K THI CHN HC SINH GII QUC GIA THPT NM

2012
Ngy thi th nht 11/1/2012
Thi gian lm bi 180 pht
Bi 1. (5 im)
Cho dy s thc (xn) xc nh bi :
x1 = 3

n+2
xn = 3n ( xn 1 + 2)

vi mi n 2.
Chng minh rng dy s c gii hn hu hn khi n v tnh gii hn .
Li gii.
R rng ta c xn > 0 vi mi n nguyn dng. (1)
Ta s chng minh k t s hng th hai, dy s cho l gim.
Tht vy, xt hiu xn xn 1 =

2[(n + 2) (n 1) xn 1 ]
n+2
( xn 1 + 2) xn 1 =
. chng minh xn
3n
3n

gim bt u t s hng th hai, ta ch cn chng minh

(n + 2) (n 1) xn 1 < 0 vi mi n 3. (2)

Ta chng minh iu ny bng quy np ton hc. Vi n = 3, do x2 = 10/3 nn bt ng

thc
(n + 2) (n 1) xn 1 = 5 2

10
5
= < 0 ng.
3
3

Gi s ta c (n + 2) (n 1) xn 1 < 0 th xn 1 >
xn =

n+2
. Khi
n 1

n+2
n+2 n+2
n+2 n+3
( xn 1 + 2) >
(
+ 2) =
>
3n
3n n 1
n 1
n

Suy ra (n+3) nxn < 0. Vy (2) ng n n+1. Theo nguyn l quy np ton hc, ta c
(2) ng vi mi n 3.
Nh vy, (xn) l dy s gim k t s hng th hai. Ngoi ra, theo (1), n b chn di
xn = a. Chuyn ng
bi 0. Theo tnh cht ca dy n iu, tn ti gi hn hu hn lim
n

thc xn =

n+2
1
( xn 1 + 2) sang gii hn, ta c a = (a + 2) . T suy ra a = 1.
3n
3

xn = 1.
Vy dy s cho c gii hn khi n dn ti v cng v hn na lim
n

Bnh lun. y l mt bi ton c bn. tng chng minh dy s gim l kh t nhin

sau khi ta tnh mt vi s hng u ta thy x2 = 10/3, x3 = 80/27, x4 = 67/27 T d on
dy s gim ta i n yu cu chng minh (2) mt cch rt t nhin. V tng quy np
cng l qu r rng vi mt dy s cho bi cng thc truy hi.
Bi 2. (5 im)
Cho cc cp s cng (an), (bn) v s nguyn m > 2. Xt m tam thc bc hai:
Pk(x) = x2 + akx + bk, k = 1, 2, , m.
Chng minh rng nu hai tam thc P1(x), Pm(x) u khng c nghim thc th tt c cc
a thc cn li cng khng c nghim thc.
Li gii.
Ta chng minh b sau:
B : Nu a12 4b1 < 0, am2 4bm < 0 th
(a1 + (1)am)2 4(b1 + (1)bm) < 0
vi mi [0, 1].
Chng minh.
Cch 1. Tht vy, ta c (a1 + (1)am)2 4(b1 + (1)bm) = 2(a124b1) + (1)2(am2
4bm) + (1)(2a1am 4(b1+bm)) (1)
Do a124b1b1 < 0, am2 4bm < 0 v 2a1am 4(b1+bm) < 2a1am a12 am2 = (a1am)2 0
nn v phi ca (1) < 0 v ta c iu phi chng minh.

Cch 2. V a12 4b1 < 0, am2 4bm < 0 nn theo nh l v du ca tam thc bc hai, ta c
x2 + a1x + b1 > 0 vi mi x v x2 + amx + bm > 0 vi mi x
Nhn bt ng thc u vi v nhn bt ng thc th hai vi (1) ri cng li, ta
c
x2 + (a1 + (1)am)x + (b1 + (1)bm) > 0 vi mi x
T y suy ra (a1 + (1)am)2 4(b1 + (1)bm) < 0 (pcm).
Tr li bi ton, do P1(x) v Pm(x) khng c nghim thc nn ta c 1 = a12 4b1 < 0.
m= am2 4bm < 0.
Cng sai ca cp s cng (a n) bng

am a1
b b
, cng sai ca cp s cng (b n) bng m 1 .
m 1
m 1

Do vi mi k = 1, 2, , m ta c
ak = a1 + ( k 1)

am a1 m k
k 1
=
a1 +
am
m 1
m 1
m 1

Tng t
bk = b1 + (k 1)

bm b1 m k
k 1
=
b1 +
bm
m 1
m 1
m 1

By gi p dng b vi =

mk
, ta c k= ak2 4bk < 0 vi mi k = 1, 2, , m, tc
m 1

l tt c cc a thc P1(x), P2(x), , Pm(x) u khng c nghim thc.

Bnh lun.
y l mt bi ton kh n gin c v phng hng gii ln trnh by. Vic tnh
ak theo a1 v am l mt tng ht sc t nhin.Uqiuiquiqu
Tnh cht x2 < 4y, z2 < 4t suy ra (x + (1)z)2 < 4(y + (1)t) c th tng qut
thnh y > f(x), t > f(z) suy ra y + (1)t > f(x + (1)z) vi mi hm f c
f (x) 0 vi mi x.

Bi 3. (5 im)
Trong mt phng, cho t gic li ABCD ni tip ng trn tm O v c cc cp cnh
i khng song song. Gi M, N tng ng l giao im ca cc ng thng AB v CD,
AD v BC. Gi P, Q, S, T tng ng l giao im cc ng phn gic trong ca cc cp
MAN v MBN, MBN v MCN, MCN v MDN, MDN v MAN. Gi s
bn im P, Q, S, T i mt phn bit.
1) Chng minh rng bn im P, Q, S, T cng nm trn mt ng trn. Gi I l tm ca
ng trn .
2) Gi E l giao im ca cc ng cho AC v BD. Chng minh rng ba im E, O, I
thng hng.
Li gii. (Li gii v bnh lun bi 3 ca L Phc L)

1) y l cu n gin v chc rng nhiu bn s x l c do cc yu t trong bi (t

gic ni tip, phn gic) u hng chng ta n vic chng minh cc im P, Q, S , T
cng thuc mt ng trn vi cch dng bin i gc.
Trn thc t, hnh v ny ch l mt trng hp c th c ca bi ton. Tuy nhin, do tnh
bnh ng gia cc trng hp nn chng ta c quyn xt ring trng hp ny, cc v

tr tng t khc c x l bng nhng biu thc tng t. (C th bin i gc nh

hng li gii khng ph thuc hnh v). Gi A, B, C , D l cc gc trong ca t
gic ABCD.
Ta gi s MN nm cng pha vi B i vi ng thng AC nh hnh v.
Xt ABP , ta c
1
1

TPQ = APB = 180o ( PAB + PBA ) = 180o MAN + MBN + NBA

2
2

1
1
1

= 180o C + B + D = 90o ( C + D )
2
2
2

Xt CDS , ta c:
1
1
1
QST = CSD = 180o ( SDC + SCD ) = 180o D + C + A = 90o ( C + D ) .
2
2
2

So snh hai ng thc trn, ta c TPQ = QST hay t gic PQTS ni tip. Ta c
pcm.
y vn cn nhiu cch bin i khc v hu ht, nu bit s dng gi thit t gic
ABCD ni tip cng nh cc ng phn gic th bi ton tr nn rt n gin.
2) phn ny, vn kh hn hn v vic xc nh v tr ca cc im E , I khin ta kh
nh hng hn trong vic chng minh cc im thng hng.
Tuy nhin, ta ch rng cc yu t ca mt nh l hnh hc quen thuc (nh l Brocard)
xut hin r rng trong bi ton ny. chnh l nu E l giao ca hai ng cho t
gic ABCD v cc im M , N th OE MN . Tuy nhin, nu dng th ta cn chng minh
li y li n.
n y, ch cn chng minh c thm OI MN th bi ton hon tt do c cc im
O, I , E cng nm trn mt ng thng vung gc vi MN .
Do O, I ln lt l cc tm ng trn ngoi tip cc t gic ABCD, PQTS nn mt
tng t nhin l ta s chng minh MN chnh l trc ng phng ca hai ng trn
(O), ( I ) ny.
Tuy nhin, thc hin iu ny khng qu kh! Theo cc xc nh cc im th Q, T ln
lt l tm ng trn bng tip ca cc tam gic BCM , ADM nn chng phi cng nm
trn phn gic ngoi ca gc AMB hay M , Q, T thng hng. Hn na, cng do cc tm

o
ng trn bng tip nn MQB = 90

BCM
BAD
= 90o
= BAT hay t gic ABQT
2
2

ni tip.
Suy ra MA MB = MQ MT hay M c cng phng tch n hai ng trn (O), ( I ) .
Hon ton tng t vi im N .
T suy ra MN chnh l trc ng phng ca hai ng trn (O), ( I ) v theo cc lp
lun trn th ta c d dng c c pcm.
Di y l pht biu v chng minh nh l Brocard:
Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn (O) c M , N ln lt l giao im ca cc cp
cnh i AB, CD v AD, BC. Gi E l giao im ca hai ng cho. Khi , ta c
EO MN .

Tht vy, gi K l giao im khc E ca ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABE , CDE .
Trc ht, ta thy rng K , E , M cng nm trn trc ng phng ca ( ABE ), (CDE ) nn
chng thng hng.
Ta cng c BKC = BKE + CKE = EAB + EDC = BOC nn t gic OKBC ni tip.
Tng t th t gic OKAD cng ni tip. Suy ra K cng chnh l giao im th hai khc
O ca hai ng trn (OBC ), (OAD) nn cc im O, K , N cng thng hng v cng nm
trn trc ng phng ca hai ng trn ny.

Mt khc, cng bng cch xt cc gc ni tip trong cc t gic ni tip, ta c

MKN = MKB + NKB = EAB + OCB = EDC + OBC = EKC + OKC = MKO .

Hn na, y l hai gc b nhau nn mi gc bng 90o hay ME ON .

Chng minh tng t, ta c NE OM hay E l trc tm ca tam gic OMN v
OE MN .

nh l c chng minh.
Bnh lun.
Cu a ca bi ton thc s l vn d nht trong thi ln ny. Cu b i hi phi dng
thm nh l Brocard nhng y li l mt nh l quen thuc nn vic chng minh n
khng phi l qu kh. Hn na, nu nhn ra c OE MN th suy ngh n yu cu
OI MN cng l mt iu kh t nhin!

Tuy nhin, do tnh rc ri ca hnh v nn s c nhiu bn ch dng li cu a v cng

khng nhn ra c vic p dng nh l ny trong khi gii bi ton d bit n t
trc.
Bi ny thc cht l s dng tng t mt bi hnh hc trong tp ch Crux
Mathematical nm 2005 vi ni dung nh sau:
Cho t gic ABCD ni tip ng trn (O) c hai ng cho ct nhau ti E . Gi
P, Q, R, S ln lt l giao im ca hai phn gic trong cc cp gc
A, B; B, C ; C , D; D, A ca ABCD.
Chng minh rng t gic PQRS ni tip trong mt ng trn, nu gi X l tm ca
ng trn ngoi tip th O, E , X thng hng v PR QS .
Bi 4. (5 im)
Cho s nguyn dng n. C n hc sinh nam v n hc sinh n xp thnh mt hng ngang,
theo th t ty . Mi hc sinh (trong s 2n hc sinh va nu) c cho mt s ko bng
ng s cch chn ra hai hc sinh khc gii vi X v ng hai pha ca X. Chng minh
rng tng s ko m tt c 2n hc sinh nhn c khng vt qu

1
n(n 2 1).
3

Li gii. (Theo Mashimaru Phm Hy Hiu v Traum L Hng Qu)

Gi a1, a2, , an v b1, b2, , bn l v tr ca n nam v n n trn hng. Xt nam ti v tr a i,
ta thy bn tri anh ta c a i 1 v tr, trong c i-1 v tr l nam, vy nn bn tri anh ta
c ai i n. Tng t, bn phi anh ta c n (ai i) n. Vy nam ti ai c cho
(aii)
(n(aii) ko. Tng t, n ti v tr bi c cho (bii)(n(bii) ko.
Nh vy tng s ko c cho bng
n

i =1

i =1

S = {(ai i )(n (ai i )) + (bi i )(n (bi i ))} ={n(ai + bi ) (ai2 + bi2 ) 2ni 2i 2 + 2i (ai + bi ))}

Ch l {a1, a2, , an, b1, b2, , bn} = {1, 2, , 2n} nn ta c

n

2n

i =1

i =1

(ai2 + bi2 ) = i 2 =

2n
2n(2n + 1)(4n + 1) n
2n(2n + 1)
, (ai + bi ) = i =
,
6
2
i =1
i =1

n( n + 1)(2n + 1) n
n(n + 1)
, i =
.
Ngoi ra i =
6
2
i =1
i =1
n

Thay vo biu thc tnh S, ta tm c S = 2i(ai + bi )

i =1

n(7 n 2 + 9n + 2)
.
3

T , ta a bi ton ban u v vic chng minh bt ng thc

n

T = i (ai + bi )
i =1

n(n + 1)(8n + 1)
6

Ta c an + bn 2n + 2n 1 = 4n 1
an + bn + an-1 + bn-1 4n 1 + 4n 5
an + bn + + a1 + b1 = 4n 1 + 4n 5 + + 3
p dng cng thc khai trin tng Abel, ta c
n

T = i (ai + bi ) = an + bn + (an + bn + an 1 + bn 1 ) + ... + (an + bn + an 1 + bn 1 + ... + a1 + b1 )

i =1

4n 1 + (4n 1 + 4n 5) + ... + (4n 1 + 4n 5 + ... + 3) = i (4i 1) =

i =1

n(n + 1)(8n + 1)
6

(pcm).
Bnh lun.
Theo chng minh trn th du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a i + bi = 4i 1 vi mi i
= 1, 2, , n. Nu xt i = 1, 2, , n th t y ta s c {ai, bi} = {2i-1, 2i}
Bi ton ny cn c th gii bng cch s dng n bin.
y l bi kh nht ca ngy th nht v nu so vi bi t hp ca ngy th hai
th c phn kh hn.
Bi tp tng t (L Hng Qu ngh): Trn mt ng trn c 2n im, n im
xanh v n im . Mt im l tt nu n l giao ca hai dy cung: mt cung c
hai u mt xanh v dy cung cn li c hai u mt . Hy tnh s ln nht v
nh nht cc im tt c th.

Ngy thi th hai 12/1/2012

Thi gian lm bi 180 pht
Bi 5. (7 im).
Cho mt nhm gm 5 c gi, k hiu l G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 v 12 chng trai. C 17 chic
gh c xp thnh mt hng ngang. Ngi ta xp nhm ngi cho ngi vo cc chic
gh sao cho cc iu kin sau c ng thi tha mn:
1/ Mi gh c ng mt ngi ngi;
2/ Th t ngi ca cc c gi, xt t tri qua phi, l G1, G2, G3, G4, G5;
3/ Gia G1 v G2 c t nht 3 chng trai;
4/ Gia G4 v G5 c t nht 1 chng trai v nhiu nht 4 chng trai.
Hi c tt c bao nhiu cch xp nh vy?
(Hai cch xp c coi l khc nhau nu tn ti mt chic gh m ngi ngi chic gh
trong hai cch xp l khc nhau).
Li gii.
Cch 1. Trc ht ta chng minh b .
B . (Bi ton chia ko ca Euler) Cho k, n l cc s nguyn dng. S nghim
k 1
nguyn khng m ca phng trnh x1 + x2 + + xk = n l Cn + k 1 .

Chng minh: Ta cho tng ng mi nghim nguyn khng m ca phng trnh x 1 + x2 +

+ xk = n (1) vi mt xu nh phn di n+k-1 trong c n bit 1 v k-1 bit 0, c th
xu gm x1 bit 1, sau l 1 bit 0,tip theo l x2 bit 1, sau l 1 bit 0, c nh th, cui
cng l xk bit 1. D dng chng minh c y l mt song nh t tp A cc nghim
nguyn khng m ca (1) vo tp hp B cc xu nh phn di n+k-1 vi n bit 1 v k-1
k 1
bit 0. T , theo nguyn l song nh ta c | A |=| B |= Cn + k 1. (pcm).

Tr li bi ton.
nh s th t cc gh t tri sang phi l 1, 2, ,17.
Gi x1 l s chng trai c xp bn tri G1, x2 l s chng trai gia G1 v G2, x3 l s
chng trai gia G2 v G3, x4 l s chng trai gia G3 v G4, x5 l s chng trai gia
G4 v G5, x6 l s chng trai c xp bn phi G5. Khi b s (x1, x2, , x6) hon

ton xc nh v tr cc c gi v ta c
1) x1 + x2 + + x6 = 12
2) 3 x2
3) 1 x5 4
i bin y2 = x2 3 v y5 = x5 1 ta c
x1 + y2 + x3 + x4 + y5 + x6 = 8
Vi cc n khng m v c thm iu kin y5 3.
Tip theo, s dng bi ton chia ko ca Euler dng
x1 + y2 + x3 + x4 + x6 = 8 y5
ta c s cch phn gh cho cc c gi l
C124 + C114 + C104 + C94 = 1161.

V cn c 12 chng trai c th hon i v tr 12 chic gh dnh cho h nn s cch xp

tha mn yu cu bi ton l 12! 1161.
Cch 2. Cng nh s th t cc gh t tri sang phi l 1, 2, ,17.
Gi g1, g2, g3, g4, g5 l v tr ch ngi ca cc c gi G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 tng ng.
Khi ta c 1 g1 < g2 < g3 < g4 < g5 17. Ngoi ra ta cn c 3 < g2 g1 v 1 < g5 g4 <
6.
t A = {(g1, g2, g3, g4, g5)| 1 g1 < g2 < g3 < g4 < g5 17, 3 < g2 g1, 1 < g5 g4 < 6} th
ta cn tm |A|.
t B = {(g1, g2, g3, g4, g5)| 1 g1 < g2 < g3 < g4 < g5 17, 3 < g2 g1, 1 < g5 g4 }
C = {(g1, g2, g3, g4, g5)| 1 g1 < g2 < g3 < g4 < g5 17, 3 < g2 g1, 6 g5 g4 }
th r rng ta c A = B \ C (vi C B), suy ra |A| = |B| - |C|.
tnh |B|, ta t D = {(h1, h2, h3, h4, h5}| 1 h1 < h2 < h3 < h4 < h5 13} v xt nh x f:
B D, f(g1, g2, g3, g4, g5) (g1, g2-3, g3-3,g4-3,g5-4) th d dng kim chng c f l
mt song nh.
5
Nhng |D| bng s cch chn 5 phn t ra t 13 phn t nn ta c |D| = C13 . Vy |B| = |D|

= C135 .

5
Mt cch hon ton tng t, ta tnh c | C | = C9 . Vy s cch xp ch cho 15 c gi

bng C135 C95 = 1161. .

V cn c 12 chng trai c th hon i v tr 12 chic gh dnh cho h nn s cch xp
tha mn yu cu bi ton l 12! 1161.
Bnh lun.
y l mt bi t hp c bn. Cc vn ny c trnh by kh k trong cc
ti liu bi dng hc sinh gii.
Ngoi cc phng php trnh by trn, cn c th trnh by theo li hm sinh, a
thc. Chng hn s cch xp 5 c gi tha mn yu cu bi chnh l h s ca
x8 trong khai trin (1+x+x2+)5(1+x+x2+x3).
Mt sai lm ph bin c th gp l qun nhn 12!.
Trong li gii, nn chng minh cht ch f (trong li gii 2) l nh x, sau chng
minh n l song nh.
Nu khng chng minh li nh l bi ton chia ko ca Euler th t nht cng cn
pht biu r rng nh l ny.
Bi tp tng t: C bao nhiu cch chn ra k ngi t n ngi xp thnh mt
hng dc sao cho khng c hai ngi lin tip c chn?
Bi 6. (7 im). Xt cc s t nhin l a, b m a l c s ca b2 + 2 v b l c s ca a2
+ 2. Chng minh rng a v b l cc s hng ca dy s t nhin (v n) xc nh bi
v1 = v2 = 1 v vn = 4vn-1 vn-2 vi mi n 2.
Li gii.
Gi s (a, b) l cp s t nhin l m a l c s ca b 2 + 2 v b l c s ca a 2 + 2.
Trc ht ta chng minh (a, b) = 1. Tht vy, t d = (a, b) th do d | a | b 2 + 2 nn d | 2.
M a, b l nn d l, suy ra d = 1.
Xt s N = a2 + b2 + 2 th do a2 + 2 chia ht cho b nn N chia ht cho b. Tng t, N chia
ht cho a. V (a, b) = 1 nn t y suy ra N chia ht cho ab. Vy tn ti s nguyn dng
k sao cho a2 + b2 + 2 = kab (1).
Tip theo, ta chng minh k = 4. Tht vy, t A = { a+b | (a, b) N*2, a2 + b2 + 2 = kab}.
Theo gi s trn th A . Do tnh sp th t tt ca N, A c phn t nh nht. Gi s
a0, b0 l cp s tha mn iu kin (1) vi a0 + b0 nh nht.

Khng mt tnh tng qut, c th gi s a 0 b0. Xt phng trnh a2 kb0a + b02 + 2 = 0

c nghim a0. Theo nh l Viet th phng trnh trn cn c 1 nghim na l a 1 = kb0 a0
= (b02+2)/2. Theo cng thc nghim th r rng a 1 nguyn dng. Nh vy (a1, b0) cng l
mt nghim ca (1). Do tnh nh nht ca a 0 + b0, ta c a0 + b0 a1 + b0, tc l a0 kb0
a0 suy ra a0/b0 k/2.
Ta c: a02 + b02 + 2 = ka0b0 . Suy ra

a0 b0
2
+ +
= k (2). Do a0/b0 k/2, a0 b0 1 nn t
b0 a0 a0b0

y ta c k k/2 + 1 + 2. Suy ra k 6.
Mt khc, p dng bt ng thc AM-GM, a02 + b02 2a0b0, d thy k > 2.
Nu k 4 th (a0, b0) (1, 1), do a0b0 2. Li dng (2) nh gi, ta c k k/2 + 1 +
1, suy ra k 4. Vy cc gi tr k = 5, 6 b loi. Nu k = 3 th do a 02 + b02 + 2 = 3a0b0 nn
suy ra a02 + b02 + 2 chia ht cho 3, suy ra mt trong hai s a 0, b0 chia ht cho 3, s cn li
khng chia ht cho 3. Nu b0 = 1 th a0 chia ht cho 3, khi v tri khng chia ht cho 9
cn v phi chia ht cho 9, mu thun. Vy b0 > 1. T suy ra a0b0 6. Li s dng (2)
nh gi, ta suy ra
k k/2 + 1 + 2/6 => k < 8/3.
M k nguyn suy ra k 2, mu thun.
Nh vy ta chng minh c nu a, b l cc s t nhin l tha mn iu kin bi
th a2 + b2 + 2 = 4ab (3).
Ta s chng minh trong trng hp nh vy th tn ti s nguyn dng n sao cho {a, b}
= {vn, vn+1} vi vn l dy s c nh ngha bi.
Trc ht, ta c nhn xt : Nu a, b l nghim ca (3) th (4a b, a) v (4b a, b) cng l
nghim ca (3). T , do (v1, v2) l nghim ca (3) nn (4v2 v1, v2) cng l nghim ca
(3), tc l (v2, v3) cng l nghim ca (3). T y bng quy np suy ra (v n, vn+1) l nghim
ca (3).
Gi s tn ti cp s (a, b) thoa mn (3) nhng khng tn ti n sao cho {a, b} = {v n, vn+1}.
Trong cc cp s nh th, chn (a, b) c tng a + b nh nht. Khng mt tnh tng qut,
gi s a > b (ch a khng th bng b v nu a = b suy ra a = b = 1, khi {a, b} = {v 1,
v2}). Theo nhn xt trn th 4b a, b cng l nghim ca (3). Nhng do 4b a =

(b2+2)/a < a (V a > b nn ab b 2 = (a+b)(ab) 3)), nn 4b a + b < a + b. Theo nh

ngha ca (a, b) trn, phi tn ti n sao cho {4b-a, b} = {v n, vn+1}. S dng ng thc 4b
a = (b2+2)/a v b > 1, ta suy ra 4b-a b. Nh vy 4ba = v n, b = vn+1. Nhng t y a
= 4vn+1 vn = vn+2, tc l {a, b} = {vn+1, vn+2} mu thun. Vy iu gi s l sai, tc l phi
tn ti s t nhin n sao cho {a, b} = {v n, vn+1} v nh vy a, b l s hng ca dy (v n).
Bi ton c gii quyt hon ton.
Bnh lun.
Bi ton ny c 2 chnh: 1) Chng minh rng nu k l s nguyn dng sao cho
tn ti a, b nguyn dng tha mn iu kin a 2 + b2 + 2 = kab th k = 4. Phn ny
kh quen thuc vi cc bn bit v phng php phng trnh Markov hay bc
nhy Viet. 2) M t tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh a 2 + b2 + 2 = 4ab (3)
thng qua cp s hng lin tip ca dy vn, ci ny gi l phng php gien.
Phng trnh (3) cn c th gii thng qua phng trnh Pell z 2 3b2 = 2. Tuy
nhin cch gii ny s kh cng knh v y khng phi l phng trnh Pell loi
1.
Mt s bi ton tng t:
1. Chng minh rng nu a, b l cc s nguyn dng sao cho k =

a2 + b2 + 6
l s
ab

nguyn th k = 8.
2. Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng k sao cho phng trnh x 2 + y2 + 1 = kxy c
nghim nguyn dng v vi mi gi tr k tm c hy tm tt c cc nghim ca
phng trnh.
3. (VMO 1999) Cho hai dy s (xn), (yn) xc nh nh sau
x1=1 , x2=4 , xn+2=3xn+1 - xn vi mi n 1,
y1=1 , y2=2 , yn+2=3yn+1 - yn vi mi n 1
Chng minh rng cc s nguyn dng a, b tha mn phng trnh a2 5b2 = 4 khi v
ch khi tn ti s nguyn dng k sao cho a = xk , b = yk.
Bi 7. (6 im). Tm tt c cc hm s f xc nh trn tp s thc R, ly gi tr trong R v
tha mn ng thi cc iu kin sau:
1/ f l ton nh t R n R;
2/ f l hm s tng trn R;
3/ f(f(x)) = f(x) + 12x vi mi s thc x.
Li gii. (Theo chemthan Nguyn Ngc Trung)

Nu f(x) = f(y) th f(f(x)) = f((f(y)) nn t phng trnh hm ta suy ra 12x = 12y, suy ra x
= y. Vy f l n nh. Theo bi, f l ton nh t R vo R nn t y ta c f l song
nh. Gi f-1 l hm ngc ca f th f-1 cng l hm tng.
Thay x = 0 vo phng trnh hm, ta c f(f(0)) = f(0). Do f l song nh nn t y suy
ra f(0) = 0. Ly f-1 hai v ta suy ra f-1(0) = 0.
t f-n(x) = f-1(f-1(f-1(x))), n ln, d thy f-n l hm tng v f-n(0) = 0.

Xt dy an vi a0 = f(x), a1 = x, an = f-1(an-1) vi n 2. Thay x f-1(an-1) vo phng trnh

hm, ta c an-2 = an-1 + 12an. Gii phng trnh sai phn ny, ta tm c
f n ( x) = an +1 =

4 x f ( x)
3 x + f ( x) n
(3) n +
4 .
7
7

Xt vi x > 0, c nh. Khi f -n(x) > 0 vi mi n (do f -n la ham tng), 3x + f(x) > 0. Cho
n = 2k, 2k+1, ta thu c
2 k 1

4

3

2 k

4 x f ( x) 4
>
,
3 x + f ( x) 3

Cho k + ta thu c
0.

>

f ( x) 4 x
3x + f ( x)

4x f(x) 4x, suy ra f(x) = 4x. T f(x) = 4x vi mi x >

Vi x < 0, c nh. Khi f -n(x) < 0 vi mi n, 3x + f(x) < 0. Hoan toan tng t ta cung
suy ra f(x) = 4x vi moi x < 0.
Kt hp cac trng hp ta c f(x) = 4x vi moi x R. Th lai ta thy ham nay thoa
man phng trinh ham ban u.
Vy f(x) = 4x la ham duy nht thoa man cac yu cu bai toan.
Binh lun.
Bai nay co le co xut x t bai toan Putnam 1988: Gia s R + la tp cac s thc
dng. Chng minh rng tn tai duy nht mt ham s f : R + R+ thoa man iu
kin f(f(x) ) = 6x - f(x) vi moi x. Y tng li giai la vi mi x c inh xet day x 0
= x, x1 = f(x), xn+1 = f(xn). Khi o xn > 0 vi moi n va xn+2 + xn+1 6xn = 0. T o
suy ra

3 x + f ( x ) n 2 x f ( x)
2 x f ( x ) 3
n
n 3 x + f ( x)
2 +
(3) = 2
+
xn =
. Nu 2x f(x)

5
5
5
5
2

> 0 thi vi n le u ln ta se co x n < 0, mu thun. Nu 2x f(x) < 0 thi vi n chn

u ln ta se co xn < 0, mu thun.
Vn bai toan VMO 2012 la phng trinh c trng x2 x 12 = 0 co nghim
-3 va 4, do o nu lam bng phng phap tng t thi khi n khng suy ra
mu thun. Vi th ta phai cho n - va vi vy cn dung n f-1. o la im khac
bit cn ban gia hai bai toan. o cung la y mi cua bai 7 VMO 2012.
Bai toan tng t: (IMOSL 1992) Cho a, b la hai s thc dng. Chng to rng
tn tai duy nht mt ham xac inh trn tp cac s thc dng, nhn gia tri trn tp
cac s thc dng va thoa man phng trinh ham sau vi moi x: f(f(x)) + af(x) =
b(a+b)x. Phng phap giai bai nay ging vi Putnam 1988.