B.

S tay gim st cht lng ca cn b gim st trc thuc cng ty

NewCC Construction Consultants.
Cng i km vi cc qui phm v thi cng v nghim thu ca B xy dng, tt
c cc cn b gim st ca NewCC ngoi cng trng u c cung cp
mt s tay v gim st cht lng cng trnh d theo di cng vic ca nh
thu. y chng ti xin gii thiu tm lc ni dung s tay nh sau:

1 COFFA (Theo TCVN 4453-87)
1-Cng tc dng lp coffa phi m bo c cc yu cu sau:
Dng lp coffa ng theo yu cu thit k.
m bo cng v khng b bin dng khi b tng.
Coffa phi kn kht khng b r r nc v va b tng khi thi cng.
Kt cu coffa phi d tho lp, khng gy h hi cho b tng.
Cc ct chng ca dn gio phi kh nng chu lc, c t vng chc
trn nn t hoc sn BTCT. H ging dn gio phi c b tr hp l, c
cng cn thit v thun tin cho thi cng. Ton b h dn gio, cy chng,
ging cho ch c s dng bng st (dn gio st) nhm tng tnh n
nh cng nh d dng tho lp khi thi cng.
Coffa tng phi c thi cng ng theo yu cu k thut, phi c kh
nng chu c trng lng bn thn ca tng BTCT v hot ti thi cng.
Coffa sn, dm, tng phi c v sinh k, ti nc t hon ton b
mt trc khi b tng.
Coffa dm sn tng k thut ca cc phn xng sn xut, h thng kho phi
s dng coffa nh hnh c phng cao, t mi ni. Hn ch ti a cng tc
mi lm phng cu kin b tng.
Cng tc tho d coffa phi ng yu cu k thut, khng c tho coffa
trc khi b tng t cng cho php theo TCVN 4453-87.
n v trng thu hon ton chu trch nhim v cng tc coffa, nu c sai st
thit hi xy ra mi chi ph sa sai (nu c) n v trng thu phi chu.
2-CT THP (Theo TCVN 5574-1991v TCVN 1561-85)
Tt cc loi ct thp s dng cho cng trnh phi c lai lch r rng c vn
chuyn thng t nh my sn xut n cng trnh
Cng tc sn xut v lp dng ct thp phi tun theo cc qui nh sau :
S hiu, s nhm thp phi ng yu cu thit k. Trng hp n v thi cng
mun thay i s hiu, s nhm thp phi c s chp nhn ca c quan
thit k ng thi phi tun theo cc qui nh v thay i s hiu, s nhm
thp ca TCVN
Theo TCVN 4453-1995 mi l ct thp khng qu 120 tn s ly 9 mu vi 3
mu tin hnh th nghim lc ko, 3 mu th nghim un ngui v 3 mu th
nghim hn ti cng trng. Cc mu kh nng chu lc theo TCVN 4453-
1995 mi c em vo s dng


Ct thp phi c gia cng v lp t theo ng bn v thit k thi cng.
Trng hp thay i v tr lp t ct thp phi c s chp thun ca c
quan thit k
Khi 2 thanh ni theo chiu dc, tr khi c ch nh khc trong bn v, u
ni s chp ln nhau theo mt chiu di bng 40 ln ng knh thanh thp,
ngoi ra cc yu cu v mi ni thp (phng php ni buc, hn ct thp)
phi tun theo TCVN 4453-1995.
Ct thp khng c r st, dnh du m hay cht gy hi trc khi b
tng.
Sau khi b tng, ct thp, km buc khng c li ra khi b mt b tng.
Nh thu phi bo cho gim st k thut A kim tra ct thp trc khi b
tng 24h00. B tng ch c sau khi c s ng ca gim st k thut A
v c bin bn nghim thu ct thp.
3-B TNG (Theo TCVN 4453-1995)
3.1-Ct liu
Ximng :TCVN 2682-1992.
Xi mng khi n chn cng trng phi c chng nhn ca c quan sn xut,
thi gian c s dng, ng thi gim st k thut A c quyn kim tra bt
c l hng no v t chi khng cho s dng ximng b phn ha, h hng.
Ximng phi c bo dng k trong kho, khng c cht cao qu 10 bao
v phi k cao khi mt t cho lun kh ro. Ti cng trng ximng phi
c s dng theo thi gian nhp kho nhm trnh tnh trng ximng trong
kho qu lu d h hng.
Ch c s dng ximng theo ng thit k, nu c s thay i chng loi
ximng phi c s ng chp thun ca n v thit k v ca gim st k
thut.
Ct :
Quy cch, chng loi ct phi ng theo yu cu ca TCVN 1770-86.
Ct s dng cho cng trnh phi c cung cp bi mt s nh cung cp c
ch u t kim tra v ph chun.
Ct trc khi s dng phi c sng v sch, khng b dnh cc cht gy hi
cho va b tng, va ximng.
Ct liu ln:
Quy cch chng loi phi theo ng yu cu ca TCVN 1771-86.
s dng cho cng trnh phi c cung cp bi mt s nh cung cp c
ch u t kim tra v ph chun.
khi s dng cho cng trnh phi c ra sch, khng c ln cc cht
hu c, cc cht gy hi cho b tng.
Nc :
Nc dng trn b tng phi m bo yu cu ca tiu chun TCVN 4506-
87, khng c cha cc tp cht qu mc qui nh, gy cn tr qu trnh
ng cng ximng cng nh n mn ct thp.
Tt nht s dng nc my trong qu trnh thi cng cng trnh.


Ct liu ch c s dng khi t cht lng theo TCVN 1771-86, TCVN
1770-86, cc ct liu b tr li khng s dng th ton b chi ph chuyn ch
n v trng thu phi chu.

3.2-Trn b tng :
B tng trn sn :
B tng trn sn phi c cc ch tiu k thut ng theo TCVN hin hnh. i
vi b tng sn mi dng b tng trn sn c ph gia chng thm theo ng
k thut ca nh my sn xut.
B tng trn sn khi n chn cng trng phi c giy xut xng ca nh
my trong c gi xut xng, chng nhn mc b tng v chng nhn cht
lng ca b tng.
Mi m trn u phi c ly mu kim tra v kh nng chu lc ca mu b
tng ti thi im 7 ngy v 28 ngy ng thi cng c kim tra v st
ca b tng ti cng trng, gim st k thut A c quyn khng s dng m
b tng no km cht lng hoc qu thi gian qui nh ( bng 1). Ch
c b tng sau khi gim st k thut A ng .

Bng 1 Thi gian lu hn hp b tng khng c ph gia

Nhit ( C ) Thi gian vn chuyn cho php,
pht
Ln hn 30
20 30
10 20
5 10
30
45
60
90
3.3- b tng :
Nh thu phi cho gim st bit trc khi b tng 24h00.
Mi thi cng b tng phi tin hnh ban ngy. Nu phi tin hnh vo ban
m th phi c gim st k thut A ng vi diu kin nh sng y .
Khi nhit mi trng cao hn 30 C cn p dng cc bin php thch hp
khng lm nh hng n cht lng b tng, nhit b tng t my trn
phi nh hn 30
0
C v khi phi nh hn 35
0
C.
Tuyt i khng c b tng khi tri ma. Nu b tng khi tri ma
th phi c dng c che chn y v tm ngng thi cng (nu cn). Thi
gian tm ngng c th ko di theo TCVN 4453-1995 ri tip, sau thi
gian phi tin hnh thi cng mch ngng b tng.
B tng phi c tp trung gn ch nht, khng c ri b tng t
cao 1,5m hoc cht ng b tng trn coffa hoc xa v tr .
B tng phi c m cht bng nhng thit b m c hc c cc ch tiu
thch hp vi cng trnh (My m c tn s ti thiu l 400Hzv c bn knh
nh hng 300 mm). Ngi iu khin cc thit b m phi c hun luyn
m bo b tng c m tt nht, khng b t ong v to c s ng
nht trong b tng. Ti cc v tr m khng ti cn dng thanh di xm cho


b tng lt vo cc khe rng xung quanh ct thp v khng lm dch chuyn
cc thanh thp
m bo c s lng m vi tin , khi lng b tng v lun c
mt m d tr cho tng loi thay th kp thi.
Khi cn m li b tng th thi im thch hp l 1,5 2 gi sau khi m ln
th nht, ch m li cho kt cu sn, sn bi.
B tng va xong phi c che chn b mt k trnh tri ma hoc nng
qu gt. B tng s c ti nc dng h cho n khi ng cng.
Thi cng b tng cc cu kin phi tun theo cc ch tiu k thut trong
TCVN 5592-1991 b tng yu cu bo dng.
3.4- Mch ngng b tng :
Trng hp b tng vi khi lng ln khng th thi cng lin tc c
th s thc hin mch ngng thi cng. V tr mch ngng phi tun theo cc
qui nh ca TCVN 4453-1995 hoc c xc nh trong bn v. Trng hp
trong qu trnh thi cng pht sinh thm cc mch ngng khc th phi c s
ng ca gim st k thut A.
Trong trng hp ngng b tng qu thi gian quy nh phi i n khi
b tng t n 25 daN/cm mi c b tng.
Trc khi b tng mi ni vi b tng c phi c nh li coffa v b mt
tip ni b tng c phi c chi sch cc vt bm dnh, x l nhm mt v
c ti t bng nc ximng.
b tng s c tip tc cc mch ngng ghi trong bn v ca k s
trong bt c thi im no. i vi cc mch ngng pht sinh th phi c
kin ca gim st k thut A mi c .
3.5- Bo dng b tng :
B tng phi lun c gi m trong sut thi gian ng cng.
Ngn nga cc bin dng ca b tng do co ngt, do nhit , trnh hnh
thnh cc khe nt.
Trnh cho b tng khng b va chm, rung ng v b nh hng ca cc tc
ng khc lm gim st cht lng ca b tng.
Cng tc bo dng b tng phi ng theo cc yu cu k thut theo TCVN
4453-1995. B tng ch khi t c cng 15 daN/cm2 mi cho php
ngi i li cng nh vic chun b thi cng cc cu kin bn trn.
3.6- Cht lng b tng :
Vic kim tra cht lng ca b tng phi tun theo cc tiu chun ca Nh
nc hin hnh v cn ch cc yu t sau :
Kim tra st v cng ca va b tng.
Kim tra cng , kh nng chng thm so vi yu cu thit k. Ch u t
s c mt gim st c nng lc, trch nhim gim st tt c cc cng on
chun b b tng. Tt c cc mu kim nghim s c thc hin di s
gim st ca ngi ny.
Vic kim nghim bn ca mu th cng vi hn hp v vt liu c thc
hin trc khi cc cng vic bt u, sau nu c bt k s thay i no v


vt liu cn i trong thnh phn vt liu s theo yu cu ca gim st k
thut A.
Vic kim tra cng ca mu s c thc hin cho mi 20m
3
b tng c
hoc do quyt nh ca gim st k thut ph hp vi qui nh theo TCVN
4453-1995.
C mi 20- 30m
3
tin hnh ly 6 mu, 3 mu s tin hnh kim tra kh nng
chu lc trong vng 7 ngy, 3 mu cn li s kim tra trong vng 28 ngy.
Nu bt k kt qu mu th 7 ngy no cho thy cng trong vng 28 ngy
thp, gim st k thut s thng bo ngay lp tc v cc gin gio chng
ca cc phn chu nh hng kt qu th trn khng c di chuyn cho n
khi nguyn do c xc nh.
Mu th s c ly ti v tr cc i din cho kh nng chu lc ca cu kin
BTCT, ngoi ra v tr ca mu th cng c thc hin theo yu cu ca ch
u t.
Chn t nht l 3 v tr th nghim i din cho mi thnh phn cu trc hoc
phn ln b tng ti khu vc c xem l km kh nng chu lc.
Cng th nghim t mi thnh phn cu trc hoc phn ln cu trc
c xem l ph hp khi mu ch s th nghim trung bnh ca chng tng
ng hoc ln hn cng c qui nh.
Ngoi vic ly mu c th dng sng bn b tng, siu m hoc nhng cch
th nghim khng ph hoi khc, nu c chp nhn, xc nh mi quan
h cng nhng v tr khc nhau ca kt qu nh s tr gip trong vic
nh gi cht lng b tng phn c th hay trong vic xc nh v tr phn
c th nghim.
Nu th nghim xc nh b tng khng t yu cu, vic quyt nh kh nng
s dng v bin php x l kt cu thi cng b hng phi c s tha thun
ca c quan thit ke.
Cc kt qu kim tra cht lng cng tc b tng v b tng ct thp phi
c ghi vo nht k cng trnh.
Tt c cc chi ph v gi thnh m hu qu ca cc hng gii quyt chu s
ch o trc tip ca nh thu s do nh thu chu.
3.7- Nghim thu b tng :
Khng cho php nghim thu cc b phn kt cu bng b tng v b tng ct
thp khi b tng cha t cng thit k v phi tin hnh nghim thu
trc khi lp kn hoc trt mt ngoi.
Cht lng ca cc vt liu, sn phm xy dng phi c l lch r rng, c
chng nhn cht lng ca cc n v sn xut
Kt qu nghim thu phi c ghi vo s nht k cng trnh.


4- CNG TC XY TNG (TCVN 4085 85 )
Gch xy phi theo ng tiu chun TCVN 1450-1998; TCVN 1451-1998
kch thc 4x8x18 i vi gch th v 8x8x18 i vi gch l, gch phi


vung vn phng mt v thng cnh, th gch ng u khng phn lp,
cng t yu cu, sai s v kch thc trong phm vi cho php.
Tng xy phi t c cc nguyn tc k thut thi cng sau : Ngang bng,
ng thng, phng mt, giao tng to thnh gc vung, mch va khng
trng nhau v lin kt tt thnh mt khi c chc.
Gch trc khi xy phi c nhng nc k. Yu cu ny phi c thc
hin cht ch hn trong ma nng. Nhng vin gch xy b dnh bi, bn,
mc ru mc u khng c s dng cho tng xy. Ton b tng xy b
chiu nng phi c gi m sau khi xy xong v trong c ngy hm sau.
Phi ht sc trnh va chm mnh cng nh khng c vn chuyn, t vt
liu, ta dng c v i li trc tip trn khi tng ang xy hoc tng khi
xy cn mi.
Trong khi xy gch chiu di mch va ngang l 10 mm. Cng va xy
phi t yu cu thit k, mch ngang dc ng ca khi tng gch phi
va. Va xy khng c trn lu qu 1 gi, vic trn li ln na nhng
phn va kh cng s khng c chp thun.
Khi xy ct p tng cnh cc ca phi dng gch nguyn chn lc, gch
na ch cho php chn kn ch trng trong cc kt cu gch chu ti trng
nh (tng bao che, tng ngn, tng di ca s)
Tng gch dy 100 c xy theo chiu dc vin gch sao cho khi xy
khng b trng mch, gch gc tng c xy kiu ci rng lc v c
lin kt vi nhau ti mi lp xen k, nh tng ch tm ngng xy phi c
thm nc k trc khi tin hnh xy tip.
i vi tng xy hai lp bng gch ng mi lp 10cm c lin kt bi
nhng thanh thp neo (5 thanh trn 1m
2
tng gch theo thit k). Tng xy
dng sai cho php cng tr 15 mm so vi kch thc qui nh.
Ton b h bt dn gio trn tng phi c trt li bng va b tng mi
cn thn v chnh xc trc khi hon tt phn xy tng v tin hnh trt
tng.
5- CNG TC TRT ( TCVN 5674 1992 )
Trc khi trt mt tng phi lm sch : c ht ru, vt du, bitum, bi bm
v ti nc cho m tng.
Ct: Theo tiu chun TCVN 1770 86.
Quy cch, chng loi ct phi ng theo yu cu ca TCVN.
Ct trc khi s dng phi c sng v sch, khng b dnh cc cht gy hi
cho va ximng.
Va trt phi c loi v mc ng theo thit k. Chiu dy mt va trt khng
qu 20 mm. Nu trt thnh nhiu lp thi chiu dy mi lp khng thp hn 5
mm, khng dy hn 8 mm, cc lp trt trn lp kh th phi ti nc cho
m.
Khi ch trt va b phng hay bong l phi ph rng ch ra, mit cht mp
va xung quanh, cho se mt mi trt sa li.


Sc dnh bm gia lp va di mt trt, gia cc lp va trt vi nhau phi
chc. Kim tra bng cch g nh ln trn mt trt. Tt c cc ch rp u phi
c trt li.
Cc mt va trt tng khng c c khe nt g gh, nt chn chim, va
chy. Khng c st li nhng mt trt di b ca s, g ca, g chn
tng, chn l, bp, ch lp thit b v sinh v cc ch khc.
Cc cnh ct, g ca, tng phi thng, sc cnh. Cc gc vung phi kim
tra bng thc vung. Cc g b ca s phi thng hng vi nhau. Mt trn b
ca s c dc theo thit k v lp va trt n su vo di khung ca s t
nht l 10 mm.
Cc gc tng, gc trn bo cnh cong u, Khng bong dp, nt, b mt phi
phng, khng c cong vnh, gh gh.
6- GCH LT NN ( TCVN 5674 1992 )
Gch cung cp lt nn phi c cng sri l hng sn xut v bo m phn
ng nht v mu sc, kch c, dy. Gch phi thng, mt khng b cong
vnh, mt men phng v nhn t tiu chun TCVN 6414-1998.
Gch lt nn snh s c thc hin theo bn v thit k v cn c theo ph
duyt ca ch u t.
Gch lt phi c chn k trc khi lt loi b nhng vin b m cnh
hoc try xt mt, gch c lt ti mt im thch hp gia v lt qua hai
bn tng cc sai s s c hiu chnh trn tng. Ti cc im cn phi
ct gch, mch ct phi nhn khng b m cnh.
Mt lt phi phng mt khng c g gh khi lt phi c thng xuyn
kim tra bng thc niv 2m, khe h gia mt lt v thc kim tra khng
c qu 3 mm. dc v chiu dc mt lt phi ng theo thit k. Kim tra
dc v mt phng ca sn lt bng cch nc th hoc th cho ln
hn bi thp ng knh 10 mm, nu c ng vng th phi hiu chnh li.
Mch gia cc vin gch lt nn khng c qu 1.5 mm . Mch c chn
bng h ximng lng, khi thc hin chn mch khng c i li hoc va
chm mnh lm bong cc vin gch. Lt gch ni c dc cao nh toilet
lp va lt khng c t hn 25 mm im thp nht c dc.
Gch nn nn c lt cng on sau cng ca cng trnh, sau khi lt gch
v mit gch xong mt gch phi c lt mt lp bo v d trnh lm h
hng mt gch do i li hoc va chm trong qu trnh hon thin.

(B) CNG TC P MT NGOI : ( TCVN 5674 1992 )
Trc khi tin hnh p b mt Cng trnh cn phi kt thc cng vic c lin
quan trnh mi va chm lm h hng hay nh hng n cht lng b
mt p.
Trc khi p thin nhin ln b mt cu kin b tng hay gch. Trn b
mt nn p phi c k nh v.


Vt liu p bng thin nhin hay nhn to (Theo qui nh ca thit k ) khi
c a n cng trnh phi c bao gi theo ng qui cch c dn nhn v
ghi r kch thc, chng loi, mu sc.
m bo dnh bm tt gia tm p v kt cu, mt sau ca tm p v
mt ngoi ca kt cu phi c v sinh sch s.
Khi thi cng p thin nhin, phi chn v sp xp cc tm k nhau sao
cho ph hp v mu sc, bng theo hng dn ca Kin trc s thit k v
gim st ca ch u t.
Khi p bng thin nhin i vi cc vin c trng lng > 5kg. Vic
gn cht vo kt cu phi bng cc mc kim loi hay inh vt, bu lng iu
chnh. i vi cc tng, kt cu p c din tch ln vic nh v ta tm
p phi a vo kt cu chu lc trn khung thp c c cc mc hay bu lng
lin kt iu chnh cho mi tm p. Vic chn va vo khong trong gia
tm p v kt cu phi c lm ngay vi tng vng p.
Trc khi thi cng p phi kim tra mt bng ca mt p bng thc niv
2m v khng c dc qu 15mm.
Trong trng hp s dng mactic lm vt liu gn th lch khng qu
3mm.
phng ca mt p hon thin khng c sai lch vt qu cc tr s
ca bng1.
Cc yu cu khc phi theo ng tiu chun TCVN 5674 1992.
Bng 1: Sai s cho php ca mt phng p bng thin nhin v nhn to(
mm ) :
p mt ngoi cng trnh p mt trong cng trnh
Vt liu thin nhin Vt liu nhn to
Tn
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0,5 1 1,5 1,5
7- SN ( Theo tiu chun TCVN 5674 92 )
7.1 Sn Epoxy cho sn, tng, trn
Chun b b mt:
Phi m bo b mt sch, nguyn vn, khng bm bi. B mt phi c lm
sch bng phng php phun ct hoc my ch nhm v phi t tiu chun
SA 2.5. Ch c tin hnh sn khi b mt kh ro & c m thp .
Phng php sn:
Dng c, ru l, phun p lc. Khi phun p lc kch thc u phun 0.015
0.021, p sut lng 65 - 80 khong 2500 psi - 3000 psi. Khng nn pha
long sn. Khi buc phi pha long phi dng dung mi ca nh sn xut.
Thi gian ch gia hai ln sn phi theo ng quy nh ch dn ca nh
sn xut sn.
Trong qu trnh thi cng sn Epoxy phi c kim tra, hng dn bi cc
chuyn gia ca nh sn xut v nh sn xut chu trch nhim bo hnh sn
phm ca mnh.
Nh thu cn nu chi tit quy trnh thi cng, thnh phn cc lp sn, thng s
k thut ca tng lp v phi m bo cc b mt ca sn phm tho mn theo
ng yu cu cng ngh ca nh my sn xut dc phm t tiu chun
GMP .
B mt kt cu phi c lm phng bng matic , nhng vt nt cho php trn
kt cu phi c trt matic vi su khng ln hn 2mm.
Ranh gii gia 2 din tch sn v mu sc v cht lng khc nhau c qui
nh nh sau :
- Din tch sn sn bng din tch sn theo qui nh cng thm ton b din
tch chn tng, cao <= 10 cm.
- Din tch sn trn bng ton b din tch trn theo thit k cng trnh, din
tch u tng cao 10 cm trong khu vc din tch trn.
- Din tch sn tng l phn din tch tng theo yu cu tr i phn din
tch sn sn v din tch sn trn ph ln tng.


Cc yu cu v mt sn :
(B) Cc ng ranh gii gia 2 din tch sn c mu sc khc v cht lng
khc phi sc gn, theo ng yu cu thit k v mu sc, v tr, sai
lch cho php v kch thc khng vt qu 2cm, khng c vt t on,
khc gy, loang l (Nh thu phi lu lp bin php thi cng thch hp
tho mn yu cu ny ).
- B mt sn phi cng mu, ng ranh gii khng c vt t sn, chy
sn, khng c nhng vt hay ng hng do ln sn to nn. Trn ton b mt
sn khng cho php xut hin cc vt rn nt l ra quan st bng mt thng
khi ng nhiu v tr cch b mt sn 1m.
Cng tc nghim thu b mt sn :
Cht lng sn khi nghim thu phi ng theo cc yu cu ca TCVN 5674
1992 hon thin trong thi cng nghim thu.

7.2 Sn nc ( Theo TCVN 5674 92 )
Cc yu cu chung
B mt phi tht sch, kh trnh ht m v sau, khng dnh bm du m,
cc tp cht khc c lm v sinh sch s bng cch nh giy nhm v c
kim tra mt phng hon chnh trc khi b mastic.
Trm mastic vo tng to mt phng, nh giy nhm v kim tra mt phng
ca mt tng bng thc niv 2m khe h gia thc kim tra v mt tng
khng qu 1 mm. kim tra dn vy c ca tng cn phi kim tra thm
bng cch dng ngun sng chiu song song hai mt tng.
Sau khi kim tra v sa cha hon chnh, lp b mastic phi c lm sch
bi bm v bt b pht sinh trong qu trnh lm phng mt bng giy nhm
nh sau: trc ht chi b mt bng vi th v kh, sau vi vi t, kim
tra khc phc cc vt rn nt trn b mt b.
Chun b b mt: b mt phi tht sch & kh, khng nt, khng h hi v cu
trc, khng dnh bm du m v cc tp cht khc, nu tng b nm mc
phi dng cc dung dch ra dit nm mc lu 48 gi, sau ch ra li
bng nc sch v cho b mt kh trc khi sn.
Sn 3 nc ln tng theo ng cc yu cu k thut do nh sn xut cung
cp. Mi vt liu c pha ch v s dng theo ch dn ca nh sn xut. Sn
c trn ngay khi dng, khi cn thit phi pha long sn. Cht dng pha
long sn v t l pha trn cn c theo yu cu k thut ca nh sn sut sn.
Khi sn mt ngoi phi s dng sn chng ru.
7.3 Sn du tng, trn
Mi vt liu sn c pha ch v s dng theo ch dn ca nh sn xut. Sn
c trn ngay khi dng, khi cn thit phi pha long sn, cht pha long v
t l pha trn cn c theo ngh ca nh sn xut sn.
Tt c mu sc v trang tr sau cng phi c ch u t t chn, duyt v
phi c phn d tr th nghim v mu m cng trng nu c yu cu
Trc khi bt u cng vic nh thu phi c trch nhim kim tra k v lm
sch, phng mt tt c nhng b mt ca cng nh tt c nhng ch cn phi


sn, khng c sn trn b mt b m t v b bi. Sn pht ngoi tri
hay mt ngoi khng c thc hin khi thi tit khng c thun tin nh
nhit qu cao hoc lc ang ma hc sng m. Lp sn ch c sn khi
no cc b mt c kim tra v nhng cng vic chun b c ch
u t duyt. Lp sn lt v lp sn ph cui cng cng ch c sn khi lp
sn c kim tra v duyt. dy ca cc lp sn s c thc hin
cn c theo xut ca nh sn xut .
7.4 Sn du Cc cu kin g thp: (theo tiu chun TCVN 5674-1992 cng
tc sn ph b mt cc cu kin g thp).



8- CNG TC P GCH ( TCVN 5674-1992 )
p gch cc tng khu v sinh, p gch chn tng bao bn ngoi v p gch
trang tr bn hoa.
Gch p cung cp phi cng l hng sn xut, mu sc, dy v kch c
gch phi ng nht, gch khng c cong vnh v m cnh.
Trc khi p phi kim tra xc nh lp t xong h thng ng ngm v
ng dy in ngm. Nu tng p c ch g gh trn 15 mm v nghing
lch so vi phng thng ng trn 15 mm th phi cho sa cha li bng va
ximng. Mt tng trt v mt b tng trc khi trt phi c nh sm,
khong cch gia cc rch kha khng c qu 5cm v khng ln hn chiu
gch ca vin gch p.
Sau khi p xong mt p phi t c cc yu cu sau:
Gch p ng kiu cch mu m c duyt, mu sc ng nht, cc gch p
phi u ngang bng v thng ng sai lch khng qu 1mm trn 1m di,
chiu dy mt p khng c qu 2 mm v c mit gch bng ximng lng.
Lp va di gch p phi c v lin kt cht vi gch p (kim tra bng
cch g ln cc vin gch p, cc vin bp phi g ra p li).
Ti cc im ct gch, vt ct phi phng nhn khng lm rn cnh men, cc
mt ct phi ng nht v chnh lch khng c qu 1mm.
Khi kim tra bng thc di 1m, khe h gia thc v mt p khng c qu
2 mm.
Va ximng mit phi c mu ng nht vi gch p.
9- NG NG CP NC TCVN 4519-88
9.1. Tng qut
Phn ny gii quyt v vt t, thit b v cc bin php thi cng c dng
cung cp h thng ng nh c nu trong cc bn v thit k c duyt.
Tt c phi mi v phi s dng ng di, nhng on ngn ni vi nhau trong
khi c th s dng ng di l khng c chp nhn.
n v thi cng phi cung cp cho t vn gim st bn v thi cng ch r
chnh xc v tr cc ng ng chy qua, chi tit lp t v v tr ca cc thit
b ng thi cng ch r chi tit lp t ca cc thit b ng ng.


Tt c cc ng ng v linh kin, cc van phi c v sinh sch s bn
trong ln bn ngoitrc khi u ni lp t .
Yu cu v sinh ng ng nc cp trc khi u ni v lp t.
(B). . . . . . . H ng ng
Cc bn v ch ra kch thc ng v cc h thng khc nhau c b tr.
Lp t sao ph hp vi cc yu cu kin trc v kt cu. Trnh xen vo cng
vic ca cc ngh nghip khc.
Tt c h thng ng phi c thi cng sao cho khng b co gin. Trnh gy
thit hi bt c cng vic no khc hoc gy h hng cho chnh n.
Cc ng phi c phn nhm v cch qung u nhau v gim thiu cc ch
giao nhau. Vic phi hp ng phc tp phi c thit k duyt trc khi lp
t
Cung cp cc u ko di ra ti u cui ca nhnh km vi cc bt u ng
tm thi.
ng v ph kin cung cp phi tun th theo tiu chuu sau v thch hp cho
p lc lm vic.
1/ ng STK s dng chn ngm di t BS. 864 phn 2.
2/ ng SKT dng cho cp nc BS. 4127.
3/ ng nha dng cho nc cp sinh hot BS. 4514.
4/ ng nha dng cho nc thot BS. 4660.
5/ Ni v ph kin ng nha BS. 4346.
ng ng dn nc nng Theo yu cu k thut TCVN 6158 1996.
9.2b Lp t ng ng
dc ng ng chnh, ng vn hnh, ng ni n cc thit b cn t vi
dc t 0,2% n 0,5% c th x nc c.
Vi ng ng cp nc bng inox cn c dc > 0,2% v theo chiu chy
n nh ca nc. Khi chiu di nh hn 0,5m th c th t nm ngang. Cc
on ng c chiu di ln hn 0.15m th phi c nh vo kt cu nh.
Trn nhng on ng thng v di, cn t cc nt co gin cho cc ng cp
nc nng. Khong cch ln nht gia cc nt l 30m, ti im gia nt co
gin t gi ta c nh neo cht ng vo kt cu nh, cc im t gi ta t
do.
cc ng c ng knh nh hn hoc bng 16mm , c th cun ng trc tip
lm nt co gin.
ng ng STK khng c ct ni bng phng php hn.
ng ng Inox nu phi ni hn th phi dng my hn Argon.
9.3. Cc chi tit lp ng
Tt c chi tit lp ng c s dng phi l nhng chi tit tiu chun cng vt
liu v loi vi ng lp vi n. Cc l ct trn cc ng ln cho cc nhnh r s
khng c chp nhn.
Yu cu th nghim ng ng cp thot nc
Vic th nghim h ng ng c tin hnh trc khi lp t thit b vo
ng ng. Cc ng ng cn c th thy tnh gp 2 p lc lm vic. Thi


gian th p sut tin hnh t nht 2 gi. st p lc khng vt qu 0,033lt/
mi mm ng knh ng vi chiu di ng 100m.
Hoc th bng kh nn vi p sut 1,5daN/ cm , thi gian th 5 pht. Trong
khi th p sut ch trn p k khng c gim qu 0,1 daN/ cm. Cc van
c th nghim ti nh my i vi h thng ng inox cp nc, ng cp
hi p lc th bng p lc lm vic cng thm 5daN/ cm nhng khng vt
qu 10 daN/ cm, thi gian th l 10 pht, v p lc th khng c gim qu
0,5daN/ cm.
9.4. Cc mi ni ng
9.4.1 ng trng km :
ng knh 75mm
Ni bng ren.
ng knh trn 75mm
Lp mt bch.
9.4.2 ng PVC:
Tt c cc kch c Keo dn ng.
10- NG NG THOT NC BTCT
10.1 t ng cng b tng ct thp
(a) Nh thu phi t ng cng BTCT cn thn, u ni v ming loe ng
cng phi cng cao , u cng phi kht vi ming loe v theo hng tim
cng v cao yu cu.
(b) Trc khi t on cng phi trt va vo phn bn di mt trong ca
ng cng tip theo bng va xi mng portland. Lp va phi dy m
mt bn trong ca ng tip theo. Nh thu phi trt va na pha trn ca
ng ni vi ng tip theo cng thi im t ng.
I Sau khi t ng BTCT, Nh thu lp y phn cn li ca mi ni cho
va to thnh g xung quanh mi ni. Nh thu phi lau sch phn bn trong
ca mi ni v hon thin b mt trn nhn v m thun. Phn va bn ngoi
mi ni phi c x l v gi m trong 2 ngy hoc n khi K s cho php
lp t.
(d) Cng tc lp v m cht t hai bn hng ng cng c tin hnh theo
quy nh. Vt liu p, s dng vt liu phi tun theo nhng yu cu i vi
vic p vt liu ht c la chn. Vt liu bao gm t hoc si khng cha
t st v cht hu c. Vt liu p khng c cha c kch c nm trn
sng 25mm.
(e) Nh thu phi p ln trn cng ti thiu l 30 cm. Vic p m rng ra
1,5 ln ng knh ng tnh t tim cng ra mi bn. Nh thu phi c bin
php c bit cn thn m nn t p hai bn hng cng. Vic p phi
p u c hai bn cng trn sut chiu di cng.
(f) Cc thit b vn chuyn t v m nn nng khng c vn hnh gn
hn 1,5m m so vi cng cho n khi p ph ln trn cng t nht 60 cm. Cc
thit b nh c th vn hnh trong khu vc p ni trn khi p t nht 30
cm trn nh cng. Mc d c nhng iu kin ny, nh thu vn phi chu
trch nhim sa cha i vi nhng h hi do nhng hot ng ny gy ra.


(g) Cng trn b tng ct thp s c ph quanh bng mt lp b tng theo
nh bn v chi tit hoc theo ch dn ca k s khi chiu cao p t trn
cng nh hn chiu cao ti thiu trn bn v hoc theo quy nh ca nh sn
xut i vi mt kch c ring v loi ng cng.
11 CNG TC SN XUT LP DNG CA:
Thi cng & nghim thu theo tiu chun TCVN 5674-1992.
Nghim thu b ca mu t rc khi nh thu tin hnh sn xut v lp t.
12 CNG TC CHNG THM:
Thi cng & nghim thu theo tiu chun TCVN 5718-1993.
12- CNG TC GIA CNG LP DNG, KO THP
Thi cng & nghim thu theo tiu chun TCVN 4059 85.
13 CNG TC O
Cng vic ny gm vic o, vn chuyn, bc d, v m nn vt liu nm
trong hoc nm gn phm vi ng theo quy nh trong hp ng.
13.1- Dung sai v kch thc
(a) Hnh dng, tuyn, cao sau khi o phi khng thay i so vi quy nh
qu 5 cm ti mi im.
(b) Cc mt phng c o l ra cho nc chy trn b mt phi phng,
nhn v dc m bo thot nc t do trn b mt v khng c hin
tng t nc.
13.2- An ton cho cng tc o
(a) Nh thu phi chu hon ton trch nhim trong vic m bo an ton cho
cng nhn lm cng tc o v nhn dn ni chung.
(b) Trong lc o, phi m bo rng cc mi o tm thi c kh nng chng
cc cng trnh hoc my mc gn , cc kt cu chng v ging phi
c lp t nu mt o khng c chng c kh nng mt n nh. Nu
cn, Nh thu phi chng bng tr hoc cc phng php chng khc cho
cc kt cu ln cn c kh nng mt n nh trong qu trnh o.
I Cc thit b nng di chuyn t, m t hoc cho cc mc ch khc
khng c php dng hay vn hnh trong phm vi nh hn 1.5 m t mp ca
h o ho hoc mng tr khi cc cc hoc kt cu chng c lp t
v ph bng t nht 60 cm vt liu v m k.
(d) Cc vng vy, cc vn hoc cc kt cu khc c tc dng ngn nc khi
h o phi c thit k tt v cng m bo khng xy ra sp bt
ng dn n lm ngp nhanh chng cng trnh.
(e) Trong trng hp cc cng nhn lc lm vic phi ci u xung thp hn
mt t xung quanh th Nh thu phi duy tr mt gim st vin an ton hin
trng gim st an ton cho cng vic. Cc thit b cp cu phi c duy
tr lin tc ti hin trng.
(f) Tt c h o l thin phi c che chn thch hp ngn cho cng nhn
hoc nhng ngi khc khi ri xung.
13.3- Cc iu kin ti hin trng
(a) Tt c h o phi c duy tr tnh trng khng c nc v Nh thu
phi cung cp tt c cc vt liu, my mc, nhn cng cn thit tiu nc


(bm), nn hng dng chy v xy dng rnh tm, tng ngn, ging chm.
Cc bm thng trc phi c duy tr ti cng trng m bo khng b
gin on trong qu trnh bm nc.
13.4- Sa cha cc cng vic khng va
Cc cng tc o khng t c mc sai s cho php s phi c sa
cha nh sau:
(a) Cc vt liu tha s phi loi b bng cch o i.
(b) Cc khu vc c hin tng o vt qu yu cu s c lp li bng cc
vt liu chn lc hoc bng cp phi theo ch dn ca K s.


11.5- Trnh t cng tc o
(a) Cng tc o phi c tin hnh theo tuyn, cao v dc quy nh
trong bn v hoc theo ch dn ca K s v s bao gm c vic loi b cc
vt liu tha, t t nhin, , gch, dm macadam, b tng, xy v cc
vt liu mt ng c.
(b) Cng tc o s c tin hnh trn nguyn tc gim thiu tc ng ti cc
lp vt liu bn di v bn ngoi phm vi o.
I Nu cc vt liu nm trong phm vi cao ca mng, theo kin ca K s
l xp hoc mm th chng s c m cht li hoc loi b, sau p li
bng cc vt liu thch hp theo ch dn ca K s.
(d) Nu c , cc vt cng nm trong phm vi ca cc rnh ng, trong
phm vi cao ca mng ng v l ng hay trong phm vi o mng kt
cu th chng s c o su xung thm 15 cm na to thnh mt b mt
ng nht v phng. Khng c nm trong b mt o, c ng
knh ln hn 15 cm s b loi b. Mt ct o theo quy nh phi c tun
theo bng cch dng cc vt liu thch hp p tr li theo hng dn ca K
s.
14- P T
Cng tc ny bao gm vic vn chuyn, v m nn t hay cc vt liu
cp phi khc thi cng nn p v cho nn p ni chung theo tuyn,
dc v cao yu cu c quy nh hay theo cc bn v.
14.1 Dung sai v kch thc
(a) Hnh dng, tuyn, cao sau khi m nn s khng cao hn v khng thp
hn 5cm so vi quy nh.
(b) Cc mt phng c p l ra cho nc chy trn b mt phi phng,
nhn v dc m bo thot nc t do trn b mt v khng c hin
tng t nc.
I Mi taluy p sau khi hon tt phi khng c thay i so vi mt ct dc
c quy nh qu 10 cm.
(d) Nn p s khng c thnh lp vt qu 20 cm chiu dy m nn
v khng nh hn 10 cm chiu dy m nn.
14.2- Cc iu kin ti hin trng


(a) Nh thu s m bo rng cng trnh s c lm kh ngay trc v trong
khi tin hnh cc cng tc ri v m nn, nn ng s phi c mui
luyn cn thit thot nc.
(b) Nh thu s duy tr cc phng tin kim sot m ca vt liu p
trong thi gian thi cng.
14.3- Sa cha cc cng vic cha va
(a) Cng tc p cui cng khng theo mt ct ngang quy nh c thng
qua hay b mt p cui cng khng t c mc sai s cho php s phi
c sa cha li bng cch cy cc vt liu ln v b bt hoc cho thm vt
liu theo yu cu, sau to dng v m nn li.
(b) Nn p qu kh, khng th m nn c theo quy nh hoc theo kin
ca K s s c sa cha bng cch thm mt lng nc thch hp, sau
trn u bng my san hay cc thit b khc.
I Nn p qu t theo th nghim dung trng m theo quy nh hoc theo
kin ca K s s c sa cha bng cch xi vt liu ln v phi kh trong
thi gian khng c ma. K s cng c th hng dn thay th vt liu bng
cc vt liu kh hn nu vic lm kh nn p khng th thc hin c.
(d) Nn p b hng do ma hoc lt sau khi c m nn li theo quy
nh m tha mn cc yu cu v c tnh ca vt liu v ng u ca
b mt th ni chung s khng cn sa cha thm na.
(e) Cng vic sa cha nn p khng tha mn cc quy nh v dung trng
v c tnh ca vt liu s c thc hin theo ch dn ca K s v c th
bao gm vic m b sung, xi v iu chnh m ca vt liu, sau m
nn li, loi b v thay th cc vt liu mi.
14.4- Hn ch v thi tit
Cng tc p s khng c thc hin trong khi ma v cng vic m nn s
khng c thc hin sau khi ma hay khi dung trng m ca vt liu nm
ngoi gii hn quy nh.
14.5- Ri v m nn vt liu p
14.5.1- Chun b hin trng
(a) Trc khi vt liu vo bt k ch no, cc vt liu khng thch hp s
phi c loi b khi hin trng theo hng dn ca K s.
(b) Khi chiu cao ca nn ng mi bng hoc nh hn 1 mt, mng ca nn
ng s c m nn ng u (gm c vic lm lng vt liu v phi kh
hay ti thm nc nu cn thit n khi 15 cm trn cng ca nn ng tha
mn cc yu cu v cht.
I Khi nn ng mi c xy dng cc khu vc c a hnh cao hay c
xy dng gn cc v tr nn ng mi xy dng th taluy hin ti s c
ct to thnh cc bc cp rng cc thit b m nn c th hot ng
c.
14.5.2- vt liu p
(a) Vt liu p s c vn chuyn n b mt c chun b trc, c
ri thnh lp ng u vi chiu dy tha mn cc yu cu v dung sai. Nu


vic ri vt liu yu cu tin hnh theo hai hay nhiu hn hai lp th cc lp
ny nn c chiu dy tng ng nhau.
(b) t p s c chuyn t cc v tr m vt liu n b mt chun b
trong iu kin thi tit kh ro. Vic nh ng vt liu t nhn chung s
khng c chp thun, c bit trong thi gian c ma.
I Khi vic p c tin hnh cc v tr lm m ct hay cc vt liu thot
nc khc th cng tc p s c thc hin mt cch cn thn hai loi vt
liu ny khi nh hng ln nhau. Trong trng hp c s dng thot nc
ng th vic m bo hai lp vt liu ny khi b nh hng ln nhau s c
thc hin bng cc vn khun tm thi, cc vn khun tm thi ny s mt
dn trong qu trnh cc vt liu p v vt liu thot nc.
14.5.3- m nn nn p
(a) Ngay sau khi v ri cc vt liu p, mi lp s c m nn ng u
bng cc thit b m nn thch hp c K s thng qua n khi t cht
yu cu.
(b) Vic m nn t p ch c tin hnh khi dung trng m ca vt liu
nm trong phm vi khng ln hay nh hn 2% so vi dung trng ti u. Dung
trng ti u c xc nh l dung trng ti s cho gi tr dung trng kh
ln nht khi m nn.
I s c ph ln trn mt lp vt liu cp phi nh hn dy ti thiu 20
cm khng cha c kch c ln hn 5cm. Cc lp bn trn ny s c thi
cng n cht yu cu cho t p.
(d) Mi lp vt liu p s c m nn theo quy nh, sau th nghim
cht cho n khi c K s chp thun trc khi ri cc lp tip theo.
(e) Vt liu nn ng s c lu ln t mp bn ngoi v tin dn vo tim
ng sao cho cc on nn ng c m nn u nhau. Nu c th, cho
php xe c lu thng trn nn p hiu qu ca m nn c phn b u.
15- MNG CP PHI DM
Cng vic ny gm c cung cp, ch bin, vn chuyn, ri, ti nc v lu ln
cp phi dm trn b mt c chun b v nghim thu, theo cc chi tit
cho trn bn v hoc theo ch dn ca K s t vn gim st. Qu trnh ch
bin bao gm nghin sng, phn loi, trn v cc thao tc cn thit khc cho
vic sn xut ra mt loi vt liu ph hp vi cc yu cu ca Quy nh K
thut ny.
15.1- Ti liu:
(a) Nh thu s phi trnh np cc ti liu sau trc khi d nh s dng mt
vt liu no lm mng cp phi dm.
(I) mt t trnh v ngun gc v thnh phn ca vt liu kin ngh dng cho
mng cp phi dm v cc s liu th nghim kim tra c tnh vt liu
quy nh trong phn ny xem c tha mn cc quy nh hay khng.
(b) Nh thu phi np cc ti liu sau cho K s t vn gim st ngay sau khi
hon thnh mi on cng trnh v trc khi chp thun ri tip cc vt liu
khc ln trn mng cp phi dm:
(I) kt qu ca cc th nghim xc nh dung trng v m theo quy nh


(II) kt qu ca cc th nghim o c b mt v cc s liu kho st kim tra
b mt cc dung sai b mt v chiu dy xem c tha mn cc quy nh hay
khng.
15.2- Hn ch v thi tit
Khng c ri v m nn lp mng cp phi dm trong khi tri ma v
khng c m nn sau khi ma hay m trong lng vt liu nm ngoi
gii hn.
15.3- Sa cha mng cp phi dm khng t yu cu
(a) Cc khu vc c tnh ng nht v b dy hoc b mt khng tha mn cc
dung sai quy nh phi c sa cha li bng cch lm ti b mt v loi b
hoc thm vt liu ty theo yu cu, sau to dng v lu ln li.
(b) Mng cp phi dm qu kh khng lu ln c, cn c vo cc gii
hn m theo quy nh hoc theo ch dn ca K s t vn gim st phi sa
li bng cch xi vt liu, sau phun mt lng nc thch hp v trn cn
thn bng cc thit b c K s t vn gim st chp thun.
I Mng cp phi dm qu t cho lu ln, xc nh t gii hn m quy
nh hay theo ch dn ca K s t vn gim st phi sa cha li bng cch
xi vt liu ln, sau cho my san hoc mt thit b khc c chp thun
lm vic gin on, cc giai on ngh xen k cc giai on lm vic trong
tnh hnh thi tit kh ro. Nu lm nh vy khng lm kh vt liu, K s
t vn gim st c th ch dn loi b vt liu khi cng trnh v thay bng
vt liu kh ph hp.
(d) Mng cp phi dm b bo ha do ma, ngp lt hoc do l do khc sau
khi lu ln y theo quy nh ny thng khng cn sa cha.
Cc yu cu i vi vt liu cp phi dm
Vt liu cp phi phi khng ln cc loi tho mc, cc cc t st hoc cht
c hi khc sau khi m nn. Thnh phn cp phi dm s phi theo bng
3.1.2 (1) (th nghim sng t):
Bng 3.1.2 (1)
Thnh phn cp phi dm dng cho mng cp phi

Kch thc
mt sng
Thnh phn phn trm lt qua sng theo trng
lng
50
38
25
20
4.75
0.615
0.075 mm
100
90 100
-
50 85
25 45
10 25
2 9
15.4- , ri v m nn mng cp phi dm
15.4.1- Chun b khun mng cp phi


(a) Khi mng cp phi c ri trn b mt ri t trc hay nn t t
nhin, lp mng lt, lp di s phi c hon thin hon ton, theo cc quy
nh.
15.4.2- Ri vt liu
(a) Mng cp phi s c a n nn ng di dng mt hn hp ng
u v c ri m nm trong phm vi quy nh. m trong lng vt
liu phi c phn phi u.
(b) Mi lp s c ri trong mt thao tc vi t l ng nht v vi dung sai
chiu dy sau khi m nn nm trong gii hn quy nh. Nu s lp ri ln
hn hai th chiu dy cc lp ri cng gn nhau cng tt.
I Mng cp phi dm phi c ri v to dng bng mt phng php
c duyt, khng gy phn lp gia cc ht th v ht mn, vt liu b phn
lp phi c sa li hay loi b v thay bng cc vt liu cp phi tt hn.
(d) Chiu dy cha m nn ca cc lp s ln gp ba ln kch thc ti a
ca ht cp phi. Chiu dy ti a ca lp sau khi m nn khng c vt
qu 15 cm, tr phi c cc ch dn khc ca K s t vn gim st.
15.4.3- m nn
(a) Ngay sau khi trn v to dng, lp mng cp phi s c lu ln t t
bng cc thit b lu ln c K s t vn gim st chp thun cho ti cht
ti thiu 95% dung trng kh.
(b) Ch c lu ln khi m ca vt liu nm trong phm vi 1% trn di
m ti u, m ti u c xc nh bng dung trng kh ti a.
I Vic lu ln phi c bt u dc theo mp ng v i dn vo tm theo
phng dc. cc on siu cao, vic lu ln phi bt u i t bn thp tin
dn sang bn cao. Phi tip tc lu ln n khi khng cn cc vt bnh lu v
lp mng c lu ln ng u, lin kt cht.
(d) cc v tr m vic lu ln dc theo cc va h, tng, cc v tr khc m xe
lu khng i c th phi dng m cc hoc m c kh.
(e) Vic lu ln s c thc hin theo trnh t sau y:
- Ln s b bng lu tnh 6 8 tn, lu 3 4 lt/im vi v = 2 3 km/h.
- Ln cht : Lu rung giai on u 6 8 tn, lu 6 8 lt/im.
Lu bnh lp giai on sau vi loi lu c ti trng bnh ln hn 1,5 tn/bnh, lu
10 12 lt/im vi v = 2 4 km/h.
Ln hon thin bng lu tnh 6 8 tn, lu 3 4 lt/im vi v = 4 6 km/h.
K s t vn gim st c th hng dn vic s dng lu bnh lp lu ln b
mt cui cng trong trng hp s dng lu bnh thp s lm cho mng b v
qu nhiu hoc lm cho mng xung cp.
16 MT NG MM
16.1- Gii thiu
16.1.1- Cc hn ch do thi tit v ma
Khng c tin hnh thi cng x l b mt bitum trn mt ng t, trong
khi ma, khi c ma e da hoc khi gi to. Vic x l b mt bng bitum ch
c lm trong ma kh.



16.1.2 Tiu chun nghim thu v sa cha cng vic khng va
(a) K s t vn gim st hoc ngi i din ca K s s kim tra chnh
thc mt bng hin c trc khi bt u cng vic xc nh mt bng hin
c c chun b v lm sch theo cc yu cu. Nh thu s khng c
bt u cng vic x l b mt ca bt k on no cha c K s t vn
gim st chp thun.
I Vic x l b mt bitum khi hon thnh phi c K s ng v phi c
v ngoi ng u, lm thnh mt lp lin tc, chn cht ch, khng thm,
khng c cc mng thiu (hoc qu nhiu) nha.
(d) Sa cha vic x l b mt bitum phi theo hng dn ca K s t vn
gim st v c th loi b hoc thm vt liu, loi b hon ton v thay th
hon ton cng vic, hoc ri ln trn cng trnh cc lp tip theo ca vic x
l b mt bng bitum theo yu cu to ra b mt va .
16.1.3- Ti liu
Nh thu s phi cung cp cho K s t vn gim st cc ti liu sau y:
a) Mt mu ca vt liu bitum m Nh thu ngh dng trong cng trnh,
cng vi mt chng ch ca nh sn xut, np trc khi thi cng bt u.
Chng ch phi ni r nha ph hp vi quy nh c lin quan v cc yu cu
v cp hng i vi loi nha ph mt, ca Quy nh K thut ny.
16.2 Vt liu
16.2.1- Vt liu ht
(a) Cc ht ph phi l nghin sch, nhm, bn vng, khng ln bi, st,
t hoc cc vt liu khc ngn cn vt liu bitum bao bc hon ton cc vt
liu ht.
(b) Vt liu gc dng sn xut vt liu ht ph phi tun theo cc yu cu
sau:
- Tn tht do mi mn - 30% max
(Deval) - 5% max
- Bitum c gi li sau khi lm th nghim bc tc - 95% min
- Cc mnh mm - 5% max
I Ht ph thc t phi c gi kh, khng ln bi t v phi ph hp vi
cc yu cu sau:
- Phn cc ht si nghin tnh theo trng lng c gi li trn sng 4,75
mm c t nht hai mt v -90% min
(d) Cc ht thuc lp hai ca mt ng lng nha hai lp phi c kh nng
chn vo cc khe h b mt trong cc ht ca lp th nht lu ln. Nh thu
phi chu trch nhim m bo cho thnh phn ht ca lp th hai c kch
thc ph hp.
16.2.2- Vt liu bitum
(a) Nha bitum s dng phi l cht kt dnh atphan cp theo TCN- 09-77
(gn tng ng vi kim ln 60/90).
Vt liu bitum c un nng ti nhit phun tt nht l 140
o
C, khng c
un nha nng qu 180
o
C. Nha bitum n nhit phun qu 10 gi phi


c loi b tr khi cc kt qu th nghim nht cho thy vt liu bitum
hy cn ph hp vi yu cu.
16.3 Thit b
16.3.1- Cc yu cu chung
Thit b s dng phi gm c mt my ri bitum t hnh, hai xe lu bnh lp
hoc bnh thp, thit b ri dm , t nht hai xe ti lt sau, chi tay, chi co
v thit b gn cht cc thng v un nha.
Thit b ri bitum
Thit b ri bitum phi ph hp vi cc yu cu. Ngoi ra, thng thit b ri
phi hon ton cch nhit khi cha y nha nhit vt qu 150
o
C,
nhit nha khng c tt hn 2,5
o
C mi gi, nha v thit b ri trng
thi tnh.
Xe lu :
Xe lu bnh lp phi c chiu rng lu ln tng cng nh hn 1,5 m, v phi l
xe t hnh. K s t vn gim st c th chp thun s dng xe lu bnh st
trong iu kin kh khn.
Chi:
Cn cung cp chi tay si cng v chi co hay chi my phn b li ht
dm v loi bt tha.
Cc thit b khc :
C th s dng thm cc thit b khc c xc nhn l tt hoc thay th
thit b quy nh, nu c K s t vn gim st chp nhn.
16.4 Thc hin cng vic
16.4.1 Chun b b mt hin c
(a) Trc khi ri nha, phi qut sch t v cc vt liu c hi ri rc khc
khi b mt bng chi my hoc my thi hoc c hai. Nu nh vy cha
lm thnh mt b mt sch s v ng u th phi qut thm bng tay vi
cc chi cng.
(b) Phi qut rng thm t nht 20 cm ra ngoi mp ca khu vc cn phun
nha.
I Cc mng vt liu c hi dnh vo, cn phi loi b khi mt ng bng
mt cc co thp hoc bng phng php khc c chp thun v
nhng ni K s t vn gim st ch th, khu vc co phi c ra bng
nc v chi tay.
(d) Khng c ri vt liu bitum cho ti khi mt ng c K s cng
nhn l sch.
16.4.2 Ri vt liu nha
(a) Vic ri vt liu nha phi tin hnh sao cho nha c phn phi ng
u ti mi im. Vic ri vt liu nha vi mc tiu th hng dn phi
c tin hnh bng thit b ri bitum qua thanh phun tr nhng khu vc nh
khng s dng c thit b ny. K s t vn gim st c th chp thun vic
s dng hn ch thit b phun tay.
(b) Khi c ch th, vt liu bitum phi ri trn cc ln xe chy phun khong
mt na hoc t hn mt na b rng b mt hon thnh, khi phi c


mt khong 20 cm ny khng c ph vt liu ht cho ti khi ln phun tip
theo chm ln 20 cm . Tng t nh vy, b rng phun phi ln hn b
rng x l b mt ti mp b mt mt ng hoc mp l ng xt n
mc tiu th bitum gim i ti mp khng c cc lp chm ln nhau. Lp
th hai ca vic x l b mt hai lp phi c mi ni atphan lch so vi mi
ni ca ln ri trc khong 15 cm.
17- B tng ht th
17.1 Ht th dng cho hn hp atphan
(a) Ht th thng phi ph hp gn ng vi cc yu cu cp phi di y
v phi gm c nghin. Tuy nhin, cc ht th dng cho mt loi hn hp
ch c K s chp thun nu chng minh c bng cc th nghim trong
phng th nghim cho bit tt c cc yu cu v tnh cht ht quy nh di
y u c tha mn v c th t c cc tnh cht ca hn hp quy nh.
Khng c php s dng cc ht th dnh bi t c qu 2% ht mn lt qua
sng 0,075mm. Cc vt liu ny c th d dng lm cho ng quy nh bng
cch dng mt thit b ra vt liu thch hp.
(b) Ht th phi gm cc vt liu sch s, nhm, bn vng, khng ln bi t
hay cc cht c hi khc v phi c phn trm hao mn khng ln hn 40 n
500 vng quay.
17.2- Ht nh mn dng cho hn hp atphan
(a) Cc ht nh nhn chung phi ph hp vi cc yu cu cp phi di y v
phi gm c mt hoc nhiu loi ct thin nhin, nghin sng hoc cc t
hp thch hp t cc loi . Thng thng, cn phi c mt s ht sng
ca nghin (gi l bt nghin) sn xut mt hn hp kinh t p ng cc
yu cu v tnh cht quy nh. Bt nghin phi c sn xut t sch
khng c ln t st hoc bn v phi d tr ring bit vi ct thin nhin s
dng trong hn hp. Bt nghin v ct thin nhin cng phi a vo xng
trn bng cc thng cp liu ngui ring bit cho t l gia ct v bt
nghin c th lun lun c kim tra cn thn.
(b) Ht mn phi gm cc ht sch, khng c cc cc hoc vin t st hoc
cht c hi khc. Bt phi c sn xut t tha mn cc yu cu cht
lng i vi ht th. Khng cho php s dng hn hp ct thin nhin c bi
t, cc ht nh qua sng 0,075 mm nhiu hn 8% hoc c gi tr ng
lng ca ct t hn 50. Thnh phn ht lt qua sng kch thc 0,075mm
(#200) phi c ch s do khng vt qu 4.


17.3- Cht n dng cho hn hp atphan
(a) Cht n phi gm c bt vi, bt lmit, xi mng Portland, tro bay,
bt l nung xi mng hoc cc khong cht khng do khc ly t cc ngun
c K s chp thun, khng c ln cc cht l hoc cht c hi khc.
(b) Cht n phi kh, khng c cc v khi th nghim bng sng t phi c
khng t hn 75% trng lng ht lt qua sng 75 micron (nhng khng nn t


hn 85%). Thnh phn ht lt qua sng kch thc 0,075 mm (#200) phi c
ch s do khng vt qu 4.
I Vic s dng vi ( vi nung) lm cht n c th ci thin bn ca hn
hp, lm cho cc ht c bc nha tt hn v chng bc tc. Nu dng vi,
t l cho php ti a l 1,0% theo trng lng ton b hn hp atphan.
14.4 Vt liu bitum dng cho hn hp atphan
Vt liu bitum phi l xi mng atphan cp AC-10 (gn tng ng vi
80/100 Pen),.
17.4- Ph gia atphan
Khi c K s ch th, phi thm vo vt liu bitum mt cht kt dnh chng
bc tc. Ph gia phi l loi c K s chp thun v thnh phn phn trm
yu cu ca ph gia phi c trn k vi vt liu bitum theo hng dn ca
nh sn xut v theo hng dn ca K s to ra mt hn hp ng u.
18- Hn hp atphan
18.1 Thnh phn chung ca hn hp
Hn hp atphan v c bn gm c cc ht khong v vt liu bitum. Trong
trng hp cn thit, phi trn thm mt cht n khong cht m bo cc
tnh cht ca hn hp bitum p ng cc yu cu quy nh trong Bng 4.2.3
(8).
18.2 Hm lng bitum trong hn hp
Hm lng bitum trong hn hp phi c quyt nh sao cho tng khi
lng bitum, c xt n hao ht do cc ht ct liu ht vo s khng c nh
hn gi tr ti thiu trong Bng 4.2.3 (8). Thnh phn phn trm bitum thc t
thm vo hn hp s ph thuc vo tnh hp th ca cp phi s dng v s
do K s quyt nh khi thng qua cng thc hn hp. Gi tr c quyt nh
s da trn cc s liu th nghim do Nh thu cung cp c quy nh
trong Phn 4.2.3 (5) v ph hp vi cc gii hn trong Bng 4.2.3 (8).
18.2 Thnh phn ca vt liu ht
Cp phi dng cho hn hp b tng nha s theo cc gii hn trong bng
4.2.3 (3) tr khi c cc ch dn khc ca K s.
Bng 4.2.3 (3) : Cp phi dng cho hn hp b tng nha
Thnh phn phn trm theo trng lng
Kch
thc
mt
sng
(mm)
B tng ht nha th B tng ht nha
mn
20
19
12,5
9,5
4,75
2,36
1,18
100
66
58
37
26
18
13
100
95
88
70
52
40
30

100
90
75
45
30
25
1
0
0
1
0
0


0,60
0,30
0,075
8
4
23
10
10
6
4
9
0
6
5
5
5
4
5
3
5
2
5
8
18.3. Vic p dng cng thc hn hp dung sai cho php
(a) Mi hn hp cung cp u phi ph hp vi cng thc hn hp s dng
cho cng trnh c K s thng qua vi sai s c xc nh nh sau:
Sai s v thnh phn hn hp:
Lt qua sng 4,75mm 7% tng trng lng hn hp
Lt qua sng 2,36 n 0,15 mm 4% tng trng lng hn hp
Lt qua sng 0,075 mm 2% tng trng lng hn hp
Vt liu bitum 0,2% tng trng lng hn hp
Dung sai v nhit : Vt liu ra khi trm trn 10
o
C
Vt liu a ra ng : 10
o
C
(b) Hng ngy, K s phi ly mu vt liu v hn hp nh trong phn 4.2.7
hay cc mu khc nu thy cn thit kim tra tnh ng nht ca hn hp.
Khi thy cc kt qu khng nh mong mun hoc do iu kin thay i, K
s c th duyt mt hn hp mi.
I Khi thy c s thay i trong mt vt liu hay trong ngun cung cp vt liu,
Nh thu s phi np cng thc hn hp mi v cng thc ny phi c
duyt trc khi giao vt liu mi sn xut hn hp. Vt liu s b loi b
nu c rng hoc cc c trng khc yu cu hm lng bitum ln hn
hoc nh hn cc gii hn quy nh.
18.5 Cc tnh cht yu cu i vi hn hp
(a) Hn hp bitum s phi ph hp vi cc yu cu trong bng 4.2.3 (8) di
y:
Bng 4.2.3 (8): Cc yu cu i vi hn hp
TNH CHT HN HP LP ATPHAN HT
MN
Lng bitum c hiu
qu
Minimum 6,2
Lng bitum hp th Maximum 1,7
Tng lng bitum thc
t ti thiu (% ca tng
lng hn hp theo
Minimum 6,7


trng lng)
Trng lng ca hn
hp sau khi lu ln (%
tng hn hp theo th
tch)
Minimum
Maximum
4
6
Chiu dy mng mng
bitum (micron)
Minimum 8

Ghi ch: (1) Mu Marsall c xc nh l n nh Marsall chia cho l
Marsall
(b) Lng bitum thu hi c t cc mu ca hn hp s dng trn cng
trng phi c thm t nht bng 70% thm thu ca xi mng atphan
trc khi trn v ko di t nht 40cm,.
I Bitum c rt ra t cc mu sau khi c c, dung dch ha tan bitum rt ra
c cn khong 200 mm, cc ht khong cht cha trong c loi ra
trong my ly tm. Vic loi b ny c coi l t yu cu nu hm lng tro
(do t chy) ca bitum thu hi c khng ln hn 1% theo trng lng.
Bitum c thu hi t dung dch.
18.4 Thit b vn chuyn
(a) Cc xe ti vn chuyn cc hn hp bitum phi c sn thp kn, sch s,
nhn v c phun mt lng ti thiu nc x phng, du t, du
paraphin hoc dung dch vi ngn khng cho hn hp dnh vo sn xe.
Phi lau sch cc vng du cn li trn sn xe sau khi phun trc khi hn
hp vo xe ti. Hn hp phi c ph bt hoc vt liu thch hp khc c
kch thc bo v hn hp khi cc iu kin thi tit.
(b) Xe no gy ra phn tng qu nhiu cho vt liu do l xo treo ca xe hay
cc b phn khc, c du r r ra vi lng c hi, hoc gy ra chm tr phi
loi b khi cng vic cho n khi sa cha xong, theo ch dn ca K s.
I Khi cn thit, cho hn hp c th giao n hin trng nhit quy
nh, sn xe phi cch nhit t c nhit lm vic ca hn hp v cc
tm bt che phi c buc cht.
18.5 Thit b ri v hon thin
(a) Thit b ri v hon thin phi l cc my ri t hnh, c kh nng ri v
hon tt hn hp ng vi cc tuyn, dc v mt ct ngang yu cu.
(b) My ri phi trang b cc phu v cc chn vt phn phi kiu chy li
ri hn hp ng u ng trc cc thanh san ct. Chng phi c trang b
cc thit b li nhanh, c hiu qu v c tc li cng nh tin.
I My ri s phi c trang b cc b phn iu khin thanh gt c th iu
chnh bng tay, bn t ng hay t ng m bo c th to c lp b
tng nha bng phng nhn bng mt khng thy cc ch g gh trn b mt
ang ri. B phn iu khin thanh gt phi c kh nng to c cc dc
yu cu bng mt thanh gt di.
(d) My ri ng phi dng nhng thit b c hc nh con ln san bng, con
ln lm cnh thng, cc thanh san hoc cc thit b b khc duy tr chnh


xc ca dc v to ra cc cnh ca mt ng ng vi cc tuyn yu cu
m khng dng n cc khun tnh t bn cnh.
(e) My ri ng phi trang b cc thanh san ct, kiu m hoc kiu rung,
cc thit b lm nng cc thanh san ct ti nhit cn thit cho vic ri
hn hp khng b dn hoc lm hng.
(f) Cm t san ct gm cc hot ng ct, vun ng v cc hot ng c
hiu qu khc to ra mt b mt hon chnh c bng phng v cu trc
quy nh, khng b x rch, x lch hoc b moi khot ra.
(g) Nu trong khi thi cng, thit b ri v hon thin khi hot ng li
trn mt ng cc vt v cc vng c rng ca hoc cc vt g gh khng
u khc m khng th sa cha li cho tt bng cc thao tc d kin th
phi nh ch vic s dng thit b v Nh thu phi trang b mt thit b ri
v hon thin khc lm vic tt.
18.6 Thit b lu ln
(a) Vi mi my ri, cn km theo hai lu bnh st v mt lu bnh lp. Tt c
mi xe lu u phi l loi t hnh.
(b) Xe lu bnh lp phi l loi c chp nhn c khng t hn 7 bnh vi cc
lp lu ta lng nhn c kch thc bng nhau v c kt cu c kh nng hot
ng vi mt p lc bm l 6,4 kg/cm
2
(90 pao trn 1 inch vung). Bnh xe
phi cch u nhau dc theo c hai ng trc v b tr sao cho cc lp trn
mt ng trc s i vo gia, c chm ln nhau. Mi lp phi c bm ti
p lc quy nh sao cho hiu s p lc gia hai lp bt k khng c vt
qu 350 g/cm
2
(5 pao trn 1 inch vung). Phi c bin php kim tra v
iu chnh p lc lp ang lm vic ti mi thi im. i vi mi kch thc
v loi lp s dng, Nh thu phi cung cp cho K s cc biu v cc
bng cho bit quan h gia ti trng bnh xe, p lc bm, p lc tip xc ca
lp, b rng v din tch. Mi xe lu phi trang b cc phng tin iu chnh
tng trng lng ca bnh xe bng cch dn cho ti trng trn b rng
bnh c th thay i t 1500 ti 2500 kg. Khi lm vic, p lc bm ca lp v
ti trng bnh xe phi iu chnh theo yu cu ca tng ln s dng ring.
Nhn chung, vic lu ln mt lp mt ng bng mt xe lu bnh lp phi c
thc hin vi cc p lc tip xc cao bng p lc m vt liu phi chu.
I Xe lu bnh thp t hnh c th l ba loi sau y:
(I) Xe lu ba bnh;
(II) Xe lu ghp i v tandem;
(III) Xe tandem ba trc.
Xe lu phi c kh nng to ra p lc lu trn bnh ch ng khng nh hn 400
kg/0,1 mt vi chiu rng lu ti thiu 0,5 mt. Ti thiu phi c mt lu c th
to ra p lc lu trn bnh ch ng l 600 kg/0,1 mt rng. Cc xe lu phi
khng c cc din tch hng, cc vt m v cc mu li c th dn ti lm
hng b mt ng.
18.7 Chun b b mt c ri
(a) Trc khi ri hn hp b tng nha, b mt cn ri s phi c sa cha
theo cc yu cu ni trn


(b) Ngay trc khi ri hn hp bitum, b mt ri phi c qut sch cc vt
c hi ri rc bng chi my. Nu cn thit, c th qut thm bng chi tay.
Phi ri thm mt lp nha dnh bm tr khi c ch dn khc ca K s.
I Khi b mt c ri c hin tng g gh cc b, gy v, t ra khng bn
vng hay cha cc vt liu c hoc t ra tha hoc thiu cht kt dnh dn n
khng th lin kt c vi cc lp bn di th cc khu vc ny phi sa
cha, cc vt liu tha hoc cc vt liu xp s c o b, b mt sau s
c lm sch / sa cha v m nn vi hn hp b tng nha hay cc vt
liu khc c K s chp thun. Sai s b mt sau khi sa cha s ging nh
sai s c yu cu trong khi xy dng.
18.8 Ri v hon thin
(a) Hn hp s c ri theo dc, cao v mt ct ngang yu cu.
(b) My ri ng c vn hnh vi tc thch hp khng gy nn hin
tng nt b mt, x rch hoc khng u n. Tc ri s phi c K s
chp thun.
I Nu c hin tng phn tng, x rch hoc bc b mt, my ri phi dng li
cho n khi cc nguyn nhn c xc nh v sa cha. Cc mng vt
liu khng bng phng hoc phn tng s c sa cha bng cch ri ht mn
v co nh. Tuy nhin, vic co ny cn phi c hn ch ti mc ti thiu.
(d) Phi ch khng cho hn hp t li v ngui i cc cnh ca phu hoc
trn my ri.
(e) nhng ni ng c ri mt na mt, trnh t ri phi t chc sao cho
chiu di ca na ng phi ri cn li l ti thiu vo cui ngy.
18. 9Lu ln
(a) Sau khi ri, b mt phi c kim tra v iu chnh cc ch khng u.
Nhit ca hn hp cha lu phi c gim st v vic lu ln phi c tin
hnh nhit quy nh.
(b) Vic lu hn hp s bao gm 3 thao tc ring bit sau y :
Thi gian sau khi ri
(I) Lu s b 0 10 mins
(II) Lu ln th hai hoc lu trung gian 10 20 mins
(III) Lu ln cui 20 45 mins
I Vic lu ln u hoc lu ln cui phi c tin hnh bng lu bnh st. Ln lu
th hai hay lu trung gian s dng lu bnh lp, lu ln u theo cch lu ui gn
my ri nht.
(d) Lu ln th hai phi theo st ngay ln lu th nht v phi thc hin trong
khi hn hp cn nhit lu ln tt nht. Ln lu cui cng phi c tin
hnh trong iu kin lm vic tt mi vt lu u c th c xa sch.
(e) Cc mi ni ngang s c lu trc tin, trong ln lu u, phi lu ngang v
dng cc tm vn c chiu dy theo yu cu t ti mp mt ng xe lu
chy ln khi i qu mt ng. Khi mi ni ngang c lm gn ln ri trc,
lt lu u s c tin hnh dc theo vt ni dc trn mt on ngn.
(f) Vic lu c bt u theo chiu dc ti vt ni, sau ti hai mp ngoi v
c tin hnh song song vi tim ng tin dn vo tim ca mt ng,


ngoi tr i vi cc ng cong c cu to siu cao, vic lu s bt u bn
thp trc sau tin dn v bn cao. Cc lt k tip nhau phi chm ln
nhau t nht mt na b rng ca lu, cc lt chy khng c dng ti cc
im nm trong phm vi mt mt ca cc im cui ca cc lt trc. Phi
tp trung lu vo mp ngoi ca b rng ri.
(g) Khi lu cc mi ni dc, ln lu u tin s bt u chuyn ng ln trn ln
ri trc sao cho khng qu 15 cm bnh xe nm trn ln cha ri. Xe lu tip
tc i dc theo ln ny chuyn ng t t qua mi ni sau cc ln chy k tip
cho n khi cc mi ni c lu ln hon ton.
(h) Tc lu khng c vt qu 4 km/h i vi lu bnh st v 15 km/h i
vi lu bnh hi ti mi thi im trnh hin tng di chuyn ca cc hn
hp nng. L trnh lu khng c thay i t ngt, hng lu cng khng
c o ngc t ngt khi lm dch chuyn hn hp.
(i) Vic lu s c tip tc cho n khi t c mc lu ln ng u trong
khi hn hp trong iu kin lm vic tt cho ti khi cc vt lu v cc vt g
gh khc b loi b.
(j) ngn khng cho hn hp dnh vo xe lu, cc bnh lu s c gi m,
nhng khng c dng qu nhiu nc.
(k) Cc thit b nng hay lu nng s khng c php trn b mt hon
thnh cho n khi n ngui hoc cng li.
(l) Bt k mt sn phm du m no b ri, tro ra khi cc xe vn chuyn hay
thit b ca Nh thu ln bt k ch no trn mt ng ang thi cng s l l
do Nh thu phi ph b v thay th mt ng b lm bn.
(m) B mt ca hn hp sau khi lu ln s phi bng phng v c mui luyn
v dc vi cc dung sai cho php. Hn hp b ri rc v gy v, ln bi t
hoc h hng u phi c loi b v thay th bng hn hp cn nng, sau
s c lu ln ngay khp vi cc khu vc xung quanh. Trong khong
din tch rng t 100 m
2
tr ln, nu thy tha hoc thiu nha th phi c
ph b v thay th. Tt c cc im g cao, cc vt ni cao, ln hoc t ong
u phi c iu chnh theo ch dn ca K s.
(n) Trong khi b mt ang c lu ln v hon thin, Nh thu s xn cc mp
ng thng hng v gn gh. Vt liu tha s c ct i sau khi lu ln cui
v Nh thu phi a chng ra ngoi l gii v ngoi tm nhn khi ng trn
ng.
18.10 Cc mi ni
(a) Cc mi ni dc v ni ngang trn cc lp k tip nhau phi t lch nhau
chng khng nm chng ln nhau. Cc mi ni dc phi b tr sao cho mi
ni dc lp trn cng phi nm v tr ca ng phn chia cc ln xe. Cc
mi ni ngang phi lch nhau t nht 25 cm v phi thng.
(b) Hn hp khng c ri cnh vt liu lu ln trc tr khi c mp thng
ng hoc c xn theo mt phng thng ng. Phi qut bng chi mt
lp nha atphan ln trn cc b mt tip xc nhau ngay trc khi hn hp
c ri cnh vt liu c lu ln.