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Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
0
Slide Set
Data Converters
2
3
_
f
B
f
s
/2
_
3
= V
2
n,Q
2
3
OSR
3
. (12)
Assume to use a DAC that generates the quantized intervals
V
DAC
(i) = i
V
ref
k
; i = 0 k. (13)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
13
The power of the quantization noise and the one of a sine wave are
V
2
n,Q
=
V
2
ref
k
2
12
; V
2
sine
=
V
2
ref
8
, (14)
therefore,
SNR
,1
=
12
8
k
2
2
OSR
3
. (15)
assuming n
= log
2
k
SNR
,1
|
dB
= 6.02 n
SNR
Thresholds Levels extra bits [dB]
1 2 1 0 0
2 3 1 6.02
3 4 2 1.58 9.54
4 5 2 12.04
5 6 2.32 13.97
6 7 2.58 15.56
7 8 3 2.81 16.84
8 9 3 18.03
15 16 4 3.91 23.52
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
15
Example 6.1
Behavioral simulation of a rst order modulator
t a k
p a
T u
i
i
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
16
Obtained output spectrum (vertical axis is in dB)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
17
Intuitive Views
The output of an integrator is bounded if its input is, on average, zero
the output equals in average the input.
The factor 2 in the NTF indicates a worsening of the noise performances
at high frequency.
Oversampling can be viewed as a staircase with small steps between big
steps between (resolution increases but linearity remains the same).
D=V /2
n
FS
D
D + e
d,i
D + e
d,i+1
(a) (b)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
18
Therefore, remember the following ...
Warning!
The feedback of a mod-
ulator does not relax the DAC
linearity. Remind that the
method greatly reduces the
number of DAC levels but not
their accuracy requirement!
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
19
Use of 1-bit Quantization
+
-
-
+
V
in
F
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
+V
ref
-V
ref
Digital
Output
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
(a)
(b)
C
1
C
2
DAC
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
20
Second Order Modulator
The use of one ontegrator around the loop is benecial; it may be that using
two is better ...
Two integrators around a loop can be unstable; a dumping is necessary!
S
+
-
z
-1
1-z
-1
S
Quantized
Output
e
Q
X Y
S
+
-
1
1-z
-1
n-bit
DAC
n-bit
ADC
S
!
+
-
Analog
Input
Digital
Output
Clock
(b)
!
S
+
One or the other?
-
(a)
P R
Y = R+e
Q
Quantized
Output
Y
D
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
21
The dumping embracing the quantizer is effective
R =
P R
s
Y = R +
Q
=
P
1 +s
+
Q
(17)
P Y
s
= Y
Q
Y =
P
1 +s
+
s
Q
1 +s
(18)
The study of the second order modulator in the z domain yields:
_
[X(z) Y (z)]
1
1 z
1
Y (z)
_
z
1
1 z
1
+
Q
(z) = Y (z) (19)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
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Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
22
Y (z) = X(z) z
1
+
Q
(z)(1 z
1
)
2
(20)
just a delay for the signal and a more effective (second order) shaping for
the quantization noise.
NTF() = (1 e
jT
)
2
= 4e
jT
{sin(T/2)}
2
(21)
that, in a small band B gives
V
2
n
= v
2
n,Q
_
f
B
0
16 sin
4
(fT)df v
2
n,Q
16
4
5
f
5
B
T
4
(22)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
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Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
23
V
2
n
= V
2
n,Q
4
5
_
f
B
f
s
/2
_
5
= V
2
n,Q
4
5
OSR
5
(23)
Again, with k quantization intervals and a full range sine wave at the input.
SNR
2
=
12
8
k
2
4
OSR
5
(24)
that gives (with n
= log
2
k)
SNR
2
|
dB
= 6.02n
b
= V
step
e
T
s
/(2
d
)
(35)
S
+
-
(1-e
b,2
)z
-1
1-z
-1
S
e
Q
S
+
-
1-e
b,1
1-z
-1
V
in V
out
V
out
(z) =
V
in
z
1
(1
b,1
)(1
b,2
) +
Q
(1 z
1
)
2
1 z
1
(
b,1
+2
b,2
b,1
b,2
) +z
2
b,2
(36)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
33
Finite Op-Amp Bandwidth
The nite op-amp bandwidth changes the signal and the noise transfer
function because if the denominator with two poles.
The effect is not very relevant when considered alone. The limit is more
signicant when it is considered together the nite gain and the limited
slew-rate.
The study of the limits is conveniently done with behavioral simulators and
suitable behavioral models.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
34
Finite Op-Amp Slew-Rate
T/2
t
slew
t
sett1
time V
in
(0
-
)
DV
in
(0)
DV
0
A B
T/2
t
sett2
F
1
F
1
F
2
F
2 C
C
F
1
F
2
t
slew
=
V
out
SR
. (37)
V = SR ; (38)
SR
= V e
(T/2t
slew
)/
(39)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
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2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
35
Example
Determine the minimumslew-rate required for the op-amps used in a single-
bit second-order . Study the combined effect of slew-rate and nite
bandwidth.
1 V f
s
= 50 MHz, V
in
= 6 dB
FS
.
The maximum output changes of rst and second integrator is 0.749 V and
3.21 V; therefore:
SR
1
>
V
out,1
T/2
= 74.9V/s; SR
2
>
V
out,2
T/2
= 321V/s
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
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DATA CONVERTERS
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2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
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DATA CONVERTERS
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2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
36
Results of simulations
10
5
10
6
10
7
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
PSD with SR of the First OpAmp 200 V/s
Frequency [Hz]
P
S
D
[
d
B
]
SNR = 71.9dB, OSR=64
Rbit= 11.65 bits,OSR=64
10
5
10
6
10
7
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
PSD with SR of the First OpAmp 73 V/ s
Frequency [Hz]
P
S
D
[
d
B
]
SNR = 70.3dB, OSR=64
Rbit= 11.39 bits,OSR=64
(a) (b)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
37
ADC Non-ideal Operation
The static and dynamic limitations of a real ADC degrade the modulator
performances.
ADC
out
= V
in,ADC
+
Q
+
ADC
, (40)
Shaping of the modulator acts on both
Q
and
ADC
. Therefore,
ADC
<
Q
.
DNL and INL of less than 1 LSB is easily veried: the number of thresholds
is small and the dynamic range is large.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
38
DAC Non-ideal Operation
The DAC errors are not shaped by the NTF: they are added to the input
and transferred to the output through the STF.
A switched capacitor DACs divides a total capacitance into parts. One limit
associated is the kT/C noise.
Since the kT/C noise is white oversampling limits its power in the band of
interest.
v
2
n,kT/C
=
kT
OSR C
in
<
V
2
ref
8 2
2n
(41)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
39
Architectural Design Issues - Integrator Dynamic Range
The integrator voltage swing depends on signal amplitude and quantization
noise.
The dynamic range of operational ampliers and quantizer must accom-
modate both the signal and the noise.
Integrator outputs that exceed the dynamic range are clipped thus causing
a loss of feedback control.
S
+
-
z
-1
1-z
-1
S
e
Q
S
+
-
1
1-z
-1
(b) (a)
+
_
F
1
F
1
F
2
F
2 Sat
V
sat
C
1
C
2
V
in
e
s,Q
e
s,2
e
s,1
X Y
V
out
V
vg
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
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DATA CONVERTERS
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Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
40
The input capacitance is charged to Q
res
, the virtual ground starts moving
and when the left terminal of C
1
reaches zero the fraction Q
res
C
2
/(C
1
+
C
2
) is transferred into C
2
leaving a fraction Q
res
C
1
/(C
1
+C
2
) in the input
capacitance.
s
=
Q
res
C
1
+C
2
(42)
s,1
is transferred to the output multiplied by z
1
;
s,2
is shaped by a rst-
order high-pass transfer function;
s,Q
is shaped by the NTF.
Y = Xz
1
+
s,1
z
1
+
s,2
(1 z
1
) +(
Q
+
s,Q
)(1 z
1
)
2
(43)
V
2
n
=
V
2
n,1
OSR
+V
2
n,2
2
3 OSR
3
+
_
V
2
n,Q
+
2
12
_
4
5 OSR
5
(44)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
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2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
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DATA CONVERTERS
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2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
41
Example
Loss of resolution caused by the hard saturation of the op-amp outputs and
the quantizer.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
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2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
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DATA CONVERTERS
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2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
42
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
PSD with Ideal Integrator
Frequency [Hz]
P
S
D
[
d
B
]
SNR = 67.6dB @ OSR=64
Rbit = 10.94 bits @ OSR=64
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
PSD with Saturation of the First Integrator at 1.85
Frequency [Hz]
P
S
D
[
d
B
]
SNR = 64.4dB @ OSR=64
Rbit = 10.40 bits @ OSR=64
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
PSD with Saturation of the Second Integrator at 2.5 V
Frequency [Hz]
P
S
D
[
d
B
]
SNR = 67.5dB @ OSR=64
Rbit = 10.91 bits @ OSR=64
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
PSD with Saturation in Both Integrators
Frequency [Hz]
P
S
D
[
d
B
]
SNR = 60.2dB @ OSR=64
Rbit = 9.71 bits @ OSR=64
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
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2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
43
1
0
1
First Integrator Output
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
Second Integrator Output
1.5 1 0.5 0 0. 5 1 1.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
First Integrator Output
Voltage [V]
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
s
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Second Integrator Output
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
s
1 0.5 0 0. 5 1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
First Integrator Output
Voltage [V]
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
s
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Second Integrator Output
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
s
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
PSD with Saturation in Both Integrators
Frequency [Hz]
P
S
D
[
d
B
]
SNR = 77.3dB @ OSR=64
Rbit = 12.54 bits @ OSR=64
1
0
1
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
Voltage [V]
1.5 1 0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
Voltage [V]
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000
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44
Dynamic Ranges Optimization
A suitable dynamic range in the op-amps (or OTAs) is essential for pre-
serving the SNR and avoiding harmonic distortion.
The critical op-amp is the one used in rst integrator (no shaping).
However, even the second integrator and the quantizer are important.
Carefully estimate the voltage swings and keep them within limits: small to
avoid saturation; not so low to distinguish the electronic noise.
The above points affect the choice of the reference value.
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45
Scaling as used in switched capacitor lters
S
+
-
z
-1
1-z
-1
S S
+
-
1
1-z
-1
(c)
(a)
+
_
F
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
C
1
C
1
V
in
e
Q
Y
F
2
F
2
C
3
S
+
-
z
-1
/b
1-z
-1
S S
+
-
1/b
1-z
-1
(d)
(b)
+
_
F
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
C
1
bC
1
V
in
Y
bC
3
b
V
out,1
V
out,1
/b
e
Q
F
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
F
1
F
1
V
DAC
V
DAC
1
1
b
2
2
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46
Use a different architecture (two delayed integrators).
Chose A and B so that the STF and the NTF are good and the (rst) op-amp swing is
reduces.
S
+
-
B z
-1
1-z
-1
S S
+
-
A z
-1
1-z
-1
e
Q
Y
X
+
-
2 z
-1
1-z
-1
+
-
0.5 z
-1
1-z
-1
Y
X
ADC
DAC
S S
Y
D
(a)
(b)
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47
study with the linear model.
_
(X Y )
Az
1
1 z
1
Y
_
Bz
1
1 z
1
+
Q
= Y, (45)
Y =
X ABz
2
+
Q
(1 z
1
)
2
1 (2 B)z
1
+(1 B +AB)z
2
. (46)
with B=2 and A = 1/2 the denominator is 1
Y = Xz
2
+
Q
(1 z
1
)
2
(47)
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48
Example 6.5
Histograms of the output voltages of the two integrators (A=1/2).
2 1 0 1 2
0
50
100
150
First Integrator Output
Voltage [V]
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
s
4 2 0 2 4
0
20
40
60
80
100
Second Integrator Output
Voltage [V]
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
s
2 1 0 1 2
0
50
100
150
First Integrator Output
Voltage [V]
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
s
1 0.5 0 0.5 1
0
20
40
60
80
100
Second Integrator Output
Voltage [V]
O
c
c
u
r
r
e
n
c
e
s
B=2
B=1/2
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49
Dynamic range optimization with multi-bit quantizer
Use of feed-forward path.
S
+
-
2 z
-1
1-z
-1
S
+
-
1/2 z
-1
1-z
-1
Y
X
k
threshold
k+1
Outputs
Digital
Output
P
Intuitive view: remember that the input of an integrator (the second) is in average zero.
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50
P =
(X Y )z
1
2(1 z
1
)
= X
z
1
(1 +z
1
)
2
+
Q
z
1
(1 z
1
)
2
. (48)
Y = X
_
z
2
+2 z
1
(1 z
1
)
+
Q
(1 z
1
)
2
(49)
P =
(X Y )z
1
2(1 z
1
)
= X
z
1
(1 z
1
)
2
+
Q
z
1
(1 z
1
)
2
. (50)
STF = z
2
+2(1 z
1
); (51)
Notice: The STF is slightly changed (the high pass term can be possibly removed in the
digital domain).
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Example 6.6
Hystogram of the rst op-amp output with the feedforward branch (3-bit quantization)
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52
Spectrum of the output voltage of the rst op-amp
Notice the small signal tone (high pass lter) and the rst order shaped quantization noise.
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Sampled-data Circuit Implementation
+
_
F
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
C
1
C
1
V
in
F
2
F
2
C
2
+
_
C
2
F
1
F
1
ADC
DAC
F
2
F
2
F
2
C
2
F
1
F
1
+
_
F
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
C
1
2C
1
V
in
F
2
F
2
2C
2
+
_
C
2
F
1
F
1
ADC
DAC
(a)
(b)
F
2
The DAC can be realized with a separate SC structure or by sharing the input capacitor.
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54
Noise Analysis
The noise generators are due to the on-resistance of the switches and the noise of the
op-amp (described by an input referred noise generator).
F
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
F
1
F
1
F
2
F
2
+
_
+
_
C
U
2C
U
2C
U
C
U
F
2
V
DIG
V
Ref
-V
Ref
V
DAC
V
in
v
n,A1
2
R
on
R
on
R
on
R
on
v
n,A2
2
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There are two different circuit congurations during the two phases
It is assumed that at the end of the phase (before sampling) the voltages across capacitors
reach the stationarity.
+
_
C
U
2C
U
2C
U
+
_
+
_
C
U
2C
U
C
U
2C
U
A1 A1
A2
PHASE 2 PHASE 1
(a)
(b)
v
n,R
2
R
on
v
n,A1
2
v
n,R
2
R
on
v
n,R
2
R
on v
n,A1
2
v
n,A2
2
v
n,R
2
R
on
C
L
C
L
C
L
g
m
v
n,A1
2 2
1/g
m
C
L
2C
U
v
n,R
2
R
on
g
m
v
n,A
2
2
C
L
C
in
v
n,R
2
R
on
C
f
g
m
v
x
2 2 v
x
v
x
v
out
v
out
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The input referred noise is proportional to 1/g
m
v
2
n,A1
=
A1
4kT
g
m,A1
; v
2
n,A2
=
A2
4kT
g
m,A2
(52)
Estimate the transfer functions between noise input and output
H
A1,in2
=
v
n,C
in2
v
n,A1
=
1
1 +s(
0
+
0
2C
U
/C
L
+
R
) +s
2
R
(53)
after sampling
V
n,A1,in2
=
A1
kT
C
L
(54)
another transfer function
H
R,in2
=
1 +s
0
1 +s(
0
+
0
2C
U
/C
L
+
R
) +s
2
R
(55)
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V
n,R,in2
=
kT
2C
U
(56)
v
x
=
v
out
(R
on
+
1
sC
in
) +v
n,R
1
sC
f
R
on
+
1
sC
f
+
1
sC
in
(57)
g
m
(v
n,A
v
x
) = v
out
sC
L
+(v
out
v
x
)sC
f
(58)
v
C
in
=
C
L
(v
x
v
out
)
C
in
(59)
v
C
in
=
C
L
C
f
v
n,A
+(1 +s
0
)v
n,R
1 +(
0
/ +
0
C
in
/C
L
+
R
)s +
0
R
s
2
(60)
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v
2
n,1
= 2T
s
_
2
kT
C
U
+
A1
kT/C
L
_
v
2
n,2
= 2T
s
_
kT
C
U
+
A1
kT/C
L
+
A2
kT/C
L
_
(61)
v
2
n,3
= 2T
s
_
2kT
C
ADC
+
A2
kT/C
L
_
v
2
n,out
= v
2
n,1
|z
2
|
2
+v
2
n,2
2z
1
(1 z
1
)
2
+v
2
n,3
(1 z
1
)
2
2
(62)
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OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
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2007
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59
Use of a transistor level simulator
on
H
R,in2
H
A1,in2
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60
Summing up. the various noise generators cause, after the sampling, a noise voltage
which spectrum is white (over the Nyquist interval).
It is necessary to distinguish between noise contribution at the end of phase 1 and at the
end of phase 2.
All the noise terms are uncorrelated and must be superposed quadratically.
Table 6.2 - Noise Power Terms of the Second Order Modulator
Phase Source V
2
n1
V
2
n2
V
3
n1
[V
2
] [V
2
] [V
2
]
2
4kTR
on
kT/C
U
kT/(2C
U
) kT/C
ADC
2
Ai
4kT/g
m
A1
kT/C
L
A2
kT/C
L
1
4kTR
on
kT/C
U
kT/(2C
U
)
1
Ai
4kT/g
m
A1
kT/C
L
A2
kT/C
L
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61
Noise at the output of the modulator
After the sampling the noise is transferred to the output with a transfer function that de-
pends on the injection point.
S
+
-
2z
-1
1-z
-1
S
Y
S
+
-
1/2 z
-1
1-z
-1
v
n,1
v
n,2
v
n,3
DAC1 DAC2
ADC
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2007
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62
Quantization Error and Dithering
modulators are good for busy signal (approximating the quantization error with a
noise is acceptable).
Constant or very slow inputs can give rise to repetitive patterns (idle channel tones or
pattern noise.).
0 50 100 150
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Quantization Error
time
A
m
p
l
i
t
u
d
e
37
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2007
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63
A key goal is to avoid repetitive patterns that determine tones that can fall in the band of
the signal. The amplitude of tones limits the SFDR.
The use of high-order modulators is benecial.
Other solutions follow the ... ...................
Call up
Use multi-bit quantizers or dither-
ing to destabilize the tonal behavior
of modulators especially when
the input may contain a dominant dc
component.
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Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
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DATA CONVERTERS
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2007
Chapter 6
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2007
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OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
64
Dither is a suitable signal capable to destroy the limit cycles.
Dither must be effective against the tones and should not alter the signal.
Inject a sine wave or a square wave whose frequency is out of the signal band. (The
amplitude of the dither must be as low as possible.)
Noise-like signal whose contribution does not degrade the SNR.
Modulator S
+
+
X
S
+
-
S
+
-
Modulator S
+
+
X
S
+
-
S
+
-
dith
dith
e
Q
e
Q
Y Y
(a) (b)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
65
Single-bit or Multi-bit?
Disadvantages of using single-bit quantizers.
High SNR with a 1-bit entails the use of high order modulators (design of a stable
architecture or high OSR).
Bandwidth of the op-amps (or OTAs) higher than the clock frequency.
The usable reference voltages of 1-bit modulators is a small fraction of the supply voltage.
Assume that the linear region of the op-amp is V
DD
and that a 6dB
FS
sine wave gives
rise to a
swing
V
ref
maximum swing at the rst integrator
|V
ref
| <
V
DD
2
swing
(63)
The slew-rate of the op-amp must ensure an accurate settling. The output changes of the
rst integrator (whose gain is G) can be 2.
SR =
2G(V
Ref
V
ov
)
T
s
/2
. (64)
I
out
=
2V
Ref
(C
in
+C
L
)
T
s
/2
. (65)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
66
Disadvantages of using multi-bit quantizers.
In multi-bit the analog section is more complicated than the single bit counterpart.
The multi-bit DAC is normally a capacitive MDAC with, normally, the subtraction and the
DAC functions obtained by the same capacitive array.
+
-
-
+
V
in
C
2
-V
ref
V
ref
C
1
/4 C
1
/4 C
1
/4 C
1
/4
1
1
2
2a 2b 2c 2d 2e 2f 2g 2h 1 1 1
t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
2
2d
2c
2b
2a t
1
t
2
t
3
t
4
2
2h
2g
2f
2e
(a)
(b)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
67
The input capacitance C
1
is divided into equal elements, pre-charged to the input signal
during phase
1
and, during phase
2
, under the control of the thermometric codes
t
1
, , t
4
, connected to +V
ref
or V
ref
.
Sharing of the same array for the input injection and the DAC function (also used for a
single-bit architecture) reduces the feedback factor of the OTA.
The charge delivered by the reference voltage generator is a non-linear function of the
input signal
Q
Ref
(n) = k(n)
_
V
Ref
V
in
(n)
(66)
Output resistance of the reference generator very small for avoiding distortion.
and, also, ....
MATCHING ACCURACY OF THE CAPACITANCES OF THE DAC MUST BE VERY
HIGH (TO ENSURE THE EXPECTED RESOLUTION)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
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2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
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2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
68
Wrap-up
The limited benet of the oversampling technique can be enhanced by shaping the quan-
tization noise. The spectrum is reduced in the signal band and, possibly augmented
out-band.
A high-pass ltering of the quantization noise is achieved by closing the quantizer in a
feedback loop.
The transfer function of the signal is such that the low-frequency components are un-
changed. The noise transfer function signicantly attenuates the in-band region.
The performances of real modulators greatly depend on the limitations due to the
real circuit.
First-order and second-order schemes with single-bit or multi-bit quantizers have been
studied so far.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 6
OVERSAMPLING AND LOW ORDER SD