperannx nopasnna ee, n ona nornepnna ee nsonnnem
nocneymmero marepnana.
Ona crpaana or komnyntcnnno renennnn (nnrencnnnocrt koropo nepnonueckn
menxnact) cmorpert na rennrannn myxunn uepes nx pmkn. 3ra ckonro]nnnx nanonee
nnrencnnno npoxnnnact n pannem ercrne, n rora ona tna nanpannena na ee mnamero
para. C camoro poxennx ona npecneonana ero c nacnntcrnenno arpeccne, koropax
ocrnrna cnoero anorex n ]anrasnn o rom, kak ona nnmaer ero nennca. Hpnmepno n mecrt
ner ona nepexnna koporkn nepno nnrencnnnoro +kcrnnnnonnsma. B ror momenr ona
uyncrnonana cex erpanponanme, ynnxenno n nenonnonenno. Ona cmorpena na cex n
onaxennom nne, namenrtnax npn +rom: H noenom ree. Ananns nckptn, uro +rn
cnona nopasymenann orcyrcrnne nennca. Hokastnaxct onaxenno nepe cnonmn
partxmn, cecrpamn n ponrenxmn, ona uyncrnonana cex ynnxenno, onako, n roxe
camoe npemx nepexnnana nekoropoe yonnernopenne. Hosnee, kora y nee nosnnkno
uyncrno, uro sa ne nanmamr n ee npecneymr, ona, kak n n ercrne, nepexnnana
nakasanne (cnmnonnueckym kacrpannm), a nocnomnnannx o onesnenntx, no
nosyxammnx omymennxx n rennrannxx, kora ee mtna mart, xcno emoncrpnpymr ee
masoxnsm. H n nenom ee nosnnnx k xnsnn nornepxana nannune masoxnsma Taknm
opasom, ocrarouno ouennno, uro ee arpeccnnnoe ornomenne k pary n ckonro]nnnx
orneprannct c nomomtm samacknponannoro +kcrnnnnonnsma n nanpannennoro na cnom
cocrnennym nnunocrt cansma (masoxnsma). Taknm opasom, onncannax sect mannx
npecneonannx, koropax tna onontno xpko ntpaxenno, xorx n nenocroxnno,
npecrannxer coo naccnnnym ]opmy samnrt or akrnnnoro n arpeccnnnoro nncrnnkra,
koropt nepnonauantno tn nanpannen na nnemnn mnp.
Hpn onpeenenntx cocroxnnxx mnso]pennn moxno nanmart rpanc]opmannm
nncrnnkrnnntx namepenn. 3ro roxe ona ns ]opm samnrt. nnen nannenron, koropte
nepnonauantno nenn cex no ornomennm ko mne ouent arpeccnnno, xorenn c rnenom
pocnrtcx na menx, onako nnesanno, kak t anromarnueckn, naunnann nrt n kaneunrt
cex. nnen n pyrnx, koropte nopono nsnarann mne cnon ]anrasnn o rom, kak nm
xouercx menx cecrt, a sarem, yknantno n cneymmn momenr, n cnntnom ncnyre
saxnnxnn, uro x nornomam nx. Hoxany nanonee noyunrentntm ns roro, uro moxno
ysnart or +rnx nannenron, ecnn koneuno yaercx ycranonnrt c nnmn konrakr, xnnxercx
mornn +rnx nnnepcnn. Takne nnnepcnn xnnxmrcx ]opmamn samnrt, nockontky nnaue t
+rn nannenrt ecrnnrentno noannct t cnonm nepnonauantntm nmnyntcam (camn
nannenrt rakxe ntckastnann noonoe mnenne).
Mt ne moxem ne cnpocnrt cex, nouemy mnso]pennkn, utn connantnte cnxsn n
nponcrekammne ns nnx coopaxennx no ontme uacrn napyment, ne moryr
yonnernopnrt cnon nncrnnkrt, a nmecro +roro ornepramr nx. Moxno npenonoxnrt, uro
n ontmnncrne cnyuaen y nnx nce eme coxpanxercx uacrt nnnosntx cnxse c nnemnnm
mnpom, n, cneonarentno, ecrpykrnnnte nmnyntct ne onyckamrcx o cosnannx. Onako
cymecrnymr mnso]pennueckne cocroxnnx, n koroptx orcyrcrnymr kakne-nno oekrnte
ornomennx, no rem ne menee nponcxonr ornepxenne ecrpykrnnntx nncrnnkron. Moxno
nnmt cenart ntno, uro cymecrnymr samnrnte nponecct, koropte ne nmemr nnkako
connantno ocnont n conepmenno ne sanncxr kak or cynep+ro, rak n or nnemnero mnpa.
Mt yxe nouepknnann annoe yrnepxenne, npana, no pyromy nonoy. Cneonarentno,
na npnmnrnnno crann pasnnrnx samnra xnnxercx anromarnuecknm nponeccom n,
nosmoxno, moxer coornercrnonart nepeu:uo+v eimecueuum. Takne cnyuan, kora samnra
nanpannena ne npornn oekra, a npornn nncrnnkra, nanonee xpko emoncrpnpyer
ntrecnenne nocpecrnom nsmenennx na npornnononoxnoe, ocoenno n rex
saonenannxx, n koroptx cymecrnyer xpko ntpaxennax renennnx k perpeccnn, ro ecrt n
ncnxosax. 3ect +ra ]opma samnrt xnnxercx conepmenno xnno. Henanncrt menanxonnka,
koropax nepnonauantno tna nanpannena npornn oekra nmnn, cranonnrcx nenanncrtm
k cee; y mnso]pennka nanmenne sa kem-ro npenpamaercx n cocroxnne, kora sa roo
nanmamr, nocnymnnamr (cnexr) n rak anee. Takne nnnepcnn ne rak yx pekn n n
nencnxornuecknx cocroxnnxx; xenanne ykycnrt npenpamaercx n crpax trt ykymenntm,
xenanne nornornrt n cocroxnne cocrnenno nornomennocrn. Hs+euemc ue uoe
ooerma, a uanpae.euue uucmuurma.
Hanonee ynnnrentno n npenpamennn nncrnnkrnnno akrnnnocrn n cnom
npornnononoxnocrt ro, uro nncrnnkr, utx nent nonyunrt yonnernopenne c nomomtm
oekra, ornopaunnaercx or +roro oekra, orkastnaercx or nero n nnonsmenxercx n
napnnccnueckym akrnnnocrt. Hpn opamennn nncrnnkra, +ro sauacrym nenrn]nnnpyercx
c oekrom n camocroxrentno ocrnraer roro yonontcrnnx, koropoe nepnonauantno
oxnanoct or oekra. Hanonee nopasnrentntm npnmepom anno cnryannn xnnxercx
nannenr, koropt cocan cno cocrnennt nennc; kpome +roro on nenrn]nnnponan cno
nennc c nmnmo mareptm (rpytm).
Homecrnn cex na mecro cnoero para, a cno nennc na mecro marepnncko rpyn.
on cmor napnnccnueckn yonnernopnrt cex c nomomtm cnoero cocrnennoro rena. Her
nnkakoro npornnopeunx n rom. uro sect nmeer mecro nonax nenrn]nkannx; +ro ncero
nnmt ycnoxnenne. Ocroxrentcrna nnkora ne xnnxmrcx raknmn npocrtmn, kaknmn nam
xorenoct t nx cee npecrannrt. Ha npnmepe annoro nannenra moxno rakxe ormernrt,
uro opamenne k cnoe cocrnenno nnunocrn connaaer c rpanc]opmanne akrnnnocrn n
naccnnnocrt.
Orneprnyrax ckonro]nnnx osnauaer: ne cmorpm, +ro na menx cmorpxr. B
nenrn]nkannn c oekrom, na koroporo emy xorenoct cmorpert, cyekr nonyuaer
yonnernopenne uepes nepenepnyrym nepnnunym n akrnnnym ckonro]nnnm n ]opme
+kcrnnnnonnsma Hoka uro ne nce crann +roro nponecca ocrarouno xcnt. Iopaso
nyume nccneonan cansm, koropt, n ]opme akrnnnocrn n arpeccnn, n ontme nnn
mentme crenenn, conponoxaer nce nncrnnkrt.
He rpeyercx erantntx okasarentcrn roro ]akra, uro nmenno na anantno-
cancrcko crann nosnnkaer cnryannx, okpyxammne orpannunnamr arpeccnnnte
nmnyntct peenka. Tora cancrckn nmnyntc, kak t anromarnueckn, opamaercx na +ro.
Hanepnxka kaxt nnen ere, koropte nanpannxnn cno nnrencnnnt rnen na camnx
cex, urot ero ne ntpasnn komy-nnyt eme. Toxe camoe nponcxonr n co nspocntmn;
onn cepxrcx na cex, nockontky no kaknm-ro nnemnnm nnn nnyrpennnm npnunnam onn ne
moryr nanpannrt cno rnen na oekr. Ono ns monx nannenrok x cmor nokasart, uro ona
npnroronnnact conepmnrt camoyncrno ncknmunrentno ns-sa roro, uro tna necnocona
oromcrnrt cnoemy myxy. Hosnee x ysnan, uro ee myx nosxe conepmnn camoyncrno n
uro nocne +roro ona xopomo cex uyncrnonana n nauana nonyuart yonontcrnne or xnsnn.
Y kararonnkon otuntm xnnennem xnnxmrcx nnesannte ncntmkn rnena,
nanpannennte na camnx cex. Ecrecrnenno, uro no mepe n]]epennnannn n
yconepmencrnonannx +ro cansm orkastnaercx or npxmtx n rpytx ]opm npoxnnennx
rnena. uem onee n]]epennnponanntm xnnxercx +ro, rem n ontme crenenn opamenne
cansma npnnonr k npeynennuenno neuann, myuennxm, camoynpekam n romy noonomy.
Takne nanpannennte nonnyrpt npoxnnennx cansma moryr nosnnknyrt npn ncex nenposax.
Onako, npn ncrepnn onn npoxnnxmrcx n onee nsonnponanno ]opme, uem npn
menanxonnn n oceccnnnom nenpose. Taknm opasom, npn ncrepnn +rn nponecct ornocxrcx
k onpeenenntm nnunocrxm n cnenn]nuecknm cnryannxm n ne npnunnxmr ceptesntx
myuennn, kak npn oceccnnnom nenpose n menanxonnn, re rakne npoxnnennx cansma
sarparnnamr ncm nnunocrt. B nyx nocnennx rnnax onesnn onn npnnnmamr nn
peakrnnntx opasonann. Ha pyro crann n samnre npornn cansma rakxe cmenxercx
oekr.
Hannenrka rennrantno macrypnponana c ]anrasnxmn xnno ayrocancrckoro
xapakrepa. Tak, n uacrnocrn, n nepno mexy uertptmx n mecrtm roamn, ona nacrontko
cnntno naannnnana na knnrop, uro npnunnxna cee +rnm ont. 3arem ona nponsnocnna npo
cex +ro npnunnxer ont. B ee ]anrasnn na ne naknonxncx myxunna, n koropom n xoe
anannsa ona npnsnana cnoero orna, n yreman ee, opoxenarentno ronopx e: Tak n
onxno trt. Honopaunnax cansm npornn cnoe cocrnenno nnunocrn, koropt tn
nepenecen c npemecrnymme crann pasnnrnx, ona rakxe cmennna oekr. Ona
nenrn]nnnponanact c ornom n nonyuana yonontcrnne or onn, koropym on e npnunnxn.
Hosnee, kora ona orkasanact or macrypannn, y nee noxnnnnct ]anrasnn o peenke,
koropomy npau npnunnxer ont n koroporo ter yunrent myxckoro nona. B ]anrasnxx ona
cama yxe ne xnnxnact yuacrnnkom, ona tna nnmt cnnerenem +rnx xecrokocre. B yroy
cosnarentno uacrn ee nnunocrn ona nropnuno ornparnna caomasoxnsm, nepemecrnn ero
na pyrne oekrt. Hepnonauantno ona orneprna cansm, rpanc]opmnponan ero n
masoxnsm.
Taknm opasom nepno crane cansma xnnxercx arpeccnx, akrnnno nanpannennax
npornn nnemnero mnpa. Bropax cranx, koropax moxer npoxnnrtcx n nne samnrt,
nknmuaer n cex opamenne nncrnnkra, koropoe nenrnuno cmene oekra (ayrocansm).
Ecnn oekr nonnocrtm nornomen +ro, rora cansm rpanc]opmnpyercx no nropnunt
masoxnsm, koropt cnnnaercx c npemecrnymmnm cansmy nepnnuntm masoxnsmom n
raknm opasom ycnnnnaer ero.
Tyr x xoren t nponnnmcrpnponart eme ony ]opmy samnrt koporknm npnmepom:
Onaxt neuepom x nocernn om monx pyse, y koroptx tna manentkax ouka,
koropo rora tno uyrt mentme nxrn ner. E ckasann, urot ona nomna cnart, n ona n
oxnnnenno manepe nocneonana +romy. Ona c ontmnm nacnaxennem nauana
pasenartcx n nokastnart cex. Kora xe ona samernna menx, ona sakptna rnasa n
nocknnknyna neckontko pas cnenax! cnenax!. enouka orneprna cno
+kcrnnnnonnsm c nomomtm ero npornnononoxnocrn, ro ecrt ona nakasana cex cnenoro.
Hokastnax cex, ona sakptna rnasa, urot ne nnert cex. Ona nakasana cno opran
speuu.
Y nspocntx mt rakxe nnnm, uro nncrnnkrnnnte nmnyntct ornepramrcx
noknponannem coornercrnymmnx cocranntx nncrnnkron (+kcrnnnnonnsm +ro
noneprnyrax ropmoxennm ckonro]nnnx, ncrepnueckax cnenora).
Hcxox ns ncero ntme ckasannoro, mt saknmuaem, uro onontno rpyno uerko
pasrpannunrt pasnnunte qop+i samnrt, nockontky nce onn nepennerent pyr c pyrom.
3amn1a xax napnnccnuecxoe npnxpm1ne n xounyntcnnnoe non1openne
necomnenno ne cmory nepeuncnnrt nce ]opmt samnrt, noxnnxmmnecx na
pasnnuntx cranxx pasnnrnx. Hoka mt onxnt onontcrnonartcx rem, uro yxe cymenn
oxnarnrt, n nontrartcx nnecrn n +ro xcnocrt. Mt onapyxnnn, uro nanonee omnm
ycnonnem nx ncex samnrntx mexannsmon xnnxercx ecnomomnocrt, koropym nopoxaer
cocroxnne nosyxennx, ro ecrt rpanmarnueckax cnryannx. Onacnocrt nopoxaer uyncrno
neyonontcrnnx, ns-sa koroporo nosnnkaer cnrnan rpenorn, a norom n samnrnte mept.
Fnaroapx rpenore, rounee naroapx nckom]opry, koropt ckptnaercx sa ne,
akrnnnpyercx samnrnt mexannsm, nent koroporo noccranonnenne pannonecnx
nncrnnkrnnno +neprnn n onnaenne em. Hponcxoxmee noono onacno,
rpanmarnuecko cnryannn, n koropo akrnnnpymrcx nponecct ncnenennx,
noccranannnnammne cnnt. Ecnn mt paccmorpnm ncxonym rouky nponeccon samnrt, ro
mt samernm ony xapakrepnym nx ncex ]opm samnrt ocoennocrt: nnno
ornopaunnaercx or nnemnero mnpa n karekrnpyer +ro, oekrnoe nnno nsmenxercx na
napnnccnueckoe nnno. 3ro nonnnnax nenrn]nkannx, opamenne k cee,
rpanc]opmannx akrnnnocrn n naccnnnocrt n noko. Xorx cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro npn
npocro ]opme nepememennx nncrnnkr ne opamaercx na camoro cex, onako rakoe
nepememenne conponoxaercx pyrnmn ]opmamn samnrt (nenrn]nkannx, npoeknnx n
romy noonoe), koropte, ouennno, cnyxar napnnccnuecknm samnrntm mexannsmam +ro.
B nenom xe cnryannx rakona ecnn yonnernopenne nncrnnkrnnnoro nneuennx noknpyercx,
ono nosnpamaercx n +ro, re, nsnauantno moxno yonnernopxnnct nmte nneuennx.
Ocraercx nourn es nnnmannx ror ]akr, uro npn nepnom xe orkase, koropt nnno
ncrpeuaer no nnemnem mnpe, ono orcrynaer k cnoe napnnccnuecko ncxono rouke n
naunnaer ecrnonart yxe n +ro. Hnno ncera nosnpamaercx k napnnccnsmy, ecnn emy
rpyno nonyunrt yonnernopenne; +ro nepno nx nenposon L ncnxoson, a rakxe n nx
noncenenno xnsnn.
Hocnecrnnx rakoro orxoa nnno pasnoopasnt, onn sanncxr or ero xapakrepntx
ocoennocre n or nosnnkmero nncrnnkrnnnoro pasenennx. Hpn ceptesntx ncnxosax
nponcxonr onee nnn menee nonnoe nsxrne nnno, cneonarentno, pasenenne
nncrnnkron rakxe ocrnraer ontme nennunnt. C pyro cropont, npn nenposax nnno
nstmaercx uacrnuno, a npn ncrepnn +ror ]akrop noome ne nmeer snauennx. Taknm
opasom, kora ]pycrpnpyercx yonnernopenne nnn paspxka nncrnnkron, nnno
orcrynaer k onee samnmenno napnnccnuecko nosnnnn, nosnnkaer nonpoc: kakne
]akropt ntstnamr ]pycrpannm? 3anncnr nn ona or nnemnero mnpa nnn or nnrencnnnocrn
nncrnnkrnnntx rpeonann? upycrpannx moxer trt ntsnana oonmn npnunnamn. Ecnn,
nanpnmep, mnaenen ne nonyuaer yonnernopennx, rora ]pycrpannx oycnonnena
nnemnnm ]akropom. Hockontky nmnyntc, karekrnpymmn opas marepnncko, ne ncuesaer
es aeknarnoro yonnernopennx, mnaenen, nosmoxno, rannmnnnnpyer cocanne n raknm
opasom yonnernopxer cex c nomomtm +ro, a ne uepes oekr. Takoe xe yonnernopenne
uepes +ro nyrem nosyxennx opranon uyncrn moxer rakxe nponsorn n npn ncrepnuecknx
rannmnnnannxx, kora orcyrcrnyer oekr yonnernopennx. Cneonarentno, samnro
npornn nenepenocnmoro cocroxnnx nosyxennx rakxe moxer crart rannmnnnannx
(nnnmsnx yonnernopennx xenaemtm oekrom), ro ecrt ocymecrnnenne xenannx (oekr
n yonnernopenne ne nacroxmne, onako onn nocnpnnnmamrcx kak nacroxmne).
Tem ne menee cymecrnymr ]pycrpannn, koropte conepmenno ne sanncxr or
nnemnero yonnernopennx, nockontky cocroxnne nosyxenne ne moxer trt nonnocrtm
cnxro nocpecrnom nnemnero yonnernopennx ns-sa neotuno nnrencnnnocrn
nncrnnkron. B rakom cnyuae nncrnnkrnnnoe nneuenne rakxe opamaercx r +ro n nmer
yonnernopennx sect. Taknm opasom cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro nnno opamaercx
ncxkn pas, kora nosnnkaer neuro, npenxrcrnymmee yonnernopennm. Hnno
nosnpamaercx k panne napnnccnuecko nosnnnn. Moxno ckasart, uro nncrnnkrt
nonnacrnt npuuunv uuepuu, cranknnaxct c rpynocrxmn npn yonnernopennn, ncxkn
pas nosnpamamrcx k onee pannemy cocroxnnm. Hockontky n ncnxnuecko onacrn
npnnnnn nnepnnn ntpaxaercx n komnyntcnnnom nonropennn, u+nv.ic, romopi
ueooxoou+o omepamumi, nperoe eceeo ovoem cmpe+umic r noemopeuum. Fnaroapx
nonropennm onee pannero cnocoa yonnernopennx nncrnnkra ocymecrnnxercx samnra
npornn nncrnnkrnnno norpenocrn, ro ecrt +exauus+ sauumi qurcupvemc n
conpornnnxercx nmtm nontrkam ero noptna. Hmenno komnyntcnnnoe nonropenne, kak
mt yxe ocynnn, cosaer npepacnonoxennocrt k ]nkcannn nncrnnkra. Komnyntcnnnoe
nonropenne rpeyer nanonee npnmnrnnno ]opmt samnrt, koropax nastnaercx
nepeu:ui+ eimecueuue+. Hs-sa nepnnunoro ntrecnennx nmnyntc moxer npoxnnrtcx nnmt
c ontmnm rpyom nnn ne npoxnnrtcx nonce.
3amnrnte nponecct +ro eccosnarentnte nponecct, koropte nounnxmrcx
sakonam eccosnarentnoro, rounee nepnnunoro nponecca, n no+romy rakxe operamr
cnoconocrt ntpasnrt nmnyntct uepes nx npornnononoxnocrt. Ho+romy urot nepenecrn
opamenne nncrnnkra na xstk cosnannx, nam uacro neoxonmo narn ero
npornnononoxnocrt; nanpnmep, sa eccosnarentno naccnnnocrtm ckptnaercx
akrnnnocrt; sa masoxnsmom cansm n rak anee. upesmepnax nmont nnn nenanncrt
ouent uacroe xnnenne npn ncrepnn, no nx eccosnarentnt cmtcn cocronr n ornepxennn
npornnononoxnoro uyncrna.
Bcnomnnn, uro eccosnarentnoe nn]anrnntno, mt cmoxem oannrt, uro
xapakrepno ocoennocrtm samnrt, n koropo nenpornk naxonr cnoe npnexnme,
xnnxercx ne rontko eccosnarentnt, no n nn]anrnntnt samnrnt mexannsm. anee mt
yem ocyxart ero onee noponee.
Htraxct onncart samnrnte nponecct, npexe ncero x namepenancx nnauane
ocynrt re nx ]opmt, koropte ne sanncxr or n]]epennnannn +ro n aanrannn k
peantnocrn, a yxe nosnee orentno ocynrt onee cnoxnte ]opmt samnrt. Ho nce
nnnmocrn, mne ne yanoct +ro nonnocrtm; nentsx onyckart ns nny, uro onn n re xe
]opmt samnrt noxnnxmrcx na ncex cranxx pasnnrnx +ro n nnno. B ncnxnuecko xnsnn
ner npxmtx nyre, kak t nn xorenoct +roro nekoroptm nmxm, cknonntm k
cxemarnuecknm nocrpoennxm. Kaxt ncnxnueckn nponecc cnxsan c pyrnmn
nponeccamn cornxmn neynonnmtx nnre, n no+romy nopo npnxonrcx orkastnartcx or,
kasanoct t, rouno ycranonnennoro ]akra.
Henrn]nkannx, nanpnmep, oecneunnaer aeknarnoe yonnernopenne nmnyntcon
n na opantno crann. Onako, mt rouno ne snaem, kaknm opasom n annom cnyuae +ro
samnmaercx or paspaxnrene, n uro xnnxercx npocro anromarnuecknm eccosnarentntm
nponeccom n, koropt ocymecrnnxercx no nnnxnnem komnyntcnnnoro nonropennx.
Hnora kpane rpyno onpeennrt, nponcxonr nn nponecc n +ro nnn n n. 3ro ocoenno
rpyno, kora nmeemt eno c remn cranxmn pasnnrnx nnunocrn, na koroptx +ro eme ne
uerko orennnoct or n, kak, nanpnmep, npn saonenannxx, re +ro n nnno nonepramrcx
ouent rnyoko perpeccnn (mnso]pennx). B nmom cnyuae cosaercx nneuarnenne, uro
sect nponecct samnrt npnnxnn cno kypc anromarnueckn, n +ro nourn ne yuacrnonano.
Ecnn +ro onee uerko n]]epennnponano n nyume oprannsonano, rora ono xnaraercx sa
samnrnte nponecct n nx roro, urot ncnontsonart nx n kauecrne samnrt npornn
nmnyntcon n. Taknm opasom onn n re xe ]opmt samnrt npoxnnxmrcx na ncex cranxx
pasnnrnx +ro n nnno, xorx n kaxom orentnom cnyuae onn moryr nmert pasnoe
nponcxoxenne n cmtcn. Kaxax ]opma samnra pasnnnaercx ouent cnoxntm opasom,
sauacrym okontntmn nyrxmn.
3amnra npornn cnntntx nncrnnkrnnntx paspaxnrene na nepno crann
pasnnrnx, n npnnnnne, pasnnnaercx n nyx npornnononoxntx nanpannennxx: npoeknnx,
ercrno n orxo nnno or oekron (opamenne nnno na camy nnunocrt, kak npn
nenrn]nkannn n romy noonom). Hpn npoeknnn +ro samnmaer cex, nepememax na
nnemnn mnp onacnoe nncrnnkrnnnoe rpeonanne. Hpn pyrnx ]opmax samnrt,
nanpnmep, npn opamennn nnno, nncrnnkr nrxrnnaercx oparno n n. 3ror nponecc
moxno onncart cneymmnm opasom- kora nncrnnkrnnnax yrposa ynennunnaercx, +ro
nocnpnnnmaer cnrnan neyonontcrnnx n ntnonr ero no nnemnn mnp nnn nasa n n. B
oonx cnyuaxx pesyntrar nenrnuen: +ro samnmaercx, oecneunnax cee napnnccnueckn
noko.
Hoka +ro cnao n nnsko k n, samnrnte mexannsmt pasnnnamrcx no
ornocnrentno npocromy nyrn Onako, samnrnte nponecct oxsarentno onxnt crart
onee yronuenntmn, kora +ro orennrcx or n n or nnemnero mnpa n ncrynnr n peantnte
nsanmoornomennx c nnemnnm mnpom, karekrnpyx oekrt, n kora, k romy xe, noxnnrcx
cynep+ro. Tora +ro onxno yer samnmartcx npornn rpex ]akropon: npornn nnemnero
mnpa (nocnpnxrne), npornn n (+monnn, uyncrna, a]]ekrt) n npornn nosecrnnn cynep+ro
(a]]ekrnnnte mtcnn, nanpnmep, uyncrno nnnt). Ha pannnx cranxx samnrnte nponecct
no ontme uacrn anromarnunt. Tenept xe nun onnaenaer +ro, n rem camtm nanpaer
cnny. 3ro yxe ne rak ecnomomno nepe nnnom n, nockontky ycnnenne +ro ouent cnntno
sanncnr or samnrntx nponeccon. Fnaroapx cnxsn c cynep+ro +ro nonepraercx eme
onomy nsmenennm, koropoe ononpemenno ycnnnnaer ero n ocnanxer: ro ecrt, c ono
cropont, +ro nonyuaer noepxky cynep+ro n opte npornn crpemnenn n; c pyro
cropont, +ro uacro cranonnrcx cnnmkom sanncnmtm or cynep+ro, ns-sa uero crpaaer
nesanncnmocrt +ro."
Omnn osop o conpo1nnnennn
Cnny, c koropo +ro npornnocronr nosecrnnxm, ncxoxmnm ns n, cynep+ro n
peantnocrn, mt nastnaem conpomue.euue+. Hockontky +ro onxno oportcx npornn ouent
mnornx pasnonnnocre sanncnmocrn, cymecrnymr neckontko pasnonnnocre
conpornnnennx, koropte yyr noponee paccmorpent n pyrom pasene. Conpornnnennx
nanpannent npornn ocosnannx crpemnenn n, ro ecrt npornn nx rpanc]opmannn n
ecrnnx, nanpannennte na ocrnxenne yonnernopennx, a rakxe npornn nocnpnxrnx
nncrnnkrnnnoro npecrannrenx n nnemnnx paspaxnrene (peantnocrn), n, kpome roro,
npornn nosecrnn cynep+ro. Hnora, necmorpx na ro uro cynep+ro uacro noepxnnaer
conpornnnennx, conpornnnennx noknpymr nnnxnne cynep+ro, a ne nnnxnne n. Omax
saaua ncex conpornnnenn cocronr n rom, urot yepxnnart nenpnxrnte paspaxnrenn n
oranennn or +ro; onn samnmamrcx npornn +rnx paspaxnrene. Hanonee naxnoe
conpornnnenne +ro ntrecnenne. 3ro nonxrne uacro nyramr c noannennem. Hpn
ntrecnennn coepxanne, ornocxmeecx k opasonannm nonxrn, satnaercx, a +monnx
coxpanxercx nno n uncrom nne, nno cnxstnaercx c pyrnmn nexmn. Hpn noannennn
nex ne satnaercx, a a]]ekr cranonnrcx konrponnpyemtm n satnaercx. Btrecnenne