NATIONALISM IN

INDIA

IN

INDIA

NATIONALISM
NATIONALISM
Nationalism is the feeling of oneness among the
people living in a territory.
FIRST WORLD WAR
BROK O!T IN "#"$
%OW DID T% FIRST WORLD WAR
%L& IN T% 'ROWT% OF
NATIONALIS( IN INDIA)
The British imposed war expenditure on India. Income tax
was introduced. Customs duties were raised.
Prices of essentia !oods dou"ed durin! the war period.
#orced recruitment was made in to the British Indian arm$.
Crop faiures resuted in shorta!e of food materias.
Infuen%a epidemic spread in man$ parts of India. Miions
of peope ost their i&es.
'AND(IAN SAT)A'*A(A
'an*hi+i ,ame -a,. to In*ia in "#"/.%e
intro*0,e* a ne1 po1erf0l metho* of str0ggle
,alle* Satyagraha.
+(AT IS T(, ID,A O#
SAT)A'*A(A-
Sat$a!raha itera$ means hodin! on to truth or truth force.
It was a non.&ioent stru!!e introduced "$ 'andhi/i in the
Indian Nationa Mo&ement.
It persuades the opponent to understand the truth.
If the cause was true and if the fi!ht was a!ainst in/ustice then
ph$sica force was not necessar$ to fi!ht the oppressor.
(un!er stri0e1 peacefu demonstrations1 stri0e1 harta and non
cooperation with the !o&ernment are some methods of
Sat$a!raha
#I*ST T(*,, SAT)A'*A(A MO2,M,NTS
O*'ANIS,D B) 'AND(I3I IN INDIA
2hamparan (ovement 3"#"454 It was a mo&ement of wor0ers in the indi!o
pantations of the Champaran district of Bihar. It was a!ainst the oppressi&e
pantation s$stem.
Khe*a (ovement3"#"657 Crop faiure and pa!ue epidemic made the ife
of the farmers misera"e in the 5heda district of 'u/arat. So1 the$ started a
mo&ement under 'andhi/i6s eadership with the demand for a reduction in
and re&enue.
(ill 1or.ers (ovement7 Low wa!es and poor wor0in! conditions forced
the mi wor0ers of Ahmeda"ad to start a mo&ement under 'andhi/i6s
eadership in 7879.
Ro1latt A,t3"#"#5
This Act !a&e the !o&ernment the power to
imprison an$ person without an$ tria for a
period of two $ears.
Aim of this act was to destro$ the nationa
mo&ement "$ imprisonin! the nationa
wor0ers.
It was a "ac0 aw "ecause it was a!ainst "asic
human ri!hts.
+*IT, A S(O*T NOT, ON
T(, *O+LATT ACT.
'andhi/i or!anised a non &ioent sat$a!raha a!ainst
the *owatt Act.
A harta was or!ani%ed on : Apri 7878. *aies were
conducted. Shops were cosed down. +or0ers
conducted stri0e. Transport and communication
s$stems came to a standsti.
These protests ed to the 3aianwaa Ba!h Massacre.
+(AT CI*C;MSTANC,S L,D TO T(,
3ALLIAN+ALA BA'( MASSAC*,-
On 7< Apri 78781 a pu"ic meetin! was or!ani%ed at 3aianwaa
Ba!h in Amritsar to protest a!ainst the arrests of nationa eaders.
Man$ &ia!ers who came to attend a fair were aso present in the
par0.
'enera D$er reached the meetin! pace aon! with the British
troops. (e ordered the troops to fire. The firin! asted for near$ 7=
minutes.
More than thousand peope were 0ied and man$ were wounded.
This incident is caed 3aianwaa Ba!h Massacre.
+(AT +AS T(, 5(ILA#AT MO2,M,NT- (O+ DID
IT B,COM, A PA*T O# T(, NATIONAL MO2,M,NT-
It was a mo&ement or!ani%ed "$ Muhammad Ai and Shau0at Ai >Ai
"rothers?.
The aim of this mo&ement was to protest a!ainst the in/ustice done to
Tur0e$ "$ Britain after the #irst +ord +ar.
The Tur0ish Sutan had the tite of Caiph. The musims considered him
as their spiritua eader. 'andhi/i saw this as an opportunit$ to "rin!
Musims under the um"rea of a unified nationa mo&ement.
At the Cacutta session of the Con!ress inSeptem"er 78@=1 hecon&inced
other eaders of the need to start a non.cooperationmo&ement in support
of 5hiafat as we as for swara/.
So1 man$ musims /oined this mo&ement.
+(AT +,*, T(, *,ASONS #O* 'AND(I3I
TO LA;NC( T(, NON. COOP,*ATION
MO2,M,NT-
#irst +ord +ar added to the miser$ of the Indian peope. (ea&$ taxes1 hi!h prices1 famines and
epidemics made peope6s ife misera"e.
*owatt Act in&ited ar!e scae protests throu!hout the countr$.
3aianwaa Ba!h Massacre and the in/ustice done to Pun/a" made Indians an!r$.
Musims "ecame unhapp$ due to the i treatment of Tur0e$. The$ started 5hiafat Mo&ement.
Man$ sections of the Indian societ$ suffered considera"e economic distress. In the towns wor0ers and
artisans1 the midde cass had "een hit "$ hi!h prices and shorta!e of food and essentia commodities.
The rura poor and peasants were &ictims of wide spread drou!ht and epidemics. TheBritish were
unmindfu to these de&eopments.
The Con!ress session at Na!pur A78@=B adopted 'andhi/i6s the idea of Non.co operation.
+hat were the ideas expressed "$ 'andhi/i in
his "oo0-
In his famous "oo0 (ind Swara/
A78=8B Mahatma 'andhi decared that British rue was
esta"ished in India with the cooperation of Indians1
and had sur&i&ed on$ "ecause of this cooperation. If
Indians refused to cooperate1 British rue in India
woud coapse within a $ear1 and Swara/ woud come.
Therefore1 he started the Non Cooperation Mo&ement.
8. What 1ere the stages propose* for the Non 2ooperation (ovement)
i.*enunciation of tites4 Su"hraman$a I$er and *a&indranath Ta!ore renounced
thehonorar$ tite CSir6 that the$ recei&ed from the British. 'andhi/i returned his
C5aiser.e.(ind6 meda.
ii.*esi!nin! of important /o"s4 Man$ officers resi!ned their /o"s.
iii.Bo$cott of e!isatures4 Man$ peope refused to caste &ote when the
eections to the e!isatures were hed. It was foowed "$ the "o$cott of
schoos and coe!es1 awcourts etc.
i&.Non pa$ment of taxes4 This was a powerfu method of fi!htin! an oppressi&e
!o&ernment. The$ were not read$ to reco!ni%e the 'o&t. e!itimate.
(O+ DID NON.COOP,*ATION
MO2,M,NT B,COM, A MASS
MO2,M,NT-
Non co operation was aunched under 'andhi/i6s eadership in 78@=.
It aimed at protestin! a!ainst the in/ustices done to Pun/a" and Tur0e$ and to
attain Swara/.
,ducated midde cass ed the mo&ement in towns and cities. ,ducationa
institutions1 Law courts and forei!n !oods were "o$cotted.
Counci eections were "o$cotted in a pro&inces except in Madras where the
3ustice Part$ of the Non Brahmins contested.
Peasants or!ani%ed mo&ements a!ainst Tau0dars and Landords in &ia!es
under the eadership of Ba"a *amchandra.
Tri"a peope started an armed stru!!e in the 'udem his of Andhra Pradesh
under the eadership of Auri Sitaram *a/u.
+or0ers in the pantations of Assam started a stru!!e to !et the ri!ht to free
mo&ement.
Chauri.Chaura incident forced 'andhi/i to ca off the Mo&ement.
+hat were the effects of non.cooperation mo&ement
on the economic front-
The effects of non.cooperation on the economic front were more
dramatic.
#orei!n !oods were "o$cotted1 iDuor shops pi,.ete* 1 and forei!n
coth "urnt in hu!e "onfires.
The import of forei!n coth ha&ed "etween 78@7 and 78@@1 its &aue
droppin! from *s 7=@ crore to *s EF crore. In man$ paces merchants
and traders refused to trade in forei!n !oods or finance forei!n trade.
As the "o$cott mo&ement spread1 and peope "e!an discardin!
imported cothes and wearin! on$ Indian ones1 production of Indian
textie mis and handooms went up.
DI##,*IN' ST*ANDS +IT(IN T(,
NON COOP,*ATION MO2,M,NT
MO2,M,NT IN TO+NS AND CITI,S4
,ducated midde cass ed the mo&ement in towns and
cities.
,ducationa institutions1 aw courts and the counci
eections were "o$cotted.
#orei!n cothes and other !oods were "urnt in "onfires.
Peope "e!an to use 5hadi cothes.
'o&ernment Ser&ants resi!ned their /o"s. LiDuor shops
were pic0eted.
+() DID T(, NON CO OP,*ATION MO2,M,NT SLO+
DO+N IN TO+NS AND CITI,S -
5hadi cothes were &er$ cost$. The poor were not a"e to "u$
them.
Indians "o$cotted British institutions i0e aw courts and
educationa institutions.
But aternati&e institutions did not come up. ConseDuent$
teachers and chidren started !oin! "ac0 to schoos and
aw$ers started !oin! "ac0 to their courts.
+(AT +,*, T(, CA;S, #O*
T(, P,ASANT MO2,M,NT IN
T(, CO;NT*)SID,-
A2ILLA',SB
P,ASANTS6 MO2,M,NT.
In Awadh1 a peasant6s mo&ement was or!ani%ed "$ Ba"a *amchandra.
It was a!ainst andords and tau0dars.
*eduction of rent and the a"oition of "e!ar were their main demands. In man$ paces
Cnai G dho"i "andhs6 were or!ani%ed "$ pancha$ats to depri&e andords of the
ser&ices of e&en "ar"ers and washer men.
In 3une 78@=1 3awahara Nehru "e!an !oin! around the &ia!es inAwadh1 ta0in! to
the &ia!ers1 and tr$in! to understand their !rie&ances. B$ Octo"er1 the Oudh 5isan
Sa"ha was set up headed "$ 3awahara Nehru1 Ba"a *amchandra and a few others.
+ithin a month1 o&er <== "ranches had "een set up in the &ia!es around the re!ion.
BABA RA(2%ANDRA
(e ed a peasant6s mo&ement in Awadh a!ainst Tau0dars
and Landords.
(e demanded reduction of rent1 a"oition of Be!ar and
the "o$cott of andords.
In Octo"er 78@=1 he formed Oudh 5isan Sa"ha with the
hep of Nehru.
T*IBAL MO2,M,NT
In the 'udem (is of Andhra Pradesh1 tri"as
started a mo&ement under the eadership of Auri
Sitaram *a/u.
Tri"as wanted to !et "ac0 their traditiona ri!hts
o&er forests.
The methods foowed "$ the tri"as and peasants
were a!ainst the 'andhian method of non &ioence.
The$ foowed &ioent methods of stru!!e.
ALL!RI SITARA( RA9!
(e ed a mo&ement of the tri"a peope in the
'udem his of Andhra Pradesh.
Man$ peope considered him as an incarnation of
'od. The$ "eie&ed that he had man$ specia
powers.
(e supported 'andhi/i and as0ed his foowers to
wear 0hadi and stop drin0in!. But1 he or!ani%ed an
armed stru!!e a!ainst the British.
MO2,M,NT IN T(,
PLANTATIONS
+or0ers in the pantations of Assam demanded the
ri!ht to mo&e free$ in and out of the estates.
The$ opposed the Inand ,mi!ration Act of 79E8
which too0 awa$ the ri!ht to free mo&ement.
+hen the$ heard a"out the Non.co operation
mo&ement1 the$ mo&ed to their &ia!es. The$ thou!ht
that the 'andhi *a/ was comin! and e&er$one woud
"e !i&en and in their &ia!es.
(owe&er1 the$ were cau!ht and "rou!ht "ac0
+IT(D*A+AL O# T(, NON
COOP,*ATION MO2,M,NT
'andhi/i withdrew the Non Co operation Mo&ement "ecause4
The mo&ement "ecame &ioent in some paces. In fe"ruar$
78@@1 in Chauri chaura A;ttar PradeshB peope turned &ioent
and set fire to a poice station. Twent$ two poice men were
0ied in this incident. 'andhi/i was a!ainst &ioence.
The mo&ement sowed down in ur"an areas.
(e thou!ht that it was necessar$ to train the peope in non
&ioent sat$a!raha.
SI'NI#ICANC, O# T(,
NON. COOP,*ATION MO2,M,NT
Non Co operation mo&ement was a ar!e scae mass
mo&ement. It attracted common peope from a socia
!roups.
Non Co operation Mo&ement and 5hiafat Mo&ement
went to!ether. So1 the$ promoted (indu.Musim unit$.
Peasants6 and tri"as6 mo&ements "ecame a part of the
Indian Nationa Mo&ement.
It was a non &ioent mo&ement. So1 it popuarised the
'andhian idea of Non &ioent sat$a!raha.
'ive e:amples to prove that the term ;s1ara+< means *ifferent
things to *ifferent people
i. The term swara/ means sef rue or dominion status for the Con!resspeope. It is the t$pe of
'o&ernment !ranted "$ the British in other sef.!o&ernin! coonies of Austraia and Canada.
ii. To peasants in Awadh Cswara/6 means reduction in tax1 a"oition of C"e!aar6 or forced a"our
and socia "o$cott of oppressi&e and ords
.iii.To pantation wor0ers in Assam1 Cswara/6 means ri!ht to mo&e free$in and out the pantation
where the$ were encosed and retainin! ain0 with the &ia!e from1 which the$ had come.
i&. To the tri"a peasants of the 'udem his of Andhra Pradesh Cswara/6meant ri!ht to enter forest
and coect forest products1 !ra%e catteand !i&e up forced a"our
With 1hat aim 1as ;the S1ara+ &arty< set 0p)
i.Swara/ part$ or the Con!ress 5hiafat Swara/$a Part$ was set up "$ Motia Nehru
and C.*. Das in 78@<.
ii The$ were tired of mass stru!!es and wanted to participate ineections to the
pro&incia councis that had "een set up "$ the 'o&ernment of India Act of 7878.
iii The$ fet that it was important to oppose British poicies within thecouncis1 ar!ue
for reform and aso demonstrate that these councis were not tru$democratic.
i&.The$ aso wanted to 0eep the anti British spirit of the peope ai&e since
NonCooperation Mo&ement was suspended.
Tra,e t1o ma+or *evelopments in the In*ian politi,s
to1ar*s the late "#=>s. or What1ere the t1o fa,tors
that shape* In*ian politi,s to1ar*s the late "#=><s)
The first was the effect of
1orl*1i*e e,onomi, *epression
.A!ricutura prices "e!an to fa from 78@: and coapsed after 78<=.As the
demand for a!ricutura !oods fe and exports decined1peasants found it difficut
to se their har&ests and pa$ their re&enue.
The Simon 2ommission
was appointed and came to India in #e"ruar$1 78@9. It wasappointed to oo0 in to
the wor0in! of the 'o&ernment of India Act of 7878 and to su!!est
further reforms in the s$stem of administration. The mem"ers of the commission
were a ,n!ishmen andnot a sin!e Indian was incuded in it. It ed to Simon !o
"ac0 a!itation.
SI(ON 2O((ISSION
?INDIAN STAT!TOR@
2O((ISSIONA
It was a statutor$ commission set up "$ the British
under Sir 3ohn Simon.
It was as0ed to stud$ the constitutiona s$stem in
India and su!!est chan!es.
Indians opposed the Simon Commission "ecause4
A the mem"ers of the commission were ,n!ish
men. There was no Indian in it.
It did not pro&ide an$ hope of Swara/ to Indians.
LA(O*, CON'*,SS O#
78@8
The Con!ress session was hed at Lahore in 78@8
under the Presidentship of 3awahara Nehru.
#oowin! decision were ta0en4
The Con!ress decared Poorna Swara/ as its aim.
It was decided to cee"rate @: 3anuar$ e&er$ $ear
as Independence Da$.
It was decided to start the Ci&i Diso"edience
Mo&ement to win Poorna Swara/.
Dis,0ss the signifi,an,e of the 2ongress session in
"#=# in thefree*om str0ggle of In*ia.
The Lahore session of Indian Nationa Con!ress of 78@8 was hed under the presidentship
of 3awahara Nehru. The two important decisions ta0en were the foowin!4
a.The attainment of compete independence4 It was decared in this session that thechief
!oa of the Indian Nationa con!ress was the attainment of compete independence.
".It was decided to aunch the Ci&i Diso"edience Mo&ement under the eadership
of 'andhi/i to !et the compete independence..c.It was decided in this session to cee"rate
@:
3anuar$ as the Independence Da$ ao&er the countr$. Because of its si!nificance the same
da$ was chosen as the *epu"ic da$ of India
SALT (AR2% 3SALT
SAT@A'RA%A5
'andhi/i decided to inau!urate the Ci&i Diso"edience Mo&ement
"$ "rea0in! the sat aw.
'andhi/i and F9 of his foowers started a march on foot from
Sa"armati Ashram to Dandi >Dandi March?.
On : Apri 78@81 the$ reached Dandi. 'andhi/i prepared sat "$
usin! sea water1 "ro0e the sat aw and inau!urated the Mo&ement.
The !o&ernment imposed hea&$ tax on sat. Moreo&er1 the
production of sat was the monopo$ of the !o&ernment. So the
price of sat was &er$ hi!h. Therefore1 'andhi/i opposed the sat
aw.
T% (AIN FAT!RS OF T% 2IBIL DISOBDIN2
(OB(NT.
'andhi/i ed a march on foot from Sa"armati to Dandi. (e "ro0e the Sat
Law at Dandi and inau!urated the Mo&ement.
Peope "ro0e sat aw in man$ paces. #orei!n !oods were "o$cotted.
LiDuor shops were pic0eted. 'o&ernment ser&ants resi!ned their /o"s.
#orest aws were "ro0en. Peope refused to pa$ taxes. Leaders were
arrested. +or0ers attac0ed !o&ernment offices.
'andhi/i caed off the mo&ement on E March 78<7 under the 'andhi.
Irwin Pact. (e a!reed to attend the Second *ound Ta"e Conference.
It was restarted when 'andhi/i returned from London. It was fina$
caed off in 78<H.
DI##,*,NC,S B,T+,,N NON.
COOP,*ATION MO2,M,NT AND CI2IL
DISOB,DI,NC, MO2,M,NT
Peope refused to co operate with the !o&ernment durin!
the Non Co operation Mo&ement. Peope "ro0e the aws
durin! the Ci&i Diso"edience Mo&ement.
Musims participated in ar!e num"ers in the Non Co
operation Mo&ement. Musim participation was ess in the
Ci&i Diso"edience Mo&ement.
No tax campai!n was not there in Non Co operation
Mo&ement. Peope refused to pa$ taxes in Ci&i
Diso"edience Mo&ement
SOCIAL '*O;PS +(IC( PA*TICIPAT,D IN CI2IL
DISOB,DI,NC, MO2,M,NT
*ich Peasants . Depression and fa in prices affected them "ad$. The$ demanded reduction
in and re&enue. Swara/ meant reduction of taxes for them.
Poor Peasants . Depression affected them "ad$. The$ demanded reduction in rent. Swara/
meant reduction of rent for them.
Business casses G The$ demanded protection a!ainst the import of forei!n !oods. The$
wanted a *upee.Sterin! exchan!e rate that woud discoura!e import. The$ formed the
Indian Industria and Commercia Con!ress in 78@=. The$ aso formed the #ederation of the
Indian Cham"er of Commerce and Industries. The$ !a&e financia hep to the mo&ement
and refused to se the forei!n !oods.
Industria +or0ers G The$ were poor$ paid. Conditions of wor0 were misera"e. Swara/
meant "etter wa!es and wor0in! conditions for them. *aiwa$ wor0ers and doc0$ard
wor0ers conducted stri0e. +or0ers in mines wore 'andhi Caps and too0 part in raies.
+h$ did the different socia !roups /oin
the ci&i diso"edience mo&ement-
In the countr$side the rich peasant communities i0e the 3ats of
;P and the Patidars of 'u/arat were acti&e in the mo&ement .
Indian merchants and industriaists wanted protection a!ainst
imports of forei!n !oods and a rupee sterin! forei!n exchan!e
ratio that woud discoura!e imports. The$ wanted to end coonia
contro o&er Indian econom$. The$ /oined Ci&i Diso"edience
Mo&ement and !a&e financia assistance and refused to "u$ or
se imported !oods.
Another important feature of the Ci&i Diso"edience
Mo&ement was the ar!e.scae participation of women.
Durin! 'andhi/i6s sat march1 thousands of women came
out of their homes to isten to him. The$ participated in
protest marches1 manufactured sat1 and
Pic0eted forei!n coth and iDuor shops. Man$ went to /ai.
There were stri0es "$ raiwa$ wor0ers in 78<= and
doc0wor0ers in78<@. In 78<= thousands of wor0ers in
Chotana!pur tin mines wore 'andhi caps and participated in
protest raies and "o$cott campai!ns.
Why *i* the ri,h peasant ,omm0nities +oin the 2ivil *iso-e*ien,
emovement) Why *i* not they +oin 1hen it 1as reCla0n,he* in "#D= )
In the countr$side1 rich peasant communities G i0e the Patidars of 'u/arat
and the 3ats of ;ttar Pradesh /oined the mo&ement.
Bein! producers of commercia crops1 the$ were &er$ hard hit "$ the trade
depression and fain! prices. As their cash income disappeared1the$ found it
impossi"e to pa$ the !o&ernment6s re&enue demand.
The refusa of the !o&ernment to reduce the re&enue demand ed to
widespread resentment. These rich peasants were acti&e in or!ani%in!
their communities1 and at times forcin! reuctant mem"ers1 to
participate in the "o$cott pro!rammes
#or them the fi!ht for swara/ was a stru!!e a!ainst hi!h re&enues.
But the$ were deep$ disappointed when the mo&ement was caed off
in 78<7 without the re&enue rates "ein! re&ised. Therefore1 when the
mo&ement was restarted in 78<@1 man$ of them refused to participate.
Why *i* not the poor peasants +oin the ,ivil *iso-e*ien,e movement)
Why 1as the relationship -et1een the poor peasants an* the
2ongress remaine* 0n,ertain *0ring ,ivil *iso-e*ien,e movement)
i.
The poorer peasants were not /ust interested in the owerin! of the
re&enue demand. Man$ of them were sma tenants cuti&atin! and the$
had rented from andords.
ii.
As the Depression continued and cash incomes decreased1 the sma
tenants found it difficut to pa$ their rent. The$ wanted the unpaid rent to
the andord to "e remitted.
iii.
The$ /oined a &ariet$ of radica mo&ements1 often ed
"$ Sociaists and Communists.
i&.
Con!ress did not want to upset the rich peasants and
andords1 and was unwiin! to support Cno rent6
campai!ns of the poor peasants inmost paces. So the
reationship "etween the poor peasants and the
Con!ress remained uncertain.
Why *i* the -0siness ,lass s0pport the ,ivil
*iso-e*ien,e movement)
Why *i* the in*0strial 1or.ing ,lasses not parti,ipate
in the 2ivil Diso-e*ien,e (ovement in large n0m-ers)
i.
Indian merchants and industriaists wanted protection
a!ainst imports of forei!n !oods and a rupee.sterin!
forei!n exchan!e ratio that woud discoura!e imports.
ii.
The$ wanted to end coonia contro o&er Indian econom$.
The$ /oined Ci&i Diso"edience Mo&ement and !a&e
financia assistanceand refused to "u$ or se imported
!oods.
iii.Most "usinessmen came to see swara/ as a time
when coonia restrictions on "usiness woud no
on!er exist and trade and industr$ woud fourish
without constraints.
i&.As the industriaists came coser to the Con!ress1
wor0ers sta$ed aoof. The Con!ress was reuctant to
incude wor0ers6 demands as part of its pro!ramme
of stru!!e. It fet that this woud aienate
industriaists and di&ide the anti.imperia forces.
%o1 *i* the In*ian mer,hants an* in*0strialists
prote,t their interests)
i. To or!ani%e "usiness interests1 the$ formed the Indian
Industria and Commercia Con!ress in 78@= and the
#ederation of the Indian Cham"er of Commerce and
Industries A#ICCIB in 78@F.
ii. Led "$ prominent industriaists i0e Purshottamdas
Tha0urdas and '. D. Bira1 the industriaists attac0ed
coonia contro o&er the Indian econom$1 and supported
the Ci&i Diso"edience Mo&ement when it was first
aunched. The$ !a&e financia assistance and refused to
"u$ or se imported !oods
Des,ri-e the parti,ipation of 1omen in the ,ivil
*iso-e*ien,e movement.
iAn important feature of the Ci&i Diso"edience
Mo&ement was the ar!e.scae participation of women.
Durin! 'andhi/i6s sat march1 thousands of women came
out of their homes to isten to him.
ii The$ participated in protest marches1 manufactured sat1
and pic0eted forei!n coth and iDuor shops. Man$ went to
/ai.
ii In ur"an areas1 these women were from hi!h.caste
famiiesI in rura areas1 the$ came from rich peasant
househods. Mo&ed "$ 'andhi/i6s ca1 the$ "e!an to see
ser&ice to the nation as a sacred dut$ of women.
+h$ did the participation of women in ar!e num"ers in the
mo&ements not "rin! an$ radica chan!e in the position of
Indian women-
i. 'andhi/i was con&inced that it was the dut$ of women to
oo0 after home and hearth1 "e !ood mothers and !ood
wi&es.
ii. And for a on! time the Con!ress was reuctant to aow
women to hod an$ position of authorit$ within the
or!ani%ation. It was 0een on$ ontheir s$m"oic presence.
(AIN 2ONTRIB!TIONS OF T% 2IBIL DISOBDIN2 (OB(NT.
Ci&i Diso"edience Mo&ement was the first stru!!e to win Poorna
Swara/ or Compete Independence.
It was "ased on non &ioent Sat$a!raha. 'andhian ideas were wide$
foowed.
+omen participated in ar!e num"ers in this mo&ement.
It was a rea mass mo&ement. Different socia !roups participated.
It was an open chaen!e to the British rue. The peope open$
diso"e$ed aws.
(AIN LI(ITATIONS OF T% 2IBIL
DISOBDIN2 (OB(NT
Daits did not participate in the Ci&i Diso"edience
Mo&ement1 "ecause the Con!ress did not !i&e
importance to their demands.
Man$ Musims did not participate in it. The$ thou!ht
that the Con!ress was mo&in! cose to the (indu Maha
Sa"ha.
Communa riots occurred in man$ paces. Disunit$
"etween (indus and Musims started.
Industria wor0ers participation was minimum.
FFORTS (AD B@ 'AND%I9I FOR T%
!&LIFT(NT OF DALITS
AiB'andhi/i was a!ainst untoucha"iit$. (e said that Swara/ woud not
come for 7== $ears1 if untoucha"iit$ was not a"oished.
AiiB(e caed the untoucha"es C(ari/ans6 or sons of 'ods.
AiiiB(e or!ani%ed Sat$a!raha to !et tempe entr$ and access to pu"ic
wes1 tan0s1 roads and schoos for daits.
Ai&B(e ceaned hari/an coonies and in his ashram there was no caste
feein!s.
A&B(e as0ed the upper caste (indus to !i&e up the inhuman practice of
untoucha"iit$.
'AND(I3I 2s AMB,D5A*
Dr. Am"ed0ar demanded separate eectorates for the daits. (e
thou!ht that a share in poitica power woud hep in their upiftment.
'andhi/i opposed separate eectorates. (e thou!ht that it woud
create disunit$. So1 the$ cashed in the Second round ta"e
conference.
&oona &a,t7 It was si!ned "etween 'andhi/i and Am"ed0ar in
Septem"er 78<@. 'andhi/i "rou!ht an end to his fast. (e accepted the
demand for reser&ation of seats for daits in the e!isatures.
Am"ed0ar a!reed to !i&e up the demand for separate eectorates.
2!LT!RAL FA2TORS AND IDNTITIS W%I2% 2RATD A SNS OF
2OLL2TIB BLON'IN' A(ON' T% &O&L OF INDIA.
IMA', O# B(A*AT MATA 4
Ban0im Chandra Chattopadh$a$ created the ima!e
of Bharat Mata.
A"anindranath Ta!ore painted her ima!e.
Bharat Mata oo0ed i0e a San$asini. She is cam1
di&ine and spiritua. De&otion towards her "ecame
a proof of Nationaism.
IMA', O# B(A*ATMATA
2AND, MATA*AM
It was a pra$er to Bharat Mata written "$ Ban0im
Chadra Chattopadh$a$.
2ande Mataram "ecame the war cr$ of the Indians.
It was ater incuded in his no&e Anandamath
2AND, MATA*AM
NATIONAL #LA'
Durin! the Swadeshi Mo&ement a tricoor fa! Ared1 !reen and $eowB
was de&eoped. It had 9 otuses representin! the 9 pro&inces of the
British India. It aso had crescent moon which represented (indus and
Musims.
In 78@71 'andhi/i desi!ned the Swara/ fa!. It was aso a tricoor fa!
Ared1 !reen and whiteB. It had a spinnin! whee which represent the
'andhian idea of Sef (ep.
The fa! "ecame a s$m"o of the Nation. It created the feein! of
oneness. The peope carried fa! in protest marches and raies
NATIONAL #LA'
S+AD,S(I #LA' SA+A*A3 #LA'
RDIS2OBR@ OF INDIA<S
&AST
The British considered Indians "ac0ward and primiti&e. The$
said that the Indians were not capa"e of ruin! themse&es.
In the 78th centur$1 some educated Indians started the efforts of
redisco&er India6s !reat achie&ements. The$ redisco&ered the
achie&ements made "$ the Indians in art1 architecture1 science1
mathematics1 rei!ion1 cuture1 aw1 phiosoph$1 crafts and trade.
5nowed!e a"out the !reat achie&ements of Indians created
nationa pride1 sef confidence and patriotism amon! the Indians.
#OL5LO*, O# SO;T(,*N
INDIA
*,2I2AL O# #OL5LO*,
Nationaists toured the &ia!es to coect the fo0 son!s and e!ends.
*a"indranath Ta!ore coected a num"er of fo0 son!s and e!ends.
In Madras1 Natesa Sastri pu"ished a four &oume coection of tami
fo0 taes AThe #o0ore of Southern IndiaB.
The fo0 son!s and e!ends !a&e a true picture of Indian cuture.
The$ showed there a thou!hts and characteristics of Indians.
The$ created Nationa Pride amon! the peope.