Nhom NMTP

(Tai lieu lu hanh noi bo)

Hng dan c ban s dung

MCNP

cho he ieu hanh Windows

Hng dn c bn s dng

MCNP
cho h iu hnh Windows

ng Nguyn Phng

TPHCM 06/2015

Computers are useless. They can only give you answers.

Pablo Picasso (1968)

MC LC

Li ni u

1 Gii thiu v MCNP

1.1 Chng trnh MCNP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Lch s ca chng trnh MCNP . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.1 Phng php Monte Carlo . . . . . . . . .
1.2.2 MCNP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.3 MCNPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2.4 MCNP6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3 Cch thc ci t chng trnh MCNP . . . . . . .
1.4 Cch thc thi chng trnh MCNP . . . . . . . . .
1.4.1 S dng Visual Editor . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.4.2 S dng cu lnh trong Command Prompt

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7
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12
12
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13

2 C s phng php Monte Carlo

2.1 C s ca phng php Monte Carlo . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 S ngu nhin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 Cc loi s ngu nhin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.2 Nhng iu cn lu khi m phng s ngu nhin
2.2.3 Phng php to s ngu nhin . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 Phn b xc sut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 Bin ngu nhin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 Hm mt xc sut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.3 Lut s ln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.4 nh l gii hn trung tm . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.5 Ly mu phn b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.6 c lng mu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.7 chnh xc ca c lng . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.8 Khong tin cy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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27
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3 Cu trc chng trnh MCNP

3.1 Cch thc hot ng ca MCNP . . . . . .
3.1.1 Cc th tc chnh trong MCNP . . .
3.1.2 Cch thc m phng vn chuyn ht
3.2 D liu ht nhn v phn ng ca MCNP .

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MC LC

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29
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33
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35
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4 nh ngha hnh hc
4.1 Surface Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 Cc mt c nh ngha bi phng trnh
4.1.2 Macrobody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 Cell Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 Mt s card nh ngha tnh cht ca cell . . . . .
4.3.1 Material Cards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.2 Cell Volume Card (VOL) . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.3 Surface Area Card (AREA) . . . . . . . . .
4.4 Chuyn trc ta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1 Coordinate Transformation Card (TRn) . .
4.4.2 Cell Transformation Card (TRCL) . . . . .
4.5 Lattice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5.1 Universe & Fill Card (U & FILL) . . . . . .
4.5.2 Lattice Card (LAT) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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5 nh ngha ngun
5.1 Mode Cards . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 Cc kiu nh ngha ngun .
5.3 Ngun tng qut . . . . . . .
5.3.1 nh ngha . . . . . .
5.3.2 M t phn b ngun
5.3.3 Ngun mt . . . . . .
5.4 Ngun ti hn . . . . . . . . .
5.5 Card ngng chng trnh . .

3.3

3.4

3.2.1 Cc th vin d liu c s dng .

3.2.2 Cc bng d liu . . . . . . . . . . .
Input file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1 Cu trc input file . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.2 V d cu trc input file . . . . . . .
3.3.3 Mt s lu khi xy dng input file
Output file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

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. . .
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tally
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7 S dng chng trnh Visual Editor

7.1 Chng trnh Visual Editor . . . . . . . .
7.1.1 Cc menu chnh . . . . . . . . . .
7.1.2 Hin th ha ca input file . . .
7.1.3 Mt s file chnh ca Visual Editor
7.2 Chnh sa input file bng Visual Editor .

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6 nh ngha tally
6.1 Cc loi tally . . . . . . . .
6.1.1 Tally F1 . . . . . . .
6.1.2 Tally F2 . . . . . . .
6.1.3 Tally F4 . . . . . . .
6.1.4 Tally F5 . . . . . . .
6.1.5 Tally F6 . . . . . . .
6.1.6 Tally F7 . . . . . . .
6.1.7 Tally F8 . . . . . . .
6.2 Cc card dng cho khai bo
6.3 FMESHn . . . . . . . . . .
6.4 Lattice Tally . . . . . . . .

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MC LC

7.3

7.4

7.2.1 Ca s Surface . . .
7.2.2 Ca s cell . . . . .
7.2.3 Khai bo vt liu . .
7.2.4 Khai bo importance
7.2.5 Chuyn trc . . . . .
Mt s ha 2D c trng
7.3.1 Hin th vt ca ht
7.3.2 th tally . . . . .
7.3.3 th tit din . . .
ha 3D . . . . . . . . . .
7.4.1 nh 3D Ray Tracing
7.4.2 nh ng hc . . . .

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8 K thut gim phng sai

8.1 Cc k thut gim phng sai . . . .
8.2 Phn chia theo hnh hc . . . . . . .
8.3 Phn chia theo nng lng . . . . .
8.4 t ngng kho st . . . . . . . . .
8.5 Ca s trng s . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.6 Bin i exponential . . . . . . . . .
8.7 Hiu chnh cc hiu ng vt l . . .
8.8 Va chm bt buc . . . . . . . . . .
8.9 Hiu chnh pht bremsstrahlung . .
8.10 Hiu chnh s to photon t neutron
8.11 Ly mu tng quan . . . . . . . . .
8.12 Mt cu DXTRAN . . . . . . . . . .

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9 Cch c ouput file ca MCNP

9.1 Kt qu u ra ca MCNP . . . . . . .
9.1.1 Cc bng thng tin . . . . . . . .
9.1.2 In ra cc kt qu theo chu k . .
9.1.3 V kt qu tally . . . . . . . . . .
9.2 chnh xc ca kt qu v cc nhn t
9.3 nh gi thng k . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.1 Sai s tng i . . . . . . . . .
9.3.2 Figure of Merit . . . . . . . . . .
9.3.3 Variance of Variance . . . . . . .
9.3.4 Probability Density Function . .
9.4 Cc kim nh thng k . . . . . . . . .

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91
91
92
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94
95
97
98
99
100
100
101
101

. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
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. . . . . . .
nh hng
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10 Mt s v d m phng MCNP
113
10.1 V d bi ton ph gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
10.2 V d bi ton ngng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
10.3 V d bi ton tnh liu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Ti liu tham kho

124

A Bng tnh cht cc nguyn t

127

B Mt s vt liu thng dng

131

C B h s chuyn i thng lng sang liu

135

D Ma trn quay trc ta

137

MC LC

Li ni u

Trong nhng nm gn y, vic nghin cu v ng dng phng php m phng Monte Carlo cho
cc bi ton vt l ht nhn ngy cng tr nn ph bin do nhng li ch m cc phng php ny
mang li. Cc chng trnh m phng Monte Carlo tr thnh cc cng c hu hiu gii quyt
cc bi ton phc tp m khng th gii c bng nhng phng php thng thng, chng hn
nh m phng tng tc ca bc x vi vt cht nhiu vng nng lng khc nhau, tnh ton
ti u l phn ng, kho st p ng ca detector,...
Tp ti liu Hng dn c bn s dng MCNP cho h iu hnh Windows c xy
dng vi mc ch cung cp cho ngi c nhng kin thc c bn s dng mt trong nhng
cng c m phng Monte Carlo cho bi ton vn chuyn bc x thng dng nht hin nay l
chng trnh MCNP. Ti liu ny c hnh thnh t vic tng hp cc lun vn cng nh ghi
chp ca cc thnh vin trong nhm NMTP (https://sites.google.com/site/nmtpgroup/)
vi mc ch h thng ho kin thc ln kinh nghim thu c sau gn 10 nm lm vic vi chng
trnh MCNP. Phn ln ni dung ca ti liu ny u c ly t cc ti liu MCNP Manual
(vol I, II, III). Ni dung ca ti liu tp trung vo 3 mc tiu chnh:
Hng dn cch ci t v thc thi chng trnh MCNP.
Cch vit mt input file n gin.
Cch c cc bng s liu thng k, nhn xt tin cy ca cc kt qu thu c t MCNP.
Tc gi xin gi li cm n n tt c cc thnh vin trong nhm c bit l c Trng Th Hng
Loan v cc thnh vin Nguyn c Chng , Trn i Khanh, ng Trng Ka My ,
Phm Hu Phong , Phan Th Qu Trc, L Thanh Xun v nhng bi dch v ghi chp v
cng qu gi gp phn to nn ti liu ny. Hi vng vi ti liu ny, ngi c s thu thp c
nhng kin thc qu gi c ch cho cng vic ca mnh.
Do ti liu c tng hp t nhiu ngun khc nhau nn chc chn s khng trnh khi nhng
sai st v ni dung cng nh hnh thc. Ngoi ra, do gii hn ca ti liu cng nh kin thc ca
tc gi, vn cn nhiu ni dung lin quan ti chng trnh MCNP cha c trnh by trong y.
Hi vng rng, ti liu ny s c b sung, ng gp bi chnh cc c gi n ngy cng c
hon thin hn.

ng Nguyn Phng

LI NI U

1
Gii thiu v MCNP

Mc ch ca chng ny l nhm gii thiu nhng nt chnh ca chng trnh m phng vn

chuyn ht bng phng php Monte Carlo MCNP (https://mcnp.lanl.gov/). Phn u ca
chng s c dnh cho vic trnh by tng quan lch s pht trin, tnh hnh ng dng cng nh
cc phin bn chnh ca chng trnh MCNP tnh cho n thi im hiu nay. Bn cnh , trong
chng ny ti cng trnh by cch thc ci t v thc thi chng trnh MCNP trn h iu hnh
Windows thng qua cu lnh v chng trnh Visual Editor. Phin bn MCNP c s dng trong
ti liu ny l phin bn MCNP5.1.4.

1.1

Chng trnh MCNP

MCNP (Monte Carlo NParticle) l chng trnh ng dng phng php Monte Carlo m
phng cc qu trnh vt l ht nhn i vi neutron, photon, electron (cc qu trnh phn r ht
nhn, tng tc gia cc tia bc x vi vt cht, thng lng neutron,...). Chng trnh ban u
c pht trin bi nhm Monte Carlo v hin nay l nhm Transport Methods Group (nhm
XTM ) ca phng Applied Theoretical & Computational Physics Division (X Division) Trung
tm Th nghim Quc gia Los Alamos (Los Alamos National Laboratory M). Trong mi hai
hoc ba nm h li cho ra mt phin bn mi ca chng trnh.
Chng trnh MCNP c khong 45.000 dng lnh c vit bng FORTRAN v 1000 dng lnh C,
trong c khong 400 chng trnh con (subroutine). y l mt cng c tnh ton rt mnh, c
th m phng vn chuyn neutron, photon v electron, gii cc bi ton vn chuyn bc x khng
gian 3 chiu, ph thuc thi gian, nng lng lin tc trong cc lnh vc t thit k l phn ng
n an ton bc x, vt l y hc vi cc min nng lng neutron t 1011 MeV n 20 MeV (i
vi mt s ng v c th ln n 150 MeV), photon t 1 keV n 100 GeV v electron t 1 keV
n 1 GeV. Chng trnh c thit lp rt tt cho php ngi s dng xy dng cc dng hnh
hc phc tp v m phng da trn cc th vin ht nhn. Chng trnh iu khin cc qu trnh
tng tc bng cch gieo s ngu nhin theo quy lut thng k cho trc v m phng c thc
hin trn my tnh v s ln th (trial ) cn thit thng rt ln.
Chng trnh MCNP c cung cp ti ngi dng thng qua Trung tm Thng tin An ton Bc
x (Radiation Safety Information Computational Center RSICC) Oak Ridge, Tennessee (M)
v ngn hng d liu ca C quan Nng lng Nguyn t (Nuclear Energy Agency NEA/OECD)
Paris (Php). Ngy nay, ti Los Alamos c khong 250 ngi dng v trn th gii c hn 3000
ngi dng trong hn 200 c s ng dng.

1.2. Lch s ca chng trnh MCNP

Ti Vit Nam, trong khong hn 10 nm tr li y, cc tnh ton m phng bng chng trnh
MCNP c trin khai nhiu c s nghin cu nh Vin Nghin cu Ht nhn Lt, Trung
tm Nghin cu & Trin khai Cng ngh Bc x TPHCM, Vin Khoa hc & K thut ht nhn
H Ni, Vin Nng lng Nguyn t Vit Nam,. . . v c bit l ti B mn Vt l Ht nhn
K thut Ht nhn (Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin TPHCM) chng trnh MCNP c
a vo ging dy nh l mt phn ca mn hc ng dng phn mm trong Vt l Ht nhn
bc o to cao hc. Cc nghin cu ng dng MCNP ti Vit Nam ch yu tp trung vo cc
lnh vc nh tnh ton cho l phn ng, ph ghi nhn bc x, phn b trng liu bc x, phn
tch an ton che chn,...

1.2
1.2.1

Lch s ca chng trnh MCNP

Phng php Monte Carlo

Tn gi ca phng php ny c t theo tn ca mt thnh ph Monaco, ni ni ting vi

cc sng bc, c l l do phng php ny da vo vic gieo cc s ngu nhin. Tuy nhin vic gieo
s ngu nhin gii cc bi ton xut hin t rt lu ri.
Vo khong th k 18, ngi ta thc hin cc th nghim m trong h nm mt cy kim trong
mt mt cch ngu nhin ln trn mt mt phng c k cc ng thng song song v suy ra
gi tr ca t vic m s im giao nhau gia cc cy kim v cc ng thng1 .
Trong khong nhng nm 1930, Enrico Fermi s dng phng php Monte Carlo gii quyt
cc bi ton khuch tn neutron nhng khng xut bn bt c cng trnh no v vn ny.
Phng php Monte Carlo ch c thc s s dng nh mt cng c nghin cu khi vic ch to
bom nguyn t c nghin cu trong sut thi k chin tranh th gii ln th hai. Cng vic ny
i hi phi c s m phng trc tip cc vn mang tnh xc sut lin quan n s khuch tn
neutron ngu nhin trong vt liu phn hch. Nm 1946, cc nh vt l ti Phng th nghim Los
Alamos, dn u bi Nicholas Metropolis, John von Neumann v Stanislaw Ulam, xut vic
1

c bit n vi tn gi Bi ton cy kim Buffon (Buffons needle problem), trong bi ton ny ngi ta th
ngu nhin cc cy kim c chiu di l ln trn mt mt sn c k cc ng thng song song cch nhau mt on t
(vi l t) v tnh xem xc sut ca cy kim ct ngang ng thng l bao nhiu.
Gi x l khong cch t tm cy kim n ng thng gn nht v l gc to bi cy kim v ng thng, ta
c hm mt xc sut (probability density function) ca x v nh sau
0x

t 2
: dx
2 t

2
: d
2
Hm mt xc sut kp hp (joint probability density function)
0 theta

4
dxd
t
l
sin , xc sut cy kim ct ngang ng thng s thu c
2
bng cch ly tch phn hm mt xc sut kt hp
Z /2 Z (l/2) sin
4
2l
dxd =
t
t
0
0
iu kin cy kim ct ngang ng thng x

Ga s ta gieo N kim, trong c n kim ct cc ng thng

n
2l
=
N
t
=

2lN
tn

CHNG 1. GII THIU V MCNP

Hnh 1.1: Minh ha bi ton tnh s vi cc cy kim v ng thng song song

ng dng cc phng php s ngu nhin trong tnh ton vn chuyn neutron trong cc vt liu
phn hch. Do tnh cht b mt ca cng vic, d n ny c t mt danh Monte Carlo
v y cng chnh l tn gi ca phng php ny v sau. Cc tnh ton Monte Carlo c vit
bi John von Neumann v chy trn my tnh in t a mc ch u tin trn th gii ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer ) (Hnh 1.2).

Hnh 1.2: My tnh in t ENIAC c t ti BRL building 328

Cc tng ca phng php ny c pht trin v h thng ha nh vo cc cng trnh ca
Harris v Herman Kahn vo nm 1948. Cng vo khong nm 1948, Fermi, Metropolis v Ulam
thu c c lng ca phng php Monte Carlo cho tr ring ca phng trnh Schrodinger.
Mi cho n nhng nm 1970, cc l thuyt mi pht trin v phc tp ca tnh ton bt u
cung cp cc tnh ton c chnh xc cao hn, nhng c s l lun thuyt phc cho vic s dng
v pht trin phng php Monte Carlo. Ngy nay, cng vi s pht trin ca my tnh in t,
cc phng php Monte Carlo ngy cng c p dng rng ri trong cc nghin cu khoa hc v
cng ngh, c bit l cng ngh ht nhn.

1.2.2

MCNP

Ti Trung tm Th nghim Quc gia Los Alamos, phng php Monte Carlo c bt u ng
dng t nhng nm 1940, v chng trnh MCNP l mt trong nhng sn phm ra i t vic ng
dng ny. Tin thn ca n l mt chng trnh Monte Carlo vn chuyn ht mang tn l MCS
c pht trin ti Los Alamos t nm 1963. Tip theo MCS l MCN c vit nm 1965. Chng
trnh MCN c th gii bi ton cc neutron tng tc vi vt cht hnh hc 3 chiu v s dng cc
th vin s liu vt l.

1.2. Lch s ca chng trnh MCNP

10

MCN c hp nht vi MCG (chng trnh Monte Carlo gamma x l cc photon nng lng
cao) nm 1973 to ra MCNG chng trnh ghp cp neutron-gamma. Nm 1973, MCNG c
hp nht vi MCP (chng trnh Monte Carlo photon vi x l vt l chi tit n nng lng
1 keV) m phng chnh xc cc tng tc neutron-photon v cho ra i chng trnh vi tn
gi MCNP (c ngha l Monte Carlo neutron-photon). Mi cho n nm 1990, khi qu trnh vn
chuyn electron c thm vo, MCNP mi mang ngha Monte Carlo N-Particle nh chng ta
bit ngy nay.
Cc phin bn ca MCNP
MCNP3 c vit li hon ton v cng b nm 1983 thng qua Radiation Safety Information
Computational Center (RSICC). y l phin bn u tin c phn phi quc t, cc phin
bn tip theo MCNP3A v 3B ln lt c ra i ti Phng Th nghim Quc gia Los Almos
trong sut thp nin 1980.
MCNP4 c cng b nm 1990, cho php vic m phng c thc hin trn cc cu trc
my tnh song song. MCNP4 cng b sung vn chuyn electron thng qua vic tch hp
gi ITS (Integrated TIGER Series).
MCNP4A c cng b nm 1993 vi cc im ni bt l phn tch thng k c nng
cao, kh nng phn phi chy song song trn cc cm my (cluster ) hay my trm
(workstation).
MCNP4B c cng b nm 1997 vi vic tng cng cc qu trnh vt l ca photon v
a vo cc ton t vi phn nhiu lon,...
MCNP4C c cng b nm 2000 vi cc tnh nng ca electron c cp nht, cc x l
cng hng gn nhau (unresolved resonance), hnh hc khi (macrobody),...
MCNP4C2 c b sung thm cc c trng mi nh hiu ng quang ht nhn (photonuclear
effect) v cc ci tin ca s trng s (weight window ), c cng b nm 2001.
MCNP5 c vit li hon ton bng Fortran 90 v cng b vo nm 2003 cng vi vic cp
nht cc qu trnh tng tc mi chng hn nh cc hin tng va chm quang ht nhn
(photonuclear collision physics), hiu ng gin n Doppler (Doppler broadenning),... MCNP5
cng tng cng kh nng tnh ton song song thng qua vic h tr OpenMP v MPI.
Ngoi ra cn c thm phin bn MCNPX c pht trin ban u t d n Accelerator Production
of Tritium (APT)vi cc mc nng lng v chng loi ht c m rng
Phin bn MCNPX u tin c pht hnh rng ri l MCNPX2.1.5 vo nm 1999, da
trn phin bn MCNP4B.
Phin bn MCNPX2.4.0 pht hnh vo nm 2002 da trn MCNP4C, c trn h iu hnh
Windows, h tr Fortran 90.
MCNPX2.5.0 vo nm 2005 c ti 34 loi ht, cc phin bn tip theo MCNPX2.6.0 pht
hnh nm 2008 v MCNPX2.7.0 nm 2011.
T nm 2006 bt u c nhng n lc nhm hp nht hai chng trnh MCNP v MCNPX vi
vic a MCNPX2.6.B vo trong MCNP5. Kt qu ca nhng n lc ny l phin bn MCNP6
1.0 ra i vo thng 5/2013.

1.2.3

MCNPX

MCNPX l mt phin bn m rng ca MCNP c pht trin t Phng Th nghim Quc gia
Los Alamos (M) vi kh nng m phng c nhiu loi ht hn. MCNPX c pht trin nh
l mt s kt hp ca MCNP v h thng ngn ng lp trnh LAHET (LCS) vo nm 1994.

11

CHNG 1. GII THIU V MCNP

Chng trnh MCNPX c th m phng c vn chuyn ca 34 loi ht: neutron, proton, electron,
photon, 5 loi ht lepton, 11 loi ht baryon, 11 loi ht meson v bn loi ht ion nh (deuteron,
triton, helium-3 v alpha) lin tc v nng lng v hng. Chng trnh cho php x l chuyn
v dng hnh hc 3 chiu ca vt cht trong cc b mt s cp hay th cp, hnh xuyn, dng li.
N s dng d liu tit din lin tc vi cc m hnh vt l cho nng lng m rng trn 150 MeV.
Bng 1.1 lit k cc loi ht c m phng bi MCNPX. Trong trng hp khai bo cc phn
ht th ta t du tr () pha trc k hiu ht.
Bng 1.1: Cc loi ht c m phng trong MCNPX
IPT

Loi ht

1
1
2
3
3

neutron
anti-neutron
photon
electron
positron

4
4
5
6
7
8

muon
anti-muon
tau
electron neutrino
muon neutrino
tau neutrino

9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

proton
anti-proton
lambda0
sigma+
sigma
cascade0
cascade
omega
lambda+
c
cascade+
c
cascade
c
lambda+
b

20
20
21
22
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29

pion+
pion
pion0
kaon+
kaon
K0 short
K0 long
D+
D
D+
s
B+
B0

K hiu

Khi lng Ngng nng

(MeV)
lng (MeV)
Cc ht trong MCNP
N
939.5656
0.0
N
939.5656
0.0
P
0.0
0.001
E
0.511
0.001
E
0.511
0.001
Lepton
|
105.6584
0.1126
|
105.6584
0.1126
*
1777.1
1.894
U
0.0
0.0
V
0.0
0.0
W
0.0
0.0
Baryon
H
938.2723
1.0
H
938.2723
1.0
l
1115.684
1.0
+
1189.37
1.2676

1197.436
1.2676
X
1314.9
1.0
Y
1321.32
1.4082
O
1672.45
1.7825
C
2285.0
2.4353
!
2465.1
2.6273
!
2470.3
1.0
R
5641
1.0
Meson
/
139.57
0.1488
/
139.57
0.1488
Z
134.9764
0.0
K
493.677
0.5261
K
493.677
0.5261
%
497.672
0.000001

497.672
0.000001
G
1869.3
1.9923
@
1864.5
1.0
F
1968.5
2.098
G
5278.7
5.626
B
5279.0
1.0

Thi gian
sng (s)
887.0
887.0

2.197 106
2.197 106
2.92 1013

2.63 1010
7.99 1011
1.479 1010
2.9 1010
1.64 1010
8.22 1011
2.06 1013
3.5 1013
9.8 1014
1.07 1012
2.6 108
2.6 108
8.4 1017
1.24 108
1.24 108
0.89 1010
5.17 108
1.05 1012
4.15 1013
4.67 1013
1.54 1012
1.5 1012

12

1.3. Cch thc ci t chng trnh MCNP

1.2.4

30

B0s

31
32
33
34

deuteron
triton
helium-3
alpha

D
T
S
A

5375
Ion nh
1875.627
2808.951
2808.421
3727.418

1.0

1.34 1012

2.0
3.0
3.0
4.0

12.3 y

MCNP6

Ni mt cch n gin, MCNP6 l phin bn hp nht ca MCNP v MCNPX. Hin nay MCNP6
c tt c 37 loi ht, c chia thnh cc nhm: cc ht c bn (elementary particles), cc ht
tng hp (composite particle) hay hadrons v cc ht nhn (nuclei ). Hnh 1.3 trnh by cc khong
nng lng tng ng cho tng loi ht v m hnh vt l trong MCNP6.

Hnh 1.3: Bng cc loi ht, di nng lng v m hnh tng tc vt l trong MCNP6

1.3

Cch thc ci t chng trnh MCNP

Trong phn ny ti s hng dn cch ci t phin bn chng trnh MCNP5.1.4 trn h iu

hnh Windows, cch thc tin hnh nh sau
M a ci t MCNP5, vo th mc MCNP\MCNP_Win\Windows_Installer, chy chng
trnh setup.exe ci chng trnh MCNP5. Bm Next gi nguyn cc mc nh.
Sau khi ci t xong chng trnh MCNP5, tr ra ngoi a, v vo trong th mc
MCNP_MCNPX_Win_Data\Disk1, chy file setup.exe chy chng trnh ci t th vin cho
MCNP5.
hon tt vic ci t MCNP5, nu khng c thay i g th file thc thi chng trnh
s mc nh nm trong C:\Program Files\LANL\MCNP5\bin, trong th mc ny nhp i
chut vo vised.exe chy chng trnh MCNP5.
Cch khai bo ng dn vo th vin d liu
Trn thanh cng c, chn Data Material.

13

CHNG 1. GII THIU V MCNP

Trn thanh cng c ca Material, chn Files.
Khai bo cc ng dn ti file xsdir trong th mc MCNPDATA nh trong Hnh 1.4 ri
chn Apply.

Hnh 1.4: Khai bo ng dn cho xsdir

1.4
1.4.1

Cch thc thi chng trnh MCNP

S dng Visual Editor

Chy chng trnh Visual Editor bng cch nhp i chut vo vised.exe trong th mc
bin hoc vo Start All Programs MCNP5 VisEd.
M input file c sn bng cch vo File Open, hin th input file hoc son tho trc tip
trn editor bng cch nhp vo Input trn thanh menu (Hnh 1.5).
Hin th plot bng cch nhp vo Update Plots trn menu hoc nhp vo Update trn cc
ca s Vised (Hnh 1.6).
V 3D bng cch nhp vo 3D View trn menu (Hnh 1.7).
Chy chng trnh bng cch nhp vo Run trn menu.
Mt s option trn thanh cng c ca s Vised (s dng bng cch nhp vo tng ng):
Zoom: phng to hoc thu nh hnh nh bng cch nhp v ko chut trn hnh v, hoc c
th c thc hin qua thanh trt Zoom out Zoom in trn ca s.
Origin: thay i gc to v hnh bng cch nhp chut vo v tr bt k trn hnh v.
Surf : hin th cc ch s mt.
Cell : hin th cc ch s cell.
Color : hin th mu.

1.4.2

S dng cu lnh trong Command Prompt

Command Prompt l mt ca s dng lnh DOS chy trn nn Windows cho php bn thc
hin cc dng lnh nh trong DOS. Bn cnh vic s dng Visual Editor, MCNP cn c th c
thc thi thng qua vic nhp cc lnh thng qua vic s dng ng dng ny.
Cch thc thc thi MCNP trong Command Prompt nh sau:
Vo Start All Programs Accessories Command Prompt

1.4. Cch thc thi chng trnh MCNP

14

Hnh 1.5: Giao din chng trnh Visual Editor

Hnh 1.6: ha ca Visual Editor

S dng lnh cd di chuyn n a cha chng trnh MCNP.
V d: cd c:\mcnp (trong trng hp th mc mcnp nm a d: th ta chuyn a bng
cch g d: v bm enter )
Thc thi chng trnh MCNP bng cch g lnh mcnp (trong trng hp s dng chng
trnh MCNP5 th g lnh mcnp5)
V d: mcnp inp=file1 outp=file1o runtpe=file1r mctal=filetally xsdir=xs
Trong inp l tu chn khai bo tn file input, oupt l tn ca file output xut ra, runtpe
l tn ca file cha cc thng tin trong sut qu trnh chy chng trnh, mctal l tn ca
file cha kt qu tally v xsdir l tn ca th mc cha cc tit din.
Ngoi ra, ta c th khai bo tt bng cch s dng tu chn name

15

CHNG 1. GII THIU V MCNP

Hnh 1.7: ha 3D ca Visual Editor

V d: mcnp name=file1, chng trnh s t ng chy file file1 v to ra file output, runtpe
bng cch thm vo cc k t o, r ngay sau tn ca file input (trong trng hp ny hai
file s c tn l file1o v file1r ).
Ta c th vit tt tn cc tu chn bng cch s dng k t u tin.
V d: mcnp i=file1 o=file1o r=file1r hay mcnp n=file1
Trong trng hp chng ta s dng text editor son tho, file input c to ra s mc
nh c ui .txt. Trong trng hp ny ta cn chuyn thnh file khng c ui m rng trc
khi chy MCNP thng qua lnh copy hay ren.
V d: copy file1.txt file1
Khi chy li file input c, cn xo hoc i tn cc file ouput v runtpe c to ra trc ,
nu khng MCNP s t ng thay i tn output mi c to ra trnh ghi chng ln cc
file c.

Hnh 1.8: Giao din trn nn DOS ca MCNP

n gin ta c th to cc batch file (c ui .bat) cha cc dng lnh thc thi chng trnh

1.4. Cch thc thi chng trnh MCNP

16

MCNP cho DOS. Cch thc thc hin nh sau:

M trnh son tho text (notepad, wordpad).
G vo cc dng lnh thc thi MCNP, v d: mcnp n=file1 ip
Lu li file text di tn c ui .bat (v d run_mcnp.bat) vo trong th mc c cha
MCNP.
Nhp i chut vo file va to chy chng trnh, nu mun sa i dng lnh trong file,
ch cn m file vi trnh son tho text v chnh sa.
Mt s tu chn khc Bn cnh cc tu chn khai bo input, output file, chng ta cn s
dng mt s tu chn iu khin qu trnh thc thi MCNP:
i
p
x
r
z

c v kim tra li trong input file.

v hnh hc m t trong input file.
cc bng tit din tng tc.
chy bi ton vn chuyn ht.
v cc kt qu tally t file RUNTPE hay MCTAL (xem Phn 3.4).
v cc tit din trong input file.

Cc tu chn ny c th c kt hp vi nhau chng hn nh ip (v hnh hc v kim tra li

trong input file), ixz (c input file, c v v cc tit din tng tc), ...
V d: mcnp n=file1 ip (c file1 v v hnh hc m t trong file ).
Cch v hnh hc m t trong input Mt s lnh v hnh hc trong MCNP
origin
basis
extent

xyz
x1 y1 z1
hv

label

s c des

x2 y2 z2

chn gc to , mc nh 0 0 0
chn mt phng v, mc nh 0 1 0 0 0 1
thang chia v, mc nh 100 100
(nu khng khai bo v th mc nh v = h)
ghi cc ch s ln hnh v

V d: or 0 -2 10 (chn gc to v hnh ti (0,-2,10), gc to lun nm gia hnh v).

Hnh 1.9: ha trn nn DOS ca MCNP

2
C s phng php Monte Carlo

MCNP l mt chng trnh m phng vn chuyn ht bng phng php Monte Carlo, do mt
s kin thc c s v phng php ny l cn thit c th hiu c cch thc hot ng cng
nh phn tch cc kt qu thu c sau khi thc thi chng trnh.
Khi lm vic vi chng trnh MCNP, hot ng ca ngi dng ch yu l hai khu: cung cp
d liu u vo v phn tch d liu u ra. i vi vic cung cp d liu u vo, mt trong
nhng thng tin quan trng cn cung cp chnh l cch thc ly mu phn b (phn b v tr
ngun, phn b nng lng, phn b xc sut pht,...). Trong chng ny, ti s trnh by mt s
nt chnh v s ngu nhin, phn b xc sut v cch ly mu phn b bng phng php Monte
Carlo. Cn i vi d liu u ra, vic hiu r cch thc c lng kt qu m phng Monte Carlo
l cn thit c th nh gi cc kt qu thu c t chng trnh. Do phn cui ca chng
s c dnh cho vic trnh by cc khi nim c lng mu v nh gi chnh xc ca kt
qu c lng thu c.

2.1

C s ca phng php Monte Carlo

Phng php Monte Carlo c xy dng da trn nn tng

Cc s ngu nhin (random numbers): y l nn tng quan trng, gp phn hnh thnh
nn thng hiu ca phng php. Cc s ngu nhin khng ch c s dng trong vic
m phng li cc hin tng ngu nhin xy ra trong thc t m cn c s dng ly
mu ngu nhin ca mt phn b no , chng hn nh trong tnh ton cc tch phn s
(numerical integration).
Lut s ln (law of large numbers): lut ny m bo rng khi ta chn ngu nhin cc gi tr
(mu th) trong mt dy cc gi tr (qun th), kch thc dy mu th cng ln th cc c
trng thng k (trung bnh, phng sai,...) ca mu th cng gn vi cc c trng thng
k ca qun th. Lut s ln rt quan trng i vi phng php Monte Carlo v n m bo
cho s n nh ca cc gi tr trung bnh ca cc bin ngu nhin khi s php th ln.
nh l gii hn trung tm (central limit theorem): nh l ny pht biu rng di mt s
iu kin c th, trung bnh s hc ca mt lng ln cc php lp ca cc bin ngu
nhin c lp (independent random variables) s c xp x theo phn b chun (normal
distrbution). Do phng php Monte Carlo l mt chui cc php th c lp li nn nh
l gii hn trung tm s gip chng ta d dng xp x c trung bnh v phng sai ca cc
kt qu thu c t phng php.

2.2. S ngu nhin

18

Cc thnh phn chnh ca phng php m phng Monte Carlo (Hnh 2.1) gm c
Hm mt xc sut (probability density function PDF): mt h vt l (hay ton hc)
phi c m t bng mt b cc PDF.
Ngun pht s ngu nhin (random number generator RNG): mt ngun pht cc s ngu
nhin ng nht phn b trong khong n v.
Quy lut ly mu (sampling rule): m t vic ly mu t mt hm phn b c th.
Ghi nhn (scoring hay tallying): d liu u ra phi c tch lu trong cc khong gi tr
ca i lng cn quan tm.
c lng sai s (error estimation): c lng sai s thng k (phng sai) theo s php th
v theo i lng quan tm.
Cc k thut gim phng sai (variance reduction technique): cc phng php nhm gim
phng sai ca p s c c lng gim thi gian tnh ton ca m phng Monte
Carlo.
Song song ho (parallelization) v vector ho (vectorization): cc thut ton cho php phng
php Monte Carlo c thc thi mt cch hiu qu trn mt cu trc my tnh hiu nng
cao (high-performance).

Hnh 2.1: Nguyn tc hot ng ca phng php Monte Carlo

2.2

S ngu nhin

Trong phng php m phng Monte Carlo, chng ta khng th no thiu c cc s ngu nhin.
Cc s ngu nhin c mt trong cc hin tng t nhin nh nhiu lon in t, phn r phng
x,... gii mt bi ton bng phng php Monte Carlo iu quan trng nht l chng ta cn
to ra cc s ngu nhin phn b u (uniform distribution) trn khong (0,1).

2.2.1

Cc loi s ngu nhin

C 3 loi s ngu nhin chnh

S ngu nhin thc (real random number ): cc hin tng ngu nhin trong t nhin.
S gi ngu nhin (pseudo-random number ): cc dy s xc nh m n vt qua c cc
kim tra v tnh ngu nhin.
S gn ngu nhin (quasi-random number ): cc im c s phn b tt (c s khng nht
qun thp).

19

CHNG 2. C S PHNG PHP MONTE CARLO

2.2.2

Nhng iu cn lu khi m phng s ngu nhin

C hai iu chng ta cn lu khi m phng cc s ngu nhin

My tnh khng th to ra cc dy s ngu nhin tht s m ch l cc s gi ngu nhin.
Bn thn cc s khng phi l ngu nhin m ch c dy s mi c th c xem l ngu
nhin
Mt dy s ngu nhin tt phi hi t y cc yu t sau y
Chu k lp li phi di tc l vic gieo s ngu nhin phi to ra c nhiu s trc khi lp
li dy s c ca n cho khng c phn no ca dy b trng trong tnh ton.
Cc s c to ra phi hng ti phn b u, tc l mt dy s bt k gm vi trm s
phi hng ti phn b ng nht trong ton vng kho st.
Cc s khng tng quan vi nhau, tc l cc s trong dy phi c lp v mt thng k vi
cc s trc n.
Thut ton phi truy xut nhanh, tc l thi gian my tnh to ra s ngu nhin phi nh
Cc s gi ngu nhin trong phng php Monte Carlo ch cn t ra mc ngu nhin, ngha
l tun theo phn b u hay theo phn b nh trc, khi s lng ca chng ln.

2.2.3

Phng php to s ngu nhin

to c mt dy s ngu nhin, chng ta c th dng nhiu phng php khc nhau. y

ti xin trnh by mt phng php c dng ph bin nht. Phng php ny c s dng
trong nhiu ngn ng lp trnh, chng hn nh C, Fortran,... chnh l phng php ng d
tuyn tnh (linear congruential generator ). Thut ton ca phng php ny nh sau
x0 = s gieo ban u, l s nguyn l < M

(2.1)

xn = axn1 + c mod M

(2.2)

n = xn /M

(2.3)

y a v c l cc s nguyn v M thng l mt s nguyn c gi tr ln, s gieo ban u x0 c

th c t bi ngi dng trong qu trnh tnh ton.
Thc s y khng phi l mt thut ton to s ngu nhin tt nht nhng u im ca thut
ton ny l n gin, d s dng, tnh ton nhanh v dy s ngu nhin do n to ra l kh tt.
Ta c th thy rng trong dy s c to ra bi phng php ny mi s ch c th xut hin duy
nht mt ln trc khi dy b lp li. Do chu k ca phng php ng d tuyn tnh (chiu di
ca dy s cho n khi s u tin b lp li) M . c ngha l trong trng hp tt nht th xn
s ly tt c cc gi tr c trong on [0, M 1]. i vi phng php ng d tuyn tnh th chu
k cc i s ph thuc vo di k t ca my tnh. V d: chu k ln nht i vi my 16 bit c
chnh xc n (single precision) l 216 = 65536 i v vi chnh xc kp (double precision)
l 232 = 4.29 109 .

2.3
2.3.1

Phn b xc sut
Bin ngu nhin

Cc bin ngu nhin (random variable hay stochastic variable) l cc bin m gi tr m n nhn
c mt cch ngu nhin. Mt bin ngu nhin c th bao gm mt tp hp cc gi tr m mi
gi tr i km vi mt xc sut (probability) trong trng hp gi tr ri rc hoc mt hm mt
xc sut (probability density function) trong trng hp gi tr lin tc (xem Hnh 2.2).

20

2.3. Phn b xc sut

Hnh 2.2: Minh ha phn b xc sut ca bin ri rc (tri) v lin tc (phi)

Gi s ta tin hnh php o mt bin ngu nhin x (trong thc nghim) hay gieo ngu nhin gi
tr ca bin ny (trong phng php Monte Carlo) N ln, ta s thu c mt tp hp cc gi tr
ca bin nh sau {x1 , x2 , . . . , xn }.
Gi tr k vng (expected value hay expectation) hay cn gi l gi tr trung bnh (mean) ca
bin x (thng c k hiu l ) chnh l gi tr m ta k vng s thu c khi lp li N ln
php o vi N tin n v cc. Hay ni mt cch khc, gi tr k vng chnh l trung bnh c
trng s (weight average) ca tt c cc gi tr kh d (possible values) ca bin x, trng s c
dng y chnh l xc sut fi tng ng vi cc gi tr ca bin.
N
P

E(x) =

xi fi

i=1
N
P

(2.4)
fi

i=1

Phng sai (variance) c dng nh gi mc phn tn ca tp hp gi tr thu c,

gi tr ca phng sai bng 0 c ngha l tt c cc gi tr ca tp hp l ng nht. Phng sai
thng c k hiu l 2 .
N
P

h
i
V ar(x) = E (x E(x))2 =

(xi )2 fi

i=1
N
P

= E(x2 ) [E(x)]2

(2.5)

fi

i=1

lch chun (standard deviation) k hiu l cn bc hai ca phng sai, c cng th nguyn
vi gi tr ca bin x nn thng c dng km vi gi tr trung bnh biu din kt qu thu
c.

2.3.2

Hm mt xc sut

Hm mt xc sut (Probability Density Function PDF)1 ca mt bin ngu nhin lin tc l

mt hm m t kh nng (xc sut) nhn mt gi tr ca bin .
Hm mt xc sut c xem nh l chun ha khi
+
Z
f (x)dx = 1

(2.6)

i khi cn c gi l hm phn b xc sut (probability distribution function) hay hm xc sut (probability

function), tuy nhin khng c quy nh no thng nht cho cc tn gi. Hm xc sut i khi cn c dng ch
hm mt tch ly (cumulative distribution function)

21

CHNG 2. C S PHNG PHP MONTE CARLO

Hm mt tch ly (cumulative density function hay cumulative distribution function CDF)

c tnh nh l tch phn ca hm mt xc sut (Hnh 2.3)
Zx
F (x) =

f (t)dt

(2.7)

Hnh 2.3: So snh hai hm PDF v CDF, gi tr ca hm CDF ti v tr x chnh l tch phn ca
hm PDF t n x
Trong trng hp ta c hm g(x) vi x l bin ngu nhin vi mt f (x), gi tr trung bnh ca
hm g(x) s c tnh theo cng thc
+
Z
E[g(x)] =
g(x)f (x)dx

2.3.3

E[g(x)] =

N
X

gk fk

(2.8)

k=1

Lut s ln

Lut s ln (Law of Large Numbers LLN) m t kt qu thu c khi thc hin php o mt s
ln ln, theo gi tr trung bnh ca cc kt qu thu c s cng gn vi gi tr k vng khi s
php o cng ln (v d trong Hnh 2.4). Lut s ln c vai tr quan trng v n m bo cho s
n nh v mt lu di ca gi tr trung bnh ca cc s kin ngu nhin.

2.3.4

nh l gii hn trung tm

Theo nh l gii hn trung tm (Central Limit Theorem CLT), tng ca cc bin ngu nhin
c lp (independent random variable) v phn phi ng nht (identically distribution) theo cng
mt phn phi xc sut, s hi t v mt bin ngu nhin no (Hnh 2.5).
Gi s ta c N tp hp cc bin ngu nhin c lp Xi (X1 , X2 , ..., XN ), mi tp hp u c phn
b tng minh (arbitrary) vi xc sut P (x1 , x2 , ..., xN ) c tr trung bnh i , phng sai hu hn

22

2.3. Phn b xc sut

Hnh 2.4: Minh ha Lut s ln khi thc hin th nghim tung ng xu, th biu din t l phn
trm xut hin mt nga (head ) nhiu hn mt sp (tail ) theo s ln tung
i2 tng ng. Khi i lng c dng chun ha
N
P

Xnorm

N
P
xi
i
i=1
i=1
s
=
N
P
i2

(2.9)

i=1

s c mt hm phn b tch ly gii hn xp x theo phn b chun.

Hnh 2.5: Minh ha nh l gii hn trung tm, trung bnh ca cc phn b t X1 n X5 s c

dng phn b chun
Mt cch n gin hn, nh l gii hn trung tm c th hiu nh l phn b ca vic ly mu
ngu nhin s tin v phn b chun khi kch c mu c tng ln, d cho phn b thc hay cn
gi l phn b qun th (population) ca bin khng phi l phn b chun.
Lu : in kin ca nh l gii hn trung tm l c tr trung bnh v phng sai ca phn b
phi tn ti hu hn.

2.3.5

Ly mu phn b

Phn b mu (sampling distribution) hay cn gi l phn b mu hu hn (finite-sample distribution) l phn b xc sut thng k ca cc gi tr trong mu ngu nhin c ly ra t mt phn
b qun th. Phn b mu ph thuc vo cc yu t nh phn b ca bn thn qun th, cch
thc ly mu, kch c mu,...

23

CHNG 2. C S PHNG PHP MONTE CARLO

Gi s ta c mt qun th c phn b chun vi tr trung bnh v phng sai 2 , c k hiu l

N (, 2 ). Sau chng ta ly cc mu c kch thc n cho trc t qun th ny v tnh ton cc
gi tr trung bnh x
i cho mi mu c ly, cc gi tr ny c gi l cc gi tr trung bnh ca
mu (sample mean) v phn b ca cc gi tr trung bnh ny c gi l phn b ca cc gi tr
trung bnh mu. Phn b ny s tun theo phn b chun N (, 2 /n)2 do phn b qun th l
phn b chun (mc d theo nh lut gii hn trung tm, nu kch thc mu n ln, phn b
trung bnh mu vn c th c xp x theo phn b chun d cho phn b qun th c l phn
b chun hay khng). Trong trng hp kch thc mu nh, phn b trung bnh mu c cho
trong Bng 2.1.
lch chun ca phn b trung bnh mu c gi l sai s chun (standard error )3 , trong trng
hp cc mu c lp vi nhau ta c

x =
(2.10)
n
vi l lch chun ca qun th v n l kch c mu.
Bng 2.1: Mt s v d phn b mu ngu nhin c ly t qun th
Phn b qun th

Phn b mu
!
2
Normal ,
X
n

nX Binomial(n, p)

Normal(, 2 )
Bernoulli(p)
Normal(1 , 12 ) v Normal(2 , 22 )

2.3.6

12 22

X1 X2 Normal 1 2 ,
+
n
n

c lng mu

Trung bnh mu (sample mean) l gi tr c lng ca trung bnh qun th (population mean)
da trn mt mu c chn ngu nhin t qun th ny. c lng trung bnh ca mu ta
s dng cng thc
N
1X
x
=
xi
(2.11)
N
i=1

vi xi l cc gi tr trong mu v N l kch thc mu4 .

Gi tr x
ny s phn b quanh gi tr trung bnh ca qun th vi
x = E(
x) =
x2 = V ar(
x) =

(2.12)
2
N

(2.13)

D cho phn b ca x
l ng nht vi gi tr trung bnh ca qun th nhng phng sai s nh
hn nhiu nu kch thc ca mu l ln.
2

Lu phn b chun ny khc vi phn b chun ca qun th

Cn phn bit vi lch chun ca qun th vn c gi vi tn standard deviation
4
Gi tr x
cn c xem l trung bnh khng trng s ca cc gi tr, ngc li vi l trung bnh c trng s,
xem cng thc (2.4)
3

24

2.3. Phn b xc sut

2 c xc nh bi cng
Phng sai mu (sample variance) thng c k hiu l S 2 hay SN
5
thc
N
1 X
2
(xi x
)2
(2.14)
S =
N
i=1

Nu ta xem x
nh l mt c lng ca trung bnh qun th vi
E(
x) =

(2.15)

th S 2 cng c xem nh l mt c lng ca phng sai qun th , tuy nhin y li l mt

c lng b chch (biased estimator )
#
"
#
"
N
N
X
X
1
1
2
(xi x
)2 = E
((xi ) (
x ))
E[S 2 ] = E
N
N
i=1
i=1
"
#
N
1 X
2
2
= E
(xi ) (
x )
N
i=1


 N 1 2
< 2
= E (
x )2 =
N
2

(2.16)

iu ny c ngha l E(S 2 ) 6= 2 , k vng ca S 2 khng phi l phng sai 2 ca qun th6 .

hiu chnh cho s chch ny, chng ta thay th S 2 bng
N

1 X
s =
(xi x
)2
N 1
2

(2.17)

i=1

T s gia phng sai cha hiu chnh trn phng sai hiu chnh (S/s)2 = N/(N 1) c gi
l h s hiu chnh Bessel (Bessels correction).

2.3.7

chnh xc ca c lng

Sai s (error ) hay cn gi l bt nh (uncertainty) th hin khng chnh xc ca mt

c lng so vi gi tr thc ca n. Sai s thng hay c chia lm hai loi l sai s ngu nhin
(random error ) hay cn gi l sai s thng k (statistical error ) v sai s h thng (systematic
error ).
2
2
2
+ systematic
(2.18)
= statistical
total
Sai s ngu nhin lin quan n kch thc hu hn ca mu, trong khi sai s h thng li lin
quan n vic mu thhu c khng i din y cc tnh cht ca qun th (v nhiu l do
nh sai s thit b, con ngi,...). Sai s h thng thng kh c nh lng tuy nhin trong mt
s trng hp c th ta cng c th c lng c gi tr ca n.
chnh xc (accuracy) dng nh gi gn (closeness) hay chch (bias) ca gi tr
trung bnh c lng so vi gi tr thc ca i lng vt l, i khi cn c m t bi sai s h
Cn lu phn bit gia cc i lng 2 (phng sai ca qun th), x2 (phng sai ca phn b trung bnh
mu) v S 2 (phng sai mu)
6
L do l v trung bnh mu x
P
l mt c lng bnh phng cc tiu tuyn tnh (linear least squares) ca , gi
tr ca x
c chn sao cho tng (xi x
)2 t gi tr nh nht. Do vy, khi a thm s hng vo trong tng, gi
tr ca tng ch c th tng ln, c bit khi 6= x
ta c
5

N
N
1 X
1 X
(xi x
)2 <
(xi )2
N i=1
N i=1

25

CHNG 2. C S PHNG PHP MONTE CARLO

thng (systematic error ). Trong Monte Carlo, ta khng th c lng chnh xc ny mt cch
trc tip c.
Cc nhn t chnh nh hng ln chnh xc gm c
chnh xc ca code (m hnh vt l,...)
M hnh bi ton (hnh hc, ngun,...)
Sai s c nguyn nhn t ngi dng
tp trung (precision)7 l bt nh ca ca cc thng ging thng k trong vic ly mu.
Mi tng quan gia chnh xc v tp trung c mnh ha trong Hnh 2.6 v Hnh 2.7.

Hnh 2.6: Minh ha chnh xc v tp trung ca mt phn b c lng

Hnh 2.7: Minh ha cc mc ca chnh xc v tp trung

2.3.8

Khong tin cy

Khong tin cy (Confidence Interval CI) l mt khong gi tr m c th cha trong n gi tr

ca tham s cn c lng (unknown parameter ). rng ca khong tin cy cho chng ta thng
tin v bt nh ca php tnh c lng tham s8 .
7

Trong thc t, nhiu khi precision cng c gi l chnh xc, tuy nhin n d b ln ln vi accuracy nn ti
s gi precision l tp trung phn bit.
8
Nhiu ngi cho rng xc sut c cho bi khong tin cy chnh l xc sut m gi tr trung bnh ca qun th
ri vo trong khong tin cy , suy ngh ny l khng ng. Gi tr trung bnh ca qun th l mt hng s, n
khng thay i, do xc sut gi tr trung bnh qun th ri vo trong khong tin cy ch l mt trong 2 gi tr
0 hoc 1.

26

2.3. Phn b xc sut

Cc khong tin cy thng dng i vi phn b chun nh sau (Hnh 2.8)9

P (xn 1 < < xn + 1) = 68%

(2.19)

P (xn 2 < < xn + 2) = 95%

(2.20)

P (xn 3 < < xn + 3) = 99%

(2.21)

Hnh 2.8: Minh ha khong tin cy ca phn b chun

Cc gi tr xc sut nh 68%, 95%, 99% c cho bi khong tin cy tnh theo ch ng trong trng hp
phn b mt chiu (1-dimension)

3
Cu trc chng trnh MCNP

Trong chng ny chng ta s i tm hiu cc thnh phn chnh ca chng trnh MCNP nh cc
th vin d liu, cc th tc thc thi, file d liu u vo (input file) v file d liu u ra (output
file). Bn cnh , chng ta cng s c c hi tm hiu cc bc tin hnh m phng cng nh
cu trc ca cc file d liu ca chng trnh MCNP.

3.1
3.1.1

Cch thc hot ng ca MCNP

Cc th tc chnh trong MCNP

MCNP c vit trn nn tng ngn ng lp trnh ANSI-Standard Fortran 90. Di y l mt s

th tc (subroutine) chnh trong MCNP
IMCN khi ng
c input file (INP) v ly kch thc (PASS1).
Khi to kch thc ca cc bin (SETDAS).
c li input file (INP) ln na ly cc thng s u vo (RDPROB).
Khi ng th tc cho ngun pht ((ISOURC).
Khi ng th tc cho tally (ITALLY).
Khi ng th tc cho vt liu (STUFF) k c khi lng m cha cn ti cc file d liu.
Tnh th tch v din tch ca cell (VOLUME).
PLOT ha hnh hc.
MCNP_RANDOM to v qun l cc s ngu nhin.
XACT tnh ton tit din
c cc th vin (GETXST).
Loi b cc d liu neutron nm ngoi khong nng lng kho st trong bi ton (EXPUNG).
a vo gin n Doppler v tnh ton tit din ton phn tng ng trong trng hp nhit
trong bi ton cao hn nhit ca s liu c trong th vin (BROADN).

3.1. Cch thc hot ng ca MCNP

28

Truy xut cc th vin multigroup (MGXSPT).

Truy xut cc th vin electron (XSGEN), tnh ton cc qung chy, tn x, phn b gc,...
MCRUN chy chng trnh
Pht ht t ngun (STARTP).
Tm khong cch n bin (TRACK), i qua b mt (SURFAC) vo cell k tip (NEWCEL).
Tm tit din ton phn ca neutron (ACETOT), tn x neutron (COLIDN) v to photon
tng ng nu c (ACEGAM).
Tm tit din ton phn ca photon (PHOTOT), tn x photon (COLIDP) v to electron
tng ng nu c (EMAKER).
S dng xp x bremsstrahlung trong trng hp khng kho st electron (TTBR).
Theo vt ca electron (ELECTR).
S dng cc tn x multigroup nu c chn (MGCOLN, MGCOLP, MGACOL).
Tnh ton cc tally detector (TALLYD) hoc DXTRAN.
Tnh ton cc tally mt, cell hoc cao xung (TALLY).
Tun t in ra cc file output, cc kt qu thng k tm thi trong qu trnh chy, cp nht cc chu
k k tip trong bi ton ngng (KCALC), DXTRAN,... In kt qu thng k cui cng (SUMARY,
ACTION), kt qu tally (TALLYP).

3.1.2

Cch thc m phng vn chuyn ht

Phn ny trnh by mt cch s lc qu trnh m phng vn chuyn ht cho bi ton vn chuyn

neutron/photon/electron:
u tin, i vi mi lch s ht, MCNP s to ra mt dy cc s ngu nhin phc v cho qu
trnh tnh ton. Bin flag IPT s c gn gi tr tng ng vi loi ht ang c kho st: 1 cho
neutron, 2 cho photon v 3 cho electron.
K , cc th tc ngun pht tng ng s c gi (ngun c nh, ngun mt, ngun t nh
ngha,...). Tt c cc thng s ca ht (hng pht, v tr, nng lng, trng s,...) s c khi
to gi tr bng cch ly mu ngu nhin theo phn b c khai bo trong input file. Mt s kim
tra s c tin hnh nhm xc nh rng ht ngun nm ng trong cell hoc mt c xc nh
trong input.
Tip theo, cc thng s ban u ca 50 lch s ht u tin s c in ra. Sau cc thng tin
tm tt s c ghi li (nng lng, thi gian, trng s,...). Cc thng s cn ghi nhn trong qu
trnh m phng s c khi to, th tc DXTRAN s c gi (nu c s dng) to ra cc ht
trn mt cu.
By gi l lc qu trnh m phng vn chuyn ht bt u. i v ngun pht electron, cc electron
s c kho st ring. Cn i vi cc ngun pht neutron hoc photon, im giao ca vt cc
ht vi cc mt bin ca cell s c tnh ton. Khong cch dng nh nht (DLS) t v tr ht
n mt bin ca cell s cho bit mt k tip (JSU) m ht hng ti. Khong cch n mt cu
DXTRAN gn nht cng c tnh ton. Cc tit din tng tc trong cell (ICL) c tnh ton
da vo cc bng s liu ca neutron v photon. Tit din ton phn c xc nh trong trng
hp c s dng exponential transform, v khong cch n v tr va chm k tip cng c xc
nh. di vt ca mt ht trong cell c xc nh nh l khong cch n ln va chm k tip,
khong cch n mt JSU, qung ng t do trung bnh, khong cch n hnh cu DXTRAN,

29

CHNG 3. CU TRC CHNG TRNH MCNP

hoc l khong cch n ngng di nng lng. Cc tally ghi nhn vt s c tnh ton, v cc
thng s mi ca ht cng s c cp nht. Nu khong cch n mt hnh cu DXTRAN cng
loi bng vi di vt nh nht, ht s c kt thc. Nu ht vt qu thi gian ngng, vt
cng c ngt ti . Nu ht ri khi mt hnh cu DXTRAN, bin flag ca DXTRAN s c
gn gi tr 0 v qu trnh cutoff trng s s c tin hnh, ht s kt thc ti y hoc s tip
tc vi trng s c tng ln. Cc hiu chnh trng s cng c thc hin trong trng hp c
s dng exponential transform.
Nu di vt nh nht bng khong cch n mt bin, ht s c vn chuyn n mt JSU
trong trng hp c tally mt, v vo trong cell k tip. Lc ny, cc tnh ton mt phn x, bin
tun hon, phn chia hnh hc, Russian roulette s c p dng. Trong trng hp b phn chia,
chng trnh s ghi nhn li vt ca tt c cc ht c phn chia v kho st ln lt tip theo
.
Nu khong cch n ln va chm k tip nh hn khong cch n mt bin, hoc cc ht mang
in tch n khong cch t ti ngng di ca nng lng kho st, ht s c m phng va
chm. i vi neutron, cc tnh ton va chm s xc nh loi ht nhn bia tham gia vo va chm,
ly mu vn tc nhn bia trong trng hp tng tc vi kh t do chuyn ng nhit, ghi nhn
cc photon to ra (ACEGAM), xt xem hiu ng bt neutron l khng hay c trng s, x l cc
va chm nhit theo S(, ), xt tn x n hi hay khng n hi. i vi bi ton ngng, cc
sn phm phn hch s c lu li cho cc tnh ton tip theo. Cc thng s ca ht to ra trong
va chm (nng lng, hng bay,...) cng s c lu li. Cc va chm c s tham gia ca nhiu
ht s c x l ring r.
Cc tnh ton va chm ca photon cng tng t nh ca neutron, bao gm c m hnh vt l
n gin ln chi tit. Cc m hnh vt l n gin ch bao gm cc tng tc ca photon vi cc
electron t do (khng tnh cc hiu ng lin kt ca electron vi nhn). Cn m hnh vt l chi tit
c bao gm c cc tha s dng (form factor ) v hiu ng lin kt ca electron trong qu trnh tn
xa Compton, bn cnh cn c thm cc hiu ng tn x kt hp (Thomson) v s pht hunh
quang theo sau hiu ng quang in. Phin bn MCNP5 cn c thm cc hiu ng quang ht nhn
(photonuclear ), cc ht th cp to ra t phn ng quang ht nhn c ly mu theo cng cch
thc vi va chm neutron khng n hi. Cc electron to ra do tn x Compton, to cp v hiu
ng quan in c xem nh li nng lng hon ton ti ch (nu IDES=1 trong PHYS card)
hoc xp x pht bc x hm (nu IDES=0) hoc c kho st vn chuyn (nu mode E c s
dng v IDES=0).
Sau khi ht qua mt bin hoc sau khi qu trnh va chm c kho st, ht s tip tc c
tnh khong cch n mt bin k tip v c nh th tip din. Khi ht b mt trong qu trnh va
chm hoc trong cc qu trnh tnh ton gim phng sai, chng trnh s kim tra xem c cn
ht th cp no c to ra trong qu trnh m phng ht hay khng, nu khng cn th lch
s ht s kt thc. Cc thng tin s c tng hp v a vo tally kt qu, cc bng thng k.
Cui mi lch s ht, chng trnh s kim tra cc iu kin kt thc (s lch s ht, thi gian chy
chng trnh,...) c tha hay cha. Nu tha, MCRUN s kt thc v kt qu s c in ra.

3.2
3.2.1

D liu ht nhn v phn ng ca MCNP

Cc th vin d liu c s dng

MCNP s dng cc th vin s liu ht nhn v nguyn t nng lng lin tc. Cc ngun cung
cp d liu ht nhn ch yu cho MCNP gm c
The Evaluated Nuclear Data File (ENDF)
The Evaluated Nuclear Data Library (ENDL)
The Activation Library (ACTL)

3.2. D liu ht nhn v phn ng ca MCNP

30

Applied Nuclear Science (T2) Group ti Phng Th nghim Los Alamos.

Cc d liu ht nhn c x l theo nh dng thch hp i vi MCNP bng chng trnh NJOY
(https://t2.lanl.gov/nis/codes/NJOY12/index.html).

3.2.2

Cc bng d liu

Cc bng s liu ht nhn c cho i vi cc tng tc neutron, cc tng tc photon v cc

tng tc photon c to ra do neutron, php o liu hay kch hot neutron v tn x nhit
S(, ).
C hn 500 bng d liu tng tc neutron kh d cho khong 100 ng v v nguyn t khc nhau,
c chia lm 9 nhm: neutron nng lng lin tc (continuous-energy neutron), neutron phn ng
ri rc (discrete-reaction neutron), tng tc quang nguyn t nng lng lin tc (continuousenergy photoatomic interaction), tng tc electron nng lng lin tc (continuous-energy electron
interaction), tng tc quang ht nhn nng lng lin tc (continuous- energy photonuclear interaction), liu neutron (neutron dosimetry), nhit S(, ) (S(, ) thermal ), neutron multigroup
v photoatomic multigroup.
Mi bng s liu c trong MCNP c lp danh sch trong file xsdir. Ngi dng c th la chn
cc bng s liu c th qua cc k hiu nhn dng duy nht i vi mi bng ZAID. Cc k hiu
nhn dng ny c cha s nguyn t Z, s khi A v k hiu xc nhn th vin ID.
Cc k hiu ZAID c dng ZZZAAA.nnX vi ZZZ l s hiu nguyn t (v d carbon c k hiu l
006), AAA (trng hp ca carbon 12 C s l 012), nn l s ch ca b s liu tit din tng tc s
c s dng v X l kiu d liu (v d C tng ng vi d liu tng tc vi nng lng lin tc,
D tng ng vi d liu phn ng ri rc,...)1 .
Mt s lu khi s dng cc bng d liu tng tc
Ni chung, ngi dng nn s dng cc bng d liu cng mi cng tt. Tuy nhin, trong
mt vi trng hp, cc bng d liu mi c phc tp cao hn ng ngha vi vic i hi
nhiu thi gian x l hn, nu cc bn b gii hn bi kch thc hot ng ca b nh th
c th s dng cc d liu c hn.
Lu v ph nng lng ca neutron khi m phng tng tc ca ht ny. i vi cc bi
ton nng lng cao, chng ta c th s dng cc bng tng tc vi nng lng ri rc hay
cc bng xp x. Trong trng hp nng lng thp hay cc bi ton c s nh hng bi
tng tc ca neutron cc vng cng hng th li khuyn dnh cho cc bn l nn s dng
cc bng nng lng lin tc.
Cc d liu ca cc bng tng tc c xy dng cc nhit c th, chng ta nn kim
tra nhit ny trc khi quyt nh s dng chng cho tng bi ton c th, chng hn
nh khng th s dng cc b s liu c gin n Doppler nhit 3000K cho bi ton tnh
nhit phng (room temperature).
i vi bi ton vn chuyn neutron/photon, cn lu s dng cc b s liu c tnh n
qu trnh to photon t neutron.
XSDIR l file lu tr thng tin ca cc bng d liu cng nh v tr ca cc bng . Ni dung
ca file xsdir gm ba phn
Phn u: dng u tin ca file c dng
DATAPATH = <ng dn ti th mc cha cc th vin d liu>
1

Trong trng hp s nguyn t Z c t hn ba ch s, ngi ta thng vit ngn li l Z hoc ZZ, v d 13027.24y
thay v 013027.24y

31

CHNG 3. CU TRC CHNG TRNH MCNP

T kha DATAPATH phi bt u trong vng 5 k t u tin ca dng. Khi thc thi, chng
trnh MCNP s tm kim file xsdir v cc th vin d liu tng tc ln lt theo th t cc
khai bo sau
Khai bo XSDIR = <ng dn th mc> trong cu lnh thc thi chng trnh.
Khai bo DATAPATH = <ng dn th mc> dng thng tin (message block ) ca
input file.
Th mc hin hnh.
Khai bo DATAPATH trong file xsdir.
Bin mi trng DATAPATH.
Thng tin ca tng dng khai bo bo bng d liu trong file xsdir.
Th vin c khai bo trong th tc BLOCK_DATA khi bin dch MCNP.
Phn th hai: khi lng tng i ca nguyn t (atomic weight ratio)2 , phn ny c bt
u bng cm t atomic weight ratios trong vng 5 k t u tin ca dng. Cc dng
tip theo khai bo khi lng nguyn t theo c php
ZAID AWR
vi ZAID l k hiu ca nguyn t c dng ZZAAA v AWR l khi lng tng i ca nguyn
t tng ng vi k hiu.
Phn cui: danh sch cc bng d liu tng tc, phn ny c bt u vi t kha directory trong vng 5 k t u tin ca dng. Cc dng tip theo cung cp thng tin ca cc
bng thng tc (7-11 thng tin). K hiu ZAID lun l thng tin u tin c cung cp
mi dng. Nu bng d liu cn nhiu hn 1 dng m t, ta cn thm k t + cui
dng tip tc dng mi. S 0 ch thng tin khng hu dng. Cc thng tin ca bng
c cung cp trong xsdir bao gm
Tn ca bng
Khi lng tng i nguyn t
Tn file3
ng dn truy cp
Kiu file4
a ch5
di bng6
di bn ghi7
S d liu mi bn ghi
Nhit 8
Thng tin flag9
2

character*10
real
character*8
character*70
integer
integer
integer
integer
integer
real
character*6

y l t s ca khi lng nguyn t chia cho khi lng neutron

L tn ca th vin cha bng d liu.
4
Mang hai gi tr 1 hoc 2, kiu 1 tng ng vi bng c nh dng chui (ti a 80 k t mi dng), kiu 2 tng
ng vi nh dng nh phn (binary). Kiu 2 thng c s dng hn kiu 1 do gn nh v tc truy cp nhanh,
vic chuyn i t kiu 1 sang kiu 2 c thc hin thng qua chng trnh MAKXSF.
5
i vi file kiu 1 th a ch l v tr dng trong file th vin m bng d liu bt u, i vi kiu 2 th l
record number ca bn ghi u tin ca bng.
6
Mt bng d liu thng thng cha hai khi thng tin, khi u tin l thng tin c trng ca bng, khi th
hai l mt chui cc s. di bng l di (tnh theo k t) ca khi thng tin th hai.
7
i vi kiu 1 di ny l 0, i vi kiu 2 th c ph thuc vo c trng ca b x l, n l tng di (tnh
theo bit) ca tt c d liu (entry) ng vi 1 bn ghi (record ), thng thng s d liu l 512 cho mi bn ghi.
8
Ch s dng cho d liu neutron, tnh theo n v MeV.
9
T kha ptable dng bo rng y l bng d liu nng lng lin tc cho neutron c vng cng hng gn
(unresolved resonance)
3

3.2. D liu ht nhn v phn ng ca MCNP

32

Cc bng d liu cho neutron cung cp cc qu trnh tng tc ca neutron vi vt cht. Cc

ID ca bng tit din tng tc cho neutron c dng ZZZAAA.nnC cho tng tc vi nng lng
lin tc v ZZZAAA.nnD cho phn ng ri rc (xem Bng G.2, MCNP Manual).
Ngi dng nn ch phn bit s khc nhau gia cc bng c ui .50C v .51C, mc d c hai
u xy dng t th vin ENDF/B-V, cc bng .50C l cc bng c xy dng hon ton t d
liu thc nghim, cn cc bng .51C c s dng thinned data khi m phng cho cc vng cng
hng.
Cc bng d liu cho photon cung cp cc qu trnh tng tc photon vi vt cht, nguyn
t c Z t 1 n 94 nh tn x kt hp, tn x khng kt hp, hp th quang in vi kh nng
pht bc x hunh quang v qu trnh to cp. Cc phn b gc tn x c iu chnh bng cc
tha s dng nguyn t v cc hm tn x khng n hi.
Cc d liu tng tc cho photon c lu trong cc th vin mcplib[nn] di dng ACE (A
Compact ENDF ) v c ID dng ZZZ000.nnP10 vi nn mang cc gi tr 01 (d liu tnh n nm
1982), 02 (d liu tnh n nm 1993), 03 (d liu tnh n nm 2002) v 04 (d liu tnh n nm
2002 t th vin ENDF/B-VI.8) (xem Bng G.4, MCNP Manual). Cc d liu quang ht nhn
(photonucleear data) c lu trong cc bng c ID ZZZAAA.nnU (xem Bng G.5, MCNP Manual).
Cc bng d liu cho electron c s dng cho c m phng vn chuyn electron ln vn
chuyn photon c s dng m hnh xp x pht bc x hm (thick-target bremsstrahlung model
TTB). Cc bng d liu cho tng tc electron c dng ZZZ000.nnE vi hai th vin el (.01E) v
el03 (.03E).
Cc tng tc ca electron vi vt cht c Z t 1 n 94 c xy dng gm c: cc tham s nng
sut hm bc x (radiative stopping power parameters), tit din pht bc x hm, ph nng lng
bc x hm, nng lng nh K (K-edge), nng lng electron Auger, cc tham s ca m hnh
Goudsmit-Saunderson cho xp x tn x nhiu ln (multiple scattering),... Ngoi ra th vin el03
cn c b sung thm d liu cho vic tnh hiu ng mt electron (density effect calculation).
Cc bng d liu liu neutron cha cc tit din ca gn 2000 phn ng kch hot v liu
lng hc cho hn 400 ht nhn bia cc mc kch thch v c bn. Cc tit din ny khng c
s dng cho vic m phng vn chuyn ht m c s dng nh cc hm ph thuc nng lng
trong MCNP cho vic tnh ton cc thng s chng hn nh tc phn ng,... Cc bng d
liu c xy dng t cc th vin ENDF/B-V dos531 (Dosimetry Tape 531 ), dos532 (Activation
Tape 532 ) v ACTL (activation cross-section library), vi ID c dng ZZZAAA.nnY ZZZAAA.nnC
(xem Bng G.6, MCNP Manual).
Cc bng d liu nhit neutron cha cc s liu nhit c dng hiu chnh tn x S(, ).
Cc s liu ny bao gm lin kt ha hc (phn t) v hiu ng tinh th m chng rt quan trng
khi nng lng ntron thp (t khong 4 eV tr xung). i vi nc nh v nc nng, kim
loi berillium, oxit berillium, benzene, graphite, polyethylene, zirconium v hydrogen trong hydride
zirconium c cc s liu nhit khc nhau. Cc bng d liu c dng XXXXXX.nnT vi XXXXXX
l chui k t (vd: LWTR.01T) (xem Bng G.1, MCNP Manual).
Cc bng d liu multigroup cc d liu ny ch c dng cho cc bi ton m phng vn
chuyn nhm hay kt hp (multigroup/adjoint). D cho cc d liu nng lng lin tc c chnh
xc cao hn, nhng cc d liu multigroup cng rt hu dng cho cc bi ton m phng php
vn chuyn nhm hiu qu hn phng php Monte Carlo (vd: tc nhanh hn) hay cc bi ton
m khng c d liu nng lng ln tc, cc bi ton m phng ht mang in gi neutron vi
thut ton Boltzmann-Fokker-Planck,... Ngoi ra, cc bng multigroup cng c d liu hiu ng
10

Tng tc ca photon vi vt cht, ngoi tr cc tng tc quang ht nhn, ch yu l vi electron nguyn t

nn gi tr ca s khi A l khng quan trng.

33

CHNG 3. CU TRC CHNG TRNH MCNP

nhit ring nn ta khng cn dng n cc d liu nhit S(, ). Cc bng ny c dng ZZZAAA.nnM
cho neutron v ZZZAAA.nnG cho photon (bao gm c electron) (xem Bng G.3, MCNP Manual).

3.3

Input file

tin hnh m phng bng chng trnh MCNP, trc tin ngi dng cn phi to ra mt input
file c cha cc thng tin cn thit ca bi ton chng hn nh: m t hnh hc, vt liu, cc kt
qu cn ghi nhn, cc qu trnh vt l,... Input file ca MCNP c th hai dng: chy ln u
(initiate-run) hoc chy tip tc (continue-run).

3.3.1

Cu trc input file

Initiate-run
Cu trc ca mt file input initiate-run cho MCNP nh sau
Tiu v thng tin v input file (nu cn)
Cell Cards (nh ngha cc mng)
. . .
dng trng
Surface Cards (nh ngha cc mt)
. . .
dng trng
Data Cards (Mode Cards,Material Cards,Source Cards,Tally Cards,...)
. . .

Continue-run
Cu trc ca mt file input continue-run cho MCNP nh sau
Tiu v thng tin v input file (nu cn)
CONTINUE
Data Cards (Mode Cards,Material Cards,Source Cards,Tally Cards,...)
. . .
Lu : chy c continue-run cn phi c hai file chnh: file khi ng (tn mc nh RUNTPE)
v file input (tn mc nh INP).

3.3.2

V d cu trc input file

Hnh 3.1 trnh by v d cu trc mt file input ca MCNP, dng u tin trong input file chnh l
dng tiu (c th b trng dng ny), tip theo sau l cc thnh phn chnh ca file input.
Trong Hnh 3.1 c 3 khi (block ) ln, l cc khi m t cell, surface v data, cc khi ny c
cch nhau bi chnh xc 1 dng trng (chng trnh s bo li nu nhiu hn 1 dng trng).
Cell cards Cell l mt vng khng gian c hnh thnh bi cc mt bin (c nh ngha
trong phn Surface cards). Khi mt cell c xc nh, vn quan trng l xc nh c gi tr
ca tt c nhng im nm trong cell tng ng vi mt mt bin.
Khi mt (surface) c nh ngha, n chia khng gian thnh hai vng vi cc gi tr dng v m
tng ng (xem Phn 4.1.1). Cell c hnh thnh bng cch thc hin cc ton t giao (khong
trng), hi (:) v b (#) cc vng khng gian to bi cc mt. Khi m t mt cell, cn phi chc
chn rng cell c bao kn bi cc mt, nu khng chng trnh s bo li sai hnh hc.

34

3.3. Input file

Hnh 3.1: V d cu trc input file

Trong Hnh 3.2, ct u tin l ch s (tn) ca cell ; ct th hai l loi vt liu (material ) c lp
y trong cell ; ct th ba l mt ca vt liu, trong trng hp vt liu l 0 (chn khng) th
khng cn khai bo mt . Ct th t l nh ngha vng khng gian hnh thnh nn cell thng
qua vic kt hp cc vng khng gian to nn bi cc mt, v ct cui cng l khai bo quan
trng (importance) ca cell.
Chi tit v Cell cards c th c xem trong Phn 4.2.

Hnh 3.2: V d cell cards

Surface cards c s dng khai bo tt c cc mt c s dng to nn cell. Cch thc

khai bo mt c m t trong Hnh 3.3, ct u tin l ch s mt (tng ng vi cc ch s c
s dng trong ct th t Cell cards); ct th hai nh ngha loi mt (mt phng, mt cu, tr,
ellip,...); ct cui cng l cc tham s khai bo tng ng vi loi mt .
Chi tit v Surface cards c th c xem trong Phn 4.1.
Data cards bao gm nhiu loi khai bo khc nhau (vt liu, ngun pht, chng loi ht, nng
lng,...), chi tit v cc khai bo ny s c trnh by trong cc chng sau. Hnh 3.4 trnh by
mt v d cho Data cards, trong c khai bo v loi vt liu s dng trong Cell cards (c hai
loi vt liu l m1 v m2 tng ng vi cc ch s 1 v 2 trong ct th hai ca Cell cards), v khai
bo v ngun pht cng nh phng thc ghi nhn kt qu trong qu trnh m phng.

35

CHNG 3. CU TRC CHNG TRNH MCNP

Hnh 3.3: V d surface cards

Hnh 3.4: V d data cards

3.3.3

Mt s lu khi xy dng input file

Nn dng cc trnh son tho vn bn nh notepad hoc wordpad son tho input file,
khng dng cc chng trnh nh Microsoft Word.
Tn ca input file khng c vt qu 8 k t.
Dng u tin trong input file l dng ghi thng tin ca input, nu khng c thng tin th
trng dng ny.
Khng c s dng phm tab to khong trng trong khi vit input, ch c s dng
phm spacebar.
Trong Cell card hoc Surface card, 5 k t u tin trong mi dng c dng khai bo
ch s ca cell hoc mt.
S k t ti a cho mi dng l 80 k t, nu vt qu th phi xung dng v dng k t
& cui dng bo cho MCNP bit l thng tin vn cn tip tc dng di, hoc nu
khng th dng tip theo phi trng 5 k t u tin.
K t c c t trong khong 5 k t u tin ca dng c tc dng comment c dng,
MCNP s khng thc hin cc dng ny trong khi chy chng trnh.
K t $ c tc dng comment cc thng tin pha sau n.
K t # c t trong vng 5 k t u tin ca dng c cha tn card c tc dng chuyn
khai bo dng dng sang khai bo dng ct.
Trong MCNP, cc n v c mc nh nh sau: nng lng (MeV), khi lng (g), khng
gian (centimet), thi gian (shake = 108 s), nhit (MeV), mt nguyn t (nguyn
t/barn-cm), mt khi lng (g/cm3 ), tit din (barn).
Cch vit ngn gn i vi nhng tham s lp li:
nr

lp li tham s ng pha trc n ln.

V d:
2 3r thay cho 2 2 2 2

3.4. Output file

ni
nm
nj

3.4

36

thm n tham s ni suy trong khong gia hai tham s cho.

V d:
1 3i 5 thay cho 1 2 3 4 5
nhn tham s pha trc ln n ln v ghi vo pha sau.
V d:
1 3m 3m thay cho 1 3 9
b qua n tham s.
V d:
trong 1 card c 5 tham s cn khai bo, ta ch mun khai bo tham s
th 3, cn cc tham s khc mc nh, ta c th vit 2j b qua hai tham s
u v bt u khai bo tham s th 3.

Output file

MCNP cung cp nhiu loi file d liu u ra (output) tu thuc vo tng yu cu c th. Mt s
file output c trng ca MCNP
OUTP file d liu u ra chun ca MCNP, file ny cung cp cc thng tin v qu trnh m
phng cng nh cc kt qu ca n. Cc thng tin mc nh ca file OUTP gm c
Ni dung input file
Cc bng tm tt cc thng tin v cell, mt, ht ngun, cc tng tc trong qu trnh m
phng (iu chnh thng qua lnh PRINT trong input file)
Cc thng tin chu k KCODE (nu c)
Cc kt qu tally
Bng kim nh thng k cc kt qu tally
...
RUNTPE file nh phn cha cc thng tin din bin ca qu trnh m phng, c s dng
chy li (hay chy tip) MCNP, c iu khin bi PRDMP card (xem Phn 9.1.2).
MCTAL file ASCII cha cc kt qu tally tng ng vi ln kt xut (dump) cui cng ca
RUNTPE, n cng c th c c bi MPLOT (xem Phn 9.1.3) v kt qu tally trong MCNP.
Ngoi ra tu vo mc ch ca bi ton, chng ta cng c th xut ra cc file output cha nhng
thng tin khc, chng hn nh
MESHTAL file kt qu mesh tally vi nh dng ASCII
RSSA file nh phn cha thng tin ngun mt c
WSSA file nh phn cha thng tin ngun mt c ghi ra
WXXA file nh phn tm (scratch file) cha thng tin ngun mt c ghi
PTRAC file cha thng tin v vt ca ht (particle track )
WWONE file cha thng tin ca s trng s nng lng hay thi gian
WWOUT file cha thng tin ca s trng s c to (file input tng ng l WWINP)
SRCTP file nh phn cha thng tin phn b ngun KCODE
PLOTM.PS file ho postscript

4
nh ngha hnh hc

Hnh hc c th hin trong MCNP l hnh hc c cu hnh 3 chiu tu . MCNP x l cc

hnh hc trong h to Descartes. Hnh hc trong MCNP c m t thng qua cc cell card v
surface card.
S dng cc mt bin c xc nh trn cc cell card v surface card, MCNP theo di s chuyn
ng ca cc ht qua cc hnh hc, tnh ton cc ch giao nhau ca cc qu o vt vi cc mt
bin v tm khong cch dng nh nht ca cc ch giao. Nu khong cch ti ln va chm k tip
ln hn khong cch nh nht, ht s ri khi cell ang . Sau , ti im giao thu c trn b
mt, MCNP s xc nh cell k tip theo m ht s vo bng cch kim tra gi tr ca im giao
(m hoc dng) i vi mi mt c lit k trong cell. Da vo kt qu , MCNP tm c cell
ng pha bn kia v tip tc qu trnh vn chuyn.

4.1

Surface Cards

4.1.1

Cc mt c nh ngha bi phng trnh

to ra cc vng khng gian hnh hc phc v cho vic m phng, MCNP cung cp mt s cc
dng mt c bn chng hn nh mt phng, mt cu, mt tr, ... (c tt c gn 30 loi mt c
bn). Cc khi hnh hc m phng c to thnh bng cch kt hp cc vng khng gian gia
cc mt vi nhau thng qua cc ton t giao, hi v b.
Cc mt c nh ngha trong Surface card bng cch cung cp cc h s ca cc phng trnh
gii tch mt hay cc thng tin v cc im bit trn mt. Cc phng trnh gii tch cho mt
c cung cp bi MCNP c trnh by trong Bng 4.1.
C php:
Trong :
j
n

a
list

list

ch s mt.
b qua hoc bng 0 nu khng c dich chuyn to .
> 0, s dng TRn card dch chuyn to .
< 0, tun hon theo mt n.
k hiu loi mt.
cc tham s nh ngha mt.

38
4.1. Surface Cards

K hiu
P
PX
PY
PZ
SO
S
SX
SY
SZ
C/X
C/Y
C/Z
CX
CY
CZ
K/X
K/Y
K/Z
KX
KY
KZ
SQ

GQ

TX
TY
TZ
PXYZ

Loi
Mt phng
Mt phng
Mt phng
Mt phng
Mt cu
Mt cu
Mt cu
Mt cu
Mt cu
Mt tr
Mt tr
Mt tr
Mt tr
Mt tr
Mt tr
Mt nn
Mt nn
Mt nn
Mt nn
Mt nn
Mt nn
Ellipsoid
Hyperboloid
Paraboloid
Hnh tr, nn
Ellipsoid
Hyperboloid
Paraboloid
Mt xuyn
ellipse hoc trn
khng // trc X,Y,Z

M t
Mt phng thng
trc X
trc Y
trc Z
Tm ti gc to
Mt cu thng
Tm trn trc X
Tm trn trc Y
Tm trn trc Z
// trc X
// trc Y
// trc Z
Trn trc X
Trn trc Y
Trn trc Z
// trc X
// trc Y
// trc Z
Trn trc X
Trn trc Y
Trn trc Z
// trc X,Y,Z

Ax2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + Dxy + Eyz + F zx

+Gx + Hy + Jz + K = 0

Hm
Ax + By + Cz D = 0
xD =0
yD =0
zD =0
x2 + y 2 + z 2 R 2 = 0
(x x
)2 + (y y)2 + (z z)2 R2 = 0
(x x
)2 + y 2 + z 2 R2 = 0
x2 + (y y)2 + z 2 R2 = 0
x2 + y 2 + (z z)2 R2 = 0
(y y)2 + (z z)2 R2 = 0
(x x
)2 + (z z)2 R2 = 0
(x x
)2 + (y y)2 R2 = 0
y 2 + z 2 R2 = 0
x2 + z 2 R 2 = 0
x2 + y 2 R 2 = 0
p
2
2
) = 0
p(y y) + (z z) t(x x
)2 + (z z)2 t(y y) = 0
p(x x
(x px
)2 + (y y)2 t(z z) = 0
2
2
) = 0
y + z t(x x
2
2
px + z t(y y) = 0
x2 + y 2 t(z z) = 0
A(x x
)2 + B(y y)2 + C(z z)2
+2D(x x
) + 2E(y y) + 2F (z z) + G = 0

x
yzABC
x
yzABC
x
yzABC

ABCDEF G
HJK

Tham s
ABCD
D
D
D
R
x
yzR
x
R
yR
zR
yzR
x
zR
x
yR
R
R
R
x
yzt2 1
x
yzt2 1
x
yzt2 1
x
t2 1
yt2 1
zt2 1
ABCDEF G
x
yz

Bng 4.1: Mt s loi mt c nh ngha trong MCNP

Trc // vi X
Trc // vi Y
Trc // vi Z

p
(x x
)2 /B 2 + ( (y y)2 + (z z)2 A)2 /C 2 1 = 0
p
(y y)2 /B 2 + (p (x x
)2 + (z z)2 A)2 /C 2 1 = 0
(z z)2 /B 2 + ( (x x
)2 + (y y)2 A)2 /C 2 1 = 0
Mt phng to bi cc im

39

CHNG 4. NH NGHA HNH HC

V d 4.1: Cch vit nh ngha mt

Surface
Name
Data
1
PX
5
(Mt phng vung gc vi trc x c phng trnh: x 5 = 0, ct trc x ti x = 5cm)
Surface
Name
Data
2
CZ
3.1
(Mt tr c phng trnh x2 + y 2 3.12 = 0, c tm trn trc z, R = 3.1cm)

V d 4.2: Mt s v d cho nh ngha mt

Mt phng:
PX
1.0
(Mt phng vung gc vi trc x ti im x = 1.0 cm)
PY
-10.0
(Mt phng vung gc vi trc y ti im y = -10.0 cm)
PZ
1.0
(Mt phng vung gc vi trc z ti im z = 1.0 cm)
Mt cu:
SO
100.1
(Mt cu c tm ti gc ta v c bn knh l 100.1 cm)
SY
10.0
3.0
(Mt cu c tm nm trn trc y ti im y = 10.0 cm v c bn knh 3.0 cm)
S
1.0
2.0
4.5
2.0
(Mt cu c tm ti im c ta (1.0, 2.0, 4.5) v c bn knh 2.0 cm)
Mt tr:
CY
1.0
(Mt tr nm trn trc y c bn knh l 1.0 cm)
C/Z
3.0
5.0
2.4
(Mt tr song song vi trc z c tm nm ti ta (x, y) = (3.0,5.0)cm v c bn knh l
2.4 cm)

Xc nh chiu ca mt mt Nu xt trng hp trong khng gian ch c mt mt, th mt

ny s chia khng gian thnh 2 vng ring bit. Gi s rng s = f (x, y, z) = 0 l phng trnh ca
mt mt trong bi ton. i vi mt im (x, y, z) m c s = 0 th im trn mt, nu s m
im c gi l bn trong mt v c gn du m. Ngc li, nu s dng, im c
gi l bn ngoi mt th c gn du dng.
Bn cnh , quy c v chiu ca mt c th c xc nh mt cch n gin hn i vi mt
s mt c th:
i vi cc mt phng vung gc vi trc to : vng pha chiu dng ca trc to s
mang du +, ngc li mang du .
i vi cc mt tr, cu, nn, elip, parabolic: vng bn ngoi mt s mang du +, bn
trong mang du .
Trong cc hnh bn di, cc con s c khoanh trn l k hiu cho cc cell, cc con s khng khoanh
trn l cc mt. Cell 1 (phn mu xm) l phn khng gian b bao ph bi cc mt bin nh trong
hnh, cell 2 l phn khng gian bn ngoi cell 1. Cc trc to c chiu t di ln trn v t
tri qua phi.

40

4.1. Surface Cards

Ton t giao:
Cell 1 cha vt cht l phn giao ca:
Vng pha trn mt 1 (du +)
Vng tri ca mt 2 (du )
Vng di ca mt 3 (du )
Vng phi ca mt 4 (du +)
Khai bo cc mt cho cell 1 l:

1 -2 -3 4

Ton t hp:
Khai bo cc mt cho cell 1v 2 ln lt l:
cell 1:

1 -2 (-3 : -4) 5

cell 2:

-5 : -1 : 2 : 3 4

Ton t b :
Khai bo cc mt cho cell 1v 2 ln lt l:
cell 1:

1 -2 -3 4

cell 2:

-1 : 2 : 3 : -4

hoc

#1 (b cell 1)

V d 4.3: M t mt mt phng ct cc trc ta ti cc v tr x = 1cm v y = 2cm

Mt mt phng c phng trnh tng qut Ax + By + Cz D = 0, trc tin chng ta cn
xc nh cc h s ABCD m t mt phng ny:
Mt phng ct trc x ti v tr x = 1 cho nn im (1,0,0) thuc mt phng, ta c phng
trnh: A D = 0
Mt phng ct trc y ti v tr y = 2 cho nn im (0,2,0) thuc mt phng, ta c phng
trnh: 2B D = 0
Mt phng khng ct trc z cho nn C = 0
T ta thu c h thc A = 2B = D, nu chn A = 1 ta c th khai bo mt phng nh
sau:
1

0.5

V d 4.4: M t mt mt elliptic paraboloid

41

CHNG 4. NH NGHA HNH HC

Trong MCNP, cng thc tng qut m t cc mt (ellipsoid, hyperboloid, paraboloid,...) l

Ax2 + By 2 + Cz 2 + Dxy + Eyz + F zx + Gx + Hy + Jz + K = 0
Trong cc sch gio khoa, phng trnh elliptic paraboloid c m ta qua cng thc
z
x2 y 2
= 2+ 2
c
a
b
Phng trnh trn c th d dng chuyn i sang dng tng ng vi cng thc tng qut
trong MCNP
b2 c x2 + a2 c y 2 + 0z 2 + 0xy + 0yz + 0zx + 0x + 0y a2 b2 z + 0 = 0

4.1.2

Macrobody

Cc mt c nh ngha thng qua cc khi hnh hc n gin c xy dng sn trong MCNP.

BOX hnh hp vung
C php:

BOX

Trong
Vx Vy Vz
A1x A1y A1z
A2x A2y A2z
A3x A3y A3z

Vx Vy Vz
cc ta
vector ca
vector ca
vector ca

A1x A1y A1z

A2x A2y A2z

A3x A3y A3z

x,y,z ca 1 gc hp.
mt u tin.
mt th hai.
mt th ba.

RPP hnh hp xin

C php:

RPP

Trong
Xmin Xmax

Xmin Xmax

Ymin Ymax

Ymin Ymax

Zmin Zmax

Zmin Zmax
cc ta ca cc gc hp.

SPH hnh cu
C php:

SPH

Trong
Vx Vy Vz
R

Vx Vy Vz

cc ta x,y,z ca tm hnh cu.

bn knh

RCC hnh tr trn

C php:

RCC

Trong
Vx Vy Vz
Hx Hy Hz
R

Vx Vy Vz

Hx Hy Hz

cc ta x,y,z ca tm y.
vector cao trc hnh tr.
bn knh

RHP/HEX lng tr su phng

C php:
Trong
V1 V2 V3

RHP

V1 V2 V3

H1 H2 H3

R1 R2 R3

cc ta x,y,z ca mt y.

S1 S2 S3

T1 T2 T3

42

4.1. Surface Cards

H1
R1
S1
T1

H2
R2
S2
T2

vector
vector
vector
vector

H3
R3
S3
T3

t
t
t
t

y ti nh.
trc n gia mt th nht.
trc n gia mt th hai.
trc n gia mt th ba.

REC hnh tr y dng ellip

C php:

REC

Vx Vy Vz

Trong
Vx Vy Vz
Hx Hy Hz
V1x V1y V1z
V2x V2y V2z

Hx Hy Hz

V1x V1y V1z

V2x V2y V2z

cc ta x,y,z ca mt phng y.
vector cao trc hnh tr.
vector trc chnh ca ellip (vung gc vi Hx Hy Hz ).
vector trc ph ca ellip (trc giao vi H v V1 ).

TRC hnh nn ct
C php:

TRC

Vx Vy Vz

Trong
Vx Vy Vz
Hx Hy Hz
R1 R2

Hx Hy Hz

R1 R2

cc ta x,y,z ca mt y.
vector cao trc hnh nn.
bn knh nh v bn knh ln ca hnh nn ct.

ELL ellipsoid
C php:

ELL

Trong
Nu Rm > 0:
V1x V1y
V2x V2y
Rm
Nu Rm < 0:
V1x V1y
V2x V2y
Rm

V1x V1y V1z

V2x V2y V2z

Rm

V1z
V2z

ta tiu im th nht.
ta tiu im th hai.
chiu di trc chnh.

V1z
V2z

tm ca ellipsoid.
vector trc chnh.
chiu di bn knh ph.

WED hnh nm
C php:

WED

Trong
Vx Vy Vz
V1x V1y V1z
V2x V2y V2z
V3x V3y V3z

Vx Vy Vz

V1x V1y V1z

V2x V2y V2z

V3x V3y V3z

ta nh.
vector ca mt tam gic u tin.
vector ca mt tam gic th hai.
vector chiu cao.

ARB khi a din

C php:

ARB

Ax Ay Az

Bx By Bz

...

Hx Hy Hz

N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6

Trong
Tm b ba u tin (A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H) nh ngha ta cc gc ca a din.
Su tham s tip theo mang 4 ch s nh ngha cc mt to thnh t cc gc.
V d 4.5: Cch khai bo macrobody

43

CHNG 4. NH NGHA HNH HC

BOX -1 -1 -1 2 0 0 0 2 0
0 0 2
(Khi hp c tm gc ta , kch thc mi cnh l 2cm)
RPP -1 1 -1 1 -1 1
(Tng ng vi khai bo BOX trn)
RCC 0 -5 0 0 10 0 4
(Hnh tr cao 10cm song song vi trc y, c mt phng y ti v tr y = 5cm v bn knh 4cm)

4.2

Cell Cards

Mi cell c din t bi s cell (cell number ), s vt cht (material number ), mt vt cht

(material density), mt dy cc mt (surfaces) c du (m hoc dng) kt hp nhau thng qua
cc ton t giao (khong trng), hi (:), b (#) to thnh cell.
C php:
hoc

j
j

Trong :
j
m
d

m
d
LIKE
n

geom
BUT

params
list

ch s cell.
ch s vt cht trong cell, m=0 ch cell trng.
khi lng ring ca cell theo n v [1024 nguyn t/cm3 ] nu du + hoc
[g/cm3 ] nu du pha trc.
phn m t hnh hc ca cell, c gii hn bi cc mt.
cc tham s tu chn: imp, u, trcl, lat, fill, ...
ch s ca mt cell khc.
cc t kho dng nh ngha s khc nhau gia cell n v j.

geom
params
n
list

V d 4.6: Cch nh ngha cell

1
0
-1
Cell s 1 l cell trng nm bn cnh mt 1 (theo chiu m). Khng cn ghi mt trong
trng hp cell trng.
2
1
-2.7
1
-2
Cell s 2 l cell lm bng vt liu m1 c mt vt cht l 2.7 g/cm3 nm bn cnh mt
2 (theo chiu m).
3
LIKE
2
BUT
TRCL=1
Cell s 3 ging nh cell s 2 nhng nm mt v tr khc (TRCL=1).
V d di y th hin r hn s kt hp gia cell card v surface card.
V d 4.7: M t 1 cell hnh hp ch nht c chiu di cc cnh theo trc x, y, z ln lt l 2, 4
v 7 cm
Cell hnh hp ch nht c to thnh t 6 mt phng vung gc vi cc trc x, y v z. Nu
cho tm ca cell nm ti gc ta , cc mt phng vung gc vi cc trc c th c khai
bo nh sau:
1

(1 -2 3 -4 5 -6)

vi cc mt phng:
1
2
3
4

PX
PX
PY
PY

-1
1
-2
2

$
$
$
$

Mat
Mat
Mat
Mat

phang
phang
phang
phang

vuong
vuong
vuong
vuong

goc
goc
goc
goc

truc
truc
truc
truc

x
x
y
y

44

4.3. Mt s card nh ngha tnh cht ca cell

5
6

PZ
PZ

-3.5
3.5

$ Mat phang vuong goc truc z

$ Mat phang vuong goc truc z

Ngoi ra, thay v khai bo 6 mt, ta cng c th m t hnh hp bng cch s dng macrobody
(xem Phn 4.1.2) nh sau:
1

RPP

-1

-2

-3.5

3.5

Khi khai bo cell c mt tham s thng xuyn xut hin, imp (importance), tham s ny c th
c xem nh l quan trng (trng s) ca mi cell. quan trng ca cell bng 0 trong trng
hp ca cell v tr (universe cell ) l cell m t vng khng gian bn ngoi vng m ta m phng.
C hai cch khai bo imp:
t ngay sau cc cell trong Cell card
2
0
-7:8:-9
imp:p=1
3
1
-1.0 #2
imp:n=2
a vo trong khi Data card
imp:n 1 2 4 5r 1 0
i lng ny ch thc s c ngha khi ngi dng s dng cc k thut gim phng sai (variance
reduction technique). Khi , cc cell c quan trng cao hn s nhn c m phng chi tit
hn (s lng cc ht c m phng nhiu hn) so vi cc cell c quan trng thp (xem
Chng 8). Theo quy c, khi ht i vo trong cell c quan trng bng 0, qu trnh m phng
ht s kt thc. Thng thng cc cell m t vng khng gian bao ngoi khu vc m phng s
c gn gi tr ny.

4.3
4.3.1

Mt s card nh ngha tnh cht ca cell

Material Cards

Material card m t loi vt liu c lp y trong cell trong qu trnh m phng. Cc thnh
phn trong vt liu c xc nh bng s hiu nguyn t ca nguyn t thnh phn v t l phn
trm ca nguyn t trong vt cht.
C php:

Mm

ZAID1

fraction1

ZAID2

fraction2 ...

Trong :
m
ZAID

ch s ca vt liu.
s hiu xc nh ng v, c dng ZZZAAA.nnX vi:
ZZZ l s hiu nguyn t
AAA l s khi
nn l s ch ca b s liu tit din tng tc s c s dng
X l kiu d liu (C nng lng lin tc; D phn ng ri rc;...)
fraction t l ng gp ca ng v trong vt liu.

Trong khi khai bo ng v, s hiu nguyn t ZZZ khng nht thit phi vit 3 ch s. i vi
cc ng v t nhin AAA=000, chng hn nh khi khai bo ng v 16 O ta c th vit 8016 hay
8000 u c. Trong thc t, i vi trng hp cc ht kho st l photon hoc electron, tit
din tng tc khng c s ph thuc r rt vo s khi nn ta c th s dng AAA=000 cho cc
trng hp ny. Trong trng hp khng khai bo ui nnX, b d liu tit din mc nh s c
s dng.
T l ng gp ca ng v trong vt liu s c tnh theo t l s nguyn t c trong hp cht
nu mang gi tr dng, hoc theo t l khi lng nu mang gi tr m.
V d 4.8: nh ngha vt liu kapton

45

CHNG 4. NH NGHA HNH HC

Hp cht kapton (c k hiu l m2) c cng thc C22 H10 N2 O4 c m t nh sau:

m2 6000 0.579 1000 0.263 7000 0.053 8000 0.105
Cc s 0.579, 0.263, 0.053 v 0.105 th hin t l s nguyn t ng gp ca cc nguyn t
C (6000), H (1000), N (7000) v O (8000) trong hp cht kapton.
Trong trng hp mun m t t l khi lng, ta s dng du tr t trc t l ng gp
ca mi nguyn t
m2 6000 -0.731 1000 -0.027 7000 -0.077 8000 -0.175

V d 4.9: nh ngha vt liu uranium t nhin

Trong t nhin U-235 ch chim 0.72%, phn cn li l U-238. Do ta s khai bo vt liu
uranium t nhin nh sau
m1

92238 0.9928

92235 0.0072

Ngoi ra, chng ta cn c th xc nh th vin m MCNP cn s dng trong qu trnh m

phng. V d nh nu chng ta ang tin hnh bi ton m phng cho vn chuyn neutron,
th vin thng c s dng l .66c, ta c th vit
m1

92238.66 c 0.9928

92235.66 c 0.0072

Lu : nu tng t l ng gp ca cc ng v trong hp cht khc 1, chng trnh MCNP s t

ng chun li cc t l ny sao cho tng ca chng ng bng 1.
Ngoi ra cc vt liu c nh ngha trong Mm card c th c i km vi mt MTm card xc
nh b d liu tng tc S(,) i km (xem Ph lc G, MCNP Manual). Trong trng hp
, MCNP s s dng m hnh tn x t do (free-gas treatment) cho n khi nng lng ca ht
xung ti mc tn x nhit S(,) (thng thng khong di 4eV) v s dng tng tc tn x
nhit ny thay th trong m phng1 .
C php:
Trong :
m
Xi

MTm

X1

X2 ...

ch s ca vt liu c nh ngha trong Mm card.

ch s ca phn ng S(,) tng ng vi vt liu c nh ngha.

V d 4.10: Khai bo tng tc tn x nhit

Di y l mt s v d cho khai bo tng tc tn x nhit cho vt liu nc nh, polyethylene
v graphite
M1 1001 2 8016 1 $ light water
MT1 LWTR .07
M14 1001 2 6012 1 $ polyethylene
MT14 POLY .03
M8 6012 1 $ graphite
MT8 GRPH .01

4.3.2

Cell Volume Card (VOL)

Card VOL c dng khai bo th tch cho cc cell. Thng thng MCNP s tnh th tch v
khi lng ca mt cell da vo cc thng tin ca cell m ngi dng khai bo. Khi card ny c
1

Thng thng hiu ng tn x nhit ch tr nn quan trng khi nng lng xung di 2eV.

46

4.4. Chuyn trc ta

s dng, MCNP s s dng thng tin v th tch c cung cp trong card thay v dng cc th
tch tnh ton c.
C php:
hay

VOL
VOL

Trong
xi
NO

x1 x2
...
xi
NO
x1 x2
...

xi

ch s ca cell.
khng c th tch hay din tch c tnh.

V d 4.11: Khai bo th tch cell

Gi s ta mun khai bo th tch cho 10 cell u l 0.5cm3 v 5 cell sau l 0.3cm3 , ta vit nh
sau
VOL

0.5 9 r 0.3 4 r

(K t r dng lp li s ng trc n N ln)

4.3.3

Surface Area Card (AREA)

Card AREA tng t nh VOL nhng dnh cho khai bo din tch b mt.
C php:

AREA

Trong
xi

x1

...

xi

...

xn

din tch ca mt th i.

V d 4.12: Khai bo din tch b mt cell

Gi s ta mun khai bo din tch b mt cho cc cell ln lt l 0.5, 0.2, 0.2, 1.0, 2.1 v
0.3cm2 , ta vit nh sau
AREA

4.4
4.4.1

0.5 0.2 r 1.0 2.1 0.3

Chuyn trc ta
Coordinate Transformation Card (TRn)

C php:
TRn (*TRn)
Trong
n
O1 O2 O3
B1 n B9

O1 O2 O3

B1 B2 B3

B4 B5 B6

B7 B8 B9

ch s cho vic chuyn i trc.

vector chuyn i (v tr ca to mi so vi to c).
ma trn c trng cho tng quan gc gia cc trc to ca
hai h to c v mi.
TRn: Bi l cosin ca gc gia hai trc to c v mi.
*TRn: Bi l gc (tnh theo ).

M = 1 ngha l dch chuyn ta vector t v tr gc ca h trc ta ph c xc nh

qua h trc ta chnh (c mc nh sn).
M = 1 ngha l dch chuyn ta vector t v tr gc ca h trc ta chnh c xc
nh qua h trc ta ph.
Mc nh: TRn 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1

47

CHNG 4. NH NGHA HNH HC

V d 4.13: M t 1 cell hnh tr c ng knh 1cm, cao 3cm v nghing 1 gc 30 so vi trc x

trong mt phng xy
m t hnh tr theo yu cu t ra, trc tin ta s m t mt hnh tr song song vi theo
trc x c tm nm ti gc ta , ri sau s dng TRn card quay trc i mt gc 30 so vi
x. Cch m t cell hnh tr song song vi trc x nh sau:
1

(1 -2 -3)

1 1 PX
2 1 PX
3 1 CX

-1.5
1.5
0.5

$ Mat phang vuong goc truc x

$ Mat phang vuong goc truc x
$ Mat tru song song truc x

S 1 t sau ch s mt c ngha l cc mt s c chuyn trc toa theo TR1, cch khai

bo cc h s trong TRn card c m t trong Phn 4.4.1 v Ph lc D. Trong trng hp
ny TR1 c dng nh sau:
* TR1

0 0 0

30 60 90

120 30 90

90 90 0

Thc ra chng ta cng khng cn thit phi khai bo ht tt c cc h s Bi, m chng ta c

th rt gn nh sau
* TR1

4.4.2

3J

30 60 90

Cell Transformation Card (TRCL)

Card TRCL c chc nng tng t nh TRn nhng c s dng trc tip trn cell card.
C php:
hoc
Trong
n

TRCL=n
TRCL=(O1 O2 O3

B1 B2 B3

B4 B5 B6

B7 B8 B9

M)

ch s chuyn trc c nh ngha tng t nh trong TRn.

V d 4.14: M t cell 1 c dng hnh tr ng knh 1cm, cao 3cm v cell 2 ging cell 1 nhng
nghing 1 gc 30 so vi trc x trong mt phng xy
Tng t nh v d trc ta c cell 1 dng hnh tr song song vi trc x c m t nh
sau:
1

(1 -2 -3)

1
2
3

PX
PX
CX

-1.5
1.5
0.5

$ Mat phang vuong goc truc x

$ Mat phang vuong goc truc x
$ Mat tru song song truc x

Chng ta thm cell 2 c dng hnh tr ging vi cell 1 nhng c quay mt gc 30 thng
qua TR1
1
2

0
(1 -2 -3)
LIKE 1 BUT TRCL =1

1
2
3

PX
PX
CX

* TR1

-1.5
1.5
0.5
10 0 0

$ Cell 2 giong cell 1 , chuyen truc TR1

$ Mat phang vuong goc truc x

$ Mat phang vuong goc truc x
$ Mat tru song song truc x
30 60 90

$ Chuyen truc

48

4.5. Lattice

4.5

Lattice

i vi cc hnh hc c cu trc lp (repeated structure geometry), bn cnh vic s dng LIKE ...
BUT, chng trnh MCNP cn cung cp mt s cc tnh nng gip chng ta trnh vic phi m t
nhiu ln cng mt hnh hc. Mt trong nhng tnh nng l mt t hnh hc di dng lattice
thng qua vic s dng cc card U, FILL v LAT.

4.5.1

Universe & Fill Card (U & FILL)

Khi mt cell hoc mt nhm cell c gn universe (thng qua U), cc cell ny s c lp y
mt cell khc khi FILL c gi.
C php:

U=n
FILL=n
FILL=i:i

hoc

Trong
n
i:i j:j k:k
mj

4.5.2

j:j

k:k

m1

m2

...

mj

...

k hiu c gn cho cell c chn lp y.

cc tham s ch cc lattice c lp y.
cc k hiu universe tng ng vi cc lattice.

Lattice Card (LAT)

C php:

LAT=n

Trong
n=1
n=2

lattice dng khi vung.

lattice dng khi lc gic.

V d 4.15: nh ngha lattice hnh hp

1
2

0
0

12 -13 14 -15 16 -17 FILL =1

27 -28 29 -30 31 -32 U =1 LAT =1

12
13
14
15
16
17
27
28
29
30
31
32

PX
PX
PY
PY
PZ
PZ
PX
PX
PY
PY
PZ
PZ

-1
1
-1
1
-1
1
-0.05
0.05
-0.05
0.05
-0.05
0.05

Cell 1 c lp y bi cell 2. Cell 2 c dng lattice hnh hp kch thc 1 1 1 mm3 . Trong
v d trn, cell 1 l mt khi lp phng c kch thc 20 20 20 mm3 , vy s c chia
thnh 20 20 20 = 8000 lattice nh. Trong , ch s ca cc lattice c cho mt cch i
xng. Trong trng hp s lattice c chia theo 1 trc N l s chn, ch s s c nh t
N/2 n N/2. Trong trng hp N l, ch s s c nh t (N 1)/2 n (N + 1)/2.
Nh trong v d trn, cc ch s s c nh t 10 n 10 theo trc x, 10 n 10 theo
trc y v 10 n 10 theo trc z.

5
nh ngha ngun

Khi m phng vn chuyn ht, bn cnh vic m t hnh hc ca vng khng gian kho st, chng
ta cn cn m t cc loi ht cn kho st v cch thc pht cc ht ny. Trong chng ny, chng
ta s tin hnh tm hiu cch thc khai bo cc ngun pht ht. Chng trnh MCNP cho php
ngi dng th nh ngha nhiu loi ngun khc nhau, ph hp vi tng loi bi ton c th.

5.1

Mode Cards

Mode card l phn khai bo loi ht m ta mun xt. Trong MCNP, c tt c 3 loi ht l neutron
(n), photon (p) v electron (e).
C php:

MODE X

Trong X l loi ht m ta mun xt. X = N trong trng hp ca neutron, X = P trong trng

hp ca photon v X = E trong trng hp ca electron.
V d 5.1: Khai bo loi ht cn kho st
MODE P (loi ht kho st l photon)
MODE P,E (loi ht kho st l photon v electron)

5.2

Cc kiu nh ngha ngun

MCNP cho php ngi dng m t ngun cc dng khc nhau thng qua cc thng s ngun nh
nng lng, thi gian, v tr v hng pht ngun hay cc thng s hnh hc khc nh cell hoc
surface. Bn cnh vic m t ngun theo phn b xc sut, ngi dng cn c th s dng cc
hm dng sn m t ngun. Cc hm ny bao gm cc hm gii tch cho cc ph nng lng
phn hch v nhit hch chng hn nh cc ph Watt, Maxwell v cc ph dng Gauss (dng theo
thi gian, dng ng hng, cosin v dc theo mt hng nht nh).
Mt s loi ngun trong MCNP:
Ngun tng qut (SDEF)
Ngun mt (SSR/SSW)
Ngun ti hn (KCODE)

50

5.3. Ngun tng qut

Ngun im (KSRC)
Cc thng s ca ngun thng bao gm:
Nng lng (energy)
Thi gian (time)
Hng (direction)
V tr (position)
Loi ht (particle ype)
Trng s (weight) (cell/surface nu c)

5.3
5.3.1

Ngun tng qut

nh ngha

Card SDEF c dng nh ngha ngun mt cch tng qut.

C php:

SDEF

cc bin ngun = gi tr

Mt s bin ngun thng dng:

POS
to v tr ngun, mc nh: (0,0,0).
SUR
s hiu mt ca ngun, mc nh: 0 (ngun cell).
CEL
s hiu cell ca ngun.
NRM
du ca php tuyn b mt, mc nh: +1.
ERG
nng lng ca ht pht ra t ngun, mc nh: 14 MeV.
WGT
trng s ca ht pht ra t ngun, mc nh: 1.
PAR
loi ht pht ra t ngun, 1:neutron, 2:photon, 3:electron.
VEC
vector tham chiu cho DIR.
DIR
cosin ca gc hp bi VEC v hng bay ca ht, mc nh: ng hng.
AXS
vector tham chiu cho RAD v EXT.
RAD
bn knh qut t POS hoc t AXS, mc nh: 0.
EXT
khong cch qut t POS dc theo AXS hoc cosin ca gc qut t AXS, mc nh: 0.
X
v tr trn trc x.
Y
v tr trn trc y.
Z
v tr trn trc z.
ARA
din tch b mt.
V d 5.2: Ngun photon pht ng hng c ta (0 -4 2.5) nm trong cell 1, ht t ngun
pht ra c trng s l 2
Chng ta s s dng cc ty chn POS cho v tr ngun, CEL cho ch s cell cha ngun, WGT
cho trng s ca ht pht ra t ngun v PAR cho loi ht pht ra t ngun
SDEF

5.3.2

POS =0 -4 2.5

CEL =1

WGT =2

PAR = P

M t phn b ngun

m t phn b ngun tng qut, chng ta c th s dng cc card SIn (Source Information
Card ), SPn (Source Probability Card ) v SBn (Source Bias Card ).
C php:

SIn

option

I1

...

Ik

51

CHNG 5. NH NGHA NGUN

Trong :
n
ch s ca phn b
option m hnh phn b: H dng histogram
L dng ri rc
A dng bng (im)
S ch s ca hm lin tc
Ii
cc gi tr ca bin hoc ch s phn b
C php:
hoc

SPn
SPn

option
P1
f a b

...

Pk

Trong :
n
ch s ca phn b
option phn b xc sut: b trng tng ng vi D (L hay H), mt xc sut (A)
D xc sut tng ng vi m hnh L hay H
C xc sut tch ly tng ng vi m hnh L hay H
V xc sut t l vi th tch cell (nhn vi Pi nu c khai bo)
S ch s ca hm lin tc
f
k hiu (s m) ca hm phn b dng sn (built-in)
a b
tham s ca hm dng sn (xem Bng 5.1)
C php:
hoc

SBn
SBn

option
B1
f a b

...

Bk

Cc i lng n, option, f, a v b tng t nh trong SPn nhng f ch nhn mt trong hai gi tr

21 v 31.
Bng 5.1: Cc hm dng sn cho xc sut phn b ngun
Bin ngun
ERG

Ch s hm
2 a

ERG

3 a b

ERG

4 a b

ERG

5 a

ERG

6 a

ERG

7 a

DIR, RAD, EXT

21 a

DIR, EXT

31 a

TME, X, Y, Z

41 a b

M t ph phn b
Nng lng phn hch Maxwell: p(E) = C E 1/2 exp(E/a)
Mc nh: a = 1.2895MeV
Nng lng phn hch Watt: p(E) = C exp(E/a) sinh(bE)1/2
Mc nh: a = 0.965MeV, b = 2.29MeV1
Nng lng nhit hch Gaussian: p(E) = C exp[((E b)/2a)2 ]
Mc nh: a = 0.01MeV, b = 1 (nhit hch DT 10keV)
Nng lng bay hi: p(E) = C E exp(E/a)
Mc nh: a = 1.2895MeV
Nng lng nhit hch Gaussian vi vn tc Muir:
p(E) = C E exp[((E 1/2 b1/2 )/a)2 ]
Mc nh: a = 0.01MeV, b = 1 (nhit hch DT 10keV)
Nng lng t nh ngha thng qua cc th tc:
SPROB, SPEC, SMPSRC v CALCPS
Hm m: p(x) = c|x|a
Mc nh: a = 1 (DIR), a = 2 (RAD), a = 0 (EXT)
Hm exponential: p() = c exp(a)
Mc nh: a = 0
Phn b Gaussian theo thi gian:
p(t) = cexp[(1.6651092(t b)/2a)2 ]

V d 5.3: M t hai ngun im pht electron ti cc v tr (0,3,5) v (2,-1,6) vi xc sut pht

tng ng l 70% v 30%

52

5.3. Ngun tng qut

m t mt ngun im pht ra t 1 v tr no ta s dng POS, m t loi ht vi PAR

(1:neutron, 2:photon, 3:electron), v d nh:
SDEF

ERG =1.

POS 0 3 5

PAR =3

Trong trng hp cn m t ngun pht t hai hay nhiu v tr khc nhau, ta cho gi tr ca
POS theo mt phn b n no (k hiu l Dn), sau s dng SIn card khai bo cc gi
tr ca phn b v SPn card khai bo xc sut ca phn b.
SDEF
ERG =1.
SI3 L 0 3 5
SP3
.7

POS = d3
2 -1 6
.3

PAR =3

V d 5.4: M t ngun im pht photon ti v tr (0,2,-1) vi cc phn b nng lng pht khc
nhau
m t nng lng pht ca ngun, ta dng ERG. Trong trng hp ch m t ngun n
nng l ngun ch pht ra 1 mc nng lng xc nh (v d nh E = 1MeV), ta c th khai
bo nh sau:
SDEF

POS 0 2 -1

PAR =2

ERG =1

Ngoi ra, ta cng c th m t ngun pht ra nng lng theo mt phn b no :

Phn b vch n nng (phn b L):
SDEF
POS 0 2 -1
theo d1
SI1 L .2 .5 1.
SP1
.4 .2 .3
luong

PAR =2
1.5
.1

ERG = d1

$ Nang luong phan bo

$ Cac muc nang luong phat

$ Xac suat phat cua cac muc nang

Phn b dng histogram (phn b H):

SDEF
POS 0 2 -1
theo d1
SI1 H .2 .5 1.
SP1 D 0. .3 .5
luong

PAR =2
1.5
.2

ERG = d1

$ Nang luong phan bo

$ Cac khoang nang luong

$ Xac suat phat cua cac khoang nang

Phn b dng bng (phn b A):

SDEF
POS 0 2 -1
theo d1
SI1 A .2 .5 1.
SP1
0. .4 .6
luong

PAR =2
1.5
0.

ERG = d1

$ Nang luong phan bo

$ Cac gia tri nang luong

$ Xac suat tuong ung gia tri nang

Phn b dng lin tc:

SDEF
POS 0 2 -1
PAR =2
ERG = d1
$ Nang luong phan bo
theo d1
SP1 -2 0.5
$ Phan bo Maxwell voi a = 0.5

53

CHNG 5. NH NGHA NGUN

Hnh 5.1: Cc dng phn b pht nng lng. T tri qua phi: cc phn b dng vch (L),
histogram (H), bng (A), lin tc

V d 5.5: M t phn b ngun dng tr bn knh 2cm, chiu cao 5cm, song song trc z v pht
neutron c nng lng 2MeV
m t phn b ngun dng tr, ta c th s dng cc bin EXT v RAD, cc bin ny s
dng chung mt vector tham chiu l AXS.
SDEF POS
SI2
0
SP2 -21
SI3
0
SP3 -21

0 0 0
2
1
5
0

ERG 2.

AXS 0 0 1

RAD d2

EXT d3

Vi vic khai bo cc bin RAD v EXT, chng trnh s thc hin vic ly mu phn b ngun
da trn vector tham chiu AXS. Cc khong gi tr ly mu c khai bo trong SIn, t 0 n
2 theo bn knh vung gc vi vector tham chiu (RAD) v t 0 n 5 cho theo hng dc theo
vector tham chiu (EXT). Vi vic s dng phn b 21 cho SPn card, chng ta s dng phn
b dng m vi mt xc sut phn b t l vi |x|a .

V d 5.6: M t phn b ngun theo dng dy

m t phn b ngun theo dng dy, ta c th s dng cch thc tng t nh m phng
ngun tr (ngun tr c bn knh bng 0).
SDEF POS 0 0 0
SI3
0
5
SP3 -21 0

ERG 2.

AXS 0 0 1

EXT d3

hoc c th s dng cc bin X, Y, Z

SDEF POS 0 0 0
SI3
0
5
SP3 -21 0

ERG 2.

Z d3

V d 5.7: M t ngun im pht chm tia theo hnh nn

54

5.3. Ngun tng qut

m t hng pht ca chm tia t ngun, chng ta c th s dng VEC v DIR. y, bin
VEC c s dng khai bo vector tham chiu cho bin DIR, v d nu ta mun khai bo
ngun pht theo hng z th ta s khai bo l VEC=0 0 1 hoc nu ngun pht theo hng x
th khai bo l VEC=1 0 0. Bin DIR c s dng khai bo phn b gc pht theo hng
ca VEC. V d nh ta mun khai bo mt chm tia photon 1MeV theo hng trc y vi gc
m l 10, ta s khai bo nh sau:
SDEF
POS 0 0 0
ERG 1.
SI2 -1
.985
1
SP2
0
.008
.02
SB2
0.
0.
1.

PAR 1

VEC 0 1 0

DIR d2

Phn b gc theo vector tham chiu s c xc nh bng phn b ca gi tr i = cos(i ).

Phn b ca DIR nm trong khong (,1) v gi tr tng ng vi gc m l cos(10) = 0.985.
Trong SPn card, ta khai bo t l xc sut pht theo gii hn trn ca phn b c xc nh
trong SIn card, t s ny c xc nh theo cng thc [(1 i1 ) (1 i )]/2. Cc gi tr
c khai bo trong SBn card xc nh xc sut pht tng i ca cc khong phn b gc.
Trong trng hp gia cc bin ngun c s ph thuc ln nhau, chng ta c th s dng DSn
(Dependent Source Distribution Card ).
C php:
hoc
hoc

DSn
DSn
DSn

option
J1
...
Jk
T
I1 J1
...
Ik Jk
Q
V1 S1
...
Vk Sk

Trong :
n
ch s ca phn b
option m hnh phn b: H gi tr ca cc bin ngun (v hng) trong phn b lin tc
L gi tr ca cc bin ngun ri rc
S ch s ca phn b
T
cc gi tr ca bin ph thuc theo gi tr bin c lp
Ii
cc gi tr ca bin c lp
Q
ch s ca phn b theo cc bin c lp
Vi
dy gi tr tng dn ca cc bin c lp
Si
ch s ca phn b ca cc bin ph thuc
V d 5.8: M t ngun hn hp photon/electron
Gi s ta cn khai bo mt ngun im (point source) hn hp gm photon v electron c xc
sut pht tng ng l 0.7 v 0.3. Nng lng pht ca photon l 1M eV v ca electron l
0.5M eV . khai bo ngun hn hp gm nhiu loi ht khc nhau, ta c th s dng phn
b Dn cho khai bo PAR, v s dng FPAR khai bo cho cc phn b ph thuc vo loi ht
pht ra t ngun. Cch thc khai bo nh sau:
SDEF PAR = D1 ERG = FPAR = D2 X =1 Y =0.5 Z = -3
SI1 L P E

55

CHNG 5. NH NGHA NGUN

SP1
.7 .3
DS2 L 1. .5
V d 5.9: M t hai ngun im pht phn b nng lng khc nhau
SDEF POS D1 ERG FPOS D2
SI1 L 5 3.3 6 75 3.3 6
SP1 .3 .7
DS2 S 3 4
SI3 H 2 10 14
SP3 D 0 1 2
SI4 -3 1. 1.
Trong v d ny, ta c hai ngun im nm ti v tr (5, 3.3, 6) v (75, 3.3, 6) (m t trong
SI1) vi cc xc sut pht tng ng l 0.3 v 0.7 (m t trong SP1). Bng vic s dng FPOS,
chng ta bo cho chng trnh MCNP bit rng ph nng lng pht ca hai ngun im ny
l khc nhau, ph thuc vo v tr ca chng (c m t thng qua phn b D2).
y chng ta s dng DS2 m t s ph thuc ca nng lng vo v tr. Phn b D2 c
hai phn b D3 v D4 ng vi hai v tr ngun th nht v th hai, phn b D3 c ph dng
histogram v c nh ngha thng qua SI3 v SP3; cn phn b D4 l phn b c ph dng
phn hch Watt c nh ngha thng qua SI4.

5.3.3

Ngun mt

Cc card SSW/SSR c dng ghi v c cc ht i qua mt mt no .

C php ca SSW:

SSW

s1

s2

(c1

...

ck )

s3

...

sn

options

Trong :
si
k hiu ca mt
ci
k hiu ca cell
du (+) hoc () trc mt (cell) ch chiu ghi nhn cc ht qua mt (cell) .
V d 5.10: Khai bo ghi mt
SSW

-2

(3

4)

Cc ht qua mt 1 theo hng theo chiu (+) s c ghi nhn.

Cc ht qua mt 2 s c ghi nhn nu hng theo chiu () ca mt v i vo cell 3
hoc cell 4.
C php ca SSR:

SSR

options

V d 5.11: Khai bo ghi/c mt

File trc:
File sau:

SSW
SSR

1
2
OLD 1

NEW

Cc mt 3 v 5 trong file sau s pht cc ht ghi nhn c t mt 1 trong file trc.

Cc mt 4 v 6 trong file sau s pht cc ht ghi nhn c t mt 2 trong file trc.
Lu : card SSW s to ra file tn l WSSA, cn card SSR c file tn l RSSA do cn phi i
tn file trc khi chy SSR.

56

5.4. Ngun ti hn

5.4

Ngun ti hn

KCODE thng c s dng trong cc bi ton ngng (criticality problem) ca l phn ng

nhm tnh ton h s nhn neutron (neutron multiplication factor ) kef f .
C php: KCODE
Trong
NSRCK
RKK
IKZ
KCT
MSRK
KNRM
MRKP
KC8

NSRCK RKK IKZ KCT MSRK KNRM MRKP KC8

s ngun trong 1 chu k

gi tr d on ban u ca kef f
s chu k c b qua trc khi bt u tnh ton cho tally
s chu k c tnh ton
s ngun im lu gi tr
chun ha kt qu (0: trng s, 1: s lch s ht)
gi tr chu k cc i cho MCTAL hay RUNTPE
ghi thng tin tng hp (0: tt c chu k, 1: ch nhng chu k c tnh)

V d 5.12: Khai bo KCODE

M phng 5000 neutron trong 1 chu k (cycle) vi kef f ban u bng 1.0, 50 chu k ban u
s c b qua trc khi s liu kef f c ghi nhn, tng cng chy tt c 250 chu k.
KCODE

5000

1.0

50

250

KSRC dng khai bo v tr ban u ca cc ngun im cho bi ton KCODE tng ng vi

NSRCK c khai bo trong KCODE card.
C php: KSRC

x1 y1 z1

Trong
xi yi zi

x2 y2 z2

...

v tr ban u ca cc ngun im

t nht phi c mt ngun im nm trong cell cha nhin liu phn hch v cc im khng c
nm trn bin gia cc cell. Khng nht thit phi khai bo ta cho tt c cc ngun im,
MCNP s xp x s ht (NSRCK/s im ngun) pht ra ti mi v tr ngun. Nng lng ca cc
ht ngun c ly mu theo phn b Watt vi a = 0.965MeV v b = 2.29 MeV1 .
V d 5.13: Khai bo KSRC
Hai ngun im v tr (1,0,0) v (12,3,9)
KSRC

5.5

12

Card ngng chng trnh

Thng thng iu khin ngng chng trnh, ngi ta thng s dng hai card NPS v CTME.
Trong qu trnh m phng MCNP, nu mt trong hai card NPS v CTME t ti ngng quy nh
trc th chng trnh s kt thc.
NPS ngng chng trnh khi chy s lch s ht
C php:
Trong :
N

NPS

tng s lch s ht cn chy.

57

CHNG 5. NH NGHA NGUN

V d 5.14: Khai bo NPS

Ngng chng trnh khi s lch s ht t ti gi tr 107
NPS

1 E7

CTME ngng chng trnh khi chy thi gian

C php:
Trong :
x

CTME

thi gian ti a (tnh theo pht) chy chng trnh.

V d 5.15: Khai bo CTME

Ngng chng trnh khi thi gian chy t ti 100 pht
CTME

100

5.5. Card ngng chng trnh

58

6
nh ngha tally

Vi chng trnh MCNP, ngi dng c th truy xut cc kt qu m phng nh dng ht (particle
current), thng lng ht (particle flux ), nng lng li (deposited energy),... thng qua vic s
dng cc tally card . Cc kt qu m phng trong MCNP c chun v tnh trn 1 ht ngun,
ngoi tr mt s trng hp c bit vi cc ngun ngng (criticality source).

6.1

Cc loi tally

MCNP cung cp 7 tally chun cho neutron, 6 tally chun cho photon v 4 tally chun cho electron
(xem Bng 6.1). Cc tally c bn ny c th c thay i bi ngi dng theo nhu cch khc
nhau. Tt c cc tally u c chun ho tnh trn mt ht pht ra, tr cc bi ton ngng
KCODE.
Bng 6.1: Cc loi tally
K hiu tally
F1:N hay F1:P hay F1:E
F2:N hay F2:P hay F2:E
F4:N hay F4:P hay F4:E
F5a:N hay F5a:P
FIP5:N hay FIP5:P
FIR5:N hay FIR5:P
FIC5:N hay FIC5:P
F6:N hay F6:P hay F6:N,P
F7:N
F8:N, F8:P, F8:E hay F8:P,E

M t
Dng mt
Thng lng mt
Thng lng cell
Thng lng detector vng hay im
Thng lng dy detector im cho nh l kim (pinhole)
Thng lng dy detector im cho nh phng x mt
Thng lng dy detector im cho nh phng x tr
Nng lng li trung bnh trong cell
Nng lng phn hch li trung bnh trong cell
Phn b nng lng ca xung c to ra trong detector

By loi tally trn i din cho cc loi tally c bn ca MCNP. tnh nhiu tally t cc loi
cho, chng ta hy cng bi ca 10 vo s tally. VD: F1, F11, F21, . . . , F981, . . . u l loi tally
F1.
tnh tally cho loi ht no, ta thm k hiu ht sau du : (N neutron, P photon, E electron).
Nu mun tnh cho nhiu loi ht, ta thm vo du phy gia cc loi ht. VD: F11:N v F96:N
l cc tally neutron cn F2:P v F25:P l cc tally photon. Tally F6 c th dng cho c neutron
v photon F16:N,P. Tally F8 c th dng cho c photon v electron F8:P, F8:E, F8:P,E. F8:N

60

6.1. Cc loi tally

cng c chp nhn nhng c mt li khuyn l chng ta khng nn s dng tally F8 cho neutron,
l do s c trnh by r hn phn tally F8.
Gi tr thc s ghi nhn c trong mt MCNP trc khi chun ho ln cui cng (tnh trn mt
ht bt u) c trnh by Bng 6.2. Lu rng khi thm du hoa th (*Fn) s thay i n v
i mt bi s ca tally nh ch ra ct cui ca Bng 6.2. i vi tally cao xung, du hoa
th s thay i tally t tally ghi nhn xung thnh tally ghi nhn nng lng.
Bng 6.2: Cc ai lng tng ng vi tally

Tally
F1
F2
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8

6.1.1

Fn
ai lng

Fn
n v

W
W/(|| A)
W Tl /V
W p e /(2R2 )
W Tl t (E) H(E) a /m
W Tl f (E) Q a /m
Ws trong bin E W/Ws

1/cm2
1/cm2
1/cm2
MeV/g
MeV/g
xung

*Fn
H s
E
E
E
E
1.60219E-22
1.60219E-22
E

*Fn
n v
MeV
MeV/cm2
MeV/cm2
MeV/cm2
jerks/g
jerks/g
MeV

Tally F1

Tally F1 c s dng tnh tch phn cng ca dng ht (neutron, photon, electron) qua
mt b mt (Hnh 6.1)
Z Z Z Z
F1 =
J(r, E, t, )dEdtddA
(6.1)
A

t E

vi J(r, E, t, ) = ||(r, E, t, )A, trong

r vector v tr ht
A din tch b mt
cosin ca gc hp bi php tuyn ca mt phng (
n) v qu o ca ht ()
t thi gian
E nng lng ca ht

Hnh 6.1: Minh ho cc i lng trong tally F1

Trong MCNP, tch phn ca dng c tnh thng qua vic xt tng ht i qua mt vi cc gc
khc nhau v ghi li trng s W ca ht .
Cc khong ly tch phn theo nng lng, thi gian v gc (cosin) c iu khin thng qua cc
card En, Tn v Cn. Nu khng khai bo khong gc ly tch phn (khng c Cn card), chng trnh

61

CHNG 6. NH NGHA TALLY

s ghi nhn tt c cc ht c qu o i qua mt cn kho st.

6.1.2

Tally F2

Tally F2 tnh thng lng qua mt mt (Hnh 6.2)

Z Z Z Z
1
F2 =
(r, E, t, )dEdtddA
A
A

(6.2)

t E

Hnh 6.2: Minh ho cc i lng trong tally F2, l b dy ca cell v Tl l di vt ca ht

trong cell
S dng mi qua h gia thng lng v dng J(r, E, t, ) = ||(r, E, t, )A, thng lng s c
tnh bng cng thc W/|| A.
Cc khong ly tch phn theo nng lng v thi gian c iu khin thng qua cc card En v
Tn.

6.1.3

Tally F4

Tally F4 c s dng xc nh thng lng qua cell

Z Z Z Z
1
F4 =
(r, E, t, )dEdtddV
V
V

(6.3)

t E

Khi mt ht i qua cell, n s b li nng lng do tng tc vi cc vt cht trong cell . Nu

gi l thng lng v Tl l chiu di ng i (hay di vt) ca ht (cm), V l th tch ca
cell (cm3 ), th c xc nh theo cng thc
=

X Tl
V

(6.4)

Tally F4 c xc nh theo cng thc

F4 =

1 X W Tl
N
V

(6.5)

vi N l s ht pht ra t ngun v W l trng s ca ht.

6.1.4

Tally F5

Detector im/vng
Tally F5 c lng thng lng ti mt im (ht/cm2 ). Cho mi ngun ht v mi s kin va
chm, mt c lng tt nh cho s ng gp thng lng ti im ghi o. Khng ging nh cc
tally trc , tally F5 khng yu cu ht phi i vo vng ghi nhn.

62

6.1. Cc loi tally

Ti mi im tng tc, chng trnh s tnh xc sut ca ht tn x theo hng v thm nhp
n im ghi o. C ba nhn t nh hng n xc sut ny:
Khong cch gia v tr va chm v im ghi o
Xc sut ca tn x theo hng im ghi o, hn l hng ca ht ban u hng trc tip
im ghi.
Vt liu hp th gia v tr va chm v im ghi.
n gin cho m t dng ca tally ny, gi s rng s tnh ton c thc hin trong mt trung
bnh khng i. Gi s mt ht c nng lng E v trng s W c pht ra t ngun ng hng
i qua mt qung ng R n im ghi o (Hnh 6.3). Lng thng lng ng gp cho im
ghi o c cho bi
W (E)R
=
e
(6.6)
4R2
Trong , (E) l h s tng tc tuyn tnh ca ht c nng lng E. 1/4 c n v gc khi l
phn tn ca im ngun ng hng. By gi gi s rng c mt s va chm cch im ghi o R,
nh vy n c im ghi o cn phi c mt gc tn x s . Nu (E, s ) l h s tng tc
tuyn tnh trn mi n v gc khi ca gc s , th (E, s )/(E) l xc sut tn x trn mi n
v gc khi ca gc s . S suy gim hnh hc tun theo quy lut 1/R2 , nh vy thng lng ng
gp ti im ghi o c cho bi
=

W (E, s ) (E)R
e
(E)R2

(6.7)

Hnh 6.3: Minh ho cc i lng trong tally F5, r l v tr ca ngun hay im va chm, rp l v
tr ca detector im
i vi detector vng (tally F5a), v tr ghi nhn khng c nh m c ly mu trn vng trn.
Trong MCNP c 3 loi detector vng l FX, FY v FZ tng ng vi cc detector vng i xng
quanh cc trc x, y v z (Hnh 6.4).
Cc detector vng gip tng hiu sut ghi nhn hn so vi cc detector im trong trng hp
nhng bi ton c i xng quay quanh mt trc. Ngoi ra cc detector vng cng cn c s
dng trong nhng bi ton m ngi dng quan tm n thng lng trung bnh ti mt im
trn mt vng quay quanh trc. Trong mt h i xng trc, thng lng l hng s ti khp cc
im trn vng. Do chng ta c th ly bt k v tr no trn vng tnh thng lng. c
th tng hiu sut ghi nhn trn detector vng, chng ta c th chn la cc v tr ghi nhn gn
cc ngun va chm; iu ny s gip cho lng ng gp tng ln, lm gim sai s tng i ca
kt qu.
Detector nh thng lng
Cc tally detector nh thng lng (flux image detector tally) l cc mng gm nhiu detector im
nm cnh nhau to thnh mt hnh nh da trn thng lng ghi nhn c ti cc im. Mi

63

CHNG 6. NH NGHA TALLY

Hnh 6.4: Minh ho detector vng, v tr va chm c to (x0 , y0 , z0 ) v im ghi nhn c to

(x, y, z) nm trn vng c bn knh r i xng quanh trc y

mt detector im s tng ng vi mt pixel trn nh. i vi cc detector ny, ngi dng khng
cn thit phi khai bo cc ngun ht. C tt c ba loi tally nh:
nh phng x thng lng (Flux Image Radiograph FIR)
nh thng lng trn hnh tr (Flux Image on a Cylinder FIC)
nh thng lng to bi l kim (Flux Image by Pinhole FIP)
Khi cc tally ny c s dng vi FSn hoc Cn xy dng cc mng li nh o, rt nhiu
detector im c to ra, mi detector ng vi mt pixel. Card FSn c dng nh ngha cc
pixel dc theo trc s cn card Cn c dng nh ngha cc pixel dc theo trc t, mi quan h
gia cc trc s, t v hng theo chiu ca mt phng nh ghi nhn tun theo quay tc bn tay
phi.
Lu rng khng nn t mt phng nh bn trong vt liu tn x bi v cc thng lng gy ra
do tn x ny khng c tnh vo tally nh.
FIR v FIC cho kt qu tng t nh cc nh chp X quang (nh truyn qua ca neutron hoc
photon). Hnh 6.5 v Hnh 6.6 minh ho cch thc hot ng ca cc tally FIR v FIC.

Hnh 6.5: Minh ho cch thc hot ng ca tally FIR

Trong c hai trng hp, mi s kin ngun hoc tn x u c ng gp thng lng vo tt c
cc pixel trn nh. Vic ny s gip lm gim cc thng ging thng k ca kt qu trn ton nh.
Vi mi s kin, cosin ca hng i ti pixel (c la chn mt cch ngu nhin) c xc nh,
sau chng trnh s tnh s ng gp thng lng tng ng ln pixel ny.
FIP s dng mt l kim (xem Hnh 6.7) to cc nh neutron hoc photon trn mt mt phng
hnh ch nht (ng vai tr nh mt tm phim). Mi s kin ngun v tn x ng gp vo mt
pixel trn nh l im giao gia mt phng v qu o ca ht khi i qua l kim.

64

6.1. Cc loi tally

Hnh 6.6: Minh ho cch thc hot ng ca tally FIC

Hnh 6.7: Minh ho cch thc hot ng ca tally FIP

6.1.5

Tally F6

Tally F6 tnh nng lng li trong mt cell

Z Z Z
a
H(E)t (E)(r, E, t)dEdtdV
F6 =
V g
V

vi

a
g
V
t (E)
H(E)

(6.8)

t E

mt nguyn t (nguyn t/barn-cm)

khi lng ring ca cell (g/cm3 )
th tch cell (cm3 )
tit din vi phn ton phn (barn)
hm p ng nhit (heating response)

Nhim v ca tally ny l c lng chiu di vt ca thng lng ht v nhn vi h s ph thuc

nng lng H(E), gi tr ca tally F6 c tnh theo cng thc
F6 = W Tl t (E)H(E)

a
m

(6.9)

Thay v s dng hai tally F6 v F7 (bn di), ta cng c th s dng tally F4 kt hp vi cc h

s nhn thng qua khai bo FMn card.

65

CHNG 6. NH NGHA TALLY

6.1.6

Tally F7

Tally F7 tnh nng lng phn hch trong cell

Z Z Z
a
Q
f (E)(r, E, t)dEdtdV
F7 =
V g
V

(6.10)

t E

vi Q l q-value 1 (MeV) ca phn ng phn hch.

Tally F7 cng tng t nh tally F6 nhng tit din c s dng y l cc tit din phn hch
f (E)
a
F7 = W Tl f (E)Q
(6.11)
m

6.1.7

Tally F8

Tally F8 hay cn gi l tally cao xung (pulse height tally) c chc nng cung cp cc xung theo
phn b nng lng c to ra trong mt cell m c m t nh mt detector vt l. N cng
cung cp cho ta bit s mt mt nng lng trong 1 cell. D cho s liu u vo ca tally F8 l cc
cell, nhng n khng phi l tally di vt trong cell. Tally F8 c to ra cc im ngun v
cc ch giao ca b mt. Cc bin nng lng trong tally F8 tng ng vi nng lng ton phn
mt trong detector trong cc knh c nh r bi mi ht vt l.
Trong mt cu hnh thc nghim, gi s c mt ngun pht ra 100 photon c nng lng 10MeV,
trong c 10 ht vo c cell detector. K gi thit rng ht photon u tin (v cc ht th
h sau ca n c to ra trong cell) mt 1keV trong detector trc khi thot ra ngoi, ht th
hai mt 2keV, v tip cho ti ht th 10 mt 10keV. Cui cng cc xung ghi nhn c detector
s l: 1 xung bin nng lng 1keV, 1 xung bin nng lng 2 keV, v tip theo cho n 1 xung
bin nng lng 10keV.
Tng t nh vy i vi tally cao xung, cell ngun c tnh vi nng lng nhn vi trng
s ca ht ngun. Khi mt ht i qua mt b mt, nng lng nhn vi trng s ca ht ngun s
b tr i trong cell m n i khi v cng thm vo trong cell m n ti. Nng lng ni y l
ng nng ca ht cng vi 2me c2 nu ht l positron. cui lch s, cc d liu ghi nhn c
trong mi cell s c chia cho trng s ca ngun. Nng lng tnh ra s xc nh bin nng lng
no c ghi nhn xung. Gi tr ca s m l trng s ca ngun i vi tally F8 v trng s ca
ngun nhn vi nng lng nu l tally *F8. Gi tr ca s m s l 0 nu khng c vt no vo
trong cell trong sut lch s.
Tally cao xung vn l 1 tally s dng cc qu trnh tng t (analog process 2 ). Do vy, n
khng tt khi p dng cho trng hp ca neutron, vn l cc qu trnh khng tng t (nonanalog process 3 ), v n cng khng tt vi hu ht cc thut ton lm gim phng sai. Tally
cao xung ph thuc vo vic ly mu mt xc sut kt hp (joint probability density 4 ) ca tt
c cc ht pht ra (exit) khi mt hin tng va chm. MCNP hin nay khng ly mu mt kt
hp ny cho va chm neutron. Do tally F8 cho neutron phi c tnh ton vi s thn trng
cao khi c hn mt neutron c th c to ra sau va chm.
Gi s trong v d trn, mt photon li 10keV trong cell detector sau khi tri qua s tch
i (2-1 splitting). K nu cc ht sau khi tch vo trong cell, tally s sai nu ghi nhn bin
1

L gi tr chnh lch gia tng khi lng cc ht tham gia v tng khi lng cc ht sn phm trong phn ng
phn hch.
2
L qu trnh m s dng cc xc sut t nhin lm thay i cc hin tng xy ra. Cc ht c theo di t
hin tng ny sang hin tng khc bi my tnh, v hin tng tip theo lun lun c ly mu t mt con s
ca xc sut xy ra hin tng tip theo tng ng vi cc xc sut hin tng trong t nhin.
3
L qu trnh c gng theo di cc ht cn c quan tm hn l cc ht khng cn quan tm. Mt ht cn
c quan tm l mt ht m ng gp mt lng ln vo trong gi tr cn c c lng
4
L mt xc sut m hai hay nhiu s kin xy ra cng mt lc

66

6.2. Cc card dng cho khai bo tally

5keV m khng phi l bin 10keV. Hay l nu ht sng st sau Russian roulette 5 , trng s ca n
s c nhn gp i v s m s c t vo trong bin nng lng 20keV. Kch bn tng t
c th c a ra i vi cc thut ton lm gim phng sai. Tally cao xung khng tt i
vi hu ht cc phng php lm gim phng sai ngoi tr phng php hiu dch ngun (source
bias). N khng tt vi cc neutron ngay c khi khng c s dng cc phng php gim phng
sai bi v bn thn cc qu trnh vt l ca neutron trong MCNP l khng tng t (vi vic
ly mu mt ni), c bit l bng cch m nhiu neutron c to ra sau mt va chm l
khng tng quan ton phn v khng tho c s bo ton nng lng ngoi tr trng hp xt
trung bnh trn nhiu lch s neutron.
Ngoi ra tally cao xung cn khc so vi cc tally khc ca MCNP im l F8:P, F8:E v
F8:P,E u tng ng vi nhau. Tt c nng lng ca c photon ln electron, nu hin din,
u s mt trong cell, d cho tally no c m t. Khi tally cao xung c dng vi cc bin
nng lng, ta cn phi lu n cc s m m t cc qu trnh khng tng t v cc s m
zero c to nn bi cc ht i qua cell detector m khng li cht nng lng no. MCNP x
l vic ny bng cch m cc hin tng ny vo bin nng lng zero v mt bin c nng lng
rt nh (thng thng l 105 MeV), t ta c th c lp chng. Lu l ta phi chia bin nng
lng trong tally F8 theo kiu nh sau:
E8

1E-5

E1

E2

E3

E4

E5

. . .

Cc electron b nh bt ra (knock-on electron 6 ) trong MCNP l khng tng t trong nng

lng mt c tnh trong t s mt nng lng trong tn x nhiu ln hn l tr i mi hin
tng nh bt ra. Do cc hin tng ny c th gy nn cc xung c nng lng m. Cc xung
ny s c a vo trong bin nng lng 0. Mt tnh hung khc l s phn b khc khng t
cc ht khng vo trong cell v cc ht vo trong cell nhng li khng li cht nng lng no.
Cc phn b ny xut hin trong MCNP bng cch gy nn mt s mt nng lng tu tin cho
cc ht ch i ngang qua cell (nng lng mt ch khong 1012 MeV). Chng s c ghi vo trong
bin nng lng 0 hoc epsilon.
Khi tally *F8 c s dng m khng c bin nng lng no c m t, tt c cc phng php
lm gim phng sai u c cho php. Cc iu kin v tnh tng t ghi nhn vo trong cc
bin nng lng ring b loi b trong trng hp c bit ny (tally *F8 khng c bin nng lng).
Nu tally *F8 c bin nng lng, nng lng mt ton phn vn ng d cho cc nng lng mt
trong cc bin l sai.
Khi Russian roulette c a vo cc mt gii hn ca tally cao xung, phng sai c th tr
nn ln bi v Russian roulette c thc hin sau khi nng lng nhn vi trng s vo trong mt
cell c ghi nhn. Cc ht sng st sau roulette s c tng trng s by gi s c ghi nhn
vi nng lng nhn trng s ln hn lc vo. Tnh trung bnh th nng lng mt ton phn l
ng nhng cc s m m v dng to nn mt phng sai khng gii hn. Do vy khng nn
s dng Russian roulette ti bin ca cell ang tnh cao xung.

6.2

Cc card dng cho khai bo tally

Fn khai bo loi tally c s dng

C php:
Trong :
n
pl
Si
5
6

Fn:pl

S1

...

Sk

s tally
loi ht cn ghi nhn (N,P,E)
ch s ca cell hoc mt cn kho st

Xem phn 8.1

cc electron b bt khi lp v nguyn t do s ion ho ca cc ht mang in

67

CHNG 6. NH NGHA TALLY

V d 6.1: Khai bo tally F2

Gi s ta mun khai bo mt tally F2 ghi nhn thng lng neutron qua cell 10, ta vit
nh sau
F2 : P 10
Ring i vi tally F5 th c php l:
i vi detector im:
Trong :
XYZ
R0

R0

to ca detector im
bn knh ca mt cu theo n v cm (+) hoc mfp ()

i vi detector vng:
Trong :
a
a0
r
R0

Fn:pl

Fna:pl

a0

R0

k t X,Y hoc Z
khong cch dc theo trc a
bn knh ca vng theo n v cm
tng t nh trn nhng bao quanh im c chn trn vng

FIR/C/P khai bo cc tally nh

C php:
Trong :
n
pl
X1 Y1 Z1
R0
X2 Y2 Z2
F1
F2
F3

C php:
Trong :
n
pl
X1 Y1 Z1
R0
X2 Y2 Z2
F1
F2
F3

FIRn:pl hay FICn:pl

X1 Y1 Z1

R0

X2 Y2 Z2

F1 F2 F3

s tally (kt thc bng s 5)

loi ht cn ghi nhn (N,P)
to tng ng vi cc khai bo trong FSn v Cn nh ngha khu vc li
ghi nhn nh
hin khng s dng, gn gi tr bng 0 khi khai bo
to tham chiu thit lp hng tham chiu cho li
= 0 ghi nhn ng gp t c s kin ngun v tn x
< 0 ch ghi nhn ng gp t s kin tn x
bn knh loi tr tnh t tm ca li (trng hp FIR), mc nh: 0
bn knh ca mt tr (trng hp FIC)
= 0 tt c ng gp u c ghi nhn v tr trung tm ca tng pixel
6= 0 tt c ng gp u c ghi nhn vi nhng v tr offset quanh v tr trung
tm ca tng pixel
FIPn:pl

X1 Y1 Z1

R0

X2 Y2 Z2

F1 F2 F3

s tally (kt thc bng s 5)

loi ht cn ghi nhn (N,P)
to ca tm l kim
hin khng s dng, gn gi tr bng 0 khi khai bo
to tham chiu thit lp hng tham chiu cho li
> 0 bn knh ca collimator hnh tr, c tm nm trn vector hng tham chiu
v song song vi n
= 0 tnh vi l kim tuyt i
> 0 bn knh ca l kim vung gc vi hng tham chiu
khong cch t l kim m tm ca li theo hng tham chiu

68

6.2. Cc card dng cho khai bo tally

V d 6.2: Khai bo tally FIR5

Gi s ta mun khai bo mt tally FIR15 ghi nhn nh phng x neutron, ta c th vit
nh sau
FIR15 : n 100 0 0 0 50 0 0
C15
-50.0 3 i 50.0
FS15 -50.0 3 i 50.0

En (Tally Energy Card ) khai bo bin (khong chia) nng lng cho tally
C php:

En

Trong
n
Ei
n=0

E1

...

Ek

ch s ca tally
chn trn ca bin nng lng th i cho tally Fn
khai bo nng lng chung cho tt c cc tally

V d 6.3: Khai bo bin nng lng cho tally F8

Gi s ta mun m phng mt ph gamma c ghi nhn bi detector (cell 10), ph gamma
ny c 1024 knh t 50keV n 1000keV, ta khai bo nh sau
F8 : p 10
E8 0 1e -5 0.05 1024 i 1.0
Tn (Tally Time Card ) khai bo bin (khong chia) thi gian cho tally
C php:

Tn

Trong
n
Ti
n=0

T1

...

Tk

ch s ca tally
chn trn ca bin thi gian th i cho tally Fn
khai bo thi gian chung cho tt c cc tally

V d 6.4: Khai bo bin thi gian cho tally F2

T2 -1 1 1.0+37 NT
Tally thng lng mt c chia lm 3 khong thi gian: t n 1.0 shake, t 1.0 shake
n 1.0 shake v t 1.0 shake n 1037 shake; khng c xut ra kt qu ca tng thi gian.
Cn (Cosin Card ) khai bo bin (khong chia) cosin cho tally
C php:
Trong
n
Ci
n=0

Cn

C1

...

Ck

ch s ca tally
chn trn ca bin thi gian th i cho tally Fn
khai bo khong cosin chung cho tt c cc tally

V d 6.5: Khai bo bin cosin cho tally F1

C1 -.866 -.5 0 .5 .866 1
Cosin ca gc c gii hn t -1 n 1, do tally dng c tnh trong cc khong gc: 180
150 (-1. -0.866), 150 120 (-0.866 -0.5), 120 90 (-0.5 0), 90 60 (0 0.5),

69

CHNG 6. NH NGHA TALLY

60 30 (0.5 0.866) v 30 0 (0.866 1.)

FMn (Tally Multiplier Card ) khai bo h s nhn cho tally
C php:

FMn

(bin set 1)

(bin set 2)

...

Trong
n
ch s ca tally
(bin set i) ((multiplier set 1)(multiplier set 1)... (attenuator set))
T
tng tt c cc bin
C
ring tng bin
attenuator set

multiplier set

1
m1 px1
m2 px2
...
tch ca mt v b dy vt liu hp th
m1
(reaction list 1)
(reaction list 2)
0 : hng s nhn
0 : nhn vi |C| ln mt nguyn t trong cell
(ch dng cho tally F4)
ch s ca vt liu c trong Mn card
tng/tch ENDF hoc reaction number
C
pxi :
C
C>
C<

mi
reaction list i

...

Mt s reaction number (thng tin y c th xem trong Ph lc G ca MCNP Manual):

Neutron:

Photon:

Hn hp:

1
2
3
4
5
7
8
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

total cross section without thermal

absorption cross section
elastic cross section without thermal
average heating number (MeV/collision)
gamma-ray production cross section
fission (neutrons per fission)
fission Q (MeV/fission)
incoherent scattering cross section
coherent scattering cross section
photoelectric cross section
pair production cross section
total cross section
photon heating number (MeV/collision)
total
fission
nubar data
fission
absorption
stopping power
momentum transfer

V d 6.6: Tnh lng

tch
Ta c phn ng gia

239 Pu

238 U

238
92 U

c to ra bi phn ng gia

v neutron to ra

238 U

v neutron trong 1 n v th

239 Pu

239
+ n 239
92 U 92 U

239
93 U

+ e

239
94 P u

+ e

Gi s cell cn kho st l cell 10, vt liu 238 U c nh ngha thng qua M1, ta s dng tally
F4 tnh thng lng chm ht neutron trong cell ny
F4 : N 10

70

6.2. Cc card dng cho khai bo tally

FM4 0.04786 1 102

M1 92238.13 1
Trong FM4 card, ta c 0.04786 l hng s chun ho (mt nguyn t trong 1 n v th
tch), 1 l ch s vt cht (M1) v 102 l reaction number ca phn ng (n, ) (xem Ph lc G,
MCNP Manual) v 239 Pu l sn phm u ra ca phn ng ny vi ng v 238 U.

V d 6.7: Tnh s lng tritium c to ra bi chm neutron trong mt n v th tch lithium

Ta c phn ng gia lithium v neutron nh sau
6
3 Li
7
3 Li

+ n 42 He +31 H + 4.8M eV
+ n 32 He +31 H + n0

Gi s cell cn kho st l cell 1, vt liu lithium c nh ngha thng qua M1 (hai ng v

v 7 Li), ta s dng tally F4 tnh thng lng chm ht neutron trong cell ny

6 Li

F4 : N 1
FM4 (0.04635 1 (105:91) )
M1 3006.50 0.0742 3007.50 0.9258
Hng s C = 0.04635 trong FM4 l mt nguyn t (nguyn t/barn-cm) ca lithium, R =
105 v R = 91 l reaction number cha d liu phn ng ca 6 Li v 7 Li tng ng (xem Ph
lc G, MCNP Manual). Tuy nhin, y chng ta s dng c hai d liu phn ng trong FM4
tnh ton lng tritium c to ra trong hn hp 6 Li v 7 Li, do thc t trong v d ny
c ti 4 c lng c thc hin (R = 91,105 cho 6 Li v R = 91,105 cho 7 Li). Lu rng 2
trong s 4 c lng ny (R = 91 cho 6 Li v R = 105 cho 7 Li) khng c ng gp g vo trong
kt qu.
FTn (Tally Multiplier Card ) khai bo cc hiu chnh cho tally
C php:
Trong
n
IDi
Pi,j

FTn

ID1

P1,1 P1,2 P1,3 ...

ID2

P2,1 P2,2 P2,3 ...

ch s ca tally.
t kho
cc tham s i km t kho

Mt s hiu chnh cho tally:

FRV
GEB
TMC

V1 V2 V3
a b c
a b

khai bo vector tham chiu cho cosin trong tally F1

m phng n rng dng Gauss cho kt qu tally
m phng xung vung trong khong thi gian t a n b

V d 6.8: M phng ph gamma

Khi m phng ph gamma c ghi nhn bi detector, nh nng lng ton phn ca ph
gamma thng c dng nh Gauss, do ta phi s dng FTn card vi hiu chnh GEB c
th thu c ph gamma m phng ph hp tt vi thc nghim. Cc h s a, b, c c xc
nh bng cch lm khp F W HM (Full-Width at Half Maximum) ca nh vi nng lng
theo cng thc:
p
F W HM = a + b E + cE 2
V d trong trng hp ny ta thu c b h s a = 9.455E-4, b = 2.837E-5, c = 0, t ta
c th s dng FTn card a thng tin ny vo trong chng trnh m phng cho ph

71

CHNG 6. NH NGHA TALLY

gamma thu c c dng ph hp vi thc nghim

FT8

GEB

9.455 E -4

2.837 E -5

DEn/DFn (Dose Energy / Dose Function Cards) cung cp mt hm p ng cho tally, chng
hn nh b h s chuyn i thng lng sang liu (flux-to-dose conversion factors), theo cc
khong nng lng c xc nh.
C php:

DEn
DFn

Trong
n
Ei
Fi
A
B

A
B

E1
F1

...
...

Ek
Fk

ch s ca tally
cc khong chia nng lng
h s nhn tng ng
ni suy theo dng LOG hoc LIN cho b h s Ei
ni suy theo dng LOG hoc LIN cho b h s Fi

V d 6.9: Khai bo b h s chuyn i thng lng sang liu cho photon vi tally F4
DE4 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.25 3.75 4.25
4.75 5.0 5.25 5.75 6.25 6.75 7.5 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 $ E ( MeV )
DF4 3.96 E -06 5.82 E -07 2.90 E -07 2.58 E -07 2.83 E -07 3.79 E -07 5.01 E -07
6.31 E -07 7.59 E -07 8.78 E -07 9.85 E -07 1.08 E -06 1.17 E -06 1.27 E -06
1.36 E -06 1.44 E -06 1.52 E -06 1.68 E -06 1.98 E -06 2.51 E -06 2.99 E -06
3.42 E -06 3.82 E -06 4.01 E -06 4.41 E -06 4.83 E -06 5.23 E -06 5.60 E -06
5.80 E -06 6.01 E -06 6.37 E -06 6.74 E -06 7.11 E -06 7.66 E -06 8.77 E -06
1.03 E -05 1.18 E -05 1.33 E -05
$ ( rem/hr ) / ( p/cm ^2 - s )

FSn (Tally Segment Card ) cho php chia nh cell hoc mt thnh cc phn on (segment) phc
v cho vic tnh ton trong tally.
C php:

FSn

Trong
n
Si

S1

...

Sk

ch s ca tally
ch s (c du) ca phn on

V d 6.10: Khai bo phn on mt cho tally F2

F2 : N 1
FS2 -3 -4
Trong v d ny, tally F2 s ghi nhn thng lng neutron i qua mt 1. FS2 chia mt 1 thnh
3 phn v tnh ton thng lng neutron tng ng vi mi phn: (1) thng lng qua mt 1
v c du m i vi mt 3, (2) thng lng qua mt 1 v c du m i vi mt 4 nhng c
du dng i vi mt 3, (3) phn cn li.
SDn (Segment Divisor Card ) tng t nh VOL v AREA card nhng ch s dng cho tally thay
v cho ton b khai bo hnh hc. Ngoi ra, SDn cn c s dng khai bo th tch v din tch
b mt cho cc phn on c to ra bi FSn.
C php:
Trong
n

SDn

(D11 D12 ... D1m ) (D21 D22 ... D2m )

ch s ca tally, n khng th bng 0

...

(Dk1 Dk2 ... Dkm )

72

6.3. FMESHn

s cell hay mt (bao gm c T nu c)

s phn on ca cell hay mt c nh ngha trong FSn
th tch, din tch hay khi lng ca phn on th j thuc cell hay mt th i

k
m
Dij

i vi tally F2 cc gi tr u vo s l din tch, tally F4 l th tch, tally F6 v F7 s l khi

lng.
V d 6.11: Khai bo th tch cell cho tally F4
F4 : N 1 2 3 T
SD4 1 1 1 1
Trong v d ny, th tch ca cc cell 1, 2, 3 v cell tng cng (hp ca 3 cell trn) s l 1. Lu
rng ta c th s dng VOL thit lp th tch cho 3 cell nhng khng th thit lp cho cell
hp ca c 3 cell ny.

6.3

FMESHn

Tally FMESH (Superimposed Mesh Tally) l mt tally card gip cho ngi dng c th to mt mng
li (mesh) cc v c lng cc gi tr (liu, nng lng,. . . ) trong mi ny. u im ca vic
s dng FMESH l gip lm gim thi gian tnh ton i vi nhng cu hnh phc tp bao gm
nhiu voxel.

Hnh 6.8: Minh ho tally FMESH

C php:
Trong :
n
pl

FMESHn:pl

cc bin option

ch s tally (hin nay FMESH ch dng c cho tally F4).

loi ht (N, P hay E).

Cc bin thng c dng trong FMESH

GEOM: dng hnh hc ca li (GEOM=REC l mng li hnh hp, GEOM=CYL l mng li hnh
tr).
ORIGIN: gc to ca mng li, gc tri bn di ca hnh hp, hay tm ca vng trn
y trong trng hp ca hnh tr.
AXS, VEC: cc vector tham chiu cho trng hp li hnh tr.
IMESH, JMESH, KMESH: cc khong chia th tnh t ORIGIN, trong trng hp li hnh hp
th s tng ng vi
IINTS, JINTS, KINTS: cc khong chia mn tnh t ORIGIN.

73

CHNG 6. NH NGHA TALLY

OUT: s liu xut ra di dng ma trn 2 chiu, lu i = x (hay r), j = y (hay z), k = z (hay
), vd: OUT=ij tng ng vi cc s liu xut ra cho mt phng xy).

V d 6.12: Khai bo li hnh tr

FMESH4 : n

GEOM = cyl ORIGIN = -100 0 0

IMESH =5 10 IINTS =5 2
JMESH = 100 200 JINTS =10 5
KMESH =.5 1 KINTS =1 2
AXS = 1 0 0 VEC =0 1 0 OUT = ij

Trong v d trn, ta khai bo mng li cc tally ghi nhn c dng hnh tr dc theo trc x,
vi gc t ti im c ta (100,0,0) v = 0. Mng li hnh tr ny c chia nh sau:
r: 5 khong t r = 0 n 5, 2 khong t r = 5 n 10 (IMESH=5 10 tng ng vi 2
khong chia th t 0 n 5 v t 5 n 10, IINTS=5 2 tng ng vi mi khong chia
th s c chia ln lt lm 5 v 2 khong nh).
x: 10 khong t x = 100 n 0, 5 khong t x = 0 n 100 (lu rng gc ta nm
v tr x = 100).
: 1 khong t = 0 n 180, 2 khong t = 180 n 360.

6.4

Lattice Tally

Lattice tally c s dng tnh ton tally cho cc cell c cu trc lattice
C php:
Fn:pl
Trong :
n
pl
si
ci
T
U=#
ii

s1 (s2 ... s3 ) ((s4 s5 )<(c1 c2 [i1 ... i2 ])<U=# <(c3 c4 c5 )) ... T

ch s tally.
loi ht cn ghi nhn (N,P,E).
ch s mt hoc cell cn tnh.
ch s ca cell c lp y bi universe.
tng s cell hoc mt c xc nh.
ch s universe.
ch s ca cc phn t lattice, gm 3 cch trnh by:
ii = i1
phn t u tin ca cell.
ii =i1 :i2 i3 :i4 i5 :i6
dy cc phn t lattice.
ii =i1 i2 i3 , i4 i5 i6
cc phn t c th.

V d 6.13: Tally F4 cho cell lattice

F4 : N (5 < 4 < 2 [1 0 0])
Tally F4 c p dng cho cell 5 ch khi n nm trong cell 4, v cell 4 nm trong cell 2 ti
phn t lattice c ch s [1 0 0].

6.4. Lattice Tally

74

7
S dng chng trnh Visual Editor

Chng trnh Visual Editor (http://www.mcnpvised.com/) c pht trin bi L.L. Carter v

R.A. Schwarz nhm mc ch h tr cho ngi s dng MCNP trong vic to input file. Chng
trnh c bt u xy dng t nm 1992 v chnh thc c a ra bi RSICC trong nm 1997.
K t phin bn MCNP5, chng trnh Visual Editor chnh thc tr thnh mt phn ca MCNP.
Cc c trng chnh ca Visual Editor gm c
Hin th nhiu hnh v ha 2D cng lc.
V cc ngun im.
ha 3D.
Xy dng input file mt cch trc quan.
Hin th vt ca ht, tit din, kt qu tally.
Chuyn i file CAD thnh input file ca MCNP.

7.1
7.1.1

Chng trnh Visual Editor

Cc menu chnh

Bng 7.1 trnh by cc menu chnh trong Visual Editor (xem Hnh 7.1). m input file trong
Visual Editor, chng ta chn File Open v chn input file cn m.
Trong trng hp chng ta ch cn xem ha ca input file m khng cn chnh sa bng Visual
Editor th nn chn Open (do not modify input).
Nu chng ta mun c mt input file khc th trc tin chn File Clear Input b input
file c trong Visual Editor i ri mi chn m file mi.

7.1.2

Hin th ha ca input file

Hnh 7.2 trnh by v tr ca mt s nt chc nng (c khoanh v nh s) trn ca s

ha, cc nt chc nng ny gm c
1. Update: v li hnh cho ca s ha sau khi chnh cc thng s hin th.

7.1. Chng trnh Visual Editor

76

Bng 7.1: Cc menu chnh trong Visual Editor

Tn menu
File
Input
Update Plots
Surface
Surface
Data
Run
Particle Display
Tally Plots
Cross Section Plots
3D View
CAD Import
Read_again
Backup
View
Help

M t
Dng m v lu cc input file. File New View c
dng m thm ca s ha mi.
M ca s son input file
Cp nht thng tin mi cho ca s ha
M ca s Surface
M ca s Cell
M ca s s liu: vt liu, importance,...
Chy input file
M ca s cho php to cc ngun im v theo di vt ca
ht
V cc tally t cc file runtpe hoc mctal
V cc tit din trong MCNP
Xem cc hnh hc 3D
nhp cc file CAD
Cp nht cc thay i trong input file c to ra bn ngoi
Visual Editor
To cc file backup (inpn1, inpn2,...)
Chn ca s ha
Xem cc thng tin gip

Hnh 7.1: Giao din chnh ca Visual Editor

2. Zoom: phng to, thu nh hnh v. C hai cch s dng chc nng ny: cch th nht l
nh du vo Zoom v ko r chut trn hnh v, cch th hai l s dng thanh Zoom out
Zoom in.
3. Origin: chn gc ta bng cch nh du vo ny v nhp vo ta cn chn trn
hnh v hoc thay i cc gi tr trong cc X,Y,Z. Lu l gc ta lun nm chnh gia
mn hnh.
4. Extents: thay i gi tr khong cch t gc ta n cnh ca ca s ha.

CHNG 7. S DNG CHNG TRNH VISUAL EDITOR

Hnh 7.2: Hin th ha input file

77

7.1. Chng trnh Visual Editor

78

5. Refresh: m hoc tt chc nng update hnh v.

6. Surface & Cell: hin th ch s ca surface (mu xanh) v cell (mu ).
7. Color: hin th mu tng ng vi vt liu s dng cho cell.
8. Facets: hin th ch s mt cho macrobody.
9. WW Mesh: hin th li ca s trng s.
10. Rect: thay i ca s ha thnh dng hnh vung.
11. Tal Mesh: hin th mesh tally.
12. Rotate: quay hnh v i mt gc quanh trc.
13. Scale: hin th cc bin (border ) hoc li (grid ca hnh v, ch s dng c khi rect c
chn.
14. Res: chnh phn gii ca hnh v.
15. Pscript: to file postscript out.ps.
16. Basis: chn mt phng v hnh.
17. Global/Local: hin th ta ca con tr so vi trc ta chuyn (local ) hoc trc ta
thc (global )
18. Label: hin th cc nhn cho cell bng cch nhp chut phi v di chuyn ti LABEL. Cc
nhn c i km k t n c th c gn gi tr thng qua n trn Label.
19. Level: dng n cc lattice trong trng hp hnh hc c cu trc phc tp.

7.1.3

Mt s file chnh ca Visual Editor

Mt s file quan trng s c c vo to ra trong qu trnh s dng Visual Editor

inp: file input mc nh
inpn: c to ra khi s dng Save Update
inpn.sav: file backup c to ra sau mi 5 pht
inpcrash: c to ra khi c li (fatal error )
outp: c to ra trong qu trnh v hnh
inpt: c to ra khi v 3D hoc v cc im tng tc
outp3d: output file ca v 3D
outmc: cha cc output ca MCNP
vised.defaults: cha ng dn ca xsdir v cc th vin
stndrd.n: file cha cc tit din ca neutron
stndrd.p: file cha cc tit din ca photon
user.n: file cha cc tit din ca neutron cho tng ngi dng
user.p: file cha cc tit din ca photon cho tng ngi dng

79

CHNG 7. S DNG CHNG TRNH VISUAL EDITOR

7.2

Chnh sa input file bng Visual Editor

Chng trnh Visual Editor cho php chng ta s thc hin cc chnh sa hoc to mi input file
mt cch trc tip. Cc thao tc chnh s s c thc hin qua cc cng c Surface, Cell v Data
nm trn thanh cng c ca chng trnh. Sau y chng ta s ln lt tm hiu cc cng c chnh
sa input file ny.

7.2.1

Ca s Surface

Cc chnh sa cho surface c thc hin trong ca s surface, bng cch nhp vo menu Surface
trn thanh cng c ca Visual Editor (Hnh 7.3).
Trong bng Surface Mode, c 4 chc nng chnh:
Create new: to mt mi, vic khai bo mt mi c tin hnh bng cch nhp vo menu
Surfaces hoc nhp chut phi trong ca s, chn loi mt v khai bo cc thng s vo
tng ng. Sau khi nhp thng s cho mt, chn Register to mt.
Scan: qut thng s ca mt, c thc hin bng cch ko r chut qua mt phng trn
ca s ha, cc thng tin ca mt s c hin ra.
Edit: chnh sa thng s ca mt c chn bng chc nng Scan.
Create Like: to mt tng t nh trc .
Ngoi ra cn c mt s chc nng khc trong ca s Surface chng hn nh:
Delete: xa mt c chn.
Hide/Show: n/hin cc mt.
Wizard: gip vic to mt d dng hn bng cch m t cc hnh hc ca mt (Hnh 7.4).
Distance: hin th khong cch gia hai mt n gin, s dng vi chc nng Scan.
Surface Delta: to mt mt mi cch mt khong delta so vi mt trc , s dng vi
chc nng Create Like v ch cho cc mt n gin (phng, tr, cu).
Reflective: to mt phn x.
Transformation: chuyn trc cho mt.

Hnh 7.3: Ca s Surface

7.2. Chnh sa input file bng Visual Editor

80

Hnh 7.4: Ca s Surface Wizard

7.2.2

Ca s cell

Cc chnh sa cho cell c thc hin trong ca s cell, bng cch nhp vo menu Cell trn thanh
cng c ca Visual Editor (Hnh 7.5).
Tng t nh vi Surface, trong Cell cng c 4 mode: Create New, Scan, Edit, Create Like. Cch
thc thc hin cch chc nng ny cng tng t nh cch thc c trnh by trong phn Surface.

Hnh 7.5: Ca s Cell

Bn cnh nhng chc nng tng t nh trong Surface, ca s Cell cn c thm mt s chc nng
khc nh:
Cut/Paste cho php ngi dng nh ngha mt cell thng qua hai cng c Cut v Paste. Cng
c Paste cho php to mt cell bng cch ni cc khi n gin (khi cu, tr,...) li vi nhau.
Cng c Cut gip ngi dng c th loi b mt khi khng gian ra khi cell ang xt.
Cell Splitting cho php ngi dng c th chia cell thanh nhiu phn bng nhau (theo b dy).
Cc kiu phn chia cell:
Sphere in Sphere: thm n 1 mt cu vo gia hai mt cu trong v ngoi.
Sphere: thm n 1 mt cu bn trong 1 mt cu.
Cylinder in Cylinder : mt tr trong mt tr.

81

CHNG 7. S DNG CHNG TRNH VISUAL EDITOR

Cylinder or Ring: chia tr hoc vng.
Box in Box : hp trong hp.
Slab: n 1 mt song song theo mt trong cc trc X,Y,Z

Cell Lattice to cell lattice

Cc cell lattice c th c to bng cch nhp vo mc No Lattice trn ca s Cell v chuyn n
thnh mt trong hai loi Squared Lattice hay Hexagonal Lattice. Cc thng s cn nhp gm c s
lng lattice (pitch), s hng (row ),... Hnh 7.6 trnh by mt v d v Hexagonal Lattice.

Hnh 7.6: Ca s Cell Lattice

7.2.3

Khai bo vt liu

thc hin vic khai bo, chnh sa vt liu , ta chn Data Materials trn thanh cng c.
Hnh 7.7 bu din ca s Materials, cc chc nng chnh trn ca s ny gm c:
Register: lu tr cc thng s thay i
Delete: xa vt liu
Library: hin th th vin cc hp cht (nh ngha trong cc file stndrd.n, stndrd.p, usr.n
v usr.p (Hnh 7.8)
Store: a vt liu nh ngha vo trong th vin
Files: khai bo ng dn ti cc file th vin (Hnh 1.4)
Isotopes: hin th danh sch cc ng v ngi dng c th la chn, cng vi th vin
tit din tng ng (Hnh 7.9). Sau khi la chn loi ng v xong, ta khai bo thnh phn
ca ng v trong hp cht trong Fraction v nhp Add thm vo.

7.2. Chnh sa input file bng Visual Editor

82

Hnh 7.7: Ca s Material

Hnh 7.8: Ca s Library

7.2.4

Khai bo importance

thc hin vic thay i importance, ta chn Data Importances trn thanh cng c. Hnh 7.10
bu din ca s Importances, cc chc nng chnh trn ca s ny gm c:
Register: lu tr cc thng s thay i
Scale Factor: nhn cc importance c chn vi mt h s c xc nh bi Scale Factor

83

CHNG 7. S DNG CHNG TRNH VISUAL EDITOR

Hnh 7.9: Ca s Isotopes

Geometric Factor: chn gi tr importance cho cell ban u, cc cell sau s c importance
bng cell trc nhn vi mt h s c xc nh bi Geometric Factor
Display: chn kiu hin th

Hnh 7.10: Ca s Importances

7.3. Mt s ha 2D c trng

7.2.5

84

Chuyn trc

thc hin vic chuyn trc ta , ta chn Data Transformations trn thanh cng c.
Hnh 7.11 bu din ca s Transformations, cc chc nng chnh trn ca s ny gm c:
Register: lu tr cc thng s chuyn trc
Delete: xa cc thng s chuyn trc
Origin: thng s khai bo l trc ta gc so vi trc chuyn (Main) hay ngc li
(Auxillary)
Rotation Units: chn n v gc chuyn trc ( hoc rad)

Hnh 7.11: Ca s Transformations

7.3

Mt s ha 2D c trng

Phn ha 2D ca Visual Editor gm c hin th cc th kt qu tally, tit din, phn b v

tr va chm ca ht cng nh phn b ca ngun pht.

7.3.1

Hin th vt ca ht

hin th vt ca ht hay cc ngun im, ta chn Particle Display trn thanh cng c ca
Visual Editor (Hnh 7.12). Trong ca s Particle Display, ta c 3 la chn chnh: ngun SDEF (v
cc im ngun trong nh ngha SDEF), ngun KCODE (v cc im pht ngun cho mi chu k)
hoc vt ca ht (track ). Hnh 7.13 cho v d v option v vt ca ht khi m phng chm photon
1.25 MeV i vo phantom nc hnh hp.

7.3.2

th tally

v th kt qu tally tnh ton c, ta chn Tally plot trn thanh cng c, ca s Tally
Plotting s hin ra (Hnh 7.14). v c th, ta cn khai bo tn ca file runtpe hoc mctal,

85

CHNG 7. S DNG CHNG TRNH VISUAL EDITOR

Hnh 7.12: Ca s Particle Display

Hnh 7.13: M phng va chm ca ht ca chm photon 1.25 MeV trong phantom nc

sau chn Start khi ng MCPLOT v chn Plot v kt qu. Hnh 7.15 trnh by th
kt qu tally m phng ph gamma nng lng 1.5 MeV ghi nhn bi detector HPGe c v bng
Visual Editor.

7.3.3

th tit din

v th tit din ca mt loi vt liu c khai bo trong input file, ta chn Cross section
plot trn thanh cng c, ca s Cross Section Plotting s hin ra (Hnh 7.16). Ta chn tn ca
input file v bm Read chng trnh c vo input file. Sau ta chn ch s ca vt liu v
loi th tit din mun v v bm Plot. Hnh 7.17 trnh by th tit din tng ca photon vi
vt liu nc (H2 O) c v bng Visual Editor.

86

7.4. ha 3D

Hnh 7.14: Ca s Tally Plotting

7.4

ha 3D

Bn cnh kh nng hin th hnh nh trn mt phng 2 chiu, Visual Editor cn c kh nng hin
th hnh nh trong khng gian 3 chiu thng qua chc nng 3D View trn thanh cng c. Hnh 7.18
cung cp mt v d cho vic hin th 3D trong Visual Editor, hnh nh hin th y c to
bi input file ca bn Nguyn c Chng m t cu hnh n gin ca my gia tc cyclotron ti
Bnh vin Ch Ry.

7.4.1

nh 3D Ray Tracing

to ra c hnh nh 3D dng ray tracing, ta chn 3D View Ray Traced Image. C 3 loi
nh 3D c to ra vi ray tracing, gm c: Normal (nh mu), Radiographics (nh chp phng
x) v Transparent (nh trong sut). Hnh 7.19 trnh by cc v d cho 3 loi nh ny.

7.4.2

nh ng hc

y l loi nh m ngi dng c th tng tc hin th nh theo mun ca mnh mt cch

trc tip. to ra c nh 3D loi ny ta chn 3D View Dynamic 3D Display. Hnh 7.20
trnh by nh ng hc ca my gia tc cyclotron c to ra bi chc nng Dynamic 3D Display.
iu khin nh, ta c th chn mt trong cc chc nng c trn ca s v ko r chut trn
hnh v iu khin. Mt s chc nng iu khin nh:
Rotate: quay t do

87

CHNG 7. S DNG CHNG TRNH VISUAL EDITOR

Hnh 7.15: th kt qu tally m phng ph detector HPGe

Hnh 7.16: Ca s Cross Section Plotting

Zoom: phng to, thu nh
Look: quay cc mt
More Toward: tin, lui v pha mn hnh
Select: chn
Roll: quay trn
Pitch: di chuyn ln xung

88

7.4. ha 3D

Hnh 7.17: th tit din tng tng tc photon i vi vt liu nc

Hnh 7.18: nh 3D c to bi Visual Editor

Yaw: di chuyn qua li
Ngoi ra, ta cn c th click chut phi ln vt th c chn thc hin cc chc nng n/hin,
mt, n/hin cc ng.

89

CHNG 7. S DNG CHNG TRNH VISUAL EDITOR

Hnh 7.19: Giao din 3D Ray Tracing v cc loi nh Transparent (trn), Radiographics (gia) v
Normal (di)

Hnh 7.20: nh ng hc ca my gia tc cyclotron

7.4. ha 3D

90

8
K thut gim phng sai

Thng thng, khi tin hnh m phng, cc qu trnh tng tc c thc hin theo ng nh
nhng m hnh tng tc c d on t thc t. Do , tng kh nng ghi nhn kt qu,
ng thi cng lm gim sai s thng k ca kt qu ghi nhn c, cch thc thng thng
nht l lm tng s ht m phng hoc tng thi gian chy chng trnh. Tuy nhin, bn cnh ,
ngi ta cng c th s dng mt s cch thc m phng gip rt ngn qu trnh tnh ton cng
nh iu khin cc ghi nhn theo hng hi t v kt qu mt cch nhanh chng. Ngoi ra, cn
c mt yu cu quan trng i vi cc cch thc m phng ny l phi khng c lm thay
i gi tr k vng ca kt qu. Cc cch thc m phng c gi l m phng khng tng t
(non-analog simulation) do khng tin hnh theo ng nh m hnh tng tc c xy dng t
thc t.
Trong MCNP vic m phng khng tng t ny c thc hin ch yu thng qua trng s
(weight) ca ht. Trong mi ht c gn cho mt trng s xc nh, trng s ny s thay i
trong sut qu trnh m phng v kt qu ghi nhn ca ht s c km theo trng s m bo
l khng thay i so vi k vng ca n. Bng cch ny, cc kt qu thu c s c sai s (phng
sai) gim hn so vi cc thc m phng tng t vi cng thi gian chy chng trnh. Cc cch
thc tnh ton c s dng m phng khng tng t c gi l cc k thut gim phng
sai (variance reduction technique).

8.1

Cc k thut gim phng sai

Cc k thut lm gim phng sai (variance reduction techniques) nhm gip rt ngn thi gian
chy chng trnh cng nh lm gim sai s thng k trong qu trnh m phng, c chia thnh
3 nhm chnh:
1. Cc k thut iu khin s lng (population control method ): nhm tng/gim s lng cc
ht theo cc khong khng gian hoc nng lng
Phn chia theo hnh hc (IMP)
Phn chia theo nng lng (ESPLT)
t ngng kho st (CUT, PWT)
Ca s trng s (WWE, WWN, WWP, WWG, WWGE)
2. Cc k thut ly mu (modified sampling method ): tng xc sut ca cc s kin c kh nng
ln lt vo vng ghi nhn

8.2. Phn chia theo hnh hc

92

Bin i exponential (EXT, VECT)

Hiu chnh cc hiu ng vt l (PHYS)
Va chm bt buc (FCL)
Hiu chnh pht bremsstrahlung (BBREM)
Hiu chnh hng v nng lng ngun (SDEF, SP, SB, SI)
Hiu chnh s to photon t neutron (PWT)
3. Cc k thut kt hp phng php tt nh (partially deterministic method ): thay th mt
phn cc qu trnh ngu nhin bng cc phng php tt nh
Detector im v vng (F5a)
Mt cu DXTRAN (DXT, DXC)
Ly mu tng quan (PD)
Khi s dng cc k thut gim phng sai vo trong bi ton, cn phi cn nhc cn thn, v khi
s dng khng hp l cc k thut ny s c th to ra cc kt qu b chch (bias) so vi k vng.
V d 8.1: Minh ha vic p dng k thut gim phng sai nhng khng lm kt qu b chch so
vi k vng
Gi s ta c hai cell, cell 1 v cell 2 c quan trng ln lt l imp=1 v imp=3, mt ht c
trng s wgt=1 i t cell 1 vo cell 2. Gi s rng gi tr k vng ca nng lng ht li
trong cell 2 l 0.5MeV. Khi i t cell 1 sang cell 2, do cell 2 c quan trng ln hn nn ht
s c chia lm 3 ht con vi trng s ca mi ht con l 1/3.
By gi nu ta xem nh mi ht li nng lng trong cell bng vi k vng l 0.5MeV, th
tng nng lng cc ht li trong cell 2 lc ny s l
0.5 + 0.5 + 0.5 = 1.5(MeV)
Tuy nhin do mi ht ch c trng s 1/3 nn kt qu cui cng thc s s l
0.5 1/3 + 0.5 1/3 + 0.5 1/3 = 0.5(MeV)
Gi tr ny tng ng vi kt qu khi khng p dng k thut gim phng sai cho ht i
t cell 1 vo cell 2.
Nh vy ta c th thy vic s dng trng s ht gip cho kt qu kho st nng lng li
trong cell 2 c thng k tt hn (kho st 3 ht thay v 1 ht) nhng kt qu vn khng b
chch ra khi gi tr k vng.

8.2

Phn chia theo hnh hc

Trong phng php ny, nhng quan trng (imp) khc nhau s c gn cho cc cell trong khi
khai bo input file. Thng thng cc cell c ng gp ln vo trong tally s c quan trng cao
hn. Khi mt ht di chuyn gia 2 cell c quan trng khc nhau, n s tri qua mt trong hai
trng hp sau:
Nu cell mi c quan trng cao hn cell c, ht s b phn chia (splitting) ra lm n ht,
vi n l t s gia quan trng ca cell mi v cell c (trong trng hp n khng phi s
nguyn, chng hn nh n = 2.75, ht s phn chia ra lm 3 ht con vi xc sut l 75% v
lm 2 ht con vi xc sut 25%). Mi ht con s c trng s bng 1/n ln trng s ca ht
c.

93

CHNG 8. K THUT GIM PHNG SAI

Nu cell mi c quan trng thp hn cell c, ht s phi tri qua mt php gieo ngu nhin
may ri (Russian roulette 1 ). Khi mt ht i qua mt phn cch ca hai cell, s c mt xc
sut n sng st (khng b tiu dit) c a ra v mt s ngu nhin s c gieo. Nu
s ngu nhin ny nh hn xc sut sng st , ht s c tip tc m phng vi trng s
ca n c tng ln tng ng. V d t s quan trng gia hai cell l 0.6, ht s sng
st vi xc sut l 60% v b tiu dit vi xc sut l 40%.

IMP (Cell Importance Card ) dng gn quan trng (importance) cho cell. Bn cnh vic s
dng cho phng php phn chia theo hnh hc, chng ta cng cn c th s dng IMP card cho
phng php t ngng trng s (xem Phn 8.4).
C php:
Trong :
n
xi
I

IMP:n

x1

x2

...

xi

xI

N cho neutron, P cho photon v E cho electron

quan trng ca cell i
tng s cell trong bi ton

V d 8.2: Minh ha quan trng ca cell

IMP

Gi s ch xt 2 cell 1 v 2 c quan trng ln lt l 2 v 4. Khi mt ht i t cell 1 vo

cell 2, ht ny s c chia lm hai ht khc, mi ht mang mt na trng s ca ht gc.
Ngc li, nu ht i t cell 2 vo cell 1, ht s b ngng kho st vi xc sut l 0.5; trong
trng hp ht vn c tip tc theo di, trng s ca ht lc ny l gp i trng s ban
u. Xc sut sng st ca ht ln t l thay i ca trng s u c tnh bng t s ca
quan trng gia hai cell c v mi.
Trong thc t khi m phng MCNP c nhng vng cn c kho st chi tit ln nhng vng
khng cn phi quan tm. Chng ta c th thay i quan trng ca cell nhm tng hoc
gim s lng ht khi kho st trong mi vng. i vi nhng vng c quan trng cao, cc
ht khi vo vng ny s c phn chia v lm tng chnh xc v mt thng k ca kt
qu. i vi nhng vng c quan trng thp, ht s b tiu dit (kill ) vi mt xc sut no
, dn n tit kim thi gian chy chng trnh.

8.3

Phn chia theo nng lng

Tng t nh phng php phn chia theo hnh hc nhng thay v s dng quan trng ca cell
lm cn c tnh, chng ta s s dng nng lng ca ht.
ESPLT (Energy Splitting and Roulette Card )
C php:
Trong :
n
Ei
Ri
R0

ESPLT:n

R1 E1

...

R20 E20

N cho neutron, P cho photon v E cho electron

mc nng lng lm cn c xt phn chia hoc tiu dit ht
t s splitting/roulette theo nng lng gim dn
= 1 (nh ngha)

Trong trng hp khng c ca s trng s (weight window ):

1

Thut ng ny bt ngun t mt tr thch u ca ngi Nga, trong hai ngi s ln lt t st bng mt

khu sng ch c mt vin n trong , xc sut trng n l chia u cho c hai.

94

8.4. t ngng kho st

Nu nng lng ca ht gim ngang qua mc Ei , ht s c phn chia thnh Ri ht khc

(nu Ri > 1) hoc tri qua Russian roulette vi xc sut Ri (nu 0 < Ri < 1).
Nu nng lng ca ht tng ngang qua mc Ei , ht s c phn chia thnh 1/Ri ht khc
(nu 1/Ri > 1) hoc tri qua Russian roulette vi xc sut 1/Ri (nu 0 < 1/Ri < 1).
Lu : trong trng hp R1 < 0, khng xt i vi cc ht tng nng lng ngang qua cc
mc Ei .
Trong trng hp c ca s trng s (weight window ): cc weight window s c thay i tng
ng
Chia cho Ri khi nng lng ca ht gim ngang qua Ei .
Nhn cho Ri khi nng lng ca ht tng ngang qua Ei .
V d 8.3: quan trng ca cell
ESPLT : N 2 .1

2 .01

.25 .001

Trong v d ny, chng ta khai bo vic s dng splitting v Russian roulette theo nng lng
ca neutron. Nu nng lng ca neutron xung di 0.1MeV ht s b tch lm i (hai s
u), tng t ht cng s b tch lm i nu nng lng tip tc xung di 0.01MeV (hai
s tip theo) v cui cng l ht s tri qua Russian roulette vi xc sut sng st l 0.25 nu
nng lng xung di 0.001MeV (hai s cui).

8.4

t ngng kho st

Cc cutoff card c tc dng xc nh cc iu kin dng mt qu trnh m phng vt ca ht

hoc dng ton b chng trnh.
CUT ngng kho st khi vt ngng c lit k trong card.
C php:

CUT:n

Trong :
n
T
E
WC1, WC2
SWTM

WC1

WC2

SWTM

N cho neutron, P cho photon v E cho electron

thi gian ngng
nng lng ngng
trng s ngng
trng s nh nht ca ngun pht

Qu trnh m phng ht s ngng khi

Thi gian m phng vt qu thi gian ngng.
Nng lng ca ht xung di mc nng lng ngng.
Nu trng s WGT ca ht nh hn WC2*R (R l t s trng s gia cell ngun v cell hin ti
ca ht) th ht s b loi b vi xc sut l WGT/WC1*R), nu vn tip tc vt qua c th
trng s ca ht lc ny l WC1*R.
V d 8.4: t ngng nng lng cho neutron
CUT : N

.01

Khi nng lng ca ht neutron ang kho st xung di 0.01MeV, qu trnh m phng ht
s ngng li.

95

CHNG 8. K THUT GIM PHNG SAI

ELPT ngng kho st khi nng lng ca ht trong cell di ngng.

C php:

ELPT:n

x1

x2

...

xi

...

xI

Trong :
n
N cho neutron, P cho photon v E cho electron
xi
nng lng ngng cutoff
I
tng s cell trong bi ton
V d 8.5: t ngng nng lng cho electron trong cell 1
ELPT : E

9 r .05 .1

Gi s bi ton ca chng ta c tt c 12 cell, bng cch s dng ELPT ta c th thit lp

ngng nng lng cho electron tng cell. Trong v d trn, 10 cell u khng c ngng
nng lng, hai cell sau c ngng nng lng ln lt l 0.05MeV v 1MeV.

8.5

Ca s trng s

Phng php ny s thay i trng s ca ht khi n i qua cc khong nng lng hay khng
gian khc nhau. mi cell, chng ta s thit lp cc chn trn v di cho trng s ht. Nu ht
vo trong cell c trng s vt ngng chn trn, chng s b phn chia sao cho tt c cc ht con
c trng s nm trong khong gii hn. Nu ht c trng s thp hn chn di ca cell, chng s
phi tri qua php gieo may ri Russian roulette tng trng s ca ht ln ti khong gii hn.
WWE/WWN (Weight Window Cards) cung cp s thay i trng s theo khng gian v thi
gian hay khng gian v nng lng. WWE card khai bo cc khong nng lng v thi gian, tng
ng vi cc ca s trng s (weight window ) c khai bo trong WWN.
C php:

WWE:n

E1

E2

...

Ei

...

Ej (j 99)

Trong :
n
N cho neutron, P cho photon v E cho electron.
Ei
chn trn ca nng lng hoc thi gian cho ca s th i.
Ei1 chn di ca nng lng hoc thi gian cho ca s th i.
E0
= 0 (nh ngha).
C php:

WWNi:n

wi1

wi2

...

wij

...

EiJ

Trong :
n
N cho neutron, P cho photon v E cho electron.
wij chn di trng s cho cho cell j ng vi khong nng lng hoc thi gian Ei1 E Ei
c nh ngha trong WWE card.
J
tng s cell trong bi ton.
Nu wij < 0 (tng ng vi quan trng bng 0), bt k ht no vo cell j s b tiu dit.
Nu wij > 0, cc ht vo cell j s phi tri qua splitting hoc Russian roulette ph thuc vo
cc ty chn trong WWP card.
Nu wij = 0, ca s trng s cell j i vi khong chia i s khng hot ng, khi ch c
ngng trng s v cc qu trnh splitting v Russian roulette hot ng.
WWP (Weight Window Parameter Card ) cha cc tham s iu khin cc trng s c khai
bo trong WWN hoc IMP.
C php:

WWP:n

WUPN

WSURVN

MXSPLN

MWHERE

SWITCHN

MTIME

WNORM

ETSPLT

96

8.5. Ca s trng s

Trong :
WUPN

nu trng s ht ln hn tch ca WUPN v chn di ca trng s, ht s b

phn chia. Yu cu: WUPN 2, mc nh: WUPN = 5
nu ht sng st sau Russian roulette, trng s ca ht s l
MIN(WSURVN*chn di trng s, WGT*MXSPLN)
Yu cu: 1 WSURVN WUPN, mc nh: WUPN = 0.6*WUPN
ht s khng b phn chia hn MXSPLN phn, v khng b qua Russian roulette
vi xc sut nh hn 1/MXSPLN. MXSPLN = 2 vi ca s trng s bng 0.
Yu cu: MXSPLN > 1, mc nh: MXSPLN = 5
v tr kim tra trng s ht
= 1 ti cc v tr va chm
= 0 ti cc mt v va chm (mc nh)
= 1 ti cc mt
xc nh ni ly thng tin chn di ca ca s trng s
< 0 ly t file WWINP bn ngoi, cn c IMP card
= 0 ly t WWN card (mc nh)
> 0 t gi tr chn di bng vi SWITCHN chia cho trng s cell t IMP card
= 0 s dng ca s nng lng (trong WWE card) (mc nh)
= 1 s dng ca s thi gian (trong WWE card)
> 0 h s nhn i vi gi tr chn di ca trng s
= 0 cc gi tr t ESPLT c s dng ring r (mc nh)
= 1 cc gi tr t ESPLT cng c s dng cho splitting / Russian roulette

WSURVN

MXSPLN

MWHERE

SWITCHN

MTIME
WNORM
ETSPLT

V d 8.6: t ca s trng s
WWP : n 5 3 5 0 0 0
WWE : n 1.0000 E +02
WWN1 : n -1.0000 E +00
1.9838 E -01
6.1293 E -02
2.3198 E -02

5.0000 E -01 3.9217 E -01 3.1303 E -01 2.4752 E -01

1.6262 E -01 1.2870 E -01 1.0098 E -01 7.9136 E -02
4.5990 E -02 3.6979 E -02 2.9887 E -02 2.4748 E -02
2.9147 E -02

Bi ton c tt c 17 cell, ta t ca s trng s cho tt c cc neutron c nng lng nh

hn 100MeV trong 17 cell ny. Lu rng vi cell u tin, tt c cc neutron c nng lng
xung di 100MeV u b ngng kho st.
WWG/WWGE (Weight Window Generation) to ra b ca s trng s ti u cho cc tally.
Cc gi tr tng ng vi WWE/WWN card s c xut ra trong file output v file WWOUT.
C php:

WWG

It

Ic

Wg

IE

Trong :
It
ch s tally
Ic
> 0 to ca s trng s cho cell vi Ic l cell tham chiu
= 0 to ca s trng s cho mesh cell (FMESH card)
Wg
> 0 gi tr chn di ca ca s trng s cho cell tham chiu
= 0 c gi tr bng mt na trng s trung bnh ca ngun
J
khng s dng
IE
= 0 s dng WWGE card chia bin nng lng
= 1 s dng WWGE card chia bin thi gian
C php:
Trong :

WWGE:n

E1

E2

...

Ei

...

Ej (j 15)

97

CHNG 8. K THUT GIM PHNG SAI

n
Ei

N cho neutron, P cho photon v E cho electron

chn trn ca nng lng hoc thi gian cho ca s th i

V d 8.7: Cch to b ca s trng s

Gi s nh ta c mt ngun im cell 10 v tally ghi nhn l F2, ta s dng WWG card to
b ca s trng s nh sau
WWG 2 10 0 j j j j 0
Sau khi chy chng trnh ln th nht, pha cui ca output file ta s thy dng sau
wwp : p 5 3 5 0 0 0
wwe : p 1.0000 E +02
wwn1 : p 5.0000 E -01 5.0000 E -01 4.0810 E -01 2.5853 E -01 1.5586 E -01
9.1319 E -02 5.2707 E -02 3.0064 E -02 1.6959 E -02 9.4621 E -03
5.2438 E -03 2.8816 E -03 0.0000 E +00 -1.0000 E +00
a nhng dng ny vo trong input file v chy li ln hai. Quy trnh ny c th c lp
li cho n khi no thu c b ca s trng s tt nht.

8.6

Bin i exponential

EXT (Exponential Transform Card ) nhm hiu chnh qung chy ca ht gia cc ln va chm
(collision) theo mt hng xc nh bng cch hiu chnh tit din ton phn theo cng thc
t = t (1 p); vi t l tit din ton phn sau khi hiu chnh, t l tit din ton phn ban
u, p l tham s hiu chnh v l cosin gia hng bay ca ht vi hng cn hiu chnh.
C php:
Trong :
n
Ai
I

EXT:n

A1

A2

...

Ai

...

AI

N cho neutron, P cho photon v E cho electron.

tham s cho cell i, c dng QVm.
tng s cell trong bi ton.

Tham s hiu chnh p c nh ngha qua tham s Q

Q=0
Q=p
Q=S

p=0
0< p < 1
p = a t

khng s dng exponential transform

tham s hiu chnh l hng s
vi a l tit din bt

Hng hiu chnh c xc nh thng qua tham s Vm

B qua Vm
S dng VECT
Vm = X,Y hoc Z

=1
hng n (Ai > 0) hoc hng ra xa (Ai < 0) im
(x,y,z) c nh ngha trong VECT
l cosin ca gc to bi hng bay ca ht vi trc
X,Y hoc Z

V d 8.8: Bin i exponential

EXT : N 0
VECT V9

0 .7 V2 S - SV2
0 0 0 V2 1 1 1

-.6 V9

.5 V9

SZ

-.4 X

C tt c 10 cell trong bi ton, cc cell khng hiu chnh gm c cell 1, 2 v 7, chi tit cc
cell hiu chnh nh sau
Cell

Ai

Vm

Hng

98

8.7. Hiu chnh cc hiu ng vt l

3
4
5
6
8
9
10

8.7

.7V2
S
-SV2
-.6V9
.5V9
SZ
-.4X

.7
S
S
.6
.5
S
.4

V2

0.7
a t
a t
0.6
0.5
a t
0.4

-V2
-V9
V9
Z
-X

hng ti (1,1,1)
theo hng ca ht
xa khi (1,1,1)
xa khi gc to
hng v gc to
dc theo trc +Z.
dc theo trc X.

Hiu chnh cc hiu ng vt l

Cc physics card c s dng nhm iu khin mt s tnh cht vt l trong qu trnh m phng
bng MCNP.
PHYS (Energy Physics Cutoff )
i vi neutron
C php:

PHYS:N

Trong :
EMAX
EMCNF

EMAX

EMCNF

IUNR

DNB

FISNU

ngng gii hn trn ca nng lng neutron.

ngng nng lng bin ca vic m phng bt neutron.
trn ngng: m phng bt khng tng minh
di ngng: m phng bt tng t
0/1 bt/tt cc bng xc sut cng hng.
s lng neutron tr sinh ra t phn ng phn hch.
= 1 ly mu t nhin
= 0 khng to ra neutron tr
> 0 s lng neutron tr sinh ra tnh trn 1 phn ng
phn hch
phng php ly mu neutron t phn ng phn hch.
< 0 s dng b rng Gaussian
= 0 s dng cc s nguyn
= 1 s dng b rng Gaussian theo ng v
= 2 s dng b rng Terrell Gaussian theo ng v

IUNR
DNB

FISNU

i vi photon
C php:
Trong :
EMCNF
IDES
NOCOH
ISPN

NODOP

PHYS:P

EMCPF

IDES

NOCOH

ISPN

NODOP

ngng gii hn trn cho m phng chi tit photon.

= 0 m phng electron nu c MODE E v photon t bremsstrahlung
= 1 khng m phng electron v bremsstrahlung
= 0 m phng tn x kt hp
= 1 khng m phng tn x kt hp
= 1 ly mu phn ng quang ht nhn tng t
= 0 khng ly mu phn ng quang ht nhn
= 1 ly mu hiu dch phn ng quang ht nhn
= 0 m phng hiu ng n Doppler
= 1 khng m phng hiu ng n Doppler

i vi electron
C php:
NUMB

PHYS:E

EMAX

IDES

IPHOT

IBAD

ISTRG

BNUM

XNUM

RNOK

ENUM

99

CHNG 8. K THUT GIM PHNG SAI

Trong :
EMAX
IDES
IPHOT
IBAD
ISTRG
BNUM

XNUM
RNOK
ENUM
NUMB

ngng gii hn trn ca nng lng electron.

= 0/1 photon to/khng to electron
= 0/1 electron to/khng to photon
= 0 m phng chi tit gc pht bremsstrahlung
= 1 m phng xp x gc pht bremsstrahlung
= 0 m phng chi tit nng lng mt mt ca electron
= 1 xp x trung bnh nng lng mt mt ca electron
< 0 to 3/4|BNUM| ln s lng photon bremsstrahlung
= 0 khng to photon bremsstrahlung
> 0 to BNUM ln s lng photon bremsstrahlung
> 0 to XNUM ln s lng tia X t electron
= 0 khng to tia X t electron
> 0 to RNOK ln s lng electron th cp t electron
= 0 khng to electron th cp
> 0 to ENUM ln s lng electron th cp t photon
= 0 khng to electron th cp
> 0 to bremsstrahlung ti mi bc nhy
= 0 xp x pht bremsstrahlung

V d 8.9: Hiu chnh cc hiu ng vt l cho photon

PHYS : P 10 1 1 0 1
Trong v d trn, chng ta s dng m phng chi tit cho photon di 10MeV; khng m phng
bremsstrahlung, tn x kt hp, quang ht nhn v hiu ng Doppler.

8.8

Va chm bt buc

FCL (Forced Collision Card ) iu khin s va chm (collision) ca neutron v photon trong mi
cell, iu ny c bit c ch trong cc bi ton c s dng tally im hay DXTRAN.
C php:
Trong :
n
xi
I

FCL:n

x1 x2 x3

...

xi

...

xI

N cho neutron, P cho photon v E cho electron.

iu khin s tng tc trong cell i, vi 1 xi 1 (mc nh xi = 0).
s cell trong bi ton.

Trong trng hp x 6= 0, tt c cc ht i vo trong cell i s c chia thnh 2 phn va chm

(collided part) v khng va chm (uncollided part) vi cc trng s ph hp. Sau phng php
Russian roulette s c p dng cho thnh phn va chm vi xc sut sng st l |xi | nhm gi
cho s lng va chm khng qu ln.
Nu xi < 0, qu trnh forced collision s c p dng cho ch nhng ht ban u i vo cell,
trong trng hp c khai bo cutoff trng s b mt ca cell, khai bo ny s b b qua. Sau
va chm u tin, cc va chm tip theo ca ht s c m phng mt cch bnh thng.
Ca s trng s (weight window ) s vn c tnh ng gp vo trong tally hay DXTRAN.
Nu xi > 0, qu trnh forced collision s c p dng cho c ht i vo cell ln cc ht sau
. Sau mi va chm, cc ht tip tc c chia thnh 2 phn nh trn v tip tc c kho
st cho n khi dng.
V d 8.10: Hiu chnh va chm cho neutron

100

8.9. Hiu chnh pht bremsstrahlung

FCL : N 1 0
Trong v d trn, tt c cc ht neutron i vo cell th 1 u b bt buc phi tri qua tng
tc (va chm) vi vt cht trong cell.

8.9

Hiu chnh pht bremsstrahlung

BBREM (Bremsstrahlung Biasing Card ) cc electron thng pht bc x bremsstrahlung (photon) c nng lng thp nhiu hn nng lng cao. Tuy nhin, cc photon nng lng cao thng
c quan tm nhiu hn, do , to ra s lng cc photon nng lng cao nhiu hn, ta c
th hiu chnh ph pht bremsstrahlung thng qua BBREM card.
C php:

BBREM

b1 b2 b3

...

b49

m1 m2

...

mn

Trong :
b1
s dng bt k (hin ti khng s dng).
b2 ... b49 cc h s hiu chnh cho ph bremsstrahlung.
m1 ... mn danh sch cc vt liu c hiu chnh bremsstrahlung.
V d 8.11: Hiu chnh pht bremsstrahlung
BBREM

1.

1.

46 I

10.

888

999

Cc h s khai bo t b2 ti b49 tng ng vi phn nng lng m photon mang i khi

electron theo th t t t ti nhiu. Ph bremsstrahlung c hiu dch theo hng tng dn
ln (vi 48 h s ly mu ngu nhin tng dn t 1 n 10). S hiu chnh ph bremsstrahlung
ny c thc hin khi electron i vo cc cell c ch s vt cht 888 v 999.

8.10

Hiu chnh s to photon t neutron

PWT (Photon Weight Card ) c th c s dng cho MODE N P hay MODE N P E, n c s

dng iu khin s lng cng nh trng s ca cc photon tc thi c to ra t phn ng
(n,).
C php:

PWT

W1 W2

...

Wi

...

WI

Trong :
Wi
trng s ngng tng i ca photon c to ra t neutron trong cell i.
I
s cell trong bi ton.
i vi cc cell c Wi > 0, ch c cc photon c trng s ln hn Wi Is /Ii mi c to
ra, vi Is v Ii l quan trng (importance) ca cell ngun v cell xy ra phn ng. Trong
trng hp photon c trng s nh hn ngng, Russian roulette s c p dng xc
nh xem photon c c to ra hay khng.
i vi cc cell c Wi < 0, ch c cc photon c trng s ln hn Wi Ws Is /Ii mi c
to ra, vi Ws l trng s ban u ca neutron v Is , Ii c nh ngha nh trn, trng
hp photon c trng s nh hn ngng cng tng t trn.
Trong trng hp Wi = 0, chnh xc mt photon s c to ra trong mi phn ng trong
cell i.
Trong trng hp Wi = 1E6, qu trnh to photon s khng xy ra.
V d 8.12: Hiu chnh lng photon c to ra t neutron

101

CHNG 8. K THUT GIM PHNG SAI

PWT 0 -10 -9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1.7 -1.4 -1.0 -0.7 -0.4 -0.3

-0.2
Trong v d trn, cc cell cng v pha sau (|Wi | cng nh) s c s lng photon c to bi
neutron cng nhiu.

8.11

Ly mu tng quan

PDn (Detector Contribution Card ) c nhim v lm gim ng gp vo trong tally ghi nhn t
mt s cell tng i khng quan trng, gip lm gim thi gian tnh ton.
C php:

PDn

Trong :
n
Pi
I

P1 P2

...

Pi

...

PI

ch s tally.
xc sut ng gp ca cell i vo trong tally n (mc nh Pi = 1).
s cell trong bi ton.

Ti mi va chm trong cell i, tally s ghi nhn vi xc sut Pi , sau gi tr ghi nhn s c
nhn vi h s 1/Pi m bo thu nhn kt qu khng b lch (unbiased result) cho tt c cc
cell tr trng hp Pi = 0.
V d 8.13: Hiu chnh mc ng gp ca cc cell
PD15 0 5 r 1 3 r 0 9 r
Trong v d trn, tally F15 ch nhn ng gp t cc cell th 7 n 10, cc cell cn li c Pi
= 0 nn khng ng gp vo tally.

8.12

Mt cu DXTRAN

Phng php ny thng c s dng khi chng ta cn kho st mt vng khng gian nh (c
xc sut ht tn x vo vng khng gian ny l thp). khc phc iu ny, ngi dng s to
ra mt mt cu bao quanh vng khng gian ny, gi l mt cu DXTRAN (DXTRAN sphere).
Ti cc ngun pht hoc ngun tn x bn ngoi mt cu ny, chng trnh s to ra cc ht
DXTRAN (DXTRAN particle) v m phng vn chuyn cc ht ny ti mt cu bng phng
php tt nh (deterministic method ). Cc ht thng thng (non-DXTRAN particle) vn c
m phng nh thng l, tuy nhin chng s b tiu dit khi i vo trong mt cu DXTRAN.
DXT (DXTRAN Card ) to mt cu DXTRAN.
C php:
DXT:pl
Trong :
pl
xi yi zi
RIi
ROi
DWC1
DWC2
DPWT

x1 y1 z1 RI1 RO1

x2 y2 z2 RI2 RO2

...

DWC1 DWC2 DPWT

loi ht cn ghi nhn (N,P,E).

ta tm ca cp mt cu th i.
bn knh ca mt cu bn trong th i.
bn knh ca mt cu bn ngoi th i.
ngng trn ca trng s cho cc mt cu.
ngng di ca trng s cho cc mt cu.
trng s nh nht ca photon (ch dng cho DXT:N).

V d 8.14: To mt cu DXTRAN

102

8.12. Mt cu DXTRAN

DXT : N 0 0 -100 100 100 1 E3 1E -4

Mt mt cu DXTRAN c to c tm ti (0, 0, -100), bn knh 100cm, ca s trng s cho
mt cu l t 104 n 103 .
DXC (DXTRAN Contribution Card ) tng t nh PDn card nhng p dng cho DXTRAN.
C php:
Trong :
m
n
Pi
I

DXCm:n

P1 P2

...

Pi

...

PI

mt cu DXTRAN cn s dng DXC card,

(mc nh m = 0, DXC p dng cho tt c cc mt cu DXTRAN).
N cho neutron, P cho photon, khng c electron.
xc sut ng gp ca cell i vo trong mt cu DXTRAN (mc nh Pi = 1).
s cell trong bi ton.

V d 8.15: Hiu chnh mc ng gp ca cc cell vo mt cu DXTRAN

DXC : N 1 3 r 2 0
Cell th 4 c mc xc sut ng gp tng gp i so vi cc cell cn li, cell cui khng c
ng gp vo mt cu DXTRAN.

9
Cch c ouput file ca MCNP

Cc kt qu sau khi chy chng trnh s c xut ra di dng mt file output. Bn cnh kt
qu c xut ra theo yu cu ca ngi s dng, file output cn cha rt nhiu thng tin phong
ph, cc thng tin ny thng c lit k di dng cc bng. MCNP biu din thng tin chi tit
v qu trnh m phng ngi dng nh gi sai s thng k ca kt qu. C nhiu chi tit
nh gi c trnh by, nhng theo kinh nghim ngi dng cn xc nh cn thn cc bng 10
kim tra thng k c tnh ton trong MCNP. Cc thng tin c in ra trong output file ln lt
nh sau:
Ni dung input file.
Cc bng thng tin.
Cc nh gi thng k.
Kt qu tally.

9.1
9.1.1

Kt qu u ra ca MCNP
Cc bng thng tin

Cc bng thng tin ny cha cc thng tin tng hp chun nhm cung cp cho ngi s dng cc
tng hn na v vic chy chng trnh th no.
Cc thng tin tm tt cc bng gip cho ngi dng c ci nhn su hn v ngha vt l ca
cc kt qu tally v nh gi c s ph hp ca m hnh m chng ta ang m phng. Cc
thng tin ny bao gm cc s lng to thnh v mt i ca tt c cc vt (track ) v nng lng
ca chng; s lng cc vt vo v tr li mt cell cng vi cc vt c trong cell; s va chm trong
mt cell; trng s trung bnh, qung ng t do trung bnh, v nng lng ca vt trong mt cell;
hot ca mi nuclide trong mt cell v s cn bng trng s ca mi cell,...
Nu c li xy ra trong qu trnh chy chng trnh, chng ta cng c th da vo cc bng ny
d on c ni xy ra li v a ra cc sa cha ph hp. Mi kt qu c xut ra u c
cc sai s thng k tng i ca n tng ng vi mt lch chun. Di y l mt s bng c
th c in ra bi MCNP
S ca bng
10
20

Kiu

Thng tin
Cc h s v phn b ca ngun
Thng tin v ca s trng s (weight window)

104

9.1. Kt qu u ra ca MCNP

30
32
35
40
50
60
62
70
72
80
85
86
90
100
102
110
120
126
128
130
140
150
160
161
162
170
175
178
190
198
200

c bn
c bn
c bn

c bn

c bn

mc nh
mc nh
mc nh
rt gn
c bn
c bn

M t tally
M t mesh tally
Detector trng phng
Cu to vt cht
Th tch, khi lng v din tch b mt ca cell
quan trng ca cell
quan trng ca cell
Cc h s ca b mt
Nhit cell
T s quan trng ca ESPLT/TSPLT
Qung chy electron, cc gi tr thng lng cho nhm
Bremsstrahlung v cc ht th cp
D liu ngun ca KCODE
Cc bng tit din
Cc d liu S(,)
Lch s ca 50 ht u tin pht ra
Phn tch nh tnh cho quan trng
Tng tc ca ht trong mi cell
Bn ton th
Cn bng trng s ca neutron/photon/electron
Tng tc ca ht nhn vi neutron/photon
nh gi mt cu DXTRAN
TFC ca tally bin
th mt xc sut ca tally
th mt tch ly ca tally
Tn sut phn b ngun
c lng kef f theo chu k
c lng kef f theo kch thc b
Tm tt vic to ca s trng s
Ca s trng s t thng lng nhm
B ca s trng s c to ra

Chng ta c th in ra cc bng ny thng qua vic s dng PRINT card. Lu rng cc bng thuc
kiu c bn lun c in ra trong file output.
V d 9.1: In ra bng thng tin trong output
PRINT 110 40 150
Cc bng thng tin 110, 40 v 150 c in ra bn cnh cc bng c bn trong MCNP, cc bng
mc nh 160, 161 v 162 s khng c in ra.
Di y l mt s v d cc bng thng c in ra bi MCNP.
V d 9.2: Bng 60
Bng 60 lit k mt s tnh cht ca cc cell c nh ngha trong input file. Ct u tin l
s th t ca cell, cc ct sau ln lt l s hiu cell, vt cht, mt nguyn t, mt khi
lng, th tch, khi lng cell v trng s ca ht.
1 cells
atom
gram
cell mat density
density

print table 60

volume

photon
mass

pieces importance

105

CHNG 9. CCH C OUPUT FILE CA MCNP

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31

10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
105
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
175
180
181
185
190
200
210
215
220
230
235
240
250

1
2
3
5
5
6
7
7
7

6.02393 E -02 2.69900 E +00 3.31361 E +01 8.94343 E +01

5.23875 E -02 1.11000 E +00 1.79815 E -02 1.99595 E -02
6.45342 E -02 1.38000 E +00 2.12372 E -01 2.93073 E -01
4.41338 E -02 5.32300 E +00 1.82640 E +00 9.72191 E +00
4.41338 E -02 5.32300 E +00 9.53776 E +01 5.07695 E +02
1.32003 E -01 2.37000 E +00 1.14288 E -03 2.70863 E -03
8.49114 E -02 8.96000 E +00 4.24115 E -02 3.80007 E -01
8.49114 E -02 8.96000 E +00 3.92699 E -01 3.51858 E +00
8.49114 E -02 8.96000 E +00 3.14720 E -01 2.81989 E +00
0 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00 6.62317 E -01 0.00000 E +00
5 4.41338 E -02 5.32300 E +00 6.72052 E +00 3.57733 E +01
1 6.02393 E -02 2.69900 E +00 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00
8 6.57584 E -02 7.14000 E +00 2.71956 E -01 1.94176 E +00
9 5.56633 E -02 1.03200 E +00 2.13288 E -01 2.20113 E -01
0 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00
10 7.82302 E -02 2.25000 E +00 2.39546 E +00 5.38979 E +00
0 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00 5.30144 E -02 0.00000 E +00
0 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00
15 4.30052 E -02 1.00000 E +00 5.15322 E +02 5.15322 E +02
11 4.34240 E -02 1.55660 E +00 1.42672 E +02 2.22084 E +02
11 4.34240 E -02 1.55660 E +00 3.68242 E +02 5.73205 E +02
13 5.38676 E -05 1.29000 E -03 4.06880 E +02 5.24875 E -01
16 9.81466 E -02 1.06000 E +00 4.42485 E +02 4.69034 E +02
13 5.38676 E -05 1.29000 E -03 1.62547 E +04 2.09685 E +01
7 8.49114 E -02 8.96000 E +00 5.40139 E +02 4.83965 E +03
14 3.70826 E -02 7.31000 E +00 3.42122 E +02 2.50091 E +03
12 3.29849 E -02 1.13500 E +01 5.89125 E +04 6.68657 E +05
7 8.49114 E -02 8.96000 E +00 3.20474 E +02 2.87145 E +03
14 3.70826 E -02 7.31000 E +00 2.00296 E +02 1.46416 E +03
12 3.29849 E -02 1.13500 E +01 2.23130 E +04 2.53252 E +05
0 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00 0.00000 E +00

total

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1

1.0000 E +00
1.0000 E +00
1.0000 E +00
1.0000 E +00
1.0000 E +00
1.0000 E +00
1.0000 E +00
1.0000 E +00
1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
0 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
0 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
0 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
0 1.0000 E +00
0 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
1 1.0000 E +00
0 0.0000 E +00

1.00900 E +05 9.36044 E +05

V d 9.3: Bng 100

Bng 100 lit k cc bng tit din c s dng trong qu trnh m phng. Ct u tin lit
k cc bng tit din c s dng, ct th hai lit k kch thc ca mi bng v ct cui
cng lit k thi im thnh lp ca cc bng tit din.
1 cross - section tables
table

print table 100

length
tables from file mcplib02

1000.02 p
5000.02 p
6000.02 p
7000.02 p
8000.02 p
9000.02 p
13000.02 p
14000.02 p
29000.02 p
30000.02 p
32000.02 p
50000.02 p
82000.02 p
total

623
623
623
623
623
623
643
643
663
687
691
695
755
8515

01/15/93
01/15/93
01/15/93
01/15/93
01/15/93
01/15/93
01/15/93
01/15/93
01/15/93
01/15/93
01/15/93
01/15/93
01/15/93

106

9.1. Kt qu u ra ca MCNP

maximum photon energy set to 100.0 mev ( maximum electron energy )

tables from file el03
1000.03 e
5000.03 e
6000.03 e
7000.03 e
8000.03 e
9000.03 e
13000.03 e
14000.03 e
29000.03 e
30000.03 e
32000.03 e
50000.03 e
82000.03 e

2329
2331
2333
2333
2333
2333
2337
2339
2347
2347
2349
2359
2373

6/6/98
6/6/98
6/6/98
6/6/98
6/6/98
6/6/98
6/6/98
6/6/98
6/6/98
6/6/98
6/6/98
6/6/98
6/6/98

V d 9.4: Bng 126

Bng 126 trnh by cc thng s vt ca ht trong ton b qu trnh m phng. Ct u tin
l s th t ca cell, cc ct sau ln lt l s hiu cell, s vt ca ht trong mi cell, s ht
trong mi cell, tng s va chm, s va chm trung bnh trn 1 lch s ht, nng lng trung
bnh, thng lng trung bnh, chiu di vt trung bnh, qung ng t do trung bnh ca vt.
1 photon

activity in each cell

tracks
population collisions collisions
number
flux
average
average
entering
* weight
weighted
weighted track weight track mfp
( per history ) energy
energy
( relative )
( cm )

cell

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

10 43488956
20
4095771
30
4108699
40
4228156
50 10921525
60
994655
70
54309
80
241110
90
161720
100
813520
105 13974142
110 21402568
120
153900
130
181765
140
2828249
150
627009
160
38920
170 37416937
175
6642499
180 42917601
181 93907810
185 21482133
190 142929834
200 153694691
210 97459486
215 92389246
220 85056252
230 10234969
235
9823613
240
9187696

total

9.1.2

print table 126

25494862
2615497 2.6155 E -02 1.1912 E +00 1.1912 E +00 1.0000 E +00 6.4342 E +00
3838407
604 6.0400 E -06 1.1442 E +00 1.1442 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.4768 E +01
3850003
8522 8.5220 E -05 1.1429 E +00 1.1429 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.1866 E +01
4021906
370770 3.7077 E -03 1.1321 E +00 1.1321 E +00 1.0000 E +00 3.3360 E +00
11998086
15311670 1.5312 E -01 1.0403 E +00 1.0403 E +00 1.0000 E +00 3.1563 E +00
506200
41 4.1000 E -07 9.7450 E -01 9.7450 E -01 1.0000 E +00 6.8737 E +00
55012
11120 1.1120 E -04 9.6827 E -01 9.6827 E -01 1.0000 E +00 1.7472 E +00
246180
89567 8.9567 E -04 9.5560 E -01 9.5560 E -01 1.0000 E +00 1.7331 E +00
166425
59108 5.9108 E -04 9.9703 E -01 9.9703 E -01 1.0000 E +00 1.7777 E +00
505974
0 0.0000 E +00 9.7482 E -01 9.7482 E -01 1.0000 E +00 0.0000 E +00
10223499
1193478 1.1935 E -02 1.1065 E +00 1.1065 E +00 1.0000 E +00 3.2821 E +00
13008232
1482038 1.4820 E -02 1.1105 E +00 1.1105 E +00 1.0000 E +00 6.1751 E +00
153752
42642 4.2642 E -04 1.0868 E +00 1.0868 E +00 1.0000 E +00 2.3366 E +00
146325
3896 3.8960 E -05 1.0963 E +00 1.0963 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.5454 E +01
2611642
0 0.0000 E +00 1.0890 E +00 1.0890 E +00 1.0000 E +00 0.0000 E +00
567443
80441 8.0441 E -04 1.0289 E +00 1.0289 E +00 1.0000 E +00 7.1812 E +00
38736
0 0.0000 E +00 1.0407 E +00 1.0407 E +00 1.0000 E +00 0.0000 E +00
22962316
0 0.0000 E +00 1.1724 E +00 1.1724 E +00 1.0000 E +00 0.0000 E +00
6580631
2932950 2.9330 E -02 1.0480 E +00 1.0480 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.5617 E +01
42519050
7976544 7.9765 E -02 1.2626 E +00 1.2626 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.1145 E +01
83751824
20798260 2.0798 E -01 1.2560 E +00 1.2560 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.1107 E +01
21297698
7050 7.0500 E -05 1.2450 E +00 1.2450 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.3382 E +04
100782577
2982241 2.9822 E -02 1.2320 E +00 1.2320 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.5045 E +01
100887510
88636 8.8636 E -04 1.1744 E +00 1.1744 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.2919 E +04
91845058
20471588 2.0472 E -01 1.0875 E +00 1.0875 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.8800 E +00
89740253
16850277 1.6850 E -01 1.1048 E +00 1.1048 E +00 1.0000 E +00 2.3371 E +00
234152156 482588432 4.8259 E +00 1.1416 E +00 1.1416 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.3405 E +00
10165906
1779014 1.7790 E -02 1.0414 E +00 1.0414 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.8263 E +00
9786421
1572492 1.5725 E -02 1.0620 E +00 1.0620 E +00 1.0000 E +00 2.2588 E +00
25503675
52838546 5.2839 E -01 1.1338 E +00 1.1338 E +00 1.0000 E +00 1.3313 E +00

911457741

917407759

632155424

6.3216 E +00

In ra cc kt qu theo chu k

in ra cc kt qu theo chu k nht nh, chng ta c th s dng PRDMP card.

C php:
Trong :
NDP
NDM
MCT

PRDMP

NDP

NDM

MCT

NDMP

DMMP

tng ca cc tally in ra
tng ca cc kt xut ra file RUNTPE
> 0 in file MCTAL (cha thng tin ca tally ti ln kt xut cui cng)

107

CHNG 9. CCH C OUPUT FILE CA MCNP

= 0 khng to file MCTAL

= 1 cc thng tin lin quan ti qu trnh chy chng trnh c loi b khi
cc file MCTAL v OUTP
= 2 tt chc nng ghi thm thng tin ln OUTP h tr chy song song
s lng ti a cc kt xut trong file RUNTPE
to bng thng k tng ging ca tally (tally fluctuation chart TFC)
0 mt d liu cho mi 1000 ht
> 0 mi DMMP ht

NDMP
DMMP

V d 9.5: In kt qu tally ra file MCTAL

PRDMP

2J

-1

File MCTAL c to ra v lc b cc thng tin nh phin bn, ID, FOM,...

9.1.3

V kt qu tally

MPLOT card c dng to ra cc th kt qu tally trong sut qu trnh chy m phng.

C php:

MPLOT

t kha = tham s

Trong sut qu trnh chy, thng qua gi tr c thit lp bi t kha FREQ (khong lch s ht,
mc nh FREQ = 5000), th tc MCRUN s gi MPLOT hin th tnh trng hin ti ca mt
hay nhiu tally. Chi tit v cc t kha ca MPLOT c th c xem trong Ph lc B ca MCNP
Manual.
V d 9.6: V kt qu tally
MPLOT TALLY =2 TFC P NONORM FREQ =5000 FILE = ALL
Trong v d ny, ngha ca cc ch th nh sau, chng trnh MCNP s v kt qu ca tally
F2 vi khong lch s ht l 5000 cho 1 th, trn cng hin th tn s theo s lch s ht
(TFC P NONORM). Ch th FILE=ALL c ngha l tt c cc th s c gi n file trung gian
(metafile) c tn l PLOTM.PS.

9.2

chnh xc ca kt qu v cc nhn t nh hng

chnh xc ca cc kt qu trong MCNP c th c nh gi trn hai kha cnh: chnh xc

v mt thng k (precision) v chnh xc v mt h thng (accuracy).
chnh xc v mt thng k c c trng bi sai s tng i (relative error ) ca kt qu,
c to nn bi s thng ging thng k (statistical fluctuation) trong vic ghi nhn kt qu ca
tng ht.
Ngc li, chnh xc h thng c c trng bi sai s h thng (systematic error ), c nh
gi da trn s sai lch gia kt qu c lng c (estimated value) so vi gi tr thc s (true
value) ca n. y l mt i lng rt quan trng, nhng hu nh kh c th xc nh c i
lng ny trong thc t.
Di y l mt s nhn t c th nh hng ti chnh xc ca kt qu, c v mt thng k ln
h thng:
V mt thng k:
Phng thc tnh ton: i vi nhng bi ton c ngun phn b trong mt khng gian rng
ln hoc tally ghi nhn trong mt khng gian nh, vic m phng kt hp s cho kt qu
thng k tt hn l m phng mt cch bnh thng.

108

9.3. nh gi thng k

Loi tally: vic la chn loi tally c th nh hng ti chnh xc ca kt qu. V d,

detector dng im thng t chnh xc hn detector dng mt trong bi ton tn x.
K thut gim phng sai
S lch s ht
V mt h thng:
M hnh vt l, tng tc, th vin tit din ...
M t hnh hc (m t khng chnh xc cu hnh, vt liu, phn b gc ca ngun,...)
Li ca ngi dng (v d: s dng sai cc option, s dng chng trnh khng ng,...).

9.3
9.3.1

nh gi thng k
Sai s tng i

Sai s tng i (R) c nh ngha l t s ca lch chun v tr trung bnh, x /

x. Trong
MCNP gi tr ny c xc nh nh sau:
R=

Sx
x

(9.1)

Trong
S2
N
PN

Sx2 =

(9.2)

x
)
x2 x
2
N 1
N
1 X
x
=
xi
N
i=1 (xi

S2 =

x2 =

1
N

i=1
N
X

(9.3)
(9.4)

x2i

(9.5)

i=1

Sai s tng i R s c tnh ton sau mi qu trnh m phng Monte Carlo. N cho php ngi
dng nh gi nhng ng gp khc nhau
vo kt qu truy xut ca mt qu trnh m phng. i
vi kt qu truy xut tt th R t l vi 1/ N , do gim R mt na cn phi tng s lch s
ln gp 4 ln. Tuy nhin i vi kt qu truy xut c chiu hng xu th R c th tng khi s lch
s tng.
Th cc phng trnh t (9.2) n (9.5) vo (9.1) ta c:
"
R=

1
N

x2
x
2

!#1/2
1

1/2

PN

= P

2
i=1 xi

N
i=1 xi

2

(9.6)

Gi tr R c xc nh bi 2 yu t sau:
Lch s ghi nhn hiu sut k hiu q, l hiu sut ca cc lch s ht to nn xi khc khng.
phn tn ca kt qu ghi nhn c khc khng.

109

CHNG 9. CCH C OUPUT FILE CA MCNP

T (9.6) ta c:
P
2
1
1
1q
xi 6=0 xi

R = P
=
+
2
P
2
N
qN
qN
N
i=1 xi
xi 6=0 xi
2

PN

2
i=1 xi

(9.7)

t
2
xi 6=0 xi

P
2
Rint

= P

2
Ref
f =

xi 6=0 xi

2

1
qN

1q
qN

(9.8)

(9.9)

MCNP tch R thnh 2 thnh phn l Ref f v Rint . y Ref f l phn khai trin t R th hin
phn hiu sut khng ghi nhn ht v Rint l hiu sut c to nn do cc s kin lch s c
ghi nhn khc khng. Nu mi ht pht ra t ngun u c ghi nhn (q = 1) khi Ref f = 0;
nhng cng nhiu ht ngun sinh ra vi ghi nhn l khng th Ref f tng. Ngc li, Rint xc nh
sai s hnh thnh bi cc s kin khc khng. Nu mt s ht c ghi nhn vi gi tr hiu sut
bng khng v s cn li c ghi nhn cng mt gi tr th Rint = 0. Khi cc ht c ghi nhn
vi cc gi tr khc nhau tng th Rint tng.
Mc ch ca cc k thut gim phng sai l tng hiu sut ghi nhn q v khi gim Ref f .
Cng lc nu chng ta gim phn tn ca cc gi tr ghi nhn, tc l lm cho hm mt
xc sut f (x) tp trung v gi tr trung bnh th Rint gim.
Bng 9.1 trnh by cch nh gi kt qu ca mt tally t gi tr tng ng ca R.
Bng 9.1: Ch gii sai s tng i R
R
> 0.5
0.2 0.5
0.1 0.2
< 0.1
< 0.05

9.3.2

ngha ca kt qu
Khng c ngha
C th chp nhn trong mt vi trng hp
Cha tin cy hon ton
Tin cy (ngoi tr i vi detector im/vng)
Tin cy i vi c detector im/vng

Figure of Merit

theo di din bin ca kt qu truy xut, MCNP cn a ra tiu chun F OM (Figure Of Merit)
sau mi ln truy xut kt qu. Gi tr ca F OM c tnh theo cng thc
F OM =

1
R2 T

(9.10)

trong T l thi gian tnh ton bng pht. Gi tr ca F OM cng ln th qu trnh m phng
Monte Carlo cng hiu qu bi v ch cn t thi gian tnh ton cng c th t c gi tr R
mong mun. Khi N tng th gi tr ca F OM s tin n gi tr khng i v R2 t l vi 1/N v
T t l vi N .

9.3.3

Variance of Variance

Sai s tng i R dng biu din chnh xc v mt thng k ca kt qu. Bn cnh ,

nh gi chnh xc ca R, ngi ta s dng i lng phng sai ca phng sai (Variance

110

9.4. Cc kim nh thng k

of Variance VOV ), i lng ny c nh ngha nh sau

PN
)4
S 2 (Sx2 )
1
i=1 (xi x
V OV =
=
h
i2
2
P
N
Sx
N
)2
i=1 (xi x

(9.11)

i lng V OV lin quan ti moment bc 3 v 4 ca phn b kt qu tally v nhy vi cc thng

ging ca lch s ht hn l ai lng R (ch da vo moment bc 1 v 2).

9.3.4

Probability Density Function

MCNP cng a ra hm phn b mt xc sut (PDF) f (x) gip ngi dng c th nh

gi c khong tin cy (confidence interval ) cho kt qu tally. V mt l thuyt, khong tin cy
ny c xc nh da trn nh l gii hn trung tm (central limit theorem): khi s lch s ht
khi N ln, gi tr trung bnh ca tally s c dng phn b chun (normal distribution 1 ) vi
lch chun l /N . Vic nh gi ui phn b (high-end tail ) ca PDF f (x) gip ta c th c
lng c khi no N ln nh l gii hn trung tm c th c p dng.
nh gi dc (slope) ca ui phn b, MCNP s dng 201 lch s ht cho gi tr ln nht
v lm khp gi tr ny theo hm Pareto (vi hai tham s a v k)
fP areto (x) =

1
a(1 + kx/a)1+(1/k)

(9.12)

T , dc c c lng
SLOP E = 1 +

1
k

(9.13)

Trong output ca PDF, hm Pareto c biu din bng mt chui cc ch s cn gi tr trung

bnh c biu din bng mt ct cc ch m.

9.4

Cc kim nh thng k

i km vi kt qu tally, MCNP cng in ra cc kt qu nh gi thng k ca mnh. Cc i

lng c nh gi gm c gi tr trung bnh (
x), sai s tng i (R), phng sai ca phng
sai (V OV ), figure of merit (F OM ) v dc ca phn b f (x). Bng 9.2 trnh by tm tt cc
nh gi thng k c s dng trong MCNP.
Bng 9.2: Cc nh gi thng k
ai lng
Trung bnh (mean)
Sai s tng i (relative error )

Phng sai ca phng sai (VOV )

Figure of merit
PDF
1

phn b dng Gauss vi tch phn ton phn bng 1

nh gi
thay i
gi tr
gim
tc gim
gi tr
gim
tc gim
gi tr
thay i
dc

K vng
ngu nhin
< 0.10 (0.05)
c
1/sqrt(nps)
< 0.10
c
1/nps
hng s
ngu nhin
> 3.00

111

CHNG 9. CCH C OUPUT FILE CA MCNP

Gi tr trung bnh (
x)
1. Khng c bin i n iu theo s lch s ht N trong khong na sau ca bi ton, cc
thng ging gi tr trung bnh phi mang tnh cht ngu nhin.
Sai s tng i (R)
2. Khng c vt qu 0.1 (10%), i vi detector im/vng th 0.05.
3. Gim n iu theo s lch s ht N trong khong na sau ca bi ton.

4. Gim theo 1/ N trong khong na sau ca bi ton.

Phng sai ca phng sai (V OV )
5. Khng c vt qu 0.1 i vi tt c cc loi tally.
6. Gim n iu theo s lch s ht N trong khong na sau ca bi ton.
7. Gim theo 1/N trong khong na sau ca bi ton.
Figure of merit (F OM )
8. Khng thay i thng k theo s lch s ht N trong khong na sau ca bi ton.
9. Thng ging ngu nhin trong khong na sau ca bi ton.
PDF f (x)
10. Gi tr SLOP E ca 201 lch s ht ghi nhn ln nht phi ln hn 3.0.

V d 9.7: 10 kim tra thng k

======================================================================================================================

results of 10 statistical checks for the estimated answer for the tally fluctuation chart ( tfc ) bin of tally
tfc bin
-- mean - pdf behavior behavior
desired
observed
passed ?

random
random
yes

-- - -- - -- - relative error - - - - - - - - value

decrease

<0.10
yes
0.00
yes
yes
yes

decrease rate

---- variance of the variance - - - value

1/ sqrt ( nps )
<0.10
yes
0.00
yes
yes
yes

yes

decrease

yes

-- figure of merit - value

behavior

slope

1/ nps
yes

yes

decrease rate

constant random
>3.00
constant random
10.00
yes
yes
yes

======================================================================================================================

9.4. Cc kim nh thng k

112

10
Mt s v d m phng MCNP

Trong chng ny, mt s v d bi ton m phng c trnh by nhm gip cho c gi hiu r
hn v cch thc xy dng mt input file v thc hin m phng vi chng trnh MCNP. Cc v
d c dn bao gm bi ton m phng ph gamma, sut liu qua mt v bi ton ngng trong
l phn ng.

10.1

V d bi ton ph gamma

Bi ton ny c xy dng da trn v d trong Kho lun tt nghip Kho st nh hng ca

matrix v hiu ng mt ln hiu sut nh ca h ph k gamma u d HPGe bng chng
trnh MCNP ca bn Phm Hu Phong.
Bi ton Xt mt khi hnh tr cha y nc c chiu cao 10cm v bn knh 5cm (Hnh 10.1).
Song song vi b mt ca khi v cch b mt ny 5cm, ngi ta t mt detector germanium
cng c dng hnh tr vi chiu cao 7cm v bn knh 1.5cm. Gi s ngun phng x 137 Cs c
phn b u bn trong khi tr, hy m phng ph gamma thu c t detector germanium vi
s ht pht ra t ngun l 106 ht.

Hnh 10.1: Minh ho bi ton m phng ph gamma

114

10.1. V d bi ton ph gamma

Xy dng input
xy dng c input file cho chng trnh MCNP, vic u tin chng ta cn lm l xc nh
b tr hnh hc trong h trc to Oxyz. Do bi khng c yu cu v mt nh hng b tr,
ta c th tu chn bt c trc no nh hng, chng hn nh theo Hnh 10.1, ta b tr khi
tr v detector dc theo trc trc z.
nh ngha cell
V phng din hnh hc, khi ngun hnh tr c to thnh bi hai mt phng v mt mt tr.
Trong Hnh 10.1, khi tr cha nc c gii hn bi hai mt phng c nh s 1 v 2 cng
vi mt mt tr c nh s 3. Dng khai bo khi tr ny nh sau
10 1 -1.0

-1 2 -3

imp : p =1

y, 10 l k hiu cell ca khi tr, 1 l vt liu to thnh khi tr (s c nh ngha data

card ) vi mt l -1.0 (tnh theo g/cm3 ), cm -1 2 -3 l phn khai bo khng gian ca khi
tr. Vi cch b tr nh trong Hnh 10.1, vng khng gian khi tr c to thnh bi phn khng
gian theo chiu m (bn di) ca mt 1, dng (bn trn) ca mt 2 v m (bn trong) ca mt
tr 3. Tng t nh vy vi khi detector germanium
20 2 -5.36 -4 5 -6

imp : p =1

Dng ny m t detector l mt khi germanium (Ge) c mt 5.36 g/cm3 , c to bi vng

khng gian bn di mt phng 4, bn trn mt phng 5 v bn trong mt tr 6.
Ngoi ra, bn cnh hai khi ngun v detector, chng ta cn cn phi khai bo vng khng gian
m phng
30 0
40 0

-7#10#20
7

imp : p =1
imp : p =0

y chng ta s to thm mt mt cu 7 bao quanh ton b vng khng gian cn c m

phng. Cell 30 s l vng khng gian bn trong mt cu ny v loi b hai vng tng ng vi
ngun v detector (nu khng loi b hai vng khng gian ny ra, chng trnh s bo li chng
chp gia cc vng khng gian vi nhau). Cell 40 l vng khng gian bn ngoi mt cu 7, y l
vng khng gian m chng ta khng cn quan tm, do n s c gn quan trng bng 0.
Lu rng MCNP yu cu ngi dng phi nh ngha ton b, khng c b st bt k khng
gian no, do cch thng thng nht l ngi dng s to mt mt cu1 ln bao ton b vng
khng gian cn kho st v nh ngha vng khng gian ngoi mt cu ny c quan trng bng
0. Chng trnh MCNP s ngng m phng nu ht ri vo vng khng gian c quan trng
bng 0 ny.
nh ngha mt
Trong Hnh 10.1, chng ta t gc to ti mt trn detector, iu ny c ngha l mt 4 s
chnh l mt phng Oxy. Cn c vo y, chng ta c th d dng nh ngha cc mt cn li
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1

pz 15
pz 5
cz 5
pz 0
pz -7
cz 1.5
so 100

$
$
$
$
$
$
$

mat
mat
mat
mat
mat
mat
mat

phang cat truc z tai vi tri 15 cm

phang cat truc z tai vi tri 5 cm
tru ban kinh 5 cm
phang Oxy
phang cat truc z tai vi tri -7 cm
tru ban kinh 1.5 cm
cau co ban kinh 100 cm

L do chn mt cu l v trogn MCNP y l mt trong nhng mt d khai bo v d nh ngha vng khng

gian nht. Nu mun chng ta hon ton c th s dng cc khi hnh hc khc nhu khi hp hay khi tr thay th,
tuy nhin chng ta s cn phi khai bo nhiu mt hn to vng khng gian bao quanh.

115

CHNG 10. MT S V D M PHNG MCNP

nh ngha vt liu
Trong v d ny chng ta c hai loi vt liu l nc v germanium. Vi vt liu nc (H2 O), chng
ta thy mi phn t cha 1 nguyn t O (chim 33.33%) v 2 nguyn t H (chim 66.67%) do
chng ta s nh ngha cc thnh phn ca nc theo t l s nguyn t
m1

8016

0.3333 1001

0.6667

Vi vt liu germanium, chng ta c nhiu ng v khc nhau ng gp theo t l phn trm khi
lng
m2

32073 0.0780 32070 0.2050 32072 0.2740

32074 0.3650 32076 0.0780
cond = -1

Lu rng t l phn trm khi lng c khai bo vi gi tr m, tuy nhin nu khng mun
vit du nhiu ln, chng ta c th s dng cond=-1 chun t l v 1.
nh ngha ngun
Theo bi th khi tr cha ngun phng xa 137 Cs do n s pht photon c nng lng l
662keV. Chng ta s s dng nh ngha ngun tng qut
sdef cel =10 erg =0.662 pos =0 0 10 rad = d1 ext = d2
si1 0 5
sp1 -21 1
si2 -5 5
sp2 -21 0
on trn khai bo mt ngun pht photon nm trong cell 10, v tr ca ngun c ly ngu
nhin vi phn b c m t theo d1 v d2. Phn b v tr ngun c tm ti (0,0,10) v vector
tham chiu l trc z (axs). Phn b ny c xc nh dc theo vector tham chiu trong khong
z=(-5,5) v khong bn knh r=(0,5).
nh ngha tally
m phng ph gamma, chng ta s s dng tally F8, s ht pht ra t ngun c m phng
l 106 ht
f8 : p 20
e8 0 0.00001 0.05 2000 i 1.
nps 1000000
Tally F8 p dng cho cell 20 (cell detector), di nng lng ca detector c chia thnh 2000
khong, t 50keV n 1MeV.
Input file hon chnh
c Vi du input file cho pho gamma
c Cell cards
10 1 -1.0 -1 2 -3
imp : p =1
20 2 -5.36 -4 5 -6
imp : p =1
30 0
-7#10#20
imp : p =1
40 0
7
imp : p =0
c
1
2
3
4
5

Surface cards
pz 15
pz 5
cz 5
pz 0
pz -7

10.2. V d bi ton ngng

116

6 cz 1.5
7 so 100
c Data cards
mode p
m1
8016 0.3333 1001 0.6667
m2
32073 0.0780 32070 0.2050 32072 0.2740
32074 0.3650 32076 0.0780
cond = -1
sdef cel =10 erg =0.662 pos =0 0 10 axs =0 0 1 rad = d1 ext = d2
si1 0 5
sp1 -21 1
si2 -5 5
sp2 -21 0
f8 : p 20
e8 0 0.00001 0.05 2000 i 1.
nps 1000000

10.2

V d bi ton ngng

V d ny c ly t ti liu Criticality Calculations with MCNP5: A Primer (2nd edition) ca

Tim Goorley v cng s.
Bi ton Hai ng tr nhm ng nht cha dung dch U(93.4)O2 F2 c t bn trong mt
thng cha nc (=1g/cm3 ) nh Hnh 10.2. Cc thng s ca dung dich uranium v ng tr nhm
nh sau:
Dung dch uranium

N235 = 1.1760e-3 (0.48g/cm3 )

N238 = 8.2051e-5
NO = 3.3621e-2
NF = 2.5161e-3
Ntotal = 9.9605e-2
Chiu cao = 70.2cm
ng knh = 12.7cm

ng nhm

= 2.7g/cm3
Chiu cao = 80.0cm
ng knh trong = 12.7cm
B dy = 0.15cm
Phn chia b mt = 4.0cm

Hy tnh h s nhn hiu dng (kef f ) ca neutron i vi cu hnh trn.

Xy dng input
nh ngha mt
Hnh 10.3 trnh by cc mt cu thit m t mt ng nhm cha dung dch. Do hai ng l ng
nht nn ta ch cn nh ngha ng u tin, ng th hai s c nh ngha bng cch s dng
LIKE ... BUT ....
Di y l nh ngha ca ton b cc mt dng trong bi ton ny, 6 mt u c dng
nh ngha ng nhm v dung dch, 5 mt sau c dng nh ngha thng cha nc (khi hp
c nh ngha vi 6 mt nhng c 1 mt trn c s dng chung vi ng nhm).
C Surface Cards

117

CHNG 10. MT S V D M PHNG MCNP

Hnh 10.2: Minh ho bi ton tnh ngng

Hnh 10.3: ng tr nhm ng dung dch

1
cz 6.35 $ Solution radius
2
cz 6.50 $
3
pz 80.0 $ Top of container
4
pz 70.2 $ Top of solution
5
pz 0.0
6
pz -0.15
7
pz -20.15 $ Bottom of tank
C Sides of Tank
8
px -16.5
9
px 43.5
10 py -26.5
11 py 26.5
nh ngha cell

118

10.2. V d bi ton ngng

u tin chng ta s nh ngha cc cell thuc ng nhm

1 1
2 0
3 2

9.9605 e -2
-2.7

-1 -4 5 u =3
-1 4
u =3
1: -5
u =3

imp : n =1 $ Solution
imp : n =1 $ Void region
imp : n =1 $ Al container

Cell 1 cha vt liu s 1 c mt l 9.9605e-2 nguyn t/cm3 . Cell 2 l phn rng bn trong ng
nhm khng cha dung dch. Cell 3 l vn v ca ng nhm, cha vt liu 2 c mt 2.7g/cm3 .
Vng khng gian c t bi 3 cell ny c trnh by trong Hnh 10.4. Tt c cc cell u thuc
universe 3 v c quan trng vi neutron l 1.

Hnh 10.4: Cc vng khng gian to bi 3 cell u tin ca ng nhm

By gi chng ta s nh ngha tip cell 4, y l mt khi tr hu hn v c lp y bi universe
3
4 0

-2 -3 6 fill =3 imp : n =1

Cell 4 khng cha vt cht bi v c nh ngha trc trong universe 3 ri. Khi cell 4 c
lp y bi universe 3, mt ng tr cha dung dch s c to ra ng nh yu cu ca bi
(Hnh 10.5).

Hnh 10.5: Minh ho nh ngha cell 4

Tip n chng ta s to mt ng dung dch th hai ging ht ng th nht nhng v tr khc
bng cch s dng LIKE ... BUT ...
5 like 4 but trcl (17 0 0)

imp : n =1

V cui cng l cell thng cha nc (cell 6) v cell v tr (cell 7)

6 3
7 0

-1.0

10 -11 8 -9 7 -3 #4 #5
-10:11: -8:9: -7:3

imp : n =1
imp : n =0

Hnh 10.6 trnh by b tr ca cc cell trong bi ton.

nh ngha vt liu
Cc vt liu c s dng trong bi ton ny bao gm: dung dch uranium (m1), nhm (m2) v
nc (m3)
C Materials Cards
m1
1001.62 c 6.2210 e -2 8016.62 c 3.3621 e -2

119

CHNG 10. MT S V D M PHNG MCNP

Hnh 10.6: Minh ho b tr cc cell trong bi ton

9019.62 c 2.5161 e -3 92235.66 c 1.1760 e -3
92238.66 c 8.2051 e -5
mt1 lwtr .60 t
m2 13027.62 c 1.0
m3
1001.62 c 2 8016.62 c 1
mt3 lwtr .60 t
Tit din phn ng S(,) ca nc nh c p dng cho c dung dch uranium v nc thng
qua MT card bi v c hai vt liu u c cha hydro trong phn t nc.
nh ngha ngun v tally
i vi bi ton tnh ngng, chng ta s s dng KCODE v KSRC
C Control Cards
kcode 5000 1.0 50 250
ksrc
0 0 35 17 0 35
Hai ngun im c t trong hai ng dung dch ti cc v tr (0,0,35) v (17,0,35). S lng
neutron c m phng l 5000 ht/chu k, 50 chu k ban u s c b qua trc khi s liu
kef f c ghi nhn, tng cng chy tt c 250 chu k.
Input file hon chnh
Example 4 -3 , Repeated Structures , Two
C Cell Cards
1 1 9.9605 e -2 -1 -4 5 u =3
imp : n =1
2 0
-1 4
u =3
imp : n =1
3 2 -2.7
1: -5
u =3
imp : n =1
4 0
-2 -3 6 fill =3 imp : n =1
5 like 4 but trcl (17 0 0)
imp : n =1
6 3 -1.0
10 -11 8 -9 7 -3 #4 #5
7 0
-10:11: -8:9: -7:3
C Surface Cards
1
cz 6.35 $ Solution radius
2
cz 6.50 $
3
pz 80.0 $ Top of container
4
pz 70.2 $ Top of solution

Cylinders
$ Solution
$ Void region
$ Al container

imp : n =1
imp : n =0

10.3. V d bi ton tnh liu

120

5
pz 0.0
6
pz -0.15
7
pz -20.15 $ Bottom of tank
C Sides of Tank
8
px -16.5
9
px 43.5
10 py -26.5
11 py 26.5
C Data Cards
C Materials Cards
m1
1001.62 c 6.2210 e -2 8016.62 c 3.3621 e -2
9019.62 c 2.5161 e -3 92235.66 c 1.1760 e -3
92238.66 c 8.2051 e -5
mt1 lwtr .60 t
m2 13027.62 c 1.0
m3
1001.62 c 2 8016.62 c 1
mt3 lwtr .60 t
C Control Cards
kcode 5000 1.0 50 250
ksrc
0 0 35 17 0 35

10.3

V d bi ton tnh liu

V d ny c ly t ti liu An MCNP Primer ca cc tc gi J.K. Shultis v R.E. Faw.

Bi ton Xt mt ngun im ng hng pht photon c nng lng 7MeV. Ngun ny c
bao quanh bi mt lp v cu bng st c bn knh trong v b dy u l 30cm (Hnh 10.7). Hy
xc nh liu khong cch 160cm so vi ngun bng 3 cch:
1. M phng tng t
2. Phn chia hnh hc
3. Hiu chnh ca s trng s

Hnh 10.7: Minh ho bi ton m phng liu

121

CHNG 10. MT S V D M PHNG MCNP

Xy dng input
M phng tng t
Da vo Hnh 10.7, chng ta c th d dng xy dng c mt input file cho bi ton ny.
tnh liu qua mt mt chng ta s s dng tally F2 v dng DE/DF card chuyn i t thng
lng sang liu. Input file hon chnh ca v d c trnh by di y.
Point isotropic 7 - MeV photon sources in iron shell : ( analog base case ) :
c * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * BLOCK 1: CELL CARDS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
c GEOMETRY : X isotropic point source (7 - MeV )
c D ambient dose 100 cm from outer shield surface (160 cm )
c iron shield 30 - cm thick ( r =30 to 60 cm )
c ( without shield , dose is 6.013 x10 ^{ -17} Sv/gamma )
c
c
z - axis ^
c
|
\
\
void
c
|
\
Fe \
c
| void
|
|
c
X - - - - - - -| - - - - - - -| - - - - - - - -D - - - - > x - axis
c
source
|
|
c
/
/
c
/
/
c
c * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * BLOCK 1: CELLS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *
10 0
-10
imp : p =1
$ inside of shield
20 1 -7.86 10 -20
imp : p =1
$ iron shell
30 0
20 -50
imp : p =1
$ void outside shld and inside detect
40 0
50 -100 imp : p =1
$ void past detector
50 0
100
imp : p =0
$ vacuum outside problem boundary
c * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * *
10 so 30.0
20 so 60.0
50 so 160.0
100 so 10. E +02

BLOCK 2: SURFACE CARDS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

$ inner shield surface
$ outer shield surface
$ detector surface
$ spherical problem boundary ( at 10 m )

c * * * * * * ** * * * * * * * * * * * * * BLOCK 3: DATA CARDS * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

SDEF erg =7.00 par =2
$ 7 - Mev pt photon source at origin
c
mode p
phys : p 100 1 1
$ no bremsstrahlung ; no coherent scattering
nps 10000
$ 10000 particle cutoff
f2 : p 50
$ tally on surface 50 as ambient dose
c
c ---- Photon ambient dose equivalent H *(10 mm ) Sv cm ^2; ICRP [1987]
de2
0.100 E -01 0.150 E -01 0.200 E -01 0.300 E -01 0.400 E -01 0.500 E -01
0.600 E -01 0.800 E -01 0.100 E +00 0.150 E +00 0.200 E +00 0.300 E +00
0.400 E +00 0.500 E +00 0.600 E +00 0.800 E +00 0.100 E +01 0.150 E +01
0.200 E +01 0.300 E +01 0.400 E +01 0.500 E +01 0.600 E +01 0.800 E +01
0.100 E +02
df2
0.769 E -13 0.846 E -12 0.101 E -11 0.785 E -12 0.614 E -12 0.526 E -12
0.504 E -12 0.532 E -12 0.611 E -12 0.890 E -12 0.118 E -11 0.181 E -11
0.238 E -11 0.289 E -11 0.338 E -11 0.429 E -11 0.511 E -11 0.692 E -11
0.848 E -11 0.111 E -10 0.133 E -10 0.154 E -10 0.174 E -10 0.212 E -10
0.252 E -10
c
c --- Natural iron ( density 7.86 g/cm ^3)
m1
26000
-1.00000

10.3. V d bi ton tnh liu

122

M phng khng tng t

Vi b dy 30cm, s lng photon c th xuyn qua c lp v st l kh thp, dn ti sai s
thng k ca kt qu l tng i ln. c th gim c sai s thng k ny, chng ta cn s
dng mt s k thut (gim phng sai) gip tng s lng ht i qua lp v. Trong phn ny
chng ta s s dng hai k thut c bn l phn chia hnh hc v thay i ca s trng s.
thc hin c cc k thut ny, trc tin chng ta cn phn chia lp v st thnh nhiu phn
nh v p dng cc hiu chnh cho tng phn . C nhiu cch phn chia khc nhau, tuy nhin
trong v d ny chng ta s chia lp v st thnh 10 lp nh, mi lp c b dy 3cm (Hnh 10.8).

Hnh 10.8: Minh ho cch phn chia lp v st

Input file sau khi phn chia c th c ti ti y.
Cch p dng cc k thut gim phng sai:
K thut phn chia hnh hc: bng cch chy th input file trn, chng ta nhn thy rng
mi lp v s c s ht vo t hn khong hai ln so vi lp v trc . Do p dng k
thut ny chng ta s tng quan trng ca cc cell ngoi cao hn hai ln so vi cell bn
trong ngay trc n. iu ny c th c thc hin thng qua IMP card
c 1 src cell ; 10 shld cells ; 2 outer cells ; 1 boundary cell
IMP : p 1 1 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 m 2 R 0 $ cell importances
Bng cch ny, lp v trong cng s c quan trng l 1, lp k tip s c quan trng
l 2, lp tip theo c quan trng l 4,... v lp cui cng s c quan trng l 29 = 256.
Khi mt ht i t trong ra ngoi, n s i qua cc cell c quan trng cao hn cell c do
ht s b phn chia thnh cc ht con da theo t s chnh lch quan trng gia cc cell.
K thut thay i ca s trng s : bn cnh vic thay i quan trng ca cell, chng ta
cn c th s dng mt cch khc l to ra ca s trng s gia cc cell vi nhau. to
ra c ca s trng s, chng ta chy file vi dng di c thm vo
WWG 2 10 0 j j j j 0 $ ask WW generator to find weights
Trong file ouput c to ra, v tr gn cui ta s thy on sau
wwp : p 5 3 5 0 0 0
wwe : p 1.0000 E +02
wwn1 : p 5.0000 E -01 5.0000 E -01 4.0810 E -01 2.5853 E -01 1.5586 E -01
9.1319 E -02 5.2707 E -02 3.0064 E -02 1.6959 E -02 9.4621 E -03
5.2438 E -03 2.8816 E -03 0.0000 E +00 -1.0000 E +00
Cc gi tr c cho trong WWN card l nghch o ca cc ng gp t cc cell vo trong
tally theo th t tng ng. C th d dng nhn thy rng cc cell cng gn mt ghi nhn
th c ng gp cng ln (gi tr trong WWN cng nh).

123

CHNG 10. MT S V D M PHNG MCNP

Tip n chng ta a cc thng tin ca s trng s va c to ra ny vo trong input file

v chy chng trnh li ln na, kt qu thu c s l kt qu m phng c hiu chnh ca
s trng s.
Hnh 10.9 trnh by cc kt qu v sai s tng i cha chng theo s lch s ht tng ng vi 3
phng php: (1) m phng tng t (analog), (2) phn chia hnh hc (geometry splitting) v (3)
ca s trng s (weight windows). Cc gi tr sai s tng i kho st c t hai phng php
phn chia hnh hc v ca s trng s ln hn ln lt l 6.6 v 4.9 ln so vi phng php m
phng tng t thng thng. iu ny c ngha rng t c cng mc sai s thng k vi
hai phng php gim phng sai k trn, chng ta cn phi m phng tng t vi thi gian di
hn ln lt l 6.62 = 44 ln v 4.92 = 24 ln so vi hai phng php .

Hnh 10.9: Gi tr trung bnh ca tally (tri) v sai s tng i (phi) ca bi ton

10.3. V d bi ton tnh liu

124

Ti liu tham kho

[1] X-5 Monte Carlo Team, MCNP A General Monte Carlo N-Particle Transport Code, Version
5, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2003.
[2] T. Goorley et al, MCNP5 Tally Enhancements for Lattices, Los Alamos National Laboratory,
2004.
[3] Denise B. Pelowitz et al, MCNPX Users Manual, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2005.
[4] L.L. Carter, R.A. Schwarz, MCNP Visual Editor Computer Code Manual, 2005.
[5] Alexis Lazarine Reed, Medical Physics Calculations with MCNP: A Primer, Summer American
Nuclear Society Meeting, 2007.
[6] T. Goorley et al, MCNP Medical Physics Geometry Database, Los Alamos National Laboratory,
2008.
[7] T. Goorley et al, Criticality Calculations with MCNP5: A Primer, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 2009.
[8] J.K. Shultis, R.E. Faw, An MCNP Primer, Kansas State University, 2010.
[9] T. Goorley et al, Initial MCNP6 Release Overview - MCNP6 version 1.0, Los Alamos National
Laboratory, 2013.
[10] Erik F. Shores et al, Radiographic test problem for MCNP and other mesh-based applications,
Progress in Nuclear Science and Technology, vol.4 pp. 502-506, 2014.
[11] Phan Th Qu Trc, Nghin cu ph gamma tn x ngc ca u d HPGe bng phng
php Monte Carlo, Kha lun tt nghip i hc, 2006.
[12] ng Nguyn Phng, Kho st ng cong hiu sut ca u d HPGe bng chng trnh
MCNP, Kha lun tt nghip i hc, 2006.
[13] Trn i Khanh, Chun hiu sut u d HPGe vi hnh hc mu ln bng phng php Monte
Carlo, Lun vn tt nghip Thc s, 2007.
[14] Phm Hu Phong, Kho st nh hng ca matrix v hiu ng mt ln hiu sut nh
ca h ph k gamma u d HPGe bng chng trnh MCNP, Kha lun tt nghip i hc,
2008.
[15] ng Trng Ka My, M phng thit b x phu Gamma Knife bng chng trnh MCNP5,
Lun vn tt nghip Thc s, 2009.

Ti liu tham kho

126

[16] L Thanh Xun, M phng my gia tc tuyn tnh dng trong x tr bng phng php Monte
Carlo, Lun vn tt nghip Thc s, 2010.
[17] Nguyn c Chng, M phng my gia tc cyclotron ca Bnh vin Ch Ry bng chng
trnh MCNPX, Lun vn tt nghip Thc s, 2011.

Ph lc A

Bng tnh cht cc nguyn t

Bng lit k tnh cht cc nguyn t c ly t
http://www.science.co.il/ptelements.asp
Bng A.1: Bng lit k tnh cht cc nguyn t
STT
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39

Khi lng
(g/mol)
1.0079
4.0026
6.941
9.0122
10.811
12.0107
14.0067
15.9994
18.9984
20.1797
22.9897
24.305
26.9815
28.0855
30.9738
32.065
35.453
39.948
39.0983
40.078
44.9559
47.867
50.9415
51.9961
54.938
55.845
58.9332
58.6934
63.546
65.39
69.723
72.64
74.9216
78.96
79.904
83.8
85.4678
87.62
88.9059

Tn

K hiu

Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
Boron
Carbon
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Fluorine
Neon
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Silicon
Phosphorus
Sulfur
Chlorine
Argon
Potassium
Calcium
Scandium
Titanium
Vanadium
Chromium
Manganese
Iron
Cobalt
Nickel
Copper
Zinc
Gallium
Germanium
Arsenic
Selenium
Bromine
Krypton
Rubidium
Strontium
Yttrium

H
He
Li
Be
B
C
N
O
F
Ne
Na
Mg
Al
Si
P
S
Cl
Ar
K
Ca
Sc
Ti
V
Cr
Mn
Fe
Co
Ni
Cu
Zn
Ga
Ge
As
Se
Br
Kr
Rb
Sr
Y

MP1
(C)
-259
-272
180
1278
2300
3500
-210
-218
-220
-249
98
639
660
1410
44
113
-101
-189
64
839
1539
1660
1890
1857
1245
1535
1495
1453
1083
420
30
937
81
217
-7
-157
39
769
1523

BP2
(C)
-253
-269
1347
2970
2550
4827
-196
-183
-188
-246
883
1090
2467
2355
280
445
-35
-186
774
1484
2832
3287
3380
2672
1962
2750
2870
2732
2567
907
2403
2830
613
685
59
-153
688
1384
3337

Mt
(g/cm3 )
0.09
0.18
0.53
1.85
2.34
2.26
1.25
1.43
1.7
0.9
0.97
1.74
2.7
2.33
1.82
2.07
3.21
1.78
0.86
1.55
2.99
4.54
6.11
7.19
7.43
7.87
8.9
8.9
8.96
7.13
5.91
5.32
5.72
4.79
3.12
3.75
1.63
2.54
4.47

I (eV)
13.5984
24.5874
5.3917
9.3227
8.298
11.2603
14.5341
13.6181
17.4228
21.5645
5.1391
7.6462
5.9858
8.1517
10.4867
10.36
12.9676
15.7596
4.3407
6.1132
6.5615
6.8281
6.7462
6.7665
7.434
7.9024
7.881
7.6398
7.7264
9.3942
5.9993
7.8994
9.7886
9.7524
11.8138
13.9996
4.1771
5.6949
6.2173

128

40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91

91.224
92.9064
95.94
98
101.07
102.9055
106.42
107.8682
112.411
114.818
118.71
121.76
127.6
126.9045
131.293
132.9055
137.327
138.9055
140.116
140.9077
144.24
145
150.36
151.964
157.25
158.9253
162.5
164.9303
167.259
168.9342
173.04
174.967
178.49
180.9479
183.84
186.207
190.23
192.217
195.078
196.9665
200.59
204.3833
207.2
208.9804
209
210
222
223
226
227
232.0381
231.0359

Zirconium
Niobium
Molybdenum
Technetium
Ruthenium
Rhodium
Palladium
Silver
Cadmium
Indium
Tin
Antimony
Tellurium
Iodine
Xenon
Cesium
Barium
Lanthanum
Cerium
Praseodymium
Neodymium
Promethium
Samarium
Europium
Gadolinium
Terbium
Dysprosium
Holmium
Erbium
Thulium
Ytterbium
Lutetium
Hafnium
Tantalum
Tungsten
Rhenium
Osmium
Iridium
Platinum
Gold
Mercury
Thallium
Lead
Bismuth
Polonium
Astatine
Radon
Francium
Radium
Actinium
Thorium
Protactinium

Zr
Nb
Mo
Tc
Ru
Rh
Pd
Ag
Cd
In
Sn
Sb
Te
I
Xe
Cs
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Pm
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
W
Re
Os
Ir
Pt
Au
Hg
Tl
Pb
Bi
Po
At
Rn
Fr
Ra
Ac
Th
Pa

1852
2468
2617
2200
2250
1966
1552
962
321
157
232
630
449
114
-112
29
725
920
795
935
1010
1100
1072
822
1311
1360
1412
1470
1522
1545
824
1656
2150
2996
3410
3180
3045
2410
1772
1064
-39
303
327
271
254
302
-71
27
700
1050
1750
1568

4377
4927
4612
4877
3900
3727
2927
2212
765
2000
2270
1750
990
184
-108
678
1140
3469
3257
3127
3127
3000
1900
1597
3233
3041
2562
2720
2510
1727
1466
3315
5400
5425
5660
5627
5027
4527
3827
2807
357
1457
1740
1560
962
337
-62
677
1737
3200
4790

6.51
8.57
10.22
11.5
12.37
12.41
12.02
10.5
8.65
7.31
7.31
6.68
6.24
4.93
5.9
1.87
3.59
6.15
6.77
6.77
7.01
7.3
7.52
5.24
7.9
8.23
8.55
8.8
9.07
9.32
6.9
9.84
13.31
16.65
19.35
21.04
22.6
22.4
21.45
19.32
13.55
11.85
11.35
9.75
9.3
9.73
5.5
10.07
11.72
15.4

6.6339
6.7589
7.0924
7.28
7.3605
7.4589
8.3369
7.5762
8.9938
5.7864
7.3439
8.6084
9.0096
10.4513
12.1298
3.8939
5.2117
5.5769
5.5387
5.473
5.525
5.582
5.6437
5.6704
6.1501
5.8638
5.9389
6.0215
6.1077
6.1843
6.2542
5.4259
6.8251
7.5496
7.864
7.8335
8.4382
8.967
8.9587
9.2255
10.4375
6.1082
7.4167
7.2856
8.417
9.3
10.7485
4.0727
5.2784
5.17
6.3067
5.89

129

PH LC A. BNG TNH CHT CC NGUYN T

92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109

1
2

238.0289
237
244
243
247
247
251
252
257
258
259
262
261
262
266
264
277
268

Uranium
Neptunium
Plutonium
Americium
Curium
Berkelium
Californium
Einsteinium
Fermium
Mendelevium
Nobelium
Lawrencium
Rutherfordium
Dubnium
Seaborgium
Bohrium
Hassium
Meitnerium

nhit nng chy (melting point)

nhit si (boiling point)

U
Np
Pu
Am
Cm
Bk
Cf
Es
Fm
Md
No
Lr
Rf
Db
Sg
Bh
Hs
Mt

1132
640
640
994
1340
986
900
860
1527
827
1627

3818
3902
3235
2607

18.95
20.2
19.84
13.67
13.5
14.78
15.1

6.1941
6.2657
6.0262
5.9738
5.9915
6.1979
6.2817
6.42
6.5
6.58
6.65
4.9

130

Ph lc B

Mt s vt liu thng dng

Bng danh sch cc vt liu c ly t
http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/tab2.html
Bng B.1: Mt s loi vt liu thng dng
Vt liu

Z/A

I (eV)

Mt
(g/cm3 )

Thnh phn
(Z : t l khi lng)

Khng kh kh

0.49919

85.7

1.205E-03

Nc

0.55508

75.0

1.000E+00

Nha bakelite

0.52792

72.4

1.250E+00

Pyrex

0.49707

134.0

2.230E+00

Knh ch

0.42101

526.4

6.220E+00

B tng

0.50932

124.5

2.300E+00

Barite

0.45714

248.2

3.350E+00

6: 0.000124
7: 0.755268
8: 0.231781
18: 0.012827
1: 0.111898
8: 0.888102
1: 0.057444
6: 0.774589
8: 0.167968
5: 0.040066
8: 0.539559
11: 0.028191
13: 0.011644
14: 0.377220
19: 0.003321
8: 0.156453
14: 0.080866
22: 0.008092
33: 0.002651
82: 0.751938
1: 0.022100
6: 0.002484
8: 0.574930
11: 0.015208
12: 0.001266
13: 0.019953
14: 0.304627
19: 0.010045
20: 0.042951
26: 0.006435
1: 0.003585
8: 0.311622
12: 0.001195
13: 0.004183
14: 0.010457
16: 0.107858
20: 0.050194
26: 0.047505

132

Plastic A-150
(tng ng m)

0.54903

65.1

1.127E+00

Plastic B-100
(tng ng xng)

0.52740

85.9

1.450E+00

Plastic C-552
(tng ng khng kh )

0.49969

86.8

1.760E+00

Kh tng ng m
(Methane)

0.54992

61.2

1.064E-03

Kh tng ng m
(Propane)

0.55027

59.5

1.826E-03

M (ICRU-44)

0.55579

64.8

9.500E-01

Alanine

0.53876

71.9

1.424E+00

Mu (ICRU-44)

0.54999

75.2

1.060E+00

V xng (ICRU-44)

0.51478

112.0

1.920E+00

56: 0.463400
1: 0.101330
6: 0.775498
7: 0.035057
8: 0.052315
9: 0.017423
20: 0.018377
1: 0.065473
6: 0.536942
7: 0.021500
8: 0.032084
9: 0.167415
20: 0.176585
1: 0.024681
6: 0.501610
8: 0.004527
9: 0.465209
14: 0.003973
1: 0.101873
6: 0.456177
7: 0.035172
8: 0.406778
1: 0.102676
6: 0.568937
7: 0.035022
8: 0.293365
1: 0.114000
6: 0.598000
7: 0.007000
8: 0.278000
11: 0.001000
16: 0.001000
17: 0.001000
1: 0.079192
6: 0.404437
7: 0.157213
8: 0.359157
1: 0.102000
6: 0.110000
7: 0.033000
8: 0.745000
11: 0.001000
15: 0.001000
16: 0.002000
17: 0.003000
19: 0.002000
26: 0.001000
1: 0.034000
6: 0.155000
7: 0.042000
8: 0.435000
11: 0.001000

133

PH LC B. MT S VT LIU THNG DNG

No (ICRU-44)

0.55239

73.9

1.040E+00

M ngc (ICRU-44)

0.55196

70.3

1.020E+00

Trng mt (ICRU-44)

0.54709

74.3

1.070E+00

Phi (ICRU-44)

0.55048

75.2

1.050E+00

C xng (ICRU-44)

0.55000

74.6

1.050E+00

Bung trng (ICRU-44)

0.55149

75.0

1.050E+00

12: 0.002000
15: 0.103000
16: 0.003000
20: 0.225000
1: 0.107000
6: 0.145000
7: 0.022000
8: 0.712000
11: 0.002000
15: 0.004000
16: 0.002000
17: 0.003000
19: 0.003000
1: 0.106000
6: 0.332000
7: 0.030000
8: 0.527000
11: 0.001000
15: 0.001000
16: 0.002000
17: 0.001000
1: 0.096000
6: 0.195000
7: 0.057000
8: 0.646000
11: 0.001000
15: 0.001000
16: 0.003000
17: 0.001000
1: 0.103000
6: 0.105000
7: 0.031000
8: 0.749000
11: 0.002000
15: 0.002000
16: 0.003000
17: 0.003000
19: 0.002000
1: 0.102000
6: 0.143000
7: 0.034000
8: 0.710000
11: 0.001000
15: 0.002000
16: 0.003000
17: 0.001000
19: 0.004000
1: 0.105000
6: 0.093000
7: 0.024000
8: 0.768000
11: 0.002000

134

Tinh hon (ICRU-44)

0.55200

74.7

1.040E+00

M mm (ICRU-44)

0.54996

74.7

1.060E+00

M mm (4 thnh phn)

0.54975

74.9

1.000E+00

15: 0.002000
16: 0.002000
17: 0.002000
19: 0.002000
1: 0.106000
6: 0.099000
7: 0.020000
8: 0.766000
11: 0.002000
15: 0.001000
16: 0.002000
17: 0.002000
19: 0.002000
1: 0.102000
6: 0.143000
7: 0.034000
8: 0.708000
11: 0.002000
15: 0.003000
16: 0.003000
17: 0.002000
19: 0.003000
1: 0.101174
6: 0.111000
7: 0.026000
8: 0.761826

Ph lc C

B h s chuyn i thng lng sang liu

Neutron NCRP-38, ANSI/ANS-6.1.1-1977

DE4 2.5e-08 1.0e-07 1.0e-06 1.0e-05 1.0e-04 1.0e-03 1.0e-02 &
1.0e-01 5.0e-01 1.0 2.5 5.0 7.0 10.0 14.0 20.0
DF4 3.67e-6 3.67e-6 4.46e-6 4.54e-6 4.18e-6 3.76e-6 3.56e-6 &
2.17e-5 9.26e-5 1.32e-4 1.25e-4 1.56e-4 1.47e-4 1.47e-4 &
2.08e-4 2.27e-4
$ (rem/hr)/(n/cm^2-s)
Photon ANSI/ANS6.1.11977
DE4 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
0.55 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.8 1.0 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 2.8 3.25 3.75 4.25
4.75 5.0 5.25 5.75 6.25 6.75 7.5 9.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 $ E (MeV)
DF4 3.96E-06 5.82E-07 2.90E-07 2.58E-07 2.83E-07 3.79E-07 5.01E-07
6.31E-07 7.59E-07 8.78E-07 9.85E-07 1.08E-06 1.17E-06 1.27E-06
1.36E-06 1.44E-06 1.52E-06 1.68E-06 1.98E-06 2.51E-06 2.99E-06
3.42E-06 3.82E-06 4.01E-06 4.41E-06 4.83E-06 5.23E-06 5.60E-06
5.80E-06 6.01E-06 6.37E-06 6.74E-06 7.11E-06 7.66E-06 8.77E-06
1.03E-05 1.18E-05 1.33E-05
$ (rem/hr)/(p/cm^2-s)

136

Ph lc D

Ma trn quay trc ta

chuyn i trc ta bng cch s dng TRn card, ta cn khai bo cc tham s ca php quay
trc ta (cc tham s t B1 n B9). khai bo cc tham s ny mt cch chnh xc, ta c
th s dng ma trn quay trc ta (Rotation Matrix ). Cc ma trn quay trc ta c bn
gm c:

1
0
0

Rx () = 0 cos() sin()
0 sin() cos()
quay mt gc quanh trc x

Ry () =

cos()

sin()

sin(() 0 cos(()

quay mt gc quanh trc y

cos() sin() 0

Rz () = sin()

cos()

0
1

quay mt gc quanh trc z

Trong trng hp tng qut, ma trn quay trc ta s bng tch ca cc ma trn c bn theo
th t quay. V d nh:

cos()cos()

cos()sin()sin() cos()sin()

Rz ()Ry ()Rx () = cos()sin()

cos()cos() + sin()sin()sin()

sin()

cos()sin()

cos()cos()sin() + sin()sin()

cos()sin() + cos()sin()sin()
cos()cos()