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Receptors Functions and Signal

Transduction L1
Faisal I. Mohammed, MD, PhD
Introduction to Physiology (0501110) Spring 2014

Subject
Lecture
No.
Lecturer Pages in
the 12
th

edition
textbook
Receptors: types and adaptation
- Membrane or intracellular
- Ion channels
- G-protein
- Enzyme linked
- Intracellular
- Second messengers
- cAMP and cGMP, Phospholipid
- Calcium calmodulin and IRS
1-2 Dr. Faisal 886-891
Signal Transduction (Regulation of cellular machinery)
Extracellular regulators: nervous, endocrine, paracrine and
autocrine
3-4 Dr. Faisal 910-912
940-941
Steroids: Their Signal Transduction And Mechanism Of
Action
5 Dr. Faisal 926-927
931
Textbook: Guyton Medical Textbook of Physiology By: Guyton and Hall 12
th
edition
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Objectives
Define first messenger (Hormones)
List hormone types
Describe receptor types
Outline the hormone receptors interactions
Describe second messenger mechanism of action
List second messengers

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Intercellular Communication

Cell
Target Cell
Cell
Cell Target Cell
Target Cell Neuron
Hormone
Hormone
Hormone Hormone
Hormone
Hormone
Hormone
Endocrine
Paracrine
Autocrine
Blood
Neuroendocrine
Blood
Interstitial Fluid
Interstitial Fluid
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GAS MOLECULE
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Endocrine Glands and Hormones
Neurohormone:
Specialized neurons that secrete chemicals into the blood
rather than synaptic cleft.
Chemical secreted is called neurohormone.
Hormones:
Affect metabolism of target organs.
Help regulate total body metabolism, growth, and
reproduction.

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Peptide and Protein Hormones (amino acid
chain)
Steroid Hormones (derived from chlesterol)
Amine Hormones (derived from amino acid
e.g tyrosin)
Gas Nitric Oxide (NO)
Classes of Hormones
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Hormone types
Circulating circulate in blood throughout
body
Local hormones act locally
Paracrine act on neighboring cells
Autocrine act on the same cell that
secreted them
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Chemical classes of hormones
Lipid-soluble hormones- use transport proteins in the
plasma
Steroid: Lipids derived from cholesterol.
Are lipophilic hormones.
Testosterone.
Estradiol.
Cortisol.
Progesterone.

Thyroid ( amine but lipid soluble)
Nitric oxide (NO)
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Chemical classes of hormones cont
Water-soluble circulate in free form in the plasma
Amines:
Hormones derived from tyrosine and tryptophan.
Polypeptides and proteins:
Polypeptides:
Chains of < 100 amino acids in length.
ADH.
Protein hormones:
Polypeptide chains with > 100 amino acids.
Growth hormone.
Eicosanoid (prostaglandins) derived from
arachidonic acid (20 carbon 4 double bonds)

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Chemical Classification of Hormones cont
Glycoproteins:
Long polypeptides (>100) bound to 1 or more carbohydrate
(CHO) groups.
FSH and LH, TSH and hCG (human chorionic
gonadotropin)
They have and subunits ( is common and is specific)
Hormones can also be divided into:
Polar:
H
2
0 soluble.
Nonpolar (lipophilic):
H
2
0 insoluble.
Can gain entry into target cells.
Steroid hormones and T
4
(thyroxine tetraiodothyronine))
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Prohormones and Prehormones
Prohormone:
Precursor is a longer chained polypeptide that is cut
and spliced together to make the hormone.
Proinsulin gives insulin
Preprohormone:
Prohormone derived from larger precursor molecule.
Preproinsulin.
Prehormone:
Molecules secreted by endocrine glands that are
inactive until changed into hormones by target cells.
T
4
converted to T
3
(tri-iodothyronin).
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Hypothalamus


Anterior pituitary


Posterior pituitary

Thyroid

Pancreas

Liver

Parathyroid
TRH, GnRH, CRH
GHRH, Somatostatin,

ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH,
PRL, GH

Oxytocin, ADH

Calcitonin

Insulin,Glucagon,
Somatostatin

Somatomedin C (IGF-1)


PTH
Placenta

Kidney

Heart

G.I. tract



Adipocyte

Adrenal medulla
HCG, HCS or HPL

Renin

ANP

Gastrin, CCK,
Secretin, GIP,
Somatostatin



Leptin

Norepinephrine,
epinephrine
Gland/Tissue Hormones Gland/Tissue Hormones
Peptide & Protein Hormones
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Synthesis and secretion of peptide hormones
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Amine Hormones
Hypothalamus

Thyroid

Adrenal medulla
Dopamine

T
3
, T
4


Epinephrine and
Norepinephrine
(NE, EPI)




Gland/Tissue Hormones
Tyrosine
L-Dopa
Dopamine
tyrosine
hydroxylase
Norepinephrine
dopa decarboxylase
dopamine -
hydroxylase
Dopaminergic
Neurons
Thyroid Hormones
Adrenergic
Neurons
Epinephrine
phenylethanolamine-
N-methyltransferase
Thyroid Gland
Adrenal Glands
Synthesis of Amine Hormones
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Adrenal Cortex

Testes

Ovaries
Corpus Luteum

Placenta
Kidney


Cortisol, Aldosterone,
Androgens
Testosterone

Estrogens, Progesterone
Estrogens, Progesterone

Estrogens, Progesterone
1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
(calcitriol)
Gland/Tissue
Hormones
Steroid Hormones