Mixtures of Ideal Gas

Ideal Gas Mixtures

Properties of Homogeneous Mixtures &
Pyschrometry

mfi

Yi

Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET)
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

mi
m
ni
n
mfi
Yi
Mi
M

zahurul@me.buet.ac.bd
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/

ME 201: Basic Thermodynamics

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Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

1 / 20

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

M =

k
i =1 Yi Mi

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

k
i =1

ni
n

M =

m
n

8.314
28.95
m
k
i=1 ni

Yi =

Ru
M

= 0.287 kJ/kg K
=

m
k
i=1

mi
m

ni Mi
ni Mi

mfi =
c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Yi Mi
M

(BUET)

=
=

mi /m
Mi

1
k
i=1

mfi
Mi

mfi
Mi

mfi
0.10
0.48
0.42
1.00

Mi
2.0
32.0
28.0
-

M =

mfi
Mi

k
i=1

ni Mi /n
ni Mi /n
Yi Mi
Yi Mi

k
i=1

i
H2
O2
CO

M =
mfi =

mi
Mi

ME 201 (2013)

2 / 20

Mi

M = 0.7808 28 + 0.2095 32 + 0.0093 39.94 + 0.0003 44 = 28.95 kg/kmol

For air: R =

=1

Gas Mixture

Dry air: 78.08 N2 , 20.95 O2 , 0.93 Ar , 0.03 CO2 :

Apparent gas constant, R =

k
i =1 Yi

=1

Conversion: Mass fraction to Mole Fraction

n1 M1 +n2 M2 ++nk Mk
n

M =

k
i =1 ni

Mixtures of Ideal Gas

mi = ni Mi : m = nM
m1 +m2 ++mk
n

k
i =1 mfi

ni
n

mass of component i
total mass of mixture
number of moles of component i
total number of moles in mixture
mass fraction of component i
mole fraction of component i
molecular mass of component i
apparent molecular mass of mixture i

Mixtures of Ideal Gas

m
n

mi
m

n = n1 + n2 + n3 + + nk =

Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

k
i =1 mi

m = m1 + m2 + m3 + + mk =

Yi Mi
Yi Mi

: Yi =

Gas Mixture

mfi
Mi

:
M =

mfi =

mfi
Mi

0.050
0.015
0.015
0.080
1
0.080

mfi /Mi
mfi /Mi
Yi = mfi /Mi i
mfi /M
0.6250
0.1875
0.1875
1.0000

= 12.5 kg/kmol.

If mi s are given:

Yi Mi
M

mi mfi =
m
n= M
ni = Yi n

mfi /Mi
mfi /Mi
ME 201 (2013)

1
mfi /Mi

M =

3 / 20

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

mi
mi

mi
m

Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

4 / 20

Mixtures of Ideal Gas

Mixtures of Ideal Gas

Conversion: Mole fraction to Mass Fraction

mfi =
i

Mi

Y i Mi

0.6250
0.1875
0.1875
1.00

2.0
32.0
28.0
-

1.25
6.00
5.25
12.5

M =

Daltons Law of Additive Pressures

The pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the pressures each
gas would exert if it existed alone at the mixture temperature and
volume.

Y i Mi
Y i Mi
=
M
Y i Mi

Yi

H2
O2
CO

P-v-T Behaviour of Gas Mixtures

mfi =

Yi Mi
Yi Mi

0.10
0.48
0.42
1.0000

k
i =1

P = P1 + P2 + + Pk =

Pi (T , V )

Pi = partial pressure of component i .

Yi Mi = 12.5 kg/kmol.

If ni s are given:
ni Yi =
m = nM
mi = mfi m
c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

ni
ni

ni
n

T281

P = PA + PB
Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

5 / 20

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Mixtures of Ideal Gas

Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

6 / 20

Mixtures of Ideal Gas

Amagats Law of Additive Volumes

The volume of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the volumes each
gas would occupy if it existed alone at the mixture temperature and
pressure.
V = V1 + V2 + + Vk =

(BUET)

k
i =1

Gibbs-Daltons Law
In a mixture of ideal gases each component of the mixture acts as if it
were alone in the system at the volume V and the temperature T of
the mixture.

Vi (T , P)

U = U1 + U2 + + Uk =

Vi = component volume of component i .

k
i =1 Ui

U = n u = n1 u1 + n2 u2 + + nk uk =

k
i =1 ni ui

u specic internal energy on mole basis.

k
i =1 Yi ui
U = mu = m1 u1 + m2 u2 + + mk uk = k=1 mi ui
i
U
u = m = mf1 u1 + mf2 u2 + + mfk uk = k=1 mfi ui
i

= u =
T282

=
Pi (T ,V )
P

ni Ru T /V
Vi (T ,P )
T /P
ni
= ni RuuT /P
V
nRu T /V = n = Yi :
nR
Pi
Vi
ni
(Ideal gas)
P = V = n Yi

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

Gas Mixture

= Y1 u 1 + Y2 u 2 + + Yk u k =

u specic internal energy on mass basis.

V = VA + VB

U
n

ni
n

u=

ME 201 (2013)

7 / 20

Yi u i : h =

Yi hi : s =

Y i si : g =

Y i gi

u=

= Yi

mfi ui : h =

mfi hi : s =

mfi si : g =

mfi gi

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

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Psychrometry

Psychrometry

Moist Air

Relative Humidity, , Moisture Content,

Atmospheric air contains several gaseous components including water

vapour and contaminants such as dust and pollutants.
Dry air refers only to the gaseous components when all water vapour
and contaminants have been removed.
Moist air refers to a mixture of dry air and water vapour in which the
dry air is treated as if it were a pure component.

P = Pa + Pv

T285

n = na + nv
m = ma + mv
Ya =

na
n

Pv
Pg T ,P
mv
Moisture content, ma
Pv VMv
mv
Mv Pv
= ma = Pa VMa /Ru T = Ma Pa
/Ru T

: Pg = Psat T

Relative humidity,

: Yv =

nv
n

Pa = Y a P : Pv = Y v P

0.622 Pv
Pa

: 18.0/28.95 = 0.622.
P

g
= 0.622 Pv = 0.622 P Pv v = 0.622 P Pg
Pa
P

T284

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Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

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c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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Psychrometry

Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

10 / 20

Psychrometry

Example: Cooling and dehumidication in a cooling coil of an

Air-Conditioner:

Moist Air Enthalpy, h

T295
T283

Mass balance: ma 1 = ma 2 = ma : mv 1 = mv 2 + mf 2

H = Ha + Hv = ma ha + mv Hv
mv
H
h ma = ha + ma hv = ha + hv
hv hg (T )

:= h = ha + hg

ha = cpa T = 1.005T [kJ/kg da]

hw = cpw T = 4.1867T [kJ/kg water]
hg = 2501.7 + 1.82T [kJ/kg water vapour]

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

Energy balance: Qcv +

(BUET)

Gas Mixture

Pv
Pg

: =

mi hi =

me he

Pg
0.622 P Pg

ha = 1.005T : hv = hg = 2501.7 + 1.82T : hw = 4.186T

T in o C.
ME 201 (2013)

11 / 20

Qcv
ma

= (ha 2 +2 hv 2 )(ha 1 +1 hv 1 )+(1 2 )hw 2 = 41.64 kJ/kg da .

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

12 / 20

Psychrometry

Psychrometry

Dew-point Temperature, Tdp

T286

Adiabatic Saturation Process

T287

When the temperature of a cold

drink is below the Tdp of the
surrounding air, it sweats.

T288

Constant-pressure cooling of moist

air and the dew-point temperature
on the T-s diagram of water.

Tdp = Tsat (Pv )

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

Gas Mixture

hv (T ) hg (T ), hv (Tas ) hg (Tas ), = mv /ma , = mv /ma

ma ha (T ) + mv hg (T ) + (mv mv )hw (Tas ) =
ma ha (Tas ) + mv hg (Tas )
=

ME 201 (2013)

13 / 20

ha (Tas )ha (T )+ [hg (Tas )hf (Tas )]

hg (T )hf (Tas )

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

Psychrometry

p (T )

g
as
: = 0.622 P Pg (Tas )

Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

14 / 20

Psychrometry

Wet Bulb Temperature, Twb and Psychrometer

Example: Tdb = 25o C & Twb = 20o C :

Pg (T ) = Psat T : Pg (Tdb ) = 3.169 kPa, Pg (Twb ) = 2.339 kPa
P (T )

Adiabatic saturation process

provides a mean to measure
humidity content of moist
air, and the process can be
approximated by using a
wet-bulb thermometer.
T309

Wet-bulb temperature, Twb is read from a wet-bulb thermometer,

which is an ordinary liquid-in-glass thermometer whose bulb is enclosed
by a wick moistened with water.
Dry-bulb temperature, Tdb refers simply to the temperature that
would be measured by a thermometer placed in the mixture. Often a
wet-bulb thermometer is mounted together with a dry-bulb thermometer
to form an instrument called a psychrometer.

c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

15 / 20

2
wb
= 1.0 & = 0.622 P 2gPg (Twb ) = 0.0147

ha (Twb ) ha (Tdb ) = 1.005(Twb Tdb ) : hw (Twb ) = 4.186Twb

hg (Tdb ) = 2547.2 kJ/kg, hg (Twb ) = 2538.1 kJ/kg
=

ha (Twb )ha (Tdb )+ [hg (Twb )hw (Twb )]

hg (Tdb )hf (Twb )

= 0.0126

P (T )

g
db
= 0.622 P Pg (Tdb ) = 0.635

h = ha (Td b) + hg (Tdb ) = 57.23 kJ/kgda

Pv = Pg (Tdb ) = 2012.5 kPa
Tdp = Tsat Pv = 17.59o C
Note That: By default, P = 101.325 kPa. Psychrometric charts are
prepared for atmospheric pressure.
c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

(BUET)

Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

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Psychrometry

Psychrometry

Psychrometric Chart

T291

T292

T290
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Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

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c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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Psychrometry

Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

18 / 20

Psychrometry

Psychrometric Processes

Adiabatic Mixing of Two Moist Air Streams

T289

Dry air

: ma1 + ma2 = ma3

Water vapour : mv 1 + mv 2 = mv 3 := 1 ma1 + 2 ma2 = 3 ma3

ma1 (ha1 + 1 hv 1 ) + ma2 (ha2 + 2 hv 2 ) = ma3 (ha3 + 3 hv 3 )
T294
c
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

= ma1 h1 + ma2 h2 = ma3 h3

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Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

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Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq

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Gas Mixture

ME 201 (2013)

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