14 nguyn tc a Toyota n s hon ho

Cun sch Phng thc Toyota gii thch nguyn tc qun l v trit l kinh doanh
ng sau thnh cng ca Toyota. N cng gii thch cch bn c th p dng
nhng nguyn tc tng t ci thin quy trnh kinh doanh trong khi gim chi ph
hot ng v sn xut.

Tc gi: Jeffrey K.Liker
Nh xut bn: McGraw Hill
Nh xut bn Tri Thc

V tc gi:

TS. J effrey Liker l ging vin mn thit k cng nghip v vn hnh ti trng i
hc Michigan. ng l gim c Chng trnh Qun tr cng ngh Nht Bn (Japan
Technology Management Program - JTMP) v Gim c Chng trnh Sn xut
tinh gn ti trng i hc Michigan.
TS. Liker l tc gi v ng tc gi ca hn 70 bi bo, u sch. ng cng l bin
tp ca bi Tr nn tinh gn: kinh nghim ca cc nh sn xut M (Productivity
Press, 1997), ginh gii Shingo nm 1998 (cho thnh tch xut sc trong nghin
cu sn xut). ng cn l mt nh din thuyt y nhit huyt cho cc bui hi
tho ca cc nh iu hnh v t vn v sn xut tinh gn mt cch c lp v
thng qua cng ty m ng ng sng lp - Optiprise, Inc.
Nhng khch hng gn y ca TS. Jeffrey Liker bao gm G.M, Ford, Intier, PPG
Industries, J ohnson Controls, Teneco Automotive, Framatome Technologies,
Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, J acksonville Naval Air Depot, v Portsmouth
Naval Ship Yard.
Ni dung chnh:
Toyota ln u tin gy s ch vi th gii vo nhng nm 1980 khi ngi tiu
dng bt u bit rng nhng chic xe hi ca Toyota bn hn v t phi sa cha
hn nhng chic xe hi t M.
Ngy nay, Toyota l nh sn xut xe hi c li nhun cao nht, lin tc sn xut
nhng chic xe cht lng cao, s dng t gi nhn cng v t kho bi. Toyota lin
tc nng tm sn xut, v pht trin sn phm v s hon ho trong quy trnh.
Con ng Toyota gii thch nguyn tc qun l v trit l kinh doanh ng sau
thnh cng ca Toyota. N thut li phng php Toyota i vi sn xut tinh gn

(c bit nh l H thng sn xut Toyota) v 14 nguyn tc nh hng Toyota
n cht lng v s hon ho.
Cun sch cng gii thch cch bn c th p dng nhng nguyn tc tng t
ci thin cc quy trnh kinh doanh, trong khi gim cc chi ph hot ng v sn
xut.
Dng s xut sc trong vn hnh nh l mt v kh chin lc
Toyota pht minh ra sn xut tinh gn trong thp nhin 1940 v 1950. Cng ty
tp trung vo vic loi b thi gian v nguyn liu hoang ph t mi bc ca
quy trnh sn xut (t nguyn liu th n thnh phm).
Kt qu l mt quy trnh nhanh v linh hot cung cp cho khch hng nhng g h
mun khi h cn, vi cht lng cao nht v gi thnh hp l nht. Toyota ci
thin sn xut bng cch:
- Loi b thi gian v nhng ngun lc hoang ph
- a cht lng vo cc h thng lm vic
- Tm nhng la chn chi ph thp v tin cy i vi nhng cng ngh mi t
- Xy dng mt vn ha hc hi ci tin lin tc.
l m hnh 4P trong con ng ca Toyota.
Tr thnh nh sn xut tt nht trn th gii
Toyota pht trin H thng sn xut Toyota (TPS) sau Th chin th 2. Trong
khi Ford v GM p dng sn xut hng lot v tnh kinh t theo quy m. Toyota

i mt vi nhng iu kin kinh doanh rt khc bit. Nhng th trng ca
Toyota rt nh nhng n phi sn xut nhiu loi phng tin khc nhau trn cng
mt dy chuyn sn xut tha mn khch hng. Gii php: lm cho cc dy
chuyn hot ng linh hot. iu ny dn n s ra i ca TPS.
TPS vay mn mt vi tng t M. tng ct li ca H thng Just in
Time (J IT) n t khi nim h thng ko, c truyn cm hng bi cc siu
th M. Trong h thng ko, nhng sn phm ring bit c b sung khi sn
phm bt u bn c.
p dng vo Toyota, mi bc ca quy trnh sn xut dng Kanban ra du hiu
cho bc trc v phn n cn c b sung.
Toyota cng c truyn cm hng bi W.Edwards Deming. Bn cnh vic nh
ngha khch hng mt cch rng hn - bao gm c khch hng ni b v bn
ngoi, ng cng khuyn khch Toyota p dng mt phng thc h thng gii
quyt vn , tr thnh mt nn tng cho vic ci tin lin tip (c bit n nh
Kaizen).
Tri tim ca h thng sn xut: Loi b s hoang ph
c im ca TPS l gim thiu thi gian dng vo nhng hot ng khng cng
thm gi tr bng vic t cc nguyn liu v cng c gn ni lp rp nht c th.
Nhng hoang ph ch yu trong kinh doanh hay quy trnh sn xut:
- Sn xut qu nhiu
- Mt nhiu thi gian ch i

- S vn chuyn hay chuyn ch khng cn thit
- X l qu mc hay x l sai
- Tha hng tn kho
- Nhng di chuyn khng cn thit
- Li
- S sng to khng c dng n ca nhn vin
Nhng nguyn tc kinh doanh ca Toyota
Nguyn tc 1: Thc hin iu c li
y l thng ip nht qun Toyota. L thuyt di hn ny l ct dn ng
trong vic thc hin cc nhim v ca cng ty, tt c nhm cung cp cht lng v
dch v tt nht n khch hng, nhn vin v nhng c ng ca cng ty.
S mnh cng ty nn l nn tng cho nhng nguyn tc khc.
Toyota thng nht xoay quanh vic lm tha mn khch hng. H tin tng rng
nhng khch hng tha mn s quay tr li v em li nhiu doanh thu hn thng
qua vic gii thiu. Chnh iu ny to ra gi tr cho khch hng, x hi v nn
kinh t.
Mt trong nhng nguyn tc quan trng to nn thnh cng ca Toyota l n tn
ti da trn nn tng c lp v mt thi hy t mnh thc hin n. iu ny
c chng minh khi h mo him xm nhp th trng xe hi hng sang. H
khng mua mt cng ty ang sn xut cc dng xe hi hng sang, m to ra b

phn chuyn v xe hng sang ca ring mnh - Lexus - t con s khng hc hi
v hiu c ct li ca mt chic xe hng sang.
Nguyn tc 2: To ra mt dng quy trnh lin tc
H thng sn xut hng lot m nhiu nh sn xut s dng khin cho lng hng
tn kho tng ln v chim rt nhiu din tch ca nh my. H thng sn xut tinh
gn ca Toyota cu trc li quy trnh lm vic di chuyn c cc nguyn vt
liu v thng tin nhanh hn
ti u ha s di chuyn ca dng nguyn vt liu, Toyota gim quy m ca
tng t sn xut v to ra nhng n v sn xut c nhm li theo sn phm
hn l theo quy trnh. C s lin kt cht ch v lin tc gia dng quy trnh v
con ngi nu c xy ra s c, n c th c gii quyt ngay lp tc.
Li ch ca dng quy trnh lin tc/ thng nht:
- Xy dng da trn cht lng
- To ra s linh hot
- To ra nng sut cao hn
- Gii phng kho bi
- Ci thin s an ton
- Ci thin o c
- Gim chi ph kho bi.
Nguyn tc 3: S dng h thng ko

H thng ko xoay quanh tng lu kho theo nhu cu hng ngy ca khch hng
hn l mt lch trnh c nh ca h thng. iu ny i hi mt h thng linh hot
da trn nhu cu ca khch hng.
H thng Just-in-Time (J IT) cung cp cho khch hng nhng g h mun v s
lng m h cn. Lu kho nguyn vt liu da trn s tiu th gim thiu cng
vic trong quy trnh v s xp hng ra vo kho. Ch lu kho mt s lng nh mi
sn phm v thng xuyn b sung da trn nhng g m khch hng thc s yu
cu.
Nguyn tc 4: Chia u khi lng cng vic
Mt h thng sn xut theo n hng cht ch xy dng rt nhiu kho, chi ph u
vo, cht lng v dch v km hn l nhng vn tim n. loi tr vn
ny, Toyota to ra mt c ch cn bng quy trnh sn xut.
S cn bng sn xut theo khi lng v sn phm c bit n nh l hejunka.
Quy trnh khng xy dng sn phm theo dng n hng thc s ca khch hng,
m ly tng s lng n hng trong mt giai on chia u ra. iu ny gip cho
hng ngy c mt s lng v chng loi sn phm bng nhau c sn xut ra.
Li ch ca lch trnh cn bng:
- S linh hot sn xut nhng sn phm mun khi cn
- Gim ri ro ca nhng hng ha khng bn c
- Cn bng vic s dng nhn cng v hng ha.
Nguyn tc 5: Xy dng vn ha t kim chng