A Translation and Analysis of the Ptimokkha

by
Bhikkhu atusita
Draft Version 1.7
Copyright (c) 2008, Bhikkhu atusita, Forest Hermitage, Ka!y, "ugust 2008
#$ you otice ay mistakes or icosistecies, or i$ you ha%e ay suggestios, p&ease cotact Bhikkhu atusita,
'(mai&) yaatusita*gmai&+com
(Fots re,uire!) -./ 0a&&a!io 0a&i 1!o2&oa!ab&e $rom 222+bps+&k3, "&oka 4iha&a 1222+aciet(bu!!hist(
te5ts+et3, 6ig&iu)
7
Table of Contents (Outline)
Bib&iography 78
"bbre%iatios 79
0timokkha '!itios Cosu&te! 28
'!itios o$ :ther 0;i <e5ts =uote! 28
0rtimok>as?tras 29
#tro!uctio @7
<he .ecitatio o$ the 0timokkha @@
4ome remarks o the 0ubbakaraa, 0ubbakicca, a! 0attaka&&a A2
1BhikkhuptimokkhaB+3 708
1Ci!Du!!eso3 708
10rEikDu!!eso3 729
14aFkhitta(ptimokkhDu!!esa3 7AG
14aFgh!isesDu!!eso3 7AH
1"iyatu!!eso3 270
1Cissaggiya pcittiy3 27H
14u!!hapcittiy3 287
10Ii!esaJy3 @99
14ekhiy3 808
1"!hikaraasamath3 888
"ppe!i5 # -posathapubbakaraapubbakicci 8AG
"ppe!i5 ## 88G
"ppe!i5 ### 89@
Co$essio i the 6?&asikkh, etc+ 89@
Table of Contents (Detailed)
Bib&iography 7A
"bbre%iatios 20
0timokkha '!itios Cosu&te! 2A
'!itios o$ :ther 0;i <e5ts =uote! 29
0rtimok>as?tras @0
#tro!uctio @2
<he .ecitatio o$ the 0timokkha @8
<he Kaguage o$ the 0timokkha 80
Cocateatio a! the :r!er o$ the .u&es 82
Chapter <it&es 88
.u&e 4ectio <it&es a! .u&e(<it&es 89
=uotatio(6arks A2
4ome remarks o the 0ubbakaraa, 0ubbakicca, a! 0attaka&&a A@
<he 4ummary o$ 0reparatios a! 0re&imiary Luties A@
0reparatios AH
0re&imiary Luties) 0risu!!hi a! Cha!a A8
Co$essio G2
Lay, 4easo, #structig the BhikkhuJs, Cumber, a! "rms&egth GH
4Jm G9
Commo :$$eces H2
2
0ersos -,ua&i$ie! to 0articipate i the 0timokkha .ecitatio H2
4uspe!ig the 0timokkha H@
<he #%itatio by the '&!er H8
0re&imiary Luties i the #tro!uctios to the 0rtimok>as?tras HA
<he .e&atio bet2ee the Ci!a a! the 0a!abhEaa HH
<he 0timokkha a! its 6eaig 80
<he 0urpose o$ the 0timokkha .ecitatio 8G
4utta a! 4utta%ibhaFga 88
: the 6eaig o$ 4utta i 4uttgata a! 4utta%ibhaFga 9@
: the <erm 0rEika 9H
: the <erm 4aFgh!isesa 702
Cote o the "rragemet a! <ras&atio 70H
1BhikkhuptimokkhaB+3 709
1Ci!Du!!eso3 709
1Ci!a cotiuatio3 77G
1Ci!a coc&usio3 72H
10rEikDu!!eso3 7@0
10r 7) 6ethua!hammasikkhpa!aB3 7@2
10r 2) "!i!asikkhpa!aB3 7@H
10r @) 6aussa%iggahasikkhpa!aB3 788
10r 8) -ttarimaussa!hammasikkhpa!aB3 789
10rEika coc&usio3 7AA
14aFkhitta(ptimokkhDu!!esa3 7AH
14aFgh!isesDu!!eso3 7A8
14! 7) 4ukka%issaIIhisikkhpa!aB3 7A9
14! 2) KyasaBsaggasikkhpa!aB3 7G0
14! @) LuIIhu&&a%csikkhpa!aB3 7G2
14! 8) "ttakmapricariyasikkhpa!aB3 7GA
14! A) 4aMcarittasikkhpa!aB3 7G8
14! G) KuIikrasikkhpa!aB3 7G9
14! H) Nihrakrasikkhpa!aB3 7H8
14! 8) LuIIha!osasikkhpa!aB3 7HA
14! 9) "MMabhgiyasikkhpa!aB3 782
14! 70) 4aFghabhe!asikkhpa!aB3 78@
14! 77) Bhe!u%attakasikkhpa!aB3 797
14! 72) Lubbacasikkhpa!aB3 79G
14! 7@) Ku&a!?sakasikkhpa!aB3 207
14aFgh!isesa coc&usio3 20A
1"iyatu!!eso3 277
1"iy 7) 0aIhama(aiyatasikkhpa!aB3 277
1"iy 2) Lutiya(aiyatasikkhpa!aB3 27A
1"iyata coc&usio3 27H
1Cissaggiya pcittiy3 278
1CJ%ara%aggo3 278
1C0 7) KaIhiasikkhpa!aB3 279
1C0 2) -!!ositasikkhpa!aB3 22G
1C0 @) "k&acJ%arasikkhpa!aB3 22H
1C0 8) 0uracJ%arasikkhpa!aB3 2@0
1C0 A) CJ%arappaIiggahaasikkhpa!aB3 2@7
1C0 G) "MMtaka%iMMattisikkhpa!aB3 2@2
@
1C0 H) <atDuttarisikkhpa!aB3 2@@
1C0 8) 0aIhama(upakkhaIasikkhpa!aB3 2@G
1C0 9) Lutiya(upakkhaIasikkhpa!aB3 2@9
1C0 70) .Easikkhpa!aB3 280
1C0 77) Kosiyasikkhpa!aB3 2A7
1C0 72) 4u!!hak;akasikkhpa!aB3 2A2
1C0 7@) L%ebhgasikkhpa!aB3 2A2
1C0 78) Chabbassasikkhpa!aB3 2A@
1C0 7A) CisJ!aasathatasikkhpa!aB3 2AA
1C0 7G) ';aka&omasikkhpa!aB3 2AG
1C0 7H) ';aka&oma!ho%paasikkhpa!aB3 2A8
1C0 78) .?piyasikkhpa!aB3 2A9
1C0 79) .?piyasaB%ohrasikkhpa!aB3 2G0
1C0 20) Kaya%ikkayasikkhpa!aB3 2G0
10atta%aggo3 2G7
10atta%aggo3 2G7
1C0 27) 0attasikkhpa!aB3 2G7
1C0 22) OapaMcaba!haasikkhpa!aB3 2G2
1C0 2@) BhesaEEasikkhpa!aB3 2G8
1C0 28) NassikasIikasikkhpa!aB3 2GH
1C0 2A) CJ%ara(acchi!aasikkhpa!aB3 2G9
1C0 2G) 4utta%iMMattisikkhpa!aB3 2H0
1C0 2H) 6ahpesakrasikkhpa!aB3 2H0
1C0 28) "ccekacJ%arasikkhpa!aB3 2H@
1C0 29) 4saFkasikkhpa!aB3 2HG
1C0 @0) 0ariatasikkhpa!aB3 287
1C0 coc&usio3 282
14u!!hapcittiy3 282
16us%!a%aggo3 28@
10c 7) 6us%!asikkhpa!aB3 28@
10c 2) :masa%!asikkhpa!aB3 28@
10c @) 0esuMMasikkhpa!aB3 288
10c 8) 0a!aso!hammasikkhpa!aB3 288
10c A) 0aIhamasahaseyyasikkhpa!aB3 28A
10c G) Lutiyasahaseyyasikkhpa!aB3 28H
10c H) Lhamma!esasikkhpa!aB3 28H
10c 8) Bh?trocaasikkhpa!aB3 288
10c 9) LuIIhu&&rocaasikkhpa!aB3 288
10c 70) 0aIha%Jkhaaasikkhpa!aB3 289
1Bh?tagma%aggo3 289
10c 77) Bh?tagmasikkhpa!aB3 289
10c 72) "MMa%!akasikkhpa!aB3 292
10c 7@) -EEhpaakasikkhpa!aB3 29@
10c 78) 0aIhamasesaasikkhpa!aB3 298
10c 7A) Lutiyasesaasikkhpa!aB3 29G
10c 7G) "upakhaEEasikkhpa!aB3 29H
10c 7H) CikkaPPhaasikkhpa!aB3 298
10c 78) NehsakuIisikkhpa!aB3 299
10c 79) 6aha&&aka%ihrasikkhpa!aB3 @00
10c 20) 4appakasikkhpa!aB3 @0@
8
1Bhikkhuo%!a%aggo3 @08
10c 27) :%!asikkhpa!aB3 @08
10c 22) "tthaFgatasikkhpa!aB3 @08
10c 2@) Bhikkhuupassayasikkhpa!aB3 @0A
10c 28) Qmisasikkhpa!aB3 @0A
10c 2A) CJ%ara!asikkhpa!aB3 @0G
10c 2G) CJ%arasibbaasikkhpa!aB3 @0G
10c 2H) 4aB%i!hasikkhpa!aB3 @0H
10c 28) C%bhiruhaasikkhpa!aB3 @09
10c 29) 0aripcitasikkhpa!aB3 @70
10c @0) .ahoisaEEasikkhpa!aB3 @77
1BhoEaa%aggo3 @72
10c @7) Q%asathapiPasikkhpa!aB3 @72
10c @2) RaabhoEaasikkhpa!aB3 @7@
10c @@) 0aramparabhoEaasikkhpa!aB3 @7A
10c @8) Kamtusikkhpa!aB3 @7G
10c @A) 0aIhamapa%rasikkhpa!aB3 @79
10c @G) Lutiyapa%rasikkhpa!aB3 @20
10c @H) Nik&abhoEaasikkhpa!aB3 @22
10c @8) 4ai!hikrakasikkhpa!aB3 @22
10c @9) 0aJtabhoEaasikkhpa!aB3 @2@
10c 80) Latapoasikkhpa!aB3 @28
1"ce&aka%aggo3 @2A
10c 87) "ce&akasikkhpa!aB3 @2A
10c 82) -yyoEaasikkhpa!aB3 @2G
10c 8@) 4abhoEaasikkhpa!aB3 @28
10c 88) .ahopaIicchaasikkhpa!aB3 @29
10c 8A) .ahoisaEEasikkhpa!aB3 @29
10c 8G) Crittasikkhpa!aB3 @@0
10c 8H) 6ahmasikkhpa!aB3 @@7
10c 88) -yyuttasesikkhpa!aB3 @@@
10c 89) 4e%sasikkhpa!aB3 @@@
10c A0) -yyo!hikasikkhpa!aB3 @@8
14urpa%aggo3 @@G
10c A7) 4urpasikkhpa!aB3 @@G
10c A2) "Fgu&ipato!akasikkhpa!aB3 @@G
10c A@) Hassa!hammasikkhpa!aB3 @@H
10c A8) "!ariyasikkhpa!aB3 @@H
10c AA) BhiBspaasikkhpa!aB3 @@8
10c AG) Sotisikkhpa!aB3 @@8
10c AH) Cahasikkhpa!aB3 @@9
10c A8) Lubbaakaraasikkhpa!aB3 @82
10c A9) Nikappaasikkhpa!aB3 @88
10c G0) "pai!hasikkhpa!aB3 @8A
14appa%aggo3 @8G
10c G7) 4aMciccasikkhpa!aB3 @8G
10c G2) 4appakasikkhpa!aB3 @8G
10c G@) -kkoIaasikkhpa!aB3 @8H
10c G8) LuIIhu&&asikkhpa!aB3 @88
10c GA) Oa%Jsati%assasikkhpa!aB3 @88
A
10c GG) <heyyasatthasikkhpa!aB3 @A0
10c GH) 4aB%i!hasikkhpa!aB3 @A7
10c G8) "riIIhasikkhpa!aB3 @A7
10c G9) -kkhittasambhogasikkhpa!aB3 @AG
10c H0) KaIakasikkhpa!aB3 @A9
14aha!hammika%aggo3 @G8
10c H7) 4aha!hammikasikkhpa!aB3 @G8
10c H2) Ni&ekhaasikkhpa!aB3 @GG
10c H@) 6ohaasikkhpa!aB3 @G8
10c H8) 0ahrasikkhpa!aB3 @87
10c HA) <a&asattikasikkhpa!aB3 @87
10c HG) "m?&akasikkhpa!aB3 @82
10c HH) 4aMciccasikkhpa!aB3 @82
10c H8) -passutisikkhpa!aB3 @8@
10c H9) KammappaIibhaasikkhpa!aB3 @88
10c 80) Cha!aB(a!at%(gamaasikkhpa!aB3 @8A
10c 87) Lubba&asikkhpa!aB3 @8G
10c 82) 0arimaasikkhpa!aB3 @8H
1.ataa%aggo3 @88
10c 8@) "tepurasikkhpa!aB3 @88
10c 88) .ataasikkhpa!aB3 @97
10c 8A) Nik&agmappa%esaasikkhpa!aB3 @9@
10c 8G) 4?cigharasikkhpa!aB3 @9@
10c 8H) 6aMcapJIhasikkhpa!aB3 @98
10c 88) <?&oa!!hasikkhpa!aB3 @9A
10c 89) CisJ!aasikkhpa!aB3 @9G
10c 90) KaPuppaIicch!isikkhpa!aB3 @9H
10c 97) NassikasIikasikkhpa!aB3 @9H
10c 92) Ca!asikkhpa!aB3 @98
10cittiya coc&usio3 @99
10Ii!esaJy3 800
10! 7) 0aIhamapIi!esaJyasikkhpa!aB3 800
10! 2) LutiyapIi!esaJyasikkhpa!aB3 802
10! @) <atiyapIi!esaJyasikkhpa!aB3 80A
10! 8) CatutthapIi!esaJyasikkhpa!aB3 80H
10Ii!esaJya coc&usio3 808
14ekhiy3 809
10arimaPa&a%aggo3 870
14ekh 7 T 2) 0arimaPa&asikkhpa!aB3 870
14ekh @ T 8) 4uppaIicchaasikkhpa!aB3 872
14ekh A T G) susaB%utasikkhpa!aB3 87@
14ekh H T 8) :kkhittacakkhusikkhpa!aB3 87@
14ekh 9 T 70) -kkhittakasikkhpa!aB3 878
14ekh 77 T 72) -EEagghikasikkhpa!aB3 87A
14ekh 7@ T 78) -ccasa!!asikkhpa!aB3 87G
14ekh 7A T 7G) Kyappac&akasikkhpa!aB3 87H
14ekh 7H T 78) Bhuppac&akasikkhpa!aB3 87H
14ekh 79 T 20) 4Jsappac&akasikkhpa!aB3 87H
1Khambhakata%aggo3 878
14ekh 27 T 22) Khambhakatasikkhpa!aB3 878
G
14ekh 2@ T 28) :guIhitasikkhpa!aB3 879
14ekh 2A) -kkuIikasikkhpa!aB3 879
14ekh 2G 0a&&atthikasikkhpa!aB3 827
14ekh 2H) 4akkaccapaIiggahaasikkhpa!aB3 822
14ekh 28) 0attasaMMJpaIiggahaasikkhpa!aB3 822
14ekh 29) 4amas?pakapaIiggahaasikkhpa!aB3 82@
14ekh @0) 4amatitthikasikkhpa!aB3 828
14akacca%aggo3 82A
14ekh @7) 4akkaccabhuMEaasikkhpa!aB3 82A
14ekh @2) 0attasaMMJbhuMEaasikkhpa!aB3 82A
14ekh @@) 4apa!asikkhpa!aB3 82G
14ekh @8) 4amas?pakasikkhpa!aB3 82G
14ekh @A) Ca(th?pakatasikkhpa!aB3 82G
14ekh @G) :!aappaIicch!aasikkhpa!aB3 828
14ekh @H) 4?po!aa%iMMattisikkhpa!aB3 829
14ekh @8) -EEhasaMMJsikkhpa!aB3 829
14ekh @9) Kaba;asikkhpa!aB3 829
14ekh 80) Q&opasikkhpa!aB3 8@0
1"hata%aggo3 8@7
14ekh 87) "haIasikkhpa!aB3 8@7
14ekh 82) BhuMEamasikkhpa!aB3 8@7
14ekh 8@) 4akaba;asikkhpa!aB3 8@2
14ekh 88) 0iPukkhepakasikkhpa!aB3 8@2
14ekh 8A) Kaba;%acche!akasikkhpa!aB3 8@@
14ekh 8G) "%agaPakrakasikkhpa!aB3 8@@
14ekh 8H) Hatthai!!huakasikkhpa!aB3 8@8
14ekh 88) 4itth%akrakasikkhpa!aB3 8@8
14ekh 89) Si%hicchrakasikkhpa!aB3 8@8
14ekh A0) Capucapukrakasikkhpa!aB3 8@A
14urusuru%aggo3 8@A
14ekh A7) 4urusurukrakasikkhpa!aB3 8@A
14ekh A2) Hatthai&&ehakasikkhpa!aB3 8@A
14ekh A@) 0attai&&ehakasikkhpa!aB3 8@G
14ekh A8) :IIhai&&ehakasikkhpa!aB3 8@G
14ekh AA) 4misasikkhpa!aB3 8@G
14ekh AG) 4asitthakasikkhpa!aB3 8@H
14ekh AH) Chattapisikkhpa!aB3 8@H
14ekh A8) LaPapisikkhpa!aB3 8@8
14ekh A9) 4atthapisikkhpa!aB3 8@8
14ekh G0) Q%u!hapisikkhpa!aB3 8@8
10!uka%aggo3 8@9
14ekh G7) 0!ukasikkhpa!a3 8@9
14ekh G2) -phaasikkhpa!aB3 8@9
14ekh G@) Uasikkhpa!aB3 8@9
14ekh G8) 4ayaasikkhpa!aB3 880
14ekh GA) 0a&&atthikasikkhpa!aB3 880
14ekh GG) NeIhitasikkhpa!aB3 880
14ekh GH) :guIhitasikkhpa!aB3 880
14ekh G8 Chamsikkhpa!aB3 887
14ekh G9 CJcsaasikkhpa!aB3 887
H
14ekh H0) Vhitasikkhpa!aB3 882
14ekh H7) 0acchatogamaasikkhpa!aB3 882
14ekh H2) -ppatheagamaasikkhpa!aB3 882
14ekh H@) Vhito(uccrasikkhpa!aB3 88@
14ekh H8) Harite(uccrasikkhpa!aB3 88@
14ekh HA) -!ake(uccrasikkhpa!aB3 888
14ekhiya coc&usio3 888
1"!hikaraasamath3 88A
14ett&emets o$ Kega& #ssues Cotiue!3 88G
1"!hikaraa Coc&usio3 8A7
10timokkha Coc&usio3 8A2
10timokkha Coc&usio Cotiue!3 8A@
"ppe!i5 # 8AH
-posathapubbakaraapubbakicci 8AH
Burmese %ersio 8AH
Nersio as use! i 4ri Kaka 4iyam Cikya a! "marapura Cikya a! <hai 6ahikya 8A8
4ri Kaka 4ri Ka;ya Uogshrama 4aBsIh%a %ersio 8GA
<hai Lhammayuttika(ikya Nersio 8H7
<he :rigi o$ the =uestio a! "s2er Nersio o$ the 0ubbakicca(pubbakara 8H8
"ppe!i5 ## 88H
<he 4ikkhpa!a(u!!a 88H
<he 4ikkhpa!a(u!!a i the 78HA 4iha&ese e!itio o$ the Bhikkhuptimokkha 888
4ikkhpa!a(u!!a i the Raoru2a 0timokkha 6auscript 897
"ppe!i5 ### 898
Co$essio i the 6?&asikkh, etc+ 898
8
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2
C as a Cetre o$ 0&i Kiteratur[W S0<4, %o& aaN#, 2000, pp+779Y@H+
Hiraka2a, "kira+ 2onasti! "is!ip%ine for the Buddhist 6unsW "+ Hiraka2a, 0ata, 7982+
9
Horer, #+ B+ Book of "is!ip%ine I<VIW :5$or!, 79@8YGG+
Hu(%o Hi`ber, Haiya+ Z4ome .emarks o the 4askrit 6auscript o$ the 6?&asar%sti%!a(0rtimok>as?tra
$ou! i <ibet,[ 4aina-Itihsa-5atna i Indi!a et Ti*eti!a, Ba! 8H, 6arburg, 200G, pp+ 28@Y@@8+
#!arataa, Ka&a%i&a, Bhikkhu, /a=kh3itara>$, 4oma2athi He2a2itharaa <rust, Co&ombo 7988+
Sai, Kai&ash, Cha!+ 1ord 2ah3$ra and His TimesW 7997+
Suo(Hs`eh 4hih, BhikkhuJ) Contro3ersies o3er Buddhist 6unsW :5$or!, 2000+
Kie$$er(0`&\, 0etra+ ZCeremoia& Bou!aries i the Bu!!hist <ra!itio i 4ri Kaka[W ,i%he%m #ei'er and the Study
of the History and Cu%ture of Sri 1anka, e!+ -&rich '%er!ig u! "saga <i&akarate, Co&ombo 7999, pp+8@Y
90+
Ke%i, 4+ Z4ur u &ague preCaoi,ue !u Bou!!hisme[W 4ourna% Asiati?ue, serie 55, tome 55, 7972+
6ac!oe&&, "rthur+ A History of Sanskrit 1iteratureW 7899+
6ac!oe&, "+ T Keith, "+ B+ Vedi! Index of 6ames and Su*@e!tsW Le&hi, 7982+
6isra, R+ 4+W The A'e of VinayaW Le&hi, 79H2+
6oier /i&&iams, 6+ Sanskrit-&n'%ish "i!tionaryW :5$or!, 7899+
a!assaa, Bhikkhu+ Bhikkhu-PtimokkhaAB"as Hauptre'e%werk der Buddhistis!hen Bette%m;n!heW 4ri Kaka, 7999+
amo&i, Bhikkhu, a! Bo!hi, Bhikkhu+ 2idd%e 1en'th "is!ourses of the BuddhaW Ka!y, 799A+
amo&i, BhikkhuW The PCimokkha, DDE fundamenta% ru%es of a *hikkhu+ 6ah 6akuI "ca!emy, Bagkok, 79GG+
1

arma, 0+, Bhikkhu+ 2ission A!!omp%ishedW 4igapore, 799H+
Co&ot, '+ Z4tu!ies i Niaya <echica& <erms, #Y###,[ S0<4 aa##, 799G, pp+H@Y7A0+
Corma, K+ .+ &%ders Verses IW :5$or!, 79G9+
__+ &%ders Verses IIW :5$or!, 79H7+
__+ #roup of "is!ourses IIW :5$or!, 7992+ Ce2 e!itio) #roup of "is!ourses (2
!
e!itio)W :5$or! 2007+
__+ The ,ord of the "o!trine ("hammapada)W :5$or!, 2000+
__+ Co%%e!ted Papers #YN##W :5$or!, 7990Y2007+
__+ A Phi%o%o'i!a% Approa!h to Buddhism: Kacaster, 200G+
Corma, K+ .+ T 0ruitt, /i&&iam+ The PtimokkhaW :5$or!, 2007+
__+ /a=kh3itara>$, Ptimokkha aCChakath, :5$or!, 200@+
:&i%e&&e, 0+ Buddhist 2ona!hismW Co&ombo, 79H8+
0acho2, /+ Comparati3e Study of the Prtimok+aW 4atieka, 79AA+
0a&iha2a!aa, 6ahi!a+ Z0&i 4aEEhya a! 4askrit 4%!hyya[W 5e!ent 5esear!hes in Buddhist Studies, &ssays in
Honour of ProfF GF /arundasa: p+p+ 89@YA7A, Co&ombo, 799H+
0erio&a, Nito, 4+ S+ P%i #rammarW :5$or!, 799H+
0rebish, Char&es 4+ A Sur3ey of Vinaya 1iteratureW Lharma Kamp 4eries, <aipei, 7998+
__+ Buddhist 2onasti! "is!ip%ine, Le&hi, 799G+
.hys La%i!s, <+ /+ T :&!eberg, H+ Vinaya TextsW 7880+
.hys La%i!s, <+ /+, T 4te!e, /+ P%i &n'%ish "i!tionaryW Ko!o, 7927Y2A+
.ose, Na&etia+ "er Vinaya3i*ha='a Hum Bhik+u Prtimok+a der Sar3sti3dinW Ber&i, 79A9+
.oth, Rusta% Z<ermio&ogisches aus !em Niaya !er 6ahsFghika[W -eits!hrift der "euts!hen 2or'en%andis!hen
#ese%s!haft 778, 79G8, pp+ @@8Y@@8+
__+ Bhik+u>i<3inayaI 2anua% of "is!ip%ine for Buddhist 6unsW 0ata, 79H0+
__+ Z<he Kaguage o$ the Qrya(6ahsaFghika(Kokottara%!is[W pub&ishe! i The 1an'ua'e of the ear%iest
Buddhist TraditionW Rbttige, 7980+
4a&omo, .ichar!+ An!ient Buddhist S!ro%%s from #andhra, Ko!o, 7999+
4imso, Reorg %o+ Prtimok+as7tra der Sar3sti3dins, <ei& ##W Rbttige, 2000+
4ki&&ig, 0eter+ Z" .ecet&y Lisco%ere! 0&i #scriptio $rom Cakho 0athom[W S0<4, No& aa###, 799H+
1
Cotais the 0;i 0timokkha te5t use! by the <hai Lhammayuttikaikya moastic or!er together 2ith a tras&atio o$ the
0timokkha by Bh+ amo&i+ <he &arger 79G9 e!itio has a !i$$eret itro!uctio, etc+ <he a!!ig o$ the 0;i a! the tras&atio
o$ the pre&imiary !uties, the itro!uctio a! the otes 2ere !oe by aother uko2 bhikkhu because amo&i 2ou&! ot
ha%e tras&ate! the <hai %ersio o$ the pre&imiary !uties+ <he 79G9 e!itio, p+7AA, metios that Eust the tras&atio o$ the te5t
2as recei%e! a$ter the !eath o$ bhikkhu amo&i a! that a $e2 chages 2ere ma!e to the tras&atio to a!apt it to <hai
sta!ar!s+
70
__+ Z6ahya a! Bo!hisatt%a) " essay to2ar!s historica& u!ersta!ig[W Phothisatawa *arami kap
san'khom thai nai sahatsawat mai, Bagkok, 2008, pp+ 7@9Y7AG+
<aita, Cathma&+ Prtimok+as7tram of the 1okottara3di-2ahsa='hika s!hoo%W 0ata, 79HG+
<aita, Cathma& T Kumar 6+6+ Aspe!ts of 4aina 2onasti!ismW Le&hi, 7980+
<ekchok, "charya Reshe ShampaW 2onasti! 5ites, /is!om, Ko!o, 7988+
<haissaro, Bhikkhu+ The Buddhist 2onasti! CodeW Na&&ey Ceter, 799G+ (<here are se%era& e!itios, each 2ith
!i$$eret pagiatio+)
__+ The Buddhist 2onasti! Code III The /handhaka 5u%esW Na&&ey Ceter, 2007+
<i&akarate, "saFga+ ZSa='$ti a! sma''$) Commua& .ecitatio a! the -ity o$ the 4aFgha[W Buddhist Studies
5e3iew, %o& 7H, Co+ 2, 2000, pp+ 7HAY79H+
<recker, N+, etc+ A Criti!a% P%i "i!tionaryW Copehage, starte! i 7928+
<somo, Karma Kekse+ Sisters in So%itudeW Le&hi, 799H+
NaEiraMa%arorasa, 4om!et+ The &ntran!e to the Vinaya, No&+ ###, 798@,
Vass3sa) A 5ains 5etreat Annua%, %arious authors, BagkokW 79GA+
/ar!er, "+ K+ Introdu!tion to P%iW :5$or!, 79G@+
/iEesekera, :+ H+ Le "+ The Syntax of the Cases in the P%i 6ikyasW Co&ombo, 7998+
/u Ui, Bhikshui+ Choosin' Simp%i!ityW #thaca, 2007+
77
Abbre#iations
Abbre#iations of $rammati%al Terms
ab&+) ab&ati%e+
abs+) abso&uti%e+
acc+) accusati%e+
a!E+) a!Eecti%e+
a!%+) a!%erb+
aor+) aorist+
Bb cp!+) bahubbJhi cp!+
c$) compare+
co+) coecti%e+
corr+) corre&ati%e+
cp!) compou!+
!at+) !ati%e+
!em+) !emostrati%e+
!e+) !eomiati%e+
!er+ $r+) !eri%e! $rom+
!isE+) !isEucti%e+
eg+) $or e5amp&e+
emph+) emphatic+
$+) $emiie+
$+p+p+) $uture passi%e particip&e+
$r+) $rom, !eri%e! $rom+
$ut+) $uture+
ge+) geiti%e+
hyp+) hypothetica&+
i+e+) that is+
imp+) imperati%e+
i!+) i!icati%e+
i!ec&+) i!ec&iab&e+
i$+) i$iiti%e+
is+) istrumeta&+
iter+) iterrogati%e+
&it+) &itera&&y+
&oc+) &ocati%e+
m+) mascu&ie+
eg+) egati%e+
om+) omiati%e+
t+) euter+
um+) umera&+
opt+) optati%e+
pass+) passi%e+
pers+) persoa&+
p&+) p&ura&+
p+p+) past particip&e+
pre$+) pre$i5+
pro+) proou+
pr+p+) preset particip&e+
prep+) prepositio
re&+) re&ati%e+
sg+) sigu&ar+
su$+) su$$i5+
tapp+) tappurisa+
%+&+) %ariat rea!ig+
%+&+&+) %ariat rea!igs+
c) %erba&(root+
d) stregtheig o$ cW or) a&teratio o$ cosoat+
*) <o be i%estigate! a!eor u$iishe!+
Abbre#iations of rules
"iy) "iyata ((ru&e)+
"!hik) "!hikaraasamatha ((ru&e)+
Ci!+) Ci!a ((sectio)+
C0) Cissaggiya 0cittiya ((ru&e)+
0r) 0rEika ((ru&e)+
0c) 0cittiya ((ru&e)+
0!) 0Ii!esaJya ((ru&e)+
4!) 4aFgh!isesa ((ru&e)+
4ekh) 4ekhiya ((ru&e)+
72
&e%ondary 'iterature( et%.
("bbre%iatios o$ u&iste! Caoica& 0;i 2orks are as gi%e i 0'L 5iY5ii+)
(a) aIIhakathW prece!e! by the tit&e abbre%iatio o$ the Caoica& 0;i te5t, e+g+ -!(a+
BL) Book of "is!ip%ine: #+B+ Horer, 79@8YGG+
Be) Burmese e!itio+ ChaIIha 4aFgyaa e!+ (N.# CL(.:6+)
BH4LR # T ##) Buddhist Hy*rid Sanskrit #rammar and "i!tionary I<II, F+ '!gerto, Ce2 Ha%e, 79A@+
B6C #) The Buddhist 2onasti! CodeW <haissaro Bhikkhu, 6etta Forest 6oastery, Ca&i$oria, 799G+ (<here are
se%era& e!itios, each 2ith !i$$eret pagiatio+)
B6C ##) The Buddhist 2onasti! Code III The /handhaka 5u%esW Vhissaro Bhikkhu, 2007+
B6L) Buddhist 2onasti! "is!ip%ine, Char&es 4+ 0rebish, Le&hi, 799G+
B00) The Bhikshu Pratimoksha Pre!epts from the (our-Part Vinaya of the "harma'upta S!hoo%W Bu!!hist <e5t
<ras&atio 4ociety, City o$ <e <housa! Bu!!has, Ca&i$oria+
B4.) Buddhist Studies 5e3iewW -K+
Bu!sir) .oya& <hai <ipiIaka+ Ligita& e!itio prepare! by the 6ahi!o& -i%erstiy, Bagkok, 799H+
BN) Bhik+u>i<3inayaI 2anua% of "is!ip%ine for Buddhist 6uns: R+ .othW 0ata, 79H0+
Ce) ZCey&o e!itio,[ Buddha 4ayanti TipiCaka Series, Co&ombo, 4ri Kaka+
C0) Co%%e!ted Papers #YN##W Corma, K+.+ :5$or!, 7990Y2007+
C0L) A Criti!a% P%i "i!tionaryW N+ <recker etc, Copehage, starte! i 7928+
C0'L) Con!ise P%i &n'%ish "i!tionaryW "+0+ Bu!!ha!atta, Co&ombo, 79A8+
C40) Comparati3e Study of the Prtimok+aW /+ 0acho2, 4atieka, 79AA+
C%) Cu&&a%agga+
Lhg) Lharmaguptaka+
Lickso) The Ptimokkha, *ein' the Buddhist 0ffi!e of the Confession of Priests, S+F+ Lickso, 4ourna% of the 5oya%
Asiati! So!iety, Ce2 4eries N###, pp+ G2Y7@0, 78HG+
L0) A "i!tionary of P%iW 6argaret Coe, :5$or!, 2007+
L0K) "i!tionary of P%i 1an'ua'eW Chi&!ers, Ko!o, 78H8+
e!+) e!itio+ e!s+) e!itios+
'e) 'uropea e!itio+ 0&i <e5t 4ociety (0+<+4+), :5$or!+
Fiot) 1e Prtimok+as7tra des Sar3sti3dins+ K+ FiotF 0aris, 7978+
H) HorerW Book of "is!ip%ine (X BLW see abo%e)+
#0) Introdu!tion to P%iW "+K+ /ar!erW :5$or!, 79G@+
S0<4) 4ourna% of the P%i Text So!ietyW :5$or!+
KC Z-pub&ishe! Ri&git Fragmet o$ the 0rtimok>as?tra[W Kokesh Cha!ra, 79G0, pp+ 7Y7@+
6(K) 6ahsaFghika(Kokottara%!a+
6i 4e) 6ahi!o -i%ersity 4iam e!itio o$ the 0timokkha+ (CL(.:6+)
6m 4e) 6ah 6akuI "ca!emye6ahmakuIarEa%i!y&a 4iam e!itio o$ the 0timokkha as gi%e i m+
ms+) mauscript+
mss+) mauscripts+
6?) 6?&asar%sti%!a+
6%) 6ah%agga+
6/) 6oier /i&&iams, 6+W Sanskrit-&n'%ish "i!tionaryW :5$or!, 7899+
amo&i, BhikkhuW The PCimokkha, Bagkok, 79GG+
!) a!assaa, Bhikkhu+ Bhikkhu-PtimokkhaA, 7999+
0a!abhEaa) the Zaa&ysis o$ the &iee2or!,[ i+e+, the o&! commetary ec&ose! 2ithi the 4utta%ibhaFga,
a&so ca&&e! pada*h@aniya
0'L) P%i &n'%ish "i!tionaryW .hys La%i!s a! 4te!eW Ko!o, 7927Y2A+
0R) A P%i #rammar, /+ Reiger, :5$or!, 7998+
0m) 0timokkha+
0r6o) 0rtimok>as?tra+
0r6o6(K) Prtimok+as7tram of the 1okottara3di-2ahsa='hika s!hoo%W Cathma& <aita, 0ata, 79HG+
0r6o6?) 27%asar3sti3da Prtimok+as7tra, "+ C+ BaerEee, 79HH+
0r6o4a) Prtimok+as7tra der Sar3sti3dins, <ei& ##W Reorg %o 4imso, Rbttige, 2000+
.L T :) .hys La%i!s a! :&!eberg (i Vinaya Texts)+
4a) 4ar%sti%!i
4kt) 4askrit+
4p) Samantapsdik Vinaya-aCChakath+
4004) Se%e!ted Papers on PJi StudiesW :scar %o Hi`ber, :5$or!, 7998+
4yta5) The Syntax of the Cases in the P%i 6ikyasW :+ H+ Le "+ /iEesekera, Co&ombo 7998+
<0+ The PtimokkhaW K+ .+ Corma a! /i&&iam 0ruitt, :5$or!, 2007+
Nibh) 4utta%ibhaFga+
N#C4) Vedi! Index of 6ames and Su*@e!ts: "+ "+ 6ac!oe& T "+ B+ KeithW Le&hi, 7982+
78
Ptimokkha )ditions Consulted
Printed Sinhalese Editions
Bh0m 7) BhikkhuptimokkhaA+ (/o%om*a demaCa'oda padiK!i 3i%%ora'e @oronis diyasda, 4ayas7riya'e dond3it
appuhmida, 3ati'a ra!!hi'e pako%is prerada+) 2879e78HA+ <his is probab&y the o&!est prite! 0timokkha
e!itio i 4iha&ese script+ <he serpet(shape paragraph marker ca&&e! kuPa&iya, , 2hich !eotes
the e! o$ a sectio or ru&e i mauscripts, are sti&& use! i this e!itio+ #t gi%es some %ariat rea!igs
i $oototes+ #t is base! o mauscripts use! i the 4iyam Cikya+ <his is oticab&e as the rea!igs
2hich more o$te agree 2ith the 6i a! 6m 4e rea!igs tha 2ith the Burmese e!itio (Be) or
Burmese origi "marapura Cikya e!itios (-m T -0 Ce), e+g+, Lm, -m T -0 Ce rea! uttari i C0
@, etc+, istea! o$ uttariA 2hich is use! i the other e!itios (c$+ the ZBurmese[ e3am-e3a agaist the
Z<hai[ e3am-e3aA i Ci!W the ZBurmese[ myasmLm yasm agaist the Z<hai[ m yasm i 4! 70W
a! the ZBurmese[ (!etpannni upakkhaCni agaist <haie4iha&ese Z(!etpanL!etpann upakkhaC i
C0 9+)
Bh0m 2) BhikkhuptimokkhaA !e3a *hikkhu>iptimokkhaA+ /+4+ 0erera, 28@9e789A+ /ith a $e2 e5ceptios,
i!etica& 2ith Bh0m 7+
-m) )*hayamtikpJi or Bhikkhu*hikkhuniptimokkha+ '!ite! by "+6+ Nima&asra thero a! re%ise! by 0a!it
6+ Lharmarata B+6+4+ Co&ombo, 28AHe7978+ <he tit&e a! rea!igs i the te5t i!icates that this is a
Burmese origi te5t use! i the "marapura a!eor .maMMa Cikya+
L) The Ptimokkha, *ein' the Buddhist 0ffi!e of the Confession of Priests, Lickso, S+F+ 4ourna% of the 5oya% Asiati!
So!iety, Ce2 4eries N### pp+ G2Y7@0, 78HG+ " te5t base! o the mauscripts $ou! at the 6a&2atte
Nihra, 2hich is the hea!,uarters o$ the 4iyamup&i%aBsa chapter o$ the 4iam(ikya+
! Ce) Bhikkhu-PtimokkhaAB"as Hauptre'e%werk der Buddhistis!hen Bette%m;n!heW a!assaa, Bhikkhu, 4ri
Kaka, 7999+ 4iha&ese 0;i te5t use! by the Ra&!u2a chapter o$ the .maMMa Cikya+ <he te5t is ot
i!etica& 2ith Ce Nibh a! seems to ha%e some 6m 4e rea!igs that perhaps are !ue to the typist
usig 6m 4e $or the origia& typig+ ! Ce has ot bee use! $or %+&+&+W e5cept $or the sectio tit&es
a! coc&usios+
.a) 0timokkha e!itio as gi%e i the 4ri Kaka Niaya(maua& ca&&e! the 5atanrthasudan$-nam3u-
*hik+u*hik+u>$-prtimok+a3ar>an3a, e!ite! by 4outtara Siarataa thera a! .atgama 0ragfekhara,
Co&ombo, 798G+
-0) )*haya Pratimok+ayaW .erukae Cha!a%ima&a theraW 0okuu2ita, 79AG+ " 4ri Kaka e!itio i use by
the "marapura Cikya+ #$&uece! by Burmese te5ts+
Burmese and Thai Printed or Digital Editions
Lm) "3e 2tikpJi+ Burmese e!itio o$ both the Bhikkhu- a! the Bhikkhun$-ptimokkha $ou! prece!ig the
te5t o$ the /a=kh3itara>$ i the ChaIIha 4aFgyaa e!+ ("s gi%e i C4CL+) -&ike other e!itios,
there are o %+&+ gi%e i the Be 0timokkha+
6i 4e) 6ahi!o 4iam e!itio+ <he 0timokkha %ersio use! by the <hai 6ahikya that is $ou! prece!ig
Kkh i the 6ahi!o -i%ersity <hai e!itio+ (6ahi!o CL(.:6+)
6m 4e) 6aha 6akuI 4iam e!itio o$ the 0timokkha as gi%e i m+ <his is the %ersio recite! i the <hai
Lhammayuttika(ikya+
Suttavibhaga Editions
Nibh i!icates that the rea!ig is $rom the ru&e i the 4utta%ibhaFga, rather tha $rom the 0timokkha+ <here
is o i!epe!et Ce a! 'e 0timokkha te5t+
Nibh Be) 4utta%ibhaFga e!itio o$ o$ the Burmese ChaIIha 4aFgyaa e!itio+
Nibh 'e) 4utta%ibhaFga e!itio o$ the 0a&i <e5t 4ociety, Ko!o+
Nibh Ce) 4utta%ibhaFga e!itio o$ the ZCey&o e!itio,[ i+e+, the 4ri Kaka Bu!!ha Sayati <ipiIaka 4eries+
7A
Nibh 'e) 4utta%ibhaFga o$ the 'uropea 0&i <e5t 4ociety (0<4) e!itio+
Handwritten Sinhalese Manuscripts
For this e!itio se%era& 4iha&ese pa&m(&ea$ mauscripts ha%e bee cosu&te!+ <hey !ate $rom &ater tha the
mi! 78
th
cetury, 2he the upasampad 2as reistate! 2ith the he&p o$ 4iamese bhikkhus+ "&so oe Khom
script 4iamese mauscript 2as cosu&te!, but o mauscripts i other scripts + #t 2ou&! a&so be 2orth2hi&e to
cosu&t o&! Burmese a!, i$ they e5ist, K C 0timokkha mauscripts, but # ha%e o comma! o$ the
scripts yet+
C is the abbre%iatio use! $or the Bhikkhu Ptimokkha PJi mauscript+ Catioa& 6useum Kibrary 6auscript
G ' 9+ Co+ 70 i Le 4i&%aDs Cata%o'ue of the 6ationa% 2useum 1i*rary+ Catioa& 6useum, 4ir 6arcus Fera!o
6a2atha, Co&ombo H+
<his is probab&y a o&!er 0timokkha mauscript tha the other 0timokkha i this &ibrary (o+ AG i Le
4i&%aDs cata&ogue, copie! i 78AA) as it has ye&&o2ish(bro2 &ea%es, 2hi&e the &ea%es o$ the &atter are 2hite+
0robab&y it is a 78
th
cetury mauscript+ #t has c&ear, &arge ha!2ritig a! has ice !ra2igs at start
(&otuses) a! the e! (&ios spittig $ire)+ #t has a p&ai har!2oo! co%er+
# geera& this is a goo! mauscript 2ith o omissios a! $e2 scriba& errors+
<he ortheographic pecu&iarities o$ this mauscript are that the ru ({) a! r7 (}) characters (as i r7pa(,
r7JhaeruJha) most&y appear u!istiguishab&e as ru M{)+ 4ometimes & ( ) comes i the p&ace o$ ; ( , e+g+,
ka*a%a) a! oce %ice %ersa (e+g+, a!eJaka()+ " $e2 times n comes i the p&ace o$ >, i+e+, samana*hatta at 0c @2
a! samanuddeso at 0c H0+ #stea! o$ the asa& = (e+g+, i sa='ha), the iggahJta (M) is use! (saA'haF) <he scribe
has a uusua& (!ia&ectg) 2ay o$ 2ritig the $ a! J characters+
/+ <he &ast mauscript is a&most i!etica& 2ith a Ptimokkha mauscript $ou! i a p&ai har!2oo! co%er i
the co&&ectio o$ the /athrakapasa&a i the 6a&2atta Nihra comp&e5 i Ka!y, 2hich is abbre%iate! as /+
: the $irst &ea$ it says) ,atNrakapansa%a+ <here is oe &ea$ at the e! 2hich states the or!iatio o$ t2o moks
a! their upa@@hyas a! kamm!riyas, oe ca&&e! 0?!u&upota .e%ata 2ith 6oratoIa Lhammakkha!ha
yaka as upa@@hya, the other /aIaraka 4obhita 2ith 0arakumbure /ipassJ "uyaka as upa@@hya+ <he
!ate o$ or!iatio is the /esak $u&& moo i the year 2@@8 o$ the Bu!!ha era 2hich correspo!s to 7H9A C'+
"t the e! o$ a 0timokkha mauscript $ou! i the 4irima&2attapasa&a i 6a&2atta a! the 0otgu&%ihra
i 6hikhia there is a simi&ar &ea$ gi%ig the or!iatio !ate o$ a mok a! $urther !etai&s+ #t is 2e&& possib&e
that i 6a&2atta Ptimokkhas mauscripts 2ere gi%e to e2&y or!aie! moks as a upasampad preset+ <he
mauscript is a 2e&& 2ritte mauscript 2ith $e2 mistakes a! c&ear 2ritig+
R is the abbre%iatio use! $or the mauscript $ou! i a p&ai har!2oo! co%er i the sma&& co&&ectio o$ the
Raoru2a .Eamah%ihra at Raoru2a ear 0er!eiya <he temp&e is coecte! to 6a&2atta+ <he
mauscript ca ot be !ate!, but appears to be &ate 78
th
or ear&y 79
th
cetury+ #t c&ear&y origiates $rom a
!i$$eret &ieage tha the sta!ar! 6a&2atta mauscripts as it cotais !i$$eret rea!igs o$te
correspo!ig to the oes $ou! i the 6i 4e a! 6m e!itios+ 6ost sigi$icat is the 4iamese rea!ig
pCimokkha istea! o$ ptimokkha+ 6oreo%er, it cotais a Sikkhpada-uddna a$ter the Ptimokkha 2hich # ha%e
ot $ou! i ay mauscripts i 6a&2atta or e&se2here+ Ho2e%er, it is $ou! attache! to a $e2 Khom script
0timokkha mauscripts $ou! i Frech co&&ectios+ #t appears to be a copy o$ a 4iamese Khom script
mauscript brought by 4iamese moks i the 78
th
cetury cetury+ #t cotais the same 4ekhiya sectio
chapter tit&es as the Khom script Bhikkhuptimokkha mauscript metioe! i Cata%o'ue of Cam*odian and
Burmese P%i 2anus!ripts (C+'+ Ro!akumbara, the .oya& Kibrary, Copehage, 798@) a! the 4iamese
mauscript metioe! i the Cata&ogue o$ 0&i mauscripts $ou! i the NiEayasu!ara (see e5t etry)+ #t is
2ritte i a c&ear ha!+ <here appear to be some Zcorrectios[ to make the te5t correspo! to other 4iha&ese
mauscripts+
N is the abbre%iatio use! $or the 4iamese BraO PCimokkhaA mauscript i the NiEayasu!ara 0ura(%ihra
i "sgiriya, Ka!y+ #t has bee !escribe! by Sac,ue&ie Fi&&io\at i the artic&e ZCata&ogue o$ the 0&i
6auscript Co&&ectio i <e5ts i Burmese T 4iamese script kept i the Kibrary o$ the NiEayasu!arrmaya,
7G
"sgiriya[, S0<4 aa# (799A), pp+ 7@AY797+ Fi&&io\at assige! it 2ith the re$erece "sgiriya 4iamese 9+ "&though
the mauscript has o co%er, it has bee 2e&& preser%e!+ #t is c&ear&y 2ritte, but has ot bee proper&y
checke! a! correcte!+ <hus, there are a $e2 ucorrecte! copyist mistakes, e+g+, mara>>aA istea! o$
mara>a3a>>aA i 0r @+ <hroughout the te5t there cosistet&y are some rea!igs 2hich o other 644 ha%e,
e+g+, tatr$daA, '$%na, kara>iya+
4e%era& rea!igs i this mauscript are a&so $ou! i R, e+g+, na s7paA 3 *yK@anaA 3 odanaA 3 i 4ekh
@H, a! paripa>hi- i 0c H7+ Because these rea!igs are ot $ou! i other 4iha&ese 644 the t2o mauscripts
seem to ha%e a commo acestry+
0 is the abbre%iatio use! $or the 0er!eiya -i%ersity Kibrary (0er!eiya) mauscript, i+e+, the seco!
Ptimokkha 64 i 6s 2HHG@H ca&&e! Vinaya'a>Chi 2hich cotais %arious te5ts (27%asikkha, /amma3!, etc+) i
oe bu!&e+ (0&ai 2oo!e co%er 2ith N+:+C+ coi !ate! 7HA7+) <his mauscript, a&though 2ritte 2ith a
e&egat a! c&ear ha!2ritig, has ,uite a $e2 scriba& errors such as parts o$ ru&es beig $orgotte a! 2as
ot $ou! 2orth2hi&e to be use!, ho2e%er, it co$irms the rea!igs (e+g+, 0! @) apanimantito istea! o$
animantito, 4ekh 28) o$ the Catioa& 6useum Kibrary mauscript a! they are c&ear&y origiatig $rom a
commo source+ " $e2 times this mauscript has bee metioe! to co$irm a rea!ig i aother mauscript
or te5t+ <he abbre%iatio is 0+
Other Editions
<0) <he 'e 0timokkha te5t by /+ 0ruitt i <0 has ot bee use! $or %+&+&+ e5cept oce, sice it is ot base! o
origia& mauscripts, but most&y o Be a! a&so the other mo!er e!itios+
:e o$ the reasos $or makig this e2 e!itio o$ the 0timokkha 2as because it 2as $e&t that the
Cormae0ruitt 0<4 e!itio 2as o%er&y re&yig o the Burmese 4i5th Couci& e!itio_2hich is ot a
coici!ece as 0ruitt is coecte! to a Burmese Bu!!hist me!itatio tra!itio_a! !i! ot take the prite!
4ri Kaka a! <hai e!itios ito su$$iciet cosi!eratio+ Further, o pa&m(&ea$ mauscripts at a&& 2ere
cosu&te! $or the 0<4 e!itio+
)ditions of Other P*i Te+ts ,uoted
# geera& the 'e a! Be e!itios ha%e bee use! i ,uotatios o$ other 0;i te5ts i the sectios o$ the
#tro!uctio a! i the 2or!(aa&ysis sectios, ho2e%er, the puctuatio has o$te bee a!apte! a! the
best rea!igs ha%e bee chose, 2he ha%ig !oe the &atter it orma&&y has bee i!icate!+ /he &istig
%ariat rea!igs o$ 0timokkha ru&es $rom the 4utta%ibhaFga or the Commetaries, the e!itio that is their
source is gi%e+
0g) Bhikkhuptimokkha'a>Chid$pan$ by akitti <hera, Chiag 6ai, 4iam, 7Ath C'+ '!itor) Ne+ Ka&age
Ruarataa 1Liscip&e o$ Ni!yo!aya 0ari%e!hipati Racriya iri 4umaFga&a3, 4ri Kaka+ 28@@e7889+ <his
e5p&aatio o$ !i$$icu&t a! obscure ('a>Chi) 2or!s a! passages i the 0timokkha 2as 2ritte by the
grammaria akitti thera 2ho &i%e! i Chiag 6ai, K C Kig!om, i Corther 4iame<hai&a! i the
7A
th
cetury a! 2rote se%era& other 0;i te5ts+
2
<his te5t has occasioa&&y bee checke!+
Bhik+uprtimok+a-padartha pub&ishe! i Sanna Sahita Bhik+u Bhik+u>i Prtimok+a "eka by 4uguasra <hera,
pub&ishe! i Co&ombo i 7928+ <his is the me!ie%a& 4iha&ese 2or! by 2or! tras&atio o$ the
Bhikkhuptimokkha ca&&e! Bhikkhuptimokkha-padrtha or Bhik+uprtimok+a-sannayaF #ts author a! e5act time
o$ compositio are uko2+ "ccor!ig to Ce%i&&,
3
it seems to be a aciet 2ork 2ritte i abtruse a!
c&assica& &aguageW Ce%i&& # 77A+ <hat it is aciet seems co$irme! by the $act that i a $e2 mauscripts it is
supp&emete! 2ith the Bhikkhun$ptimokkhapadrtha (see Ce%i&& # 7A8) a! this suggests that both might ha%e
bee 2ritte at a time that the Bhikkhun$ptimokkha 2as sti&& use! because bhikkhuJs sti&& e5iste!+ # ha%e
cosu&te! the e!itio o$ 4uguasra <hera, 2hich seems to be i!etica& 2ith the mauscript $ou! i the
2
4ee Hi`ber,799G, j @H9 a! Hi`ber 2000+
3
Cata%o'ue of the Hu'h 6e3i%% Co%%e!tion of Sinha%ese 2anus!ripts in the British 1i*rary, H %o&s+W K+L+ 4oma!asa, Ko!o, 798H (
9A+
7H
/athraka 0asa&a i 6a&2atta a! the oe i the 0era!eiya -i%ersity &ibrary+ 4uguasraDs e!itio is
accompaie! by a the 0timokkha te5t, but Eu!gig $rom the sectio coc&usios, $or 2hich # ha%e cosu&te!
this te5t, he has recostructe! the sectio coc&usios i accor!ace 2ith the sanna+
Prtimok-as.tras
4ome rea!igs $rom the Bu!!hist Hybri! 4askrit a! Bu!!hist 4askrit 0rtimok>as?tras
4
ha%e a&so bee
metioe! i$ they ca she! &ight o the origia& 0;i rea!ig+
<he te5ts use! are)
<he 6ahsaFghika(Kokuttara%!i 0rtimok>as?tra, preser%e! o pa&m(&ea%es i a 77
th
cetury script,
2as !isco%ere! a&most itact by the #!ia bhikkhu .hu&a 4skktyyaa i the lha(&u moastery (or, more
&ike&y, the ear(by lha(&u(ri(phug moasteryW see BN a#a(aa) i <ibet i the 79@0s a! e!ite! by <aita+ 6ay
o$ the ru&es are ,uote! (a! re(e!ite!) by .oth i Bhik>uJ(Niaya (BN), a e!itio o$ the Bhik>uJ Niaya,
2hich ic&u!es 2hat is correspo!ig to the 0;i BhikkhuJ NibhaFga, o$ the Qrya(6ahasaFghika(
&okottara%!i schoo&+ <he mauscript 2as $ou! i the same p&ace by bhikkhu .hu&a 4skktyyaa+
<2o icomp&ete (i+e+, !amage!) 6?&asar%sti%!i 0rtimok>as?tra mauscripts, preser%e! o birchbark
a! i a AYG
th
cetury script, 2ere !isco%ere! amog the mauscripts $ou! i a casket i a aciet st?pa i
Ri&git i Kashmir i the 7980s+ <hey 2ere e!ite! by "+C+ BaerEee a! K+ Cha!ra+
5
" icomp&ete 4ar%sti%!i 0rtimok>as?tra 2as $ou! by the Frech 0e&&iot e5pe!itio i the ruis o$
Lou&!our(a,our i Koutcha i the !esert o$ Cetra& "sia i the 7970s a! e!ite! by K+ Fiot+ " e2 a!
a&most comp&ete e!itio o$ the 4ar%sti%!i 0rtimok>as?tra 2as ma!e by Reorg %o 4imso a! pub&ishe!
i 2000+ #t is base! o may mauscript $ragmetars, ic&u!ig the $ragmets that Fiot use!, that 2ere
$ou! i the !esert oasis o$ Cetra& "sia by the 'uropea e5pe!itios i the ear&y 20th cetury+ Na&etia
.ose a&so ,uotes 4ar%sti%!i 0rtimok>a ru&es 2ith her tras&atio o$ the 4ar%sti%!i Niaya%ibhaFga
6
+
#$ there are %ariat rea!igs i the %arious 0;i e!itios the the rea!ig that is supporte! by the
0rtimok>as?tras is probab&y the authetic oe+ <his is because this commo rea!ig probab&y ate!ates the
schisms gi%ig rise to the %arious Bu!!hist schoo&s, 2hich chage! the &aguage o$ the 0atimokkha to
Bu!!hist Hybri! 4askrit a! Bu!!hist 4askrit+ " e5amp&e is the Ce Nibh rea!ig i 0r 8) [a@nam-
evha 3usoP 2hi&e other e!itios ha%e [a@nam-eva 3usoFP <he $ormer rea!ig is supporte! by the
0rtimok>as?tras as, $or e5amp&e, the 6ahsaFghika(Kokottara%!i %ersio has) [a@nnan-e3ham-
yu+manteFP
4
For some more i$ormatio o the 0rtimok>as?tras see) A Comparati3e Study of the Prtimok+a by /+ 0acho2W Buddhist
2onasti! "is!ip%ine by C+ 0rebishW a! The PCimokkha, DDE fundamenta% ru%es of a *hikkhu (pp+ 700Y779 o$ the 79GG e!itio)+
5
"other comp&ete 6?&asar%sti%!a 0rtimok>as?tra mauscript, o2 i the co&&ectio o$ the Cor bu &iF ka moastery i
<ibet, has bee !isco%ere! recet&y+ Haiya Hu(%o Hi`ber is, or 2as, 2orkig o a e!itio o$ itW see her artic&e Z4ome
.emarks o the 4askrit 6auscript o$ the 6?&asar%sti%!a(0rtimok>as?tra $ou! i <ibet,[ 6arburg, 200G+
6
"er Vinaya3i*ha='a Hum Bhik+u Prtimok+a der Sar3sti3dinW Ber&i, 79A9+
78
/ntrodu%tion
<his 2ork 2as origia&&y ite!e! to be a re%isio o$ 6aurice /a&sheDs Z4upp&emet to .ue Sohasos^ P%i
Texts for Be'inners,[ a e&emetary 2or! by 2or! tras&atio o$ the 0;i 0timokkha simi&ar to Sohasos^
2ork+ :&y a $e2 photocopies o$ this 2ork e5ist+ /a&sheDs 2ork 2as ha!(type! a! cotais some
icosistecies a! errors+ # the epi&ogue /a&she ca&&s his 2ork Za rapi! attemptZ a! # thought that it
2ou&! be use$u& to make a impro%e! %ersio o$ /a&sheDs 2ork+ Ho2e%er, 2hi&e !oig so # !e%iate! so
much $rom it i so may 2ays that it 2ou&! be improper to ca&& this /a&sheDs 2ork+ <he &ay(out is !i$$eret,
a! a &ot o$ a!!itioa& i$ormatio such as e5p&aatios $rom the commetaries, %erba& roots a! %ariat
rea!igs, etc+ ha%e bee a!!e!+ # ha%e gi%e e2 e5p&aatios o$ 2or!s, etc a! a&so ma!e e2 tras&atios
o$ the 0;i, 2hereas /a&she usua&&y gi%es amo&iDs tras&atio+
# the tras&atios o$ the ru&es the emphasis geera&&y te!s to be more o the si!e o$ &itera&ess (o$$
course, 2ithi the &imits o$ the 'g&ish &aguage) tha o $&uecy i or!er to sho2 the sty&e a! syta5 o$ 0;i
&aguage to stu!ets o$ 0;i+ For e5amp&e, i 'g&ish a setece &ike this) Z By a bhikkhu, 2ho is ha%ig a hut
bui&t, m 1that hut3 is to be bui&t accor!ig to the measure+[ (X 4! G) !oes ot sou! ice, ho2e%er, 2he it is
re!ere! i aother 2ay, such as) Z" bhikkhu 2ho is ha%ig a hut bui&t, is to ha%e it bui&t accor!ig to the
measure,[ the syta5 a! meaig o$ the 0;i setece is &ost as the 0;i states that the hut is Zto be cause! to
be ma!e[ accor!ig to the measure by the bhikkhu 2ho is makig it+ <he rea!er ca cosu&t other
tras&atios o$ the 0timokkha i$ a more $&uet tras&atio is !esire!+
4ometimes it has bee impossib&e or !i$$icu&t to gi%e oe sig&e !e$iiti%e iterpretatio a! tras&atio
o$ a 2or! (especia&&y $or compou!s) or a passage $ou! i the ru&es+ <he !i$$eret possib&e iterpretatios i
the ru&e(aa&ysis sectios ha%e bee &iste! so that the rea!er ca Eu!ge $or himse&$+ #t is use$u& to keep i mi!
the obser%atio by Lr+ Corma (see ote o a%amariya at 0r 8) that it is a&most certai that sometimes %arious
!i$$eret iterpretatios $or oe 0;i 2or!, such as ariyasa!!a, 2ere !e&iberate&y ite!e! a! those 2ho use!
the 2or! 2ere coscious o$ a&& meaigs simu&taeous&y+
<here are some mior !i$$ereces amog the %arious e!itios o$ the 0timokkha 2ith regar!s i the
spe&&ig o$ 2or!s a! these ha%e a&& bee ote! as %ariat rea!igs+ For the gi%e 0;i te5t o$ the 0timokkha
# ha%e chose the rea!igs that # $ee& are the most authetic oes a! this 0;i te5t is there$ore ot i!etica&
2ith ay other e5istet 0timokkha e!itio+ 0arts o$ the correspo!ig ru&es $rom the 0rtimok>as?tras o$
other ear&y Bu!!hist schoo&s are a&so gi%e 2he they ca she! &ight o the correct 0;i rea!igs+
6ore !etai&e! i$ormatio o the app&icatio, etc+ o$ the ru&es cotaie! i the 0timokkha ca be $ou!
i The Buddhist 2onasti! Code by Vhissaro Bhikkhu+
<his 2ork has bee mai&y ite!e! $or bhikkhus 2ho stu!y a! recite the 0timokkha, but it cou&! a&so
be o$ iterest to 0;i scho&ars a! tras&ators or ayoe 2ho is &earig 0;i+
4e%era& bhikkhus he&pe! me 2ith this 2ork i the $orm o$ proo$(rea!ig, gi%ig suggestios, a! he&pig
2ith the $ormattig, etc+ # particu&ar # 2ou&! &ike to thak Ne+ Naarataa Qa!a thera, Ne+ Qa!aEoti
Bhikkhu, Ne+ 4+ "&ayo, Ne+ Nisra!o a! Ne+ Brahm&i Bhikkhu $or their ki! he&p a! assistace 2ith
this 2ork+
6ay this 2ork he&p to $urther the u!ersta!ig a! practice o$ the 0timokkha ru&es+
Bhikkhu atusita
Forest Hermitage
Ka!y
79
The 0e%itation of the Ptimokkha
# the -posathakkha!haka o$ the 6ah%agga, 6% ##eNi # 707Y7@G, the ru&es a! regu&atios regar!ig the
recitatio o$ the 0timokkha are gi%e+ (<hey are co%eiet&y &iste! i B6C ## chapter 7A+) 6ay o$ these
regu&atios are ic&u!e! i the pu**akara>a-pu**aki!!a summary recite! be$ore the 0timokkha recitatioW see
be&o2+
<he Bu!!ha a&&o2e! bhikkhus to gather together o the $ourteeth or $i$teeth, a! eighth !ay o$ the
ha&$(moth to speak Lhamma, but &ater ame!e! this to a (&ega&) act o$ -posatha cosistig o$ the recitatio
o$ the 0timokkhaW 6% ## 2,7eNi # 702+ <he 0timokkha ca ot be $orma&&y recite! o ay !ay but o&y o
the -posatha(!ay oce i a ha&$(moth (pakkha)W 6% ## 8,2eNi # 708+
<here are t2o -posatha !ays) the $ourteeth a! the $i$teethW 6% ## 78,7eNi # 777+ -&ess it $or the sake
o$ uity or uaimity o$ the commuity (sa='hasama''$) the -posatha shou&! ot be !oe o a o(-posatha
!ayW 6% ## @G+8eNi # 7@G T 6% a A,78eNi # @AH+ <his type o$ -posatha is ca&&e! a sma''i-uposatha i the
0ari%raW Ni N 72@+
<here are $i%e 2ays o$ recitig the 0timokkhaW see 6% ## 7A,7eNi # 772 a! Kkh @e4p 70AH+ <he $i$th
oe, the recitatio i brea!th (or e5tesi%e(recitatio) (3itthruddesa) is the oe i 2hich a&& the ru&e(sectios
are recite! a! is the orma& oe+ <he other $our are recitatios i brie$ that ca be !oe i e5ceptioa& cases
o$ !agerW 6% ## 7A, @Y8+
H
<his recitatio i brie$ is a&so a&&o2e! i case oe o$ the bhikkhus i a moastery
ko2s the 0timokkha a! a bhikkhu has to be set to aother moastery to &ear the 0timokkha but is
uab&e to &ear it i $u&& be$ore returigW see 6% ## 7H,AeNi 77G T 6% ## 27,@Y8e779Y20+
# the $irst brie$ recitatio o&y the Ci!a sectio is recite! a! the other sectios are Eust aouce!,
anuss3ita, but ot recite!+ # the seco! brie$ recitatio o&y the Ci!a a! the 0rEika sectio are recite!,
the rest is Eust aouce!+ # the thir! brie$ recitatio the $irst three sectios are recite!+ # the $ourth brie$
recitiatio the $irst $our sectios are recite! 2hi&e the other sectios are Eust aouce!+ <he $irst $our brie$
recitatios ca be !oe o&y i case o$ !ager+ #t is a o$$ece o$ 2rog !oig, dukkaCa, to recite the
0timokkha i brie$ 2he there is o !agerW 6% ## 7A, 8eNi # 772Y77@+
<he 0timokkha is recite! by oe bhikkhu, the ptimokkhuddesaka) the Zreciter o$ the 0timokkha,[ 2ho
has bee appoite! by the seior bhikkhu, 6% ## 7G,9eNi # 77A+ 4ee the ote o the i%itatio by the e&!er+
<he reciter is pre$erab&y the most seior bhikkhu, but i$ he is uab&e to recite it the aother competet
bhikkhu ca be appoite! by him to !o the recitatio+ #$ there is o bhikkhu 2ho ca recite the 0timokkha i
a resi!ece the oe bhikkhu has to be set e&se2here to master it $rom a 0timokkha reciterW 6% ## 7H,AeNi
77G+ <his sho2s that moks use! to recite the 0timokkha together i or!er to &ear it+ Co2a!ays, ho2e%er,
bhikkhus &ear the 0timokkha $rom te5tbooks+
# 4ri Kaka the 0timokkha is o$te recite! $rom the te5tbook, but i some strict moasteries there are
bhikkhus 2ho ca recite it by heart+ # <hai&a! a! Burma it is a&2ays recite! by heartW see m 79G9 pp+A7Y
A2+ -ti& the 0;i Cao 2as 2ritte !o2 there 2ere o books a! a&& o$ the 0;i Cao 2as recite! by heart
so there is o ru&e i the Niaya that !ea&s 2ith the recitatio $rom a book+ #t is ot c&ear 2hether i other
tra!itios the 0rtimok>as?tra is (or 2as) recite! by heart, but a reciter is appoite!W see /u Ui, 2007, p+77@+
# some moasteries i souther Burma the Katti(part o$ the Ci!a is recite! i 0;i, 2hi&e the rest o$ the
Ci!a a! the 0timokkha is recite! i Burmese+ # Ni # 702 the Ci!a is itro!uce! i the usua& 2ay $or
a Kattikamma (a &ega& act 2ith a aoucemet)) Zm *hikkhun Kpeta**oI m+[ <he 0ari%ra, (Ni N 222) &ists
the uposathakamma as a Kattikamma+ <he 4p commetary (4p 7809Y70) o this passage e5p&ais that the iitia&
part o$ the Ci!a up to Zm uposathaA kareyyaF[ is the Katti o$ the uposathakammaF <his part is tit&e!
7
(7) " kig obstructio 1C) a kig arri%es3, (2) a robber obstructio 1C) robbers come3, (@) a $ire obstructio 1C) a $orest $ire
approaches $rom outsi!e the moastery, or a $ire breaks out i the moastery3, (8) a 2ater obstructio 1C) hea%y rai, a
$&oo!3, (A) a huma beig obstructio 1C) &arge umbers o$ peop&e come3, (G) a o(huma beig obstructio 1C) a spirit
possesses oe o$ the bhikkhus3, (H) a beast obstructio 1C) a $ierce beast, such as a tiger, comes3, (8) a serpet obstructio
1C) a poisoous aima& bites a bhikkhu3, (9) a &i$e obstructio 1C) a bhikkhu $a&&s i&& or !iesW hosti&e peop&e come 2ith the
itet o$ ki&&ig or grabbig ho&! o$ a bhikkhu3, (70) a ce&ibacy obstructio 1C) peop&e catch ho&! o$ oe or more bhikkhus
2ith itet o$ makig them $a&& $rom ce&ibacy3+ ("!apte! $rom B6C ##+)
20
Kattikamma i 6i 4e a! ! Ce+
<his might be the reaso 2hy i some moasteries i Burma the 0timokkha is recite! i Burmese, 2hi&e
the Katti part o$ the Ci!a is !oe i 0;i+ Ho2e%er, $rom the statemet i the Ci!a (y3atatiyaA
anuss3iyamne) a! $rom the o$$ece(sectio(coc&usios i the 0timokkha (Z/a!!i8ttha m dhraymiF[) it
appears that there are three anuss3anas, suggestig that the 0timokkha is a Katti!atutthakamma) Za (&ega&) act
o$ a motio (a! a aoucemet) as the $ourth ZW see Ni # AG T @7H$+ <he Kkh commetary o the 2or!
anuss3ita i the Ci!a a&so i!icates that the aoucemet at the e! o$ the sectios o$ o$$eces is a trip&e
aoucemet, see Ci!a coc&usio+
<he anuss3anas i the 0timokkha sectio(coc&usios are ot i the e5act $orm that they are i other
sa='hakammas such as the upasampadkamma, 6% # HG, 77Y72, i 2hich ay bhikkhu 2ho !oes ot agree 2ith
the kamma is re,ueste! to speak up a! obEect+ Ho2e%er, i the uposathakamma there is a trip&e re,uest a$ter
each sectio o$ o$$eces askig about the purity o$ the participats a! statig that this purity is i!icate!
through the si&ece o$ the participatig bhikkhus+ "&though it is ot e5p&icit&y state!, ay bhikkhu ca, i
pricip&e, speak up a! obEect a! suspe! the 0timokkha $or aother bhikkhu (ptimokkhaChapana) i$ he
be&ie%es that the other bhikkhu is impureW see 4uspe!ig the 0timokkha+
<his right o$ ay participatig bhikkhu to make a obEectio, paCikkosana, to ay sa='hakamma, 2hether a
it is a (&ega&) act o$ a motio ($o&&o2e! by a aoucemet) as the seco! (Kattidutiyakamma), or a (&ega&) act
o$ a motio (a! a aoucemet) as the $ourth (i+e+, oe motio $o&&o2e! by three aoucemets,
Katti!atutthakamma), is oe o$ the three $actors o$ a Z&ega& act (!oe) i uity,[ sama''akammaW see ote o
sama''a at 4! 70+
Be$ore the Katti the reciter recites three times) Z6amo tassa *ha'a3ato arahato sammsam*uddhassa+[
/he the 0timokkha is recite! meticu&ous attetio is pai! by the reciter as 2e&& as the other bhikkhus
2ho are preset that o 2or! is omitte! a! that the prouciatio o$ e%ery 2or! a! sy&&ab&e is correct+
<his precisio is !ue to a i$&uetia& iterpretatio by the commetator Qcariya Bu!!haghosa o$ a passage
i the 0ari%ra)
4p 7@99) Z:e !oes ot !o at a&& the proc&amatio, anuss3ana, $or the kamma3!+ For a
ZKattidutiyakamma` oe o&y estab&ishes the motio (Katti)+ m ("! so $or a Katti!atutthakamma+) m "&so $or
oe 2ho, ha%ig estab&ishe! the motio a! is proc&aimig oe kamma3! (but) &ea%es out oe sy&&ab&e or
makes a 2or! ba!&y proouce!, this too is omittig the proc&amatio+ m[
<he commetary, 4p 7@99Y800, cotiues to !iscuss i great &egth the %arious 2ays this is !oe+ "
tras&atio a! !iscussio o$ this commetary a! its subcommetaries ca be $ou! i the artic&e ca&&e!
ZBu!!hist Ka2 a! the 0hoetics o$ 0;i[ by Hi`berW i 4004 798_2@2 (4ee a&so C0 #N A9 $+)+ 4ee a&so 4p
7202 o C% N @,7Y2+
# the Kamma%agga o$ the 0ari%ra, the chapter that !ea&s 2ith sa='hakammas a! kamma3!s, $ormu&as
$or &ega& actios, it is sai! that oe o$ the $i%e 2ays a kamma3! is i%a&i! as to subse,uet aoucemet,
anuss3ana, is the omissio o$ the anuss3ana, Zanuss3anam hpeti[W Ni N 227+ (Cot Zgarb&ig o$ the
recitatio[ as Hi`ber re!ers i the artic&e metioe! abo%e+ <he rea!ig anuss3ana o$ 4p 7@99 has bee
$o&&o2e! here rather tha the rea!ig s3ana o$ 'e Ni N 227+ <he s3ana is the proc&amatio o$ the 2ho&e
kamma3! ic&u!ig the Katti, motio, a! the anuss3ana, 2hich $o&&o2s the Katti+)
<he 0ari%ra, beig a structure! summary o$ the Niaya, is re$errig back to the ru&e i Ni # @7HY@79 that
$or the %a&i!ity o$ a (&ega&) act o$ a motio ($o&&o2e! by a aoucemet) as the seco! (Kattidutiyakamma)
a! a (&ega&) act o$ a motio (a! a aoucemet) as the $ourth (i+e+, oe motio $o&&o2e! by three
aoucets, Katti!atutthakamma), either the Katti or (ay o$) the anuss3ana(s) ca be omitte!W 6% #a @,@Y8+
(<he Katti a! the anuss3ana(s) a&so ha%e to be i the right or!erW 6% #a @, HY8+ <his correspo!s to the
0ari%raDs Zpa!!h KattiA Chapeti[) ZHe estab&ishes the motio a$ter2ar!s+[ a! Zak%e s3eti[) Zhe aouces
at the 2rog time+[)
Qcariya Bu!!haghosa, ho2e%er, iterprets the 0ari%ra regu&atio to a&so ic&u!e omissios o$
sy&&ab&es a! misprouciatio o$ 2or!s+ <his goes beyo! 2hat is &ai! !o2 i the Niaya a! some argue
that it is per$ect&y &ega& to !o &ega& acts i oeDs o2 &aguage a! 2ou&! e%e be better sice the itetio o$
the motios a! aoucemets is to make procee!igs ko2 to the participats+
27
Hi`ber, 4004 228, suggests that the great care 2ith 2hich kamma3!s are to be recite! is !ue to the
i$&uece o$ the accuracy i the recitatio o$ Ne!ic te5ts by brahmis, particu&ar&y as may $o&&o2ers o$ the
Bu!!ha 2ere brahmis) Zm i the same 2ay as the magica& e$$ect o$ Ne!ic matras is guaratee! o&y i$ ot
e%e the s&ightest mistake has bee ma!e i prooucig them, &ike2ise the %a&i!ity o$ kamma3!s is
estab&ishe! i Bu!!hist Ka2 by e5act&y the same accuracy i prouciatio+ <hus a ru&e origia&&y base! o
magica& a! ritua&istic cocepts has bee ture! ito a &ega&istic oe i Bu!!hism+[
8

Ho2e%er, it rather sho2s the brahmiica& i$&uece o Bu!!hist Ka2 as $ou! i the Niaya
commetaries rather tha the Niaya itse&$ sice these strict ru&es regar!ig prouciatio are o&y $ou! i
the commetaries+
#$ the ear&y $o&&o2ers o$ the Bu!!ha 2ere i!ee! so scrupu&ous i preser%ig the correct prouciatio
the the kamma3!s 2ou&! sti&& be !oe i e5act&y the same !ia&ects that the Bu!!ha spoke a! this
cotra!icts Hi`berDs o2 thesis that 0;i is probab&y a /ester #!ia !ia&ect rather tha the !ia&ect o$ the
6ga!hJ regio o$ Corth('aster #!iaW see Z<he :&!est Kiterary Kaguage o$ Bu!!hism,[ 4004 7HHY798+
(Corma i the artic&e Z<he !ia&ects i 2hich the Bu!!ha preache!,[ C0 ## 728Y8G 1see a&so C0 #N 700 n 70A,
!oes ot agree 2ith this a! suggests that 0;i probab&y origiate! i 6aga!ha i a regio c&ose to the bor!er
2ith K&iFga_o2a!ays ca&&e! :rissa i 'aster #!ia_2here a !ia&ect 2ith /ester $eatures simi&ar to
0;i 2as use!+)
"other probab&e reaso 2hy Qcariya Bu!!haghosa put so much emphasis o the correct prouciatio
2as to preser%e the 0;i tra!itio a! try to maitai its autheticity o%er other tra!itios that s2itche! o%er
to 4askrit (4a, 6?) or Hybri! 4askrit (6(K) as Caoica& &aguages+ Ce%erthe&ess, 2hat these other
Bu!!hist tra!itios appears ot to be &ega&&y i%a&i! accor!ig to the Caoica& Niaya+
# <hai moasteries oe bhikkhu is appoite! to check the recitatio 2ith the he&p o$ a te5tbook+ <he
bhikkhu 2ho checks te&&s the reciter 2he he makes a mistake, or $orgets somethig, so that he recites
correct&y+ # Burma a! 4ri Kaka ay o$ the participatig bhikkhus ca correct the reciter a! usua&&y o
bhikkhu is appoite! to check+ <he recitatio ca take &ess tha $orty($i%e miutes i$ it is chate! %ery $ast,
but a s&o2er recitatio o$ oe hour is easier to $o&&o2+ <he 0timokkha reciter shou&! make himse&$ au!ib&e to
the other participatig bhikkhus a! it is a 2rog(!oig to !e&iberate&y make oese&$ ot hear!, 6% ##
7G,GeNi # 77A (see e5t paragraph)+ <he 0timokkha shou&! ot be recite! to a assemb&y that cotais
househo&!ers, 6% ## 7G,8eNi # 77A, a! to ay other type o$ perso ot $u&&y a!mitte! ito the 4aFgha, i+e+,
ay o(bhikkhu, !oig so etai&s a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig (dukkaCa)W 6% ## @GeNi # 7@AY@G+
<here is o such thig as a group(recitatio o$ the 0timokkha at the -posatha !urig 2hich a&&
bhikkhus recite the 0timokkha togetherW see Ci!) ZptimokkhaA uddisissmi[ a! the commetary (Kkh 27Y
22) to it+
<he phrase Zm *hikkh7 Q ptimokkhaA uddisanti m[ i the -posathakha!haka cou&! gi%e the
impressio that bhikkhus recite! together+ Ho2e%er, the usage o$ uddisanti might be !ue to &ack o$ a better
e5pressio+ #t is more co%eiet to say that the bhikkhus recite! the 0timokkha rather tha sayig that oe
bhikkhu recites the 0timokkha be$ore the assemb&y o$ bhikkhus+ /he it is sai! Zsa='ho ptimokkhaA
uddiseyya[ or Z*hikkh7 ptimokkhaA uddissanti[ it seems that it is to be u!erstoo! as a stock phrase imp&yig
that the bhikkhus assemb&e together a! oe o$ them recites 2hi&e the rest &istesW e+g+ 6% ## 7G,GeNi # 77A)
Zm !ha**a''iy *hikkh7 sa='hama@@he ptimokkhaA uddissamn saK!i!!a na s3enti Q na Q
ptimokkhuddesa!ena saK!i!!a na s3eta**aAF[) Z/he the 0timokkha 2as beig recite! by the group o$ si5
bhikkhus i the mi!st o$ the commuity they !e&iberate&y cause! (the others bhikkhus) ot to hear m the
0timokkha(reciter shou&! ot !e&iberate&y cause (some or a&&) ot to hear (it)++[ C$+ 6% ## 7G,H, 2here
ptimokkhuddesako is i the sigu&ar, a! Z"e3adatto ptimokkhaA uddisatiF[ at 6% ## 7G,8+
/ith re$erece to the <ibeta tra!itio <hubte Ka&sag .impoche i his artic&e ZNarf%sa i <ibet[ (i
Vass3sa RSTU) p+H8 2rites (re$errig to the etry o$ the rais)) Z/he the be&& is rug o that !ay, a&& the
bhik>hus 2ho are goig to eter the .etreat i a gompa, put o their three robes a! takig their sanas
8
4ee a&so the artic&e [0a&i 4aEEhya a! 4askrit 4%!hyya[ by 6+ 0a&iha2a!aa, 799H, p+89@YA7A, esp+ p+89A a! A02+ For
the 2ay chatig ha! to be !oe i the brahmiica& tra!itio see Cha!yogya -pai>a! ##, 22) ["&& the %o2e&s shou&! be
proouce! resoat a! strog m "&& the spirats shou&! be proouce! 2e&& ope 2ithout beig s&urre! o%er, 2ithout
beig e&i!e!+ m "&& the cosoats shou&! be proouce! s&o2&y, 2ithout mergig them together+[
22
(sittig c&oth) 2ith them, they eter the s$m (bou!ary ha&&) to &iste to the recitatio o$ the 0rtimok>a .u&es+
<hese are recite! i <ibeta, the &aguage o$ the peop&e a! are there$ore 2e&& u!erstoo! a! the recitig is
!oe 2ith !ue re$erece takig t2o or three hours sice it is thought most improper a! irre&e%at to rush
through them+[
9
The 'an!ua!e of the Ptimokkha
<he &aguage o$ the 0timokkha(ru&es is !i$$eret $rom the usua& 4uttata &aguage+ 4ometimes it is
some2hat e&e%ate! &aguage, 2hich probab&y ha! its origi i aciet #!ia secu&ar Ka2+ /he the
0timokkha ru&es 2ere ma!e it might ha%e bee the $irst time i #!ia that &ega& ru&es 2ere $ormu&ate! i
such a cocise, yet comprehesi%e, maer a! this might be the reaso that the syta5 a! &aguage i the
&oger ru&es ca be some2hat a2k2ar!W e+g+ 0r 8, 4! G T H, 0c @@, 80, a! H@+ 4ome e5pressios &ike
manussa-3i''aha i 0r @ T 0c H, a! iti!ittamana i 0r @, are rare or ot e5istet e&se2here i the 0;i CaoW
see ZBu!!hist Ka2 "ccor!ig to the <hera%!a(Niaya[ p+7@+ # pp+ 8@Y88 o$ this artic&e Hi`ber 2rites that
oce the e&aborate &a2(system u!er&yig Bu!!hist &ega& te5ts has bee thorough&y researche! the ZBu!!hist,
a! perhaps particu&ar&y <hera%!a &a2, might sta! as a maEor #!ia cotributio to cu&ture i geera&+[
.oth, 7980, pp+90Y92, 2rites that i the &aguage, i the termio&ogy o$ the tit&es o$ !iscip&iary groups,
a! i the ru&e($ormu&atio, there is a c&ose a$$iity bet2ee the 6ahsaFghika(Kokottara%!i (6(K) a!
the <hera%!i (<h%) 0timokkha %ersios o oe si!e a! bet2ee the 4a a! 6? %ersios o the other
si!e+ <he 4a a! 6? schoo&s both use! 4askrit 2hi&e the 6ahsaFghikas a! <hera%!is both use!
0rkrits+ Kike Hi`ber he a&so suggests that the &aguage o$ the <h% a! 6(K 0timokkha %ersios is the
e&e%ate! &aguage o$ &a2gi%ers a! there$ore is supra(regioa&, i+e+, there are o traces o$ particu&ar &oca&
!ia&ects such as 6ga!hisms (e5cept *hikkha3e a! *hante)+
#t is !i$$icu&t to agree 2ith .oth about the c&ose a$$iity bet2ee the <h% a! 6(K %ersios o$ the
0timokkha 2ith respects the ru&e($ormu&atio+ 4ometimes the 6(K ru&es are $ormu&ate! i a !i$$eret 2ay
tha the <h% e,ui%a&ets, 2hi&e the 4ar%sti%!i (4a) e,ui%a&et is c&oser to the <h%W e+g+ the 4a 0c G9
c&ose&y agrees i $ormu&atio 2ith the <h% 0c HG, but the 6(K ru&e HA, Lhg ru&e 80, a! 6? ru&e G9 are more
e5tesi%eW see 4! 8 ote o patiCChti+
9
#t is sometimes sai! that the members o$ !i$$eret ear&y Bu!!hist schoo&s 2ou&! !o the -posatha together (e+g+, Rethi,
7998, pp+A0YA8+ C$+ B6C ## appe!i5 N b) saA3sa), but this is base! o a misu!ersta!ig+ 6ahya bhikkhus cou&! Eoi
i $or the -posatha 2ith their o(6ahya $e&&o2(bhikkhus stayig i the same moastery sice they be&oge! to the
same ir%akaya schoo&, i+e+, they ha! the same upsampa! &ieage+ <he term [ir%akaya[ meas [the %ehic&e o$
!iscip&es+[ <his 2as the origia& !esigatio o$ the 6ahyaists $or the o(6ahya schoo&s+ Kater the more po&emica&
a! !erogatory term H$nayna a&so came to be use! by some 6ahyists but ot by a&&+ Be$ore the term 6ahya came
i %ogue the schoo& 2as more appropriate&y ca&&e! [Bo!hisatt%aya[W see 4ki&&ig 200@ p+787$+W "kira, 7990, pp+2AGYA8W
Rethi, 7998, p+228+)
" separate 6ahya upasampad &ieage !oes ot e5ist+ <he 6ahya bo!hisatt%a %o2s are take
i!epe!et&y o$ the upasampad i oe o$ the ir%akaya schoo&s+ <he mai !i$$erece bet2ee the 6ahyaa a!
ir%akaya schoo&s is oe o$ aim+ <he 8
th
cetury Chiese pi&grim iramaa UiEig 2rote) ["mog the $our schoo&s there is
o !e$iite c&assi$icatio as to 2hich oes shou&! be put u!er 6ahya a! 2hich oes u!er HJaya m <hrough a
e5amiatio o$ their practices, 2e see o !i$$ereces i their !iscip&iary ru&es a! restrictios+ Both o$ them c&assi$y the
Niaya ru&es ito $i%e sectios a! practice the $our ob&e truths+ <hose 2ho 2orship bo!hisatt%as a! rea! 6ahya
scriptures are ame! 6ahyists, a! those 2ho !o ot !o so are ca&&e! HJyists+[
Co2a!ays a&& <ibeta bhikkhus, 2ho a&& recei%e upadampad i the 6?&asar%sti%!i ir%akaya schoo& a!
$o&&o2 the Niaya scriptures o$ that tra!itio, take the 6ahya %o2sW so !o a&& Chiese bhikkhus 2ho a&& $o&&o2 the
Lharmaguptaka tra!itio+ Ho2e%er, i #!ia the bhikkhus $o&&o2ig the 6ahya tra!itio 2ere a miority a! most
bhikkhus $o&&o2e! the teachigs o$ the ir%akaya tra!itios+ <he ear&y Chiese pi&gims $ou! mi5e! commuities o$
6ahya a! ir%akaya bhikkhus i some o$ the moasteries they %isite!+ 4ee 4ki&&ig 200@ p+78GW "kira, 7990, pp+288
T 2AGYA8W Rethi, 7998, pp+88 $+, 2@8, 2G0+
<hese 6ahya a! ir%akaya bhikkhus cou&! !o the 0timokkha together sice they took upasampad i the
same ir%akaya schoo&s a! $o&&o2e! the same Niaya+ (Co2a!ays there are a&so bhikkhus i <hera%!i moasteries
2ho are ko2 to ha%e take up the Bo!hisatt%a %o2s besi!es their <hera%!i moastic %o2s+)
#t is u&ike&y, ho2e%er, that the bhikkhus o$ !i$$eret schoo&s such as <hera%!i bhikkhus a! 4ar%sti%!i
bhikkhus 2ou&! !o the -posatha together+ From the %ie2poit o$ <hera%!a Niaya those bhikkhus shou&! be regar!e!
as nnasaA3sa, o$ a !i$$eret commuioW $or a e5p&aatio o$ this term, see B6C ## appe!i5 N b+ <he scriptures o$ the
schoo&s are i !i$$eret &aguages (0rkrits T 4askrit) a! are arrage! i !i$$eret 2ays a! this_besi!es ha%ig
!i$$eret iterpretatios o$ the Lhamma a! Niaya_a&so 2ou&! ot ha%e $asci&itate! iteractio+
2@
6y coc&usio is that the 4a, a! a&so the 6? %ersio, i terms o$ $ormu&atio_but ot i &aguage_is
c&oser to the 0;i tha the 6(K %ersio+ <he 6(K ru&es are more e5tesi%e, ha%e a!!itioa& 2or!s or
phrases, 2hich the 0;i a! 4a %ersios !o ot ha%e+
<his obser%atio is base! o a cursory compariso o$ the 0cittiya ru&e sectio i the 0rtimok>as o$ the
6(K, 4a (a! 6?), a! <h% schoo&s)
6(K 0c 8 is more e5tesi%e tha <h% 0c G@ a! 4a (a! 6?) 0c 8W
6(K 0c 7H is more e5tesi%e tha <h% 0c 7G a! 4a (a! 6?) 0c 7HW
6(K 0c @8 is more e5tesi%e tha <h% 0c @8 a! 4a (a! 6?) 0c @@W
6(K 0c 8@ is more e5tesi%e tha <h% 0c H9 a! 4a (a! 6?) 0c A@ (A8 i 0r6o4a p+)W
6(K 0c 8G is more e5tesi%e tha <h% 0c G9 a! 4a (a! 6?) 0c AGW
6(K 0c GA is more e5tesi%e tha <h% 0c AA a! 4a (a! 6?) 0c GGW
6(K 0c H@ is more e5tesi%e tha <h% 0c 70 a! 4a (a! 6?) 0c H@
70
W
6(K 0c HA a! 6? G9 are more e5tesi%e tha <h% 0c HG a! 4a (a! 6?) 0c G9W
: the other ha! the 6(K 0c 8H a! 4a a! 6? 0c AH a&& use antaryik km istea! antaryika
dhamm o$ <h% 0c H9+
<he Ci!a o$ the 6(K %ersio, ,uote! i the ote o prisuddhi a! !handa, has a Kattidutiyakamma
istea! o$ the Katti o$ other schoo&s+
# 4! 7 the 6(K %ersio emp&oys the &ocati%e 3isV+Ch$ye 2hi&e the 6?, 4a, a! <h% emp&oy the
omiati%e -3isV+Chi, -3isar'o, a! -3isaCChi+
# 4! 70Y77 the 6(K %ersio is more e5tesi%e tha the <h% a! 4a %ersios+
<he $act that the ru&e($ormu&atios o$ the 0rtimok>as o$ the 6?, 4a, a! <h% schoo&s are simi&ar agrees
2ith the obser%atios o$ Frau2a&&er 2ho argues i The &ar%iest Vinaya that i oppositio to the ,uite
!i$$eret 6(K Niaya, the Niayas o$ the Lhg, 6hs, 4a, a! the <h% schoo&s appear c&ose to each other !ue
to goig back to the same basic te5t) the Vinaya the missioaries o$ "foka brought 2ith them 2he they
$ou!e! commuities i !istat areas+ <his is, accor!ig to Frau2a&&er, the Niaya curret i about 2A0 BC'
i the regio o$ Ni!ifa+
77

10
<he Chiese tras&atio o$ the 0r6o4a 0c H@ a! the %+&+ are i accor!ace 2ith 6(KW see Fiot G0+
11
# chapter 7W esp+ pp+ 2, 77, a! 2@ o$ The &ar%iest Vinaya, Frau2a&&er argues that the, $or him ob%ious&y prob&ematic,
6ahsaFghika Skandhaka te5t (4ee Frau2a&&er, 79AG, pp+ 82, A7, AA, 798Y20H+) 2hich is ,uite !i$$eret $rom the other
schoo&s, a&so origiates $rom the same origia& Skandhaka te5t 2hich, accor!ig to him, &ater got e!ite! a! chage! i a&&
schoo&s 2ith parts such as &ege!s about the &i$e o$ the Bu!!ha, etc+, beig !e&ete! a!eor shi$te! to other chapters or
te5ts+ Ho2e%er, it cou&! 2e&& be that the khandhaka-compi&atios 2hich e%etua&&y 2ere ca&&e! the 2ah3a''a a!
Cu%%a3a''a i the 6ah%ihra <hera%!a tra!itio 2ere origiatig $rom ear&ier i!epe!et ru&es or sma&&er compi&atios
o$ ru&es (4ome maybe o&y i use i some importat moasteries as moastery(regu&atios+), ca&&e! 3atthuse3astus or
saAyuttasepratisaAyuktas, 2hich 2ere gra!ua&&y compi&e! a! re(arrage! ito se%era& &arger compi&atios i the !i$$eret
schoo&s+
" simi&ar process apparet&y happee! 2ith %erses, 'thas, 2here o&!er a! sma&&er %erse(atho&ogies 2ere re(arrage! a!
re(e!ite! ito &arger %erse(atho&ogies such as the "hammapada a! )dna3ar'aW see Brough, 79G2, pp+ 2GY@0+
<he a!!itioa& accouts o$ the couci&s, biographica& stories about the Bu!!ha, origi(stories to the regu&atios, a! possib&y
e%e some a!!itioa& regu&atios, might ha%e bee gra!ua&&y a!!e! $rom other sources to the ear&ier Niaya(compi&atios
up to the stage 2he there 2as a compi&atio 2hich $orme! the commo acestor o$ the /handhaka(compi&atios+ <his
compi&atio the got re(e!ite! agai i the !i$$eret schoo&s uti& the %ersios as 2e ha%e them o2 2ere $ia&&y compi&e!
a! e!ite!+ #t cou&! be that some o$ the compi&atio a! e!itig ha! ot yet bee !oe 2he the 6ahsaFghika schoo&
broke a2ay $rom the <hera%!a schoo& a! this 2ou&! e5p&ai 2hy the 6 a! 6(K are so !i$$eret $rom the
correspo!ig Niaya te5ts o$ the other schoo&s, i+e+, more systematic a! omittig may stories as 2e&& as regu&atiosW see
Frau2a&&er, 79AG, ch+ 8 a! pp 798Y20H, BN p+78, Hiraka2a 78+
"s ote! i $ootote * (to the 4utta a! 4utta%ibhaFga sectio) at the 4eco! Couci& (as re&ate! i the 0;i Cu&&a%agga), the
compi&atios o$ Kha!hakas ca&&e! 2ah3a''a a! Cu%%a3a''a 2ere apparet&y ot yet ko2, a&though compi&atios o$
ru&es ca&&e! Vinaya3atthu a! )posathasaAyutta are metioe!+
#t is a&so importat to keep i mi! that there might ha%e bee a $air amout o$ iteractio a! competitio amog the
schoo&s+ <e5ts 2ere a!apte! $rom other schoo&s, e+g+, the 2i%indapaKh, 6ettipakara>a, a! PeCakopadesa, 2ere probab&y
a!apte! (a!eor a!opte!) by the 6ah%ihra(<hera%!is $rom the te5ts o$ other ear&y schoo&sW see Hi`ber 799G j 7GA,
7G9, a! 7H@+ <he Niaya(te5t o$ a particu&ar schoo&, such as a /handhaka orVastu, might a&so ha%e bee compare! 2ith
their o2 te5t by the members o$ a !i$$eret schoo& a! they cose,uet&y might ha%e ma!e chages a! [impro%emets[
to itW see a&so Brough, 79G2, pp+28Y@0+ <he remarks gi%e abo%e regar!ig the $ormatio o$ the /handhakas support the
obser%atios by Brough about the prob&ematic status o$ the so(ca&&e! [primiti%e Cao[ as has bee propou!e! by Ke%i,
28
Con%atenation and the Order of the 0ules
<he or!er or se,uecig o$ the ru&es i the 0timokkha is !etermie! by cocateatio a! commo o$$ece
topics+ Hi`ber, 7999 p+20, poits out that may ru&es i the 0timokkha are coecte! through a pricip&e
ca&&e! cocateatio+ Cocateatio meas that thigs are &ike! or uite! together i a se,uece or chai+ #
the 0timokkha cote5t cocateatio meas that oe ru&e is coecte! or cocateate! to the e5t ru&e
through a coectig(2or!+ <he $irst three C0 ru&es are coecte! by niCChita!$3arasmiA, the thir! C0 ru&e
2ith the $ourth oe through !$3araA, the $ourth a! the $i$th C0 ru&es through aKKtik, the the coectig
2or! is aKKtaka, the ith ru&e coects 2ith the teth through !$3ara!etpana+ <hus there is a chai o$
coectig 2or!s that makes it easier $or the reciter to remember 2hich is the e5t ru&e+ Cocateatio is a&so
$ou! i other aciet #!ia &iterature+
# <0 5&i it is sai! that it is surprisig that 0c 88 is iserte! a$ter 0c 8H sice 0c 8H is a !hedanaka
p!ittiya o$$ece a! 0c 88 is a udd%anaka p!ittiya o$$ece 2hi&e pcittiyas 89Y92 are agai !hedanaka
p!ittiyas+ Cocateatio must ha%e ha! priority here o%er the type o$ p!ittiya sice 0c 8H a! 88 are
coecte! through the 2or!s maK!aA a! p$ChaA+
4ti&&, it seems more co%eiet i$ the ZmaK!aA 3 p$ChaA 3[ !hedanaka p!ittiya 2ou&! be 2ith the other
!hedanaka p!ittiyas a! the udd%anaka p!ittiya 2ou&! prece!e it sice 0c 8H has o !irect cocateatio
2or! 2ith 0c 8G+ 0c 88 2ou&! e%e cocateate better tha 0c 8H 2ith 0c 8G through the commo 2or!s
krpeyya a! Zyo pana *hikkhu+[
# the 0rtimok>as?tras o$ the 6(K, 6?, a! 4a schoo&s the ru&e(or!er $or these ru&es is the same as the
0;i 0timokkha+ # the 0rtimok>as?tra o$ the Lharmaguptaka schoo&, see B00 79 a! B'"K, 78H7, 0+2@0, the
ru&e(or!er is i, 2hat appears to be, the most co%eiet 2ay+ <he ru&e(or!er correspo!ig to the 0;i ru&es
is 0c 8@, 88, 8A, 8H, 88, 8G, 89, 90, 97, 92+
0uttig asi!e the sekhiya ru&es, the umber o$ 2hich !i$$ers great&y amogst the !i$$eret 0timokkha
%ersios (see C40 80, 89YA9) a! 2hich !o ot &e! themse&%es to cocateatio !ue to their brie$ess, the
ru&e(or!er o$ a&& o$$ece sectios amogst the 0timokkha %ersios !i$$ers most a$ter the thir! 0cittiya
chapter+ <he 0;i a! especia&&y the Lharmaguptaka %ersio seem to be the most cosistet i cocateatio
o$ the p!ittiyas i these chapters+ <he 4a, 6?, a! 6(K %ersios o$te !o ot cocateate the ru&es+
<he ru&e or!er is sometimes !etermie! by commo o$$ece topics+ 0c @@ a! @8, a! 0c @9 a! 80
ha%e o coectio through a cocateatio(2or! but the o$$ece topic i both is the same, i+e+, $oo!+ 6ost o$
the time though cocateatio has prece!ece o%er the commo topics, e+g+ 0c @ is ot $o&&o2e! by 0c 72
a! 7@, a&though they ha%e the commo topic o$ speech, a! 0c 20 is ot 2ith 0c G2, a&though both are
about usig 2ater 2ith creatures i it+
Cha"ter Titles
<he Cissaggiya 0cittiya, 0cittiya, a! 4ekhiya o$$ece(sectios are !i%i!e! ito chapters, 3a''as, o$ usua&&y
te ru&es+ <he chapters ha%e tit&es 2hich, together 2ith the umber o$ the chapter, are gi%e at the e! o$ the
chapters+ <he chapters are_2ith a $e2 e5ceptios_tit&e! i accor!ace 2ith a key(2or! o$ the $irst ru&e o$
the chapter a! the chapter(tit&e !oes ot !e$ie the commo topic o$ o$$eces $or the chapter+ <he $e2
e5ceptios are !iscusse! be&o2+
<he chapter(!i%isio a! e!(o$(chapter remarks i the %arious 0timokkha e!itios are usua&&y the
same as i the 4utta%ibhaFga e!itios+ <he <hai Lhammayuttikaikya 0timokkha %ersio, 6m 4e, $o&&o2s
the 4ekhiya chapter(!i%isio as i the Kkh, 2hi&e the <hai 6ahikya %ersio, 6i 4e, gi%es both the Nibh
a! the Kkh chapter(!i%isios+
<here are three chapters o$ te ru&es each i the Cissaggiya 0cittiya o$$ece(sectio+ # Be, Nibh 'e, a!
i the 0ari%ra (Be, Ce) the $irst Cissaggiya 0cittiya chapter is ca&&e! the kaChina3a''a (Be) kathina3a''a),
2hi&e i Ce Nibh a! 6m 4e it is !$3ara3a''a+ # Kkh (Be) it is ca&&e! the !$3ara3a''a a! the chapter starts
2ith) Znissa''iyesu pana !$3ara3a''assa m+[ Be 4p e!s the chapter 2ith Z!$3ara3a''aA niCChitaA+[ Ce a! 'e
4p G88 e! the chapter 2ith) ZniCChito !a paChamo 3a''o,[ a! e! the other Cissaggiya 0cittiya chapters i
Frau2a&&er a! other scho&arsW see Brough, 79G2, pp+@0Y@8, esp+ @@+
2A
the same 2ay substitutig paChamo $or dutiyo a! tatiyo respecti%e&y+ <he seco! chapter is tit&e! the
kosiya3a''a i a&& Nibh e!s, the 0ari%ra (Be, Ce), a! 4p (Be)+ Ho2e%er, Kkh (Be, Ce, 'e), a! o&!er
0timokkha e!itios a! mauscripts, tit&e it eJaka%oma3a''a 2hi&e the Ptimokkha'a>Chid$pan$ tit&es it
santhata3a''o+ # the 4p te5t at the e! o$ the BhikkhuJ C0 sectio commetary (4p 'e 979), ho2e%er, the
eJaka%oma3a''a is metioe! a! this sho2s that it 2as the tit&e i use 2he this commetary 2as ma!e+ <he
tit&e eJaka%oma3a''a is a&so metioe! i the te5t o$ the Sratthad$pan$-C$k (6yamar e!+ ### 88G) a! the
)ttara3ini!!haya (6yamar e!+ p+@80) a! other me!ie%a& 2orksW $or more re$ereces search C4CL+ #$ the
sta!ar! is take that a sectio is to be ame! a$ter a key(2or! i the $irst ru&e, the the tit&e eJaka%oma3a''a
!oes ot seem to $it+ Ho2e%er, origia&&y the tra!itio !i! ot seem to take this sta!ar! serious&y, i$ there
2as such a sta!ar! i the $irst p&ace+
72
<he tit&e santhata3a''a 2ou&! $it 2e&&+ <he thir! chapter is tit&e! the
patta3a''a i a&& e!itios a! commetaries+
<here are ie chapters 2ith p!ittiya ru&esW a&& chapters, e5cept the eight oe, 2hich has t2e&%e ru&es,
ha%e te ru&es+ Kike the Cissaggiya 0cittiya chapters the 0cittiya chapters are umbere!W e+g+ sensana3a''o
dutiyoF <his is a&so so i the 4p a! Kkh+ Further, &ike the Cissaggiya 0cittiya chapters, the 0cittiya chapter(
tit&es are_2ith a $e2 e5ceptios, ame! a$ter a key(2or! o$ their $irst ru&e+
:e e5ceptio appears to be the *ho@ana3a''a 2here o key(2or! *ho@ana is $ou! i the $irst ru&e+ <he
key(2or! i this ru&e is 3asathapi>da a! this 2or! is $ou! i the ru&e(tit&e o$ the ru&e+ <he e5t t2o ru&es,
ho2e%er, ha%e the 2or! *ho@ana as key(2or!+ 'ach ru&e i the chapter !ea&s 2ith $oo! a! this might be,
besi!es a possib&e chage by reciters or e!itors
13
, a possib&e reaso $or this tit&e+ <he 4a, 6?, Kfyapiyao, a!
6ahJfsaka 0rtimok>as?tras p&ace 2hat correspo!s to the 0;i parampara*ho@anasikkhpada at the start o$ the
$ourth chapter a! this ru&e cotais the 2or! *ho@anaF <he ru&e correspo!ig to the 3asathapi>dasikkhpada
is $ou! as the seco! ru&e i most %ersios (i+e+, 4a, 6?, a! Kfyapiyao) #t is possib&e that the
parampara*ho@anasikkhpada oce stoo! at the start o$ the 0;i %ersio too+
:$ course, it is a&so possib&e that there 2as origia&&y a 3asatthapi>Wa3a''a a! that it got chage! to
*ho@ana3a''a by &ater reciters or e!itors i the same 2ay as the &ast chapter o$ the pcittiya(sectio, the
r@a3a''a, got chage! to ratana3a''a, a! the kosiya3a''a to eJaka%oma3a''aW see be&o2+
<he seco! e5ceptio is tit&e o$ the se%eth 0cittiya chapter, sapp>aka3a''a, 2hich is ame! a$ter a key(
2or! o$ the seco! ru&e, i+e+, the sapp>akasikkhpada, 0c G2+ Hi`ber, 7999 p+78, thiks that the reaso $or this
e5ceptio is that the sapp>akasikkhpada oce stoo! at the start o$ a chapter because the ru&e correspo!ig to
the sapp>akasikkhpada comes i the 0rtimok>as?tra o$ the 6ahsaBghika(Kokottara%!i schoo& at the start
o$ the $i$th chapter a! the saK!i!!asikkhpada, 0c G7, comes at the start o$ the se%eth chapterW see Hi`ber
7999 p+78 + 8+
78

<he reaso $or the saK!i!!asikkhpada comig be$ore the sapp>akasikkhpada might be because o$
cocateatioW see the ote o cocateatio+ 0c G2 coects to the e5t ru&e, ukkoCanasikkhpada, 0c G@,
through the 2or! @naA a! 0c G7 coects to G2 through p>a+ #t might be that the <hera%!a
4utta%ibhaFga reciters, *h>akas, $ou! it more co%eiet to cocateate both the ru&es 2ith p>a, but !i!
ot chage the chapter(tit&e $or some reaso+ "gai, it is a&so possib&e that there 2as a saK!i!!a3a''a that &ater
got re(ame! to sapp>aka3a''a+
# the 6(K, 6?, a! 4a %ersio the ru&e correspo!ig to the 0;i 0c G7 is $o&&o2e! by the ru&e
12
# accor!ace 2ith Hi`berDs &ie o$ reasoig, see the sectio o the chapter(!i%isio i the 0cittiyas be&o2, it might be
sigi$at that the 6sg(K ru&e correspo!ig to the 0;i 0c 7@ comes at the p&ace o$ 0;i 0c 77, i+e+, at the start o$ the
chapter+ <he or!er o$ ru&es i the correspo!ig chapter o$ the 6sg(K Prtimok+asutra is 0;i 0cittiyas 7@Y77Y72Y78 etc+ "&&
other schoo&s ha%e the ru&e correspo!ig to 0;i 0c 77 at the start o$ this chapter+
13
# am usig the 2or! Ze!itor[ $or co%eiece+ #t probab&y 2as ot the case that a mok 2as sittig !o2 a! !e&iberate&y
starte! e!itig the te5t i the mo!er sese o$ the 2or!, i the $irst p&ace because at $irst there 2ere o 2ritte te5ts $or
se%era& ceturies+ Ho2e%er, there are c&ear i!icatios that !urig the trasmissio, 2hether recite! or 2ritte, o$ 0a&i
te5ts moks chage! the or!er o$ ru&es, a!!e! or chage! ru&e(, itro!uctio( a! coc&usio(tit&es, pre$erre! certai
(4akritise!) spe&&igs o$ 2or!s abo%e others, etc+ <his is a process that cotiues takig p&ace+ "t the couci&s he&! i
Burma a! <hai&a! there 2as e!itig takig p&ace+ "ccor!ig to accouts, te5ts 2ere Z]puri$ie![ $rom corruptios+
Lurig the si5th couci& 4iha&ese a! Burmese moks ha! !isagreemets about 2hat 2ere the appropriate rea!igs+
14
Hi`ber ca&&s these chapters the Sapr>aka3ar'a a! SaK!itya3ar'a, ho2e%er, i the 6(K Prtimok+as7tra o chapter(tit&es
are $ou!, o&y summary %erses (uddna) $o&&o2e! by the umber o$ the chapterW see <aita 2A, BN 78A, 788, B6L p+ 88, 8G+
Hi`ber is there$ore probab&y re$errig to the P!attika sectioDs summary %erseW see <aita 29, B6L p+92+
2G
correspo!ig to the 0;i 0c HH that a&so has the 2or! saK!i!!a+ # the Lharmaguptaka %ersio the
correspo!ig ru&e(or!er is 0c G7, G2, HH+
#t is possib&e that at $irst there 2as o chapter(!i%isio i the <h% %ersio but Eust oe ubroke chai o$
ru&es as i the 6?, 4a, a! Lhg %ersios+ Kater, $or the sake o$ easier remembrace, the chapter(!i%isio
might ha%e bee itro!uce!+ <his cou&! e5p&ai 2hy 0c 70 is separate! $rom 0c 77 a&though they ha%e the
same subEect matter, i+e+, causig !estructio, 2hich !i$$ers $rom the surrou!ig ru&es+
#t is ote2orthy that the Samantapsdik (Be, Ce, 'e) i the 0cittiya(sectio some chapter(tit&es are
!i$$eret $rom those i the 4utta%ibhaFga, the 0ari%ra, a! the /a=kh3itara>$+
7A
<he *h7ta'ma3a''a, 0c 77Y
20, is tit&e! sensana3a''a i the 4p (a&so i a Nibh Ce %+&+)W the o3da3a''aL*hikkhuno3da3a''a, 0c 27Y@0, is
tit&e! *hikkhun$3a''aW a! the ratana3a''a, 0c 8@Y92, is tit&e! r@a3a''a+
<he thir! chapter is tit&e! *hikkhuno3da3a''a i Nibh Ce a! 6m 4e, etc, but o3da3a''a i Lm, 6i 4e,
0ari%ra Ce, etc+ "s metioe! i the pre%ious paragraph, the 4p gi%es it the tit&e *hikkhun$3a''aF <he tit&e
*hikkhuno3da3a''a is use! i a re$erece i the %iaya C$k ca&&e! Vimati3inodan$ (6yamar ## @09)+
Ho2e%er, more re$ereces to o3da3a''a are $ou! i the commetaries a! C$ks a! a&so o3da is use! i
the i the 0cittiya sectios summary(%erse, uddna, at Ni N 2H+ #t there$ore seems that o3da3a''a is the
more origia& oe+
<he 0ari%ra (Be, Ce, 'e) has the same the chapter(tit&es as the Nibh, e5cept i the si5th chapter, 2hich is
ca&&e! surmeraya3a''a istea! o$ surapna3a''a, a! the ith a! &ast chapter, 2hich is ca&&e! r@a3a''a i a&&
0ari%ra e!s+
<he tit&e surmeraya3a''a is ot use! or metioe! i ay other 2ork e5cept the 0ri%ra a! it is ot
possib&e to ascertai 2hether it is more origia& tha the tit&e surpna3a''a+
# Nibh Ce a! the L+ 6aske&& 7987 Kkh 'e the &ast chapter is tit&e! r@a3a''a+ <he Nibh Ce rea!ig seems
more appropriate here as the key(2or! r@a is $ou! i the $irst ru&e, 2hi&e rataa is o&y $ou! as ratanaka i
the compou! ani''ataratanaka+ # the Burmese C4CL e!itio o$ 4p the sectio is ca&&e! ratana3a''a i the
coc&usio o$ the sectio, ho2e%er, the e5p&aatio o$ the $irst ru&e starts 2ith Zr@a3a''assa
paChamasikkhpade[ <he tit&e r@a3a''a is a&so $ou! i the 0cittiya sectios summary(%erse, uddna, at Ni N
2H, a! is a&so $ou! i Niaya(maua&s such as the 0ari%ra a! Vinaya3ini!!haya a! C$ks such as the
Vimati3inodan$ a! Sratthad$pan$W re$ereces ca be $ou! by searchig the C4CL+ #t thus seems that &ater
re!actors, most &ike&y Burmese, ha%e chage! the tit&e o$ this sectio $rom r@a3a''a to ratana3a''a+
<he !i%isio o$ the 4ekhiya sectio i 6m 4e !i$$ers cosi!erab&y $rom the other 0timokkha te5ts a!
e!itios sice it $o&&o2s the !i%isio o$ the Kkh+ 6i 4e gi%es the e! o$ chapter !i%isio o$ both the Nibh a!
the Kkh+ 4ice the chapters i the Cissaggiya 0cittiya a! 0cittiya sectios are a&so !i%i!e! ito chapters o$
tes, rather tha beig !i%i!e! accor!ig to the subEect matter, a! this there$ore seems to be the more usua&
!i%isio, the 6i T 6m chapter tit&es ha%e bee put ito brackets i the 0;i 4ekhiya sectio o$ this 2ork+
#t might be that the Kkh 2ay o$ the !i%i!ig is base! o a !i$$eret a! possib&y o&!er tra!itio as
preser%e! i the o&! 0timokkha(aIIhakaths metioe! i Hi`ber 799G j 227 a! 22A+ <his might be
supporte! by the $act that (pratisaAyukta as part o$ tit&es 2as i use i the 6ahsaFghika schoo&W see BN j 298,
a! a&so the $ootote i the ZSutta a! Sutta3i*ha='a[ ote+
<his 2ay o$ sectio(!i%i!ig i the Kkh is metioe! i the IJks, e+g+ *ho@anapaCisaAyuttni sekhiyni are
re$erre! to i the Vimati3inodan$ (6yamar e!+ ## 28H)+
# 6m 4e the $irst t2ety(si5 ru&es are groupe! together as the Z!ha**$sati srupp[ (Be Kkh)
X!ha**$satisruppasikkhpada3a>>an niCChitFP Ce Kkh) [!ha**isati srupp niCChitF[) <he e5t thirty i 6m 4e
are ZsamatiAsa *ho@anapaCisaAyuttF[ (Be Kkh) ZtiAsa*ho@anappaCisaAyutta-sikkhpada3a>>an niCChitP Ce Kkh)
Z*ho@anapaCisaAyuttni tiAsati niCChitniF[ <he e5t si5tee are ZsoJasa dhammadesanpaCisaAyuttF[ (Co tit&e i
Be a! Ce Kkh+) <he &ast three are Ztayo paki>>akF[ (Be Kkh) Zek7na3$sati dhammadesanpaCisaAyutta-
sikkhpada3a>>an niCChitFP Co tit&e i Ce Kkh+) "t the start o$ the e5p&aatios o$ the $irst ru&es i the
4ekhiya(sectios i the Kkh the sectio(tit&es are a&so metioe! (the $irst oe o&y i Ke)W see 'e Kkh+ "s the
15
#t is surprisig that the Kkh a! the 4p ha%e !i$$eret chapter(tit&es sice both are ascribe! to the same author_Qcriya
Bu!!haghosa_by the &ater subcommetaria& (C$ka) tra!itio+ <he Kkh seems to be a &ater pro!uctio tha the 4p as the
$ormer $re,uet&y re$ers to the &atter, 2hereas the &atter !oes ot re$er to the $ormer+ 4ome scho&ars ha%e !oubt 2hether
Bu!!haghosa is the author o$ these 2orks+ # either 2ork the author is metioe!W see Hi`ber 799G j 209, 220, a! 228+
2H
tit&e o$ the &ast sectio i 6m 4e is $ou! i o e!itio o$ the Kkh it seems to be a &ater <hai a!!itio+
<he sekhiyas are Eust metioe! by the umber o$ the chapter i the 4p (Be, Ce, 'e), e+g+ ZpaChamo 3a''o+[
# the Kkh (Be T 'e 1Ce o&y gi%es the tit&es o$ the $irst t2o chapters3) the chapters are ame! as i 6m 4e,
e5cept the &ast chapter that is ot tit&e!) Ztayo paki>>ak[ as i 6m 4e, but)
Zek7na3$satidhammadesanpaCisamyutt,[ i+e+, the &ast @ ru&es are ot a separate chapter+
Be, -0 Ce, ! Ce $o&&o2 the 4utta%ibhaFga (Be, Ce, 'e) a! 4p chapter(!i%isio $or the 4ekhiya sectio,
2hich are i si5 groups o$ te a! oe group o$ $i$tee ame! a$ter a key2or! o$ the $irst ru&e i the sectio+
# the 0ari%ra (Be, Ce, 'e) the sakka!!a3a''a is tit&e! pi>Wapta3a''a+ # 6i 4e the ka*aJa3a''a is tit&e!)
anhaCa3a''a+ <his might a more appropriate tit&e as the key(2or! ka*aJa a&rea!y occurs t2o ru&es ear&ier+
<he 4ar%sti%!i 0rtimok>as?tra !oes ot ha%e ay sectio(itro!uctio(tit&es or sectio(coc&usios,
chapters, etcW see C40, 0r6o4a+ <he icomp&ete 6?&asar%sti%!i 0rtimok>as?tra %ersio as gi%e i
Kokesh Cha!raDs e!itio has a uddna summary(%erse summarisig the ru&es at the start o$ each sectio o$
te pyantika (X p!ittiya) ru&es a! thirty saik+a (X sekhiya) ru&es+ #t a&so gi%es a uddna at the start o$ the
saA'h3ase+aO (X sa='hdisesa) a! prtideYan$y (X pCidesan$ya) ru&es+ <he begiigs o$ the other sectios are
ot $ou! i this mauscript, but it seems that the uddnas 2ou&! be $ou! at the start o$ these sectios too+
<he more comp&ete 6?&asar%sti%!i 0rtimok>as?tra mauscript as gi%e i BaerEeeDs e!itio !oes ot
ha%e ay uddnas+
<he 6ahsaFghika(Kokottara%!i 0rtimok>as?tra !oes ha%e a chapter !i%isio (ZFirst chapter,[ etc+)
$or e%ery te ru&es, but o sectio(tit&es+ #t has uddnas, at the e! o$ the sectiosW see 0r6o6(K+ <he Chiese
a! <ibeta 6? 0timokkha s?tra %ersios a&so ha%e these uddnas accor!ig to C40 @9+
0ule &e%tion Titles and 0ule1Titles
"t the start o$ the o$$ece(sectios both Be a! 6i 4e gi%e itro!uctio tit&es+ 6i 4e a&so gi%es the umber o$
ru&es i some sectios+ <he other 0timokkha e!itios a! mauscripts, a! the 4utta%ibhaFga e!itios !o
ot ha%e these tit&es+
<here is some s&ight %ariatio i the tit&es at the coc&usios o$ sectios i the %arious 0timokkha
e!itios+ ! Ce, a! 6i 4e umber the $irst $our sectios o$ the 0timokkha, $rom the Ci!a sectio uti&
the "iyata sectio, a! tit&e them uddesa as i the itro!uctio(tit&es) e+g+ Znidnuddeso paChamo+[ Be !oes ot
umber the sectios, but a!!s uddesa $or the $irst $our sectios, e+g+ nidnuddeso+ 6m 4e has Znidnuddeso
niCChito,[ etc+ Be, ! Ce, a! 6i 4e a! a Burmese 64 ha%e the Z3itthruddeso paK!amo[ remark at the e! o$
the 0timokkha coc&usio+ # the commetaries the 2or! 3itthraruddesa is o&y $ou! i the Kkh ('e @) i
a eumeratio o$ the $i%e uddesas+ <he 6ah%agga (Ni # 772) o&y has 3itthren8e3a paK!amo+ #t is ot c&ear
2hy some mauscripts a! e!itios, 2hich seem to ha%e their origi i Burma, ic&u!e the 3itthruddeso
paK!amo remark 2hi&e others, a&though they ic&u!e the remarks $or the other $our sectios, !oDt+ #t seems
that the Ze!itors[ u!erstoo! that the remark *hikkhuptimokkhaA niCChitaA su$$ices to i!icate that the
0timokkha has bee recite! i $u&&+ <he "3e 2tik e!itio (Lm) !oes ot ic&u!e the uddesa remarks at a&&
a! simp&y has nidnaA niCChitaA, etc+
<he uddesa tit&es a! coc&usios, umbere! oe to $i%e, re$er to the $i%e 2ays o$ recitig the 0timokkhaW
see abo%e+ "$ter the sectios that are o&y ic&u!e! i the 3itthruddesa, it is simp&y sai! that the ru&e sectio
has bee $iishe!, e+g+ p!ittiy niCChit+
# the <hai Lhammayuttika tra!itio the ru&e(sectio tit&es are ot recite!+
<he 6?&asar%sti%!a 0rtimok>as?tra mauscript o2 i the co&&ectio o$ the Cor bu &iF ka moastery
i <ibet, a&though partia&&y mistake, a&so has the u!!esa !i%isio+
16
<he 0rtimok>as?tra mauscript e!ite!
by BaerEee !oesDt+ Haiya Hu(%o Hi`ber, i her artic&e Z4ome .emarks o the 4askrit 6auscript o$ the
6?&asar%sti%!a(0rtimok>as?tra $ou! i <ibet[ (p+ 292) emphathetica&&y states) Z# am co%ice! these
16
.ight) (7) at the e! o$ the nidnaI prathamaO prtimok+as7trodZd[eYaO+ (2) at the e! o$ the !at3raO pr@ik dharmOI d3it\yaO
prtimok+as7troddeYaOF (@) at the e! o$ the trayodeYa saA'ha3aYe+OI t]t\yaO prtimok+as7troddeYaO+ (8) at the e! o$ the d33
aniyatau dharmauI !aturthaO prtimok+as7troddeYaOF /rog) (A) at the e! o$ the $irst te ru&es o$ the triAYat
naiOsar'ikapyattikOI paK!amaO prtimok+as7troddeYaOF (G) at the e! o$ the seco! te ru&es o$ the triAYat
naiOsar'ikapyattikOI prtimok+as7troddeYaO +a+ChaO+
28
pe!u%iar remarks point to a manus!ript tradition otherwise %ostF[ Ho2e%er, as see abo%e, these remarks are $ou!
i some 0;i e!itios a! mauscripts o$ the 0timokkha+
# the reciterDs itro!uctio a! coc&usio to each o$ the sectios the umber o$ ru&es recite! are
metioe!+ <he o&y e5ceptio is the 4ekhiya sectio, 2hich i a&& e!itios o$ the 0timokkha a! the
4utta%ibhaFga !oes ot gi%e the umber o$ ru&es i the sectio, i+e+, paK!asattati sekhiy dhamm (se%ety($i%e
traiig ru&es) is $ou!+ <he o&y e5ceptios are 6i, a 4iamese mauscript (N), a! the
sa=khittaptimokkhuddesa (the recitatio o$ the 0timokkha i brie$) that is gi%e i a $e2 prite! e!itios a!
mauscripts+ #t is a&so $ou! i the 0ari%ra+ "s this 2ou&! be the o&y sectio itro!uctio 2here the
umber o$ ru&es are ot gi%e, it might seem that the <hai tra!itio has preser%e! a o&!er tra!itio,
ho2e%er, the reaso might be !i$$eret+ Comparig the 0;i 0timokkha a! the 0rtimok>as?tras o$ other
maEor ear&y tra!itios, it is c&ear that the !i%ergece bet2ee them_both i the umber o$ ru&es a! i ru&es
ot $ou! i other 0rtimok>as?tras_occurs i this sectio+ # other sectios the !i$$erece is o&y i the
or!er o$ ru&es a! i the 2or!ig+ # cotrast to $i5e! cotet o$ the other sectios o$ the
0timokkhae0rtimok>as?ta, the 4ekhiya sectio might ha%e bee see as a ope(e!e! sectio i 2hich
mior traiig ru&es cou&! be a!!e! by !i$$eret tra!itios a! perhaps e%e maEor moastic ceters+
Co2a!ays too !i$$eret moasteries ha%e !i$$eret sets o$ moastery ru&es, especia&&y the <hai $orest
moasteries are ko2 $or their re$ie! ru&es regar!ig eti,uette, etc+
<he other maEor ear&y tra!itios a&so !i! ot umber their Yaik+a sectios) the 6ahsaFghika 0m has
stirekapaK!Ya!!aik+ dharmO (0r6o6(K p+@0, @8), Zmore tha $i$ty[ (#t has GH Yaik+a ru&es+), 2hi&e the 6?
a! 4a 0m ha%e saA*ahu%O Yaik+ dharm (0r6o4a p+287, 2AA, Cha!ra 77), Zmay traiig ru&es[ (4a has 77@
Yaik+a ru&es, 6? has 708)+
# the Burmese e!itio o$ the 0timokkha, Be, a! a&so 'e 0timokkha (see <0 555i5(5&), e%ery ru&e is
itro!uce! by a ru&e(tit&e) e+g+ 0rEika 7 is tit&e! methunadhammasikkhpada, Zthe traiig precept o se5ua&
itercourse+[ <he ru&e(tit&es ha%e bee icorporate! ito the Burmese 0timokkha e!itio $rom the Niaya
commetaries a! IJks e5p&aatios 2here the 0timokkha ru&es are re$erre! to by these tit&es+ <hese ru&e(
tit&es 2ere use! by the commetators $or the sake o$ easy re$erece+ <hey are ot recite! i the 0timokkha
recitatio i Burma a! i this 2ork they ha%e bee a!!e! i brackets be$ore the actua& ru&es+
# the Burmese 4i5th Couci& e!itio, as gi%e i C4CL, these ru&e(tit&es are a&so $ou! prece!ig the
ru&es i commetaries a! sub(commetaries o 0timokkha ru&es, but they are, as $ar as # ko2, ot $ou!
prece!ig ay commetaries o ru&es i the 4iha&ese a! <hai e!itios+ <he a!!itio o$ ru&e(tit&es at the
hea! o$ sectios there$ore seems to be a mo!er Burmese tra!itio, !atig $rom the $i$th or si5th couci&+
#t appears that the ru&e(tit&es rather re$er to the ru&es as icorporate! i the 4utta%ibhaFga rather tha as
$ou! i the 0timokkha because some ru&es are ame! a$ter the perso p&ayig the &ea!ig ro&e i the
origi(story to the ru&es, e+g+ the ariCCha-sikkhpada, 0c G8, is ame! a$ter the $irst o$$e!er ca&&e! "riIIha
bhikkhu 2ho cause! the ru&e to be &ai! !o2W c$+ <0 5i+
<he mah-pesakra-sikkhpada, Zgreater traiig precept o 2ea%ers,[ C0 2H, is ame! a$ter the syoym
pesakra $or tanta3ya gi%e i the 0a!abhEaa o the ru&e+ "s Hi`ber 7999 p+70Y77, c$+ <0 5i, otes, this ru&e
origia&&y seems to ha%e bee part o$ a pair 2here the prece!ig shorter ru&e, the sutta3iKKatti-sikkhpada, 2as
ca&&e! !7%a-pesakra-sikkhpada, Zshorter traiig precept o 2ea%ers,[ i the same maer as pairs o$
suttatas startig 2ith !7%a- a! mah( are $ou! i the 6aEEhima(ikyaW c$+ <0 5i+ Ho2e%er, it is a&so simp&y
possib&e that the ru&e tit&e is ca&&e! this 2ay because the 2ea%er i the story, a supporter o$ Ne+ -paa!a,
2as a great 2ea%er or, rather, a embroi!erer+ <he correspo!ig 4askrit 2or! is peYaskr$) Za $ema&e 2ho
makes embroi!ere! (garmets),[ o$ 2hich the ou peYas meas Zembroi!er,[ Zembroi!ere! garmet+[ <hus
it seems a pesakra 2as ot a simp&e 2ea%er but oe 2ho ma!e embroi!ere! c&oths+
"pparet&y there is othig e5act&y correspo!ig to these 0;i ru&e(tit&es i the other ear&y Bu!!hist
schoo&s, but the 4ar%sti%!i 2ah3yutpatti cotais a &ist o$ the key(2or!s o$ each
4utta%ibhaFgae0timokkha(ru&e
17
+
<he chapter tit&es o$te ha%e the same key(2or! as the ru&e(tit&es o$ the $irst ru&e i the chapter, but i a
17
4ee B6L p+780$$, .ose 82$$+ <hese are etries 8@G8Y8A22 i 4akaki, .yo\aburo (e!+) 792G) 2ah3yutpatti, <okyo) 4u\uki
.esearch Fou!atio, pp+ A@7YA88+
29
$e2 cases this is ot so+ <he $irst e5ceptio is the *ho@ana3a''a o$ the 0cittiya(sectio that !oes ot ha%e the
same key(2or! as the 3asathapi>Wasikkhpada, 0c @7+ " possib&e reaso, a !i$$eret or!er o$ ru&e ear&ier, $or
this is !iscusse! i the pre%ious sectio o Chapter(!i%isio+
<he seco! e5ceptio is the r@a3a''a o$ the 0cittiya(sectio that !oes ot ha%e the same key(2or! as the
antepurasikkhpadaF 0robab&y the reaso $or this is that the tit&e r@asikkhpada 2as a&rea!y use! $or C0 70+
<he thir! e5ceptio is the ka*aJa3a''a i the 4ekhiya(sectio, 2hich !oes ot ha%e the same key(2or! as
the anhaCasikkhpada+ Ho2e%er, i the <hai 6i e!itio the chapter is ca&&e! anhaCa3a''a a! this might be the
origia& tit&e+
,uotation12arks
# the 4utta%ibhaFga the ,uotatio(mark ti is $ou! at the e! o$ each 0timokkha sectio i+e+) (Ci!+))Zm
phsu hot$ ti,[ (0r)) Zm e3aA etaA dhraym$ ti,[ (0m Coc&usio)) Zm sikkhita**an-ti+[ Ho2e%er, i 6i T 6m
4e there are o ,uotatio(marks at the e! o$ the sectios, e5cept $or oe i the 0timokkha coc&usio,
2hich, $or the sake o$ cosistecy, shou&! be 2ithout the ti too, i+e+, Xsikkhita**aA+[ :e argumet $or the ti
a$ter sikkhita**aA is that it is a ,uotatio $rom the Bu!!ha+ Ho2e%er, the Bu!!ha is re$erre! to i the thir!
perso i this sectio (tassa *ha'a3ato) a! it there$ore is o ,uotatio+
<he reaso $or this !i$$erece amog the e!itios is that 2he the 0timokkha is recite! it is i the $irst
perso, i+e+, the reciter remi!s a! asks the other bhikkhus 2ho are preset, a! there$ore o ,uotatio(
mark is ee!e!+ Ho2e%er, i the 4utta%ibhaFga the 0timokkha ru&es are ,uote!, ot recite!, so the
,uotatio(mark is appropriate+ <here are o ,uotatio(marks i the 4a 0rtimok>as?tra (0r6o4a p+2A8), 6(K
(0r6o6(K p+G n 8), a! 6? (0r6o6? p+7@Y7A)+
<he 6(K 0rtimok>as?tra e!s 2ith) Zm sik+ kara>$y+[W 0r6o6(K p+@G+ 4a) Zm iti sik+ kara>$y+[W
0r6o4a p+2A8+ <here is o correspo!ig 0rtimok>a coc&usio i the 6? 0rtimok>as?traW a$ter the
adhikra>aYamath dharmaO sectio the %erse sectio startW see 0r6o6? p+A8+
&ome remarks on the Pubba!ara"a( Pubba!icca( and Patta!alla
The &ummary of Pre"arations and Preliminary Duties
Co2a!ays 2he the 0timokkha is recite! it is prece!e! by a summary o$ the preparatios a! pre&imiary
!uties ca&&e! pu**akara>apu**aki!!a+ <he pu**akara>a preparatios are cocere! 2ith the preparig o$ the
p&ace 2here the -posatha meetig takes p&ace a! the pu**aki!!a pre&imiary !uties are the !uties 2hich are
to be !oe 2he the bhikkhus ha%e assemb&e! a! the -posatha meetig is about to start+ 0ossib&y e%ery
moastic group, nikya, i the <hera%!a tra!itio has its o2 0;i %ersio o$ this summary, but a&& o$ the
%ersios are base! o the three %erses $ou! i the KaFkh%itaraJ+ <hese three %erses summarise the %arious
!uties a! obser%aces re&ate! to the -posatha a! the $actors o$ suitabi&ity+ "ccor!ig to the /a=kh3itara>$
this summary 2as compi&e! by the Commetary(teachers, aCChakath!ariy+ <he !uties are $ou! i %arious
p&aces i the Niaya(piIaka a! the Commetary teachers must ha%e $e&t a ee! to co&&ect them a!
summarise $or the sake o$ co%eiece a! c&arity+
<he mo!er %ersios, gi%e i "ppe!i5 # are o$ %arious &egth a! are a&so recite! i !i$$eret 2ays)
<he <hai Lhammayuttikaikya %ersio is recite! by a sig&e reciterW see m pp+ GY7A+
<he %ersio o$ the <hai 6ahikya (6i 4e), gi%e i the BhikkhuptimokkhapJi o$ the <hai <ipiIaka
e!itio o$ 6ahi!o -i%ersity (see "ppe!i5) is !oe by t2o bhikkhus) oe bhikkhu 2ho ,uestios a! oe
bhikkhu 2ho as2ers+
" %ersio that is a&most i!etica& 2ith the <hai 6ahikya %ersio is the 4iha&ese %ersio use! by the
4iym(ikya, the .maMMa a! the "marapura Cikya+ <his %ersio is gi%e i %arious 2orksW see
"ppe!i5 #+ #t might ha%e bee itro!uce! to 4ri Kaka by the bhikkhus $rom the kig!om o$ "yuthiya (i+e+,
4iam) 2ho came to the 6a&2atta Nihra i 7HA@ to reitro!uce the upasampad i 4ri Kaka+
18
Ho2e%er,
possib&y it ear&ier came $rom 4ri Kaka to <hai&a! 2ith the itro!uctio o$ the 4ri Kaka <hera%!a
18
4ee Ha\ra, K+K+W History of Thera3da Buddhism in South-east Asia, Le&hi, 7982, p+7G9
@0
tra!itio+ #t is !oe by oe bhikkhu askig a! oe bhikkhu as2erig+
<he %ersio use! i the 4ri Ka;ya Uogshrama 4aBsIh%a, 2hich is a .maMMa Cikya $orest(moastery
sect $ou!e! i the 79A0s, is gi%e i ! 28Y@2+ #t is a recet 4iha&ese a!aptatio o$ the %ersio $ou! i 6i
4e a! Lickso, etc, mai&y !i$$erig i that it has iterrogati%e proous (m kiA^) or iterrogati%e c&auses
(Q kataA kiA^) at the e! o$ the ,uestio seteces Eust as is !oe i 4iha&a (m dag)+ # 0a&i iterrogati%e
proous come at the start o$ seteces a! thus this %ersio mig&es 0a&i a! 4iha&a grammar+
# Burma the pre&imiary !ia&ogue is !oe i Burmese rather tha i 0;i+ Ho2e%er, the t2o summary
%erses $rom the /a=kha3itara>$ are recite! i 0;iW see the o$$icia& 0timokkha te5t prece!ig the Burmese
e!itio o$ the Kkh 2here o&y the t2o 0;i summary %erses are gi%e+
79
4imi&ar&y, the 42eEi Cikya brach o$ the "marapura Cikya o$ 4ri Kaka (ame! a$ter the to2 o$
"marapura i Burma $rom 2here this upasampad(&ieage came to 4ri Kaka i the 79th cetury) uses a
,uestio a! as2er %ersio !oe i 4iha&ese, but 2hich icorporates the 0;i Kkh summary %erses a! the
i%itatio by the e&!er+ <his %ersio is gi%e i -0 Ce 55iiiY555+
"t the start, be$ore the Kkh %erses a! the 4iha&ese ,uestio a! as2er %ersio etc+, -0 Ce gi%es a
$orma& re,uest to the reciter to recite the 0timokkha)
(#%itatio)) Su>tu me *hante sa='ho, yadi sa='hassa pattaka%%aA ahaA yasmantaA MtissaA_
ptimokkhuddesaA a@@heseyyaAF M` x_
Sa='ho *hante yasmantaA MtissaA_ ptimokkhuddesaA a@@hesatiF )ddisatu *hante yasm Mtisso_ ptimokkhaAF M`
x_
(.eciter)) Zama uddissismahaA 3usoF[
(#%itatio)) ZNeerab&e 4ir, &et the Commuity &iste to mep #$ it is suitab&e to the commuity, 1the3 #
shou&! i%ite Neerab&e (<issa to !o) the 0timokkha recitatio+[ (@ 5)
Neerab&e 4ir, the Commuity i%ites Neerab&e (<issa to !o) the 0timokkha recitatio+ Neerab&e 4ir,
&et Neerab&e (<issa) recite the 0timokkhap[
(.eciter)) ZUes $rie!, # sha&& recite+[
<he origi o$ this re,uest is the 6ah%agga 2hich metios i a origi(story that moks i%ite! the
seior bhikkhu, or aother bhikkhu, to recite the 0timokkha by sayig) ZKet the Neerab&e 4ir recite the
0timokkha+[
Te theraA a@@hesanti, uddisatu, *hante, thero ptimokkhan-tiF Q &ten8e3a upyena y3a sa='hana3akaA a@@hesanti,
uddisatu yasm ptimokkhan-tiF (6% ## 7He Ni # 77G)
C$+ the sectio Z]<he #%itatio by the '&!er[ be&o2+
Ceither the 4p or the Kkh metios 2hether the summary is to be recite! be$ore the Ci!a+ <his might
be a &ater !e%e&opmet+ <here is a&so o metio o$ ,uestioig a! as2erig about the !uties etc+ i the 4p
a! the Kkh+
#t has ot bee possib&e to $i! the e5act source o$ the ,uestio a! as2er %ersios o$ the
pu**akara>apu**aki!!aF #t is ot $ou! i the commetaries a! sub(commetaries, a! it is $irst metioe! i
the &ate me!ie%a& maua& o the 0timokkha ca&&e! Bhikkhuptimokkha-'a>Chid$pni by <hera akitti $rom
Chiag 6ai, <hai&a!+ 4ee the ote o the origi o$ the pu**akara>apu**aki!!a i the appe!i5+
Bhikkhu a!assaa, ! 2@ T + 9, states that the reaso $or the pre&imiary !ia&ogue is the regu&atio
gi%e i 6% ## 7A,GeNi # 77@ that o bhikkhu shou&! ask ubi!!e about Niaya i the mi!st o$ the 4aFghaW
c$+ -0 Ce aa###+
Ho2e%er, there is o i!icatio i the 6ah%agga, or i the 4p, that this regu&atio is speci$ica&&y $or the
pre&imiary !uties o$ the 0timokkha recitatio+ #t is rather a regu&atio $or askig ay ,uestios about
Niaya i the mi!st o$ the commuity a! as such it is $ou! i the accouts o$ the $irst a! seco! couci&s
i the C?&a%agga+ <he same app&ies $or speakig ubi!!e o Lhamma i the mi!st o$ the 4aFgha+
Ce%erthe&ess, it is i accor!ace 2ith the abo%e metioe! 6ah%agga regu&atio that the bhikkhus 2ho !o
the pu**aki!!a(!ia&ogue i the mi!st o$ the 4aFgha shou&! $irst ask permissio $rom the 4aFgha to !o so+
19
4ee a&so the partia& %ersio $rom a 7HG8 Burmese mauscript ,uote! i the artic&e [Cie 0;i 6auscripts i the Natica
Kibrary[ by Sac,ue&ie Fi&&io\at i S0<4 aaN# p+78H) [m uposathassa etni pu**akara>an ti 3u!!atiF Samma@an$ bc Burmesed Q
suriya%okassa atthitya m pad$paki!!aA Q[
@7
# the <hai Lhammayuttika Cikya tra!itio moo&ogue %ersio the reciter $orma&&y asks permissio to
recite the 0timokkha $rom the seior bhikkhu+ Z0ksa
De
me *hante thero dethu
DR
3inayakathaA kathetuAF[)
ZNeerab&e 4ir, &et the 4eior gi%e me permissio to ta&k about the Niaya+[ (m 79G9 p+A@+) <his re,uest
seems super$&uous as the seior bhikkhu has a&rea!y ma!e a i%itatio+
<he summary o$ the commetary(teachers is ,uote! i Kkh G a! 4p 70G@)
Samma@@an$ pad$po !a < udakaA sanena !a
uposathassa etni < pu**akara>an-ti 3u!!atiF
Chandaprisuddhi-utukkhnaA < *hikkhu'a>an !a o3do,
uposathassa etni < pu**aki!!an-ti 3u!!atiF
)posatho y3atik !a *hikkh7 kammappatt
22

sa*h'pattiyo !a na 3i@@anti
3a@@an$y !a pu''a% tasmiA na honti
pattaka%%an-ti 3u!!atiF
Z<he broom a! the &amp, the 2ater 2ith the seat
2@

these are ca&&e!) ]the preparatio $or the obser%ace+^
<he coset a! purity
28
, the te&&ig o$ the seaso,
2A
the coutig o$ the bhikkhus
2G
a! the istructio (o$ the bhikkhuJs),
2H

these are ca&&e!) ]the pre&imiary !uty $or the obser%ace+D
<he obser%ace,
28
20
<he 2or! oksa i accor!ace 2ith proper grammar shou&! be the accusati%e oksaA as i [oksaA karoti+[ # 4ri Kaka this
$orm oksa is a&so use! i the sta!ar! $orgi%eess $ormu&a 1i+e+, [oksa me *hante, d3rattayena kataA sa**aA a!!ayaA
khamatu me *hante[3 a! it seems to be a imperati%e $orm o$ the %erb oksati+ <his $orm is ot $ou! i the <ipiIaka a!
commetaria& 2orks (as $ou! o the C4(CL) a! seems to be a mo!er i%etio+
21
<he icorrect $orm %erb dethu shou&! be the @ sg+ preset i!icati%e detuF
22
Be) kammapatt+ 4ee 0'L 80G) (ppatta+
23
6% ## 20,GeNi # 778Y779W 6% ## 2G,70eNi # 72A+
24
6% ## 22Y2@eNi # 720Y22+
25
6% # HH,7eNi # 9A+
26
6% ## 78,8eNi # 77H+
27
6% ## 7,8eNi ## 2AAW 6% a,9,AeNi ## 2G8W Ni #N A+
28
6% ## 8,2eNi # 707W 6% ## 78,7eNi # 777W 6% ## @G,8eNi # 7@G+
@2
2hate%er bhikkhus are etit&e!
29
(to carry out the &ega&) act+
@0
commo o$$eces are ot $ou!
@7
+
,
there are o persos to be e5c&u!e! i there
@2
,
this is ca&&e!) ]reache! suitabi&ity+^
<he $o&&o2ig sectios re$er to this summary+
Pre"arations
<he preparatios o$ the p&ace 2here the -posatha is !oe are gi%e at 6% ## 20,G) " Euior bhikkhu 2ho,
a&though beig re,ueste! by a seior bhikkhu to prepare the p&ace, !oes ot carry out the re,uest commits a
o$$ece o$ 2rog !oig+ " bhikkhu &i%ig a&oe shou&! a&so make preparatios o -posatha !ays i case
other bhikkhus arri%e, 6% ## 2G,70+
#t is ote2orthy that the 2or! pu**akara>a i this sese is either $ou! i the 4utta%ibhaFga or the
Kha!hakas or the 0ari%ra+ #t $irst appears i the abo%e metioe! pu**akara>apu**aki!!a summary %erses
o$ the Niaya(commetaries+ Kike2ise, the 2or! pu**aki!!a is a&so ot $ou! i this sese i the NiayapiIaka+
Preliminary Duties3 Prisuddhi and #handa
<he $irst o$ the pre&imiary !uties is the co%eyig o$ coset a! purity, !handaprisuddhi, o beha&$ o$ a
bhikkhu 2ho is ot ab&e to atte! the -posatha+
@@
<he Bu!!ha !ec&are! that a sick bhikkhu 2ho is uab&e to come to the -posatha shou&! make ko2 his
purity, prisuddhi, through aother bhikkhu to a&& the bhikkhus 2ho are atte!ig the -posatha by sayig)
Z"ouce my purity[ (ZQ prisuddhiA me ro!ehi+Z)+ #t is a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig to ko2ig&y !o a
uposathakamma 2ith a !i%i!e!eicomp&ete commuityW Zm na t3e3a 3a''ena sa='hena uposatho kta**oF[
@8

Lhirasekera, pp+ 9GY70A, argues that this aoucemet o$ prisuddhi is the pu**aki!!a ite!e! i the
Ci!a+ He supports his argumet by the nidnas o$ the 4askrit 0rtimok>as?tras o$ other ear&y Bu!!hist
schoo&s 2hich are %ery simi&ar to the 0;i but speci$y prisuddhi as the purity o$ bhikkhus 2ho are ot ab&e to
comeF
<he re&e%at sectios o$ the 6(K, 4a, a! 6? are ,uote! a! tras&ate! be&o2+ <he comp&ete %ersios
ca be $ou! i the e!itios o$ the 0rtimok>as?tras a! their tras&atios+
29
amo&i, m 79G9 p+AG, re!ers [/hate%er umber o$ bhikkhus there are 2ho come to the $uctio,[ but patta meas
[etit&e!+[ #t is the past particip&e o$ ppu>ti) obtais, attais, reaches+
4ee 6% #a @,AeNi # @78) [G3atik !a *hikkh7 kammappatt te 'at honti+[) ["s may bhikkhus as are etit&e! (to take part i
the $orma&) act are come+[ (X <ras&atio o$ #+ B+ HorerW BL #N 8AA+)
6% #a 8,7eNi # @79) [G3yam !atu3a''o *hikkhusa='ho Q dhammena sama''o sa**akammesu kammappatto+[ ) [<his
commuity o$ bhikkhus 2hich cosists o$ a chapter o$ $our m uite! i accor!ace 2ith the &a2, etit&e! (to carry out the
&ega&) act 2ith respect a&& &ega& acts+[ C$+ C% a,HeNi ## 2G7) [m dissanti *hikkhuniyo kammappattyo pi patti'maniyo pi QFP
/kh TI P G3atik *hikkh7 kammapatt tiI yattak *hikkh7 tassa uposathakammassa patt yutt sa**antimena pari!!hedena !attro
*hikkh7 pakatatt sa='hena anukkhitt te !a kho hatthapsaA a3i@ahit3 ekas$myaA thit+[ ) [/hate%er bhikkhus are etit&e! to
that -posatha(act, 2ho are etit&e!, suite!, 2ith the miimum amout (o$ bhikkhus)) $our bhikkhus 2ho are regu&ar, ot
suspe!e! by the commuity, a! they, ot ha%ig &e$t arms(&egth, remai i the same bou!ary+[
4p 7802) [Pakatatt kammappattI !atu3a''akara>e kamme !attro pakatatt anukkhitta anissrit parisuddhas$%, !attro *hikkh7
kammapatt kammassa arah anu!!ha3ik smin, na tena 3in taA kammaA kariyati m[ ) [.egu&areorma&, etit&e! to the &ega&
act) i a &ega& act 2ith $our (bhikkhus) 2ho are regu&ar, ot suspe!e!, ot e5pe&&e!, o$ pure %irtue, $our bhikkhus etit&e!
to the &ega& act) 2orthy o$ the act, suitab&e, masters, 2ithout that the &ega& act ca ot be !oe+[
(" pakatatta bhikkhu is a orma& or regu&ar bhikkhu i cotrast to a bhikkhu 2ho is i probatio or has bee suspe!e!W see
Ni ## @2+)
30
6% ## 2G,7eNi # 728+
31
6% ## 2HeNi # 72GY28+
32
6% ## 7G,8eNi # 77AW 6% ## @GeNi # 7@AY7@G+
33
# or!er $or ay sa='hakamma to be %a&i! the motio (Katti) a! proc&amatio (anuss3ana) ha%e to be i the right or!er, a&&
bhikkhus etit&e! to participate i the &ega& act must ha%e come, bhikkhus 2ho ca ot participate must ha%e co%eye!
their coset to the &ega& act, a! those preset must ot protest (agaist the act)W see 6% #a 78, 7Y@eNi # @7GY79 a! 6% ##
78, 7Y@eNi # 777+
34
6% ## 22,2eNi # 720+ 4ee the ote o sama''a at 4! 70 $or the $actors 2hich make up a sama''akamma a! a 3a''akamma+
@@
6(K) Z<hose 2ho are emiet, 2e&& !ispose!eprepare!, pure, accomp&ishe!ecapab&e
@A
, ha%e seate! $or
the rehearsa&
@G
+ <he tickets ha%e bee !istribute!, the bhik>us ha%e bee coute!, this may peop&e ha%e
reache! the bou!ary+ "ouce the coset a! purity o$ bhikkhus 2ho ha%e ot come, ha%ig aouce!
make it ko2+ /hich bhik>u is the co%eyor o$ the coset o$ the bhik>uJsg m
Kiste Neerab&e Commuityp <o!ay is the !ark moo
@H
$ourteeth ((!ay) 1or $i$teeth(!ay3
@8
or
Euctio(0o>a!ha
@9
$or the Commuity+ <his much o$ the seaso has passe!, this much is &e$t+ /hat is
the pre&imiary !uty o$ the commuityg <he commuity o$ !iscip&es o$ the Fortuate :e has &itt&e to
be !oe+
80

Neerab&e 4ir, &et the Commuity &iste to me+ <o!ay is the !ark moo $i$teeth(!ay 0o>a!ha $or
the Commuity+ #$ the (right) time has bee reache! $or the Commuity, the Commuity shou&! !o the
$i$teeth(!ay 0o>a!ha a! shou&! recite the 0rtimok>as?tra isi!e this p&ace, i this area o$ the earth,
ho2e%er much has bee recei%e!ec&aime! by the Bhikkhu(commuity, measurig a $athom a&& rou!+
<his is the motio &ea!ig to a obEect+
87
Neerab&e 4ir, the Commuity 2i&& !o the $i$teeth(!ay 0o>a!ha a! 2i&& recite the
0rtimok>as?tra isi!e this p&ace, i this area o$ the earth, ho2e%er much has bee recei%e! by the
Bhikkhu(commuity, measurig a $athom a&& rou!+
#t agrees to the Commuity, because it is si&et+ <hus # keep this 1i mi!3+
82
Neerab&es, # sha&& recite the 0rtimok>as?tra, &iste to it thorough&y a! keep it i mi! 2e&&+ #
sha&& speak+
For 2hom there is a o$$ece, he shou&! re%ea& m [
43
4a) Z4uccessp (0ersos) ot $u&&y a!mitte! ha%e !eparte!, the uite! commuity has assemb&e!+ /hat is
35
<he e5act cootatio o$ some o$ these terms is ucertaiW c$+ B6L p+8G+
36
Anusa='yanto: accor!ig to <aita A the mauscript is i&&egib&e here+ C0L gi%es anusa='$ta as Zrehearse! agai+D
37
Vifuddhinak+atraA+ Kit+, [c&ear stars[ /he the moo is $u&& the stars are &ess c&ear a! bright as the moo outshies them,
so presumab&y the !ark moo is meat+ B6L p+8G has [bright ha&$ o$ the &uar moth+[ C$+ BN G8+
38
<he te5t has omitte! pK!adaYiko 3 2hich seems re,uire! as the e5t paragraph states it is the pK!adaYiko po+adhoF C$+ the
BN G8 %ersio (gi%e i + G be&o2) 2hich has !turdaYiko 3 pK!adaYiko 3+
39
Sandhi-po+adhaW see BN G8 + 8) [m probab&y the trasitio $rom the 78
th
to the 7A
th
ight o$ the &uar moth m[
40
"other %ersio o$ this is ,uote! i the 6(K Bhik>uJ(%iaya, BN G8 (p+ 9AY9G)) PfV>otu me *hante saA'hoF Adya saA'hasya
!turdaYiko 3 pK!adaYiko 3 sandhi-po+adho 3 3iYuddhinak+atraAF &ttakaA Vtusya nir'ataA ettakaA a3aYi+CaAF /im sa='hasya
p7r3akVtyaAg^ A%pakVtyo *ha'a3ataO Yr3akasa='ho Yo*hatiggF An'atnm yu+manto *hik+u>!!handapriYuddhimro!etha,
ro!itaK-!a pra3edethaF QP (q6s rea!s (kVt3, a scriba& error+ BN p+9A a! the Bhik>uprtimok>a(i!a gi%e the correct
rea!ig (kVtyaA+ qq <he rea!ig i the 0rtimok>a, i+e+, so *ha3ati, seems more appropriate+))
[Kiste Neerab&e Commuityp <o!ay is the !ark moo $ourteeth ((!ay) or a $i$teeth ((!ay) or a Euctio(0o>a!ha $or the
Commuity+ <his much o$ the seaso has passe!, this much is &e$t+ /hat is the pre&imiary !uty o$ the commuityg <he
commuity o$ !iscip&es o$ the Fortuate :e 2hich has &itt&e to be !oe is beauti$u&+ "ouce the coset a! purity o$
bhikkhus 2ho ha%e ot come, ha%ig aouce! make it ko2+ m [
41
[03ayik e+ @KaptiO+[ :r) [<his is a motio ser%ig a purpose[W see BN 2A (2G + 2+ "ccor!ig to .oth this 2ay o$ puttig
the motio appears to be a particu&ar characteristic o$ the 6(K schoo&+
42
Cote that o&y the 6(K has a Kattidutiyakamma here rather tha the Kattikamma o$ the other schoo&s+
43
(<aita AYG+ 0uctuatio a!!e! by the e!itor+)) XA*hikrntO su3ihitaO Yuddh nipu> anusa='yanto upani+a>>F CritO Ya%k,
'a>it *hik+7, s$mprpt ettak @anOF An'atnm yu+manto *hik+7>A !!handapriYuddhim ro!etha, ro!itaK-!a pra3edethaF /o
*hik+u *hik+u>$nA !!handahrakoF Q fV>otu me *hante saA'hoF Adya saA'hasya !turdaYiko 3 sandhipo+adho 3
3iYuddhinak+atraAF &ttakaA Vtusya nir'ataA ettakaA a3aYi+CaAF /im sa='hasya p7r3akVtyaAF A%pakVtyo *ha'a3ataO Yr3akasa='ho
so *ha3atiF
fV>otu me *hante saA'hoF Adya saA'hasya pK!adaYiko po+adho 3iYuddhinak+atraAF Gadi saA'hasya prptak%aA saA'ho imasmin
pVthi3$pradeYe y3atakaA *hik+usaA'hen*hi'Vh$taA samantana3ymamtraA atrntare pK!adaYikaA po+adhaA kuryt
prtimok+aA !a s7tramuddiYeyyaF 03ayik e+ @KaptiOF
/ari+yati *hante saA'ho imasmin pVthi3$pradeYe y3atakaA *hik+usaA'hen*hi'Vh$taA samantana-3ymamtram-atrntare
pK!adaYikaA po+adhaA prtimok+aA !a s7tramuddiYi+yatiF
/+mate taA saA'hasya yasmt-t7+>$m-e3am-etaA dhraymiF
Prtimok+am yu+manto s7tram uddeYi+ymi, taA YV>uta sdhu !a suCChu !a manasi kuruta, *ha+i+yAiF Gasya 3o siy8pattiO
so83i+karetu Q[
@8
to be !oe by the Commuityg Ket the Neerab&e 4irs aouce the purity a! coset o$ bhikkhus 2ho ha%e
ot come, ha%ig aouce! make it ko2+ Neerab&e 4irs, oe moth &ess oe ight o$ the hot seaso has
passe!, three moths a! oe ight are &e$t+ m[
ZKiste Neerab&e Commuityp <o!ay is the $i$teeth ((!ay) 0o>a!ha o$ the Commuity+ #$ the (right)
time has bee reache! $or the Commuity, a! it agrees to the 2i&& o$ the Commuity that the uite!
Commuity shou&! !o the 0o>a!ha to!ay, it shou&! recite the 0rtimok>as?tra+ <his is the motio+
/e 2i&& !o the -posatha, !ear Neerab&es, 2e 2i&& recite the 0rtimok>as?tra+ "&& (those 2ho) are
preset &iste to it a! pay attetio thorough&y a! 2e&&p
For 2hom there is a o$$ece he is to re%ea& (it) m[
44
6?)
8A
ZNeerab&es, so much o$ the hot seaso has passe!, this much is &e$t+ m /hat is the pre&imiary
!uty $or the commuity o$ !iscip&esg <here is &itt&e ee!, &itt&e to be !oe+ Ket the Neerab&e 4irs aouce the
purity a! coset o$ bhikkhus 2ho ha%e ot come, ha%ig aouce! make it ko2+ m[
ZKiste Neerab&e Commuity+ <o!ay is a 1$ourteeth ((!ay)3 or $i$teeth(!ay 0o>a!ha+ #$ the
(right) time has bee reache! $or the Commuity, the Commuity shou&! agree (a!) shou&! permit
that the uite! Commuity shou&! !o the 0o>a!ha to!ay, it shou&! recite the 0rtimok>as?tra+ <his is
the motio+
/e 2i&& !o the -posatha, !ear Neerab&e, 2e 2i&& recite the 0rtimok>as?tra+
For 2hom there is a o$$ece 1it3 is to be re%ea&e! by him m[
46
Cote that the re,uest $or the !handapriYuddhiA comes i these 0rkrit a! 4askrit i!as ot 2here it
comes i the 0;i Ci!a, but i the sectios prece!ig 2hat correspo!s to the 0;i i!a+ "$ter the
re,uest to re%ea& o$$eces, there are o ote2orthy !i$$ereces bet2ee the Ci!a %ersios o$ the !i$$eret
schoo&s a! it seems strage that the <hera%!a schoo& is the o&y schoo& that ic&u!es the ,uestio about the
pu**aki!!a i the Ci!a proper+
<he $act that the 2or!s pu**aki!!a a! prisuddhi are ot commete! upo i the 2or!(commetary i
the 6ah%agga might a&so be a i!icatio that they 2ere a &ater itro!uctio ito the <hera%!i 0;i
Ci!a+
<he Kkh 27 e5p&ais prisuddhi as oeDs o2 purity
8H
, i+e+, $ree!om $rom o$$eces+ #t re$ers to C% the ru&e)
ZBy oe 2ith a o$$ece the 0timokkha is ot to be &istee! to+ #$ he shou&! &iste there is a o$$ece o$
2rog(!oig $or him+Z
88
# the 6% the co$essio(proce!ure is gi%e $or a bhikkhu 2ho $a&&s ito o$$ece o
the -posatha(!ay itse&$W 6% ## 2H,7eNi # 72AY2G+ #t is ot metioe! 2hat happes o orma& !ays, but i 6
# @28 it is sai! by the Bu!!ha that it is a ,ua&ity o$ oe e!o2e! 2ith right %ie2 that 2he he commits a
o$$ece he ,uick&y sho2s a! re%ea&s it to the teacher or to other 2ise compaios i the ho&y &i$e a! the
practises restrait i the $utureW c$+ 6 # 87H $+, 4 2@2+
44
(0r6o4a p+7AH+ 0uctuatio a!!e! by the e!itor+)) XSiddhamF 6i+krnt anupasaApannO, sama'raO saA'haO saAnipatitaOF
/iA saA'hasya kara>$yamF An'atnm yu+mantaY !handaA pariYuddhiA !ro!ayata, ro!ite !a pra3edataOF 6ir'atam yu+manto
'r$sAd ekartrono msaO saikarts, trayo ms a3aYi+COF QP (0r6o4a p+7G0YG7+)) XfV>otu *hadantaO saA'haOF Adya saA'hasya
po+athaO pA!adaYikaO, sa!et saA'hasya prptak%aO, k+amate @K !a saA'hasya yat sama'raO saA'ho 8dya po+athaA kuryt,
prtimok+as7tram uddiYedF &+ @KaptiOF Po+athaA 3aya yu+maAtaO kari+ymaO, prtimok+as7tram uddek+ymasF Tat sar3e saAtaO
YV>uta sdhu !a su+Chu !a manasikurutaF Gasya 3aO syt pattiO s3i+karta3y QP
45
4ee a&so the passage o the proper proce!ure $or co%eyig the !handapriYuddhiA i the 6? 0o>a!ha%atu, Ri&git mss ### pt
8 p+5i% T p+700W ,uote! i Lhirasekera 708+ C$+ the re$ereces i Frau2a&&er, 79AG, pp+ 80Y87+
46
(0r6o6? 70Y77+ 0uctuatio a!!e! by e!itor+)) X6ir'atamyu+manto 'r$+m>aA y3at, t3ada3aYi+COam Q /iA b*ha'a3at
Yr3akadsa='hasya p7r3ak%akara>$yaAF A%po`rthob`%pakVtyaAdF bAnd'atn-yu+mantaY-!handapriYuddhiA !ro!ayata ro!itaA !a
pra3edayataFP (0r6o6? 72)) XfV>otu *hadantaO saA'haO, adya saA'ha+ya po+adhaO b!turdaYikaOd pK!adaYiko 3F Sa!et
saA'hasya prptak%aA, k+ametnu@n$yt saA'ho yat saA'hasya po+adhaA kuryt prtimok+as7tro bddeYam-uddiYadyedFg &+
@KaptiOF
Po+adhaA 3ayamyu+man kari+ymaO prtimok+as7troddeYam uddeYmaOF Gasya sytbt pattiO tena 3id+karta3y QP
(q<he ame!atio 1heYa3 o$ 0r6o6? has ot bee $o&&o2e! here+ # ame!e! accor!ig to the 4a rea!ig i 0r6o4a p+7G7 (T
+ 88) a! the rea!ig i the e5t paragraph+)
47
Pattano parisuddhi*h3aA ro!ethaFP
48
C% #a 2eNi ## 280) P6a !a spattikena ptimokkhaA sota**aA, yo su>eyya, patti dukkaCassaFP Ho2e%er, i the Ci!a it is sai!
that ot re%ea&ig oeDs o$$ece is !e&iberate $a&se speech, i+e+, 0cittiya 7+ C$+ 0c H@+
@A
" bhikkhu 2ho remembers a o$$ece !urig the 0timokkha recitatio shou&! i$orm a bhikkhu ear to
him a! metio that he 2i&& make ame!s a$ter the recitatio+ Lhirasekera argues that a bhikkhu !oes ot
!ec&are purity through co$essig be$ore the 0timokkha recitatio, but rather !ec&ares it through remaiig
si&et !urig recitatio 2he the reciter asks about purity+
<he gi%ig o$ coset (!handa), by a sick bhikkhu through aother bhikkhu is $or ay other commuity(
busiess (sa='hakamma) the commuity is atte!ig toW 6% ## 2@eNi # 727Y722+ (C$+ the origi(stories to 0c
H9Y80+)
Confession
:e o$ the purposes o$ the 0timokkha recitatio is the cotro& o$ shame&ess persos+ " 2ay this cotro& is
brought about is through the ob&igatory co$essio o$ o$$eces+ <his co$essio to oe other bhikkhu or more
tha oe bhikkhu brigs up shame a! $ear o$ $uture 2rog(!oig i the o$$e!er+ # " ## 280Y82 bhikkhus
co$essig %arious types o$ o$$eces (0r, 4!, 0c, 0!) are &ikee! to crimia&s u!ergoig pub&ic puishmet
a! peace a! at 6 # 2H there is a case o$ a bhikkhu 2ho 2ishes that he 2i&& ot be repro%e! i the mi!st o$
the commuity $or a o$$ece he has committe!+
<he proce!ure $or the co$essio o$ &ight o$$eces (%ahuka pattiB!eotig a&& o$$eces e5cept the 0r a!
4! o$$eces, 2hich are ca&&e! hea%y o$$eces 1'aruka patti3+) is !escribe! i 6% ## 2HeNi # 72AY28, C% #N 78,
@0Y@2eNi ## 702Y0@+ <he proce!ure $or the co$essio a! $or$eiture ee!e! $or Cissaggiya 0cittiy o$$eces
is !escribe! i the 0a!abhEaa to each C0 ru&e+ <he pCidesan$ya proce!ure is gi%e i the 0Ii!esaJya ru&es
themse&%es+ <he sa='hdisesa proce!ure is gi%e at the e! o$ the 4! sectio a! i C% ## T ###+
Co2a!ays, bhikkhus usua&&y !o a geera& a&& ic&usi%e co$essio i 0;i that !oes ot e5p&icit&y speci$y
each &ight o$$ece committe!+ Ho2e%er, i the Niaya(piIaka a! a&so i the commetaries there is o
metio o$ such a geera& co$essio+ "ccor!ig to the Cao, each o$$ece remembere! ha! to be
speci$ica&&y co$esse! a! metioe! by a bhikkhu+ <his geera& co$essio is $irst metioe! i the
27%asikkh j 720
89
a! is recomme!e! by Ne+ akitti i the Bhikkhuptimokkha'a>Chid$pan$+
A0
#t is ot
$ou! i the ear&ier /huddasikkh j @88 2here a speci$ic co$essio is recomme!e!+
A7
#t is a&so ot $ou! i
the 4p 2here !i$$eret 2or!igs o$ co$essig a o$$ece are gi%eW see $ootote A@+ # "ppe!i5 @ the
re&e%at passages $rom the /huddasikkh, etc, are gi%e+
<he geera& a&&(ic&usi%e co$essio is thus is a &ater !e%e&opmet+ Co2a!ays, it is sometimes sai! to be
!oe to a%oi! !oubts about o$$eces that a bhikkhu might ha%e uko2ig&y $a&&e ito+ 6ore reasoab&y, it
is sai! to be !oe 2he oe is ot sure 2hat the c&ass or type o$ the o$$ece is oe has $a&&e ito, or 2he oe
is ot sure about ho2 may o$$eces oe has $a&&e itoW see ! 200 + 2+ # the 6ah%agga it is sai! that i$
oe is usure that oe has $a&&e ito a o$$ece that oe the has to te&& aother bhikkhu that oe is usure,
a! the co$ess &ater 2he oe has become certai, 6% ## 2H, 2 T AeNi # 72G+ # the meatime, oe is to !o
the -posatha a! &iste to the 0timokkha+ # accor!ace 2ith this regu&atio, it 2ou&! be improper to
co$ess a o$$ece 2he oe has !oubts about ha%ig $a&&e ito it+
"other reasoig that ga%e rise to the geera& co$essio might be that i$ oe co$esses may o$$eces
2hi&e ha%ig $a&&e ito oe, it is co$esse!, 2hi&e i$ oe co$esses oe o$$ece 2hi&e ha%ig $a&&e ito may
they are ot co$esse!+ # 4p 7787Y82 it is sai! that that 2he oe co$esses a 4aFgh!isesa o$$ece that has
49
27%asikkh j 720) [apattidesakena PahaA, *hante, sam*ahu% nn3atthuk pattiyo pa@@iA, t tumham7%e paCidesem$Pti 3at3
paCi''a>hantena Ppassasi, 3uso, t pattiyoPti 3utte Pma, *hante, passm$Pti 3at3 puna paCi''a>hantena PyatiA, 3uso,
saA3areyys$ ti 3utte Psdhu suCChu, *hante saA3arissm$Pti tikkhattuA 3at3 deseta**aAFP
50
0g) [Q Sa** t pattiyo ro!em$ ti 3a!anaA pana Samu!!ayakkhandhakaCChakathyaA 3uttdhippyaA pu**atherehi ra!itaA yadi
!e taA 3at3 ro!et s3ro!et hontiF[ ) [<he sayig ]# aouce a&& o$$ecesD has bee compose! by ear&ier theras ite!ig
(to co%ey) 2hat has bee sai! i the commetary (X 4p 7787$) to the 4amuccayakkha!haka (C% ###), 2he ha%ig sai!
this the co$esse! (o$$eces) are 2e&& co$esse!+[ <his a!!itioa& co$essio is gi%e i ! 200+ Ne+ akitti ,uotes both
the 27%asikkh a! /huddasikkh, but gi%es the 27%asikkh co$essio(%ersio $irst a! thus sho2s his pre$erece $or this
%ersio+
51
/huddasikkh j @88+ PAhaA, *hante, ekaA thu%%a!!aypattiA pa@@iA, taA tumham7%e paCidesem$Pti 3at3 tena Ppassasi, 3uso, taA
pattinPti 3utte Pma, *hante, passm$Pti 3at3 puna tena PyatiA, 3uso, saA3areyys$Pti 3utte Psdhu suCChu, *hante,
saA3arissm$P ti 3atta**aAF PAhaA, *hante, d3e thu%%a!!aypattiyo pa@@iA, ahaA *hante sam*ahu% thu%%a!!aypattiyo pa@@iA, t
tumham7%e paCidesem$Pti 3atta**aAF
@G
bee has bee cocea&e! as ot cocea&e!, or oe &og cocea&e! as ot &og cocea&e!, or co$esses oe
o$$ece 2hi&e oe has $a&&e ito may, that oe !oes ot emerge $rom the o$$ece+ : the other ha!, i$ oe
!oes it the other 2ay arou!, i+e+, oe co$esses oe ot cocea&e! as cocea&e! etc+, the oe emerges $rom
the o$$ece+
A2
Further, i$ oe co$esses a hea%y o$$ece as a &ight oe cocea&s a o$$ece+
A@
<he 2ay geera& co$essios are !oe !i$$ers $rom nikya to nikya+ # the $orest sub(sect o$ the .maMMa
Cikya i 4ri Kaka a %ery geera& co$essio is !oe that ic&u!es a&& c&asses o$ co$essab&e o$$eces)
Zsam*hu% nn3atthukyo pattiyo[) Zmay o$$eces o$ %arious c&asses[W see ! 200Y207+ # the <hai
Lhammayuttikaikya, a! a&so i some tra!itios 2ithi the 6ahikya, each c&ass o$ co$essab&e o$$eces
is co$esse! separate&y, but speci$ic o$$eces that a bhikkhu remembers are metioe! i his o2 &aguage to
the bhikkhu he co$esses 2ith be$ore the $orma& co$essioW see B6C A88+ # the <hai 6ahikya at &east
t2o %ersios o$ the geera& co$essio are !oe+ # Burma there is at &east oe %ersio 2hich s&ight&y !i$$ers
$rom the oe gi%e i !+ For more about co$essio see ! 798Y27H, B6C A82Y88, m 79G9 8@Y8G+
<he Pada*h@ana o the Ci!a, 6% ## @,8eNi # 708, commets that a o$$ece ca be re%ea&e! i the
mi!!&e o$ the commuity, i the mi!!&e o$ a group, or to oe perso+ # the cote5t o$ 6% ## 2H,7eNi # 72AY
2G the co$essio is !oe to oe perso+ Ho2e%er, other cote5ts seem to suggest that bhikkhus 2ou&! a&so
co$ess their o$$eces pub&ic&y !urig the 0timokkha recitatio a! other bhikkhus cou&! !ea& 2ith them
theW see 0c H@) Zm ptimokkhe uddissamne Q,[[m 2hi&e the 0timokkha is beig recite! m[W C% ###
@8,2eNi ## G8) Z"3e *hikkh7 sa='hdisesaA pann hontiF Te ptimokkhe uddissamne e3aA 3adantiI Idn8e3a m[
(see 0c H@) a! 6 ### 70)
Z<here is, brahmi, $or the bhikkhus a traiig precept
A8
!ec&are!, a !iscip&iary co!e recite!, by the
Fortuate :e, the Ko2er, the /orthy :e, the 4eer, the .ight&y "2akee! :e+ <hose o$ us 2ho !2e&&
!epe!et upo the e5tet o$ oe %i&&age(area a&& gather together i oe p&ace o the :bser%ace(!ay,
gathere! together 2e i%ite the oe by 2hom it is practise!ekept up+
AA
#$ a bhikkhu has a o$$ece, a
trasgressio, 2hi&e it is beig to&!, *haKKamne,
UT
to them there, 2e !ea& 2ith him accor!ig to the ru&e,
accor!ig to the istructio+[
57
4ee Lhirasekera chapter 8 T 9 o this passage+ Lhirasekera regar!s the origia& $uctio o$ the
0timokkha recitatio as a ki! o$ tria& a! suggests that the $orm o$ the 0timokkha, 2ith the re,uest by the
reciter i the Ci!a to co$ess o$$eces or to remai si&et a! the ,uestios, anuss3anas, about the purity o$
the participats a$ter each sectio o$ o$$eces i!icates that origia&&y bhikkhus 2ou&! co$ess o$$eces
!urig the recitatio+ #!ee!, i$ o$$eces 2ere ot co$esse! a$ter the anuss3anas i the recitatio, the it
2ou&! seem more co%eiet to ha%e oe anuss3ana a$ter a&& the o$$ece(sectios+ "s suggeste! abo%e i the
sectio o the .ecitatio o$ the 0timokkha, it seems that the 0timokkha is a Katti!atutthakamma a! that the
three ,uestios at the e! o$ each ru&e sectio are re&ate! the Katti i the Ci!a, 2here it is sai! that the
anuss3ana is to be !oe three times+
Lhirasekera suggests that the $orm o$ the 0timokkha as prescribe! by the -posathakkha!haka appears
to be a ritua&ise! $orm o$ a ear&ier a! more practica& $orm i 2hich o$$eces 2ere co$esse! !urig the
52
4p 7787Y2) AKKasmiA pana patti3uCChne idaA %akkha>aAF Go appaCi!!hannaA pattiA 8paCi!!hannhti 3inayakammaA karoti,
tassa patti 3uCChtiF Go paCi!!hannaA 8appaCi!!hannhti 3inayakammaA karoti, tassa na 3uCChtiF A!irappaCi!!hannaA
8!irappaCi!!hannhti karontassa pi 3uCChti, !irappaCi!!hannaA 8a!irappaCi!!hannhti karontassa na 3uCChtiF &kaA pattiA pa@@it3
8sam*ahu%hti karontassa pi 3uCChti ekaA 3in sam*ahu%naA a*h3atoF Sam*ahu% pana pa@@it3 8ekaA pa@@inhti karontassa na
3uCChtiF
53
4p 77HG) a3ikaronto !a PtuyhaA santike ekaA pattiA 3ikarom$Pti 3 P!ikkhm$Pti 3 ro!em$Pti 3 Pmama ekaA pattiA
panna*h3aA @nh$Pti 3 3adatu, PekaA 'arukpattiA 3ikarom$Pti-din 3 nayena 3adatu, sa**ehi pi krehi appaCi!!hann3a
hot$ ti /urundiyaA 3uttaAF Sa!e pana P%ahukpattiA 3ikarom$Pti-din nayena 3adati, paCi!!hann 3a hotiF VatthuA ro!eti,
pattiA ro!eti, u*hayaA ro!eti, ti3idhena pi ro!it 3a hotiF
54
amo&i re!ers Zcourse o$ traiig[ i 2idd%e 1en'th "is!ourses of the Buddha (799A) suttata 708 j 70+
55
#+e+, the 0timokkha+ [Gassa taA 3attatiFP C$+ 6% ## 7H,@eNi # 77G) [6a me 3attati[ ) [(<he 0timokkha) is ot practise! by
me+[
56
<he use o$ *haKKamne sho2s that origia&&y the 0timokkha 2as spoke ot chate!W c$+ 6 ### 280 a! " ### 70G+ For yath
dhammo a! yathsattha see 0c H@+
57
Atthi kho *rhma>a tena *ha'a3at @nat arahat passat sammsam*uddhena *hikkh7naA sikkhpadaA paKKattaA ptimokkhaA
uddiCChaAF Te mayaA tad-ahuposathe y3atik ekaA 'makkhettaA upanissya 3iharma te sa**e eka@@haA sannipatma, sannipatit3
yassa taA 3attati taA a@@hessmaF TasmiA te *haKKamne hoti *hikkhussa patti hoti 3$tikkamo taA mayaA yathdhammaA
yathsatthaA krem tiF
@H
recitatio+ <he purpose o$ this 2as to create more shame a! $ear o$ b&ame (hiri-ottappa) i o$$e!ers a! to
a&&o2 the commuity to Eu!ge the co!uct o$ its members i accor!ace 2ith the authority o$ the Ka2 a!
istructio o$ the 0timokkha ru&es+ Lhirasekera (pp+ H9$+ a! 9AY99) ,uotes the 6 ### 70 passage a! 0c H@
as $urther support $or his theory that Zm the )ddesa 2as o mere recitatio o$ the &ist o$ ru&es but a tria& at
2hich the o$$e!ers thus !isco%ere! 2ere to be Eu!ge! a! !ea&t 2ith accor!ig to the Ka2+[ #t shou&! be
ote! that i the 6 ### 70 passage it is the other bhikkhus 2ho make the bhikkhu 2ho has $a&&e ito a
o$$ece act accor!ig to the Lhamma, i+e+, make him co$ess+ <his might i!icate that the bhikkhu !i! ot
2at to see his o$$ece a! that the bhikkhus suspe!e! the 0timokkha $or him+ <he same appears to be the
case $or the bhikkhu i 0c H@+
Co$essio !urig the recitatio 2ou&! seem rather impractica& 2ith &arge groups o$ bhikkhus &i%ig i
&arge moasteries a! this might be the reaso 2hy this practice 2as e%etua&&y aba!oe! (i$ it e%er
e5iste!)+ # the ear&y !ays o$ the Ssana most bhikkhus 2ere 2a!erers &i%ig a&oe i $orests rather tha i
moasteries a! oe purpose o$ the -posatha 2as to brig bhikkhus together+ 4ice the hermit(bhikkhus
cou&! &i%e $ar apart it 2ou&! sometimes ot be co%eiet $or a $orest(!2e&&er to $i! aother bhikkhu earby
to co$ess to+ <he -posatha 2ou&! be suitab&e ocassio to co$ess ay o$$eces sice a&& the bhikkhus &i%ig i
a area 2ou&! come together as is suggeste! i the Ropakamogga&a(suttata abo%e+ 4ee a&so 6 ## 8, 2here
the Bu!!ha says that there are !iscip&es 2ho !2e&& i !istat $orest(!2e&&igs a! o&y eter ito the mi!st
o$ the commuity oce i t2o 2eeks $or the 0timokkha(recitatio+
/he the 4aFgha gre2 i si\e a! became more se!etary, 2ea&thy, a! scho&ar&y (see 6C GA), the
umber o$ uscrupu&ous bhikkhus 2ho !i! ot beha%e i accor!ace 2ith the ru&es, a! !i! ot 2at to see
a! co$ess o$$eces they ha! $a&&e ito (Ni # 778, 6 # 88A, 4! 72, Ni #N 78@), icrease! a! the ee! must
ha%e arise to to e5c&u!e prob&ematic bhikkhus $rom the 0timokkha recitatio+ <he emphasis i the
Kha!hakas o the purity o$ the participatig bhikkhus i the 0timokkha recitatio a! co$essio
be$oreha!, see sectio o Zu,ua&i$ie! persos[ be&o2, cou&! be to e5c&u!e troub&e(makers+
0ub&ic co$essio, e%e $or mior o$$eces, !urig the recitatio 2ou&! a&so ha%e bee a humi&iatig
e5periece, see 6 # 2H, a! it might ha%e bee aba!oe! to a&&e%iate this+
"&though there is othig comparab&e to the 0timokkha i the Sai or other sama>a tra!itios i #!ia,
Sai bhikkhus co$esse! trasgressios o$ ru&es to their teacher, 'uru, i pri%ate a! the co$essio 2ou&! be
$o&&o2e! by a e5piatio, pryaY!itta, i the $orm o$ a peace (tapas)W see Lutt H2+
# the Lharmaguptaka tra!itio as practise! at the City o$ <e <housa! Bu!!has i Ca&i$oria, the
bhikkhus co$ess i!i%i!ua& o$$eces be$ore the 0rtimok>as?tra recitatio, such as saA'h3aYe+a o$$eces,
a! the !o a co&&ecti%e repetace $or ay acts base! o gree!, hatre!, a! !e&usio !oe i saBsra+
4ometimes 2he a precept has bee recite! some bhikkhu 2i&& come up to repet because he $orgot his
o$$ece+ <he other participatig bhikkhus the 2i&& accept his repetace+
# the Lharmaguptaka tra!itio as practise! by the bhik>uJs o$ the Hsiag Kuag <emp&e i <ai2a, a&&
the bhik>uJs !o a geera& co$essio a! repetace ceremoy together be$ore the 0rtimok>as?tra
recitatioW see /u Ui, 2007, p+722 a! @7A+ 4imi&ar&y, i the <ibeta Re&ukpa tra!itio a&& bhikkhus (a!
o%ices) !o a geera& co$essio a! repetace ceremoy together be$ore the 0rtimok>as?tra recitatioW see
<ekchok, 7988, pp+@7Y@2, 8AY8H, GGYG9+
<hubte Ka&sag .impoche 2rites (re$errig to the suitab&e co!uct $or a bhik>u)) Z:e shou&! !e%e&op
i oese&$ a high regar! $or specia& !uties o$ bhik>u o Fu&&(moo a! Ce2 moo !ays+ <his ic&u!es
atte!ig the 0rtimok>a recitatio i the s$m be$ore 2hich oe shou&! co$ess ay breach o$ the Niaya
ru&es (2hich ca be co$esse!) a! make a %o2 ot to repeat such $au&ts i the $uture+ <he co$essio is
customari&y ma!e by a&& the bhik>hus together to the -pa!hyya+ He ,uestios the assemb&y thus) Z"re you
pureg[ a! each oe shou&! rep&y ZUes, # am pure+[ <his rep&y caot be gi%e i the case o$ oe 2ho has
broke some ru&e a! he, prior to the !ec&aratio o$ purity, shou&! pri%ate&y make a a!hi>Iha ot to break
that ru&e agai+ :r i e5ceptioa& cases, oe may go to co$ess the actua& $au&t to oe o$ the bhik>hus 2ho has
sat i oeDs o2 upasampa! or to ay seior a! 2e&&(respecte! stha%ira (thera)+[ (ZNarf%sa i <ibet,[ i
Vass3sa pp+H8YH9+)
@8
Day( &eason( /nstru%tin! the hikkhun4s( 5umber( and Armslen!th
<he Bu!!ha iitia&&y a&&o2e! bhikkhus to gather together o the $ourteeth or $i$teeth, a! eighth !ay o$ the
ha&$(moth to speak o Lhamma, but the ame!e! this to a (&ega&) act o$ -posatha that is carrie! out by
recitig the 0timokkhaW 6% ## @,2eNi # 702+ <he 0timokkha shou&! ot be $orma&&y recite! o ay !ay but
o&y o the -posatha(!ay oce i a ha&$(moth, pakkhaW 6% ## 8,7eNi # 708+ <here are t2o -posatha !ays) the
$ourteeth a! the $i$teethW 6% ## 78,7eNi # 777+ <he Samantapsdik a! /a=kh3itara>$ state that the
$ourteeth !ay -posatha $a&&s o the @r! a! Hth -posatha o$ a seaso+
A8
-posathas $a&& o the !ay prece!ig
the mooDs 2a5ig a! 2aig a! the t2o !ays i the mi!!&e o$ these phases, i+e+, the 8th, 7Ath, 2@th, a!
@0th ight o$ the &uar moth i the case o$ 7A
th
!ay -posathas, a! o the 8
th
, 78
th
, 22
!
, a! 29
th
ight i the
case o$ 78
th
!ay -posathas+ <he -posatha shou&! ot be !oe o a o(-posatha !ay, a e5ceptio is i$ it is
$or the sake o$ uityeuaimityeharmoy (sma''$), o$ the CommuityW 6% a A,78eNi # @AH+ <his type o$
-posatha is ca&&e! a sma''i-uposatha i the 0ari%ra (Ni N 72@) a! the commetaries+
<he Bu!!ha recomme!e! a&& the bhikkhus to &ear to cout the moo(phasee$orth(ight (sa**eh8e3a
pakkha-'a>anaA u''ahetuA) a$ter &aypeop&e criticise! the bhikkhus $or ot ko2ig itW 6% ## 78,7Y2eNi # 77H+
<o a%oi! that moks !oDt ko2 that it is -posatha, a seior mok is to aouce it at ay time !urig the
!ayW 6% 79+7+
<he aoucemet o$ the -posatha !ay (a@@iuposatho pa>>araso) ic&u!e! i the Katti gi%e i the Ci!a
o$ the 0timokkha is uusua& i the sese that it occurs i o other sa='hakamma Katti+ <he a@@iuposatho
pa>>araso aoucemet is ot $ou! i the Ci!a as gi%e i the 6ah%agga e!itios (6% ## @+@eNi # 702+
Be, Ce, 4e), but it is $ou! i the @Kapti i the 0rtimok>as?tras o$ other ear&y Bu!!hist schoo&s_see the
Z0re&imiary !uties) prisuddhi a! !handa[ sectio_a! it is commete! upo i the /a=kh3itara>$, 2hich
i!icates that it must be a %ery ear&y tra!itio+ Further, it is $ou! i the Katti o$ the prisuddhi-uposatha $or
three moks_Xsu>ant me yasmant, a@@uposatho pa>>araso m[_at 6% ## 2G+@eNi # 728+ " $ootote i 4e
6ah%agga (as gi%e i the Bu!sir CL) states that a&& books, e5cept a 4iha&ese book, ha%e the a@@iuposatho
pa>>araso c&ause i the te5t, but because o$ the $act that there &ater (i the 6ah%agga chapter) $o&&o2s a ru&e
that the 0timokkha is ot to be recite! !ai&y a! o&y o the $i$teeth or $ourteeth+ <hus, the c&ause cou&!
ot ha%e bee part o$ the Katti 2he it 2as &ai! !o2+ <he <hai e!itio there$ore $o&&o2s the 4iha&ese book+
59
" e5p&icit ru&e about te&&ig the seaso i 2hich the -posatha takes p&ace has ot bee trace!, but i the
6% it is sai! that the measurig o$ the seaso, utuppamnam, shou&! be to&! at a upasampadkammaW 6% #
HH,7eNi # 9A+ #t is e5p&aie! at 4p 70@@ as the metioig o$ the seaso, i+e+, oe o$ the three #!ia seasos
(co&!, hot, or raiy seaso)+
Kaypeop&e criticise! bhikkhus 2ho !i! ot ko2 the umber o$ bhikkhus (i a commuity) a!
there$ore the Bu!!ha recomme!e! to cout the bhikkhus+ <his is to be !oe o the !ay o$ -posatha (a! i$
there are a &arge umber o$ bhikkhus) the umber o$ bhikkhus ca be coute! by coutig by 2ay o$
(!i%i!ig the bhikkhus ito) batchesegroups ('a>a(ma''ena 'a>etuA) or coutig by 2ay o$ takig tickets
(sa%kaA 'ahetuA_W 6% ## 78,@Y8eNi # 77H+
<here is a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig $or a bhikkhu 2ho !oes ot u!ertake the e5hortatio o$ bhikkhuJs
a$ter ha%ig bee authorise! by the *hikkhusa='haW C% a 9,8YAeNi ## 2G@YG8+ Kike2ise the bhikkhuJs ha%e a
58
Kkh 2 (Be)) Tattha hemanta'imha3assnnaA ti>>aA ut7naA tatiyasattamapakkhesu d3e d3e kat3 !ha !tuddasik, a3ases
aCChrasa pannarasik ti e3aA ekasaA3a!!hare !atu3$sati uposath, idaA t3a pakati!rittaAF XAnu@nmi, *hikkha3e, sakiA
pakkhassa !tuddase 3 pannarase 3 ptimokkhaA uddisitunPti 3a!anato pana X'antukehi 3siknaA anu3attita**anPti-
di3a!anato !a tathr7papa!!aye sati aKKasmimpi !tuddase uposathaA ktuA 3aCCatiF ZHerei, t2o times i the thir! a! the
se%eth $orthights o$ the @ seasos o$ summer, 2iter, a! the rais, (gi%es) si5 $ourtee !ay (uposathas), remaiig are
78 $i$tee !ay (uposathas), thus i oe year there are 28 uposathas+ 4o $ar, this is the orma& practice+ But !ue to the sayig)
]:ce o the $ourteeth or $i$teeth o$ the $orthight^ (6% ## 8+2eNi # 708) a! !ue to the sayig ]the %isitors ha%e to
$o&&o2 the resi!ets^ (6% ## @8+7eNi # 7@2), etc+, 2he there is a cause &ike that or 2he there is aother, it is proper to !o
the -posatha o the $ourteeth+[
59
ito paraA s$ha%apotthakaA Chapet3 sa**apotthakesu a@@uposatho pan+n+arasoti p%i paKKyatiF s pana yasm idha di3aso na t3a
anuKKto hoti tath hi 3akkhati tena kho pana samayena *hikkh7 *ha'a3at ptimokkhuddeso anuKKtoti de3asikaA ptimokkhaA
uddisant$ti diA sa!e idha di3asaA anu@neyya te *hikkh7 de3asikaA na uddiseyyuA tasm idha na yu@@ati di3asassa pana
anuKKtak%ato paCChya 3aCCatiF ayampana s$ha%apotthakaA anu3attit3 sodhitoti 3edita**oF (4e p+20@)
@9
p!ittiya ru&e, BhJ 0c A9, statig that they are to ask t2o thigs $rom the *hikkhusa='ha e%ery ha&$ moth) the
,uestioig about the -posatha, a! the comig $or the istructio+
G0

"ccor!ig to the Kkh G Z/hate%er[ re$ers to at &east $our bhikkhus beig 2ithi arms&egth i a
bou!ary (s$m) Ni #N @7A+ <here is o&y oe Caoica& re$erece about bhikkhus ha%ig to be 2ithi
arms&egth !urig a sa='hakamma_i the 0a!abhEaa o 0c 80, Ni #N 7A8_a! it ca be take to app&y
$or a&& sa='hakammas+ <he pa!abhEaa states that a bhikkhu commits the p!ittiya o$$ece 2he he goes a2ay
more tha oe arms&egth ((!istace) $rom the assemb&yW Zparisya hatthapsaA Q 3i@ahite+[
&4m
<he %a&i!ity o$ the &ega& act o$ -posatha (uposathakamma) is !epe!et o the comig together i oe
appoite! p&ace o$ a&& the bhikkhus &i%ig i oe resi!ece (that is surrou!e! by a $orma&&y authorise!
bou!ary), there$ore it is o$ use to &ist i brie$ the re&e%at ru&es $ou! i the -posathakkha!haka regar!ig
the p&ace 2here the -posatha is to be he&!+
# or!er to pre%et bhikkhus $rom breakig up ito groups the Bu!!ha $orba!e bhikkhus to recite the
0timokkha to their o2 compaies (paris) a! prescribe! a &ega& act o$ -posatha $or uite! oes
G7
(sama''naA)W 6% ## A,7eNi # 70A+ <his uity is &imite! to oe resi!ece (ek3sa)W 6% ## A,2eNi # 70A+
" resi!ece is &imite! by a bou!ary (s$m) that is to be $orma&&y authorise! through a &ega& act
(sa='hakamma)+ 0rece!ig this &ega& act the (bou!ary() markers (nimitta) are metioe!e!escribe! (kitteti)+
<here are eight ki!s o$ bou!ary markers) hi&&semoutais, rocks, $orests, (i!i%i!ua&) trees, roa!s, termite(
mouts, ri%ers, (areas co%ere! 2ith) 2ater (such as &akes)+ "$ter this metioig o$ the markers, oe
competet bhikkhu is to make a $orma& motio $o&&o2e! by a aoucemet (Kattidutiyakamma) through
2hich a bou!ary as $ar as the markers (e5te!) a&& arou! is authorise! $or the sig&e -posatha $or the same
commuioW 6% ## G,7Y2eNi # 70G+
<he bou!ary ca be three yo@anas at the mostW 6% ## H,7eNi # 70G+ (4p 708G) :e a! a ha&$ yo@ana $rom
the cetre o$ the resi!ece i each !irectio+)
<o a%oi! co$usio 2ith regar!s the p&ace 2here the -posatha is he&!, a -posatha(ha&& (uposath'ra)
i+e+, a bui&!ig or a ca%e, shou&! be $orma&&y appoite! through a aoucemet $o&&o2e! by a motioW 6%
## 8,7eNi # 70H+
Co more tha oe -posatha(ha&& ca be $orma&&y authorise! i oe resi!ece+ #$ there is more tha oe
-posatha(ha&& i oe resi!ece, the the e5tra oe(s) ha%e to be 2ith!ra2 by a $orma& aoucemet
$o&&o2e! by a motioW 6% ## 8,@Y8eNi # 70H+
#$ there are too may bhikkhus to $it ito the -posatha(ha&&, the it is a&&o2ab&e that bhikkhus sit outsi!e
a! &iste to the 0timokkha $rom thereW 6% ## 9,7eNi # 708+
" area arou! the -posatha(ha&& ca be $orma&&y authorise! $or this purpose through $irst metioig
the markers (!e&imitig the area) a! the ha%ig oe bhikkhu make a $orma& aoucemet $o&&o2e! by a
motioW 6% ## 8,8eNi # 70H+
4eior bhikkhus (theras) are to gather together be$ore the Euior bhikkhus o the -posatha(!ayW 6% ##
70,7eNi # 708+
#$ there are se%era& resi!eces, 3ihras, sharig the same s$m the the -posatha is to be he&! by a&& the
bhikkhus together a$ter ha%ig gathere! i oe (agree! upo) resi!ece or i the resi!ece 2here the most
seior bhikkhu &i%esW 6% ## 77,7eNi # 708+
<he -posatha shou&! ot be !oe by a o(uite! (3a''a)
G2
commuityW 6% ## 77,7eNi # 708+ /he there
is o $orma&&y authorise! a! estab&ishe! bou!ary (asammatas$m), the the bou!ary o$ the %i&&age or to2
!epe!ig o 2hich a bhikkhu &i%es is (the bou!ary $or) the same commuio a! the sig&e -posathaW 6%
## 72,HeNi # 777+
# the case that a bhikkhu &i%es i a o(%i&&age area, a 2i&!eress (araKKa), (the bou!ary $or) the same
60
)posathapu!!hakaK-!a o3dupasaAkamaK-!a: 6% ## 2G,7eNi # 728+ C$+ the Ca!ako%!asuttataW 6 ### 2H0+
61
BL #N 7@G) [a&& together[W see the ote o sama''a at 4! 70+
62
BL) [icomp&ete[W see the ote o sama''a at 4! 70+
80
commuio a! sig&e -posatha is se%e a**hantara
T`
a&& arou!W 6% ## 72,HeNi # 777+
"&& (the area i a ri%er) ri%er, sea, a! &ake is 2ithout bou!ary+ # a ri%er, sea, or &ake (the bou!ary $or)
the same commuio is (the area) that a a%erage(height ma ca thro2 2ater a&& arou! (i+e+, the area he
ca thro2 2ater arou! 2he sta!ig i oe p&ace)W 6% ## 72,HeNi # 777+
G8

Bou!aries ca ot be coecte! or ma!e to o%er&ap+ /he authorisig a s$m a iterspace (bet2ee the
s$ms) is to be set asi!eW 6% ## 7@,7Y2eNi # 777+
# the Niaya(commetaries the origia& regu&atios regar!ig s$ms ha%e bee c&ari$ie!, re$ie!, a!
a&so e5pa!e! upo+ Further, e2 metho!s, e+g+ the metho! $or !escribig bou!ary markers, are &ai! !o2+
/hereas there is there is some $&e5ibi&ity i the origia& regu&atios, i+e+, they ca be ope to !i$$eret
iterpretatios, the commetaries try to e&imiate these Zgrey areas[ a! istea! regu&ate, !e$ie, a!
e&uci!ate e%erythig+ For e5amp&e, i the &ast regu&atio the e5act si\e o$ the iterspace bet2ee t2o s$ms is
ot !e$ie! a! is &e$t ope $or the bhikkhus to !eci!e 2hat is suitab&e, but the commetary states it is to be
aother H a**hantaras i the case the s$ms are i bet2ee ot $orma&&y authorise! 2i&!eress-s$ms a!
aother space a ma ca thro2 2ater arou! i case the s$ms are i 2aterW see Kkh 70Y77+
Ce2 termio&ogy is a&so use! i the commetaries, e+g+ the sammatas$m is ca&&e! *addhas$m (bou!(
bou!ary) a! the asammatas$m is ca&&e! a*addhas$mF <his *addhas$m is !ue to the e2 proce!ure o$
coectig or bi!ig (*andhati) s$m markers istea! o$ the origia& proce!ure o$ simp&y metioig them
(kitteti)F
Co2a!ays, the -posatha is usua&&y he&! i a -posatha(ha&& i a so(ca&&e! kha>Was$m, 2hich &itera&&y
meas a Zbroke o$$ bou!ary,[ i+e+, a subsi!iary bou!ary+ <his too is a commetaria& !e%e&opmet a! the
kha>Was$m is authorise! i or!er to a%oi! that ua2are bhikkhus 2ou&! eter a &arge s$m 2hi&e a
sa='hakamma is goig o a! thus i%a&i!ate it+
GA
#t is a&so to a%oi! the prob&em o$ ha%ig to ho&! a
saFghakamma i the presece a i&& mok 2ho ca ot come, 2hich ca be prob&ematic i$ they are i separate
p&aces i the s$m+
<he kha>Was$m is thus a sma&& s$m 2ithi a &arger s$m 2hich is there$ore ca&&e! a mahs$m)
Z&argeegreater bou!ary[ i the commetaries+ "ccor!ig to the -posathakkha!haka a iterspace has to
be set asi!e bet2ee !i$$eret s$ms, see abo%e, a!, accor!ig to the commetaria& regu&atios, i the same
maer a iterspace (o$ about G0 cm) is to be ma!e bet2ee the kha>Was$m a! the mahs$mF For more
i$ormatio o the comp&e5 a! cotro%ersia& subEect o$ s$m, see Kkh chapter 7, 4p 70@AY70AG, Kie$$er(0`&\,
a! B6C ## chapter 7@+
Common Offen%es
<he term Zcommo o$$eces,[ sa*h'pattiy, re$ers to a o$$ece, such as eatig i the 2rog time, 2hich t2o
or more bhikkhus, or a&& o$ the bhikkhus o$ a commuity, ha%e $a&&e ito+ #t is a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig,
dukkaCa, to co$ess a o$$ece to aother bhikkhu 2ith the same o$$ece a! it is a&so a 2rog(!oig $or the
bhikkhu 2ho acko2&e!geseaccepts the commo o$$ece+ #stea!, such a o$$ece commo to both bhikkhus
has to be co$esse! to a bhikkhu 2ho has ot $a&&e ito the o$$eceW Ni # 72Ge6% ## 2H,@+
#$ a&& the bhikkhus i oe moastery ha%e $a&&e ito the same o$$ece the this co$essio ca be !oe by
se!ig oe o$ the bhikkhus to aother commuity to co$ess the o$$ece there a! come back, or i$ that is
ot possib&e, to make a aoucemet that the commuity has $a&&e ito a commo o$$ece a! sha&&
co$ess it 2he a pure bhikkhu %isits+ "$ter this aoucemet the 0timokkha is to be carrie! out+
63
"ccor!ig to 4p GA8 oe a**hantara is 28 $orearm &egths, hattha (the &egth $rom the e&bo2 to the $igertip)+ <akig a
hattha to be about 80 cm this gi%es a &egth o$ about 80 m $or H abbhataras+ 4ee BL ## &(&i+ <he <hai iterpretatio as gi%e
i the Niayamukha ('trace to the Niaya ### p+88) is that a a**hantara is 78 m+, gi%ig a &egth about 700 m+
64
<his asammatas$m is importat, $or e5amp&e, 2he bhikkhus are %isitig a %i&&age or to2 2here there is o moastery, or
2he tra%e&&ig or stayig i a 2i&!eress, or 2he tra%e&&ig o a ship+
65
Anupasampanna persos ca eter a sJm 2ithout i%a&i!atig a sa='hakamma, ho2e%er, they ca ot come 2ithi
hatthapsa, e5cept i$ oe is recei%ig upasampad 2he he is suppose! to be 2ithi hatthapsa+
87
Persons 6n7ualified to Parti%i"ate in the Ptimokkha 0e%itation
" Zperso to be e5c&u!e![ re$ers to the Bu!!haDs or!er that the 0timokkha shou&! ot be recite! i the
presece o$ ay persos 2ho are ot i commuio 2ith the bhikkhusaFgha such as smaeras, bhikkhuJs,
etc+
"t 6% ## @GeNi # 7@AY@G the Bu!!ha or!ers that the 0timokkha is ot be recite! to a assemb&y 2here
persos 2ho are ot i commuio
66
, asaA3sa, are seate! 2ithi hatthapsa) househo&!ers (6% ## 7G,8eNi #
77A), bhikkhuJs, ma&e a! $ema&e o%ices, persos 2ho ha%e &e$t the traiig, those 2ho ha%e committe! a
o$$ece i%o&%ig !e$eat, those 2ho ha%e bee suspe!e!etake out
GH
$or ot seeig a o$$ece a! are ot
yet restore! (anosrita) by the commuity, those 2ho ha%e bee suspe!e! $or ot makig ame!s
(appaCikata) $or their o$$eces etc+, those 2ho ha%e bee suspe!e! $or ot gi%ig up their ba! %ie2s
G8
, etc+,
those &i%ig i commuio by stea&th
G9
, those 2ho ha%e !eparte! to aother (o(Bu!!hist) sect, aima&s,
matrici!es, parrici!es, ki&&ers o$ arahants, those 2ho ha%e rape! bhikkhuJs, schismatics, she!!ers o$ b&oo!
(o$ the Bu!!ha), hermaphro!ites, a! euuchs+
" o%ice 2ho has se!uce! a bhikkhuJ is to be e5pe&&e! (nsetum)W 6% # G0eNi # 8A+
0ersos ot to be a!mitte! ito the BhikkhusaFgha, a! i$ a!mitte! to be e5pe&&e! (nseta**o), are) the
euuch (pa>Waka)W the oe 2ho associates by stea&thW a aima&, the matrici!e a! the patrici!eW the ki&&er o$
a arahatW the se!ucer o$ a bhikkhuJ
H0
W the hermaphro!iteW 6% # G7YG8eNi # 8AY89+
&us"endin! the Ptimokkha
<he Bu!!ha, ot 2ishig to recite the 0timokkha i the presece o$ a bhikkhu 2ho presumab&y (Eu!gig
$rom the terms by 2hich the perso is !escribe!) ha! committe! a prEika o$$ece, or!ere! that o oe 2ho
has committe! a o$$ece shou&! &iste to the 0timokkha(recitatio a! that the 0timokkha(recitatio ca
be suspe!e! $or a bhikkhu 2ho has $a&&e ito a o$$eceW Ni ## 280+ #$ a bhikkhu sees, hears, or suspects
that aother bhikkhu has committe! a o$$ece, he ca i the mi!st o$ the assemb&y preset at the
-posathakamma aouce that that bhikkhu has committe! a o$$ece a! suspe! him $rom atte!ig the
0timokkha recitatio
H7
+ <he 0timokkha ca the ot be recite! i that bhikkhuDs presece, i+e+, the bhikkhu
has to go a2ay out o$ hatthapsa+ #t is ot sai! 2hat a bhikkhu 2ho has committe! a &esser o$$ece has to !o
2he he has bee suspe!e! $rom atte!ig the 0timokkha+ 6aybe 2hat is meat is that o&y a bhikkhu
2ho !oes ot 2at to see or ame! his o$$ece, 2hether coarse o$ mior, shou&! be suspe!e!+
"t Ni ## 280Y 8H there are te &ists 2ith &ega&&y %a&i! a! i%a&i! reasos $or suspe!ig the 0timokkha,
Ptimokkha-Chapan, asce!ig $rom oe to te reasos+ "t " N H0 the Bu!!ha re&ates a&so te reasos to
-p&i, but these te !o ot comp&ete&y correspo! to those i the Cu&&a%agga+
# the sutta to -p&i o&y the %arious types o$ u,ua&i$ie! persos seate! i the assemb&y_ay persos
2ho ha%e &e$t the traiig, those 2ho ha%e committe! a o$$ece i%o&%ig !e$eat, persos ot $u&&y a!mitte!
ito the Bhikkhu(commuity, euuchs, a! those 2ho ha%e se!uce! a bhikkhuJ
H2
_a! u$iishe! &ega& ta&k
about their presece, are gi%e as reasos+ # the Cu&&a%agga !i$$eret reasos are gi%e that ic&u!e e%e
bhikkhus 2ho ha%e $a&&e ito a 2rog(!oig+
<he $act that te &ists are gi%e i the Cu&&a%agga might i!icate that the reciters o$ the Niaya(piIaka
2ere ot uaimous about 2hat the right reasos 2ere, or that the reasos 2ere origia&&y &ess strict a!
&ater_2he there 2ere more !isputes a! schisms i the 4aFgha_became more strict+ <he reasos o$ $a&&ig
66
4ee " Heirma, 799A+
67
)kkhittaka, c$+ BL 28 + @, 6% # H9,2eNi # 9H, 6% #a Ae Ni # @2@ $$+, #N 7@H, 278+
68
C$+ 0c G9 2here a bhikkhu 2ho ko2ig&y recites the 0timokkha i the presece o$ such a bhikkhu commits a 0cittiya+
69
TheyyasaA3saka, i+e+, those prete!ig to be bhikkhus $or the sake o$ gaiW see e5p&aatio at theyya at 0r 2+
70
Here robbers (!ora) 2ere the cu&prits i the origi(story+
71
Ni ## 280Y87) [m tasmiA pu''a%e sammukh$*h7te sa='hama@@he udharita**aAI PSu>tu me *hante sa='hoF Itthannmo pu''a%o
spattiko, tassa ptimokkhaA Chapemi, na tasmiA sammukh$*h7te ptimokkhaA uddisita**an-ti ChapitaA hoti ptimokkhan-tiF[
72
Bhikkhun$d7saka) Zse!ucer o$ a bhikkhuJ] or Zrapist o$ a bhikkhuJ], H+) [se!ucer o$ us+[ <he term d7saka &it+ meas
Dspoi&er], see 4! 7@, but here it is a syoym $or a [se!ucer+[ [.apist[ 2ou&! be better i some cote5tsW i+e+, the origi(
story to 0! 8, but it a&so seems to ic&u!e %o&utary itercourse+
82
a2ay $rom %irtue, co!uct, &i%e&ihoo!, a! %ie2
H@
i C% #a @,@eNi ## 287Y82 might correspo! to the reasos
i 6% ##, @G,2eNi # 7@A$ $or makig a bhikkhu a Zsuspe!e! oe[ (ukkhittaka *hikkhu)+
The /n#itation by the )lder
/he the bhikkhuebhikkhus ha%e goe through the pre&imiary !uties the seior bhikkhu makes a $orma&
i%itatio to recite the 0timokkhaW see Be, 6i 4e, ! @2, a! a s&ight&y !i$$eret %ersio i me6m 4e 7G+
<his i%itatio is base! o a regu&atio that oe 2ho recites the 0timokkha ui%ite!, ana@@hiCCha, icurs
a dukkaCa o$$eceW 6% ## 7G, 8eNi # 77A) ZQ !ha**a''iy *hikkh7 sa='hama@@he ana@@hiCCh ptimokkhaA
uddisantiF 6a *hikkha3e ana@@hiCChena ptimokkhaA uddisita**aA Q anu@nmi therdheyya ptimokkhaAF[
H8

<he 0timokkha is to be assige! by the (most) seior bhikkhu (therdheyyaA PtimokkhaA), 2he the
thera is ot ab&e to !o so sice he is $oo&ish a! uski&&e! a! !oes ot ko2 the -posatha or the 0timokkha
the the Bu!!ha a&&o2e! the 0timokkha to be assige! to aother competet bhikkhu (tassdheyyaA)W 6% ##
7H,2eNi # 77G+
" simp&e re,uest appears to ha%e bee ma!e origia&&y as the 6% metios that moks i%ite! the seior
bhikkhu, or aother bhikkhu, to recite the 0timokkha by sayig) ZKet the Neerab&e 4ir recite the
0timokkha+[
Te theraA a@@hesanti, `uddisatu, *hante, thero ptimokkhan-tiF Q &ten8e3a upyena y3a sa='hana3akaA
a@@hesanti, uddisatu yasm ptimokkhan-tiF (6% ## 7He Ni # 77G)
<he 4p a! Kkh !o ot metio that the i%itatio to aother bhikkhu shou&! be ma!e by the $orma&
re,uest as $ou! i the mo!er 0timokkha maua&s a! othig comparab&e to this $orma& re,uest is $ou!
i the itro!uctios to the 0rtimok>as?tras+ <his $orma& i%itatio is $irst $ou! i the me!ie%a& Niaya
summary(maua& ca&&e! the 27%asikkh (S0<4 # 729))
ZPu**akara>apu**aki!!ni samdapet3 desitpattikassa sama''assa *hikkhusa='hassa anumatiy
ptimokkhaA uddisituA rdhanaA karoma
EU
F[
ZHa%ig ma!e to u!ertake the preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties 2e make the i%itatio to recite the
Liscip&iary Co!e 2ith the appro%a& o$ the uite! commuity 2hose o$$eces ha%e bee co$esse!+[
Preliminary Duties in the /ntrodu%tions to the Prtimok-as.tras
# the 0rtimok>as?tras preser%e! i Bu!!hist 4askrit a! Chiese the pre&imiary !uties are metioe! i
the sectio o$ the itro!uctio that prece!es the sectio correspo!ig to the <hera%!i 0timokkha(i!a+
# the Ci!a o$ the 6ahsaFghika(&okottara%!i 0rtimok>as?tra
HG
the reciter metios the !ay, ho2
much o$ the seaso has passe! a! is &e$t, the absece o$ persos 2ho are ot $u&&y a!mitte! (ito the
Commuity) a! usuitab&e persos (matrici!es etc+), the umber o$ bhikkhus that reache! 2ithi the
bou!ary (s$m)+ He makes ko2 2hich bhikkhu is the co%eyor o$ the coset (a! purity) o$ the
bhikkhuJs
HH
, the si\e o$ the bou!ary, the te reasos $or estab&ishig the traiig precepts a! the
0timokkha by the Bu!!ha, a! he a&so asks $or the aoucig o$ the coset a! purity o$ abset
bhikkhus+
<he 4ar%sti%!i reciter metios the seaso, ho2 may moths o$ the seaso ha%e past a! ho2 may
are &e$t, the !ay, the absece o$ persos 2ho are ot $u&&y a!mitte! (ito the Commuity), a! that the
commuity is uite!e&i%ig i cocor!+ He !oes ot metio the umber o$ bhikkhus, but he metios that
the bhikkhus 2ho are abset ha%e co%eye! their purity a! coset+
H8

73
S$%a(, !ra(, a! diCChi-3ipatti+ Le$ie! i 6% #N 7G,72eNi # 7H2+
74
<he correct rea!ig here is therdheyya i &ie 2ith tassdheyya be&o2 at 6% ## 7H,2, ot therdhika ('e)+ # 4kt dheya, see
6/, meas [to be assige![, [to be attribute![, [m gi%e+[ C$+ 6 ### 70) [m yassa taA 3attati taA a@@hesma m[ ) [m he by
2hom it is practise! 2e i%ite m+[
75
For %ariat rea!igs see the "ppe!i5 #+
76
4ee <aita G, BN G8, Lhirasekera 708, a! B6L p+8G+ C$+ abo%e [0re&imiary !uties) prisuddhi a! !handa,[ 2here parts o$
the 6(K Ci!a are ,uote!+
77
#+e+, the bhikkhu 2ho has accepte! their coset a! purity is to co%ey it a! a&so is to co%ey their re,uest $or the
istructio+ "$ter this the istructor o$ bhikkhuJs is to be appoite!W see BN G8 p+9G+ C$+ B6L p+8G, + H+
78
4ee C40 G9YH7, Fiot 7@Y7G, a! 0r6o4a p+7AH+ =uote! abo%e i) [0re&imiary !uties) prisuddhi a! !handa+[
8@
<he 6?&asar%sti%!i reciter metios the !ay a! the seaso, a! he asks $or the aoucig o$ the
purity a! coset o$ the abset bhikkhus+
H9

# the 6(K a! 6? 0rtimok>as?tras, the reciter asks at the e! o$ this sectio, 2hich prece!es the 0;i
Ci!a sectio, 2hat pre&imiary !uties are to be !oe+ <he respose is that there is &itt&e to be !oe+
80
<here
is o i!icatio 2hat e5act&y these pre&imiary !uties are+ # the 4a s?tra the reciter asks 2hat shou&! be !oe
$irst, i+e+, the pre&imiary !uties, a!, accor!ig to a $ootote i the Chiese tras&atio, oe bhikkhu is to
rep&y that it is the -posatha(!ay a! that the 0rtimok>as?tra shou&! be recite!W see Fiot 7A a! 0r6o4a
p+7AH+
<he Lharmaguptaka 0rtimok>as?tra, as preser%e! i t2o Chiese %ersios, has a !ia&ogue) the
&ea!erereciter asks the assemb&y 2hether the bhikkhus ha%e assemb&e!
87
, 2hether thigs are arrage! (seats,
2ater, s2eepig etc+), 2hether there is ay perso 2ho is ot $u&&y a!mitte! ito the Commuity i the
assemb&y, 2hether the coset a! purity o$ abset bhikkhus has bee co%eye!, 2hether the bhik>uJs ha%e
bee istructe! (mistras&ate! i B00), a! 2hat the preset busiessepurpose is, i+e+, to recite the
0timokkha
82
+
# the preset !ay <ai2aese Lharmaguptaka Bhik>uJ tra!itio t2o bhik>uJs are appoite! $or the
Po+adhaW see /u Ui, 2007, p+77@+ :e recites the Prtimok+as7tra a! the other respo!s o beha&$ o$ the
assemb&y to the ,uestios the reciter asks i the itro!uctio+ <he ,uestios the reciter asks are the same as
the oes $or the Lharmaguptaka bhik>us, e5cept that there is o ,uestio o istructig the bhik>uJs, a!
there is a ,uestio by the reciter a$ter the aoucemet, Katti, i+e+, a$ter metioig the type o$ uposatha !ay
a! askig 2hether the commuity is rea!y $or the recitatioW see /u Ui, 2007, pp+77@Y720+ <he ,uestio is
2hether this aoucemet 2i&& !o+ # <somo, 799H, p+@@ the ,uestio is 2hether this is the karman+ # the
other Lhg 0rtimok>as?tra tras&atios this ,uestio is ot $ou! a! i the tras&atio gi%e i Bea& (78H7)
the tit&e ZCommecemet] is gi%e a$ter this sectio i!icatig that the 0timokkha starts here+
<he !ia&ogues i the itro!uctios to the other tra!itios might i!icate that the !ia&ogue about the
pre&imiary !uties !oe i some o$ the <hera%!i moastic groups might ha%e a aciet origi+ #t
ote2orthy that i a&& the s7tras the !ia&ogue is bet2ee the reciter a! the rest o$ the assemb&y, ot bet2ee
t2o bhikkhus, a! that it is ,uite short compare! to the mo!er <hera%!a %ersios+
<he metio o$ the pre&imiary !uties prece!ig the <hera%!a 0timokkha recitatio might a&so
i!icate a aciet tra!itio sice the reciter metios the seaso etc+ i the itro!uctios to the
Prtimok+as7tras+
<he itro!uctios, a! coc&usios, to the Prtimok+as7tras ic&u!e prose(passages a! %erses about the
bee$its o$ keepig the 0timokkha ru&es etc+ <hese %erses are ot $ou! i the 0;i Ci!a+ Ho2e%er, be$ore
a!eor a$ter the 0timokkha recitatio mo!er <hera%!a bhikkhus, !epe!ig o the moastery a! the
sect (nikya) to 2hich they be&og, 2i&& usua&&y chat some %erses a! a reco&&ectio base! o a short
istructio by the Bu!!ha ($ou! at 6 # @@ a! e&se2here) ecouragig the bhikkhus to be e!o2e! 2ith s$%a
a! the 0timokkha(restraitW see m 88 a! Lickso G8YG9+
The 0elation bet8een the 5idna and the Padabh9ana
"&though, there are i!epe!et pa&m&ea$ mauscripts a! prite! e!itios o$ the 0timokkha, ic&u!ig the
Ci!a, a&most the 2ho&e o$ the 0timokkha, ic&u!ig the sectio(itro!uctios, sectio(coc&usios,
chapter(!i%isios, coc&u!ig remarks, a! the 0timokkha coc&usio, is embe!!e! i the 4utta%ibhaFga+
:&y the Ci!a is ot $ou! i the 4utta%ibhaFga, istea!, it is $ou! embe!!e! i the
-posathakkha!haka o$ the 6ah%agga (6% ## @,@eNi # 702$)+
79
4ee B6L p+8H, Lhirasekera, 7982, 708, C40 G9YH@+ (# the <ibeta Re&ukpa tra!itio, 2hich $o&&o2s the 6? Niaya,
importace is sti&& attache! to brigig the purity a! coset o$ abset bhikkhus be$ore the recitatio o$ the 0timokkha,
a&though usua&&y o&y the Ci!a is recite!W see <ekchok, 7988, pp+@7Y@2, 8AY8H, GGYG9, a! a&so <somo, 799H, p+7@@+
80
=uote! abo%e i [0re&imiary !uties) prisuddhi a! !handa+[
81
X Bea& 20H+ # B00, <somo, 799H, p+@@, a! /u Ui, 2007, p+778, the ,uestio is 2hether the commuity is &i%ig i
harmoy+ (4ee Ni #N A2) [Sama''8attha *ha'aniyo ti^[ ) ["re you uite! sistersg+[) <his is probab&y !ue to these beig
tras&atios o$ !i$$eret Chiese %ersios+
82
4ee Bea& 20HY08, B00 @, /u Ui, 2007, pp+77@Y727, <somo, 799H, p+@2Y@@+
88
" terse 2or! $or 2or! commetary o the 2or!s i the 0timokkha ru&es i the 4utta%ibhaFga a! the
0timokkha(i!a i the 6ah%agga has bee ic&u!e! i those t2o 2orks+ .hys La%i!s a! :&!eberg
(.L T :) appropriate&y ca&& it the Z:&! Commetary[W see Vinaya Texts # 5%i+
# the Niaya commetaries this 2or! $or 2or! commetary is ca&&e! Pada*h@ana or pada*h@an$ya) the
Z!i%i!ig o$ 2or!s (o$ a phrase)[ or Z!i%isio o$ a setece,[ i+e+, treatig each 2or! i a phrase separate&y[W
see 0'L+
.L T : state that they !o ot ko2 oe phrase ucommete! upo by the o&! commetary, but they
o%er&ooke! that i the Ci!a the phrase Z/iA sa='hassa pu**aki!!aA^ PrisuddhiA Q ro!ethaF[ is, $or some
reaso, ot commete! upo by the o&! commetaryW see Z4ome remarks o the pu**akara>apu**aki!!a +[ <he
adhikara>asamathas are a&so ot commete! upo+ Further, .L T : !o ot ,uestio 2hy the Ci!a is i the
6ah%agga a! ot i the 4utta%ibhaFga+ 4ee abo%e sectio Z4utta a! 4utta%ibhaFga[ $or more o the
0a!abhEaa+
<his type o$ commetary is o&y $ou! i the ear&ier parts o$ the 0;i Cao commetig upo the
0timokkha ru&es i the 4utta%ibhaFga, a! a&so i the 6ah%agga 2here it commets upo the itro!uctio
o$ the 0timokkha, the Ci!a, at 6% ## @,8Y8+eNi # 70@Y08+ Ho2e%er, simi&ar types o$ commetary are
$ou! e&se2here i the Cao+ " more e5tesi%e sty&e o$ Caoica& commetary is $ou! i the Ci!!esa
8@
, the
Caoica& commetary o the "IIhaka%agga a! 0ryaa%agga o$ the 4uttaipta+ #t is &ike&y that these t2o
3a''as 2ere origia&&y i!epe!et 2orks+ 4imi&ar commetaries are $ou! i the Staka(aIIhakaIh, the
0aIisambhi!magga, a! the the &ast portio o$ the 6ikkhepaka>Wa o$ the LhammasaFgai+
88

<he o&! 2or!(commetary cou&! ha%e bee recite! at $irst as a separate te5t a! 2he the Cao 2as
2ritte !o2 the o&! commetary a! the 0timokkha, ic&u!ig the reciterDs ,uestios etc+, 2ere ma!e to
$orm the 4utta%ibhaFga+ <he Ci!a 2as ot ic&u!e! i the 4utta%ibhaFga $or some reaso+ 0erhaps
because it 2as ecessary to be ic&u!e! i the -posathakkha!haka to gi%e the proper startig(proce!ure $or
the 0timokkha recitatio+
4trict&y speakig, the Ci!a is ot part o$ the 0timokkha as it is sai! i the Ci!a) Zm # sha&& recite the
!iscip&iary co!e+ Ket a&& o$ us (2ho are beig) preset care$u&&y &iste a! pay attetio to it+[ Zm
ptimokkham uddisissmi Q tam sa**e 3a Q manasikaroma++[ <his i!icates that 2hat $o&&o2s, i+e+, the ru&es, are
cosi!ere! to be the 0timokkha, ot the Ci!a itse&$+ 6aybe this is the reaso 2hy the Ci!a is ot
ic&u!e! i the 4utta%ibhaFga sice the 4utta%ibhaFga is Eust the aa&ysis (3i*ha='a) o$ the 0timokkha
c&auseseru&es, the suttas+ <he coc&usio o$ the 0timokkha is $ou! i the 4utta%ibhaFga though+
<here are a&so nidnas prece!ig the 0rtimok>as?tras o$ other schoo&s, 2hich a&so pro%es the ati,uity
o$ the 0;i Ci!a+ # the Niayas o$ other schoo&s 2hat is correspo!ig to the 0;i 0timokkhai!a is,
besi!es beig $ou! prece!ig the 0rtimok>as?tras o$ a&& the be&o2 metioe! schoo&s (ic&u!ig the
motio 1@KaptieKatti3), o&y $ou! i the 0o>a!ha%astus o$ the Lharmaguptaka schoo& a! the 6ahJfsaka
schoo& (both preser%e! i Chiese tras&atios)+
# the Lharmaguptaka 0o>a!ha%astu the same itro!uctio as the 0;i is $ou! 2ithout the motio
(@Kapti), (< 7828, p+87Hc8Y77)+ Kike i the 0;i -posathakkha!haka the motio is $o&&o2e! by a aa&ysis o$
2or!s a! cocepts that are use! i the itro!uctio or are re&ate! to the itro!uctio+ <he Lhg aa&ysis is
&ess systematic tha the 0;i aa&ysis (pada*h@ana), (< 7828, p+87Hc77Y2A)+ <he Ci!a motio is a!!e!
83
#t is ote2orthy that the Ci!!esa sometimes uses the same 2or!ig as the 4utta%ibhaFgaDs 0a!abhEaa, i+e+, the
e5p&aatio o$ yasmLyasmanto is e5act&y the same i the Ci!aDs 0a!abhEaa (Ni # 70@) a! i the Ci!!esa (Ci! # 7@8),
i+e+, Payasmanto ti piya3a!anam-etaA 'aru3a!anam-etaA sa'ra3asappatissdhi3a!anam-etaA yasmanto tiF+[ 6aybe both 2ere
compose! by the same author or oe 2as copie! a! use! by the other+ C$+ Peka''a!itta a3ikkhitta!itta a3ishaCa!ittaP at Ni #
70@ a! Ci! ## 8H9 etc+ "s $ar as # ko2 o research has bee !oe o the 2or!(commetaries $ou! i the Cao a! their
re&atioship to each other+
84
<he 2or!(commetary o the Staka %erses is $ou! i the Staka commetary but it a&so seems to ha%e bee a
i!epe!et 2ork origia&&y+
# the 0aIisambhi!!amagga, 0aIis # 7H2_HA$$, a 2or!(commetary o <h A88 a! part o$ the Qpasati(suttata is $ou!,
a! i 0aIis ## 79Y20 there is a 2or!(commetary o a utrace! ,uotatio (<he $irst part is i 4 #N 789 but the &atter part
o2here e&se+)+
<he same sty&e o$ commetary (o %erses) 2as a&so use! by other ear&y Bu!!hist tra!itios, i+e+, $ou! amog the Kharo>IhJ
birchbark mauscripts o$ the British Kibrary is a 2or!(by(2or! commetary, ca&&e! nideYa, o %erses 2hich ha%e para&&e&s
i the 0;i <heragth etcW see 4a&omo, 7999, p+2GY@0+
8A
separate&y, 2ithout the rest o$ the itro!uctio, at the e! o$ the Lharmaguptaka 0o>a!ha%astu (< 7828,
p+827a29Yb2)+
# the 0o>a!ha%astu o$ the 6ahJfsaka schoo& the itro!uctio ic&u!ig the motio is $ou!W (< 7827
p+722aHY78)+ <his itro!uctio is $o&&o2e! by a e5p&aatio o$ the term prtimok+aF
# the Niayas o$ the 6ahsaFghika schoo& (i the Chiese tras&atio), the 4ar%sti%!i schoo& (i the
Chiese tras&atio), a! the 6?&asar%sti%!i schoo& (i 4askrit 1i+e+, the %ersio $ou! i the Ri&git mss3
a! i the Chiese tras&atio) there is othig correspo!ig to the 0;i Ci!a+ #t is either $ou! i the
S7tra3i*ha='as or i the Po+adha3astus i the Skandhakas o$ these schoo&s+
8A

<o sum up)
"+ <he Ci!a ic&u!ig the KattiL@Kapti is $ou! prece!ig the 0rtimok>as?tras o$ a&& schoo&s, ic&u!ig
the <hera%!i 0timokkha+
B+ Ho2e%er, besi!es the 0rtimok>as?tras a! the 0timokkha, the Ci!a is o&y $ou! i the
-posathakkha!hakae0o>a!ha%astu o$ the <hera%!a, Lharmaguptaka, a! 6ahJfsaka schoo&s+
C+ # these three schoo&s the Ci!a is $o&&o2e! by a 2or!(aa&ysis o$ 2hich the <hera%!a aa&ysis is
the most systematic a! comprehesi%e, a! the 6ahJfsaka aa&ysis the most icomp&ete+
The Ptimokkha and its 2eanin!
<he 0timokkha cosists o$ t2o hu!re! a! t2ety traiig precepts (sikkhpada)) H pr@ika, 7@ sa='hdisesa,
2 aniyata, @0 nissa''iya p!ittiya, 92 p!ittiya, 8 pCidesan$ya, a! HA sekhiya+
<he umber o$ t2o hu!re! a! t2ety se%e ru&es, 2hich some mo!er scho&ars gi%e, is icorrect+ <he
se%e adhikara>asamatha-dhammas are 2ays o$ sett&ig &ega& issues a! ca there$ore ot be coute! as
traiig precepts+ # the 4utta%ibhaFga there is ot ay 0a!abhEaa commet o the adhikara>asamathas a!
this a&so i!icates their o(sikkhpada status+ #t might a&so suggest that their ic&usio i the 0timokkha 2as
a &ater a!!itio+
Bu!!haghosa thera !i! ot ic&u!e the se%e adhikaranasamathadhamma i the 6ah%ibhaFga (X
Bhikkhu%ibhaFga)) Z<hus the Rreat "a&ysis is t2o hu!re! a! t2ety traiig traiig ru&es m[) Z&3aA
3$sdhikni d3e sikkhpadasatni mah3i*ha='o ti Q[W L(a # 7@+
# a suttata i the "Fguttara Cikya Zmore tha hu!re! a! $i$ty[ are gi%e as the umber o$ ru&es
that come up $or recitatio+ " # 2@0) ZNeerab&e 4ir, more tha 7A0 traiig precepts come up $or recitatio
e%ery ha&$(moth+[) ZSdhikam-idaA, *hante, diyaWWhasikkhpadasataA an3addhamsaA uddesaA 'a!!hatiFFP "s
the commetary
8G
suggests, this cou&! be a ear&ier reckoig $rom the perio! 2he the Bu!!ha 2as
regu&ar&y &ayig !o2 e2 ru&es+ (4ee a&so 6C GAe6 # 88Y8A 2here Ne+ Bha!!&i asks 2hy there 2ere
$e2er ru&es be$ore+) Ho2e%er, it cou&! a&so be that the HA sekhiyas 2ere origia&&y ot ic&u!e! i the
0timokkha or 2ere ot cosi!ere! a! coute! as $u&& traiig ru&es+ <he !i%ergece i the umber o$
4ekhiya ru&es i the ear&y Bu!!hist schoo&s a&so i!icates this+ (Cote that 7A0 n HA X 22A, 2hich appro5imates
the umber o$ ru&es i the 0m+) #t cou&! a&so be a rou! umber, &ike the umber A00 2hich is o$te use! to
!eote a &arge group o$ moks i the 0a&i Cao+
<he e5act meaig a! !eri%atio o$ the 2or! ptimokkha is ucertai+ 4e%era& meaigs a!
etymo&ogies a! 2or!(p&ays are gi%e by the aciet commetators a! the mo!er tras&ators a! scho&ars+
<he ptimokkha i terms o$ a 2or!, as 2e&& as a co!e o$ !iscip&ie a! the recitatio o$ it, is ui,ue to the
Bu!!hist tra!itio a! o other #!ia re&igious tra!itios, such as the Sai tra!itio (2hich has s7tras 2ith
ru&es but o 0timokkha recitatio or the &ike) ha%e aythig correspo!ig to itW see Lutt H2+
<he 0a!abhEaa gi%es a etymo&ogy base! o the 2or! mukha) etrace) ZPtimokkhan-ti diA etaA
mukhaA etaA pamukhaA etaA kusa%naA dhammnaA+[) Z<he 0timokkha) this is the start, this is the etracee
$rote$ace, this is the $oreruer o$ goo! states+[
85
<he !etai&s regar!ig the Ci!as i the Chiese tras&atios o$ the Niayas ha%e bee ki!&y supp&ie! to me by Lr+ "
Heirma o$ the -i%ersity o$ Ret, Be&gium+ C$+ the re$ereces i Frau2a&&er, 79AG, p+H9+
86
"") ["iyaWWhasikkhpadasatan-ti pa>>sdhikaA sikkhpadasataAF TasmiA samaye paKKattni sikkhpadn8e3a sandhy8etaA
3uttaAFP) [m ) more tha a hu!re! a! $i$ty traiig precepts+ <his has bee sai! 2ith regar!s the traiig precepts
!ec&are! at that time+
8G
"s Horer otes i BL #N 7@@ + 2, this seems to be more a 2or!(p&ay tha a etymo&ogy+ <he same
couts $or the $o&&o2ig commetaria& etymo&ogies+
"t L(a ## 8H9 three etymo&ogies are gi%eW the $irst oe is base! o the 2or! mukha) etrace a! the e5t
t2o o the root cmu!) Zre&eases[) ZGaA taA atimokkhaA atipamokkhaA uttamas$%aA, pti 3 su'ati*hayehi
jE
mokkheti du''ati*hayehi, yo 3 naA pti taA mokkhet$ ti: ptimokkhaA ti 3u!!atiZ) Z<hat 2hich is the %ery $rot,
the %ery $oremost
88
, the highest %irtue+ :r) it protects oe $rom (pti) cp c a) the $ears o$ goo! bours (a!)
!e&i%ers oe $rom the $ears o$ ba! bours+ :r) it !e&i%ers the oe 2ho protects it, thus it is ca&&e! the
ptimokkha+[
:ther commetaria& etymo&ogies T 2or!(p&ays are)
Nism 7G T Nibh(a) @@0I XPtimokkhasaA3arasaA3uto ti ettha ptimokkhan-ti sikkhpadas$%aA,
taK-hi yo naA pti rakkhati, taA mokkheti mo!ayati pyikd$hi dukkhehi, tasm ptimokkhan-ti
3u!!atiF SaA3ara>aA saA3aro, kyika3!asikassa a3$tikkamass8etaA nmaAF Ptimokkham-e3a
saA3aro ptimokkhasaA3aro, tena ptimokkhasaA3arena saA3uto ptimokkhasaA3arasaA3uto
upa'ato samann'ato ti atthoFPI
XPtimokkhasaA3arasaA3uto) restraie! 2ith the 0timokkha restraitD) here ptimokkhaA is the %irtue o$
the traiig precept, $or it !e&i%ers that oe 2ho protects (pti) a! guar!s it, it !e&i%ers oe $rom the
su$$erigs startig 2ith he&&+
89
<here$ore it is sai! ptimokkhaAF .estraiig, saA3ara>a (actio(ou), is
restrait, saA3ara, this is the !esigatio $or the physica& a! %erba& o(trasgressio+ <he ptimokkhaA is
restrait (i+e+, a Kamma!hraya cp!, oe thig beig the other) , there$ore 0timokkha restrait+
Ptimokkhasam3arasaA3uta is beig restraie! 2ith the 0timokkha(restrait, u!ertake, e!o2e! 2ith, is
the meaig+
Kkh 2) ZPtimokkhamI pa-ati-mokkhaA ati-pa-mokkhaA ati-seCChaA ati-uttaman-tiF[) XPtimokkhaA) that
2hich is the %ery %ery $rot, the %ery %ery $oremost, the %ery best, the %ery highest+[ <he pre$i5 ati( here
meas Z%ery,[ Ze5treme&y+[
Pa( is a itesi$yig pre$i5 a! ca a&so be tras&ate! as Z%ery+[ <he Kkh e5p&aatio, or rather 2or!(
p&ay, suggests that pti- i ptimokkha is a i%ersio o$ the pre$i5es ati( a! pa(+

Nibh A77 (,uote! i 4p H8H)) XPtimokkhan-ti s$%aA patiCCh di !ara>aA saAyamo saA3aro mokkhaA
pamokkhaA
Se
kusa%naA dhammnaA sampattiy+[) ZPtimokkhaA) the base $ou!e! o (or begiig 2ith)
%irtue (c$+ 4 N 78@), the co!uct, the cotro&, the restrait, the $rot, the $oreruer $or the attaimet o$
2ho&esome states+[
<hese commetaria& etymo&ogies imp&y that Bu!!haghosa ma!e use o$ mauscripts 2ith the rea!ig
pti-mokkha, rather tha the <hai rea!ig pCi-mokkha, a! this gi%es $urther support $or ptimokkha as the
correct rea!ig+
/hat the e5p&aatios a&so imp&y is that tra!itioa&&y the 2or! ptimokkha is regar!e! as a euter ou,
ot a mascu&ie ou, as e%ery e5p&aatio abo%e gi%es it as a euter $orm+ <his is a&so atteste! by the p&ura&
ptimokkhniW e+g+ i Zu*hayni Q ptimokkhni s3'atni honti[ at Ni # GA+ <his is 2hy i the tit&es a! the
coc&usio o$ 0timokkha e!itios a! mauscripts the euter $orm *hikkhuptimokkhaA is gi%e+
<he other ear&y Bu!!hist tra!itios use the term prtimok+a (as part o$ the compou! prtimok+as7tra)
a! !eri%e it $rom the root cmu!W see C40 @YH+
97

<his !eri%atio base! o the root cmu! resoates 2ith the &ast &ie o$ the Ci!a 2here it is sai! that
there is ease $or oe 2ho has re%ea&e! his o$$eces+ <his ease is e5p&aie! by the 2or!(commetary, Ni # 708,
as ease i the attaimet o$ @hnas etc+
87
Be) a'ati3isesehiF
88
2okkha a! pamokkha ha%e the same meaig as mukha a! pamukha i the 0a!abhEaa ,uote! abo%e+
89
<his etymo&ogy might ha%e gi%e rise to a be&ie$ i <hai&a! that a bhikkhu 2ho has &eart the 0timokkha by heart 2i&&
be rebor i hea%e+
90
Be Nibh) pmokkhaA+ Ce) mukhaA pamukhaAF <he (Be) subcommetary (Cika_ e5pais this as mukhaA pamukhaA+
91
" e5ceptio is the e5p&aatio o$ the 6ahJfasaka schoo&_a schoo& 2hich ha! c&ose re&atios 2ith the <hera%!a schoo&_
2hich is simi&ar to the mukha e5p&aatio i the <hera%!a 4utta%ibhaFga) Z0rtimok>a meas that by (obser%ig) the iJ&a
(!hieh) oe 2i&& protect his sese orgas a! hece his meritorious ,ua&ities (saddharma) 2i&& be icrease!+ #t is the $irst
etrace (!h8u-men) to a&& the goo! Lharmas+ <here$ore, it is ca&&e! 0rtimok>a+[ 4ee C40 A+
8H
.emorse a! gui&t are a great hi!race $or attaiig superhuma states+ " # 7YH) XA3ippaCisratthni kho
kusa%ni s$%ni Q a3ippaCisro kho pmu@@attho Q[) Z<he goa& o$ 2ho&esome %irtues is o(remorse m the goa&
o$ o(remorse is Eoym[W 6 # 880) ZQ attan pi attnaA upa3adito na uttarimanussadhamm Q sa!!hikaroti[) Zm
ha%ig repro%e! himse&$ he !oes ot rea&ise superhuma states m ZW c$+ " ### 7A, #N @@G+
<he Bu!!ha o$te sai!, both to bhikkhus a! &aypeop&e, that it is gro2th i the ob&e !iscip&ie 2he
oe has see a trasgressio as a trasgressio, makes ame!s i accor!ace 2ith the Ka2, a! practices
restrait i the $uture+[) ZVuddhi hi es ariyassa 3inaye yo a!!ayaA a!!ayato dis3 yathdhammaA paCikaroti
yatiA saA3araA pa@@ati,[ 6 # 880, Ni # @7A etc+ C$+ 0r 8) Zm 3isuddhpekkho m[) Z!esirig puri$icatio+[
<he e5p&aatio gi%e i Nasuba!huDs "bhi!harmakofabh>ya #N 7G is) ZQ ppasya tena prtimok+a>d
utsar@and ity arthah[) Zm because o$ that prtimok+a>a, aba!oigee5pe&&ig o$ e%i&, thus is the meaig+[W
see BN 555%+ Prtimok+a>a is a actio ou+
Horer, BL # 5iiY5i%, gi%ig the iterpretatios a! !eri%atios o$ %arious scho&ars, argues that the
meaig o$ beig bou! by the restrait o$ the 0timokkha, ZPtimokkhasaA3arasaA3uta[ (Ni #N A7, L # G2
etc+), origia&&y 2as o$ more importace tha the meaig o$ $reeig $rom remorse through co$essio+
Horer ,uotes 0'L 8A0, 2hich takes ptimokkha to ha%e the same meaig as paCimokkha at S N 2A) ZtaA
sa='araA paCimokkhaA na muttaA[) Zthat promise to be ob&ige! has ot bee re&ease!+[ 0'L e5p&ais it as the
!irectioa& pre$i5 paCi) agaist, opposite (the a &egthee! i the cp!) n mokkha) to be re&ease!, the $uture
passi%e particip&e ($+p+p+) o$ the causati%e o$ muK!ati, X 4kt) mok+ya (see 0'L 8A7), thus) Zthat 2hich shou&! be
ma!e bi!ig, ob&igatio+[ #t is !eri%e! $rom the %erb paCimuK!ati) to $aste, bi!+ C$+ the past particip&e
paCimukka Zbou! !o2e$astee!], e+g+ 4 #N 97) ZpaCimukk`assa mrapso +[
Chi&!ers, CL0K @G@, a&so $a%ours the etymo&ogy base! o the $uture past particip&e otig that this is a
appropriate ame $or a co&&ectio o$ precepts, or a crimia& co!e+ :&i%e&&e, 79H8, p+8@, a&so supports this
etymo&ogy a! meaig, a! coc&u!es) ZSaA3ara is a restrait, a bo!+ 0timokkha is here take to be a
saA3ara m[
Hi`ber, 798A p+G7, gi%es t2o other re$ereces, besi!es the abo%e metioe! oe o$ S N 2A, to support the
$+p+p+ etymo&ogy) S N 7GG) ZGaA Ms!F *andhanaA_ natthuto paCimokkh`assa pse[) Z(the bo!age) 2hich 2as tie!
through his ose (o$ the n'a) i a oose+[ a! L # 72 T 787) Zosadh$naA paCimokkho[) Zthe bi!ig o o$
me!icia& herbs[ (as 2rog &i%e&ihoo!)+ Hi`ber argues that paCimokkha probab&y is a a!Eecti%e meaig Zto
be bou!, coecte![ a! a substati%e meaig Zbi!ig,[ the opposite o$ 3imokkha Zre&ease+[ <he 0;i is
here is c&ose to the Ne!ic usage, 2hich o&y has prati-mu! i the meaig o$ Ztighteig, $asteig+[ # the
time o$ the 'pics the meaig Zre&easig[ arose a! this appeare! to be the o&y meaig acceptab&e to the
commetators+
4ome a!!itioa& support $or this meaig suggeste! by these scho&ars might be $ou! i the simi&e o$
Ni # 8$, see be&o2, i 2hich the !iscip&es o$ pre%ious Bu!!has 2ho &et the *rahma!ariya !isappear are &ikee!
to &oose $&o2ers o a boar! that are scattere! by the 2i! sice they are ot tie! together by a threa!)
Zsuttena asaA'ahitatt+[
<his meaig a&so $its the passage !escribig the itro!uctio to the 0timokkha by the Bu!!ha
accor!ig to Hi`ber+
Ni # 702) ZGaA n7nhaA yni may *hikkh7naA paKKattni sikkhpadni tni nesaA ptimokkhuddesaA Mk
BeW Hi) paCimokkhuddesaA_ anu@neyyaA, so nesaA *ha3issati uposathakamman-tiF Anu@nmi *hikkha3e
ptimokkhaA uddisituA+[) Z/hy shou&!Dt # a&&o2 those traiig precepts !ecree! by me as the 0timokkha
recitatio $or themg #t 2i&& be the &ega& act o the -posatha $or them+[
Hi`ber suggests that paCimokkhuddesa, Zrecitatio o$ 2hat is bi!ig[ or Zob&igatory recitatio,[ might
ha%e bee the origia& rea!ig, but 2as chage! i the course o$ trasmissio to ptimokkh8uddesa,
Z0timokkha recitatio,[ u!er i$&uece o$ the e2er meaig+ He otes that paCimokk8huddesa meas a
bi!ig ob&igatio to regu&ar&y recite the ru&es, i the same sese as ZsaA'araA paCimokkhaA+[ (Hi`ber rea!s
paCimokkhuddesaA i his ,uotatio o$ the te5t but this is ot $ou! i ay e!itio a! there$ore is specu&ati%e+)
Be$ore the $ormu&atio o$ each traiig precept gi%e i the 4utta%ibhaFga the Bu!!ha sai!) Z&3aK-!a
pana *hikkha3e imaA sikkhpadaA uddisseyythaI QZ) Z"! thus, bhikkhus, you shou&! recite this traiig
precept) m+[ <his passage sho2s that $rom the time 2he the %ery $irst ru&es 2ere &ai! !o2 the ru&es gi%e
88
i the 4utta%ibhaFga 2ere speci$ica&&y &ai! !o2 to be recite! as part o$ the 0timokkha recitatio+ #t a&so
i!icates that the 0timokkha 2as a&rea!y recite! 2he e2 ru&es 2ere sti&& &ai! !o2 a! there$ore there
2as sti&& o $i5e! amout o$ ru&es ic&u!e! i it+
<he term ptimokkha a&so re$ers to a short %erse(!iscourse, gi%e by the Bu!!ha NipassJ to his bhikkhus,
L ## 89YA0, i 2hich the basic pricip&es o$ the #structio o$ Bu!!has, ic&u!ig ptimokkhasaA3ara, are
eumerate!+ #t is re$erre! to i the commetaries as the o3daptimokkhuddesa, e+g+ Kkh 7A+ <his eumeratio
might support that ptimokkha meas Zob&igatio+[ For more o the o3daptimokkha, see :&i%e&&e, 79H8, pp+8HY
A0, 2ho suggests that the %erses, 2hich are a&so $ou! e&se2here i the Cao
92
a! ot ca&&e! a 0timokkha
there, capture i brie$ the spirit
9@
behi! the ru&es+
#t is possib&e that the term ptimokkha has more tha oe meaig as 2or!p&ays are ot ucommo i
0;i+ For e5amp&e, it might co%ey that co$essio $rees (mu!!ati) oe $rom remorse, thus opeig up the
etrace (mukha) to 2ho&esome states+ 4ee BL # 5iiY5i% $or more o the meaigs a! etymo&ogies o$
0timokkha+
# the 4askrit Bu!!hist tra!itios the 0timokkha is a&2ays re$erre! to as the prtimok+as7tra, but there
is ot a sig&e re$erece to a ptimokkhasutta i the 0;i Cao+ #t is a&so ot $ou! i the commetaries a!
the subcommetaries+ <he attachmet o$ s7tra to prtimok+a might ha%e origiate! $rom a misu!ersta!ig
o$ the usage o$ the 2or! sutta i the 0timokkha (0c H@ a! the 0timokkha coc&usio) by the 4askrit
e!itorsetras&atorsW see the ote o sutt'ata be&o2+
4ometimes the 0timokkha is re$erre! to by 2ay o$ syoyms i the ru&es a! sectio itro!uctio a!
coc&usios cotaie! i the 0timokkha, i+e+, sutta (0c H@, Ni N 72@) suttuddesa), uddesa (sectio
itro!uctios a! coc&usios, 4! 72, 0c H@+ C$+ Ni ### 2G a! " # 2@0+ )+ #t is re$erre! to as mtik i the
commetaries (i+e+, Kkh)W see the ote o sutta be&o2+
The Pur"ose of the Ptimokkha 0e%itation
4ome o$ the purposes o$ the 0timokkha recitatio are metioe! or imp&ie! i the 0timokkha itse&$+ <hey
are) rememberig the ru&es a! &earig about them) Ci! T 0c H@W the uity a! ease o$ bhikkhus) 4! 70Y77
MQ sama''o Q phsu 3iharatiF_, Coc&+W brigig bhikkhus together regu&ar&y) 4! 70 (m ekuddeso m), Coc&+ (m
an3addhamsa m)W mutua& trust) 0c H@ (m mohanake Q) a! sectio e!igs (m parisuddh8etthyasmanto Q
dhraymi+)W causig shame i o$$e!ers !ue to ha%ig to co$ess, a! causig $ear o$ 2rog !oig i
potetia& o$$e!ers) Ci!, sectio( e!igs (/a!!i8ttha m)W $reeig o$$e!ers $rom gui&t a! remorse) Ci! (m
a3ikat hissa phsu hoti+)W purity) Ci!, sectio(e!igs (parisuddh)+
<he sta!ar! te reasos (attha3asa) $or estab&ishig the 0timokkha a! the traiig precepts are gi%e
at " # 98, " N H0, Ni ### 20 etc+)
Z<here$ore, bhikkhus # make ko2 a traiig precept !epe!et o te reasos) $or the 2e&&(beig o$
the commuity, $or the com$ort o$ the commuity, $or the cotro& o$ shame&ess persos, $or the !2e&&ig i
com$ort o$ 2e&&(beha%e! bhikkhus, $or the restraiig o$ taits here a! o2, $or the repe&&ig o$ taits i the
herea$ter, $or the be&ie$ o$ those 2ho are ot be&ie%ig, $or the icrease o$ those that are be&ie%ig, $or the
persistece o$ the <rue <eachig, $or the supportig o$ the Liscip&ie+[)
ZTena hi *hikkha3e *hikkh7naA sikkhpadaA paKKpessmi dasa attha3ase paCi!!aI sa='hasuCChutya,
sa='haphsutya, dumma=kunaA pu''a%naA ni''ahya, pesa%naA *hikkh7naA phsu3ihrya,
diCChadhammiknaA sa3naA saA3arya, samparyiknaA sa3naA paCi'htya, appasannnaA pasdya,
pasannnaA *hiyyo*h3ya, saddhammaCChitiy, 3inaynu''ahya+[
# the itro!uctio to the 4utta%ibhaga, Ni ### 8 $+, the Bu!!ha says that the *rahma!ariya u!er some o$
the pre%ious Bu!!has !i! ot &ast &og because these Bu!!has (BL # 7A)) Z2ere i!&e i preachig !hamma i
!etai& to the !iscip&esW a! o$ these there 2as &itt&e 4utta, %erse, m , the traiig $or their !iscip&es 2as ot
ma!e ko2, the 0timokkha 2as ot recite!+[) Zm appakaK-!a nesaA ahosi suttaA 'eyyaA Q 3eda%%aA,
appaKKattaA s3aknaA sikkhpadaA anuddiCChaA PtimokkhaA+[
<hose !iscip&es 2ho &et the *rahma!ariya !isappear are &ikee! to &oose $&o2ers o a boar! that are
92
Lhp 78@Y8A, -! 8@, a! Cett+
93
For the spirit see a&so " # 2@0+ 4ee a&so Lhirasekera 78 T 7G2YG@+
89
scattere! by the 2i! sice they are ot tie! together by a strigethrea!) Zsuttena asaA'ahitatt+[ (C$+
Sma'masuttantaW 6C 708+) Ne+ 4riputta the re,ueste! the Bu!!ha to !ec&are the traiig a! to recite the
0timokkha+ <he Bu!!ha !ec&ie! sayig that he 2ou&! ot !o so uti& the co!itios causig
taitseout$&o2s (sa3) appeare! i the 4aFgha+ /he these co!itios appeare! he 2ou&! recite the
0timokkha $or the repe&&ig o$ those taits+ (m sa3CChn$yaA dhammnaA paCi'htya+)
Ne+ Bha!!&i oce aske! the Bu!!ha 2hy there 2ere at the time there more ru&es tha be$ore 2hi&e
there 2ere $e2er bhikkhus estab&ishe! i 2is!omW 6 # 88A+ <he Bu!!ha as2ere! that more thigs that are
the basis $or taits (sa3) appear 2he the 4aFgha has come to greatess, gai, $ame, great &earig a!
&og(sta!ig, a! these thigs ee! to be checke! by &ayig !o2 traiig precepts+
<hese t2o passages sho2 that the mai purposes o$ recitig the 0timokkha e%ery $ortight, a!
obser%ig the ru&es it cotais, are uitig the 4aFgha a! preser%ig the Lhamma $or $uture geeratios+
4ee a&so 6C 708 2here Ne+ Qa!a e5p&ais that the cause $or uity (sma''$) i the 4aFgha 2he there is
o persoa& rep&acemet $or the Bu!!ha a$ter his parini**na is the re$uge o$ Lhamma i the $orm o$ the
0timokkha(recitatio+ :e ca thus say that the 0timokkha is the co&&ecti%e bo!y o$ ru&es that bhikkhus are
ob&ige! to trai i, a! are ob&ige! to recite e%ery t2o 2eeks, 2he &i%ig i commuities, $or the sake o$
uity, harmoy, cotiuity, a! the %arious other reasos metioe! abo%e+
98
Sutta and Suttavibhaga
<he 0timokkha, a&so ca&&e! the 4utta, is the o&y !omp%ete Caoica& te5t that, besi!es beig a i!epe!et
94
"saFga <i&akaratae, i his artic&e [4aFgJti a! 4maggJ[, !ra2s attetio to the c&ose coectio bet2ee the act o$
sa='yana, recitig together, a! sa='hasma''$, uity i the 4aFghaF Sa='yana is the recitig o$ the Lhamma a! Niaya
i a great $orma& meetig, usua&&y he&! a$ter a crisis i the 4aFgha+
<he Bu!!ha emphasise! that the Lhamma a! Niaya 2as the true re$uge a$ter his passig a2ay as there 2ou&! be o other
Bu!!ha to take his p&ace, so the co&&ecti%e recitatio o$ Lhamma a! Niaya 2as the proper 2ay $or the 4aFgha to e5press
a&&egiace to the Lhamma a! Niaya, a! the 4aFgha 2hich represets it, as the true authority+ <he 0timokkha
recitatio e%ery $orthight ser%es the same purpose sice 2ith both 4aFgyaa a! 0timokkha recitatios e%e o(
participats are e5pecte! to sho2 their a&&egiace by acceptig a! abi!ig by 2hat has bee recite!+
<he most importat purpose o$ the $orthight&y 0timokkha recitatio is assurig the uity o$ the 4aFgha by meetig
$re,uet&y, uite!, a! harmoious&y (( oe o$ the $actors o$ o(!ec&ie metioe! i the 6ahpariibba(suttataW L ##
HGYHH+ <his is supporte! by e5istece o$ the Sma''$(uposatha 2hich is !oe 2hee%er a schism o$ the 4aFgha is reso&%e!+
# this type o$ -posatha a $actio that !i! $ormer&y ot abi!e by a&& the ru&es o$ the 0timokkha o2 sho2s its agreemet
by uitig 2ith the rest o$ the 4aFgha i the 0timokkha recitatio+ <his per$ormig o$ u!i%i!e! sig&e recitatios o$ the
0timokkha, ekuddesa, i regu&ar compu&sory meetigs has he&! the 4aFgha together $rom the &i$etime o$ the Bu!!ha right
up to the preset !ay+
<hus, the 0timokkha recitatio ca be see as a mii(4aFgyaa per$orme! $orthight&y by the etire 4aFgha o$ the $our
,uarters, i sma&&er groups, 2here%er they are resi!ig, that a$$irms their uite!ess a! their a&&egiace to the Lhamma
a! Niaya+ <he cocept ek8uddesa i the Niaya a! the cocepts o$ Sa='yana a! sa='$ti, co&&ecti%e recitatio, (as i the
4aFgJtisuttata) are %ery simi&ar as both ca ot be !oe i a u!i%i!e! group+
<he 4aFgJtisuttata o$ the LJgha(Cikya ca be regar!e! as a type o$ proto(type o$ 4aFgyaa 2hereby the etire Lhamma
cou&! be recite! i co!ese! $orm (&ike the 0timokkha cotais the Niaya i co!ese! $orm) by a 4aFgha+ <hrough
this a 4aFgha cou&! a$$irm that it 2as uite! i acceptig these teachigs as authoritati%e+ <he cote5t o$ the
4aFgJtisuttata_the !isuity amog the CigaIhas a$ter the passig a2ay o$ their teacher_a! the emphasis o sma''$
suggest that it 2as mai&y emp&oye! as a comprehesi%e summary o$ Lhamma, the true re$uge to 2hich a&&egiace 2as
crucia& a$ter the Bu!!haDs passig a2ay+ <he Niaya, i the $orm o$ the 0timokkha, 2as recite! e%ery t2o 2eeks, but
there 2as o such arragemet 2ith regar!s Lhamma a! 2hat Ne+ 4riputta might ha%e trie! to !o 2as to istigate a
simi&ar practice as the 0timokkha recitatio $or the Lhamma+
<i&akarataa !i! ot metio i his artic&e that Ne+ 4riputta a&so 2as the oe 2ho re,ueste! the Bu!!ha to estab&ish the
0timokkha a! the traiig preceptsW see the itro!uctio to the 4utta%ibhaFga metioe! abo%e+ Further, he !i! ot
metio the simi&arity bet2ee the itro!uctios a! coc&usios to the each o$ the te sectios i the sa='$ti i the 4aFgJti(
suttata a! the coc&usio o$ the 0timokkha+ Compare L ### 277YH7)
[ $da !ho tena bhagavat @nat passat arahat sammsam*uddhena eko dhammo sammada!!hto% tattha sabbeh&eva
sag'itabba% na vivaditabba, yathayidaA *rahma!ariyaA addhaniyaA assa !iraCChitikaA, tad-assa *ahu@anahitya Q[ )
[This is the one dhamma 8hi%h has been 8ell "ro%laimed by the lessed one :( herein3 it is to be re%ited by all( (and)
not to be ar!ued( so that this ho&y &i$e 2i&& be &astig a! remaiig $or a &og time, this 2ou&! be o$ bee$it to may
peop&e, m[ 2ith the 0timokkha coc&usio) [&ttakaA tassa *ha'a3ato sutt'ataA Q, tattha sa**eh8e3a sama''ehi
samodamnehi a3i3adamnehi sikkhita**aAF[ ) [This mu%h (trainin!1rule) of ;(laid do8n) by that <ortunate One has %ome
do8n i the .u&e(strig m =erein by all 2ho are uite!, 2ho are beig o $rie!&y terms, (a!) 8ho are not dis"utin! is
to be trained.
A0
te5t, is a&so $ou! embe!!e! i aother Caoica& te5t) the 4utta%ibhaFga) the aa&ysis o$ the 4utta+
"&though the 0timokkha is $ou! as a i!epe!et te5t i pa&m &ea$ mauscripts a! prite! e!itios,
i the mo!er e!itios o$ the 0;i Cao the 0timokkha has ot bee gi%e as such+ # the 4ri Kaka
Bu!!ha Sayati e!itio it is o&y $ou! i the 4utta%ibhaFga a! i the Burmese a! <hai e!itios o&y as a
itro!uctio or supp&emet to its commetary, the /a=kh3itara>$+ Ho2e%er, i!epe!et pa&m(&ea$
mauscripts a! prite! te5ts, use! by bhikkhus 2ho &ear the 0timokkha or $or bhikkhus checkig the
recitatio, !o e5ist+ # the 4askrit Caos there is a&so separate te5t ca&&e! 0rtimok>as?tra+ <he 0;i
commetaria& tra!itio p&aces the Bhikkhu( a! BhikkhuJ(0timokkha i the NiayapiIaka+ 4p 78 T L(a # 7H)
ZTattha paChamasa='$tiyam sa='$taK-!a asa='$taK-!a sa**am-pi samodhnet3 u*hayni ptimokkhni d3e
3i*ha='ni d33$sati khandhak soJasapari3r ti idaA 3inayapiCakaA nma+[) ZHa%ig co&&ecte! a&& that 2as
recite! or ot recite! at the First Couci&, i+e+, the t2o 0timokkhas, the t2o NibhaFgas, the t2e&%e
Kha!hakas, the si5tee 0ari%ras) this is the Basket o$ Liscip&ie+[ # the Cao itse&$ the Bhikkhu( a!
BhikkhuJ(ptimokkhas are metioe! as thigs to be &eart by seior bhikkhusW see Ni # GA, ## 9A i the ote
Z4utta a! sutta%ibhaFga+[
<he e5istece o$ the Z:&! Commetary[ (the 0a!abhEaa), the /a=kh3itara>$ commetary o the
0timokkha, a! the 0rtimok>as?tras (besi!es NibhaFgas) o$ the o(<hera%!a Bu!!hist schoo&s such as
the 6ahsaFghikas, suggests that there 2as a i!epe!et 0timokkha te5t i use at the time o$ the seco!
couci& be$ore the rise o$ !i$$eret schoo&s+
0robab&y the reaso 2hy the 0timokkha is embe!!e! i the 4utta%ibhaFga is that, a$ter the passig
a2ay o$ the Bu!!ha, the e&!ers $e&t that the 0timokkha shou&! be strict&y iterprete! accor!ig to the
e5p&aatio a! aa&ysis gi%e i the 4utta%ibhaFga so that o !e%ious iterpretatios 2ou&! arise, 2hich
cou&! happe i$ it 2ere ot embe!!e! i the 4utta%ibhaFga a! 2as Eust a separate Caoica& te5tW see the
reasos gi%e $or the recitatio o$ the Niaya gi%e by Ne+ 6ahkassapa at the $irst couci&) ZKet us recite
together the Lhamma a! Niaya be$ore o(Lhamma m o(Niaya is e&uci!ate! a! the Niaya is
!iscar!e!, be$ore speakers o$ o(Lhamma m o(Niaya are strog a! speakers o$ Niaya are 2eak+[W Ni
## 28A+
# the accout o$ the $irst couci& i the C?&a%agga there is o metio o$ the 0timokkha, C% a# 7,HeNi
## 28G$, but the 4utta%ibhaFgas are metioe!+ Ne+ 6ahkassapa ,uestios Ne+ -p&i ot o&y about the
0rEika ru&es but a&so about the !etai&s coecte! 2ith it) p&ace, origi, perso, regu&atio, cose,uet
regu&atio(s), o$$ece(s), o(o$$ece(s), 2hich is e5act&y the aa&ysis metho! o$ the 4utta%ibhaFga+ <he
sectio(coc&usio states that Ne+ -p&i as2ere! Ne+ Kassapa ,uestios about the t2o$o&! NibhaFgas
9A
+
95
#+e+, the Bhikkhu( a! BhikkhuJ(%ibhaFgas+ 'e, Ke) u*hato 3inaye+ Be, Ce) u*hato 3i*ha='e+ # $o&&o2 Ce here as Ne+ Kassapa
is askig ,uestios o Niaya i accor!ace 2ith the NibhaFga metho!+ Further, u*hato is e&se2here use! to !eote the
bhikkhu( a! bhikkhuJ !i%isio, e+g+ u*hatosa='ha, a! as there are a Bhikkhu(%ibhaFga a! a BhikkhuJ(%ibhaFga, ot a
Bhikkhu a! BhikkhuJ(kkha!haka compi&atio, this makes goo! sese i this cote5t+ <his might i!icate that at the
First Couci& the Niaya 2as regar!e! to be the t2o NibhaFgas+
<he Niaya te5ts o$ other schoo&s preser%e! i Chiese are ot o$ great he&p+ <he 6ahJfsaka Niaya says that the %iaya
(*ini) $or moks a! the 3inaya (*ini) $or us ha%e bee recite!, a! that together this is ca&&e! the 3inaya (*ini) (< 7827, ch+
@0, p+797a 7@Y78)+ :e recesio o$ the 6ahpariir%as?tra (< A, ch+ 2, p+7HAc 8Y9) says that 2A0 precepts (@ie) $or moks
ha%e bee recite!, a! A00 $or us+ <he 2or! 3inaya itse&$ !oes ot appear+(<ras&atio by "e Heirma+) <he
statemet i 'tiee KamotteDs History of Indian Buddhism p+7H7 about u*hato3inaya (<he accouts o$ the $irst couci& !i$$er
i opiio o%er the &egth o$ the Niaya recite! by -p&i+ For some , it 2as o&y a embryoic Niaya &imite! to a
!escriptio o$ the precepts re&ati%e to the bhik>us a! bhik>uJs or, accor!ig to the tra!itioa& e5pressio, the
u*hato3inaya) this is the opiio o$ the Cu&&a%agga 1Ni+, ##, p+28H, 7+83, the 6ahJfsaka Niaya a! oe recesio o$ the
6ahpariir%as?tra 1< A, ch+ 2, p+7HAc 8Y93+) is there$ore ot comp&ete&y correct+
# t2o schoo&s, the 6 a! schoo&s, the terms Bhik+u( a! Bhik+u>$-3inaya are use! to !eote the o%era&& !i%isio ito t2o
parts o$ their Niayas bet2ee the te5ts re&ate! to the *hik+u( a! *hik+un$(ru&es a! regu&atios+ First the Bhik+u3i*ha='as
are gi%e, the the Bhik+u(dharmakaseprakr$>akas, a! the the same happes i the *hik+u>$-3inayaW see Hiraka2a 7GY78+ #
cotrast the other schoo&s, such as the <h% a! Lhg, ha%e the Bhik>u( a! Bhik+u>$-3i*ha='as $irst a! the the skandhakas+
<he 6 schoo& ca&&e! 2hat correspo!s to the 0;i 6ah( a! Cu&&a%agga khandhaka-compi&atios the Prakr$>akas
[6isce&&aeous parts+[ .oth otes that the tit&e Prakr$>ka (0;i paki>>aka) i 4askrit $re,uet&y !esigates a
supp&emetary sectioW see BN p+5&%+ # 0;i it usua&&y marks sectio or chapter the e! o$ a te5t 2ith misce&&aeous topics
or a !igressi%e topic 2hich !oes ot $it i the mai te5tW see Hi`ber 799G p+778, 728, 278+ C$+ the &ast sectio o$ the
4ekhiyas i the 6m a! 6i 4e 0timokkha) [tayo paki>>akF[ <hese Prakr$nakas thus seem to ha%e bee ite!e! to ic&u!e
the mass o$ %arious ru&es a! regu&atios supp&emetary to the Vi*ha='as 2hich !i! ot $it i the mai topic o$ those
A7
Ho2e%er, i the accout o$ the seco! couci&, C% a## 2,2eNi ## @0GY@0H, the 4utta%ibhaFga is e5p&icit&y
,uote! as the authorati%e te5t i 2hich the o$$eces i ,uestio 2ere $ou!+ <he $act that o&y the NibhaFga
is metioe! !oes ot mea that there 2as o i!epe!et 0timokkha a! that the 4utta 2as subse,uet&y
e5tracte! $rom the 4utta%ibhaFga as Lhirasekera 7@$+, H9$+ T 7AG$ suggests+
" i!epe!et te5t 2ou&! ha%e bee recite! by the Vinaya(reciters $or the recitatio at the -posatha
a! as a basic gui!ace i co!uct $or bhikkhus+ <he Niaya(e5perts a! a!moishers o$ bhikkhuJs
(3inayadharas a! *hikkhuno3dakas) as &a2(e5perts a! e$orcers ee!e! to be %ery $ami&iar 2ith the !etai&s
cocerig regu&atios that are gi%e i the 4utta%ibhaFga a! they 2ou&! ee! to &ear this treatiseW see "
#N 780 T 2H9 a! a&so Ni ## 9G$+ <hose bhikkhus 2ere suppose! to &ear both 0timokkhas i $u&& e5tet, the
suttas 2ith the !etai&s coecte! 2ith them, Zsuttaso anu*yaK@anasoFP (4ee ote o sutta )+ <hese !etai&s
presumab&y make up the Bhikkhu( a! BhikkhuJ(NibhaFgaW see Lhirasekera H9 T 7AG+
<he 4utta%ibhaFga might ha%e bee a shorter te5t tha it is o2 sice o metio is ma!e i the accout
o$ the $irst couci& o$ the 0a!abhEaa 2or!(commetary a! the origi(stories+ # Ni ## 289 T " N 80 it is
sai! that i$ a bhikkhu, 2ho !esires to a!moish other bhikkhus, has ot &eart both 0timokkhas 2ith the
!etai&s, a!moishes, a! the, o beig aske! ($or e5amp&e) 2here the Bu!!ha &ai! !o2 the ru&e, caot
rep&y, they 2i&& te&& him to master the Niaya+
9G
<he p&ace 2here a ru&e 2as &ai! !o2 2as most importat
a! 2as the $irst thig aske! by Ne+ 6ahkassapa at the $irst couci&+ <he 0rEika ru&es o$ the 6(K schoo&
each ha%e a sort o$ appe!i5, ca&&e! anudharma, 2hich gi%es !etai&s as to the perso 2ho committe! it $irst,
the time o$ !ay a! the seaso 2he, a! the p&ace 2here it 2as committe!
9H
+
2orks) the 0timokkha ru&es+ #t might thus be that at the $irst couci& these supp&emets 2ere see as parts o$ or
appe!ices to the Vi*ha='as rather tha separate 2orks a! this might be the reaso 2hy they are ot metioe!
separate&y i the accout o$ the $irst couci&+
# the accout o$ the seco! couci& the 4utta%ibhaFga is e5p&icit&y metioe! i the as2ers to the ,uestios o Niaya,
2hi&e t2o chapters, or khandhakas, o$ the 6ah%agga are re$erre! to u!er !i$$eret ames) the )posathasaAyutta a! the
Vinaya3atthu are metioe! i the a2ers a! these correspo! to the )posathakkhandhaka a! the Campeyyakkhandhaka, the
seco! a! ith chapters o$ the 6ah%agga+
Horer mistras&ates [Campeyyake 3inaya3atthusmiA[ as [# a matter o$ !iscip&ie o thigs pertaiig to (the moks o$)
Campa,[ but this shou&! be [# Campeyyaka, i the Niaya(topic[ (or [1regu&atios3 2ith Niaya as <opic+[) Campa 2as
the p&ace 2here the ru&e 2as &ai! !o2, 2hi&e Vinaya3atthu is the te5t 2herei the ru&e is preser%e!+ (# the tras&atios o$
the other ,uestios a! as2ers i this sectio Horer tras&ates correct&y) ["t 4%atthi, i the 4utta%ibhaFga+ m #
.Eagaha, i 2hat is coecte! 2ith the :bser%ace+[ "&though, the &atter might be better re!ere! as [m i 1.egu&atios3
coecte! 2ith the :bser%ace+)
# the Bhik>uprakJraka o$ the 6 a! 6(K schoo& the sectio(ames /arma3astu a! Po+adhapratisaAyuktaA are gi%e+ <he
/arma3astu probab&y correspo!s to the 0;i Vinaya3atthu a! Campeyyakkhandhaka (see the chart i Frau2a&&er p+@)+ <his
is sigi$icat as it sho2s that the 6 schoo& preser%e! a ear&ier tra!itio o$ amig te5ts, metioe! i the 0;i accout o$
the seco! couci&, 2hich has bee &ost i other tra!itios, ic&u!ig the 6ah%ihra <hera%!a schoo&, as each schoo&
2et its o2 2ay i amig these te5tsW see Hi`ber 799G p+29, BN p+7@, 7G, a! 298 (# ha%e ot bee ab&e to trace i
Frau2a&&er^s The &ar%iest Vinaya or Hiraka2a^s 2onasti! "is!ip%ine for the Buddhist 6uns the tit&e Vinaya3astu o$ the 6?
schoo& gi%e i Hi`ber, 799G, p+29, so it might be icorrect+) (Cote the 2ay o$ amig the seco!, thir!, a! $ourth
4ekhiya sectios i the Kkh a! 6m T 6i 4e 0timokkha) *ho@anapaCisaAyutta, desanapaCisaAyutta, paki>>akaF<his might be
base! o a o&! tra!itio preser%e! i the Kkh+)
# the correspo!ig Niaya o$ the 6?&asar%sti%!is the term 3astu, the 4askrit e,ui%a&et o$ 0;i 3atthu, is use! to
!eote 2hat correspo!s to the 0;i khandhakas, e+g+, the )posathakhandhaka is ca&&e! Po+adha3astuF <hus it seems that the
term 3atthu 2as use! i the <hera%!a schoo& to !eote compi&atios o$ ru&es a! possib&y a&so stories+ Kater the <h%
schoo& shi$te! o%er to the term khandhaka 2hi&e other schoo&s, e5cept the 6?, shi$te! to other ames+ :ther <h% 2orks, i+e+,
Peta3atthu, Vimna3atthu, a! /ath3atthu, preser%e! 3atthu i their tit&es+
# the 4ammoha%io!aJ, the commetary o the NibhaFga, three Etakas are re$erre! to as 3atthus, stories+ <he stories are
shorter tha those i the Staka(co&&ectio a! they cotai $e2er %ersesW Nibh(a 8H0$+ "ccor!ig to Hi`ber, 799G, j @27
this i!icates the Sa co&&ectio as it e5ists o2 !i! ot yet e5ist 2he this commetary 2as compose!+
#t is possib&e that these t2o te5ts metioe! i the accout o$ the 4eco! Couci& 2ere i!epe!et compi&atios o$ ru&es
a! regu&atios a! ot yet ca&&e! khandhakas+ 0ossib&y the compi&atios o$ khandhakas ca&&e! 2ah3a''a a! Cu%%a3a''a !i!
ot yet e5ist as Caoica& te5ts at the time o$ the 4eco! Couci& a! 2ere &ater compi&e! by the (6ah%ihari)
<hera%!is i a simi&ar 2ay as the 4uttaipta 2hich 2as compi&e! out o$ se%era& sma&&er origia&&y i!epe!et %erse(
sutta(compi&atios a! possib&y %erse(suttas a&rea!y $ou! i other te5tsW see RL #tro!uctio p+9Y77, 79Y20, 2GY28, a!
Brough, 79G2, pp+2GY@0+ 4ee a&so the ote o the compi&atio o$ the Kha!hakas i the $ootote at the e! o$ the ote o the
Kaguage o$ the 0timokkha a! the te5t at the e! o$ this sectio+
96
4ee Lhirasekera p+7AG+
97
4ee B6L p+A0$+ T <aita G$+
A2
<he 0timokkha or sutta 2as re$erre! to by &ater commetators as the mtikaBmeaig a e5tract(&ist or
tab&e_2hich might suggest its &ess authoritati%e status tha the 4utta%ibhaFga+ <o recite the 0timokkha
takes about oe hour, but to recite the 4utta%ibhaFga, 2hich Lhirasekera (pp H8Y9) e,uates 2ith the origia&
0timokkha, 2ou&! take t2o !ays or more so this 2ou&! ot ha%e bee practica&+ Further, the cocateatio
system, causig the ru&es to $orm a more or &ess ubroke chai, 2ou&! ot be ee!e! i$ the 4utta%ibhaFga
2as recite!+
<he Bu!!ha itro!uces each ru&e i the 4utta%ibhaFga 2ith Z<his you must recite m [ a! there is o
recomme!atio by him to recite the !etai&s cocerig the ru&es (2hich, i $act, are ot attribute! to the
Bu!!ha i the 4utta%ibhaFga)+ <he accout o$ the start o$ the 0timokkha recitatio i the
-posathakkha!haka, Ni # 702, 2here the Bu!!ha says that the ru&es &ai! !o2 by him 2i&& $orm the
0timokkha recitatio a&so suggests this+
<hat the 0timokkha 2as a i!epe!et te5t is a&so co$irme! by its Z:&! Commetary[ the
Pada*h@ana+ <his commetary is ot metioe! i the accout o$ the $irst couci& a! this suggests that it
2as $irst recite! as a i!epe!et commetary o a i!epe!et 0timokkha, a! has bee iserte! &ater,
maybe 2he the Cao 2as 2ritte !o2, ito the 4utta%ibhaFga as a supp&emet+ # a simi&ar 2ay the
"IIhaka%agga a! the 0ryaa%agga o$ the 4uttaipta 2ere origia&&y i!epe!et te5ts 2ith their o2
commetary, 2hich is o2 the Caoica& te5t ca&&e! the Ci!!esa+
98

"t the $irst couci& there 2ou&! ha%e bee o ee! $or a 2or!(commetary sice the &aguage o$ the
4utta 2ou&! ha%e bee c&ear a! there 2ou&! be !irect !iscip&es o$ the Bu!!ha such as -p&i 2ho cou&!
e5p&ai the meaig to e2 bhikkhus i$ ee!e!+ Kater 2ith chages i &aguage a! the teachigs sprea!ig
to regios 2here !i$$eret !ia&ects or &aguages 2ere spoke such a commetary 2ou&! be ee!e! to make
the meaigs o$ 2or!s c&ear+
6aybe the 4utta%ibhaFga is to be see as the cotiuatio o$ the Ci!a i the -posathakkha!haka o$
the 6ah%agga+ Hi`ber, 7999 p+8@, suggests that the 2ho&e 0timokkha 2as at $irst cotaie! i the
6ah%agga a! &ater 2as separate! $rom it 2ith the 2or!(commetary a! origi(stories to $orm the
4utta%ibhaFga, &ea%ig the Ci!a i the 6ah%agga+ <his, ho2e%er, !isagrees 2ith the accout o$ the $irst
couci& 2here the 4utta%ibhaFga is metioe! but ot the Kha!hakas+ <he Kha!hakas are !ea&ig 2ith the
!iscip&iary regu&atios a! proce!ures that !o ot $it 2ithi the scope o$ the 4utta%ibhaFga, 2hich o&y
!ea&s 2ith the o$$eces $ou! i the 0timokkhaW see Lhirasekera 7G+ <he 2orks o2 ca&&e! the Kha!hakas
might ha%e bee gra!ua&&y compi&e! a! re(arrage! ito compi&atios a$ter the $irst couci& out o$ the mass
o$ i!epe!et regu&atios a! ru&es that 2ere remembere! a! recite! by !i$$eret (groups o$) bhikkhus,
a! the possib&y these sma&& compi&atios got compi&e! ito &arge compi&atios such as the 6% a! C% o$
the <hera%!a schoo& a$ter the seco! couci& or e%e &aterW see $ootote t2o pages up+ " e%o&utio i
Niaya treatises $rom the most simp&e a! essetia&_the 0timokkha or 4utta_to the more !etai&e!,
comp&e5, a! historica&_the 4utta%ibhaFga_a! the to the e%e more !etai&e!, comp&e5, a! historica&_
the Kha!hakas_seems atura&+
99
On the 2eanin! of Sutta in Suttgata and Suttavibhaga
Sutta ca mea both Zru&e[ as 2e&& as Zstrig[ or Zse,uece[ a!, as it is ot rea&&y possib&e to gi%e a
a!e,uate as 2e&& as e&egat re!erig ito 'g&ish, the 2or! has bee &e$t utras&ate!+ # or!er to capture
both those meaigs the re!erig Z.u&e(4trig,[ i+e+, a strig or se,uece o$ ru&es, cou&! be use+
Sutta i sutt'ata, as use! i 0c H@ a! the 0timokkha coc&usio, a! a&so i Sutta3i*ha='a, is a
syoym $or the 0timokkha sice the structure o$ the 0timokkha is oe o$ beig ma!e up o$ ru&es, suttas,
strug together ito oe strig+ (# a simi&ar 2ay the Z.u&e[ o$ 4ait Bee!ict is ma!e up o$ ru&es+)
4ee Ni # GA, ## 9A) Z)*hayni kho pan8assa ptimokkhni 3itthrena s3'atni honti su3i*hattni suppa3att$ni
su3ini!!hitni suttaso anu*yaK@anaso+[) ZBoth ptimokkhas are 2e&& ha!e! !o2 i brea!th to him, 2e&&
aa&yse!, 2e&& set $orth, 2e&& i%estigate!, as to ru&e, as to !etai&+[ Sutta re$ers to both the Bhikkhu- a!
98
4ee abo%e Z.e&atio bet2ee the Ci!a a! 0a!abhEaa+[
99
4ee commets o the Zyena 3 m[ c&ause i "iyata 7 a! 2, 2hich appears to be a ear&y ru&e &ater superse!e! by the
NibhaFga commetary o it a! gui!e&ies i the Kha!hakas+
A@
Bhikkhun$-Ptimokkha ru&es as cotaie! i the 4utta%ibhaFga, 2hi&e anu*yaK@ana, !etai&, re$ers to the aa&ysis
as gi%e the 4utta%ibhaFga+
Sutt'ata is ot commete! upo i the 4p or i the Kkh, but see the Kkh commetary o sutt'ataA i
the 0timokkha coc&usio) ZSutt'atan-tiI sutte pCimokkhe 'ato+[) Zm ha!e! !o2 i the 4utta, i the
0timokkha+[ C$+ the i%erte! bahubbJhi compou! 'at'ama) Z(oe to 2hom) the tra!itio has come !o2[
(i+e+, Zyassa 'amo 'ato so[) $ou! i the stock(phrase) Z*hikkhu *ahussuto 'at'amo dhammadharo 3inayadharo
m[ (Ni # 779)+ 4ee Ni te5ts # 55%iiiY555i, BL # 5, a! BL # 7A + @ $or more o this use o$ sutta+
Horer re!ers sutta as Zc&ause], takig it to re$er to the i!i%i!ua& c&auses o$ the 0timokkhaW see BL # 5
T ### 8@ + @+
"other iterpretatio is gi%e by Hi`ber 2ho suggests that sutta (a&so i the eumeratio o$ the ie
$actors o$ the Lhamma, a='a) is a syoym $or the Ptimokkhasutta, see Hi`ber 7998 p+7@7, 799A p+8, a! 799G
p+H+ "&though the term Prtimok+as7tra is use! i the 4askrit Bu!!hist tra!itios to !eote 2hat is ca&&e!
Ptimokkha i the <h% tra!itio, there is ot oe sig&e re$erece to a Ptimokkhasutta i the etire 0;i Cao
a! its commetaries etc+ <he use o$ Prtimok+as7tra might ha%e origiate! $rom a misu!ersta!ig by the
4askrit e!itors o$ the use o$ sutta i 0c H@, i the 0timokkha coc&usio a! i the 4utta%ibhaFga+ Hi`ber
himse&$ (7998 p+72H) metios that either sutta or suttanta occur i ay o$ the tit&es
700
o$ te5ts re$erre! to i
the $i%e 0;i ikyas+
# the 0;i Cao, the term sutta !oes ot re$er to a !iscourse by the Bu!!ha+ /hat is usua&&y ca&&e! a
sutta o2a!ays, is re$erre! to as a suttanta i Caoica& te5ts (e+g+ 6% N### A,77eNi # 787, " ### 70G)W see the
ote o 0timokkha be&o2 a! Hi`ber 7998 p+7@2 a! BL # 5+ <he tit&es usig sutta that are put a$ter each
!iscourse are the 2ork o$ reciters or e!itors+
101

"ccor!ig to the 6ahpa!esa at L ## 728 that 2hich is c&aime! to be Lhamma a! Niaya is to be
compare! a! checke! 2ith the 4utta a! Niaya, a! i$ it agrees the it is the Bu!!haDs /or!
(*uddha3a!ana)+ <hus sutta here seems to correspo! to the Bu!!has 2or!s as is cotaie! i the 4utta(piIaka
a! Niaya to 2hat is cotaie! i the Niaya(piIakaW see L(a 2here other iterpretatios are gi%e+
# the Niaya commetaries a! sub(commetaries oe o$ the three types o$ -posatha is ca&&e! the
suttuddesa
ReD
+ <his suttuddesa is the ptimokkhuddesa accor!ig to Kkh 7A) Xsuttuddeso nma ptimokkhuddeso
3u!!ati+[ <his sho2s that sutta 2as u!erstoo! to be syoymous 2ith the 0timokkha by the commetators+
<hey !o ot e5p&ai sutta here, but e&se2here they e5p&ai it as mtik) a basic re$erece &ist, tabu&ate!
summary, &ist, register, tabu&atio+
2tik is a syoym $or the 0timokkha i the Niaya commetaries+ <he Kkh ca&&s itse&$ the Zmtik-
aCChakathP) Zthe Commetary o the 2tik+[ C$+ Kkh 7G8) Zn`e3a mtikyaA na pada*h@ane 3uttaA+Z) Zit has
ot bee sai! i the mtik or i the 2or!(aa&ysis++[ Ni ## 9G) Zm tassa n8e3a suttaA 'atam hoti no
sutta3i*ha='o Q[I Zm to 2hom either the 4utta or the "a&ysis o$ the 4utta has bee ha!e! !o2 m+[
"ccor!ig to the 4p sutta here meas mtik) 4p 779H) [68e3a suttaA 'atan-ti na mtik 'atF 6o
sutta3i*ha='o ti 3inayo na pa'u>o+[) Z]<he 4utta has ot bee ha!e! !o2D) the mtik(tab&e has ot bee
ha!e! !o2+ ]Cor the aa&ysis o$ the 4uttaD) he is ot 2e&& %erse! i the Liscip&ie+[ 4ee a&so 'e Kkh (7987)
p+5i, <0 555%iii, a! Hi`ber, 7999 p+@H+ <hus, sutta re$ers to the co&&ecti%e bo!y o$ suttas) a mtik(tab&e that
e,ua&s the 0timokkha c&auses as cotaie! i the 4utta%ibhaFga, rather tha the i!i%i!ua& ru&es+
70@
100
<he other !i%isios o$ the na3a='a might a&so re$er to the structure or cotet matter o$ the te5ts i the Cao rather tha
te5t(tit&es i+e+, oe suttanta ca cotai 3eyykara>as, 'thas a! a**hutadhammasW see 6C 89, esp+ 6 # @@0, a! the
"hamma!akkapa3attana3eyykara>a 2hich cotais a udna a! a a**hutadhamma (a earth,uake)+
101
<his is a&so co$irme! by the $act that i the commetaries some !iscourses are gi%e tit&es that are o &oger i use+
Compare the 0+<+4+ e!itio o$ the 6aEEhima Cikya, 2here the $irst A0 suttas ha%e a coc&usio 2ith Z(suttaA[ (e+g+,
27%apariyyasuttaA paChamaA) 2hi&e the e5t 28 ha%e Z(suttantaA[ (e+g+, /andarakasuttantaA paChamaA)+ " $ootote i the
seco! book (No&+ ##, p+22, + @) states that some mauscripts use suttanta, 2hi&e others use sutta: a! that some use
niCChitaA, 2hi&e others use a or!ia&+
102
<he others are) the prisuddhi-uposatha (i+e+, the oe !oe by &ess tha $our bhikkhus a! the adhiCChnuposath (i+e+, !oe by
oe bhikkhu)+
103
6ac!oe&& (7899, p+29) makes some obser%atios about the Ne!ic s7tras 2hich a&so app&y to the 0;i 0timokkha) [<hese
are compe!ious treatises !ea&ig 2ith Ne!ic ritua& o the oe ha! a! customary &a2 o the other+ <he rise o$ this c&ass
o$ 2ritigs 2as !ue to the ee! o$ re!ucig the %ast a! gro2ig mass o$ !etai&s i ritua& a! custom, preser%e! i the
Brhmaas a! i $&oatig tra!itio, to a systematic shape, a! o$ compressig them 2ithi a compass 2hich !i! ot
A8
# Ni ### 8 $+, ,uote! abo%e i the sectio o 0timokkha, it is sai! that the *rahma!ariya u!er some o$
the pre%ious Bu!!has !i! ot &ast &og because these ha! &itt&e Zsutta,[ etc+, a! the traiig precept $or
!iscip&es ha! ot bee ma!e ko2 a! the 0timokkha ha! ot bee recite!+ <he Bu!!ha &ikee! !iscip&es
o$ those Bu!!has 2ho &et the *rahma!ariya !isappear to &oose $&o2ers o a boar! that are scattere! by the
2i! sice they are ot tie! together by a strig (Zm yathtaA suttena asaA'ahitatt+[)+
<his simi&e sho2s the meaig o$ sutta as somethig that preser%es the tra!itio, a cocise te5t cosistig
o$ a strig or threa! o$ aphorisms to ho&! the tra!itio togetherW a threa! i a simi&ar sese to the Zthrea! o$ a
story[ i the 'g&ish &aguage+ (Compare the 'g&ish 2or! Zsuture+[)
708

amo&i ote! the $o&&o2ig about this i his tras&atio o$ this passage i the 1ife of the Buddha
ReU
)
Z<here is a 2or!(p&ay o the 2or! sutta, &itera&&y [threa![ a! metaphorica&&y [threa! o$ argumet[ or
strigig together o$ coecte! i!easW it is i this &atter sese that the Bu!!ha^s !iscourses are ca&&e! [suttas,[
because the teachig is put together i the $orm o$ a coecte! threa! o$ argumet+[
On the Term Pr(i!a
<he term Zpr@ika[ is use! to !eote the $irst c&ass o$ o$$eces gi%e i the 0timokkha+ #t is a&so $irst i
gra%ity as it has the gra%est cose,ueces $or 2ho commits this type o$ o$$ece, i+e+, as soo as oe breaks oe
o$ these ru&es oe automatica&&y &oses oeDs status o$ beig oe $u&&y a!mitte! ito the 4aFgha a! oe is a&so
!is,ua&i$ie! $rom becomig a bhikkhu agai i this &i$etime+ <he e5act meaig o$ this term is some2hat
obscure (see, e+g+ BL # 55%i $+ n @8 + @) a! the $o&&o2ig !iscussio might she! some &ight o its meaig+
<he simi&es gi%e i the 0a!abhEaa (Ni ### 28) to e&uci!ate the gra%ity o$ the $our prEika ru&es are)
Zm &ike a ma 2ho has the hea! cut o$ is ot ab&e to &i%e 2ith((out) that physica& coectio, Eust so a
bhikkhu 2ho has egage! i the se5ua& act is (oe 2ho is) o(ascetic, ot a so o$ the 4akya+ m (&ike) a
2ithere! &ea$ $ree! $rom its coectio (to the tree) is icapab&e o$ becomig gree m (&ike) a $&at rock broke
ito t2o is oe that caot be recoecte! m (&ike) a 0a&myra(pa&m cut o$$ at the cro2 is icapab&e o$
gro2ig agai m[
70G
<hese $our simi&es are a&so $ou! 2ith the $our Zthigs ot to be !oe[ (akara>$ya) that are to be
e5p&aie! to e2&y a!mitte! bhikkhus (Ni # 9GY9H)+ # the "Fguttara Cikya a simi&ar simi&e is gi%e i
2hich a bhikkhu 2ho has $a&&e ito a pr@ika o$$ece is &ikee! to a crimia& puishe! by pub&ic
!ecapitatio (" ## 280$)+
<he Samantapsdik commetary (4p 2A9YG0) gi%es the $o&&o2ig e5p&aatio)
ZPr@ika 1meas3 !is,ua&i$ie!, $a&&e ito !is,ua&i$icatio+ <his 2or! pr@ika is use! i coectio 2ith
impose too great a bur!e to the memory, the %ehic&e o$ a&& teachig a! &earig+ <he mai obEect o$ the 4?tras is,
there$ore, to supp&y a short sur%ey o$ the sum o$ these scattere! !etai&s+ <hey are ot cocere! 2ith the iterpretatio o$
ceremoia& or custom, but aim at gi%ig a p&ai a! metho!ica& accout o$ the 2ho&e course o$ the rites or practises 2ith
2hich they !ea&+ For this purpose utmost bre%ity 2as ee!e!, a re,uiremet 2hich 2as certai&y met i a maer
upara&&e&e! e&se2here+ <he %ery ame o$ this c&ass o$ &iterature, s7tra Zthrea!] or Zc&ue] ($rom csi3, Zse2s[), poits to its
mai characteristic a! chie$ obEect_e5treme cociseess+ <he prose i 2hich these 2orks are compose! is so compresse!
that the 2or!ig o$ the most &acoic te&egram 2ou&! o$te appear !i$$use compare! 2ith it+ 4ome o$ the 4?tras attai to a
a&most a&gebraic mo!e o$ e5pressio, the $ormu&as o$ 2hich ca ot be u!erstoo! 2ithout the he&p o$ !etai&e!
commetaries+[
6/ 7287) [S7tra) a threa! m , that 2hich &ike a threa! rus through a! ho&!s together e%erythig, ru&e, !irectio m a short
setece or aphoristic ru&e, a! ay 2ork or maua& cosistig o$ such ru&es hagig together &ike threa!sm[
104
Har Laya& i The Bodhisatt3a "o!trine in Buddhist Sanskrit 1iterature, Ko!o, 79@2, p+ H, (a! a$ter him, Rombrich i [Ho2
the 6ahya bega[, re$erre! to i Rethi, 7998, pp+8AY8G) has suggeste! that 0;i 2or! sutta is Zre&ate! to the 4askrit
2or! s7kta, a! ot to 4kt+ s7tra, as the &atter 2or! is a %ery iappropriate 2or! $or the &egthy a! pro&i5 Bu!!hist
Bu!!hist !iscourses+ <he Bu!!hists attache! great importace to su*h+ita (goo! sayigs), a! the 0a&i 2or! sutti !oes
correspo! to 4kt+ s7ktiF[ S7kta k su c ukta, a! meas Z(somethig) 2e&& sai![ or Z2ise sayig,[ (see 6/ 7280), a! is
use! as a !esigatio $or ispire! hyms i the l' Veda+ <he abo%e metioe! simi&e by the Bu!!ha seems to suggest that
sutta as use! i the Niaya cote5t is !eri%e! $rom s7tra) Zstrig,[ 2hi&e suttanta as use! $or !iscourses i the ikyas is
$rom s7kta Zgoo! sayig[W c$+ Corma, 7992, p+@+
105
1ife of the Buddha (7992, Ka!y), $ootote @ to chapter 9+ C$+ the ote by ramo&i o sutta i his tras&atio o$ the 6etti-
pakara>a, The #uide, pF555iii$+
106
Q seyyath pi nma puriso s$sa!!hinno a*ha**o tena sar$ra*andhanena @$3ituA, e3am-e3a *hikkhu methunaA dhammaA paCise3it3
asama>o hoti asakyaputtiyoF Q pa>Wupa%so *andhan pamutto a*ha**o harittya Q puthusi% d3edh *hinn appaCisandhik hoti Q
t%o matthaka!!hinno a*ha**o puna3ir7Jhya Q
AA
traiig precepts, o$$eces, a! persos+ Herei, ]#t is impossib&e, ot possib&e, that the <athgata,
because o$ some actio o$ the NaEEis or the sos o$ NaEEis 2ou&! abo&ish a traiig precept 2hich is
i%o&%ig !is,ua&i$icatio+D thus the usig i coectio 2ith a traiig precept is to be u!erstoo!+
]Bhikkhus, you ha%e $a&&e ito a o$$ece 2hich is i%o&%ig !is,ua&i$icatio+D thus i coectio 2ith a
o$$ece+ ]/e are ot oes 2ho ha%e bee !is,ua&i$ie!D (a!) ]/hoe%er has take a2ayesto&e is oe 2ho
has bee !is,ua&i$ie!,D thus the usig i coectio 2ith a perso is to be u!erstoo!+ # 2hat starts
2ith) ]shou&! accuse 2ith a case i%o&%ig !is,ua&i$icatioD (X 4! 9) it is use! 2ith a caseeru&e (dhamma),
but because here (2ith) ]caseD ay o$$ece (a!) ay traiig precept is u!erstoo!, it ca ot be use!
i!epe!et&y+
.egar!ig the traiig precept (sikkhpadaA)) 1it3 !is,ua&i$ies him (par@eti) 2hoe%er trasgresses it,
there$ore it is sai! pr@ikaA 1i+e+, a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig sikkhpadaA3W the o$$ece (patti), 1it3 !is,ua&i$ies
him 2hoe%er $a&&s ito it, there$ore it is sai! pr@ik 1agreeig 2ith patti)W the perso (pu''a%o), because
he has bee !is,ua&i$ie!, $a&&e ito !is,ua&i$icatio, there$ore pr@iko 1agreeig 2ith pu''a%o3 is sai!+
# coectio 2ith this meaig, it is sai! i the 0ari%ra (Ni N 788)) ]/hat is ca&&e! prEikaB,
&iste to it as it is) 1He3 has $a&&e a2ay $romeis !epri%e! o$$ (cuto), $a&&e short o$ (para!!ho), a!
!roppe! out (*haCCho), he has i!ee! bee reEecte! (iraFkato) $rom the <rue <eachig
70H
(saddhamm),
there$ore there is o commuio too, because o$ that it has bee sai! so+^
708
For the meaig herei is)
Zthe perso 2ho is trasgressig the traiig precept a! has $a&&e ito the o$$ece is oe 2ho has $a&&e
a2ay[ 1a! thus3 is to be iterprete! e%erythig+
]<here$ore it has bee sai!,D because o$ 2hich reaso he is a o(ascetic, ot a so o$ the 4akya, is
oe 2ho has !roppe! out (pari*haCCho), $a&&e a2ay (!uto), has bee !is,ua&i$ie! (par@ito) $rom the
#stitutio (ssanato), there$ore it has bee sai!+ /hat 1is he3g He is oe 2ho has bee !is,ua&i$ie!+[
709
<he etymo&ogy suggeste! i the 6ahsaFghika(Kokottara%!i Niaya is) pra) Zthe other shore[ n @$na)
Z!epri%e! o$D) XPr@ike ti praA nmo!yate dharma-@KnaA, tato @$n o@$n saA@$n parih$> tenha pr@ike ti+[)
XPr@ika) the so(ca&&e! other (shore) is the Ko2&e!ge o$ Lhamma, she is !epri%e! o$, &ost $rom, !ispose! o$,
$a&&e a2ay $rom that, there$ore it is sai! (she is oe 2ho is) ]pr@ikFi[
110

# the Chiese Lharmaguptaka 0ra6o the tras&atio $or pr@ika is *m-%uo-yi ( ) meaig
Ze5c&u!e!] (Bea&, 78H7, p+209) or Ze5pu&sio] (B00 8)+
<he etymo&ogy o$ pr@ika supporte! by Horer i BL # 55%i a! . T : i Vinaya Texts @ + 2 is par X
para n ) o%er (i+e+, masterig) n passi%e o$ the root c@i) co,uers n su$$i5 o$ coectio (ka or (ika+ #t might a&so
be a !eri%atio $rom par@ita, the p+p+ o$ par@eti (par c n@i c e)) !e$eats, co,uers, !epri%es o$+
4ome scho&ars i+e+, Hi`ber ($o&&o2ig H+ 4mith) Saddan$ti #!e5) a! Chi&!ers CL0K @@@ ($o&&o2ig
Burou$, see BL # 55%i + G) pre$er the !eri%atio $rom the Ne!ic %erb par-a@) Zi%o&%ig e5pu&sio+[ (4ee a&so
107
Horer re!ers) Z!estroye! by the true ru&es[ i BL N# 287, but a istrumeta& i ( is sigu&ar, there$ore this caDt be
correct+ <he 4p e5p&aatio is) Z$rom the <eachig,[ ssanato, see be&o2F)
108
4p 7@H7 o these %erses) PTattha pr@ikan-ti 'thya ayam-atthoI yadidaA pu''a%pattisikkhpadapr@ikesu pattipr@ikaA nma
3uttaA, taA pa@@anto pu''a%o yasm par@ito par@ayam-panno saddhamm !uto paraddho *haCCho nira=kato !a hoti, an$haCe tasmiA
pu''a%e puna uposathappa3ra>di*hedo saA3so natthiF Ten8etaA iti 3u!!at$ ti tena kra>ena etaA pattipr@ikan-ti 3u!!atiF AyaK-
h8ettha sa=khepatthoI yasm par@ito hoti tena, tasm etaA pr@ikan-ti 3u!!atiFP
109
Pr@iko ti par@ito, par@ayaA pannoF AyaA hi pr@ikasaddo sikkhpadpattipu''a%esu 3attatiF TatthaI ACChnam-etaA, ananda,
ana3akso yaA tath'ato 3a@@$naA 3 3a@@iputtaknaA 3 kra> s3aknaA pr@ikaA sikkhpadaA paKKattaA sam7haneyy ti e3aA
sikkhpade 3attamno 3edita**oF apattiA t3aA, *hikkhu, panno pr@ikan-ti e3aA pattiyaAF 6a mayaA pr@ik, yo a3ahaCo so
pr@iko ti e3aA pu''a%e 3attamno 3edita**oF Pr@ikena dhammena anuddhaAseyy-ti d$su pana dhamme 3attat$ ti 3adantiF Gasm
pana tattha dhammo ti kattha-!i patti kattha-!i sikkhpadam-e3a adhippetaA, tasm so 3isuA na 3atta**oF Tattha sikkhpadaA yo
taA atikkamati, taA par@eti, tasm pr@ikan-ti 3u!!atiF apatti pana yo naA a@@hpa@@ati, taA par@eti, tasm pr@ik-ti 3u!!atiF
Pu''a%o yasm par@ito par@ayampanno, tasm pr@iko ti 3u!!atiF &tam-e3a hi atthaA sandhya pari3re piI
Pr@ikan ti yaA 3uttaA, taA su>ohi yathtathaA:
Cuto paraddho *haCCho !a, saddhamm hi nira=katoF
SaA3so pi tahiA n8atthi, ten8etaA iti 3u!!at$ ti
3uttaAF MVin V Roj_F AyaK-h`ettha atthoI taA sikkhpadaA 3$tikkamanto pattiK-!a panno pu''a%o !uto hot$ ti sa**aA yo@eta**aAF
Tena 3u!!at$ ti yena kra>ena assama>o hoti asakyaputtiyo pari*haCCho !hinno par@ito ssanato, tena 3u!!atiF /in-ti^ Pr@iko hot$
tiFP
110
4ee BN 8A T + G, .oth, 79G8, p+@87, a! Hiraka2a, 7982, pp+708Y70A+
AG
<0 p+5&iii) Zi%o&%ig e5c&usio[ or Zre$errig to e5pu&sio+[) "ccor!ig to Hi`ber (799G p+70) the Ne!ic %erb
par-a@ is $ou! i 0;i o&y i this cote5t a! there$ore 2as o &oger u!erstoo! at a rather ear&y !ate+
Hi`ber (798A p+G2 +78) otes other occurreces i 0;i 2ith the root ca@) Ze5c&u!es[
777
, cou&! a&so be gi%e as
e5amp&esW see 0R j @9,@+)+
.hys La%i!s T :&!eberg, 2ho 2ere ot a2are o$ these occurreces o$ the root ca@ i 0;i, !isagree 2ith
Burou$ a! Chi&!ers^ etymo&ogy i Vinaya Texts # @ + 2 (see a&so BL # 55%i)+ <hey state that the root ca@ !oes
ot occur i Bu!!hist e5pressios, !oes ot occur e%e i the Ne!as 2ith par- pre$i5e!, a! that the
Bu!!hist $orms o$ speech ha%e ,uite !i$$eret terms 2ith 2hich to co%ey the i!ea o$ e5pu&sio+ <here are a
umber o$ 2or!s i 0;i 2ith 2hich pr@ika sta!s i c&ose coectio) par@i) to su$$er !e$eatW par@it)
!e$eate!W par@aya) !e$eate!+ <here$ore .L T : take pr@ika to be Z!e$eat[ i the strugg&e agaist 6ra,
!e$eat i the e$$ort to attai arahatship+
<he mai prob&em 2ith this iterpretatio, besi!es the grammatica& oes, is that there is o !irect
support i terms o$ simi&es $or this iterpretatio i the te5ts or commetaries+ <he meaig o$ Z!e$eat[ $or
pr@ka might be supporte! by 4 880, a! the Z2arrior(suttatas[ at " ### 89Y700, ho2e%er, haKKati a!
3ypa@@ati are use! there, ot par@eti+
" Heirma
112
!iscusses the %arious 0rEika etymo&ogies a! compares them 2ith the e5p&aatios
$ou! i the Niayas o$ the %arious Bu!!hist schoo&s e5tat i Chiese a! 4askrit+ 4he otes that the
etymo&ogy 2ith the root ca@ a! the i!ea o$ Ze5c&u!ig[ is ot supporte! by ay o$ the Niayas a! that the
root cnas, as $ou! i 0c H0, is use! $or e5pressig e5c&usio i 0;i a! 4askrit+ 4he a&so $i!s the 0;i
commetaria& !eri%atio u&ike&y as oe o$ the Niayas, ic&u!ig the 0;i, metio the i!ea o$ !e$eat a!
o cote5t suggests the i!ea that someoe is !e$eate! by someoe+ #stea! the %arious Niayas support the
etymo&ogy base! o parMK_!) Zture! a2ay,[ Zseparate!,[ Z!iscoecte![ as suggeste! by .oth, 79G8, p+@87$+
a! Ke%i 7972, p+A0A$++
Ke%i suggests that pr@ika is !eri%e! $rom parK!epar! %ia the iterme!iate $orm pr!ika) Z<he 0rEika
o$$eces 2ou&! be those that cause a tota& a! !e$iite separatio $rom the 4aFgha+[ 4ee a&so 0R p+@9 + A)
qpr!ikae"6g) praK!iya d pr@ika+
HeirmaDs re!erig is a&so supporte! by the obscure Sai terms prK!ika (a! praK!iya), a&so !eri%e!
$rom praW a! by praK!ika as use! i the /auCi%$ya ArthaYstra $or a ki! o$ physica& iEury, a !is&ocatio o$ a
&imb) Zhasta-pda-praK!ika[W see .oth, 79G8, p+@82+ <his &ast meaig is supporte! by the !ecapitatio(simi&e
a! the other simi&es, see be&o2, i the %arious Niayas ic&u!ig the 0;i+ "ccor!ig to Heirma the
etymo&ogies base! o par n c@i or pra n @$na (see be&o2) ha%e to be see as seco!ary attempts to e5p&ai
pr@ika+
Heirma, a! a&so .oth, !i! ot otice the simi&arity bet2ee the 6ahsaFghika e5p&aatio a! the
e5p&aatio gi%e i the <hera%!i 0ari%ra, Ni N 788, ,uote! i the 4p e5p&aatio o$ pr@ika gi%e abo%e+
Heirma a&so !i! ot metio the other three simi&es i the 0a!abhEaa, 2hich are coecte! 2ith the e5t
three 0rEikas, a! 2hich co%ey simi&ar imagery+
<he meaigs attribute! by 6/ to parK! (cp! $orm X par=()) Zm ture! a2ay, a%erte! m beig beyo!
or outsi!e o$ (ab&+)[ suggest that this 2or! ca a&so ha%e the sese o$ Z!is,ua&i$yig[ a! Ze5c&u!ig[ a!
that it might ot be ecessary to see parK! Eust i terms o$ Zseparatio[ or Z!iscoectio+[ <his sese o$
e5c&u!ig[ is a&so suggeste! by the %erb use! i the 0;i Niaya to i!icate the course o$ actio other
bhikkhus ha%e to take 2he a bhikkhu has committe! pr@ika, i+e+, nsetiI Zoe e5pe&s,[ the causati%e o$
nassati (see 0c H0): see Ni ### @@, 80, a! Ni # 7H@ (6% #N 7G,78)+
/ester 0;i scho&ars ha%e iterprete! a! tras&ate! the 0;i %erb par@eti, a! its !i$$eret $orms a!
!eri%ati%es, so&e&y i terms o$ [!e$eat[W see 0'L a! BL # 55%i+ Ho2e%er the usage o$ the p+p+ par@ita 2ith a
ab&ati%e) Zpar@ito ssanato,P i the 4p commetary abo%e makes it !i$$icu&t to be&ie%e that the term 2as
u!erstoo! by the commetator mere&y i the sese o$ !e$eatm
<he 6/ etry o par-n@i i!icates that the sese o$ Z!e$eat[ is o&y oe o$ the se%era& meaigs o$ this
%erb, the pricip&e oe o$ 2hich is Zis !epri%e! o$+[ 6/ A89) Z par-n@i, m (@yate QF, to be !epri%e! o$, su$$er
111
#+e+, nir-a@, Msam_ ud-a@ (4ee 4004 789) ud@ita) !ri%e o$$+) C$+ p!eti) Z!ri%es $orth] (Lhp 7@A) a! p@eti 1X pa c na@3 (S ## 722)+
112
" Heirma, Z: 0rEika,[ B4., 7999, pp+ A7YA9+
AH
the &oss o$ (acc+), be co,uere!, succumb, m Par@aya, m+, the beig !epri%e! o$ or co,uere!, &oss, !e$eat m,
turig a2ay $rom, !esertio, m Par@ita) co,uere!, !e$eate!, o%erthro2, cast (i a &a2suit), co!eme!
by &a2 m+[
<he $irst syoym gi%e i the 0ari%ra %erse, !uta, is the 4askrit !yuta, 2hich ca mea Z$a&&e a2ay
$rom,[ but a&so Ze5pe&&e! $rom, !epri%e! o$ (ab&+),[ e+g+ !yutdhikra meas Z!ismisse! $rom a o$$ice[W see
6/ 80@+
#$ this is compare! 2ith the e5p&aatios gi%e i the 0ari%ra a! the 6(K Bhik>uJ(Niaya, a! the
simi&es i the 4utta%ibhaFga, the it appears that the meaig o$ pr@ika is Zm is !is,ua&i$ie!,[ Zoe 2ho is
e5c&u!e!,[ Zm is barre!,Zm is !epri%e! o$[ or Zm is !epose! o$+[
<he most speci$ic meaig that might correspo! to the oe o$ pr@ika is Z!epri%atio[ as this origia&&y
ha! the speci$ic sese o$ remo%ig or !eposig someoe $rom a o$$ice, especia&&y a ecc&esiastica& oe+
Ho2e%er, this sese has become archaic accor!ig to the 0xford &n'%ish "i!tionary+ <he 2or! Z!epositio[
has the sese o$ $orce$u&&y remo%ig $rom o$$ice as i a coup, a! !oes ot $it comp&ete&y+ ZLebarmet[
meas Ze5c&usio $rom a!missio or right[ but probab&y is too $orma& a! Zbeig barre![ 2ou&! be better+
ZLis,ua&i$icatio[
77@
a! Ze5c&usio[
778
are probab&y the best $its+
"s pr@ika occurs together 2ith the a!Eecti%e asaA3sa (Zot i commuio[) i the ru&es themse&%es,
2ith asama>a) Zo(ascetic[ i the 0a!abhEaa, 2ith the %erb nsetiI Ze5pe&s[ i the 4utta%ibhaFga to i!icate
the course o$ actio other moks ha%e to take 2ith a mok 2ho $e&& ito a 0rEika o$$ece, a! 2ith the
simi&es i!icatig the o(possibi&ity o$ beig re(coecte! or &i%ig agai, a re!erig o$ pr@ika that more
or &ess $its a&& the etymo&ogies a! e5p&aatios_2hether base! o par n c@i, pra n @$na, par n ca@, or parK!
_2ou&! be Zi%o&%ig !is,ua&i$icatio[ 2he it is ,ua&i$yig dhamma, a! Z(oe) 2ho is !is,ua&i$ie![ 2he
it is ,ua&i$yig *hikkhu+
On the Term Saghdisesa
<he meaig a! etymo&ogy o$ the 2or! sa='hdisesa has ot bee c&ear&y !e$ie! i the 4utta%ibhaFga a!
there has bee a &ot specu&atio about its meaig by mo!er as 2e&& as aciet scho&ars+ 4ome o$ these
iterpretatios 2i&& be gi%e be&o2+ <he meaig gi%e i the tras&atio i this 2ork is i accor!ace 2ith
the 0a!abhEaa a! 4p e5p&aatios+ <hese aciet e5p&aatios, # be&ie%e, are to be pre$erre! abo%e the
specu&atios o$ mo!er scho&ars $or se%era& reasos that are !iscusse! be&o2+
<he tra!itioa& <hera%!a Commetaria& etymo&ogy as gi%e i the Samantapsdik (see be&o2) is)
sa='ha) commuity n di) start, commecemet, begiigW a mascu&ie ou+ n sesa) rest, remai!er, &e$t(
o%erW euter ou $rom seseti (nsis c e)+ C$+ BL # 79A + 7+
<he compou! ca be reso&%e! i !i$$eret 2ays+ #t ca be a tappurisa compou! i%o&%ig a
istrumeta& o$ accompaimet) Zthe begiig a! rest (o$ the &ega& proce!ures is to be !oe) 2ith the
Commuity[ or, more i accor!ace 2ith the 0a!abhEaa, a istrumeta& o$ meas) Zthe begiig a!
rest (is !oe) by the Commuity,[ or it cou&! be a geiti%e or !ati%e tappurisa) Zthe begiig a! rest is
o$e$or the Commuity,[ or, i accor!ace 2ith the 4p, a i%erte! &ocati%e tappurisa compou!) Zthe
Commuity (is re,uire!) i the begiig a! i the rest+[ For i%erte! a! irregu&ar compou!s see #0
p+7@8, 7AA (on$tapattap>i), a! BH4RL ## ## j 2@,70+ C$+ pattap7ra at 0c @8+
<he 0a!abhEaa at Ni ### 772 e5p&ais) ZSa='hdiseso ti sa='ho 3a tass pattiy pari3saA deti, m7%ya
paCikassati, mnattaA deti, a**heti, na sam*ahu%, na ekapu''a%o, tena 3u!!ati sa='hdiseso tiF Tass`e3a patti-
nikyassa nma-kammaA adhi3a!anaA, tena pi 3u!!ati sa='hdiseso tiFP
ZSa='hdiseso) o&y the commuity gi%es the probatio $or that o$$ece, thro2s back to the start, gi%es
the !e$erece, reistatesW ot a umber (o$ persos), ot oe perso, there$ore it is ca&&e! Zthe commuity i
the begiig a! i the rest+[ #t is the amig, the !esigatio, $or that %ery group o$ o$$eces, there$ore too
it is ca&&e! Zthe commuity i the begiig a! i the rest+[
113
0xford &n'%ish "i!tionary) ZLis,ua&i$y) proouce (someoe) ie&igib&e $or a o$$ice or acti%ity because o$ a o$$ece or
i$rigemet+ d (o$ a $eature or characteristic) make (someoe) usuitab&e $or a o$$ice or acti%ity+[
114
:'L) Ze5c&u!e) !ey access toW keep out+ d ru&e out+ d pre%et the occurrece o$+ d e5pe& (a pupi&) $rom a schoo&+[
A8
C$+ BL # 79GY9H+ C$+ Ni ## 8@) ZtaA sa='ho am7Jha3inayaA deti Q[) Z<he Commuity gi%es him the
remo%a& through ot beig isae m,[ Ni # @28) ZtaA sa='ho adassane Q ukkhipati+Z) the Commuity
suspe!s him $or ot seeig (the o$$ece)+[
<he 0a!abhEaaDs Zsa='ho 3a Q na sam*ahu%a, na ekapu''a%o[ is ot e5p&aie! i the 4p
commetary+ #t re$ers to the three 2ays o$ !oig a &ega& actW see Ni # @2@Y2A T ## 82) ZtaA enaA !odeti
sa='ho 3 sam*ahu% 3 ekapu''a%o 3+[) Z<he 4aFgha or a umber (o$ persos) or oe perso a!moishes
him+[ " sa='hdisesa o$$ece ca o&y be ma!e up $or 2ith the co(operatio o$ a 4aFgha, ot 2ith a umber o$
persos &ess tha a 4aFghaW i+e+, at &east $our $or the pari3sadna a! mnattadna a! t2ety $or the a**hna+
4p A22) ZVa!an8attho pan`ettha sa='ho dimhi !8e3a sese !a i!!hita**o ass ti sa='hdisesoF /iA 3uttaA
hoti^ ImaA pattiA pa@@it3 3uCChtukmassa yan-taA patti3uCChnaA tassa dimhi !8e3a pari3sadn8atthya
dito sese ma@@hemnattadn8atthya m7%ya paCikassanena 3 saha mnattadn8atthya a3asne a**hn8atthya !a
sa='ho i!!hita**oF 6a h`ettha ekaA pi kammaA 3in sa='hena sakk ktun-ti sa='ho QF ass ti sa='hdiseso+Z)
Z<he meaig o$ the 2or! here is that a Commuity is re,uire! (&it+ to be 2ate!e2ishe!) i!!hita**a)
$or it i the begiig (dimhi) as 2e&& as i the rest (sese)+ /hy is this sai!g By oe 2ho has $a&&e ito this
o$$ece a! is !esirig to emerge ($rom it) $or those (proce!ures) that are emergeces $rom the o$$eces, a
Commuity is to be re,uire! by him at the start $or the purpose o$ gi%ig the probatio, as 2e&& as $rom (this)
start o2ar! i the rest (o$ the proce!ure, i+e+) i the mi!!&e $or the purpose o$ gi%ig !e$erece, or $or the
purpose o$ gi%ig !e$erece together 2ith the thro2ig back to the begiig, a! i the e! $or the purpose
o$ the reistatemet+ For herei ot e%e oe sig&e (&ega&) act ca be !oe 2ithout a Commuity+[
<he 4p thus takes di to mea the start o$ the proce!ure to make up $or a 4! o$$ece a! sesa to mea
the rest or remaiig part that comes a$ter the start o$ the proce!ure i+e+, the mi!!&e a! the e! o$ the
proce!ure+ <his gi%es the tras&atio) Z<he commuity i the begiig a! i the rest+] <his e5p&aatio a!
re!erig $its the 0a!abhEaaDs e5p&aatio sice the 0a!abhEaa i!icates that o&y the 4aFgha ca !o the
&ega& actios $or the o$$ece+ <he proce!ure o$ pari3sa-dna metioe! i the 0a!abhEaa is the begiig
(di_ 2hi&e the three proce!ures o$ m7%ya paCikassana, mnatta-dna, a! a**hna are the rest (sesa_+ <he $irst
t2o proce!ures o$ the $our are ot re,uire! i a&& cases a! the sesa part ca be cosistig o$ oe, t2o, or
three proce!ures+ Z.emai!er[ or Zrest[ $or sesa 2i&& co%er a&& cases+ Sa='hdisesa is a o!! compou! but
the there are other o!! compou!s i 0;i, see abo%e, a! it is pre$erab&e abo%e the 4askrit e,ui%a&ets that
2i&& be metioe! a! !iscusse! i the e5t paragraphs+
<he 6? T 4a schoo&s use the term saA'h3aYe+a, the 6(K schoo&) saA'htiYe+aW see B6L pp+77Y72,
a! BH4RL ## A89+ # accor!ace 2ith the so ca&&e! pricip&e o$ &ectio !i$$ici&ior di is to be pre$erre! abo%e
ati as those 2ho trasmitte! the te5t i these schoo&s perhaps misu!erstoo! the meaig o$ di a! chage!
it to the $or them more u!ersta!ab&e $orm ati a! the subse,uet&y to a3a+
Hi`ber, 798A p+G2 $+, $i!s that the commetaria& e5p&aatio etai&s grammatica& !i$$icu&ties a!
thiks that the 0a!abhEaa e5p&aatio supports sa='ha n atisesa+ <he &atter !eri%atio is tras&ate! by him
(799G p+70, C$+ 7999 p+7H), as Zthe rest (sesa, i+e+, the !uratio o$ the suspesio) is 2ith the 4aFgha (i+e+,
!etermie! by the 4aFgha)+[
Ho2e%er, the !uratio o$ the suspesio is ot !etermie! by the 4aFgha but by the umber o$ !ays
the bhikkhu has cocea&e! the o$$ece+ /he the bhikkhu !oes ot cocea& the o$$ece he !oes ot ha%e to
u!ergo suspesio at a&&+ #stea!, the !ecisio 2hether the bhikkhu is gi%e the pari3sa, mnatta, a!
a**hna is 2ith the 4aFgha as the bhikkhu has to re,uest these proce!ures to the Commuity that the ca
gi%e appro%a& through a (&ega&) act o$ a motio (a! a aoucemet) as the $ourth (i+e+, oe motio
$o&&o2e! by three aoucemets, Katti!atutthakamma)+ # the subse,uet aoucemets o$ this kamma ay
participatig bhikkhu is aske! 2hether he agrees to it, a! i$ ot, $or e5amp&e 2he a bhikkhu has otice!
that the bhikkhu re,uestig mnatta has ot !oe the speci$ie! time through ratti!!heda or miscoutig
!urig mnatta, he ca obEect agaist gi%ig the pari3sa to that bhikkhuF
Corma T 0ruitt, <0 5&i%, suggest) XSa='hdisesa probab&y meat Zi%o&%ig the remai!er o$ the
saFgha,[ but the tra!itio assume! that the di e&emet o$ the ame meat Zbegiig[ a! ga%e a
iterpretatio, Z<he saFgha is re,uire! at the begiig a! o a subse,uet (occasio) m+[
<his iterpretatio, i+e+, that that this o$$ece i%o&%es the rest o$ the 4aFgha, is ot supporte! by ay ay
A9
tra!itio+
<he !i$$eret $orms $or this o$$ece i the !i$$eret tra!itios probab&y arose !urig trasmissio i a
!ia&ect 2here the (t( 2as %oice! as (d( or %ice %ersaW see 0R @8+@ a! C0 # A7YA2, ### 2@8 a!eor because the
pre$i5es ati(, adhi(, a*hi( a! a3a- are $re,uet&y iterchage!W see C0 ## A a! 0'L 2H) adhi-, G7) a*hi(, a! 80)
a3a-F
<he 4a $orm saA'h3aYe+a might ha%e occurre! because o$ a iterchage o$ pre$i5es or because
a3aYe+a a! atiYe+a ha%e the same meaig) remai!er, remat, see 6/+ A3aYe+a (X 0;i a3asesa) remai!er,
rest) might ha%e bee a more u!ersta!ab&e $orm $or the 4ar%sti%!is+ <he 6(K schoo& 2as the $irst
schoo& to sp&it o$$ $rom the <hera%!is a! is &ike&y to ha%e a o&!er $orm tha the 4a schoo&+
#t is suggeste! by Corma, C0 #N A@, that !i$$eret $orms o$ techica& terms might ha%e their origi i the
Bu!!ha himse&$ 2ho preache! i !i$$eret !ia&ects+ <he %arious ear&y schoo&s might the ha%e remembere!
a! sta!ar!ise! some o$ these $orms+
Ke%i, 7972, p+A0@Y0A, suggests that di) begiig !oes ot $it 2ith sesa) rest a! suggests that more
atura& is the use o$ di 2ith anta) e!, as i 4kt dai3dyanta) Z(homage) to go! at the start a! e!]+ (C$+ the
0;i usage o$ di 2ith pariyosana as at 6 # 2GH) di-, ma@@he-, a! pariyosna-ka%y>aA+) Compou!s 2ith
a3asesa are regu&ar&y $ou!, e+g+ ardh3aYe+a+ He suggests the origia& rea!ig 2as sa='htiYe+a meaig Za
remai!er o$ (associatio 2ith) the or!er] (]u reste !e commuaute])+ <his e5p&aatio, ho2e%er, o%er&ooks
the $act that sesa) the rest, !oes ot ha%e the same meaig as anta) the e!+ Sesa ic&u!es aythig a$ter the
begiig, the mi!!&e as 2e&& as the e!+
.oth, .oth, 79G8, p+@82, BN 708 + A T 708 + 8, !isagrees 2ith Ke%i that sa='htiYe+a 2as the more
origia& $orm sice a e5p&aatio $ou! i the Bhikfui%iaya o$ the 6(K schoo&, updiYe+a, seems to
i!icate other2ise) Zm sa='htiYe+a updiYe+o sa='ho sa='haA e3dhipatiA kVtya niOsara>$yo+[ He tras&ates this
i BN 70@ + 8) Zm the group o$ o$$eces (sa='ho) that is the supp&emet (Ye+a) to the $irst group (upa c di)
(the group o$ 0rEika o$$eces)[W c$+ .oth, 79G8, p+@88+ <he seco! phrase he !oes ot tras&ate here, but
it meas) Zha%ig ma!e the 4aFgha the o&y authority (she) is to be set a2ay+[
Kater i the same 2ork, BN 708, it is sai! that saFgha here meas the eight bhik>uJ prEika o$$eces)
Zsa='ho t nma 3u!!anti a+Ca pr@ik dharm +[
# BN 708 + A, .oth otes) Z)pdiYe+a !eser%es specia& attetio because it cotais a e5p&aatio o$
the term that is iserte! i the !iscip&iary 4?tra te5t itse&$p <his g&oss ob%ious&y thiks o$ sa='ha c di c Ye+a,
c&ose to 0;i sa='hdisesa, a! ot o$ sa='ha c ati c Ye+a+ #t is, there$ore, more &ike&y that sa='hdisesa is the
more origia& rea!ig, a! sa='htiYe+a o$ our te5t the 4askritise! chage! $orm o$ it tha %ice %ersa, as Ke%i,
7972, p+A08 suggests++[ <akig this g&oss ito accout .oth sees i 0;i $orm) Zm sa='hdisesaI sa='ha c di c
sesa[) Zsupp&emet to the eight prEika, 2hich are the $irst (!iscip&iary group)[W BN 708 + 8+
<his e5p&aatio seems u&ike&y sice sa='ha !oes ot ha%e the meaig o$ o$$ece(group i the 0;i
Niaya+ # this meaig the 0;i compou! 2ou&! be disa='hasesam .oth !oes ot commet o the phrase
Zsa='haA e3dhipattiA kVt3[ abo%e+ #t is ot $ou! i the 0;i but seems to be i &ie 2ith the 0;i
0a!abhEaa commetary o 4!, 2hich e5p&ais that o&y the 4aFgha (sa='ho 3a) gi%es the probatio etc+
<he Chiese tras&atio o$ the e5p&aatio o$ sa='htiYe+a i the 6(K Bhik>uJ(%ibhaFga is) Z]4aFghaD
re$ers to the so(ca&&e! eight prEika o$$eses+ Z"tife>aD &itera&&y meas) that this o$$ece has a remai!er a!
the :r!er shou&! ha!&e it by a karma ($orma& meetig)+ <hus they are ca&&e! DsaBghtife>aD (o$$eses)+
"other e5p&aatio is that sice this matter may be co$esse! a! repete! o$ i the :r!er, it is ca&&e!
DsaBghtife>a+D[
115
<he <ibeta a! Chiese tras&atio o$ the 4a T 6? saA'h3aYe+a is Za remai!er i the saA'ha+[W see
Hiraka2a p+7@G+
<he e5p&aatio o$ the term o$ the 4ar%sti%!i tra!itio preser%e! i Chiese is) Z<he term
saA'h3aYe+a] meas that this type o$ 2rog!oig is subEect to the moastic :r!er, (that is, it ca be e5piate!
by co$essio to the :r!er)+ # other 2or!s there is a remai!er i the :r!er+ (# cotrast prEika o$$eces
are sai! to ha%e o remai!er i the :r!er a! thus may ot be e5piate! by the :r!er+) By co$essig to the
:r!er, oe ca e5piate his error+[
115
Hiraka2a, 7982, p+787+
G0
<he 6? e5p&aatio i Chiese is) Z<he term Za3aYe+a[ meas to remai+ /he a
prEika o$$ece is committe!, the trasgressor may ot remai i the :r!er+ He or she is automatica&&y
e5pe&&e! $rom the :r!er+ Ho2e%er 2he a saA'h3aYe+a o$$ece is committe!, the o$$ece may be e5piate!+
<he trasgressor co$esses i $rot o$ the :r!er+ #$ the :r!er accepts his co$essio, it may charge him 2ith
the %io&atio by per$ormig a karma+ "$ter the trasgressor has !oe peace, the :r!er may per$orm a
karma a! !ec&are that he has e5piate! his 2rog(!oig+ <he term i!icates that the $ia& !ecisio remais
2ith the :r!er+[
116
(<he meaig o$ the &ast &ie is that the 4aFgha !eci!es 2hether the bhikkhu remais i
the 4aFgha or ot+)
" simi&ar <ibeta e5p&aatio is $ou! i Ryatso, 798G, p+G8 + 79) Z.emai!er (%ha'Fma+) #t is state! i
Co&&ecte! /orks o$ Rya&2a Re!u Lrub (2) ZFor a !e$eat there is o remai!er (that ca be) subse,uet&y
puri$ie!+ Here (ho2e%er) there is a remai!er (that ca be) subse,uet&y puri$ie!, a! because it !epe!s o
the 4aFgha Commuity $or restoratio, it is ca&&e! DsaFgha commuity] remai!er+[
77H

6aybe this e5p&aatio is re&ate! to the a3asesa a! ana3asesa patti) o$$eces 2ith remai!er a!
o$$eces 2ithout remai!er, 2hich are $ou! i the 0;i Cao, e+g+ Ni # @A8 T " # 20+ /ith the a3asesa patti
a bhikkhu ca remai i the commuity 2hi&e 2ith the ana3asesa, i+e+, the prEika, he ca ot+ (4p 7@29)
ZS3ases tiI Chapet3 pr@ikaA sesF Ana3ases ti pr@ikpatt$ tiF[) #$ disesa i sa='hdisesa is re&ate! to this
the Za remai!er (o$ associatio) 2ith the or!er[ 2ou&! be the tras&atio+
5ote on the Arran!ement and Translation
<he 0;i te5t o$ the ru&e is gi%e $irst, a! the each 0;i 2or! i the ru&e is &iste! 2ith a tras&atio+
4ometimes a&terati%e tras&atios o$ 2or!s or phrases are gi%e, a! a&so the tras&atios o$ other
tras&ators+ "$ter the 2or!(tras&atio the case, umber, ge!er o$ the ous are gi%eW $or %erbs the perso,
umber, a! tese has bee gi%e+
<he 0;i %erba& root system as gi%e i C0'L has usua&&y bee $o&&o2e! i this 2ork, rather tha the
4askrit system as gi%e i 0'L a! "+K+ /ar!erDs Introdu!tion to Pa%i+ Ho2e%er, /ar!erDs system, see #0
pp+77 n 27G, o$ sho2ig brackete! t2is o$ the iitia& cosoat o$ roots &iab&e to !oub&ig 2he
compou!e! 2ith a pre$i5, e+g+ Ms_su, has a&so bee use!+
<he aa&ysis o$ Euctios, sandhi, as gi%e i ReigerDs P%i #rammar j GGYH8 has geera&&y bee $o&&o2e!+
:ther a!!itioa& i$ormatio, such as e5tracts $rom the 0;i commetaries etc+, is a&so gi%e i$ it she!s
&ight o the meaig o$ the 2or!s !iscusse!+ <he terms use! $or the c&assi$icatio o$ compou!s are i 0;i
because o a!e,uate e,ui%a&ets e5ist i 'g&ish (see #0 pp+HH$)+
Z4ee abo%e) m[ re$ers back to the tras&atio a! e5p&aatio o$ a 2or! that has occurre! ear&ier+
/he a 2or! is gi%e se%era& times i a ru&e, or i a se,uece o$ ru&es, it is ot &iste! a$ter the $irst $e2
times it has occurre!+
<he aa&ysis o$ the commetaria& ru&e(tit&es is o&y i gi%e at 0r 7+ <herea$ter it is o&y gi%e 2he
the ru&e(tit&e cotais 2or!s that are ot $ou! i the ru&e itse&$+
<he 0;i sectios gi%e i s,uare brackets (such as the ru&e(tit&es) are ot recite!+ # the 'g&ish
tras&atio the 2or!s i s,uare brackets are ot $ou! i the 0;i but are supp&ie! to make the tras&atio
more rea!ab&e+
116
Hiraka2a, 7982, p+7@G
117
<here are 6? 0rtimok>as?tra commetaries i <ibeta that might ha%e more i$ormatioW see 0rebish, 7998, pp+700Y77+
G7
>hikkhu"timokkha?.
118
@
>5idnAuddeso
11B
@
5amo tassa bha!a#ato arahato sammsambuddhassa.
1CD
&uEtu me bhante saF!ho(
1C1
a99Gu"osatho "aEEaraso(
1CC
yadi saF!hassa "attakalla?( saF!ho u"osatha?
kareyya "timokkha?
1CH
uddiseyya.
124
Ii? saF!hassa "ubbaki%%a?J Prisuddhi? yasmanto ro%etha. Ptimokkha?
1CK
uddisissmi. Ta? sabbe
#a sant sdhuka? suEoma manasikaroma.
1<he Liscip&iary Co!e o$ the Bhikkhu+3
1<he recitatio o$ the #tro!uctio+3
Venerable &ir( let the Community listen to meL Today is a fifteenth >day@ Obser#an%e. /f it is suitable to
the Community ( >then@ the Community should do the Obser#an%e >and@ should re%ite the Dis%i"linary
Code.
Mhat is the "reliminary for the Community J Venerables( announ%e the "urity( >for@ / shall re%ite the
Dis%i"linary Code. 'et us all >8ho are@ "resent listen to it %arefully >and@ let us take it to mind.
bhikkhu"timokkha?3 Liscip&iary Co!e o$ the BhikkhuW om+ sg+ t+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ cosistig o$ *hikkhu
a! ptimokkhaA+ <his is ot recite!+ 4ee *hikkhuptimokkhaA niCChitaA at the 0m Coc&usio+
bhikkhu"timokkha"*i) the te5t o$ the Liscip&iary Co!e o$ the BhikkhuW om+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X
*hikkhuptimokkha) Liscip&iary Co!e o$ the BhikkhuW ge+ tapp+ cp!+ n pJi) a te5t, &it+) a &ie+ # the
commetaries it !eotes a origia&, i+e+, Caoica&, te5t as oppose! to a commetaria& te5t (aCChakath)+ Kater
it came to mea the &aguage o$ 0;i &iterature+ <he usage o$ pJi as part o$ the tit&es o$ te5ts is a &ate
!e%e&opmet a! origia&&y the 2or! pJi 2as ot a part o$ tit&es+ <he 6m 4e tit&e there$ore is more origia&+
# ay case 0;i pa&m(&ea$ mauscripts (at &east i 4ri Kaka a! <hai&a!) !o ot ha%e a tit&e at the start o$ a
te5t+ #stea! o$ a tit&e, the Znamo tassa m[ $ormu&a is $ou! a! the the te5t startsW see Le 4i&%a, 79@8, p+55i+
72G

118
Lm, -0, -m) BhikkhuptimokkhapJiF 6i 4e) PtimokkhaA, *hikkhuptimokkhapJiF 6m 4e) BhikkhupCimokkhaA+ Bh0m 7 T 2)
BhikkhuptimokkhaA+
119
X Lm+ L) 6idnaA+ ! Ce) Z(patti)+[ 6i 4e) [pattikammaAP a! [6idnuddesoP be$ore Z/iA sa='hassa++++[ Cothig i other
e!s+ C$+ 0r6o4a p+7G7, 2here Ze+ @KaptiO[ comes a$ter the sectio that correspo!s to the 0;i Katti+ 4o Lhg, see Bea& 208,
2here Zcommecemet[ is put a$ter this sectio+ C$+ <somo, 799H, p+@@, B00 @, Fiot 7A, 0ascho2 A+
120
# N prece!e! by) BuddhaA sara>aA 'a!!hmiF Buddhanhsmi dso 3a, *uddhmesmikissar, *uddhnaK!a sire pd mayhaA
tiCthantu sa**adF "hammaA sara>aA 'a!!hmiF "hammnhsmi dso 3a, "hammmesmikissar, sa**e dhamm pi tiCChantu
mamaA sire 3a sa**adF Pa!!eka*uddhaA sara>aA 'a!!hmiF Pa!!ekasam*uddhnhaA dso 3a, smikassar, tesaA pd pi tiCChantu
mamaA sire 3a sa**adF SaA'haA sara>aA 'a!!hmiF SaA'hnhasmi dso 3a, saA'hmesmikissar, tesaA 'un pi tiCChantu
mamaA sire 3a sa**adF Ani!!adukkhanttaK!a natthi me *uddhadhammato pa!!eka*uddhasaA'ho !a ntthaKKo sara> mamaAF
121
Bh0m 7, C, R, N, /) saA'ho+ <hroughout the te5ts o$ C, R, N, /, a! Bh0m 7 the ni''hita (A) is use! istea! o$ the asa&
=, e+g+, saA'hdisesa a! 3$satisaA'ha+ <his 2i&& ot be ote! e%ery2here+
122
# brackets i 6i 4e+ Lm, 6% 'e, /) pannaraso+ Cot i Nibh Ce) +[m me sa='ho, yadi sa='hassa +++[
123
R, 6i, 6m 4e, N) throughout the te5t) pCi(+
124
<he BCF H@@)70 6?& script mauscript i the Bib&ioths,ue Catioa&e !e Frace has Katti niCChitaA $o&&o2ig this+ 4ee 'F':
L"<" 707+
125
R, 6i, 6m 4e, N) pCi(+
126
: the 2oo!e co%ers protectig the mauscripts there are a&so o tit&es+ <his ca make it !i$$icu&t to $i! a mauscript
2ith a speci$ic te5t i a moastery &ibrary i$ there are o mo!er tags or &abe&s 2ith tit&es a! re$erece(umbers+ # this
case oe has either to be $ami&iar 2ith the te5t a! be ab&e to recogise it $rom its start or oe has to &ook at the coc&usio
G2
<he 0timokkha is tra!itioa&&y re$erre! to i !i$$eret 2ays+ /he both the Bhikkhu( a! BhikkhuJ(
ptimokkhas are gi%e i a moastery mauscript re$erece &ist a! i prite! te5ts, the tit&es *hikkhu-
*hikkhun$-ptimokkhaI Zthe Bhikkhu( a! the BhikkhuJ(ptimokkha,[ )*haya-ptimokkha) Zboth the
0timokkhas,[ u*haya-mtik) Zboth the 6tiks,[ a! d3e-mtik) Zthe t2o 6tiks[ ca be use!+ <hese tit&es
are sometimes use! i the commetaries a! subcommetaries+ "&& o$ them ca ha%e (pJi) Zte5t[ appe!e!+
/he gi%e as sig&e te5ts, there are) PCimokkha, 2tik-pJi, Bhikkhu-ptimokkha, Bhikkhun$-ptimokkha: 2ith
or 2ithout (pJi appe!e!+
nidnAuddeso) the recitatio o$ the itro!uctioW om+ sg+ m+ <his cou&! be a acc+ tapp+ cp!+ (c$+ ptimokkhaA
uddiseyyaLuddisissmi $urther o i the Ci!a) or a appositi%e kamma!hraya cp! (see C0 70) !$3ara3a''a),
ho2e%er, i 'g&ish it sou!s icer 2he tras&ate! as a geiti%e tappurisa+
Suctio o$ nidna a! uddesa through e&isio o$ the $ia& (a o$ nidna+
nidna) itro!uctio, grou! (&it+ T $ig+), $ou!atio, occasio, origi, source+ X 0re$+ ni() !o2 n dna o$
cd) bi!s n uddesa) recitatio, recita&W abstract ou !er+ $r+ uddisati (ud c ndis c a)) recites, appoits+ )ddesa
ca a&so mea Z!esigatio[ as i 4! G+
suEtu) &et &isteW @ sg+ imp+ o$ su>ti (nsu c >)+
me) to meW (ec&itic) !at+ sg+ o$ amha) #+
bhante) Neerab&e 4irp, m) %eerab&e sir, H) hooure! Neerab&esW %oc+ sg+ m+
Bhante is a shortee! $orm o$ *hadante, %oc+ sg+ m+, or a shortee! $orm o$ 4kt *ha3antaO, the e!ig (e(
beig a 6ga!hism o$ the 4kt e!ig (aO accor!ig to 0'L 898 a! 0R j 98,@+ " po&ite a!!ressig by the
reciter to the seior bhikkhu(s) i the assemb&y+
N+ 0erio&a, Pa%i #rammar, j 28Gb states that Z# a!!ressig persos o$ great authority, besi!es the
proper hoori$ic 2or! i the %ocati%e case, aother 2or! is use! re$errig to the same perso a! is put i
the omiati%e case as subEect o$ the %erb+ m L # 7H9) Z&tu kho *hante *ha'a3+D) Z: Kor!, may the B&esse! :e
come+D[
#t is to be a!!e! that the %erb i this usage is a&2ays i the thir! perso+ /ar!er, #0 p+@A, states that 2he the
%erb is i the 2
!
perso the sese is usua&&y that o$ a comma! 2hereas the @r!

perso imperati%e use! i a
simi&ar situatio 2ith the tit&e or ame o$ the perso a!!resse! e5presses a po&ite i%itatio+
4ee the usage o$ the omiati%e yasm 2ith thir! perso %erbs i 4! 70) ZSamet8yasm Q[ etcW see otes i
4! 70 a! 0c G8 o yasm+
"ccor!ig to Reiger *hante besi!es beig a %ocati%eeomiati%e o$ a!!ress ca a&so be use! as a
attributeea!Eecti%e i ay case, e+g+ L # 7H9 (see abo%e), a! ay umber, e+g+ ZApi *hante passeyyth ti+[W see
0R j 98,@+ <his attributi%e usage suggeste! by Reiger is probab&y icorrect a! the usage suggeste! abo%e by
0erio&a a! /ar!er is pre$erab&e+ # accor!ace 2ith ReigerDs suggestio Zsu>tu me *hante sa='ho[ 2ou&!
be tras&ate! as) ZNeerab&e Commuity &iste to mep[
Kkh 8 states that 2he the (most) seior bhikkhu o$ the Commuity recites the 0timokkha 3uso is to
be use! istea! o$ *hanteF <his 2as !oe, $or e5amp&e, i the accout o$ the $irst couci& at C% a#7,8 2here
Neerab&e 6ahkassapa, 2ho 2as the most seior bhikkhu at the time, a!!resse! the commuity 2ith
ZSu>tu me 3uso sa='hoF[) ZFrie!s, (p&ease) &et the Commuity &iste to me+[
a3uso, 2hich is a po&ite a!!ress to Euiors (see the ote o yasmanto be&o2), ca, i cotrast to
yasm, be use! as a attributeW e+g+ 6 # @H2) Zm 3uso #otamaFF[ a! L ## 7AG) ZQ *hante Anuruddha Q 3uso
ananda Q +[
<he 4a 0rtimok>as?tra has ZYV>otu *hadantaO saA'haOP) ZKiste Neerab&e Commuityp[W 0r6o4a
p+7G0YG7+ (C$+ 0r6o6? p+72+) <he Chiese tras&atio o$ this gi%e i Frech by Huber i Fiot 8HA is
Zq!outeH, Vrnrra*%e Assem*%res[
o$ the te5t as a&& te5ts $iish, &ike the 0timokkha, 2ith [(tit&e) niCChitoLLaA[ or 2ith [(tit&e) samattoLLaA+[ #t seems that the
bhikkhus 2ho use! the mauscripts i the past 2ou&! recogise 2hich mauscript 2as 2hich through $ami&iarity 2ith the
!i$$eret 2oo!e co%ers (paite! or p&ai) a! the &ocatio o$ the mauscripts i their &ibraries+
G@
#uso) $rie!(s)W %oc+ p&+ m+ (Ca be sg+ e&se2here+) a3uso is the (more co&&o,uia&) $orm o$ a!!ress use! by
seior bhikkhus to Euior bhikkhus a! by a&& bhikkhus to &aypeop&e+ By Euior bhikkhus the term yasm, or
the p&ura& yasmanto, is use! to a!!ress more seior bhikkhusW see the ote o yasmanto be&o2+ "&though the
umber is sigu&ar 3uso is a&so use! to a!!ress more tha perso &ike hereW see the 2or! *hante abo%e, 2hich
ca a&so be use! i sg+ or p&+ "t C0 70 the bhikkhu is a!!resse! as *hante a! yasm by the ste2ar! a! the
bhikkhu a!!resses the ste2ar! as 3uso+ Ho2e%er i C0 8, 70, a! 2H a bhikkhu a!!resses a !oor o$ robes
as yasm, sir, apparet&y i or!er to p&ease him+
"ccor!ig to 0'L a! 0R j 8G,7 3uso is, &ike yasm, $rom the 4askrit yu+mant, but /iEesekera, 4yta5 j 2H,
!isagrees 2ith this $or phoetic reasos a! argues that is $rom a o&!er $orm qyu+aO, 2hich is the !eri%e!
a!Eecti%e $rom yu+) &i$e+ L0 suggests it is $rom qyu+3as+
saF!ho) m) commuity, H) the :r!er, assemb&yW om+ sg+ m+W see the ote *hante abo%eF Sa='ha is !eri%e!
$rom the %erb saAharati (saA c nhar c a)) co&&ects, assemb&es, !ra2s together+ " sa='ha is a commuity or
assemb&y o$ at &east $our bhikkhusW see **+
a99Gu"osatho) to!ay (is) a obser%ace !ay+ " Euctio, sa!hi, o$ a@@a n uposatho i 2hich the $ia& (a o$ a@@a
has bee e&i!e!+ a99a) to!ayW i!ec&+ n u"osatho) obser%ace !ayW om+ sg+ m+ )posatha correspo!s to the
Ne!ic upa3asathaF (# 0;i the pre$i5 a3a- is o$te cotracte! to o-: see 0R j 79+) )pa3asatha is the sacre! !ay o$
preparatio $or the &uar sacri$ice, $or 2hich the go!s 2ere e5pecte! to come to the house, through obser%ig
%o2s (3rata_ such as ot(eatig, ce&ibacy, a! ot 2orkig+ <he sacri$ice happee! o the e2 moo a! the
$u&& moo+
C$+ :&i%e&&e, 79H7, p+82, especia&&y + 2) Zm upa3asatha ($rom upa n c3as) &itera&&y meas Zabi!ig 2ith[ a! i
this case, Zabi!ig i the presece o$ the go!s+[ "s this i%o&%e! $astig, it came to mea speci$ica&&y the $ast
o the e%e o$ the sacri$ice, a! &ater ay $orm o$ $astig+[
<he members o$ other sects obser%e! these !ays as times o$ comig together a! teachig &aypeop&e+ : the
re,uest o$ Kig Bimbisra the Bu!!ha a&&o2e! the bhikkhus to assemb&e o this !ay a! teach the &aity+ Kater
he to&! the bhikkhus to recite the traiig precepts o this !ayW see ote o 0timokkha, a! Ni # 700$+ C$+ "
#N 288YAA a! L # 8H$+
-posathas $a&& o the !ay prece!ig the mooDs 2a5ig a! 2aig a! the t2o !ays i the mi!!&e o$ these
phases, i+e+, the 8th, 7Ath, 2@th, a! @0th ight o$ the &uar moth i the case o$ 7A
th
!ay -posathas, a! o the
8
th
, 78
th
, 22
!
, a! 29
th
ight i the case o$ 78
th
!ay -posathas+
"aEEaraso) $i$teeth (!ay o$ the $ortightW or!ia&+ :r!ia&s are !ec&ie! a! act &ike a!Eecti%esW see #0 p+72A+
Here pa>>arasa agrees 2ith uposatha a! comes a$ter it, i!icatig emphasis) Z2hich is m[ C$+ 6% ## 8,2)
ZAnu@nmi *hikkha3e sakiA pakkhassa !tuddase 3 pannarase 3 ptimokkhaA uddisituA tiF[) Z# a&&o2, bhikkhus,
to recite the Co!e o$ Liscip&ie oce o the $ourteeth or $i$teeth o$ the $ortight+[ a! <h A8G) Z!ando
pannaraso yathF[) Z&ike a $i$teeth (!ay o$ the $ortight) moo+[
X "aN%a3 $i%eW or!ia&+ n dasa) teW um+ PaK!adasa (4 802) d paKKarasa d pa>>arasaLpannarasa+
72H

: $ourteeth !ay obser%ace !ays, 2hich occur o the @r! a! H
th
-posatha o$ each $our(moth seaso
(accor!ig to the commetary), !tuddaso is to be use!W see 6% ## 8,2 abo%e+ %tuddaso) $ourteethW or!ia&
agreeig 2ith uposatho+ X %tu(r)) $ourW or!ia& cp! $orm n dasa X assimi&atio o$ a &i,ui! 2ith a mute
cosoat (see 0R j A7 T A2 c)+ C0'L &ists a $emiie !tuddas$, but 6% ## 8,2) Zm !tuddase pannarase
aCChamiy !a pakkhassa m[ i!icates that it is a mascu&ie or!ia& i (a+ (Cote that aCChamiy remais $emiie
here+)
127
Reiger (0R j 88+2) metios that rare&y pa>>arasa (7A), is $ou! istea! o$ pannarasa T paK!adasa, a! that pa>>sa (A0) is
$ou! besi!es paKKsa+ # 0kt pa>>arasa a! pa>>saA are use!+ "&so, i $ootote 2 to j A@+7, he metios that, istea! o$
the usua& @K [ KK !e%e&opmet i 0;i (!escribe! i j A@+7), the 0rkrit @K usua&&y becomes >>+ <he $orm pa>>atti
(mai$estatio), $ou! i the 0;i commetaries, etc, istea! o$ paKKatti, is ot metioe! by Reiger+ <he i$&uetia&
Burmese Saddan$ti grammar gi%es t2o substitutio ru&es (desa) o$ > $or K) Saddan$ti j 89) paKKatti(paKKsnaA KKassa >>W j
90) paK!a3$satiy paK!assa pa>>o+ <here$ore the $orms pa>>arasa a! pa>>atti might ha%e arise u!er the i$&uece o$ the
Saddan$ti, 2hich might i tur ha%e bee i$&uece! by 0rkrit i this+ <he o&!er /a!!yana grammar !oes ot metio
these substitutios, 2hich suggests that $orms &ike pa>>atti 2ere uko2 to the grammaria Kaccyaa+
G8
yadi) i$W i!ec&iab&e (u&ike !e ot ec&itic)+
saF!hassa) to the commuityW !at+ sg+ m+ o$ sa='ha+ 4ome ous a! a!Eecti%es ha%ig the sese o$ suitig,
&ike pattaka%%aA, take the !ati%e o$ suitabi&ityW see 4yta5 j 708+
"attakalla?) suitab&e, right a! 2e&&, has reache! suitabi&ity, m) it is co%eiet, H) it seems right, Corma)
the proper time has come, 2idd%e 1en'th "is!ourses of the Buddha (amo&i a! Bo!hi) p+8A8 (6C 708+20)) i$
it is appro%e! by the 4aFghaW om+ sg+ t+ X "atta) right, $it, reache!, arri%e!W p+p+ o$ ppunti (pa c np c u>)
ha%ig the cootatio o$ rightess a! $itess+ 4ee 6/) prpta) m proper, rightm[ C$+ " ## G8) XQ imni
!attri pattakammni katt hotiFP "aI XPattakammn$ti yuttakammni anu!!ha3ikakammniFP n kalla) 2e&&, suitab&e,
rea!y, proper, $it, ab&eW t+ (re&ate! to ka%y>a) usua&&y a a!%erb (e+g+ i Zm ka%%aA nu taA samanupassituA m[W
L # 7AH), but sometimes a a!Eecti%e (e+g+ Zka%%o paKho[W 4 ## 7@+) 6/) Z/a%ya) 2e&& m sou!, per$ect m rea!y
or prepare! $orm[
<he 0rtimok>as?tras ha%e prptak%aW 6(K, 4a a! 6? (0r6o6(K p+2, Ba 72, 0r6o4a p+7G7)+ 6/)
Zprptak%a Q a $it time, proper seaso,m oe 2hose time has come, suitab&e, opportue m[
6aybe pattaka%%aA is a !%a!a cp! use! as a a!%erb, see #0 p+9H, rather tha a bahubbJhi cp!W i+e+, Zpatta !a
ka%%a !a[) Zright a! 2e&&+[ ZGadi sa='hassa pattaka%%aA[ 2ou&! the mea) Z2he it is right a! 2e&& to the
4aFgha+[ Patta is the ha%ig the same sese as i kammappattaW see the Zsummary o$ preparatios a!
pre&imiary !uties[W a! pattaka%%a a! kammappatta might ha%e simi&ar meaigs+ # this case patta is a past
particip&e use! as a ou sice !%a!a compou!s cosist o$ ousW see #0 p+87 T G2+ /a%%a is a a!Eecti%e
appearig i the euter ge!er as a abstract ou (#0 p+G2)+ # the sese the commetary attributes to
pattaka%%aA, it is a bahubbJhi cp! use! as a abstract ouW see #0 p+G2+
Pattaka%%a is ot commete! upo by the 0a!abhEaa+ Kkh) Z&ttha patto k%o imassa kammass ti pattak%aAZ)
ZHerei the time has come $or this actio, there$ore ]the time has come] is sai!+[ <he Kkh thus !eri%es ka%%a
$rom k%a) time+ #t $urther states that pattaka%%a is here comprise! o$ the $our items gi%e i the 0ubbakicca(
summary metioe! abo%e+ Ho2e%er, e&se2here i the Niaya pattaka%%aA !oes ot ha%e this specia& sese
a! it is use! $or ay 4aFghakamma, e+g+ Ni # 98$, 77@, ## 288+ <he term is o&y $ou! i Niaya cote5ts+
saF!ho) see abo%e+ u"osatha?) acc+ sg+ m+ o$ the abo%e+
kareyya) shou&! !o, per$orm, carry outW @ sg+ opt+ o$ karoti (nkar c o)+
"timokkha?) Liscip&iary Co!eW acc+ sg+ t+
uddiseyya) shou&! recite, !ec&areW @ sg+ opt+ o$ uddisati (ud c ndis c a)+
ki?) 2hatW t+ iter+ pro+
saF!hassa) $or the commuityW !at+ sg+ m+ !at+ o$ a!%atageW see 4yta5 j 707a+
"ubbaki%%a?) pre&imiary, prece!ig !uty, preparatory !utyW acc+ sg+ t+ Kamma!hraya cp! cosistig o$
a!E+ or a!%+ "ubba) be$ore, prece!ig n ki%%a?) !uty, to be !oeW (t+) the $+p+p+ o$ karoti, use! as a euter
ou+ 4ee Z.emarks o pubbakaraa m[
"risuddhi?) purityW acc+ sg+ $+, !er+ $r+ the %erb parisu@@hati (pari c nsuddh cya)) oe becomes c&ea, m pure+
0re$i5 pari !eotes comp&etio+ 4ee Z.emarks o pu**akara>a Q [ o the ,uestio 2hether prisuddhi re$ers to
the atte!ig bhikkhus^ purity or the purity o$ absetees+
yasmanto) %eerab&es, sirs, m) %eerab&es (but &ater i the Ci!a) Z%eerab&e sirs[), H) %eerab&esW %oc+ p&+
m+ o$ yasm) the respect$u& a! hoori$ic $orm o$ a!!ress use! by Euior bhikkhus to seior bhikkhus, see
the 6ahpariibbasuttata, L ## 7A8, by bhikkhus to &ay$o&&o2ers or o(bu!!hists a! %ice %ersa, see C0
8Y70 a! L0+ # 4askrit yu+mant &itera&&y meas Zha%ig &i$e,[ ie+ Zo&!,[ $ig+ Zha%ig sta!ig i &i$e+[ <he
term yasm 2as use! by bhikkhus to a!!ress each other but it 2as ot use! by the Bu!!ha to a!!ress the
bhikkhus a! 2as a&so ot use! by the bhikkhus to a!!ress the Bu!!ha+ L ## 7A8) Z6a3akatarena *hikkhun
therataro *hikkhu *hante ti 3 yasm ti 3 samud!arita**oF[) ZBy a more Euior bhikkhu a more seior bhikkhu
is to be a!!resse! as ]*hante8 or ]yasmFi[ 0a!abhEaa (Ni # 70@)) ayasmanto ti piya3a!anam-etaA
'aru3a!anam-etaA sa'ra3asappatissdhi3a!anam-etaA yasmanto tiF[) Zayasmanto) this is a term o$ e!earmet,
this is a term o$ esteem, this is a respect$u& a! re%eretia& a!!ressig+[
GA
<he p&ura& yasmanto, i cotrast to the omiati%e sigu&ar yasm, ca be use! i the %ocati%e %oiceW see 4!
70 ote+ 4ee a&so the ote o 3uso abo%e+
ro%etha) aouceW 2 p&+ imp+ o$ ro!eti ( c nro! c e)+ " comma! 2he use! i the 2
!
perso, c$+ the @r!
perso usage o$ the imp+ tese i su>tu abo%e (u!er *hante)+
"timokkha?) see abo%e+
uddisissmi) # sha&& reciteW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ uddisati) see abo%e+
ta?) that, itW acc+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
sabbe #a) Eust a&&, oe a! a&&+ 6aybe a Euctio o$ sa**e n e3a through e&isio o$ the iitia& e o$ e3a (see 0R j
H7,7a) &ike the 'g&ish hs i heis or thatis, but more &ike&y it is sabbe) a&&W om+ p&+ m+ proomia& a!Eecti%e (see
#0 p+H8) n #a) EustW emph+ partic&e+ " i!epe!et si!e($orm (Reiger ca&&s it a Z$ro\e sa!hi $orm[) o$ e3a:
see 0R j GG,7+ C$+ Zu*hoi3a sant[ at C0 9+
sant) beig presetW pr+p+ o$ atthi (nas c a c ti) use! as a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig sa**eF
sdhuka?) care$u&&y, thorough&y, 2e&&W a!%erb o$ maer+ " a!Eecti%e use! as a a!%erb i acc+ sg+ t+W #0
p+77G+) X sdhu) 2e&& n a!Eecti%a& su$$i5 (kaF
suEoma) &et us &isteW 7 p&+ imp+ o$ su>oti (su c n>o X 8th coEugatio e!igW see #0 p+@7H)+
manasikaroma) &et us take to mi!, m pay attetioW 7 p&+ imp+ o$ manasikaroti+ X manasi) i mi!W &oc+ sg+ m+
o$ manasLmanoF n karoti) !oes, makesW see abo%e+ " %erba& compou!W i+e+, a ou combie! 2ith a %erbW see
#0 p+7AG+ C$+ 3ikareyya a! tu>hi*ha3ita**aA be&o2+
>5idna %ontinuation@
Oassa siy "atti( so #ikareyya.
1CP
Asantiy "attiy( tuEh4 bha#itabba?. TuEh4bh#ena kho
"anyasmante "arisuddh ti #edissmi. Oath kho "ana "a%%eka"uQQhassa #eyykaraEa? hoti( e#am1
e#a?
1CB
e#ar."ya "arisya y#atatiya? anuss#ita?
1HD
hoti. Oo "ana bhikkhu y#atatiya?
anuss#iyamne
1H1
saramno santi? "atti? n#ikareyya(
1HC
sam"a9namus#dGassa hoti.
&am"a9namus#do kho "anGyasmanto antaryiko dhammo #utto bha!a#at. Tasm saramnena
bhikkhun "annena
1HH
#isuddh"ekkhena
1HR
sant4 "atti
1HK
#iktabb(
1HS
#ikat
1H7
hiGssa "hsu hoti.
1HP
Mhoe#er may ha#e an offen%e( he should dis%lose >it@. Mhen there is no offen%e( >then it@ is to be silent. y
the silen%e / shall kno8 the Venerables >8ith the thou!ht@3 T>They are@ "ure.U As an ans8er o%%urs to >a
bhikkhu@ 8ho is asked indi#idually( 9ust so in su%h an assembly >as this one@ there is the announ%ement
u" to the third time. ut if any bhikkhu( >8ho is@ rememberin! >an offen%e@ 8hen the announ%ement is
bein! made u" to the third time( should not dis%lose the e+istin! offen%e( there is >a further offen%e of@
deliberate false s"ee%h for him. 5o8( #enerables( deliberate false s"ee%h has been %alled an obstru%ti#e
a%t by the <ortunate One. Therefore( by a bhikkhu 8ho is rememberin!( 8ho has %ommitted >an offen%e@(
8ho is desirin! "urifi%ation( an e+istin! offen%e is to be dis%losedV be%ause( >after@ ha#in! dis%losed >it@(
there is %omfort for him.
yassa) $or 2hoe%er, o$ 2homW gee!at+ o$ re&+ pro+ yaMd_) 2ho(e%er)e2hich+
128
N, Ce 6%, .a) 3$kareyya+
129
C, L, R, N, /, Lm, Ce 6%, .a, 6i 4e, Bh0m 7 T 2, 0g, 'e Kkh) e3am-e3aA, 6% 'e) e3aA e3a+ 6m 4e) e3aA e3aA+ -0, -m, Be
6% %+& T 6i 4e %+&+) e3am-e3a+
130
C, L, R, N, /, Lm, Ce 6%, .a, Bh0m 7 T 2, -m, -0, 0g) anus3-F
131
C, L, R, N, /, Lm, Ce 6%, .a, Bh0m 7 T 2, -m, -0, 0g) anus3-F
132
N, Ce 6%, R, .a) n3$kareyya+
133
Bh0m 2) saram>ena FFF pa>>enaF
134
Bh0m 2 %+&+) 3isuddhpekhena (C$ (pekh- %+&+ at 0c @G, AG, a! G0+)
135
C, R, N, /, Bh0m 2, -0, -m) santi patti+ .a) sant$ patt$F
136
N, Ce 6%, .a) 3$kta**+
137
N, Ce 6%, .a) 3$kat+
138
X C, L, R, N, /, 6i T 6m 4e, Bh0m 7 T 2+ :ther e!s+) hot$ tiF
GG
siy) may beW @ sg+ opt+ o$ atthi) isW see abo%e+
yassa siy) 2hoe%er may ha%e, &it+) $or 2hom there may be+
"atti) a o$$ece, a trasgressio, m) a $au&t, H) a o$$eceW om+ sg+ $+W $emiie actio(ou !er+ $r+ pa@@ati
( c npad c ya)) gets ito, pro!uces, commits+ Co comp&ete&y satis$actory tras&atio is possib&e+ apatti &itera&&y
meas the Zcommittig (o$ a o$$ece)+[
so) heW om+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
#4kareyya) he shou&! !isc&ose, H) re%ea&, m) !ec&areW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3$karoti (or 3ikaroti)W X 3$ Mor 3i)) opeW
i!ec&+ (4kt) 3is) n karoti) !oes, makesW see abo%e+ " %erba& compou! cosistig o$ a a i!ec&iab&e
combie! 2ith a %erbW see #0 p+7AG+ BL 7@2 + 8) Za3ikaroti is to make c&ear, to mai$est, thus to !isc&ose, to
brig to &ight+ <his metho! o$ c&earig oese&$ o$ a o$$ece is perhaps a $oreruer to the more $orma&
co$essio, pattidesan, to a :r!er, a group, or to oe i!i%i!ua& bhikkhu+[
<he 4askrit $orm is 3i+( c ckV, see L0 a! 6/+ Both $orms 3$ a! 3i are $ou! i mauscripts a!
e!itiosW see L0 @8G) Z3i, 3$+[ <he 3$ $orm might be a 4askritisatio &ike the $orm yudha i 4ekh G0 istea!
o$ 0;i 3udha i Ce 6%+ : 4askritisatio i the Burmese tra!itio see the $ootote to
addhnama''aMp_paCipannassa at C0 7G+
<he &egthee! $ia& ($ i 3$- i Ce 6% is maybe !ue to the assimi&atio o$ the $ia& (+ o$ the origia& 4askrit
$orm 3i+( to the iitia& k- o$ the root ckar a! the a &egtheig o$ the (i( to make a &og sy&&ab&e a! a%oi!
the i 0;i o(e5istet cosoat(combiatio (kk(W c$+ kta**a be&o2+
<he %erb 3ikaroti is $ou! i 4 88Y8A, 4 @A7e<h 72H8, Sa 20+@7G 2here the sy&&ab&e is i a metrica&&y critica&
positio that i!icates the &egth o$ the sy&&ab&e+ # each case the proper metrica& $orm shou&! be 3i( a! this
might be a i!icator that the correct $orm is 3i(+
6(K) Zso83i+karotuP: 0r6o6(K p+G+ 4a) s3i+karta3yW 0r6o4a p+7G7+
asantiy "attiy) 2he there is o o$$ece, 2he there is o e5istet o$$eceW &ocati%e abso&ute costructio+
"ccor!ig to the 2or!(commetary i 6% ## @,AeNi # 70@ Zot e5istet[ ecompasses o$$eces that oe has
ma!e ame!s $or) Zm pa@@it3 3 3uCChit+Z
asantiy) ot e5istet, ot beig presetW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig pattiy X eg+ pre$+ a( n santa) see abo%e+
"attiy) o$$eceW &oc+ sg+ $+ o$ patti) see abo%e+
tuEh4bha#itabba?) it is to be si&et, &it+) there is to be si&ece W tuEh4) si&ece, si&etW i!ec&iab&e use! as
a!%erb+ Leri%e! $rom the %erb tussati (ntus c ya)) Zis cotet, is satis$ie!+[ /he use! 2ith $orms o$ the root
c*h7 it sigi$ies coset by si&et agreemet+ n bha#itabba?) it is to beW $+p+p+ o$ *ha3ati (c*h7 c a )) becomes,
is+ <he $+p+p+ agrees 2ith the patiet i the seteceW see 3$kta** be&o2+ /he there is o patiet, as i this
setece, the $+p+p+ is use! as impersoa& passi%e %erb i om+ sg+ t a! it is best tras&ate! impersoa&&y as
Zit is to be m ,[ rather tha persoa&&y as Zoe is to be m +[ " ue5presse! impersoa& patiet Z(it)[ has to
be a!!e! 2he tras&atig ito 'g&ishW see #0 p+70H+ :e cou&! e%e argue that the $+p+p+ i cases 2here
there is o patiet agrees 2ith a ue5presse! patiet taA, Zit[, the om+ sg+ t+ !em+ pro+
"&though o e!itio e5cept the 4imo He2a%itare e!itio o$ the 6% !oes so, the i!ec&iab&e tu>h$ is better
compou!e! 2ith *ha3ita**aA ito the %erba& compou! tu>h$*ha3ita**aA &ike tu>h$*h3ena a! 3ikareyya
a! manasikaroma abo%e, a! aCChikat3 at 0c H@W see #0 p+7AG+
tuEh4bh#ena) by the state o$ si&ece, by beig si&et (X cosetig)W is+ sg+ m+ Cp! o$ tuEh4 n the is+ sg+ m+
o$ bh#a) state, state o$ beigW ou !eri%ati%e $rom c*h7W see #0 p+7AG, usua&&y $ou! i cp!s !eotig a
abstract !eri%e! $rom the $irst part o$ the cp!+
kho "ana) the i!ee!, o2, sure&y, the, rea&&y+ <here is o satis$actory tras&atio possib&e o$ the
combiatio a! sometimes there is o ee! or possibi&ity to tras&ate it+ <he combiatio gi%es a shi$t o$
emphasis to the setece+ <here are three occurreces o$ Zkho pana[ i this paragraph a! they ca ot be
tras&ate! ui$orm&y+ kho) i!ee!W emphatic partic&e+ "ana) theW co+ partic&e that coects a! cotiues
the story+
"anyasmante) X Euctio o$ pana n yasmante by 2ay o$ cotractioW see 0R j G9,7+
GH
yasmante) the Neerab&esW acc+ p&+ m+ o$ yasm, see abo%e+ <he accusati%e use! here is the so ca&&e!
Zaccusati%e o$ e5tera& obEect[W see 4yta5 j @2+
"arisuddh) pureW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! teW see abo%e yasmante a! the ou prisuddhi, but here
the pre$i5 is pari ot pri+
/ith %erbs o$ ko2ig, etc+, that 2hich is state! about the obEect or patiet is !eote! by the pre!icati%e
omiati%e $o&&o2e! by Mi_ti+ <he c&ause is use! pre!icati%e&y, i+e+, it is statig somethig about the aget o$
the setece, 2hich is here te, a! a substati%e %erb, (i+e+, a %erb !eotig beig,) here honti, is imp&ie!+ C$+
6 # 8A@) Zm pu''a%aA saAyutto ti 3admi+[) Z"bout this ma # say) ](oe 2ho is) i bo!age]++[ 4ee 4yta5 j
20Y27 (T j 82)+
ti) Zm ,[ e! ,uoteW emphatic ,uotatio partic&e+ -tras&atab&e+ <he partic&e ti is e,ui%a&et to ,uotatio
marks i 'g&ish) Z m ,[ a! is here markig o$$ the statemet or thought o$ the reciter+ Ti is a geuie si!e(
$orm o$ iti as is sho2 i Euctios 2ith cosoatsW e+g+ !3eyyan-ti at 4! 8+
<he $ia& short %o2e& o$ the 2or! prece!ig ti is &egthee!W see #0 p+@G+ <he suggestios by Reiger i 0R j
G9 o$ cotractio takig p&ace i (i c iti Me+g+ 'a!!hm$ti), a! e&isio o$ the iitia& (i i iti a$ter (a a! other
!issimi&ar short %o2e&s (e+g+ 'a!!hm 8ti) i j H0 (T +7) are ot $o&&o2e! here+
"&though the assimi&atio (i n i( d ($( is orma&, the assimi&atio o$ (a n i( d ((, or (u n (i d (7(, or (e n (i d (e(, or
(o n i( d (o( ca ot be e5pecte! a! there$ore (i n iti d ($ c ti (e+g+ 'a!!hmi c iti [ 'a!!hm$ ti) rather tha [ -$ti
('a!!hm$ti_+
K+.+ Corma, i a pri%ate correspo!ece, suggests that) Zthese !e%e&opmets are e5tesios o$ -i c i- [ -$-,
arisig $rom a $au&ty !i%isio o$ 2or!s, i+e+, -i c iti [ $ti 2as $e&t by speakers to be -i c iti [B$ ti+ <his the &e!
to a $ee&ig that the marker 2as ti, 2ith a $ia& (i &egthee! be$ore it+ By aa&ogy this &e! to other $ia&
%o2e&s beig &egthee! be$ore ti+ Fia& (e a! (o, beig a&rea!y &og, 2ere &e$t uchage!+ " comparab&e
geera&isatio is $ou! i some 0rkrits, arisig $rom the orma& a&teratio o$ &og %o2e& be$ore a sig&e
cosoat a! short %o2e& be$ore !oub&e cosoat+ # those 0rkrits there is the $urther !e%e&opmet o$ -i c
iti [ -$ti [ -itti, $e&t to be -i tti+ From this arose the !e%e&opmets o$ -a c iti [ -a tti, a! -u c iti [ -u tti+ Fia& (e
a! (o remaie! be$ore tti, but they 2ere presumab&y proouce! as short (e a! short (o+[
#edissmi) # sha&& ko2, sese, $ee&W 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ 3edeti (n3id c e)+
yath) as, (Eust) as, &ikeW re&ati%e i!ec&iab&e+ X re&+ pro+ ya n su$$i5 o$ maer (th+ C$+ #0 p+292 a!
0'L+
"a%%eka"uQQhassa) to (a bhikkhu) 2ho is i!i%i!ua&&y aske!W Lat+ sg+ m+ "!Eecti%e+ Bb cp! ,ua&i$yig a
ue5presse! *hikkhussa+ X "a%%eka) i!i%i!ua&&y, persoa&&y, separate&yW a!%+ " cotracte! $orm o$ the a!%erb
pa!!ekaAF X a Euctio o$ the pre$+ paCi) agaist n umera& eka) oe, a&oe, sig&e+ PaCyeka d pa!!ekaW see 4! 70
i!!etaA+ n "uQQhassa) to (a bhikkhu) 2ho is aske!W p+p+ o$ pu!!hati (npu!!h c a) 2ith !at+ sg+ m+ su$$i5+
#eyykaraEa?) as2er, e5p&aatioW om+ sg+ t+ "ctio(ou !er+ $r+ 3iykaroti) as2ers, e5p&aisW 3i c y c
[ 3iy [ 3y- or 3ty (2ith 'u>a stregtheig) [ 3eyy- c kara>a) !oig, actioW actio(ou $r+ karoti+
hoti) has, occurs, thiks, there isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ the cotracte! $orm o$ *ha3ati Mn*h7 c a_+ " geiti%e
costructio 2ith hoti is e,ui%a&et to Zto ha%e[ i 'g&ish i$ there is o other %erb i the seteceW see #0
p+AG+ <his gi%es) Z"s (a bhikkhu) 2ho is aske! i!i%i!ua&&y has a as2er m[ "ccor!ig to /iEesekera i
4yta5 j 9Hc a! 7Hb a !ati%e o$ perso 2ith the %erb hoti use! impersoa&&y meas Zit occurre! to,[ i+e+, Z"s
a as2er occurs to (a bhikkhu) 2ho is aske! i!i%i!ua&&y+[
yath kho "ana "a%%eka"uQQhassa #eyykaraEa? hoti) as a as2er occurs to (a bhikkhu) 2ho is aske!
i!i%i!ua&&y, as (a bhikkhu) 2ho is aske! i!i%i!ua&&y has a as2er, H) For as there is a as2er $or each
,uestio, m) Sust as oe 2ho is ,uestioe! i!i%i!ua&&y has a as2er rea!y, Vinaya Texts) "s to each
,uestio put there must be a as2er, Corma) "s there is a as2er $or oe ,uestioe! i!i%i!ua&&y, B6L
pp+88Y89) Sust as there is a e5p&aatio $or oe ,uestioe! i!i%i!ua&&y+
PuCChassa i pa!!ekapuCChassa is a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! *hikkhussa+ '&se2here puCChassa is use!
i this 2ay, e+g+ L # 289) Zm tassa purisassa Q ma''aA puCChassaF[
G8
"other meaig o$ 3eyykara>a is Ze5p&aatio], a! 0rebishDs re!erig might be correct+ <he &ie is
re$errig to the anuss3ita, see be&o2, a! e5p&aatio might $it better tha as2er+ Ho2e%er, 3eyykara>a
might rather re$er to the as2er a bhikkhu is gi%ig by remaiig si&et, or co$essig, 2he Z,uestioe!
i!i%i!ua&&y[ by the trip&e anuss3ita o$ the reciter+
Kkh 28) ZGath kho pana pa!!ekapuCChassa 3eyykara=aA hot$ tiI yath eken`eko puCCho *ykareyya, yath eken8eko
pa!!ekapuCCho X2aA esa pu!!hat$ ti Kat3 *ykareyy ti 3uttaA hotiF[)Z"s oe 2ho has bee aske! by oe 2ou&!
e5p&ai+ "s oe 2ho has bee i!i%i!ua&&y aske! by oe 2ou&! e5p&ai, ha%ig ko2) Z<o me this is
aske!,[ is sai!+[
6(K) ZGath kho punarya+mante pratyekaA pratyekaA pu!!hitasya *hikhu+ya 3ykara>aA *ha3ati e3am-e3aA
MQ_rpye[W 0r6o6(K p+@+ .oth i CB0 p+@79 n @2A rea!s the 6hg(K 6s as Ze3am e3a-m-e3aAr7pye+[ 4a)
Ze3am e3ai3aAr7pyaA[W 0r6o4a p+7G7+ <his correspo!s to 0;i e3aA c e3a+ 6?) Zyathpi pratyekaA pV+Casya
*hik+or 3ykara>aA *ha3ati e3ameM3aA e3amr7p_yaAF[W 0r6o6? p+7@+
e#am1e#a) Eust so, i Eust the same 2ay+ Suctio o$ e3aA c e3a through 2eakeig o$ AW see 0R j H7,2b+
#tro!ucig the seco! part o$ a comparisoW see L # 770,28) Zm yath Q e3am-e3a Q ,P a! L0 AA0+ e#a?) so,
thusW a!%+ n e#a) EustW emph+ partic&e+
.ea!ig ucertai+ # other cote5ts e3am-e3a (e+g+ L # 708, 799) is use! at the start o$ comparisosW e3am-e3aA
(e+g+ L # 7A7, 4 777A) is $ou! at the coc&usio o$ comparisos+ C$+ the 0r6o rea!igs abo%e+
e#am1e#a?3 &ike2ise, i the same 2ayW is e3aA !oub&e! $or emphasis+
e#ar."ya) such(&ike (i+e+, &ike the oe i!i%i!ua&&y ,uestioe!), simi&ar, a&ike, &ike thatW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig
parisya+ Bb cp!+ X e#a) so, EustW n r."a) $orm+
"arisya) to the assemb&y, retiue (o$ bhikkhus, c$+ C0 22)W !at+ sg+ $+, or &oc+ sg+ $+, o$ "arisW X pre$+ pari-)
arou! n s $r+ csad) sitsW thus paris &it+ meas Zsittig arou!+[
e#ar."ya "arisya) m) i such a assemb&y, H) i a assemb&y &ike this+
y#atatiya?) up to the thir! time, a!%+ X acc+ sg+ t+ a**ay$*h3a cp!+ y#a) as $ar as, up toW i!ec&+ n tatiya)
thir!) or!ia&, ta (X ti( be$ore (tiya_) three n or!ia& su$$i5 (tiya+
anuss#ita?) aoucemet, m) proc&amatio, H) so it is proc&aime!W om+ sg+ t+ <he past particip&e o$
anuss3eti (anu c nMs_su c e)) Zmakes hear!,[ Zaouces,[ use! as a actio(ou+
6/ @9 &ists anu c nYru) to hear repeate!&y (esp+ 2hat is ha!e! !o2 i the Ne!a)+
0re$+ anu X a$ter, a&og n s#eti) make (someoe) &iste, causes to hearW causati%e o$ su>tiI see abo%e +
"&though the usua& meaig o$ anuss3eti seems to be Zaouces[ (as i the "hamma!akkapa3attanasuttanta)
Zsaddam anuss3esuA[W 4 N 82@), here Zre,uest[ might $it better 2ith the ,uestios at the e! o$ the o$$ece(
sectios+ Co comp&ete&y satis$actory tras&atio is possib&e, but it is a aoucemet that is ma!e a$ter
somethig has bee !oe, 2hich is here the Katti+
7@9
139
Kkh 28Y2A) P&3am-e3aA e3ar7pya parisya y3atatiyaA anuss3itaA hot$ tiF &ttha eka!!e t3a !ariy e3aA 3adantiI e3am-e3aA
imissya *hikkhuparisya yad8etaA yassa siy patti, so 3ikareyya, asantiy pattiy tu=h$ *ha3ita**aA, tu=h$*h3ena kho
panyasmante parisuddh ti 3edissm$ ti tikkhattuA anuss3itaAF TaA ekam-ekenaI maA esa pu!!hat$ ti e3aA @nita**aA hot$ ti attho
tiF TaA na yu@@atiF /asm^ Attha*yaK@ana*hedatoF Anuss3anaA hi nma atthato !a *yaK@anato !a a*hinnaA hotiI "utiyam-pi etam-
atthaA 3adm$ ti d$su 3iyaF
Gassa siy ti di3a!anattayaA pana atthato pi *yaK@anato pi *hinnaAF Ten8assa Mk Be: CeI tena tassaF_ anuss3anattayaA na yu@@atiF
Gadi !8etaA y3a-tatiynuss3anaA siy, nidnuddese aniCChite pi patti siy, na !a yuttaA anpattikkhette pattiA pa@@ituAFP
[Sust so i such a assemb&y there is a subse,uet aoucemet up to three times+[) regar!ig this some teachers say thus)
[Sust so i this assemb&y o$ bhikkhus 2he this (is recite!)) [For 2hom there may be a o$$ece he shou&! !isc&ose (it)W
2he there is o o$$ece (the it) is to be si&et+ Co2, by the si&ece # sha&& ko2 the Neerab&es (2ith the thought)) [(<hey
are) pure+[ (this) is a trip&e subse,uet aoucemet (&it+ this has bee subse,uet&y aouce! three times) (a!) it is to
be u!erstoo! by e%eryoe i!i%i!ua&&y (i+e+, each participat) as [He (i+e+, the reciter) asks this to me++[ (<his) is the
meaig+[
<his (iterpretatio o$ these teachers) !oes ot $it+ /hyg Lue to !i%i!ig o$ the meaig a! &etter+ For the so(ca&&e!
subse,uet aoucemet is ot !i%i!e! as to the meaig a! the &etter, &ike i such passages as) [<hus $or the seco!
time # say this matterm[(X Ni # 9A)+ But 2ith a trip&e (aoucig o$ the) statemet that starts 2ith [For 2hom m [ the
meaig a! a&so the &etter are !i%i!e! a! because o$ this it !oes ot $it as a trip&e subse,uet aoucemet+ For i$ this
2ou&! be a trip&e subse,uet aoucemet there 2ou&! be a o$$ece e%e be$ore the recitatio o$ the #tro!uctio has
G9
<here are t2o $orms o$ this 2or!) oe 2ith a !oub&e Yss-, a! oe 2ith a sig&e Ys-F 0'L o&y gi%es $orms
2ith the !oub&e (ss(, 2hich is probab&y the correct oe+ <he nMs_su X 4kt nYru a! there$ore the (ss( $orm, beig
a regressi%e assimi&atio, is probab&y correctW see #0 p+77, 27G, a! @80 a! 0R j A8+8+
hoti) there is, H) it isW see abo%e+
yo) 2hich, 2hoW om+ sg+ m+W re&+ pro+
"ana) but, ho2e%er, o2W a!%ersati%e partic&e+ <his partic&e creates the cotrast bet2ee the pure bhikkhu
a! the impure bhikkhu 2ho cocea&s his o$$eces by remaiig si&etW see 0r 7+
bhikkhu) bhikkhu, (a&ms() mok, re&igious me!icat, re&igious beggarW om+ sg+ m+ Ler+ $r+ *hikkhati (n*hikkh
c a)) begs, asks $or+ For the 0a!abhEaa, see Ni ### 28) Zm]*hikkhako ti *hikkhu, *hikkh!ariyaA a@@h7pa'ato ti
*hikkhum[) Z(He is) a bhikkhu because he is a (a&ms() beggar, (he is) a bhikkhu because he has come to
bee $iishe!, a! it is ot $ittig to commit a o$$ece i a category o$ o(o$$eces+[
PApare anuss3itan-ti padassa anuss3eta**an-ti atthaA 3ikappet3 y3atatiyan-ti idaA upari uddes3asneI ka!!i8ttha parisuddh Q
pe Q tatiyam-pi pu!!hm$ ti etaA sandhya 3uttan-ti huF Tam-pi na yu@@atiF /asm^ Atthayutt$naA a*h3atoF IdaK-hi padaA ke!i
anuss3itan-ti 1X BeW 'e) anuss3itan-tid sa@@hyanti, ke!i anuss3etan(ti 1X Be: &eI anuss3itan(tiW Ce Kkh (4+ He2a%itare e!+
p+7A) has Pke!i anus3itan-ti sa@@hyanti ke!i anus3etan-tiFPd, taA u*hayath 1X Ce, Be) Pu*haya 3Pd pi at$tak%am-e3a d$peti, na
an'ataAF Gadi !8assa ayaA attho siy, anuss3itaA hessat$ ti 3adeyya e3aA t3a atth*h3ato na yu@@atiF Gadi !8etaA uddes3asne
3a!anaA sandhya 3uttaA siy, na 3ikarissm$ ti !ittaA uppdentassa nidne samatte pi 3utta-mus3do na siyF /asm^
G3atatiyaA anuss3iyamne ti 3a!anato y3atatiyan-ti idaA 3a!anam-e3a niratthakaA siyF /asm^ 6idnuddese
y3atatiynuss3anassa a*h3ato ti e3aA yutti-a*h3ato tam-pi na yu@@atiF G3atatiyaA anus3itaA hot$ ti idaA pana
%akkha>a3a!anamattaAF
[:thersq miscocei%ig the meaig o$ the 2or! [has bee subse,uet&y aouce![ as [is to be subse,uet&y aouce![,
sai! (that) [up to the thir! time[ is sai! 2ith re$erece to ["re you pure m For the thir! time # askm[ $urther o at the e!
o$ the recitatio (o$ the prEikas etc+ uddes3asne, ot niddn3asne+)+[ <his a&so !oes ot $it+ /hyg Because o$ a absece
o$ a meaig$u& coectio+ For this &ie some recite as auss%etaB a! some as anuss3itaA+ <his i both 2ays i!icates
o&y the past tese a! ot the $uture+ #$ there 2ou&! be this meaig o$ it (the) [#t 2i&& be subse,uet&y aouce![
2ou&! be sai! (a!) thus because o$ the absece o$ meaig it !oes ot $it+ "! i$ this 2ou&! be sai! 2ith re$erece to the
statemet at the e! o$ the recitatio (o$ the prEikas etc) (the) there 2ou&! be o spoke &iee$a&se speech $or the oe 2ho
has arouse! this thought (i+e+, 2ho thiks)) [# sha&& ot !isc&ose[ at the e! o$ the #tro!uctio+ /hyg Because the
statemet [up to the thir! time[ o$ this statemet [2he it is beig aouce! up to the thir! time[ 2ou&! be 2ithout
meaig+ /hyg Because o$ the absece o$ [up to the thir! time subse,uet aoucemet[ i the recitatio o$ the
#tro!uctio, 2ithout $itess (i+e+, appropriateess+ :r) Zcoectio+^) it a&so !oes ot $it+ <his (statemet)) [up to the thir!
time[ is but a mere $igurati%e statemet (%akkha>a3a!anamatta)+[
(q #+e+, those o$ aother schoo&, usua&&y o$ the "bhayagiri%ihraW see C0 #N 202+)
PTena imam-atthaA dassetuAI IdaA ptimokkhaA nma y3atatiyaA anuss3iyati, tasmiA y3atatiyaA anuss3iyamne yo saramno
santiA pattiA n3ikaroti tassa y3atatiynuss3an3asne sampa@namus3do hot$ tiF
Tad-etaA yath anuss3itaA y3atatiyaA anuss3itaA nma hotiF TaA dassetuA Mk Be: &eI dassetiF_ tatthyasmante pu!!hm$ ti di
3uttaAF TaA pan8etaA pr@ikd$naA a3asne dissati, na nidn3asneF /iK!pi na dissati, atha kho uddesak%e 3ikat hissa phsu
hot$ ti 3at3I uddiCChaA kho yasmanto nidnaA, tatthyasmante pu!!hm$ ti-din nayena 3atta**am-e3aF &3aK-hi nidnaA su-
uddiCChaA hoti, aKKath du-uddiCChaAF Imam-e3a !a atthaA sandhya uposathakkhandhake 3uttaAI G3atatiyaA anuss3itaA hot$ tiF
Sakim-pi anuss3itaA hoti, dutiyam-pi anuss3itaA hoti, tatiyam-pi anuss3itaA hot$ tiF Ayam-ettha !ariyaparampar*hato
3ini!!hayoFP
[/ith that this meaig is to be sho2) [<his so(ca&&e! Liscip&iary Co!e i!ee! is subse,uet&y aouce! up to the thir!
time+ /he it is beig subse,uet&y aouce! up to the thir! time 2hiche%er (bhikkhu 2ho is) rememberig shou&! ot
!isc&ose a e5istet o$$ece at the e! o$ the up to the thir! time subse,uet aoucemet, $or him there is (a o$$ece o$)
$a&se speech+[
<hat 2hich is aouce! as (sai!)eaccor!ig&y is i!ee! aouce! up to the thir! timeW to sho2 this that 2hich starts 2ith)
[Cocerig that # ask the Neerab&esm[ etc+ is sai!+ But this is $irst see (i the te5t) at the e! o$ the 0rEika ((sectio),
ot at the e! o$ the #tro!uctio ((sectio)+ "&though it is ot see (i the te5t), e%erthe&ess at the time o$ the recitatio,
ha%ig ($irst) sai!) [ha%ig !isc&ose! there is com$ort $or him[, it is to be sai! i the 2ay begiig thus) [.ecite!,
Neerab&es, has bee the itro!uctio+ Cocerig that # ask the Neerab&esm+[ For thus the #tro!uctio is 2e&&(recite!,
other2ise it is 2rog&y recite!+
/ith re$erece to this %ery matter it is sai! i the -posathakkha!haka (Ni # 70@)) Dsubse,uet&y aouce! up to the thir!
time) oce it has bee subse,uet&y aouce!, agai the seco! time it has bee subse,uet&y aouce!, agai the thir!
time it has bee subse,uet&y aouce!+^ <his here is the Eu!gemeteopiio ha!e! !o2 by the &ieage o$ teachers+[
<his is a !i$$icu&t passage+ <he commetator comp&icates thigs because he sees the phrase [y3atatiyaA anuss3itaA hotiP as
re$errig to the Ci!a itse&$, 2hich, as he says himse&$, has o such aoucemet a$ter it i the 0timokkha a!
there$ore he sees the ee! to ha%e this trip&e aoucemet recite! at the e! o$ the Ci!a through i$erece+ Ho2e%er,
Py3atatiyaA m hotiP more &ike&y re$ers to the trip&e aoucemet at the e! o$ the o$$ece(sectios, i+e+, i$ a bhikkhu !oes
H0
2a!er $or a&msm[W see a&so BL # 5&_&+
<he &ega& Niaya sese o$ *hikkhu as a upasampanna, oe $u&&y a!mitte! (ito the Commuity), is is
take as most importat by the 0a!abhEaa) ZTatra y3yaA *hikkhu sama''ena sa='hena Katti!atutthena
kammena akuppena Chnrahena upasampanno, ayaA imasmiA atthe adhippeto *hikkh7 ti+[)
Z# this respect this bhikkhu 2ho has bee $u&&y a!mitte! (ito the Commuity) by a uite! commuity by
meas o$ a &ega& act that has a motio a! a aoucemet as the $ourth, 2hich is ushakeab&ee
i!isputab&e, 2orthy o$ the positio, this, i this sese, *hikkhu is ite!e!+[
The 0xford "i!tionary of ,or%d 5e%i'ions, e!+ Soh Bo2!er, p+GA2, etry o (Bu!!hist) 6oasticism
states) [# its purest $orm, DmokD re$ers to oe 2ho has take the $u&& %o2s o$ a bhikkhu m Ho2e%er,
bhikkhus, a&though ce&ibate, per$orm ceremoies $or the &aity i the maer o$ priests, a! i!ee! the ritua&
o$ upasampad, by 2hich they become bhikkhus is commo&y ca&&e! Dor!iatioD rather tha Dpro$essioD m #t
seems best to aba!o the 'g&ish term mok a! use terms such as *hikkhu m[
yo "ana bhikkhu) but 2hiche%er bhikkhuW see the ote o this i 0r 7+
anuss#iyamne) 2he the aoucemet is beig ma!e, &it) 2he 1it is3 beig aouce!, 2he beig
subse,uet&y aouce!, proc&aime!W &oc+ abso&ute sg+ o$ the pr+p+ passi%e (see 0R j 797) o$ anuss3eti) see
abo%e+
saramno) rememberigW pr+p+ o$ sarati (csar c a) ,ua&i$yig *hikkhu+
santi?) that e5ists, e5istet, beig presetW pr+p+ o$ atthi use! as a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig pattiAW see abo%e
sant+
"atti?) o$$ece, acc+ sg+ $+W see abo%e+
santi? "atti?) H) e5istet o$$ece, m) actua& (u!ec&are!) $au&t+
n#ikareyya) ot !isc&oseW a Euctio through cotractio (see 0R j G9,7) o$ na) ot, eg+ i!ec&+ n #ikareyya)
see abo%e+
sam"a9namus#dGassa) !e&iberate $a&se speech $or him+ Suctio o$ sampa@namus3do n assa through
e&isio o$ the $ia& (o i Y3do (see 0R j H7,b) X sam"a9na) !e&iberate, $u&&y a2are, $u&&y ko2ig, $u&&y
comprehe!igW a!Eecti%e+ 0reset particip&e o$ the %erb sampa@nti (saA c pa c nK c >)) oe is $u&&y
ko2ig, use! as a a!Eecti%e+ <his preset particip&e 2ithout (ant is a shortee! $orm o$ the $u&& $orm
sampa@nantW see CormaDs otes to 4 87@ a! 4 9@7 i RL+
mus#do) $a&se speech, &yigW om+ sg+ m+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X mus) $a&se, 2rogW a!%+ ($r+ Ne!ic is+ sg+
mV+a) here use! as a a!Eecti%eW c$+ 6 # 288) Zm na sampa@namus *hsit hoti,[ 4 HAH) ZtaA hi tassa mus hoti
Q[ a! 0r 2) Zmus 3i%apiA[ a! 4yta5 j 2+
n #da) speech, ta&kW m+ $r+ 3adati (c3ad c a)) oe speaks, says n assa) to this oe, $or himW !at+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+
ayaA) this oe, he+
hoti) there isW see abo%e+
sam"a9namus#do) om+ sg+ m+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X sam"a9na n m.s#daW see abo%e+
kho) see abo%e+
"anGyasmanto) see abo%e+ yasmanto is here %oc+ p&+
antaryiko) m) obstructi%e, H) stumb&ig b&ockW a!E+W X antarya) obstac&eW see 0c G8 c -ika) a!Eecti%a&
coecti%e su$$i5F Antarya X antara) bet2ee (see 4! G) n aya) comigW $rom ci) comesW thus &it+ Zcomig
bet2eeD)+ #t is obstructi%e to progress o the eight $o&! path+ For the antaryik dhamm see BL ### 27 + A+
dhammo) act, state, thig, matterW om+ sg+ m+ For dhamma as Zact[ see 0r 7+
#utto) sai!, p+p+ o$ 3adati) see abo%e+
bha!a#at) by the Fortuate :e, &it+) by the oe 2ho has goo! $ortue, m) B&esse! :e, H) Kor!W is+ sg+ m+
ot co$ess a o$$ece recite! i the sectio, the he $a&&s ito $a&se speechW see the sectio ZCo$essio[ abo%e+ <his is a&so
supporte! by the Ci!a as gi%e i the 6ah%agga 2here the trip&e aoucemet is ot gi%e+ # a&& other
sa='hakammas, such as the oe $or the -pasampa!, the aoucemet(s) a! coc&usio are gi%e a$ter the Katti+
H7
o$ *ha'a3antW $rom the 4kt *ha'a) goo! $ortue, &uck+ C$+ 0c G8 a! 4! 8 *ha'ini+
sam"a9namus#do : antaryiko dhammo #utto bha!a#at) see 0c G8+
tasm) there$oreW ab&+ sg+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_, but here use! as a i!ec&iab&e 2ith a causa& meaigW see #0
p+89+
saramnena) see abo%eW here is+ sg+ bhikkhun) by a bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
"annena) (2ho) has committe!W p+p+ o$ pa@@ati, see abo%e, use! as a a!E+
#isuddh"ekkhena) (2ho is) !esirig puri$icatioW a!E+ Koc+ tapp+ cp! use! as bahubbJhi cp!+ X #isuddha)
puri$icatio, puri$ie!, c&eae!W p+p+ o$ 3isu@@hati (3i c nsudh c ya)) Zis c&eae!epuri$ie![ use! as actio(ou+ n
a"ekkha) !esirig, &ogig $or, &ookig $or, seekig $or, e5pectigW ($em+) actio(ou $r+ apekkhati (apa c nikkh
c a), takig a &ocati%e+
sant4) e5istet, that e5istW pr+p+ o$ atthi use! as a a!E+ ,ua&i$yig pattiW see abo%e+
"atti) o$$eceW om+ sg+ $+ Cote that the a!E+ sant$ e!s i &og $, 2hi&e patti i short i, this !i$$erece i
e!ig is probab&y to a%oi! co$usio 2ith the thir! perso p&ura& o$ the cas) santi) they are+ Kkh 2G) ZSant$
patt$ ti pa@@it3 a3uCChit patti+[) Zm ha%ig committe! a o$$ece that has ot bee emerge! $rom+[
4a) Zsat$ pattir[W 0r6o4a p+7G7+ 6(K) Zsant$ patt$P: 0r6o6(K p+G+
#iktabb) to be !isc&ose!W $+p+p+ o$ 3ikarotiBsee abo%e_agrees 2ith the $emie patti+ <here are t2o $orms
o$ the $+p+p+ o$ karoti i 0;i) katta**a a! kta**a, 2hich are both correspo!ig the 4kt karta3ya+ # katta**a the
(r o$ ckar has bee assimi&ate! to the (t o$ the $+p+p+ su$$i5 (ta**a gi%ig the cosoat combiatio (tt( as i
0;i o (rt( cosoat combiatio is use!, 2hi&e i kta**a the %o2e& (a( i the ckar has istea! bee
stregthee! to (( a! the $ia& (r e&i!e! i accor!ace 2ith the &a2 o$ 6oraeW c$+ 0! @ sekhaLsekkhaF
4a) 3i+karta3ya bk -3yd: 0r6o4a p+7G7+ 6(K) 3i+karta3yW 0r6o6(K p+G+
#ikat) ha%ig !isc&ose!W abs+ or a p+p+ agreeig 2ith patti+
C$+ 4a) 3i+kVt3syaW 0r6o4a p+7G7+ 6(K) 3i+kVt3W 0r6o6(K p+G+ <he abso&uti%e e!igs here are
ote2orthy because i the 0;i a abso&uti%e 2ou&! seem more appropriate tha a past particip&e+ <his type
o$ costructio, i 2hich a $+p+p+ is $o&&o2e! by a abso&uti%e o$ the same %erb, is ot ucommo i 0&i a!
2ou&! seem more atura& tha a costructio 2ith a past particip&eW c$+ Zm paCi''aheta**ni, paCi''ahet3 Q[
at C0 7GW Zm osreta**o, osret3 Q[ at Ni # 79HW Zm y!ita**o, y!et3 Q[ at Ni ### 7A8, etc+ 0ossib&y, there
2as origia&&y a abso&uti%e i Ytt, 3ikatt, 2hich got misu!erstoo! a! chage! to a p+p+ i Yta, as has
happee! e&se2hereW see Hi`ber 7982+
hiAssa) because because $or him, i!ee! $or him+ Suctio o$ hi c assa i 2hich the iitia& a- o$ assa is e&i!e!W 0R
j H0,2b+ X hi) because, $or, i!ee!W emphatic partic&e+ n assa) $or himW see abo%e+
"hsu) com$ort, easeW a!%+ (or om+ sg+ t+ a!E+)+ "ccor!ig to 0'L this is a a!Eecti%e that is costrue! 2ith a
!ati%e a! that o&y occurs i compositios 2ith %erbs such as hoti a! 3iharati+ Ho2e%er, CL0K @82 takes it
to be a a!%erb here a! this seems more correctW CL0K a&so gi%es phsu as a euter ou+ 4ee 4! 70, 0c 82 n
HH+ 4ee commetary i the ote o 0timokkha abo%e, a! -! A+AeNi ## 280) Z#t rais o 2hat is co%ere!, o
the opee! it !oes ot rai+ <here$ore oe shou&! ope 2hat is co%ere!, thus it 2i&& ot rai upo it+Z
hoti) there isW see abo%e+
>5idna %on%lusion@
6ddiQQha? kho yasmanto nidna?.
Tatthyasmante "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Dutiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Tatiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
H2
ParisuddhAetthyasmanto( tasm tuEh4( e#am1eta? dhraymi.
1RD
)idnan&uddeso ni**hito+
,-,
Venerables( the introdu%tion has been re%ited.
Con%ernin! that / ask the Venerables3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A se%ond time a!ain / ask3 > Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A third time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
The #enerables are "ure in this( therefore there is silen%e( so do / bear this >in mind@.
The recitation o. the introduction is .inished+
uddiQQha?) has bee recite!W p+p+ o$ uddisatiW see abo%e+
kho) i!ee! (o ee! to tras&ate+)W emph+ partic&e+
yasmanto) Neerab&esW %oc+ p&+ m+
nidna?) itro!uctioW om+ sg+ t+ see abo%e+
TatthXyasmante) X Euctio o$ tattha c yasmante through cotractio (see 0R j G9,7)+
tattha3 cocerig that, i this coectio, m) herei, H) o2 about thatW a!%+ X !em+ pro+ taMd_ n su$+ o$
p&aceemo!eetime (ttha, c$+ 0r itro+ 0'L 29A gi%es it as a &ocati%e case o$ taMd_F 4ee 0r itro tatra i tatr`imeW
4! coc&) ayaA tatthaW C0 G T 70) ZtatthyaA samayoFP
Kkh AG) ZTatthiyasmante pu!!hm$ ti tesu !at7su pr@ikesu yasmanteI ka!!i8ttha parisuddh ti pu!!hmiF[) Zm
2ith regar!s these $our 0rEikas # ask to the Neerab&es) m+[
yasmante) the Neerab&esW acc+ sg+ m+ o$ yasmW see abo%e Ci! a! 4yta5 j @Ga+
"u%%hmi) # askW 7 sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ pu!!hati) see abo%e Ci!+
ka%%iGttha) X a Euctio o$ ka!!i n ettha through e&isio o$ the iitia& e- o$ ettha+
ka%%i) g, perhapsg, # hopegW i!e$iite iterrogati%e partic&e e5pressig !oubt+
4p A7GeKkh AG) /a!!i8tth ti ka!!i ettha, etesu !at7su pr@ikesu ka!!i parisuddh ti atthoF Atha 3 ka!!i8ttha
parisuddh ti ka!!i parisuddh attha, *ha3ath ti atthoF[) Z/a!!i8ttha is ka!!i c ettha, ]2ith regar!s these $our
0rEikas (are you) puregD is the meaig+ :r perhaps rather) ka!!i8ttha parisuddhD is) ]"re (attha) 2
!
pers+
p&ur+ pres+ i!+) you puregD (ka!!i parisuddh attha), ]"re you (*ha3atha) puregD is the meaig+[
# the $ia& &ie the ettha i Zparisuddh8ettha[ 2ou&! i!icate that the $irst iterpretatio o$ the commetators
is the correct oe+ :ther cote5ts i 2hich ka!!ittha is $ou! (" #N 27H$, Ni # 272, S ### A28) support the ettha
iterpretatio+
ettha) here, i this matter, m) i this, H) i this matterW a!%+ X !em+ pro+ eta n su$+ o$ p&aceetimeemo!e (tha+
(<he iitia& e- has bee e&i!e! i the Euctio 2ith ka!!i+)
"arisuddh) pureW a!E+ to ue5presse! yasmantoW see abo%e Ci!+
dutiyam1"i) X Euctio o$ dutiyaA c pi through the &abia&isatio o$ (AW 0R j H8,@+
140
W C, L, R, N, /, 6i T 6m 4e+ Lm, -0, .a, -m) dhraym$ ti+ (4o i the coc&usios o$ the o$$ece sectios o$ Nibh Ce T
Nibh 'e, but this ca ot be regar!e! as a %+&+ #t is the orma& 2ay the Nibh presets its materia& as there is o Ci!a i
the Nibh a! there$ore o coc&usio+ # the Ci!a coc&usio C rea!s dhraymi, but i the other sectios dhraym$ ti,
ho2e%er, i the other sectios the &atter rea!ig is c&ear&y a &ater correctio as the ti has bee 2ritte o%er the ku>Wa%iya
1serpet(&ike3 paragraph markers 13 a! the i stroke has bee chage! to $+)
Bh0m 7 T 2) dhraymi iti+ <he 2ho&e Ci!a coc&usio ($rom uddiCChaA to dhraymi) is ot $ou! i 6m 4e+
141
X 6m 4e, L, N, /, 0 + -0, -m, ! Ce T 6i 4e) 6idnuddeso paChamo+ Be, Bh0m 7 T 2, C, R, .a) 6idnuddeso+ Lm) 6idnaA
niCChitaA+
H@
dutiya?3 a seco! timeW acc+ sg+ t+ or!ia& use! a!%erbia&&yW see 4yta5 j A7,c+ X du-, a shortee! compou!
$orm o$ umera& d3i be$ore (tiya) t2o n or!ia& su$$i5 (tiyaF X 4kt d3it$yaW see 0R j 778 a! 2@+
"i) too, a&so, agaiW i!ec&+ " si!e $orm o$ api, pro%e! by its occurrece a$ter the ni''ah$ta A, 2hich becomes m
be$ore it, as happes hereW see 0R j GG,7+
tatiyam1"i) a thir! time tooW see the prece!ig dutiyam-pi a! Ci!) y3atatiyaA+
"arisuddhAetthyasmanto) Euctio o$ parisuddh n ettha, i 2hich the $ia& o$ parisuddh is e&i!e!, a! a
Euctio o$ ettha n yasmante through cotractio (0R j G9,7)+
tasm) there$oreW ab&+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
tuEh4) there is si&ece, m T H) they are si&etW a!%+ <he %erb honti is imp&ie! but ue5presse!+ #t ca be
u!erstoo! as Z(they are) si&et[ or Z(it is) si&et+[ <he seco! optio is pre$erab&eW see the usage i the
Ci!a abo%e+
e#am1eta?) X Euctio o$ e3aA c etaA through retrogra!e chage o$ A ito mW 0R j H7,2b+ e#a?) thus, soW
i!ec&+ n eta?) this, itW acc+ sg+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ eta+
dhraymi) # keep (i mi!), ho&!, remember, m) # recor!W 7 sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ dhreti (ndhar c e)) Zho&!s,[
Zbears,[ 2ith the su$$i5 (aya istea! o$ its cotracte! $orm (e: 0R j 7H8,2a+
uddiQQha? : dhraymi+ <he 6? (Ba 7@, B6L p+89), Lhg (BB0 8, Bea&, 78H7, p+208, C4727), a! 4a (Fiot
7G, 0r6o4a p+7G2) 0rtimok>as?tras a&so ha%e this coc&usioW but the 6(K 0rtimok>as?tra !oes ot ha%e it
(0r6o6(K p+G, B6L p+A0)+
4ice the Ci!a is ot a o$$ece(c&ass, the coc&usio seems out o$ p&ace here+ <he coc&usio to the Ci!a
is c&ear&y metioe! i 4p 70AHeKkh 8 i the sectio commetig o the 0timokkha recitatio i brie$, 6% ##
7A, 7Y8eNi # 772 $+ Ho2e%er, i the KkhDs commetary o Zy3atatiyaA anuss3itaA,[ see abo%e Ci!, it is sai!
that there is o aoucemet a$ter the Ci!a a! that it is ($irst) see (i the te5t) at the e! o$ the 0rEika(
sectio+ Ho2e%er, the Kkh states, the coc&usio shou&! be recite! at the e! o$ the Ci!a accor!ig to the
tra!itio o$ the teachers+
<he Ci!a coc&usio is ot metioe! or commete! upo at the e! o$ the sectio o the Ci!a i the
Kkh, but it is commete! upo at the e! o$ the sectio o 0rEika sectio 2here the 2or!s o$ the coc&usio
(ZuddiCCha,[ ZTatthiyasmante,[ a! Xka!!i8ttha parisuddh[) are commete! upo+
Kkh 28 states that the itro!uctio o$ the 0rEika sectio imme!iate&y $o&&o2s the Ci!a sectio) ZIdni yad-
etaA nidnnantaraA tatr8ime !attro ti-di pr@ikaka>WaAF[) ZCo2, this 2hich is imme!iate&y $o&&o2ig the
Ci!a, the sectio o 0rEika startig 2ith ]Here these m+^+[ <his suggests that there 2as o coc&usio to
the Ci!a+
6oreo%er, at the e! o$ the 4! a! "iyata sectios there is a c&ear re$erece back to ZudditthaA kho[ by
Z3uttanayen`e3a[) Zi the maer o$ 2hat has bee sai!,[ but there is o such re$erece $or2ar! at the e! o$
the Ci!a sectio a! this might a&so i!icate that the Kkh e!itor ha! a te5t 2ithout the coc&usio at the
e! o$ the Ci!a+
<he Ptimokkha'a>Chid$pan$ (p+72) states) ZuddiCChaA kho yasmanto nidnan-tydi 3uttaA nidn3asne na
upa%akkhati, taA !a uddesak%e 3atta**a3a!anam-e3a[) Zt%eerab&es, the itro!uctio has bee recite!,D etc+, has
bee sai!, 1this3 is ot !iscere! 1i the te5t3 at the e! o$ the #tro!uctio, yet it is a statemet to be recite! at
time o$ the recitatio+[
nidnAuddeso) recitatio o$ the itro!uctioW om+ sg+ m+ 4ee abo%e at the start o$ this sectio+ <his is the $irst
o$ the $our 2ays o$ recitig the 0timokkha i brie$W see the sectio o Z.ecitatio o$ the 0timokkha[ i the
#tro!uctio+
niQQhito) $iishe!, e!e!W p+p+ o$ niCChti (niMs_ c nMC__Ch c a)+
H8
>Pr9ikAuddeso
1RC
@
TatrAime
1RH
%attro "r9ik dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti.
>The re%itation of the dis7ualifi%ation (%ases)@
=erein these four %ases in#ol#in! dis7ualifi%ation %ome u" for re%itation.
"r9ikAuddeso) the recitatio o$ the !is,ua&i$icatio (cases)W om, sg+ m+ 0robab&y a appositi%e
kamma!hraya but here re!ere! as a geiti%e tappurisaW see niddn8uddesa i Ci! itro+ Suctio o$ pr@ika
n uddeso through e&isio o$ the $ia& (a o$ pr@ika+
"r9ika) i%o&%ig !is,ua&i$icatioW see be&o2 n uddesa) recitatioW see abo%e Ci!+
tatrAime) herei these, i this coectio theseW X Euctio o$ tatra n ime i 2hich the $ia& (a o$ tatra is e&i!e!W
0R j H0,7b+
Kkh 28) XTatr ti tasmiA ptimokkhaA uddisissm$ ti e3aA 3utte ptimokkheF Ime ti idni 3atta**naA
a*himukh$kara>aAFP) Ztatra) i that coectio ]# sha&& recite the Liscip&iary Co!e,D i the Liscip&iary Co!e
2hich has bee sai! so+ ]ImeD is a turig to2ar!s those (cases) that are to be sai! at that mometeo2+[
Tatra here has the meaig o$ time a! p&ace as it itro!uces the recitatio o$ the ru&es 2hi&e re$errig back to
somethig sai! ear&ier, i+e+, the Ci!a+ C$+ L ### 702 ZAparaA pana, *hante, etadnuttariyaA, yath *ha'a3
dhammaA deseti kusa%esu dhammesuF Tatrime kusa% dhamm, seyyathidaA, !attro satipaCChn, !attro
sammappadhn, m[ -! AG ZayaA dhamma3inayo mahataA *h7tnaA 3so: tatrime *h7tI sotpanno Q[+ C$+ Ni #
772+
Tatra is the 4askrit si!e($orm o$ tattha, 2hich has the same meaigs, a! is use! i this Euctio $or the sake
o$ euphoy+ C$+ Ci!+ coc&usioW Ztatthiyasmante pu!!hmi Q[+ C$+ 0timokkha coc&) ZTattha sa**eh8e3a QFP
"&& the other ru&e sectio itro!uctios &ea%e out tatra a! start 2ith ime kho panyasmantoQF
tatra) here, o2, herei, i this coectio, i this respectW a!%+ o$ p&ace+ Lem+ pro+ taMd_ n su$$i5 o$ p&ace,
mo!e, or time (tthae(tra+
ime) theseW om+ p&+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA) this+
%attro) 8W um+ m+
"r9ik) i%o&%ig !is,ua&i$icatio, m !epri%atio, H) i%o&%ig !e$eat, m) (case) o$ !e$eat, CL0K @@@)
meritig e5pu&sio, Hi`ber 799A p+9) re&atig to e5pu&sio, Hi`ber, 7999 p+7H) Hur 3ertrei*un' Maus der
mon!h'emeinde_ f.hrend, Heirma) separate!W a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig dhamm+ 4ee the !iscussio o$ the term
prEika i the sectio Z: the term pr@ikaP i the #tro!uctio+
dhamm) m) cases, H) ru&es, Corma) mattersW om+ p&+ m+ 4ee 0c H@ $or this usage o$ dhamma+
uddesa?) recitatioW acc+ sg+ m+ see abo%e Ci!+
!a%%hanti) (they) go to, come up $orW @ p&+ pres+ i!+ o$ 'a!!hati ( c n'am c a) that orma&&y takes a
accusati%e+
>Pr 13 2ethunadhammasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkh.na?
1RR
sikkhs94#asam"anno sikkha? a""a%%akkhya
1RK
dubbalya?
an#ikat#
1RS
methuna? dhamma? "aQise#eyya(
1R7
antamaso tira%%hna!atya "iV "r9iko hoti( asa?#so.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the a%t of se+ual inter%ourse@
142
X Lm T 6i 4e+ L) 0rEik+ -m has 0rEik i brackets+ Cothig i other te5ts+
143
N, Bh0m 2) tatr$me (Bh0m 2 gi%es tatrime as %+&+)+
144
N) *hikkh7na-sikkh-
145
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh Ce, .a, -0, Nibh 'e, 6i 4e, Bh0m 7 T 2, 0g) apa!!akkhya+
146
N, Nibh Ce, -m, .a) a%Jkat%+
147
C, /, -0, -m, Bh0m 7 T 2, .a, 0g) patise3eyya+
HA
/f any bhikkhu >8ho@ has entered u"on the trainin! and li#elihood for bhikkhus( not ha#in! re9e%ted the
trainin!( not ha#in! dis%losed >his@ in%a"ability( should en!a!e in the a%t of se+ual inter%ourse( e#en 8ith
9ust a female animal( he is dis7ualified( not in %ommunion.
methua!hammasikkhpa!aB3 the trainin! "re%e"t on the a%t of se+ual inter%ourseV nom. s!. nt. W 'abel
use of the nominati#eV see &ynta+ Y CCZCH. An a""ositi#e kammadhraya %"d3 Tthe a%t of se+ual inter%ourse
trainin! "re%e"t(U see note on c/varavagga at 5P 1D( or a lo%ati#e ta""urisa( as it has been translated here. W
methua!hamma3 a%t of se+ual inter%ourseV !en. ta"". %"d.
%onsistin! of methua3 se+ual inter%ourse( see belo8( and !hamma3 a%tV see belo8 [ sikkhpa!a3 trainin!
"re%e"t( trainin! !uideline( trainin! rule( rule( "re%e"t( %ode of trainin!V !en. ta"". %"d.V lit. !uideline for
trainin!. W sikkh3 trainin!V see belo8 [ pa!a3 "re%e"t( !uideline( rule( item( %onstituent( "art( 8ay.
As mentioned in the %ha"ter on the TTitles of the rule se%tionsU in the /ntrodu%tion( these rule titles are
%ommentarial and are not re%ited. The analysis of the %ommentarial rule1titles is only !i#en here and 8hen
a rule1title %ontains 8ords that are not found in the rule itself.
yo) 2hoW om+ sg+ m+ o$ re&+ pro+ yaMd_+
"ana3 agai, $urther, a!, a! o2W a coecti%e partic&e mere&y coectig a! cotiuig the te5t+ <here is
o ee! to tras&ate it here+
bhikkhu) a bhikkhuW om+ sg+ m+
yo "ana bhikkhu) i$ ay bhikkhu, 2hate%er bhikkhu, a bhikkhu 2ho, m) ay bhikkhu, Corma) i$ ay
bhikkhu, H) 2hate%er mokW see abo%e Ci!+
0a!abhEaa) ZGo pan tiI yo ydiso yath yutto yath @a!!o yath nmo yath 'otto yath s$%o yath 3ihr$ yath
'o!aro, thero 3 na3o 3 ma@@himo 3, eso 3u!!ati yo pan ti+[)
ZGo pana) 2ho, aye2hate%er (X ydisaW see 0R j 772,@ T 0'L AA@), accor!ig to coectio, m birth, m
ame, m c&a, m %irtue, m !2e&&ig, accor!ig to area, a seior, a Euior or oe o$ mi!!&e sta!ig , this is
ca&&e! ]yo pana+^[ (Ni ### 2@)+
<he re&ati%e pro+ yo_ 2ith the corre&ati%e !roppe! ca ha%e the meaig o$ Zi$ ay,[ the &ati si ?uis, as i
Lhp HG, 4 9G, a! <h 282W see 0R j 770,A, 6/ 888 s+%+ yad, Corma, 79H7, ote, Corma, 2000, p+HG ote, a!
Corma, 7992, p 9G ote+ #$ a geera&isatio 2ou&! be ite!e!, i+e+, Z2hate%er,[ the Zyo ko!i[ or Zyo yo[
2ou&! be orma&&y be use!+ #t cou&! a&so be a!%ersati%e) Zbut a bhikkhu 2ho[ as i Lhp 70 a! 790+
Hi`ber suggests that Zyo pana[ here coects this ru&e, a! a&& others, 2ith the same itro!uctio, back to
Xyo pana *hikkhuP i the Ci!a, by 2hich the bhikkhu 2ho cocea&s o$$eces by remaiig si&et is
cotraste! to the pure bhikkhu+ Lurig the recitatio it is assume! that a bhikkhu is $ree $rom o$$eces a!
!oes ot &iste 2ith uco$esse! o$$eces, see Ni ## 280+ <he recurrig pana is thus, accor!ig to him, $or the
sake o$ re$errig back to the statemet i the Ci!aW see Hi`ber, 7999 p+89YA0+
<he 0timokkha, ho2e%er is ot !oe o&y $or bhikkhus 2ho ha%e $a&&e ito o$$eces a! Hi`ber
o%er&ooks the purpose o$ the 0timokkha recitatio as a remi!er $or a&& bhikkhus, 2hether they ha%e $a&&e
ito o$$eces or ot+
Hi`ber compares the $orm o$ the $our akara>$y, Ni # 9G (9H, to the $our 0rEikas a! otes that the
akara>$y($orm is Xyo *hikkhuP istea! o$ Xyo pana *hikkhuFP <here is a&so a i!icati%e i the akara>$y istea!
o$ a optati%e) ZGo *hikkhu methunaA dhammaA paCise3eti, m,[ istea! o$ XGo pana *hikkhu methunaA dhammaA
paCise3eyya, m[ <he reaso $or this !i$$erece is that the akara>$y are comma!s, 2hich start 2ith a $+p+p+
2hi&e the 0rEika ru&es, a! the other ru&es i the 0timokkha, are 2arigs to remi! the bhikkhus o$ the
o$$eces a! their cose,ueces, i+e+, the puishmet 2he a o$$ece has bee committe!, assumig that the
bhikkhus are $ree $rom o$$eces+
Cot a&& ru&es start 2ith) Zyo pana Q [ a! Hi`ber argues that some o$ the ru&es that start 2ith a &ocati%e
might ha%e their source i pre(0timokkha commo(p&ace sama>a co!uct a! might ha%e bee take $rom a
HG
proto 0timokkha(%ersio, a mtik, a summary, see be&o2 *+ For e5amp&e C0 78 is $ou! i the C?&asJ&a(
sectio o$ the BrahmaE&asutta, L # A, as Z@tar7para@atapaCi''aha> paCi3irato[ (c$+ Ni # 88)W see Hi`ber, 7999
p+29+
Hi`ber metios that this C0 78 is a&so $ou! as Z@tar7para@atapaCi''aha>e p!ittiyaAX i the sectio about
the 4eco!(couci& i Ni ## @0HeC% a## 2,9+ "ccor!ig to him se%era& 0timokkha ru&es ,uote! there are i
the &ocati%e $orm, &ike the $irst 0cittiya ru&e) Zsampa@nam7s3de p!ittiyaA,[ rather tha startig 2ith Zyo
pana^[ see Hi`ber, 7999 p+@@Y@8+
Ho2e%er, i the C% a## it is a abbre%iate! $orm o$ this ru&e re$errig to a o$$ece as 2he co$essig $or it is
gi%e as a as2er to Z/iA pa@@at$ ti[) Z/hat (o$$ece) !oes oe commitg[ ("s2er)) Z" p!ittiya that is
cocere! 2ith the acceptace o$ go&! a! si&%er+[ 4o i the C% the so(ca&&e! &ocati%e o$ re&atio is ite!e!W
see 4yta5 j 7H8 a+ Hi`ber, 7999 p+@8Y@9 T 89YA0, a&so otes that i the 0rEika ru&es, i cotrast to some
ru&es i other sectios, the seteces are proper&y costructe!+ Go shou&! corre&ate 2ith so, a! i the 0rEika
ru&es yo corre&ates 2ith pr@iko, (i the Ci!a 2ith assa), to get a proper re&ati%e c&ause, but i some o$ the 4!
a! 0c ru&es the corre&ati%e 2or! is &ackig+ For e5amp&e i ZGo pana *hikkhu @tar7para@ataA u''a>heyya Q,
p!ittiyaA+[ Hi`ber o%er&ooke! that 6/ s+%+ yad states that the corre&ati%e is sometimes !roppe!W c$+
Corma, 7992, ote o p+282+
bhikkh.na?) $or the bhikkhusW !at+ p&+ m+ o$ *hikkhu, cp+ C0 2@, cou&! a&so be ge+) Zo$ the bhikkhus+[
sikkhs94#asam"anno) etere! upo the traiig a! &i%e&ihoo!, m) ha%ig u!ertake the bhikkhus^
traiig precepts a! 2ay o$ &i$e, H) possesse! o$ the traiig a! mo!e o$ &i$e $or moksW a!Eecti%e
,ua&i$yig *hikkhu+ BahubbJhi cp!+ W sikkh) traiig, traiig preceptW $+ $r+ sikkhati Mnsikkh c a_) oe trais
oese&$+ [ s94#a) &i%e&ihoo!, &i%ig, &i%ig togetherW t+ X pre$+ sa) 2ith, together n @$3a) &i%e&ihoo!+ 4ee 6/
s+%+ saA@$3aF [ sam"anno) ha%ig u!ertake, etere! upo, e!o2e! 2ithW p+p+ o$ sampa@@ati MsaA c c
npad c ya_+
sikkhs94#a) the traiig a! 2ay o$ &i%e&ihoo!, system o$ traiig, &i%e&ihoo! o$ traiig, traiig(
&i%e&ihoo!W the 4p 28@ takes it as a !%a!a cp!) ZSikkhaK-!a s@$3aK-!a sampannatt,[ so !o H a! m
Ho2e%er, it cou&! a&so be a tappurisa(cp!+ <he commetary o the term i 6(a ## 20A a! 0ugg(a 2@G, 2hich
is more cocise a! easier to ,uote tha the 4p 28A, is) ZBhikkh7naA sikkhs@$3asampanno tiI G *hikkh7naA
adhis$%asa=kht sikkh taK-!a, yattha !8ete saha @$3anti eka@$3ik sa*h'a3uttino honti taA *ha'a3at
paKKattasikkhpadasa=khtaA s@$3aK-!aF Tattha sikkhana*h3ena sampanno ti *hikkhu sikkhs@$3asampanno ti
sikkhaA parip7rento s@$3aK-!a a3$tikkammanto hut3 tadu*hayaA upa'ato ti attho+Z
Zm) those traiigs o$ bhikkhus that are reckoe! as the higher(%irtue, a! that i 2hich those (bhikkhus)
2ho are &i%ig together i these (traiig, a!) !ue to ha%ig the same &i%e&ihoo! are beha%ig cogeia&&y,
(i+e+) that &i%e&ihoo! 2hich is reckoe! to be the <raiig precept ma!e ko2 by the Fortuate :e+ <he
mok 2ho has etere! the traiig i that respect is Z:e 2ho has etere! the traiig a! &i%e&ihoo!+[ <he
meaig is) $u&$i&&ig the traiig a! ot trasgressig the &i%e&ihoo! he has u!ertake both+[
sikkha?) traiigW acc+ sg+ $+ o$ the abo%e+
a""a%%akkhya) ot ha%ig reEecte!, re$use!, repu!iate!, H) ot !isa%o2ig, m) !isc&aime!+ <ra!itioa&&y
ca&&e! a Zna-nipta-pu**a-kammadhraya[) Za kamma!hraya i 2hich the prece!ig 2or! is the partic&e naFP:
Luroise&&e, 790G, p+7GG+ C$+ and, C0 7@, a! an'ata i C0 28+ X eg+ pre$+ a() otn pa!!akkhya) ha%ig
reEecte!W the abso&uti%e o$ pa!!akkhti Mpati c c nkh c a_) repu!iatesW c$+ BL # 80 + 2+
dubbalya?) icapabi&ity, 2eakess, iabi&ityW acc+ sg+ t+ X dur1) !i$$icu&t, har!, ba!W pre$i5 n balya X *a%a)
stregth n abstract su$$i5 (ya+ <he !oub&ig o$ the iitia& * o$ *a%ya is !ue to a assimi&atio 2ith the $ia& r o$
dur-, as the cosoat combiatio r* !oes ot occur i 0;i+ #t is spe&t as du**a%%a i the compou!
@i'a!!hdu**a%%a i 6 # 7@ (a&so i Be), a! at " #N 8AG ('e) a Burmese a! a 4iha&ese mauscript rea!
sikkhdu**a%%ni istea! o$ (du**a%yni+ :$te the cosoat(combiatio (%y( is assimi&ate! to (%%(, see 0R j A2+A
a! the ote o Lhp 7Y2 i Corma, 2000++ <hus du**a%ya might be a &ater 4askritisatioW see ote o
(ma''appaCipannassa at C0 7G a! 3ikareyya i the Ci!+ C$+ du**a!a at 4! 72+
an#ikat#) ot ha%ig !isc&ose!W Kamma!hraya cp!+ abs+ o$ 3ikaroti, see Ci! n eg+ pre$+ a(, the cp! $orm
HH
o$ a( be$ore %o2e&s+
methuna?) re&ate! to se5ua& itercourse, coitus, copu&atioW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig dhammaA+
dhamma?) act, practice, co!uct, matter, thigW acc+ sg+ m+ <he term dhamma is here best tras&ate! as Zact],
see a&so 4! 8) Zm etena dhammena pari!areyya Q [) Zoe 2ho shou&! miister 2ith this act,[ 0c A@)
hassadhamma) the act o$ amusemet ,[ a! 0c G8) antaryika dhamma) act 2hich is obstructi%e+
methuna? dhamma?) the act o$ se5ua& itercourse, coitus+
"aQise#eyya) m) shou&! egage i, H) i!u&ge i, practice, pursueW @ sg+ opt+ o$ paCise3ati MpaCi c nse3 c a_,+ X
!irectioa& pre$+ paCi) to2ar!s, a$ter n se3ati) $o&&o2s, associates, ser%es+ C$+ paCise3ato at 0c G8+
antamaso) e%e so much as, e%eW i!ec&+ :rigia&&y a ab&ati%e o$ anta) e!, e5treme (c$+ 4! A, C0 2H)+
tira%%hna!atya) 2ith a $ema&e aima&, &itera&&y) Zoe goe to the $ema&e hori\ota& state[W is+ sg+ $+ X
tira%%hna) hori\ota&W a syoym $or a aima& sice it mo%es 2ith its bo!y hori\ota& to the grou!+ n
!atya) goeW p+p+ o$ 'a!!hati, Zoe goes[, !ec&ie! as a is+ sg+ $+ i YF <he $igurati%e meaig here is)
Zha%ig goe ito a state o$ beig[W see 0'L 282+ " $ema&e aima& is gi%e i the ru&e, but the 4utta%ibhaFga
a&so ic&u!es ma&e aima&s+ Compare the BhikkhuJ(0timokkhaDs $irst 0rEika ru&e that has the opposite
ge!er) tira!!hna'atena) Z2ith a mascu&ie aima&+[
Tira!!hna'ata is o$te use! as a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig p>a) a &i%ig beigW e+g+ 4 ### 7A2W see 0'L @0@+ # the
0a!abhEaa it is e5p&aie! as a a!Eecti%e too) tira!!hna'atitthiy piF C$+ tira!!hna'atapurisa T
tira!!hna'atapa>Waka at Ni ### 28+ Ho2e%er, here it appears to be a ou a! e&se2here i the Niaya it is
a&so use! i that 2ay, e+g+ Z'adra*hoisi tira!!hna'atoisi[ at Ni #N H (C$+ Ni ### HG T 722)+
6(K) tirya'yoni'atyamapiW 0r6o6(K p+G, BN HG+ <he 6(K Bhik>uJ ru&e has tira'yoni'atenpiW BN HG T H9+
4a) t$ra'yoni'ataypiW 0r6o4a p+7G@+
"i) Eust, e%eW emph+ partic&e+ For this sese o$ piLapiW c$+ C0 @ T 7G+
"r9iko) !is,ua&i$ie!, oe 2ho is !is,ua&i$ie!, e5c&u!e!, !epri%e!, !ebarre!, !epose!, m) !e$eate!, H) oe
2ho is !e$eate!, CL0K @@@) !eser%ig e5pu&sioW see abo%e+ "!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! Z*hikkhu+[
<his part o$ the ru&e is the mai c&ause o$ the seteceW see #0 p+H7+ # this mai c&ause the corre&ati%e proou
so to the re&ati%e yo i the prece!ig subor!iate re&ati%e c&ause is ue5presse!) ZGo pana *hikkhu Q, so
*hikkhu pr@iko hoti asaA3so+[ # the e5t ru&es the corre&ati%e 2or! is e5presse! by ayaA+
Cote that pr@ika is ot a past particip&e, but there is o other suitab&e 2ay o$ re!erig it i 'g&ish other
tha by a past particip&e+ <he simi&es gi%e i the 0a!abhEaa, the %erse i the 0ari%ra, a! the e5p&aatio
i the Commetary o the meaig o$ pr@ika i%o&%e past particip&es+ Further, it appears to be a past
particip&e by imp&icatio because it comes a$ter some actio has take p&ace+ For past particip&es use! as
ous, see CormaDs ote o Lhp 708 i Corma, 2000++
hoti3 he isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ *ha3atiW see abo%e Ci!+
asa?#so) ot i commuio, H T m) ot i commuio, ot &i%ig 2ith, ot associate!W a!Eecti%e+ X eg+
pre$+ a() ot n saA3sa) Zcommuio,[ !er+ $r+ saA3asati (saA c n3as c a)) &i%es together 2ith, associates (X pre$+
saA) 2ith n 3asati) &i%es, !2e&&s)+ <he 0a!abhEaa states) ZSaA3so nma ekakammaA ekuddeso samasikkhat eso
saA3so nma, so tena saddhiA n8atthi, tena 3u!!ati asaA3so[) Z# commuio) oe sig&e (&ega&) act, oe
recitatio, the state o$ e,ua& traiig, this is ]i commuio]+ He is ot together 2ith that, there$ore it is sai!)
]ot i commuio+D[
4p 2G0) ZSaha 3asanti etth ti saA3soF TaA dassetuA saA3so nm ti 3at3, ekakamman-ti dimhaF TatryaA
saddhiA yo@anya 3a>>an !atu**idham-pi sa='hakammaA s$mpari!!hinnehi pakatattehi *hikkh7hi ekato katta**att
ekakammaA nmaF Tath paK!a3idho pi ptimokkhuddeso ekato uddisita**att ekuddeso nmaF PaKKattaA pana
sikkhpadaA sa**ehi pi %a@@$pu''a%ehi samaA sikkhita**a*h3ato samasikkhat nmaF &ttha yasm sa**e pi %a@@ino etesu
kammd$su saha 3asanti, na eko pi tato *ahiddh sandissati, tasm tni sa**ni pi 'ahet3, eso saA3so nma ti haF So
!a 3uttappakro saA3so tena pu''a%ena saddhiA n8atthi, tena kra>ena so pr@iko pu''a%o asaA3so ti 3u!!at$ tiF[
Z]<hey !2e&& togetherD is ]commuioD (saA3sa)+ <o sho2 that, (the 0a!abhEaa) ha%ig sai!
]Commuio,D sai! ]oe sig&e (&ega&) act,D etc+ Herei this, together 2ith the e5p&aatio o$ the
H8
grammatica& costructio, is the $our$o&! (&ega&) commuity(act by regu&ar bhikkhus &imite! by a
bou!ary, the state o$ ha%ig to be !oe by a&& together (or) ]as oe bo!y,D ekato: see L0) is ca&&e! ]oe
(&ega&) act+^ # that maer the $i%e($o&! (&ega&) commuity(act ic&u!ig the recitatio o$ the Liscip&iary
Co!e is the state o$ ha%ig to be recite! by a&& together is ca&&e! Zoe sig&e recitatio+[ <he state o$ ha%ig
to trai i the !ec&are! traiig precept by a&& coscietious persos e,ua&&y is ca&&e! Dstate o$ e,ua&
traiig+^ Herei, because a&& 2ho are coscietious &i%e together i these (&ega&) acts, etc+, ot e%e oe is
see outsi!e o$ it, there$ore ha%ig takeecomprehe!e! them a&&, this is ca&&e! ]commuio,D is sai!+ "!
there is o commuio i the maer sai! abo%e together 2ith that perso+ <here$ore the !is,ua&i$ie!
perso is sai! to be ]ot i commuio+D[
>Pr C3 Adinndnasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu !m # araNN # adinna? theyyasaFkhta?
1RP
diyeyya( yathr."e adinndne r9no
%ora? !ahet# haneyyu? # bandheyyu? # "abb9eyyu? #3 TCoroGsi( bloGsi( m.*hoGsi(
1RB
thenoGs4 ti(U
tathr."a? bhikkhu adinna? diyamnoV ayam1"i "r9iko hoti( asa?#so.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the takin! of 8hat has not been !i#en@
/f any bhikkhu should take >8hat has@ not been !i#en from a #illa!e or 8ilderness1area( 8hi%h is
re%koned as theft( >and@ the takin! of 8hat has not been !i#en >is@ of the kind >that@ on a%%ount of >it@
kin!s( ha#in! %au!ht the robber( 8ould "hysi%ally "unish or im"rison or banish >him( sayin!@3 TOou are a
robberL Oou are a foolL Oou are insaneL Oou are a thiefL(U a bhikkhu takin! >8hat has@ not been !i#en of
su%h a kind( is also dis7ualified( not in %ommunion.
adinndnasikkh"ada?) the traiig precept o the takig o$ 2hat has ot bee gi%eW om+ sg+ t+ 4ee
methunadhammasikkhpadaA at 0r 7 abo%e+
yo "ana bhikkhu) 2hate%er bhikkhuW see !iscussio at 0r 7 abo%e+
!m) $rom a %i&&ageW ab&+ sg+ m+
#) orW !isEucti%e i!ec&+ partic&eW # : # :3 eitherm orm
araNN) $rom a 2i&!eress(area, $orestW ab&+ sg+ t+ o$ araKKa, $r+ ara>a) remote n abstract su$$i5 (ya+ <he
!escriptio i the 0a!abhEaa i!icates that Z$orest] is ot su$$iciet to co%er the meaig o$ araKKa a! that
Z2i&!eress[ is more appropriate) ZaraKKaA nma Chapet3 'maK-!a 'mupa!raK-!a a3asesaA araKKaA nma[)
Za araKKa) ha%ig e5cepte! a %i&&age a! the surrou!ig o$ a %i&&age, the rest is ca&&e! ZaraKKa+[
adinna?) that 2hich is ot gi%eW acc+ sg+ t+W kamma!hraya cp!+ X eg+ pre$+ a( n dinna) gi%e, p+p+ o$ dadti
(cd c aW the root is re!up&icate! a! the re!up&icate! sy&&ab&e is i a 2eak $ormW see #0 p+@A2+) use! as a ouW
c$+ 0c 80+
theyyasaFkhta?) i a 2ay 2hich is reckoe! as the$t, m reckoe! as (takig) by the$t, m , H) by meas o$
the$t, m) 2ith itet to stea&, Corma) i a 2ay 2hich is ca&&e! the$t+ #t cou&! be a istrumeta& tappurisa
cp! (see #0 p+H8) use! i acc+ sg+ t+ as a a!%erb o$ maer ,ua&i$yig diyeyya, see be&o2, meaig
Zreckoe! as (takig) by the$t+[ #t cou&! a&so be a comparati%e kamma!hraya cp! ma!e up o$ t2o ous
(C$+ seCChasammata) Zagree! upo as the best[W " ## HA+) use! as a a!%erbW see 0erio&a, Pa%i #rammar, j 7@0,c
a! 7@2+ "s a comparati%e kamma!hraya theyyasa=khta 2ou&! mea) Zreckoe! as the$t+[
X theyya) the$t, t+ C$+ 4 779+ X#me 3 yadi 3 raKKe, yaA paresaA mamyitaA: theyy adinnam-deti, taA @aKK
3asa%o itiF [) Z/hether i the %i&&age or i the 2i&!eress, he 2ho takes by the$t 2hat is ot gi%e (a! 2hich
is) a be&ogig o$ others, ko2 that oe as a outcaste+[ (4ee CormaDs ote o this %erse i RL, esp+ o
theyy as is+ sg+ i (F) , 4 # 2@I Z*huttaA theyyena tassa taA,[ " # 729) ZTheyyena k7Cakammena Q F[ 6 # 2G8) Zm
dinnday$ Q athenena Q 3iharatiF[ Nim 7@7 (p+ 7G)F XP>tipt 3irat, Q theyy !a ati!r !a Q F 4 # 208
Z&ka='am-etaA theyynaA Q [
148
R, N) saAkhtaA+
149
6m 4e, Bh0m 7, N) muJho+
H9
C$+ theyyasaA3saka) oe 2ho &i%es i commuio by stea&th+ C$+ Va@ira*uddhi-C$k (6yamar p+829, j 770)+
n saFkhta) reckoe!, agree! oW ("s &ast part o$ cp!s+)) so(ca&&e!, ame!, reckoe! asW p+p+ o$ sa=khyati MsaA
c nkh c ya_) cosi!ers, reckos, agrees upo, ca&cu&ates, !e&iberates+ 4ee L # 7G@) Zdhamm akusa%
kusa%asa=kht+[ L(a) ZTattha akusa% akusa%asa=kht ti akusa% !8e3a akusa% ti !a sa=kht Kt koCChsaA 3 kat3
Chapit ti atthoF[) Zm Eust u2ho&esome a! reckoe!, ko2 (as) Zu2ho&esome,[ or estab&ise! ha%ig ma!e
a !i%isio is the meaig++[ L(a to L ## @28) ZAsu!isa=khto ti asu!ikoCChsa*h7to asu!$ ti Kto 3F[
<he meaig o$ theyyasa=khtaA is ucertai+ <he 0a!abhEaa, see be&o2, commets upo it as
Zthought o$ the$t+[ <he commetary gi%es sankhta the meaig !itta+ Theyya!itta is use! i the NibhaFga i
the c&auses !ea&ig 2ith the ki! o$ o$$eces 2hich are stea&ig as the !e$iitio o$ the crucia& $actor o$
itetio+ Ho2e%er, i the ru&e theyyasa=khtaA is use! a! this seems ot to re$er to the itetio o$ the oe
2ho takes, but rather to the 2ay or maer o$ the takig, i combiatio 2ith the %a&ue o$ the obEect that is
take, is percei%e! by the ru&ers o$ the coutry as is e&aborate! i the ru&e, i+e+, i$ the ru&ers 2ou&! arrest oe
the it is a o$$ece o$ 0rEika+ <his emphasis o the maer seems to be supporte! by the 4 779 passage
,uote! abo%e u!er theyyaF <his %erse might support that theyya( i this compou! sta!s $or a
istrumeta& theyy or theyyenaF #$, o the other ha! the cp! is a accusati%e or omiati%e tappurisa the it
cou&! a&so re$er to the %a&ue o$ the thig take+
#t is ot certai 2hether theyyasa=khtaA re$ers to the maer o$ takig or to the %a&ue o$ the obEect take or to
both+ # the origi(story the Bu!!ha asks a bhikkhu 2ho is a $ormer Eu!ge(miister (3ohrika-mahmatta) the
%a&ue (kittakena) (o$ a thig take) $or 2hich the kig 2ou&! puish a thie$, a pada, a! the &ays !o2 this
traiig preceptW Ni ### 8A+ <his seems to i!icate that the emphasis i the ru&e is o the %a&ue o$ the sto&e
obEect, 2hich is a&so co$irme! by the 2ay the 0a!abhEaa aa&yses yathr7pa a! tathr7pa i the ru&e as
re$errig to the %a&ue (see be&o2)+ <he %a&ue u&timate&y !e$ies 2hat is a pr@ika o$$ece (i+e+, %a&ue o$ a pada
or more) a! 2hat is a &esser o$$ece (i+e+, a %a&ue o$ &ess tha a pda), the itetio o$ the taker or the maer
the obEect is take are seco!ary $actors+
Theyyasa=khtaA is probab&y a kamma!hraya or tappurisa cp! that is either a a!%erb o$ maer i acc+ sg+
t+ (see 0erio&a, Pa%i #rammar, j 7@2, a! 4yta5 j A2), puttig the emphasis o the 2ay the obEect is take
a! o the itetio o$ the taker, i+e+, Ztakig i a maer 2hich is cosi!ere! (takig by) the$t[, or it a
a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig adinnaA a! re$errig to the %a&ue) i+e+, Z2hat has ot bee gi%e beig cosi!ere! (a
obEect) o$ the$t[ as suggeste! abo%e+
<his 2or! a&so occurs i other p&aces i the Cao as part o$ the !e$iitio o$ mi!!h kammanta, e+g+ i 6 # 28G
a! 6 ### 8G) ZGaA taA parassa para3itt7pakara>aA 'ma'ataA 3 araKKa'ataA taA adinnaA theyyasa=khtaA
dt hotiFZ Here there is o %erb, but a aget(ou, dt, a! a a!%erb ca ot ,ua&i$y a aget(ou+
("get(ous ca be use! as particip&es, but this is ot the case hereW see #0 pp+209Y77), maybe this is Eust a
mechaica& e5tesio, but it cou&! a&so suggest that theyyasa=khtaA is a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig adinnaA, i+e+,
2hat is ot gi%e that is cosi!ere! (a obEect o$) the$t+ 4ee 6/ 72G0 2here steya is gi%e as Zthe$t] but a&so as
Zaythig sto&e]+ <he 4askrit ou stainya meas, besi!es Zthe$t,[ a&so Zthie$,[ a! this is the 2ay the
commetary seems to ha%e iterprete! itW see be&o2+
Nibh 0a!abhEaa) ZTheyyasa=khtan-tiI theyya!itto a3ahara>a!ittoF[) ZTheyyasa=khtaA) the thought o$ the$t, the
thought o$ takig a2ayestea&ig+Z
Kkh 82) ZTheyyasa=khtan-ti ettha theno ti !oro, thenassa *h3o theyyaAF A3ahara>a!ittass`etaA nmaAF Sa=khtan-
ti atthato ekaA: koCChsass`etaA nmaA, XsaKKnidn hi papaK!asa=khP ti disu 3iyaF TheyyaK-!a taA sa=khtaK! ti
theyyasa=khtaA, theyya!ittasa=khto eko !ittakoCChso ti atthoF /ara>atthe !`etaA pa!!atta3a!anaA: tasm
theyyasa=khten ti atthato daCCha**aAF Go !a theyyasa=khtena diyati, so yasm theyya!itto hoti tasm *yaK@anaA
andiyit3 attham-e3a dassetuAI Xtheyya!itto a3ahara>a!ittoZti e3am-assa Pada*h@anaA 3uttan-ti 3edita**aA+[)
ZTheyyasa=khtaA) here thie$ (thena) is a robber, the state o$ beig a thie$ is the$t) this is a ame $or the thought
o$ stea&ig+ Sa=khta has same meaigW this is a ame $or the part (koCChsa) &ike i (passages such as)) Z$or
origiatig $rom perceptio are pro&i$eratios a! cosi!eratios (4 8H8+)+[ <he$t that has bee cosi!ere! (X
kamma!hraya cp!+), Zcosi!ere! 2ith thought o$ the$t is oe part o$ mi![ is the meaig+ <his omiati%e
80
has a istrumeta& meaig, there$ore Z2ith the cosi!eratio o$ the$t] is to be sho2 as the meaig+ "!
2hoe%er takes 2ith the cosi!eratio to stea&, because he is thikig o$ the$t, there$ore, ot ha%ig take up
the !etai&emark, the meaig is to be sho2) Zthought o$ the$t, thought o$ stea&ig,] thus it has bee sai!
about it i the &ie aa&ysis+ is to be ko2+Z
<hus the commetary takes sa=khtaA to mea Zcosi!ere!] or Z!e&iberate!], 2hich is possib&e as sa=khyati
ca mea Zcosi!ers, re$&ects, !e&iberates[ as i Zsa=khtadhamma[) Zha%ig cosi!ere! the Lhamma+[ C$+ "(a
to " #N 7G9) ZTheyyasa=khtan-ti theyya!ittenaF[
6(K) Zm adinnamanytakaA stainyasaAskramdiyeya yathr7pe>dindnena
r@no 'Vh$t3 hanyeAsu m[W 0r6o6(K p+GeBN 80+ 4a) Zm dattaA steyasaAkhytam dadyd
yathr7pe>dattdnena r@ hy enaA 'Vh$t3 Q[W 0r6o4a p+7G@+ 6?) Z(m pare+A adattaAsteyasaAskh_ytam
dadM$_ta yadr7pe>dattdnena r@ 3ainaA 'Vh$t3[W KC 2+
diyeyya) shou&! takeW @ sg+ opt+ o$ dti M c nd c a_+ <his optati%e re,uires the comp&etio o$ [pr@iko hoti[
a! the 2ho&e ru&e is oe setece as i 0r 7+ <he t2o seteces are a parethesis i it, the same app&ies $or
the e5t t2o ru&es) 0r @ a! 8+
adinna? theyyasaFkhta? diyeyya) shou&! take 2hat is ot gi%e i a 2ay that
is reckoe! as the$t, m) 2ith itet to stea& take m 2hat is ot gi%e, H) 2hate%er mok
shou&! by meas o$ the$t take m 2hat has ot bee gi%e to him, Corma) shou&! take a2ay m 2hat is ot
gi%e i a 2ay that is ca&&e! the$t+ c$+ the !e$iitio i the Akaran$yas at Ni # 9G+
yathr."e) o$ the ki!, accor!ig to the ki!, 2hich is beig o$ such atureW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig adinndneF
BahubbJhi cp!+ X yath) accor!ig to, as, &ikeW re&ati%e i!ec&iab&eW see abo%e Ci!a a! #0 p+292 a! 0'L n
r."a) $ormW see abo%e Ci!+
Nibh 0a!abhEaa) Zyathr7paA nma pdaA 3 pdrahaA 3 atirekapdaA 3+[) Zo$ the ki! is the ame $or a
pda or 2hat is 2orth a pda or more tha a pda+[ Kkh 29) Zyathr7pe ti ydise[) Zm) 2hich ki!+[
Gathr7pe as a!Eecti%e is ,ua&i$yig the ou adinndne a! this seems to i!icate that it re$ers to the maer
o$ takig rather tha the %a&ue o$ the obEect+ Ho2e%er, both the 0a!abhEaa a! the origi(story to the ru&e
at Ni ### 8A (Zm kittakena Q r@ m !oraA 'ahet3 hanati Q pdena 3 m[) ZBecause o$ ho2 much m the kig
e5ecutes ha%ig caught a robbergm $or a pda mZ) seem to i!icate that it re$ers to the %a&ue o$ the thig
take, i+e+, adinnaA+ <his is a&so supporte! by its corre&ati%e tathr7paA i the e5t c&ause, 2hich ,ua&i$ies
adinnaA+
adinndne) o accout o$ m the takig o$ 2hat has ot bee gi%eW &oc+ sg+ t+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ Here the
&ocati%e o$ reaso a! moti%e is use!, 2hich i!icates the cause $or some actio, i+e+) $or, !ue to, o accout
o$+ 4ee " #N GA) ZkismiK-!id-e3a kara>e Q @$3it 3oropesuA[) Zo accout o$ some o$$ece m they !i! !epri%e
him $rom &i$eZ a! 4yta5 j 7HG+ <his is a&so supporte! by the origi(story to the ru&e (kittakena) because o$
ho2 much): see abo%e yathr7pe, a! the 2ay it is gi%e i the Prtimok+as7tras, see abo%e+X adinna) see
abo%e n dna) takigW actio(ou !er+ $r+ dti) see abo%e+
yathr."e adinndne r9no %ora? !ahet#) the takig o$ 2hat has ot bee gi%e is o$ the ki! 1that3 o
accout o$ 1it3 the kigs, ha%ig caught a robber, m) the takig o$ 2hat is ot gi%e beig o$ such a ature
that o its accout kigs 2ou&! ha%e the robber arreste! m, H) 2hat has ot bee gi%e to him i such a
maer as kigs, catchig a thie$ i the act o$ stea&igm, Corma) i such a maer o$ takig 2hat is ot
gi%e that kigs, ha%ig arreste! a robberm
r9no) roya& o$$icers, ru&ers, authorities, kigDs o$$icers, m T H) kigsW om+ p&+ m+ o$ r@+ "s 0'L AG8YG9
poits out the term r@ has a $ar 2i!er meaig tha our term Zkig[+ #t ic&u!es moarchs, prices,
ob&eme, chie$tais etc+ "ccor!ig to the Nibh, Ni ### 8H, the p&ura& $orm r@no meas ay o$ those 2ho
ha%e the authority to puish+ <hey probab&y 2ere some ki! o$ ob&e roya& o$$icers or kightsW see 0'L AG9
a! a&so the Nibh to C0 G 2here a r@ is oe o$ the ki!s o$ persos stea&ig a bhikkhuDs robe+ <he
commetaries e5p&ai r@no as r@apurisa, kig^s me) S(a ### @@ ZTattha r@no ti r@apurise sandhya 3uttaA[ (o
S @77) Zm taA 'ahesuA r@noP), a! "(a ## 88 (o " # 8H) Z5@no 'ahet3 3i3idh kammakra> krenteti !oraA
87
'ahet3 3i3idh kammakra> r@apuris karonti,
#t is ot &ike&y that a kig himse&$ 2ou&! catch robbers but ha! roya& o$$icers or members o$ the roya& guar!
2ho 2ou&! !o that !irty Eob $or himW c$+ 4 ## 700 2here a robber gets caught a! is sho2 to the kig 2ho Eust
gi%es the ki! o$ puishmetW c$+ L ### GA$+ Zr@no pana t krenti nmaF[ # 4askrit r@an a! r@anya ca ha%e
the the meaig o$ Za ma o$ the roya& tribe or the mi&itary caste, a Kshatriya, a 2arrior[ see 6/ a! N#C4
## 27AY7G+
<he NibhaFga origi story at Ni ### 88 c&ear&y re$ers to a kig) Zkittakena kho *hikkhu r@ m'adho seniyo
*im*isro !oraA 'ahet3 hanati 3 *andhati 3 pa**@eti 3Pti a! it is there$ore best to keep this meaig,
a&though i the p&ura& sese it seems rather to ha%e the meaig o$ kig^s o$$icers+ 0erhaps, as e&se2here, both
seses are imp&ie!+
%ora?) the robberW acc+ sg+ m+
!ahet#) ha%ig caught, sei\e!, arreste!W abs+ o$ 'a>hti Mn'ah c >h_+ Cot a causati%e as m re!ers this a!
the e5t %erbs (Zkigs 2ou&! ha%e the robber arreste! a! either e5ecute!Z)W see #0 p+@HG+
#ahet3 is best tras&ate! as Zcaught[W see <h H8G) ZCoro yath sandhimukhe 'ah$to, sakammun haKKati
ppadhammoF[) ZKike a robber caught i a 2i!o2(opeig, is struck because o$ his o2 actio o$ e%i& ature
m [
haneyyum) they 2ou&! physica&&y puish, m) e5ecute, Horer) $&og, Corma) beatW @ p&+ opt+ o$ hanati Mnhan
c a_+ 4ee the Nibh 0a!abhEaa that sho2s he is struckebeate by ha!, $oot, or stick etc+ Kkh 8H) ZQI
hatthd$hi 3 potheyyuA satthena 3 !hindeyyuA+Z C$+ 6 # 8H 2here the types o$ physica& puishmet gi%e by
the kig to oe caught $or some misbeha%iour are &iste!W ic&u!ig $&oggig 2ith 2hips, c&ubs a! cuttig
2ith ki$es etc+ "t 4 ## 700 a robber has bee caught a!, 2he sho2 to the kig, gets setece! to be struck
by s2or!s+
bandheyyu?) they 2ou&! bi!, imprisoW @ p&+ opt+ o$ *andhati Mn*andh c a_F
"abb9eyyu?) they 2ou&! baish, e5i&eW @ p&+ opt+ o$ pa**@eti Mpa c nM3_3a@ c e_, the causati%e o$ pa**a@ati, use!
i a !oub&e sese o$ Zmake go $orth] (as a sama>a) a! Zto baish]+ (For (33( d (**(W see C0 78) !ha**assni)
%oroAsi) you are a robberW X Euctio o$ !oro c asi i 2hich the a o$ asi is e&i!e!W 0R j H7,7a+ X %oro) see abo%e n
asi) you areW 2 sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ atthi Mnas_+
bloAsi) you are a $oo&W blo) $oo&W om+ sg+ m+ n asi+
m.*hoAsi) you are isae, oe 2ho has goe astray, a ma!ma, you are stupi!+ m.*ho) oe 2ho is astray, a
stupi! perso, a ma!ma,W p+p+ o$ muyhati Mnmuh c ya_) oe is co$use!, use! as a ou or as a a!Eecti%e
,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! omiati%e persoa& proou t3aA) you+ C$+ 6 # @G8) Zm7Jhassa 3 ma''aA
!ikkheyyaZ) Zshou&! poit out the (right) 2ay to oe 2ho is astrayeco$use!+[
<he 6m 4e rea!ig muJho is a corruptio+ 6m 4e has the (7( correct&y i am7Jha3inayoW see "!hik+
thenoAs4 ti) you are a thie$W X theno) thie$W om+ sg+ m+ n asi o$ 2hich the iitia& a- has bee e&i!e! i the
Euctio 2ith theno a! the $ia& (i has bee &egthee! !ue to beig $o&&o2e! by ti n ti) e! ,uoteW see abo%e
Ci!+
tathr."a?) o$ such a ki!, m atureW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig adinnaA, see Nibh+ X BahubbJhi cp!W see #0 p+789 T
Ni # 7G+ #t is ot agreeig 2ith *hikkhu, as this 2ou&! re,uire a omiati%e e!ig, but it is a corre&ati%e to
yathr7pe+ 0a!abhEaa) Zm tathr7paA nma pdaA Q] (as $or yathr7pe)+ C$+ 6% # H,8eNi # 7G) ZQ
yan7nhaA tathr7paA iddh*hisaAkhraA a*hisa=khreyyaA, yath seCChi Q yassaA ku%%aputtaA na passeyy tiF[
diyamno) takigW pr+p+ o$ diyati M c nd c i c ya_, the passi%e $orm o$ dti) see abo%e+
ayam1"i) this oe tooW X aya?) this oe, heW om+ sg+ m+ !em+ pro+ ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! *hikkhuF <his
c&ause is corre&ati%e to the ZGo pana Q Z mai c&ause abo%e+ <he $ia& (A o$ ayaA has bee pa&ata&ise! to $orm
a sa!hi 2ith the itia& p- o$ piF n "i) too, a&soW i!ec&+ (ec&itic $orm o$ api)+
"r9iko hoti asa?#so) see 0r 7+
82
>Pr H3 2anussa#i!!ahasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu saN%i%%a manussa#i!!aha? 94#it #oro"eyya( satthahraka? #ssa "ariyeseyya(
maraEa#aEEa? # sa?#aEEeyya( maraEya # samda"eyya3 TAmbho "urisa( ki? tuyhGimin ""akena
du994#itenaJ 2atan1te
1KD
94#it seyyo tiLU( iti %ittamano %ittasaFka""o aneka"ariyyena maraEa#aEEa? #
sa?#aEEeyya( maraEya # samda"eyyaV ayam1"i "r9iko hoti( asa?#so.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (killin!) a human bein!@
/f any bhikkhu should deliberately de"ri#e a human bein! of life( or should seek an assassin for him( or
should "raise the attra%ti#eness of death( or should in%ite >him@ to death >sayin!@3 TDear man( 8hat >use@ is
this bad( 8ret%hed life for youJ Death is better than life for youLU should he( >ha#in!@ su%h1thou!ht1and1
mind( >ha#in! su%h1@ thou!ht1and1intention( "raise in manifold 8ays the beauty of death or in%ite >him@ to
death( he also is dis7ualified( not in %ommunion.
Oo "ana bhikkhu) see Ci! T 0r 7+
saN%i%%a) !e&iberate&y, H) itetioa&&y, m) purpose&yW a!%+ to 3oropeyya, k the abs+ (Zha%ig ite!e![) o$
saK!inteti) p&as, ite!s, thiks o%erW pre$+ saA) 2ith n !inteti) thiks (o%er), p&as+ (!itta) mi!eheart 2as
origia&&y a p+p+ o$ this %erb i 4kt+)
manussa#i!!aha?) a huma beig, oe 2ho has take a huma $ormW acc+ sg+ m+ or t+W X manussa) a huma
beigW m+ n #i!!aha) a $igure, appearace, $orm, presece, perso, &it+) Za takig ho&! o$]W $r+ 3i''a>hti M3i c
nM'_'ah c >ha_W c$+ 0c H+ Co e5act tras&atio is possib&e o$ this rare 2or! that might ha%e bee i use i the
secu&ar &a2 system i 6aga!ha+ X 4kt 3i'raha) keepig apart, separate, i+e+) i!i%i!ua& $orm, $orm, the bo!y,
embo!imetW see 6/ 9AH+
6aybe the (3i''aha, 2hich is euter i ge!er a! there$ore ca re$er to both ma&es a! $ema&es, has bee
a!!e! because manussa, by itse&$, is mascu&ie i ge!er+ <he compou! manussitthi is use! to !eote a
huma $ema&eW see 0'L+
<he 0a!abhEaa o&y e5p&ais the app&icatio rather tha the meaig o$ this 2or!) Z2anussa3i''aho nma
yaA mtuku!!hismiA paChamaA !ittaA uppannaA paChamaA 3iKK>aA ptu*h7taA y3a mara>ak%, etthantare eso
manussa3i''aho nmaF[) Z2anussa3i'aha is the $irst meta&ity (!itta) arise i the motherDs 2omb, the $irst
cosciousess that has become mai$est, uti& the time o$ !eath, i bet2ee this this oe is ca&&e! a
manussa3i''aha+[
<he 6? %ersio ic&u!es both manussa a! manussa3i''aha i the ru&e) Z1yaO punar *hik+ur manu+yam 3
manu+yad3i'rahaA @$3itd 3yaparopaye! Q[W KC @+ <he 4a %ersio (0r6o4a p+7G8) has othig correspo!ig to
manussa3i''aha (yaO punar *hik+ur manu+yaA s3ahastena saA!intya @$3itd 3yparopayeQ), ho2e%er, the
tras&atios $rom the Chiese i Fiot 7H 1Zparei% Q un utre humain[3 a! C40 HA 1Za ma(&ike beig[3 suggest
that there 2as a 4a mauscript tra!itio 2hich ic&u!e! it+
94#it #oro"eyya) shou&! !epri%e o$ &i$e, shou&! take a2ay $rom &i$e, m, H, Vinaya Texts) shou&! !epri%e o$
&i$e+ 0a!abhEaa) ZQI @$3itindriyaA upa!!hindati uparodheti santatiA 3ikopetiF[
94#it) &it+) $rom &i$eW ab&+ sg+ t+ o$ @$3ita+ <his 2or! ca ot be tras&ate! as a ab&ati%e i 'g&ish 2ith the %erb
Z!epri%e[ that takes a geiti%e, but there is o other suitab&e tras&atio o$ 3oropeti
#oro"eyya) shou&! !epri%e o$, berea%e o$W @ sg+ opt+ 0ossib&y 1#1) cou&! be a euphoic cosoat use! to &ik
the $ia& ( o$ @$3it a! the itia& o( o$ oropeyya+ n oro"eyya) shou&! !epri%eW @ sg+ opt+ o$ oropeti the causati%e
o$ orohati Ma3a c nrup c a_) puts !o2, takes !o2, remo%es (hair etc+)+
C0'L 2A7 takes it as @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3oropeti M3i c a3a c nrup c a_+
Reiger i 0R j GG,7 a! H2,2 gi%es the prothetic 3( be$ore the %o2e&s u T o as a $ossi&ise! Euctio($orm $rom
4askritW i+e+, 0;i 3oropeti correspo!s to 4askrit a3aropayati, 3uCChpana at 4! 72 X utthpana i 4kt, 3utta at
0c G8 X 4kt ukta, a! 3ossa at 0! 2 X 4kt a3asya+
150
Lm) mataA te+
8@
<he 4kt $orm gi%e i 0r6o4a p+7G8 a! KC @ is 3yaparopaye, the optati%e $orm o$ 3yaparopayati the causati%e
o$ the 4kt %erb 3yaparuhati (3y-apa-nruh)) &ays asi!e, remo%e, !epri%e o$, e5pe& $rom (is+ or ab&+)W see 6/
70@7+ 6(K) 3yparopeyaW BN 80+
satthahraka?) assassi, ki$e(carrier, oe 2ho brigs the ki$e, m) (&i$e() takig ki$e, H) ki$e(brigerW
acc+ sg+ m+ X sattha) ki$eW t+ n hraka) carrier, takerW aget(ou, stregthee! char n aget(su$$i5 (aka+ m
tras&ates it as Z(&i$e() takig ki$e], but see C0 7G 2here hraka uambiguous&y meas Zcarrier+[ '&se2here i
the 0;i Cao ZsatthaA harati[ is use! $or a bhikkhu committig suici!e by takig a ki$eW see 4 # 727, ### 72@,
#N A9 T G@, N @20+ # the origi(story to this ru&e it is a sham(rec&use 2ho takes the &i%es o$ bhikkhus 2ith a
sharp ki$e, ti>haA siA, a$ter beig re,ueste! by them to !o so+ <he cote5t o$ 4 #N G@ a&so makes it c&ear that
2ith satthahraka aother perso 2ho ki&&s 2ith a ki$e is meat+
#ssa) X #W orW see 0r 2+ n assa) $or himW !at+ sg+ m+ o$ ayaAW see abo%e Ci!+
"ariyeseyya) shou&! seek, i+e+, seek out, pro%i!eW @ sg+ opt+ o$ pariyeseti Mpari c nes c a_+
maraEa#aEEa?) attracti%eess o$ !eath, H) beauty o$ !eath, m) a!%atages i !eathW acc+ sg+ m+ X Re+ tapp+
cp!+ X maraEa) !eath (t+) n #aEEa) attracti%eess, beauty, g&ory, praise+
# : # :3 or m or mW see abo%e+
sa?#aEEeyya) shou&! praise, e5a&tW @ sg+ opt+ o$ saA3a>>eti MsaA c n3a>> c e_+
maraEya) to !eathW !at+ sg+ t+ o$ mara>a) see abo%e+
samda"eyya) H) shou&! icite, m) ecourageW @ sg+ opt+ o$ samdapeti (saA c c nd c pe_, the causati%e
$orm o$ qsamdti+
ambho) Z# sayp,[ZHeyp,[ ZHop,[ ZKookp[W co&&o,uia& e5c&amatory partic&e use! to a!!ress someoe
%igourous&y a! 2hich ca a&so e5press a s&ight reproach) ZUou $oo&ish map+[
"urisa) mapW %oc+ sg+ m+ C$+ 4! A+
ambho "urisa)ZLear map,[ ZHey map,[ H) ZHu&&o there, my ma, m,[ m) goo! ma+
ki?) 2hat (useg)W t+ iter+ pro+
tuyhGimin) X Suctio o$ tuyhaA c imin i 2hich the (aA o$ tuyhaA has bee e&i!e! be$ore a %o2e&+ C$+ 4!
72) aKKamaKKa3a!anena a! Lhp 78@) *uddhnassanaAW 0R j H7,2a+
tuyhG) to you, X tuyhaAW !at+ o$ pers+ pro+ t3aA+ imin) 2ith thisW is+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ idaA+
""akena) ba!, e%i&, !emeritoriousW a!E+ X ppa) ba!, !emerit (opposite o$ puKKa) n co+ su$+ (ika+
du994#itena) !i$$icu&t &i$e, ba! &i$eW is+ sg+ t+ X duMr_) !i$$icu&t, ba!W peEorati%e pre$i5+ C$+ du**a%ya at 0r 7+ n
@$3ita) see abo%e+ <he (r o$ dur( is assimi&ate! to the iitia& @( o$ @i3$ta as the cosoat combiatio (r@( !oes
ot occur i 0;iW see 0R j A7 T GH+
matan1te) X mataA c te+ mata?) !eathW om+ sg+ t+, p+p+ o$ marati (nmar c a) use! as a ou i acc+ sg+ t+ C$)
4 880) ZSa='ame me mataA seyyo, yaK-!e @$3e par@itoF[) ZLeath i batt&e is better $or me tha beig a !e$eate!
oe i &i$e+[
te) $or youW !at+ sg+ t+ o$ pers+ pro+ t3aA+
94#it) tha &i$eW ab&+ sg+ t+ "b&+ o$ compariso costrue! 2ith seyyo+
seyyo) better, superiorW a!%+ei!ec&+ Comparati%e use! as a!%erb takig a ab&+ o$ compariso+ X 4kt YreyasF "
comparati%e $orm o$ the ou sir$) Z&uck], see #0 p+72A, use! as a om+ sg+ t+ a!%erb to a ue5presse! %erb
hotiW see Lhp HG) Zm seyyo hoti na ppiyo++[ 4ee 0R j 700+@, 0'L H2@, 4yta5 7@2a+
ti) Zm,[ e! ,uoteW see abo%e Ci!+
iti) such, thus, soW iti is a !eictic partic&e re$errig to a statemet that is Eust metioe! or that $o&&o2s, here it
re$ers to the moti%e o$ 2atig to cause !eathW see #0 p+@G+
%ittamano;iti%ittamano) 2ho has such mi!(a!(thought, thus(mi!(a!(thought, m) 2ith such thoughts
i mi!, H) so the mi! a! thoughtW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig *hikkhu, the meaigs o$ this compou! a! the e5t
oe, !ittasa=kappa, are ot tota&&y c&ear as the compou!s are ot $ou! ay2here e&se i the 0;i Cao+ #t is
88
probab&y a !%a!a(compou! or perhaps a &ocati%e tappurisa compou!+ 0a!abhEaa) ZIti !ittamano tiI yaA
!ittaA taA mano, yaA mano taA !ittaA+[) Z]<hus(mi!(a!(thought^) 2hat is mi! that is thought, 2hat is
thought that is mi!+[
#t is possib&e that iti is ic&u!e! i the compou!, &ike i the simi&ar compou!s iti3da or itihsa, so that it is
oe 2or!, but there is o iti i the $o&&o2ig compou!) !ittasa=kappa ("&though it is imp&ie! accor!ig to the
4pW see be&o2+) so iti a! !ittamano are probab&y t2o 2or!s+ C$+ the simi&ar costructio Ziti @nmi iti passmiP
i 0r 8+ #t is a&so possib&e that iti Eust re$ers to the prece!ig ,uotatio a! coects it to 2hat $o&&o2s rather
tha !e$iig the cotets o$ the mi! o$ the oe 2ho icites sice 2hat prece!es iti is a ,uotatio o$ the
icitig speech rather tha a ,uotatio o$ the thoughts o$ the iciter+ Cittamano a! !ittasa=kappo 2ou&! the
emphasise that the mi! o$ the iciter is $u&&y a2are o$ 2hat he icites by 2ay o$ speech a! that the actio
2as ot !oe uitetioa&&yW see the o(o$$ece c&auses at Ni ### H8+ C$+ L ### 70@) Z&3aA pi te mano itthaA pi
te mano iti pi te !ittaAFP
<he Criti!a% PJi "i!tionary takes it to be oe 2or!) Ziti!ittamano!ittasaAkappo,P but, as Hi`ber poits out i
4004 7@8, this goes agaist the etire 0;i tra!itio sice the 0a!abhEaa a! the commetaries commet
upo t2o 2or!s+ <he para&&e&s $ou! i the Prtimok+as7tras ha%e t2o 2or!s+
Citta meas Zmi![ as 2e&& as Zitetio[ or Zthought+[ Kater i the 4utta%ibhaFga sectio !ea&ig 2ith this
ru&e (Ni # H9 $+) oe $i!s the Bu!!ha askig !oubters Z/iA!ittog[ Z/hat itetioethoughtg[ to 2hich the
bhikkhu as2ers) ZasaK!i!!o ahaA Q[) Z# !i! ot ite!,[ or ZnhaA mara>dhipyo+[ Z# !i!]t mea !eath+[
<he commetary seems to take it as a !%a!a+ 4p 882) ZIti!ittamanoI iti!itto itimanoI mataA te @$3it seyyo ti,
ettha 3uttamara>a!itto mara>amano ti atthoF Gasm pan8ettha mano !ittasaddassa atthad$panatthaA 3utto, atthato
panetaA u*hayam-pi ekam-e3a, tasm tassa atthato a*hedaA dassetuAF[) Z<hus(mi!, thus(thought) ha%ig sai!
ZLeath is better tha &i$e $or youp[ the !eath(mi! (a!) !eath thought i this coectio is the meaig+
<here$ore here ]thought^ (mano) has bee sai! to e&uci!ate the meaig o$ the 2or! ]mi!D (!itta), ho2e%er,
the meaig is Eust the same $or both, there$ore the meaig is to be sho2 u!i%i!e!+[
%ittasaFka""o) mi! a! itetio, or) mi!(itetio, m) such itetios i mi!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig bhikkhu+
Sust as 2ith the pre%ious compou! the meaig o$ this compou! too is ot tota&&y c&ear+ #t cou&! be a
!%a!a or a &ocati%e tappurisa cp!+ Nibh) Zm mara>asaKK$ mara>a!etano mara>dhipyo+[
<he commetary says that the 2or! iti is imp&ie!) Zm i this &ie the iti 2or! has to be brought i $or
assistace (adhikra)+ <his ]such thought a! itetio,] a&though ot sai! so, it is to be u!erstoo! as) ]it is
Eust sai! $or assistace+^ For 2he i!icatig Eust that meaig o$ it i that 2ay, ]perceptio o$ !eath^ 2as sai!
at the start+ But because sa=kappa here is ot the !esigatio $or thought (3itakka), e%erthe&ess it is a
!esigatio $or mere p&aig (saA3idahana)+ "! that p&aig is ic&u!e! i this meaig through
perceptio a! itetio a! 2ishig, there$ore ]the mi! is %arious itetios^ is ]!ittasa=kappa,^ thus the
meaig is to be sho2+ <hus, i the 0a!abhEaa its (meaig) has bee sai! through perceptio(itetio(
2ish, a! here ]2ish^ is to be u!erstoo! as ]thought+^[
4p 882) ZCittasa=kappo ti imasmiA pade adhikra3asena iti-saddo harita**oF IdaA hi iti!ittasa=kappo ti e3aA
a3uttam-pi adhikrato 3uttam-e3a hot$ ti 3edita**aAF Tath hi8ssa tam-e3a atthaA dassento mara>asaKK$ ti dim haF
Gasm !iettha sa=kappo ti na idaA 3itakkassa nmaA, atha kho saA3idahanamattassa adhi3a!anaAF TaK-!a
saA3idahanaA imasmiA atthe saKK!etandhippyehi sa='ahaA 'a!!hati, tasm !itto nnappakrako sa=kappo ass ti
!ittasa=kappo`ti e3aA atthaA daCCha**oF Tath hi8ssa pada*h@aniyaA pi saKK!etandhipya3asena 3uttaAF &ttha !a
adhippyo ti 3itakko 3edita**o+Z
saFka""a) itetio, purpose, moti%eW pre$+ saA n kappa, $r+ kappeti (nkapp c e)) prepares, makesW c$+ "iy 7+
aneka"ariyyena) i mai$o&! 2ays, by %arious 2ays, mu&ti$arious&yW a!%+ # the 0;i the 2or! is sigu&ar)
Zi a mai$o&! 2ay,[ but i 'g&ish the sese is e5presse! by the p&ura&+ Kamma!hraya cp! use! as a
a!%erb i is+ sg+ m+ " a!%erb o$ maer) Zmu&ti$arious&y[W see 4yta5 j HAa+ X aneka) may, mai$o&!,
%arious, &it+ Zot oe[W a!E+ X eg+ pre$+ an( n umera& eka) oe+ n "ariyya) maer, 2ay, metho!, &it+ Zgoig
arou![W pre$+ pari) arou! n ci d aya) to go+ C$+ 0c 79 a! G8+
maraEa#aEEa? : asa?#so) see abo%e+
8A
>Pr R3 6ttarimanussadhammasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu anabhi9na? uttarimanussadhamma? att."anyika? alamariyaNEadassana?
1K1
samud%areyya3 T/ti 9nmi( iti "assm4 tiLU( tato a"arena samayena samanu!!hiyamno
1KC
#
asamanu!!hiyamno
1KH
# "anno #isuddh"ekkho e#a? #adeyya3 TA9nam1e#ha?
1KR
#uso a#a%a?3
G\nmiLA a"assa?3 GPassmiLA Tu%%ha? mus #ila"in1tiU( aNNatra adhimn( ayam1"i "r9iko hoti(
asa?#so.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on su"erhuman states@
/f any bhikkhu( >thou!h@ not dire%tly kno8in! >it@( should %laim a su"erhuman state "ertainin! to himself(
>a state of@ kno8in! and seein! >that is@ suitable for the noble >ones@( >sayin!@3 TThus / kno8L Thus / seeL(U
>and@ then( on another o%%asion( >8hether@ bein! interro!ated or not bein! interro!ated( ha#in! %ommitted
>the offen%e@( desirin! "urifi%ation( should say so3 T>Althou!h@ not kno8in! >it(@ / s"oke thus >sayin!@3 G/
kno8(X not seein! >it( / s"oke( sayin!3@ G/ see.X / bluffed #ainly >and@ falsely(U e+%e"t >8hen said@ in
o#erestimation( he also is dis7ualified( not in %ommunion.
Oo "ana bhikkhu) see abo%e+
anabhi9na?) ot !irect&y ko2ig, H) ot ko2ig it $u&&y, ha%ig o ac,uaitaceW eg+ pre$+ an( n om+
sg+ m+ 0r+p+ i (aA agreeig 2ith *hikkhuF 0r+p+ o$ a*hi@nti (a*hi c nK c >)) !irect&y ko2s, ko2s through
e5periece+ (0re$+ a*hi) o%er, o top o$ n @nti) ko2sW see be&o2+)
uttarimanussadhamma?) a superhuma state, a state beyo! humas, H) a state o$ $urther(me, m)
superior huma stateW acc+ sg+ m+ Reiti%e tapp+ cp!+ cotaiig a kamma!hraya) uttarimanussa)
superhuma, beyo! huma, superior huma+ X uttari) beyo!, o%erW a!E+ or i!ec&+ C$+ C0 @+ X the
comparati%e a!Eecti%a& $orm base! o ud) upe abo%eW i+e+, ud n tara+ <he super&ati%e $orm is uttama+
)ttari is ot the cp! $orm o$ the a!Eecti%e uttara as this is !eri%e! $rom the %erb uttarati Mud c ntar c a_) crosses
o%er, goes beyo!+ )ttari i combiatio 2ith a ab&ati%e (or Zgo%erig[ a ab&ati%e) meas) beyo!,
$urther, superior toW see L0 a! C0L+
n manussa) huma beig n dhamma) stateW see abo%e Ci!+
4p 8H8) Z)ttarimanussadhammo tiI manusse utti>>adhammassa: manusse atikkamit3 *rahmattaA 3 ni**naA 3
ppanakadhammass ti atthoF )ttarimanussnaA 3 seCChapurisnaA @hy$naK-!a ariynaK-!a dhammassa+[)
Z)ttarimanussadhamma) a state o$ oe goe beyo! humas, ha%ig passe! beyo! humas a state o$ oe
2ho has reache! the state o$ *rahm or (has reache! the state o$) ,uechig, is the meaig+ :r a state o$
superhumas, o$ the best persos, o$ me!itators a! ob&e oes+[ C$+ 4yta5 j 7@2b, L(a @@8 to L # 277,70, L(a
87H to L ### 72, a! 4(a ### 707 to 4 #N @00$, 2here uttarimanussadhamm i Zuttarimanussadhamm
iddhipCihriyaA[ is e5p&aie! as Za !isp&ay o$ po2er that is beyo! a huma stateZ
# the Lasa!hammasuttata (" N 88e"C 70,88) a! e&se2here (see C0L T L0) the phrase ZuttariA
manussadhamm a%amariyaK>adassana3iseso[) Za !istictio su$$iciet $or ob&e ko2&e!ge a! %isio that is
beyo! the huma orm[ is $ou!+ <his suggests that uttariMA_ is a i!ec&iab&e takig a ab&ati%e
(manussadhamm)) beyo! the huma stateerageeorm or a state+ #t might be that the 0timokkha $orm here
is a !eri%atio o$ this $orm+ C0L s% uttariMA_ 2 states that uttariA i this e5pressio is a a!Eecti%e to
a%amariyaK>adassana3isesa or iddhipCihriya a! C0L states a&so that uttarimanussadhamma is a abstractio
$rom the abo%e e5pressio uttariA manussadhamm a! meas) Zsuperior to the huma orm, superhuma[
as a!Eecti%e a! Zsuperhuma orm or ,ua&ity[ as substati%e mascu&ie ou+ /iEesekera i 4yta5 j 7@2,b
T + 7A a&so suggests the ab&ati%e meaig) Ze5ce&&ig those o$ huma ature+[
#$ the meaig 2as ZsuperhumaDs state[ the it 2ou&! be har! to e5p&ai 2hy uttara or uttama ha%e ot bee
151
R) (dassa>aA+
152
Lm) (''ah$ya(+
153
Lm) (''ah$ya(+
154
C, L, /, Lm, 6i 4e, Bh0m 7 T 2, -m, .a) a@name3aA 3uso+ Nibh 'e, -0, 6m 4e) a@naA e3aA 3uso+
8G
use! istea! o$ uttari+ <he 4p a&&o2s $or both iterpretatios a&though it coects uttari 2ith utti>>a the p+p+
o$ uttarati) passes beyo!+
<he ab&ati%e $orm is a&so $ou!, besi!es the other $orm, i the scriptures o$ other ear&y Bu!!hist schoo&sW see
BH4RL p+72@ ((728)) Zuttari manu+yadharmd Q @KnadarYana3iYe+aA sak+tkartumP) Zm beyo! huma
co!itios[ (KN 28G,7G)+
Compare Ni ### A) Zm di**ena !akkhun Q ati!!antamnusa!ena Q [) Z2ith the !i%ie eye m 2hich
trasce!s the huma (eye)[ (4p) Zmanuss7pa!raA atikkamit3[), Sa N# 8@9Y880) Zat$tamnusaMka_[) Zsurpassig
huma po2er or sta!ar!, (Sa(a) Zmanussehi katta**aA kammaA at$taA,P Lhp @H@) Zm santa!ittassa *hikkhuno
amnus/ rat/ hoti Q[) ZFor the bhikkhu 2ho has a peace$u& mi! m there is a o(huma !e&ight+[ (Lhp")
Zdi** rati[)
att."anyika?) pertaiig to himse&$, cocerig himse&$, m) preset i himse&$, H) 2ith re$erece to
himse&$W a!E+ BahubbJhi cp!+ X att) se&$, oese&$ n u"anyika) 2ith re$erece to, cocerig, app&yig toW a!E+
!er+ $r+ pre$+ upa() up, ear n naya) i$erece etc+, $r+ nayati (nni c a)) i$ers, co!ucts n co+ su$+ (ika+
alamariyaNEadassana?) ko2ig a! seeig that is suitab&e $or the ob&e oes, m) 2orthy o$ the Cob&e
:es^ ko2&e!ge a! %isio, H) su$$iciet ariya ko2&e!ge a! isight, 2idd%e 1en'th "is!ourses of the
Buddha (amo&i a! Bo!hi) + 7H8) ko2&e!ge a! %isio 2orthy o$ a ob&e oe, Corma) ko2&e!ge a!
%isio !eser%ig the ame ob&eW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig uttarimanussadhammaA+ Kamma!hraya use! as a
bahubbJhi cp! cotaiig a !ati%e tappurisa use! as a bahubbJhi cp!) a%amariya a! a !%a!a) K>adassana+
Cot aa&yse! i the 0a!abhEaa+
A%amariya takes a !ati%e o$ a!%atage or a i$iiti%eW see L0 2@HY@8+ :ther compou!s i%o&%ig a%aA( such
as a%amattha (competet), a%amattha3i!intaka (ab&e to !iscer the goa&), a%ampaKKa (suitab&e $or 2is!om),
a%aAsa@$3a (suitab&e $or the commua& &i$e)_a&& are !ati%e (o$ a!%atage) tappurisa cp!s+
"&though the commetaries ,uote! be&o2 most&y take ariya i a%amariya to re$er to the ob&e state (ariya*h3a),
# pre$er the seco! iterpretatio o$ "(a to " #N @G@) Zob&e oes[ (ariy), as the ou ariya re$ers to ob&e
persos i the 0;i Cao rather tha to the ob&e stateW e+g+ Zariyassa 3inaya[) Zthe Liscip&ie o$ the Cob&e
:e[ at 6 # @G0+
#t is 2orth2hi&e to ,uote Corma obser%atio i Z/hy are the Four Cob&e <ruths ca&&e! ]Cob&e] Z(C0 #N 7H7Y
7H8) here) Z#t is impossib&e to be certai o$ the origia& meaig o$ the compou! ariyasa!!ni+ "&most
certai&y, as it is ot ucommo i #!ia &aguages, o oe meaig 2as ite!e!, a! those 2ho use! the
2or! 2ere coscious o$ a&& the meaigs simu&taeous&y as they use! it+ # 'g&ish it has become sta!ar! to
use the tras&atio ]ob&e truth]+ /he 2e use this tras&atio 2e are e5c&u!ig the other e5p&aatios, a!
are i $act probab&y choosig the &east importat o$ the possib&e meaigs+ <o coc&u!e) those persos 2ho
$irst tras&ate! the compou! ariyasa!!ni ito 'g&ish cou&! ha%e tras&ate! Zthe ob&eDs truths,[ or Zthe
ob&es^ truths,[ or Zthe truths $or ob&es,[ or Zthe obi&isig truths,[ or Zthe ob&e truths,[ but they cou&!
o&y ha%e oe o$ them+ <he oe they choose 2as per$ect&y correct, but it 2as o&y part o$ the tras&atio+[
<here are !i$$eret iterpretatios i the commetaries+
4p 88H sp&its the cp! ito a%aA n ariyaK>adassana) ZAriyaK>adassanaI a%aA pariyattaA ki%esa-3iddhaAsana-
samatthaA ariya-K>adassanam-ettha, @hndi*hede uttarimanussadhamme a%aA 3 ariyaK>adassanam-ass ti
a%amariyaK>adassanoF TaA a%amariyaK>adassanaA uttarimanussadhamman-ti e3aA padatthasam*andho 3edita**o+[)
ZCob&e ko2ig a! seeig) here (it is) ob&e ko2ig T seeig that is suitab&e (a%aA), su$$iciet (pariyatta_,
capab&eeco!uci%e (samattha) to !estroy !e$i&emets, or 2he the superhuma states o$ the @hna(ki! etc
(@hn-di-*hede) 2ou&! be suitab&eesu$$iciet $or ob&e ko2ig a! seeig) suitab&e $or ob&e ko2ig T
seeig+ <hat suitab&e ob&e ko2ig a! seeig is a superhuma state, thus the coectioesyta5 o$ the
meaig o$ the 2or! is to be u!erstoo!+[
Ho2e%er, 6(a to 6 # G8 has) ZTattha a%amariyaA ktun ti a%amariyo, ariya*h3ya samattho ti 3uttaA hotiF[)
suitab&e to make ob&e, suitab&e $or the ob&e (state)) co!uci%e $or the ob&e state is sai!+[ A-a to "N 88I XQ
ariyaA 3isuddhaA uttamaA K>aA dassanan-ti ariyaK>adassanaA, a%aA pariyattakataA ki%esa++(as Ni")[) Z<he
ob&e, pure, highest ko2&e!ge a! seeig, suitab&e, su$$iciet to !o, capab&e to !estroy !e$i&emets m (as
8H
4p)+ Further, i LC a! "C a%amariya occurs by itse&$) L # 7G@) Zm !hamm QMna_ a%amariy Mna_
a%amariyasankhat QZ L(a) Z6a a%amariy niddosaCChena ariy *ha3ituA n%aA asamatth+[) Zm ot
co!uci%eecapab&e to become $au&t&ess++[ L(a to L ### 82) Z6a a%amariyan-ti ariya*h3e asamatth+[ "(a to " #N
@G@) Z6%amariyI ariya*h3aA ktuA asamatth, ariynaA 3 ananu!!ha3ik[) ZCot co!uci%eecapab&e to make
the ob&e stateW ot suitab&e $or ob&e oes+[ <hese "C T LC re$ereces sho2 that a%aA c ariya act together as
a bahubbJhi cp! a! are ot o&y $ou! i the cp!+ a%amariya-K>adassana+
ala?) suitab&e, 2orthy, proper, su$$iciet, sure&y, rea&&yW the basic meaig is Zeough] (see 4! 7@, "iy 7 n
2)W i!ec&+ 2hich takes a !ati%e+ n ariya) a ob&e oe, ob&e (a!E+)+ #t is ucertai 2hether ariya is here a ou,
i+e+, ob&e oe, as amo&i a! Bh+ Bo!hi (799A) take it, or a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig K>adassana as Horer a!
Corma_$o&&o2ig 4p_take it+ A%amariya occurs as a separate 2or!_see abo%e_so it is possib&e that a%aA
takes ariya as a !ati%e ou+ Ho2e%er, the reso&utio o$ the simi&ar compou! a%amattha3i!intaka (competet
to see the goa&) i 2hich a%aA takes the geiti%e tappurisa attha3i!intaka rather tha attha i!icates that the
e5p&aatio o$ 4p ca be correct+ <h(a to <h 2A2) ZAttha3i!intakan-tiI attano paresaA !a atthaA hitaA 3i!intetuA
samatthaA+[
alamariya) suitab&e $or the ob&e (oes), su$$iciet $or the ob&e (state)W a!E+ Lati%e tappurisa use! as
bahubbJhi cp!+
NEadassana3 ko2ig a! seeigW !%a!a(cp! X NEa) ko2ig, ko2&e!geW (cp+ @nana) $r+ @nti, see be&o2
n dassana) seeig, %isioW actio(ou $r+ cdis+
samud%areyya3 shou&! &ay c&aim to, assert, H) boast, m) suggestW @ sg+ opt+ o$ samud!arati MsaA c ud c c
n!ar c a_) a!!resses, assai&s, be$a&&sW the pa!abhEaa e5p&ais as ro!eyya) shou&! aouceW @ sg+ opt+ o$
ro!etiW see abo%e Ci!+ (C$+ 0c 8) Zm uttarimanussa-dhammaA ro!eyya Q[) #t seems that samud!arati has a
stroger, more egati%e cootatio tha ro!etiW c$+ Ni # 9) Z2 *hikkha3e Tath'ataA nmaA samud!aratha+[
ZBhikkhus, !o ot a!!ress the 4uch(goe 2ith a ame+Z
iti3 thusW see abo%e 0r @+
9nmi3 # ko2W 7 sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ @nti MnK c >_) ko2s+ iti3 see abo%e+
"assm4 ti3 T# see,[X "assmi) # seeW 7 sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ passati Mndis c a_ c ti) ,uotatio markW see abo%e Ci!+
tato3 the, therea$ter, thereupo, m) a! a$ter2ar!s, H) theW !em+ pro+ taMd_ 2ith the ab&ati%a& su$$i5 (to+
C$+ Lhp 7, @G9, @HG, a! C0 @ T H
a"arena samayena) m) o aother occasio, H) i$ &ater o, Corma) a$ter2ar!s, /ar!er) at aother time,
a$ter some timeW i!iom e5pressig a i!e$iite poit i time, see 4yta5 j H9b a! #0 p+8A+
a"arena3 aother, i+e+, e5t, $o&&o2igW a!E+, !irectioa& pre$+ apa n comp+ su$+ (ra+ (Cot a- c para+)
samayena3 at a occasio, meetig, &it+) comig togetherW is+ sg+ m+ #strumeta& use! i a &ocati%e sese, i+e+,
time at 2hichW see #0 p+8A a! 4yta5 j H9b+ X pre$+ saA) together n ci [ aya) to go+
samanu!!hiyamno3 beig iterrogate!, beig (%erba&&y) presse!W passi%e pr+p+ om+ sg+ m+ o$
samanu''hati MsaA c anu c n'ah c a_) iterrogates, (%erba&&y) presses, asks $or reasos or meas+
asamanu!!hiyamno) ot beig iterrogate!W eg+ pre$+ a( n see abo%e+
#3 orW !isE+ partic&e+
"anno) ha%ig committe! (a 0rEika)W p+p+ o$ pa@@atiW see abo%e Ci!+ #t 2ou&! techica&&y be possib&e to
tras&ate panno as Zthe oe 2ho has o$$e!e![ or Zthe o$$e!er,[ i+e+, i the 2ay that it is use! i sotpanna,
Zstream(eterer,[ ho2e%er, it !oes ot seem to ha%e this sese i the Niaya a! the preset cote5t suggests
that it is a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig *hikkhuW see L0 s+%+ pa@@ati+
#isuddh"ekkho3 !esirig puri$icatio, &ogig $or puri$icatioW a!E+ (bb cp!) ,ua&i$yig *hikkhuW see abo%e
Ci!+
e#a?3 thusW a!%+ c$+ Ci!+
#adeyya3 shou&! sayW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3adati Mn3ad c a_) says+
a9nam1e#ha?3 a Euctio o$ a@naA c e3a through the 2eakeig o$ A, a! a Euctio o$ e3a c ahaA through
88
cotractio+
a9na?3 ot ko2ig, uko2ig, uko2ig&yW eg+ pre$+ a( n @naA) om+ sg+ m+ 0r+p+ o$ @nti (see abo%e)
i!icatig a actio takig p&ace cotemporari&y 2ith the mai actio (@nmi)+ #t is agreeig 2ith ahaA i
ge!er, case, a! umber+ 4ometimes preset particip&es &ike @naA are use! &ike i!ec&iab&es, i+e+, a!%erbsW
see 0erio&a, Pa%i #rammar, j 22H+ "!Eecti%es i (aA are sometimes use! as a!%erbs a! apparet&y this is a&so
!oe 2ith preset particip&es &ike @naA (a! a@naA) as preset particip&es are a!Eecti%es+
e#a) a&though, e%eW emphatic partic&e+
aha?) #W 7 sg+ pers+ pro+
<he Ce Nibh+ rea!ig a@name3haA 3uso is supporte! by the 0a!abhEaa) Z6haA ete dhamme @nmi Q[
a! a&so by the 0rtimok>as?tras o$ other schoo&s) 6(K) Zm a@nann e3ham yu+manto Q ZW BN 80, 0r6o6(
K p+H+ 6?) Zm a@nanty e3ham yu+manto Q ,[ KC 2, a!) Zm 3adde-@nanne3ham yub+manto Q[W 0r6o6?
p+7A+
#uso3 $rie!(s)W a!!ress to $e&&o2 bhikkhus, Euior or e,ua&, see ote o 3uso a! yasmanto i the Ci!+ Ca
be p&+ or sg+ Cotracte! co&&o,uia& $orm o$ 4kt yusmanto k 0;i yasmanto, 2ith y [ 3 a&teratio, c$+ 4ekh G0)
yudhaL3udha+
a#a%a?3 # sai!W 7 sg+ aor+ o$ 3adatiW see abo%e+ 9nmi3 see abo%e+
a"assa?3 ot seeigW eg+ pre$+ a- n pres+p+ o$ passati) see abo%e+ "assmi3 see abo%e+
tu%%ha?3 %ai&y, emptyW a!%erb+ Here the a!Eecti%e tu!!ha is use! as a a!%erb o$ maer i acc+ t+ sg+
mus3 $a&se&yW a!%+W c$+ Ci!+
#ila"in1ti X a Euctio o$ 3i%apiA a! ti through !eta&isatio o$ A+
#ila"i?) # b&u$$e!, boaste!, pratt&e!, babb&e!W 7 sg+ aor+ o$ 3i%apati (3i c n%ap c a) n ti) ,uotatio markW see
abo%e Ci!+ Corma, <0 70, tras&ates 3i%apiA as Zspoke[ i the same sese as %apati+ Ho2e%er, %apati ca ha%e
the sese o$ boastig, see kuhana T %apana as $orms o$ mi!!h@$3a, 6 ### HAW c$+ " ### 8@0+ BH4RL ## 8G7) Z%apana)++
boastig (o$ oeDs o2 re&igious ,ua&ities to e5tract gi$ts $rom patros)Wm[ :ther cote5ts i 0;i sho2 that
3i%apati !oes ot mea speakig, but has the sese o$ either 2ai&ig or moaig, e+g+ <h H0A, <hig 88G, or more
rare&y) empty speech, boastig, b&u$$igW e+g+ 6 # 2@8) ZVi%paA 3i%apitaA maKKe+[ (amo&i a! Bo!hi, 799A)
Zit 2as mere pratt&e[), 4 #N @88, @88) Zm te tu!!haA mus 3i%apanti Q+[
6/ 988 gi%es 3i%apati i the sese o$ 2ai&ig, chatter, a! ta&kig %arious&y, i!&y, 2i&!&y, a! ta&kig much+
tu%%ha? mus #ila"inti) Vinaya Texts) te&&ig a $ruit&ess $a&sehoo!, m) 2hat # sai! 2as %ai a! $a&se,
Corma) # spoke $a&se&y, &yig, Bo!hi (Bo!hi 2000, p+7@G2 tras&atio o$ 4 #N @88+)) Zthose 2ho pratt&e empty
$a&sehoo!+[
aNNatra) e5cept, u&ess, apart $rom, besi!eW prepositio that takes a ab&ati%e o$ !istaceeis+ o$ !issociatioW
see 4yta5 j 82a T 7@0c, #0 p+97+ #0 p+8G T 97 otes that aKKatra 2ith this ab&ati%e i ( is sometimes regar!e!
as a istrumeta& i (+ <he istrumeta& or ab&ati%e 2ith aKKatra !eotes the &imits o$ e5c&usio, the thig
set asi!e, or kept o$$ i reckoigW see 4yta5 82 a a! 7@0c+ <hus it is ot proper to re!er aKKatra as Ze5cept
through[ or Zby[ as i$ it 2ere a istrumeta& o$ meas or a ab&ati%e o$ cause+ C$+ C0 2, G, 0c 8H T 88+
adhimn) i o%erestimatio, $rom o%erestimatioW ab&+ sg+ m+, pre$+ adhi) e5cess n mna) coceit, pri!e+
>Pr9ika %on%lusion@
6ddiQQh kho yasmanto %attro "r9ik dhamm. Oesa? bhikkhu aNNatara? # aNNatara? # "a99it#
na labhati bhikkh.hi saddhi? sa?#sa?. Oath "ure( tath "a%%h( "r9iko hoti( asa?#so.
Tatthyasmante "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Dutiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
89
Tatiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
ParisuddhAetthyasmanto( tasm tuEh4( e#am1eta? dhraymi.
1KK
Pr(i!&uddeso ni**hito+
,01
Venerables( the four %ases in#ol#in! dis7ualifi%ation ha#e been re%ited( a bhikkhu 8ho has %ommitted
any one of them( does not obtain the %ommunion 8ith bhikkhus. As >he 8as@ before( so >he is@ after
>%ommittin! it@3 he is one 8ho is dis7ualified( not in %ommunion.
Con%ernin! that / ask the Venerables3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A se%ond time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A third time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
The #enerables are "ure in this( therefore there is silen%e( so do / bear this >in mind@.
The recitation o. the 2cases involving3 dis4uali.ication is .inished
udditQh) recite!W p+p+ o$ uddisatiW see abo%e Ci!+ kho) i!ee! (o ee! to tras&ate)W emph+ partic&e+
yasmanto) Neerab&esW %oc+ p&+ m+ 4ee Ci!+
%attro "r9ik dhamm) $our cases i%o&%ig !is,ua&i$icatioW see 0r itro+
yesa?) o$ them, &it+ o$ 2hichW ge+ p&+ m+ o$ re&+ pro+ ya+ bhikkhu) bhikkhuW om+ sg+ m+
aNNatara?) oe, a certai oeW pro+ a!E+ ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! pr@ikaAW pro+ aKKa) other n
comparati%e su$+ (tara+
#) orW !isEucti%e i!ec&+ partic&eW # : # :3 eitherm orm
aNNatara? # aNNatara? #) ay oe, oe or aother, ay oe+ C$+ 4! 2+
"a99it#) has committe!W abs+ o$ pa@@ati) see abo%e Ci!+ na) otW eg+ partic&e+
labhati) he obtais, getsW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ (n%a*h c a)+
bhikkh.hi) 2ith bhikkhusW is+ p&+ o$ *hikkhu+
saddhi?) togetherW (here)) postpositio takig is+
sa?#sa?) commuioW acc+ sg+ m+W see 0r 7+
yath) asW a!%+ o$ maer corre&ati%e to tathW see abo%e Ci!+ tath) soW a!%+ o$ maer corre&ati%e to yath+
Lem+ pro+ taMd_ n su$+ o$ maer -th+
"ure) be$ore, pre%ious&yW i!ec&+ "a%%h) a$ter, &ater, a$ter2ar!sW i!ec&+ From Ne!ic ab&+ sg+ paY!tW 4yta5 j 2
T 7@8 b+
yath "ure( tath "a%%h) as be$ore, so a$terW accor!ig to the 4p this i!iom meas that as the !is,ua&i$ie!
bhikkhu 2as be$ore he 2as i commuio 2ith the bhikkhu(commuity_a &ayma_so he is a$ter ha%ig
committe! oe o$ these o$$eces i%o&%ig !is,ua&i$icatio+ 4ee BL # 790 + @+
tatthA: dhraymi) see 4! itro+ n Ci!+ coc&+
"r9ikAuddeso) recitatio o$ the !is,ua&i$icatio (cases)W om+ sg+ m+ 4ee 0r itro+ <his is the seco! o$ the
$our 2ays o$ recitig the 0timokkha i brie$W see Z.ecitatio o$ the 0timokkha+[ sectio i the #tro!uctio+
(N+&+) pr@ik8uddeso dutiyo) the recitatio o$ the 1cases i%o&%ig3 !epri%atio is the seco! oe)+
niQQhito) $iishe!W see Ci! coc&+
155
Lm, -0, .a, -m) dhraym$ ti+ 4ee Ci!a coc&usio+
156
Lm) Pr@ikaA niCChitaA+ ! Ce, -0, -m, 6i 4e) Pr@ikuddeso dutiyoF
90
>&aFkhitta1"timokkhAuddesa@
>6ddiQQha? kho yasmanto nidna?( uddiQQh %attro "r9ik dhamm. &ut kho "anyasmantehi terasa
saF!hdises dhamm( d#e aniyat dhamm( ti?sa nissa!!iy "%ittiy dhamm( d#ena#uti "%ittiy
dhamm( %attro "Qidesaniy dhamm( "aN%asattati sekhiy dhamm( satta adhikaraEasamath dhamm(
ettaka? tassa bha!a#ato sutt!ata? sutta"ariy"anna? an#addhamsa? uddesa? !a%%hati( tattha
sabbehAe#a sama!!ehi sammodamnehi a#i#adamnehi sikkhitabban1ti.@
1K7

1<he 0timokkha .ecitatio i Brie$3
>Venerables( the introdu%tion has been re%ited( the four %ases in#ol#in! dis7ualifi%ation ha#e been re%ited.
=eard( by the #enerables( ha#e been the thirteen %ases >in#ol#in!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in
the rest ha#e been re%ited( the t8o indefinite %ases( the thirty %ases in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture( the
ninety1t8o %ases in#ol#in! e+"iation( the four %ases that are to be a%kno8led!ed( the %ases related to the
trainin!( the se#en %ases that are settlements of le!al issues.
This mu%h (trainin!1rule) of the <ortunate One has been handed do8n in the &utta( has been in%luded in
the &utta( %omes u" for re%itation half1monthly. y all 8ho are united( 8ho are on friendly terms( 8ho are
not dis"utin!( is to trained herein.@
1For the aa&ysis o$ the 2or!s $ou! e&se2here i this 2ork, p&ease see the Ci!a, the re&e%at ru&e sectios,
a! the coc&usio o$ the 0timokkha+
sut) hear!W p+p+ o$ su>ti (nsu c >)W see Ci!a+
"anyasmantehi X Euctio o$ pana n yasmantehi by 2ay o$ cotractioW see Ci!a+
yasmantehi) by the %eerab&esW is+ p&+ m+ o$ yasmW see Ci!a+3
>&aF!hdisesAuddeso
158
@
/me kho "anyasmanto terasa saF!hdises dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti.
<he recitatio (o$ the cases cocerig) the commuity i the begiig a! the
rest (o$ the proce!ure+)
Venerables( these thirteen %ases >%on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the
"ro%edure@ %ome u" for re%itation.
saF!hdisesAuddeso) the recitatio 1o$ the cases cocerig3 the commuity i the begiig a! the rest 1o$
the proce!ure3W om+ sg+ m+ 0robab&y a appositi%e kamma!hraya but here re!ere! as a geiti%e tappurisaW
see nidn8uddesa i Ci! itro+ C$+ 4! coc&usio+
ime) theseW see 0r itro+ kho "anyasmanto) Neerab&esW see abo%e Ci!+
terasa) thirteeW umera& a!E+W X ti) three n dasa, (d- d (r- as i pa>>arasaW see abo%e Ci!+
saF!hdises) 1cocerig3 the commuity i the begiig a! the rest 1o$ the proce!ure3, (o$ 2hich) the
157
L, Bh0m 7 T 2, -m, a! -0 gi%e i brackets this coc&usio o$ the 0timokkha recita& i brie$ (X sa=khitta-
ptimokkh8uddesa) 2hich ca be recite! i times o$ a emergecy+ #t is $ou! i the 4p commetary (4p N 70AH) o 6% ##
7A,7eNi # 772+
158
X Be T 6i 4e+ Cot i other te5ts+ (L) sa='hdises, -m has sa='hdises i brackets+) Bh0m 7, C, R, N, /) saA'h( throughout
the te5t+
97
start a! the rest is (to be !oe) 2itheby the commuity, i%o&%ig the commuity iitia&&y (a!)
subse,uet&y, H) (BL # 79G)) re,uirig a $orma& meetig o$ the :r!er, H) (BL # 79H)) a o$$ece 2hich i the
ear&ier as 2e&& as the &ater stages (re,uires) a $orma& meetig o$ the or!er, m) etai&s iitia& a! subse,uet
meetig o$ the Commuity, Corma) etai&ig a $orma& meetig o$ the saFgha, Hi`ber) the rest (sesa, i+e+, the
!uratio o$ the suspesio) is 2ith the 4aFgha (i+e+, !etermie! by the 4aFgha)W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig dhammF
0robab&y the compou! sa='hdisesa is a i%erte! &ocati%e tappurisa compou! cotaiig a !%a!a cp!
(sa='ho dimhi !a sese) the commuity i the start a! the rest), 2hich is use! as a bahubbJhi compou!
,ua&i$yig dhamm+ 4ee the !iscussio o$ the meaig o$ this term i Z: the term sa='hdisesaP i the
#tro!uctio+
dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti) cases come up $or recitatioW see 0r itro+
>&d 13 &ukka#issaQQhisikkh"ada?@
&aN%etanik sukka#isaQQhi(
1KB
aNNatra su"inant( saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on emission of semen@
The intentional emission of semen( e+%e"t in a dream3 >this is a %ase %on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the
be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@.
saN%etanik) m T H) itetioa&W a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig sukka3isaCChi+ pre$+ saA) 2ith n !etan) 2i&&, acti%e
thoughtW $r+ !inteti (n!int c e)) thiks n possessi%e su$+ (ika+
sukka#isaQQhi) m T H) emissio o$ semeW om+ sg+ $+ Re+ tapp+ cp! X sukka) seme, &it+ Z2hite stu$$] n
#isaQQhi) emissioW actio(ou !eri%e! $rom the p+p+ o$ 3isa@@atiL3issa@@ati or 3issa@atiL3issa@@ati (3i c nsa@M@_ (X 4kt
nsV@_ c a)) !ischarges, c$+ C0 78+
#t is ot c&ear 2hy i this ru&e the omiati%e is use! a! ot the &ocati%e as i 0cittiya 7 etc, or %ice %ersa+
<he 6(K %ersio o$ this ru&e uses the &ocati%e+
/he i 0;i it is asserte! that oe thig is somethig t2o ous may be Eu5tapose! a! there may be o
%erb i the seteceW see #0 p+9 T G7+ /he tras&atig ito 'g&ish Zto be[ shou&! be a!!e!+
0'L gi%es both 3issaCChi a! 3isaCChi $orms u!er 3isaCChi+ <he 3isaCChi rea!ig appears to be the correct oe+
0robab&y, the Yss- $orm arose u!er the i$&uece o$ paCinissa@eyya 2here it is appropriate !ue to the
assimi&atio o$ nis n sa@, here ho2e%er, there is o assimi&atio a! there is o reaso $or a !oub&e Yss(+ 4ee the
ote o paCinissa@eyyaW 4! 70 a! 3isa@@et3 at C0 78+
6(K) saA!etanikye Yukrasya 3isV+Ch$ye (Z# the !e&iberate emissio o$ seme m[), 0r6o6(K p+8+ 6?)
saA!intya Yukra3isV+ChiW 0r6o6? p+7G+ 4a) saA!intya Yukra3isar'oW 0r6o4a p+7GG+
aNNatra) e5cept, other thaW see 0r 8+
su"inant) m) i a !ream, H) !urig a !reamW ab&+ sg+ m+ X su"ina) a !ream n anta) i, 2ithi, isi!e, earW
ou, ha%ig a simi&ar meaig as i ante3sin, or cou&! be use! p&eoastica&&y hereW see 0'L T L0+ C$+ Ni #
@9) supinantena) by oe i a !ream, a! 4 29@) ZGo nesaA paramo si Q sa 3 pi methunaA dhammaA
supinantena pi n'amma+[) ZHe 2ho 2as the supreme oe o$ them m !i! ot come to a se5ua& act e%e i a
!ream+[ 4ee a&so the use o$ supinantena i Ni ### 7G2 T Ni # 29A 2here it is a&so sai! that a arahat ca ot
egage i se5 or re&ease seme i !reams+
saF!hdiseso) (a case cocerig) the commuity i the begiig a! i the restW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig a
ue5presse! dhammoW i+e+, ZayaA dhammo sa='hdiseso[ &ike ZayaA dhammo aniyato[ i "iyata 7+
4ice i the itro!uctios a! coc&usios to the ru&e(sectios o$ the 0timokkha a&& terms use! $or o$$eces
(pr@ika, sa='hdisesa, etc+) are use! as a!Eecti%es ,ua&i$yig dhamma, it ca be assume! that the terms,
ic&u!ig sa='hdisesa, are use! as a!Eecti%es rather tha ous+ Both the ous sesa a! a3asesa are euter i
ge!er a! i$ sa='hdisesa 2ou&! be a ou here the omiati%e euter sa='hdisesaA 2ou&! be e5pecte!+
159
C, R, N, /, Lm, -m, -0, Bh 0m 7 T 2, 0g, .a, Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e) 3isaCChi+ 6m T 6i 4e) 3issaCChi+
92
C$+ the ru&e($ormu&atio o$ the BhikkhuJ 4! ru&es) ZAyaA *hikkhun$ paChampattikaA dhammaA pann
nissra>$yaA sa='hdisesaAZ 2here sa='hdisesaA ,ua&i$ies the accusati%e dhammaAF
>&d C3 Iyasa?sa!!asikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu otiEEo #i"ariEatena %ittena mtu!mena saddhi? kyasa?sa!!a? sam"a99eyya(
hattha!ha?
1SD
# #eEi!ha?
1S1
# aNNatarassa # aNNatarassa # aF!assa "armasana?( saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on "hysi%al %onta%t@
/f any bhikkhu( under the influen%e of an altered mind( should en!a!e in >intimate@ "hysi%al %onta%t
to!ether 8ith a 8oman >su%h as@3 the holdin! of a hand( or holdin! a braid >of hair@( or %aressin! any limb3
>this is a %ase %on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@.
yo "ana bhikkhu) see abo%e Ci!+
otiEEo #i"ariEatena %ittena) u!er the i$&uece o$ a a&tere! mi!, m) assai&e! by thoughts mis&e! (by
&ust), H) a$$ecte! by !esire, 2ith per%erte! heart+
<he phrase e5presses oe i!ea as i the stock(phrase ZQ oti>>o`mhi @tiy Q dukkh8oti>>o Q[) Z# am a$$ecte!
by birth m a$$ecte! by su$$erig m[ (e+g+ 6 # 792) i 2hich oti>>o takes the istrumeta& too+
otiEEo) a$$ecte!, u!er the i$&uece o$, o%er2he&me!, smitte, i$atuate!W (pass+) p+p+ (use! as a!E+
,ua&i$yig *hikkhu) o$ otarati (a3a c ntar c a)) to !esce!, go !o2 ito, peetrate (ito 2ater etc+)+ Nibh) Zm
sratto, apekkha3, paCi*addha!ittoFZ) Zm i$atuate!, $u&& o$ !esire, bou!(mi![W prob+ i a simi&ar sese as
Zta=hsa%%ena oti>>oZo$ 4 # 80 T <h 888 (c$+ 4 9@9), i+e+, beig a$$ecte! (ZsmitteZ) by 6raDs arro2+
162
C$+ " #N
290) Zm oti>>o star7pena QP
4p A@2) Z0ti>>o ti yakkhd$hi 3iya satt anto uppa@@antena r'ena oti>>o, k7pd$ni 3iya satt asama3ekkhit3,
raK@an$ye Chne raK@anto sayaA 3 r'o oti>>oF 5'asaman'iss`e3`etaA adhi3a!anaAFPI Z-!er the i$&uece o$)
u!er the i$&uece o$ &ust arise isi!e beigs &ike spirits etc+, (or) &ike oe 2ho ot ha%ig cosi!ere!
(subcommetary) cosi!ere! as asu*ha etc+) the iteriors etc+ (k7pd$ni) o$ beigs (g :r) he has ot cosi!ere!
the beigs &ike the oes i the itera& orgas etc+ 1i+e+, 2orms3) he &usts i &ust$u& states a! is u!er the
i$&uece o$ his o2 &ust+ <his is a !esigatio o$ oe e!o2e! 2ith &ust+[
C$+ " ### GH T 2A9) ZTesaA a*hi>haA dassan saAsa''o ahosi, saAsa''e sati 3issso ahosi, 3issse sati otro ahosi: te
oti>>a!itt Q methunaA dhammaA paCise3iAsu+Z) ZLue to the $re,uet seeig o$ each other there 2as cotact
(saAsa''a, a&so) Zassociatio,[ Zcompay,[ see BhJ 4! 72+), there beig cotact there 2as itimacy (3isssa,
a&so) Ztrust[), there beig itimacy there 2as a$$ectio (otra), they 2ith a$$ecte! mi!s m i!u&ge! i the
se5ua& act+[ '&se2here_eg+ 4 #N 7H8_otra meas the i$&ueceeaccesse&it+ Z!escet] that 6ra $i!s i
umi!$u& bhikkhus+
# the BhJ 0r A T 8, a! 4! A a3assutaI Zo%er$&o2ig (2ith !esire)] is use! istea! o$ Zoti>>o 3ipari>atena
!ittena+[
#i"ariEatena) a&tere!, per%erte!W p+p+ o$ 3ipari>meti (3i c pari c nnam c e)) a&ters, chages ($or the 2orseW c$+ 6
# 72@, L ## 2GG), a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig !ittena+
%ittena) by a mi!, by thoughtW is+ sg+ m+ o$ !ittaW c$+ 0r @+ X #strumeta& o$ atte!at circumstacesW see
4yta5 j GA+
mtu!mena) 2ith a 2omaW is+ sg+ m+ !en. ta"". %"d.W origia&&y Z2ome[ i geera&, i+e+, Z2oma(ki!,[
but here use! i a particu&ar sese+ W mtu) mother n (!ma) (co&&ectio, (ki!, (groupW postpositio+ #ma is
here i the origia& Ne!ic sese o$ Zco&&ectio[ a! Zheap[ rather tha i the orma& sese o$ Z%i&&age[ as i
160
Lm) hattha''haA+
161
Lm) %eigghaB+ (0g) 3eni'haA)
162
# the Ne!ic &iterature Kma (Cupi!) is $ou! istea! o$ the Bu!!hist 6ra+ Arthar3a3eda ii+ 2A, 2 (,uote! i 6ac!oe&&, "+,
7899, p+7GG)) Z<is 2ige! 2ith &ogig, barbe! 2ith &o%e, its sha$t is $orme! o$ $i5e! !esire) /ith this his arro2 &e%e&e!
2e&& sha&& Kma pierce thee to the heart+[
9@
0r 2+ C$+ *h7ta'ma) Zbeig(ki![ at 0c 77, o 2hich 4p HG7 commets) Z#mo ti rsi m[) Z" 'ma is a heape
,uatityeco&&ectio+[
saddhi?) together 2ithW (here)) postpositio takig is+
kyasa?sa!!a?) (itimate) physica& cotact, cotact 2ith the bo!y, H) physica& cotact, m) bo!i&y cotactW
acc+ sg+ m+W geiti%e tappurisa cp!+ Zcotact o$ the bo!y[ or istrumeta& tappurisa cp!+) Zcotact 2ith the
bo!y+[ X kya) bo!y n sa?sa!!a) cotact, coectio, compay, associatioW a actio(ou $rom saAsa@ati
(saA c nsa@ c a)+ #ci!eta& physica& cotact by itse&$ is ot a o$$ece, rather, it ee!s to be !e&iberate itimate
a! se5ua&&y oriete! physica& cotact+ <he 0a!abhEaa e5p&ais it as a@@h!ra) Zi!ececy[ or Zobsceity+[
sam"a99eyya) shou&! eter ito, egage iW @ sg+ opt+ o$ sampa@@ati (saA c c npad c ya)+
hattha!ha?) the ho&!ig o$ a ha!W acc+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X hattha) ha! n !ha?) ho&!ig, sei\igW
actio(ou $rom 'a>hti (n'ah c >ha)) grasps, grips, sei\es+ X Lepe!et 2or! o&y appearig at the e! o$
(usua&&y geiti%e) tappurisa cp!sW see #0 p+92+ For other !epe!et 2or!s see 3eyy3a!!akara (C0 70),
tanta3ya C0 2G), pi>Wapta (C0 2H), 3inayadhara (0c H7)F
N+&+ hattha''haA+ <he !oub&e cosoat $orm might ha%e arise u!er the i$&uece o$ the !oub&e cosoat
i the 4askrit root n'rah, beig a regressi%e assimi&atio+ <he sig&e cosoat $orm might be a more
0rkritic $orm, or a $orm 2hich arose u!er the i$&uece o$ the para&&e& $orm c'Vh 4ee ote o
ma''aMp_paCipanna i C0 7G+
# : # :3 either m or m, !isEucti%e partic&es+
#eEi!ha?) the ho&!ig o$ a brai!W acc+ sg+ m+ X #eEi) a brai! (o$ hair) n !ha) see abo%e+
aNNatarassa : aNNatarassa :3 ay, oe or the othereW proomia& a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a='assa+ 4ee 0rEika
coc&+
aF!assa) &imb, memberW ge+ sg+ t+ Kit+) Zo$ a &imb,[ but this !oes ot $it i 'g&ish+
"armasana?) caressig, strokig, $o!&ig, rubbig upW actio(ou $r+ parmasati) rubs o%er, strokes o%er,
ho&!s otoW X pre$+ para) o%er n ) at, c&ose&y n cmas) touchesW thus &itera&&y it meas) Ztouches c&ose&y o%er[W c$+
BL # 20@ + G+
saF!hdiseso) see 4! 7+
>&d H3 DuQQhulla#%sikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu otiEEo #i"ariEatena %ittena mtu!ma? duQQhullhi #%hi obhseyya( yathta?
1SH
yu#
yu#ati?( methun."asa?hithi(
1SR
saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on de"ra#ed 8ords@
/f any bhikkhu( under the influen%e of an altered mind( should s"eak su!!esti#ely 8ith de"ra#ed 8ords
to a 8oman( like a youn! man to a youn! 8oman( >8ith 8ords@ %on%erned 8ith se+ual inter%ourse3 >this is
a %ase %on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@.
yo "ana bhikkhu otiEEo #i"ariEatena %ittena) see 4! 2+
mtu!ma?) a 2omaW acc+ sg+ m+W c$+ 4! 2+
duQQhullhi) !epra%e!, 2icke!, gross, !e$i&ig, %u&gar, obscee, m T H) &e2!W a!E+ !er+ $r+ dussati (ndus c ya))
corrupts, spoi&sW X p+p+ duCChu, c$+ 4! 8 n peEorati%e su$+ (a%%aMka_F C$+ dussaka at 4! 7@+ "uCChu%%a ca ot be
simp&y tras&ate! 2ith Z&e2![ sice this term imp&ies se5ua& cru!eess+ <he duCChu%% patt$, see 0c G8,
ecompass a&& the 0r a! 4! o$$eces, a! most o$ these ha%e othig to !o 2ith se5ua&ity+ Further, this 4!
ru&e imp&ies that there are duCChu%% 3! that are ot re&ate! to se5ua&ity (methun7pasaAhit)+ <here is o other
cote5t 2here duCChu%%a !e$iite&y meas Z&e2!,[ rather it seems to ha%e a geera& sese o$ Z!epra%e!ess[ or
Z2icke!ess+[
163
"&& prite! e!s, e5cept 6i 4e, -m, .a) yath taAF
164
Lm, Nibh 'e) (upa(+ 6i, 6m 4e, N) (saKhithi, a&& other e!s+ (saAhithi+
98
#%hi) 2ith 2or!sW is+ p&ur+ $+ o$ 3!) speech+
obhseyya) shou&! speak suggesti%e&y, shou&! suggest, m hit, m propose, m etice, H) m o$$e!, m) m
a!!ressW @ sg+ opt+ o$ o*hsati (a3a c n*hs c aW a rare 2or! o&y $ou! i the $e2 Niaya occurreces gi%e
be&o2+ 0'L a! Horer take this preset occurrece to mea) Zto o$$e!, abuse,[ the 0;i $orm o$ 4kt
a3a*h+ati (a3a c n*h+ c a)+ 4ee 0r6o4a p+7GG, 782) *h+etaF 0'L gi%es oe other occurrece i 0;i o$ o*hsati
i this sese as support, but this occurrece !oes ot rea&&y support this sese+ Ni ## 2G2) ZQ *hikkh7 kyaA
3i3arit3 *hikkhun$naA dassenti Q *hikkhuniyo o*hsanti *hikkhun$hi saddhiA sampayo@entiI `Appe3a nma amhesu
sra@@eyyun-ti`+Z) Zm the bhikkhus, ha%ig e5pose! their bo!ies, sho2e! o$$ to the bhikkhuJs, m hite! to the
bhikkhuJs, associate! together 2ith the bhikkhuJs (thikig)) ]6ay they be attracte! to usp] +[ (4p) ZQ
asaddhammena o*hsentiFZ)
#t 2ou&! be strage that the bhikkhus 2ou&! abuse the bhikkhuJs i$ they 2ate! to attract them+
4ee L0 # A80 s+%+ o*hsati) Zspeaks to suggesti%e&y or &e2!&y or o$$esi%e&y+[ #t otes that o*hsa is possib&y
re&ate! 2ith *hsati+
0'L !oes ot gi%e o*hsati i the sese o$ hitig or suggestig, but CL0K 29HY98 a! BH4RL ## H@ (a3a*hsa)
!o so, ,uotig L ## 70@) Z0%rike o*hse kayiramne, o%rike nimitte kayiramne Q Z) Z6akig a broa! hit, m a
broa! sig m[ a! Nism # 2@) ZQ nimittakammaA Q o*hsakammaA Q +[ BH4RL ## H@ gi%es 4askrit
e5amp&es+
<he meaig o$ the other %erb o*hsati is Dshies $orth]W it is $rom the 4kt root c*hs) to shieW ot c*ha+) to ta&k+
#t is 2e&& possib&e that there is a cotamiatio o$ t2o 4kt roots here i 0;i as 2ith dosa, see 4! 9, a! that
o*hsati i the sese o$ Zhits[ is $rom the root c*hs+ ZHits[ or Zsuggests[ $its the o$$ece(e5amp&es i the
Nibh i 2hich i!irect, but easi&y u!ersta!ab&e, suggestios are gi%e+
"t Ni #N 20 a !aughter i &a2 sees Ne+ -!yi 2hisperig to her mother i &a2 a! thiks) Z/iA nu kho so
sama>o sassuy @ro udhu o*hsat$ ti^FZ)Z#s the rec&use (my) mother i &a2s^ paramour or !oes he speak
suggesti%e&yg +[ 4p ### A8H o 4! @) Z0*hseyy ti a3a*hseyya nnappakrakaA asaddhamma3a!anaA 3adeyyaF
Gasm pan`e3am o*hsantassa yo so o*hso nma, so atthato a@@h!ro hoti r'a3asena a*hi*ha3it3 saKKama3e%aA
!ro, tasm tam-atthaA dassento MVi*hFI_ o*hseyy ti a@@h!ro 3u!!at$ ti ha+[ C$+ "iy 2) o*hsituA+
yathta?) &ike, as m (2ou&! suggest) itW a!%+ X yath) asW see abo%e Ci!+ coc&+ n ta?) thatW !em+ pro+
GathtaA is a $air&y commo i!iomatic e5pressio i the Cao+ #t is $ou! i subor!iate c&auses 2here
%erbs are &ackig, but e%erthe&ess are imp&ie!+ " %erb e,ua&&ig the oe i the mai(c&ause is to be supp&ie!
i the tras&atio o$ the subor!iate c&ause Zas m (%erb) it[ or i more geera& sese) Zas m (2ou&! !o) it+[
'+g+ 6 # 289) Z0kappaniyaA etaA *hoto #otamassa yathtaA arahato QZ) Z<his is to be be&ie%e! o$ the Neerab&e
Rotama, as it (is to be be&ie%e!) o$ a accomp&ishe! oe m Z
GathtaA probab&y is oe compou!_a abbayJbh%a cp! &ike yath*h7taA+ <he commetaries, e+g+ 6(a to 6
# 7A0, take taA to be a mere partic&e (niptamatta)W see 4yta5 j A2b+
yu#) youg maW om+ sg+ m+ o$ yu#an+
yu#ati?) youg 2omaW acc+ sg+ $+ o$ yu#at4+
methun."asa?hithi) cocere! 2ith se5ua& itercourseW is+ p&+ $+ a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig 3!hiW #strumeta&
tapp+ cp!+ use! as bahubbJhi cp!+ X methuna) se5ua& itercourseW c$+ 0r 7 n u"asa?hita) cocere! 2ith,
coecte! 2ithW p+p+ o$ upasandhrati (upa c saA c ndhr c a)+
Here a! i the e5t ru&e the a!E+ methun."asa?hita comes &ast i the setece a! ot !irect&y a$ter the
2or! it ,ua&i$ies+ <his is $or e5tra emphasis+
6i T 6m 4e) -saKhithiF For the aussra A chagig to K be$ore h: see 0R j H8+@+
>&d R3 Attakma"ri%ariyasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu otiEEo #i"ariEatena %ittena mtu!massa santike attakma"ri%ariyya #aEEa?
bhseyya3 T)tad1a!!a? bha!ini "ri%ariyna? y mdisa? s4la#anta? kalyEadhamma? brahma%ri?
9A
etena dhammena "ari%areyy
1SK
ti(U methun."asa?hitena(
1SS
saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (ministerin!) to himself 8ith lo#e@
/f any bhikkhu( under the influen%e of an altered mind( >and@ in the "resen%e of a 8oman( should s"eak
"raise about the ministerin! to himself 8ith se+3 T&ister( this is the best of ministerin!s3 she 8ho 8ould
minister to a #irtuous( !ood natured %elibate like me 8ith this a%tL(U >8hi%h is somethin!@ %onne%ted 8ith
se+ual inter%ourse3 >this is a %ase %on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the
"ro%edure@.
Oo "ana bhikkhu otiEEo #i"ariEatena %ittena) see 4! 2+
mtu!massa) o$ a 2omaW ge+ sg+ m+
santike) i the presece, m %iciityW &oc+ sg+ t+ X sa) 2ithW pre$+ (0'L states that sa here is the base o$ so, the
om+ sg+ o$ the !em+ pro+) that, he, she+) n antika) earW t+ n co+ su$+ (ika+
attakma"ri%ariyya) about miisterig to himse&$ 2ith se5, H) miisterig 2ith sese(p&easures $or se&$,
m) miisterig to his o2 sesua&ityW &oc+ sg+ $+ Lati%e tapp+ cp!+ cotaiig a is+ tapp+ cp!+)
kmapri!riya) miisterig 2ith se5+
Nibh) ZAttakman-tiI attano kmaA attano hetuA attano adhippyaA attano pri!ariyaA+Z) Z4e5 $or oese&$, the
cause $or oese&$, the sake $or oese&$, the miisterig $or oese&$+[
4p) ZQ methunadhammasa=khtena kmena pri!ariyI kmapri!ariy: attano atthya kmapri!ariy
attakmapri!ariy+Z) Z<he miisterig 2ith kma reckoe! as se5ua& itercourse) miisterig 2ith kmaW the
miisterig 2ith kma $or the purpose o$ oese&$ is miisterig to oese&$ 2ith se5+ [
# the &atter part o$ the setece i 2hich this i!iom i!icates that is correct, i+e+, the miisterig 2ith se5 Zto
a %irtuous &i%er o$ the ho&y &i$e[ i the &atter part is the same as the miisterig 2ith &o%e to himse&$ i the $irst
part+
# 4 # HAe -! 8H (-!(a) Zattano sukhakmo[), " # 2@2 ("") Zattano hitakm),[ a! " ## 27e### 97, attakma meas
Zoe 2ho &o%esecares $or himse&$,[ this meaig is a&so gi%e i 6/ 7@A+ # the -pai>a!s, Bk Qr ## 8,
atmakma meas Zoe 2ho !esirese2ishese&o%es the supreme se&$,[ i+e+, Brahma+ "t 6 # 20A T ### 7AA oe
$i!s Zm attakmar7p 3iharantiZ) Zm they !2e&& &ike !esirig their se&%es+[ # the Bu!!ha^s time, Eust &ike
o2a!ays, a&& re&igious seekers 2ere see to be !esirig Z4e&$[ by most peop&e a! Bu!!hist moks 2ere o
e5ceptio+
<here seems to be a 2or!p&ay 2ith attakma here, i+e+, !esirig se&$ese5 to himse&$+ /or!p&ays are commo i
0;i+ C$+ atthakma) oe 2ho !esires goo!+
X atta) himse&$+ Atta is here use! as a re$&e5i%e proou) Zhimse&$[ or Zoese&$,[ rather tha i the
Brahmaica& sese o$ Zetera& sou&,[ a&though there seems to be a 2or!p&ay hereW see 0R j 772,2 T #0 p+78A$+n
kma) se5, &o%eW usua&&y tras&ate! as Zsese(p&easure[ but here it has the erotic meaig &ike i L ## 2GAYGG n
"ri%ariy) miistratio, miisterig, ser%igW $r+ pari!arati (pari c n!ar c a)) atte!s to, miisters to, ser%es,
o$te 2ith se5ua& imp&icatiosW e+g+ 4 # 728+
#aEEa?) praise, g&oryW acc+ sg+ m+ c$+ 0r @+
bhseyya) shou&! speakW @ sg+ opt+ o$ *hsati (n*hs c a)+
etad1a!!a?) this (is) the %ery best, the best o$ this (type o$)W acc+ sg+ t+ a!%+) /ith super&ati%es etc, a geiti%e
o$ the thig or perso o$ 2hom the statemet is ma!e is use!) i+e+, pari!ariynaAW see L0 A8@ a! 4yta5 j 788
g+
" simi&ar %ie2 by 2ome $acyig a Sai bhikkhu is ,uote! i the Sai a!rn'as7tra ## 2,2,72 (tras&ate! by
H+ Sacobi i 4aina S7tras # 728)) Z<hese re%ere! sramaas Tc ha%e cease! $rom se5ua& itercourse mW
2hate%er 2oma i!u&ges 2ith them i se5ua& itercourse 2i&& ha%e a strog, m , %ictorious so o$ hea%e&y
165
6m 4e) pri(+
166
Lm,Nibh 'e) methunupasaAhitena+ 6i T 6m 4e, N) (7pasaKhitena+
9G
beauty+Z <here is sti&& the be&ie$ i #!ia that a barre 2oma ca get pregat ($rom their husba!) a$ter
ha%ig kisse! (i a o(se5ua& 2ay) the pri%ate parts o$ a s!hu+
X etad) thisW om+ sg+ t+, re$errig to 2hat $o&&o2s, i+e+, pari!riynaAF &tad is the Euctio $orm o$ the !em+
pro+ eta i 2hich the 4kt (d- is restore! to a%oi! hiatusW c$+ yad-idaA i 4! 72, ko!id-e3a i C0 29, a! etad-e3a
i 0c 7GW see 0R j H2, 7 T 70A+
this n a!!a?3 the highest, the peakW om+ sg+ t+
# 0;i 2he it is simp&y asserte! that a thig is somethig (as epithet or attribute) t2o ous (ic&+ a pro+ or
a!E+) may be Eu5tapose!W see /ar!er p+9+
bha!ini) sisterW %oc+ sg+ $+ -se! as a po&ite 2ay o$ a!!ressig a 2oma, ic&u!ig a bhikkhuJ, by a bhikkhu+
Kit+) Z$ortuate oe] (i so $ar that she has a brother)W see N#C4 ## 9@ a! 6/ H88+ X c*ha'Ma_) goo! $ortue
(C$+ *ha'a3 i the Ci!+) n possessi%e su$$i5 (in$+
"ri%ariyna?) o$ miisterigsW ge+ p&+ $+
y) she 2ho, 2hichW om+ sg+ $+ o$ re&+ pro+ ya+
mdisa?) oe &ike meW a!E+ X maA) #W acc+ sg+ m+ o$ pro+ maMd_ n cdis) to see+
s4la#anta?) e!o2e! 2ith %irtue, %irtuousW a!E+ X s4la) %irtue n possessi%e su$+ (#ant+
kalyEadhamma?) goo!(ature!W a!E+ X kalyEa) (mora&&y) goo! n dhamma) (here) ature, character+
brahma%ri?) ce&ibate, practitioer o$ ce&ibacy, obser%er o$ the ho&y &i$e, m) obser%er o$ the Roo! Ki$e, H)
&ea!ig the Brahma(&i$e, #0 p+728) a ce&ibate, oe 2ho &i%es the supreme (&i$e), Corma) &i%er o$ the ho&y &i$eW
acc+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ (X m) or acc+ tapp+ cp!+ (X Horer) #t cou&! a&so be a kamma!hraya cp!, Zoe
2ho &i%es !i%ie[+ # cou&! o&y trace oe commetaria& e5p&aatio 2hich e5p&ais the meaig o$ the c&ose&y
re&ate! compou! *rahma!ariyaI seCCha!ariya) Zbest &i$e,[ 2hich suggests a kamma!hraya cp!+ (Ni(a ## 88@I
ParisuddhaA *rahma!ariyaA !arantanti nirupakki%esaA seCCha!ariyaA !arantaA+) C$ *rahma3ihra, Z!i%ie abi!ig[
(KaraJyametta 4utta) Z*rahmaA etaA 3ihraA[)
0a!abhEaa) ZBrahma!rin-tiI methunadhamm paCi3irataA[) ZBrahma!riA) oe 2ho abstais $rom the se5ua&
act+[ 4ee ote to *rahma!ariya at 4! 8+
" syoym $or a ce&ibate+ X brahma) !i%ie, supreme n 1%rin) 2a&kig, beha%ig, &i%igW possessi%e a!E+ o&y
i cp!s+, $r+ !arati) mo%es, &i%es+
<he 2or! *rahma!rin i 4askrit has a !oub&e meaig+ #t ca mea a umarrie! ce&ibate Brahmi stu!et
2ho stu!ies the Ne!as a!, more importat&y, it ca a&so mea someoe 2ho obser%es ce&ibacyW see 6/ H@8+
"&though i our ru&e the bhikkhu 2ho 2ou&! ha%e the 2oma miisterig him 2ith the best o$ miisterigs
2ou&! ot be a obser%er o$ ce&ibacy aymore, it seems that he uses the prete5t o$ ce&ibacy to attract the
2oma 2ho might be&ie$ that she ca get pregat i this 2ayW see etad-a''aA abo%e+
etena) by thisW is+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ etaMd_+
dhammena) 2ith a act, practiceW is+ sg+ m+ <he 2or! dhamma has the sese o$ Zact[ here, see 0r 7) methuna
dhamma+
"ari%areyy) X "ari%areyya 2ith &egtheig o$ $ia& (a be$ore tiI shou&! miisterW @ sg+ opt+ o$ pari!aratiW see
abo%e+ (N+&+ pri( is a corruptio as 'u>a stregtheig !oes ot occur i %erbs, but o&y i ousW c$+
prisuddhieparisu@@hati+)
ti) e! ,uoteW see abo%e Ci!+
methun."asa?hitena) (2hich is) coecte! 2ith se5ua& itercourseW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig dhammenaW see 4! @+
>&d K3 &aN%arittasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu saN%aritta? sam"a99eyya( itthiy # "urisamati? "urisassa # itthimati?(
1S7
9yattane #
9rattane #( antamaso ta?khaEikya
1SP
"i( saF!hdiseso.
167
6i T 6m 4e) itth$(+
168
Be T 4e Nibh) ta=kha>ikyaF
9H
>The trainin! "re%e"t on mediatin!@
/f any bhikkhu should en!a!e in mediatin! a manAs intention to a 8oman( or a 8omanAs intention to a
man( for bein! a 8ife or for bein! a mistress( e#en for bein! one on >9ust@ that o%%asion3 >this is a %ase
%on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@.
yo "ana bhikkhu) see abo%e+
saN%aritta?) me!iatig, uitig, H) act as go(bet2ee, m) egage to act as go(bet2eeW acc+ sg+ t+ $r+
saK!arati (saA c !ar c a)) mo%es bet2ee, m together, uites+
sam"a99eyya) shou&! egage iW see 4! 2+
itthiy) to a 2omaW !at+ sg+ $+ o$ itth$+
# : # :3 or m or mW !isEucti%e i!ec&+ parts+
"urisamati?) a maDs itetioW acc+ sg+ $+ X "urisa) ma n mati) thought, i!ea, itetio+
"urisassa) to a maW !at+ sg+ m+
itthimati?) a 2omaDs itetioW acc+ sg+ $+
9yattane) $or beig a 2i$e, $or the state o$ 2i$e, m) about marriage, H) as a 2i$eW &oc+ sg+ t+ <he &ocati%e is
the so ca&&e! !ati%e(&ike &ocati%eW see 4yta5 j 7H0!+ X 9ya) 2i$e n abstract su$+ 1ttana+
9rattane) $or beig a mistress, m) about cocubiage, H) as a mistressW &oc+ sg+ $+ 9r) mistress, paramour+
antamaso) e%e so much as, EustW i!ec&W c$+ 0r 7+
ta?khaEikya) $or beig oe (i+e+, a mistress) o (Eust) that occasio, m) $or a temporary (arragemet), H)
as a temporary 2i$eW &oc+ sg+ $+ kamma!hraya cp!+ X ta?) thatW !em+ pro+ t+ n khaEikya) $or a mometW
&oc+ sg+ t+ X khaEa) momet n co+ su$+ (ika. Nibh) ZAntamaso taAkha>ikya p$ ti muhuttik *ha3issasi+[) Zm)
]Uou 2i&& be a mometary (2i$e)+ ]Z " muhuttik is oe o$ the te types o$ 2i%es &iste! i the NibhW see Ni ###
7@9+ Because the t2o prece!ig terms re$er to the $ema&e a! a&so because the $emiie &ocati%e $orm
kha>ikya is uses here, it is c&ear that taAkha>ikya re$ers to the $ema&e beig a mistress $or the ma
temporari&y a! ot to the temporary arragemet bet2ee ma a! 2oma as suggeste! by amo&iDs
tras&atio+
"i) e%eW emph+ partic&eW c$+ 0r 7+
>&d S3 IuQikrasikkh"ada?@
&aNN%ikya
1SB
"ana bhikkhun kuQi? krayamnena assmika? attuddesa?( "amEik kretabb.
TatrGida?
17D
"amEa?3 d4!haso d#dasa #idatthiyo su!ata#idatthiy tiriya? sattAantar. hikkh.
abhinetabb #atthudesanya. Tehi bhikkh.hi #atthu?
171
desetabba? anrambha?
17C
sa"arikkamana?.
17H
&rambhe
17R
%e bhikkhu #atthusmi? a"arikkamane
17K
saNN%ikya
17S
kuQi? kreyya( bhikkh. #
anabhineyya #atthudesanya( "amEa? # atikkmeyya( saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on makin! a hut@
y a bhikkhu 8ho is ha#in! a hut ( 8hi%h is 8ithout an o8ner( >and@ is desi!nated for himself( built by
means of his o8n be!!ed re7uisites( >that hut@ is to be built a%%ordin! to the >"ro"er@ measure. This is the
measure here3 t8el#e s"ans of the su!ata1s"an in len!th( >and@ inside se#en >s"ans@ a%ross. hikkhus are
to be brou!ht to >it@ for a""ointin! the site. y those bhikkhus a site is to be a""ointed 8hi%h is not
169
C, L, /) saAy!ikaya+
170
N) tatr$daA+
171
Lm, -m) 3atthu (4o -0 i 4! H)+
172
Nibh Be %+&+) anra**haA+ -0 (sJha&a) %+&+ anra*haA+
173
.a, -m, 0g) (kama>aAF
174
Nibh Be %+&+) sra**he+
175
.a, 0g) (kama>e+
176
C, L, /) saAy!ikaya+
98
entailin! harm >to %reatures and 8hi%h is@ ha#in! a surroundin! s"a%e. /f a bhikkhu( ha#in! re7uested it
himself( should ha#e a hut built on a site entailin! harm >to %reatures@( >and@ not ha#in! a surroundin!
s"a%e( or if he should not brin! bhikkhus to >it@ for a""ointin! the site( or if he should let >it@ e+%eed the
measure3 >this is a %ase %on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@.
saNN%ikya) through his o2 begge! re,uisites (or) ha%ig re,ueste! (it) himse&$), m) (2ith meas got) by
his o2 askig, H) beggig i compay, Corma) by his o2 beggigW X sa?) a shortee! $orm o$ saya?)
o2, se&$ n y%ikya) is+ sg+ $+ 4hortee! $orm o$ the ou y!itaka) begge! goo!s, or t [ kW or y%ikya)
ha%ig re,ueste!W abs+ o$ y!ati (ny! c a)) begs, re,uests, p&ea!s+
<he 2or! o&y occurs i the preset cote5t+ "s it is, it ca^t be a abo&uti%e, as the y!ya or y!it3 2ou&!
be e5pecte!+ #t ca^t be a amu& abso&uti%e too as these e! i (akaA+ # other cote5ts, see be&o2, saKK!ika is
a a!Eecti%e, but 2hat 2ou&! it the agree 2ith hereg #t ca^t agree 2ith kuCiA+ Cote that the origi story has
saKK!ikyo kuCiyo a! here it is a a!Eecti%e+ #$ y!ikya is a corruptio, the it is a %ery o&! oe because the
6(K %ersio a&so rea!s y!ikya+ #t ca^t agree 2ith a imp&icit $orm o$ upakara>a as that is a mascu&ie ou+
<he 4a %ersio^s y!itaA agrees 2ith kuCiA a! is a a!Eecti%e+ <he 6? %ersio^s y!it is a pp use! as ou i
as a $emiie sigu&ar istrumeta& o$ meas, &ike sahatth i C0 7G, Zthrough his o2 re,uest+[
/hat seems to make most sese is to take the 0;i y!ikya too as a istrumeta& o$ meas+ /iEesekera
obser%es i 4yta5 j GGg that the is+ o$ meas is a&so use! i a participia& seseW i+e+, as a para&&e& to the
abso&uti%e i Yt3+ <his o&y happes 2ith %erba& ous or ous 2ith a strog %erba& accet+
0'L takes it to be a co&&ecti%e abstract o$ the pre$i5 saA) Ztogether[ n cy!, 2hich o&y occurs as a
istrumeta& a!%erb) Zby beggig together+[ "ccor!ig to 0'L, saKK!ikyo i the origi(story, istea! o$
(kya, is a corruptio+ (Ni ### 788) Zm *hikkh7 saKK!ikyo kuCiyo krpenti Q[ 4p) Zm sayaA y!it3
'ahit7pakara>yo+[) m ha%ig themse&%es begge! accepte!(support+Z) 0'L a&so !isagrees 2ith the
0a!abhEaa+ #$ the 2or! is compare! to the usage i BhJ C0 H T 9) Zm parikkhrena Q saKK!ikena m[) Zm
2ith a re,uisite m that has bee aske! $or by herse&$m,[ the it seems that a abso&uti%e is ite!e!,
other2ise the 2or!ig 2ou&! be simi&ar to the BhJ C0 ru&es+
0a!abhEaa) ZsayaA y!it3 purisaA Q[
<he 4p takes it to be both a is+ p&+ $+ a!E+ a! a abs+) ZSaKK!ikya pana *hikkhun ti ettha saKK!ik nma
sayaA pa3attitay!an 3u!!ati, tasm saKK!ikya ti attano y!any ti 3uttaA hoti, sayaA y!itakehi upakara>eh$ ti
atthoF Gasm pana s sayaA y!itakehi kayiramn sayaA y!it3 kayiramn hoti, tasA taA atthapariyyaA
dassetuAI sayaA y!it3 purisam-p$ ti e3am-assa Pada*h@anaA 3uttaAFP
ZBy a bhikkhu through his(o2(begge! goo!s) here so(ca&&e! his(o2(begge! (supports) are so(ca&&e! o2(
geerate! askigsebeggigs, there$ore Zthrough his(o2 begge! (supports)[ is ca&&e! Zby his(se&%es[ begge!
(supports),[ (thus) Zthrough his(o2 begge! ser%icesesupporte goo!s[ is the meaig+ But because those
through(him(se&$(begge! (supports) are beig !oe ha%ig begge! him(se&$, there$ore the meaig(mo!e is
sho2) (Nibh)) Zhim(se&$ ha%ig begge! $or a ma,[ thus $or that the &ie(aa&ysis has bee sai!+Z
4p thus takes y!ika as a shortee! $orm o$ the a!Eecti%e y!itaka (X p+p+ y!ita n !imiuti%e su$$i5 (ka+))
begge!, borro2e!W y!itaka as a euter ou ca a&so mea Zborro2e! goo!s,[ see 0'L+
6(K) s3ayaA y!ikya *hik+u> kuCiA krayam>enaW 0r6o6(K p+9+ 6?) s3ayaA y!it *hik+u> kuCiA krayit3W
0r6o6? p+7H+ 4a) s3ay!itaA *hik+u> kuCiA krayatW 0r6o4a p+7G8+
"ana) but, agaiW i!ec&+ partic&e, o ee! to tras&ate+
bhikkhun) by a bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
kuQi?) hutW acc+ sg+ $+
krayamnena) is ha%ig bui&t, is causig to bui&!emakeW pr+p+ o$ kreti, the causati%e o$ karoti+ <he Hth %erb(
c&ass coEugatioa& sig is (aya, orma&&y this is cotracte! to (e( i 0;i but i some preset particip&es it is
retaie!, see 0R j 7H8,2 T 797+ C$+ C0 7) atikkmayato, C0 70) !odayamno+ /reti is causati%e, c$+ C0 77Y7A, but
the 0a!abhEaa states) ZQ karonto 3 krpento 3+[ 4p otes that the Zspirit(meaig[ is Zby causig to be
bui&t,[ but Zbui&!ig[ is ic&u!e! i the Nibh through i$erece to sho2 the Zpurpose(meaig+[ "ccor!ig
99
to 0'L kreti meas Zto bui&![W c$+ C0 @+ # the origi story the causati%e i (pe $orm o$ the %erb is use!) Zm
saKK!ikyo kuCiyo krpenti+[
assmika?) 2ithout o2er, m patro, m) 2ith o (&ay() o2er, H) 2hich has o bee$actorW a!Eecti%e
,ua&i$yig kuCiA+ Bb cp!+ X eg+ pre$+ a( n sm4) o2er, master, patro ($r+ 4kt s3min) o2er X a!E+ s3a) o2 n
su$+ (min+) n co+ su$+ (ika+ <he 0a!abhEaa o this 2or! has bee mistras&ate! by Horer i BL # 2A8) Z6a
aKKo ko!i smiko hoti Q[ is ot Horer^s, Zm there is ot ayoe 2ho is the o2erm,[ but, Zm there is ot
someoe e&se 2ho is the o2er m[ <he kuCi has o o2er or patro 2ho bui&!s it a! patroises it, as i the
e5t ru&e+ <he 4p o the origi(story states) ZAssmikyo ti anissaryo, kret dyakena 3irahityo ti atthoZ)
Z/ithout o2er) 2ithout master, the bui&!ers are 2ithout bee$actor is the meaig+Z C$+ 6 # 28GY8H)
Zsassmika[) Z(2ome) 2ith a o2er[ i+e+, husba!+
attuddesa?) 2hich is !esigate! $or himse&$, i!icatig, m) !estie! $or himse&$, H) $or his o2 a!%atageW
a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig kuCiA+, bahubbJhi cp! X att) se&$ n uddesa) !esigatio, speci$icatio, appoitigW $r+
uddisati, c$+ Ci!+ <he origi story has the $orm attuddesika, a! the correspo!ig 4a 0r6o ru&e (see be&o2)
has tmoddeYikaA+ Attuddesika 2ou&! $it better 2ith assmika+ Bhi C0 H has XaKKuddisakena,[ 2hich is the
opposite o$ attudesikaF Nibh) Zattano atthya+[ 4p) Zm yass att uddeso s attano atthya hoti Q[ <he 6(K ru&e G
has) as3mikmtmoddeYikW 0r6o6(K p+9F 4a) sas3mikamtmoddeYikaAW 0r6o4a p+7G9+
"amEik) accor!ig to the measureW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a imp&icit kuCi i om+ sg+ $+ X "amEa) measure,
sta!ar! si\e n co+ su$+ (ika+ Pam>ika is a rare 2or! o&y $ou! i a $e2 p&aces i the cao+
kretabb) is to be bui&tW $+p+p+ o$ kretiW see abo%e+
PamEik kretabb is a i!epe!et c&ause i 2hich pam>ik is agreeig 2ith a ue5pesse! kuCi, ot
2ith kuCiA i the prece!ig c&ause+ #$ it 2ou&! be ,ua&i$yig kuCiA i the prece!ig c&ause, it 2ou&! be
pamnikaA+ <he $+p+p+ takes the same subEect, *hikkhun, as the prece!ig c&ause, but the obEect o$ a passi%e
particip&e is omiati%e a! thus caDt be the accusati%e kuCiA+ C$+ the simi&ar costructio i C0 7@, 2here
the $+p+p+ has a e5p&icit obEect) Zna3aA pana *hikkhun santhataA krayamnena d3e *h' suddhakJaknaA
eJaka%omnaA dta** Q[ a! 0c 8H) Zna3aA pana *hikkhun maK!aA 3 p$ChaA 3 krayamnena
aCCha='u%apdakaA kreta**aA Q[ C$+ 0c 89 T 90 2here the ,ua&i$ie! 2or! is a&so ue5presse!F Kkh 80)
ZPam>ik kreta** ti pam>ayutt kreta**F[
tatrAida?) here thisW see 0r itro+ Suctio o$ tatra n idaA i 2hich the $ia& a o$ tatra has bee e&i!e!+ X tatra)
hereW a!%+ o$ p&aceW see 0r itro+ n ida?) thisW om+ sg+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
"amEa?) measure, sta!ar!W om+ sg+ t+
d4!haso) i &egthW a!%+ d4!ha) &ogW a!E+ n !istributi%eeab&ati%a& su$+ (soW see 4yta5 j 7@@c+
d#dasa) t2e&%eW um+ use! as a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig 3idatthiyo (see /ar!er 77H+) X d#) t2o, o&y use! i um+
cp!s+ n dasa) teW um+
#idatthiyo) spaW acc+ p&+ $+ o$ 3idatthi (X 72 $iger(brea!thsW see 0c 8H+ )
su!ata#idatthiy) accor!ig to the sugata(spa, i accor!ace 2ith the /e&&(goe :eDs spa, H) spa o$ the
accepte! &egth, m) sugata(spaW is+ sg+ $+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X #s+ o$ re&atioW see 4yta5 j H0c, a!
su'ata='u%ena at 0c 8H+ X su!ata) 2e&&(goe, the /e&&(goe :eW a epithet o$ the Bu!!haW ou or a!E+
Kamma!hraya cp!W see #0 p+788+ #t might a&so mea Zkig(si\e,[ or Zamp&e(si\e,[ Zaccepte! si\e[ or
Zsta!ar!(si\e+[
<haissaro, B6C A28Y29 "ppe!i5 ##, estimates that the su'ata3idatthi is 2A cm+ C$+ 0c 92+ n #idatthiyW ge+
sg+ $+ o$ 3idatthiW see abo%e+
tiriya?) across, 2i!thW i!ec&+ $r+ ctarW c$+ 0c 28+
sattAantar) se%e isi!e+ Suctio o$ satta c antara through e&isio o$ the $ia& (a o$ satta be$ore the $o&&o2ig
c&ose! sy&&ab&eW see 0R j G9+ X satta) se%e, um+ n antara) isi!eW a!%erb (X ab&ati%e o$ antara)+
bhikkh.) bhikkhusW om+ p&+ m+
abhinetabb) to be brought to, to be &e! to, m) to be assemb&e!W $+p+p+ o$ a*hineti (a*hi c nn$ ca), agreeig
2ith *hikkh7+
700
#atthudesanya) $or appoitig a siteW !at+ sg+ $+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X #atthu) site, grou! n desan) appoitig,
i!icatig, !esigatigW $r+ deseti, see be&o2+
tehi) by thoseW is+ p&+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
bhikkh.hi) by the bhikkhusW is+ p&+ m+
#atthu?) siteW nom+ sg+ t+ 0assi%e costructio i 2hich the patiet is i omiati%eW see #0 p+82 T 70H+
N+&+ 3atthu is a&so om+ sg+ t+ 4a ru&e G) Zm *hik+u*hir 3stu deYayita3yam Q X: 0r6o4a p+7G8+ 6(K ru&e G) Zm
tehi *hik+7hi 3astu deYayita3yaA m,[ 0r6o6(K p+9+
desetabba?) is to be appoite!W $+p+p+ o$ deseti (ndis c e), c$+ 0c H+ agreeig 2ith 3atthuA+
anrambha?) ot etai&ig harm 1to ay creatures3, m) etai&ig o harm (to creatures), H) ot i%o&%ig
!estructioW a!E+ Bb cp!+ X eg+ pre$+ an( n rambha) to s&aughter, iEure, !estroyW accor!ig to 0'L 70H $rom
the 4askrit %erb %a*hati ( c n%a*h c a), ot $rom the 0;i %erb ram*hati ( c nra*h c a)+ C$+ samram*ha)
iEurig, 0'L G8G, (ot to be co$use! 2ith the samram*ha o$ 0c 29) a! nirram*ha) 2ithout obEects $or
ki&&igesacri$icig+
sa"arikkamana?) ha%ig surrou!ig space, m) 2ith a surrou!ig 2a&k, H) 2ith a ope space rou! itW
a!E+ Bb cp!+ X pre$+ sa) 2ith, ha%ig n pre$+ "ari) arou! n kamana) access, mo%ig(spaceW $r+ kamati) 2a&ks,
accesses, goes through+
srambhe) etai&ig harm, !estructioW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig 3atthusmiA X pre$+ sa) 2ith, etai&ig n ram*ha) see
abo%e+ (0R j A2,G suggest a assimi&atio o$ saA n ram*ha, but this is icorrect as the egati%e $orm anram*ha
is $ou! i the e5t ru&e+)
6(K ru&e G) sraA*heW 0r6o6(K p+9+ 4a ru&e) sram*heW 0r6o4a p+7G8+
%e) i$W co!itioa& partic&e+
bhikkhu) bhikkhuW om+ sg+ m+
#atthusmi?) o a siteW &oc+ sg+ t+
a"arikkamane) ot ha%ig a surrou!ig spaceW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig 3atthusmiA+ Bb cp!+ X eg+ pre$+ a() ot n
parikkamana) see abo%e+ "ccor!ig to the 0a!abhEaa there is a !ukkaIa o$$ece i$ oe o&y $ai&s i the
aspects o$ sram*ha or aparikammana or both+ <hus, the most importat $actor is brigig bhikkhus to the kuIi+
saNN%ikya) see abo%e+ kuQi?) see abo%e+
kreyya) shou&! ha%e bui&tW @ sg+ opt+ o$ kretiW see abo%e+ Cote the !i$$erece 2ith the o(causati%e kareyya i
the Ci!+
bhikkh.) bhikkhusW om+ p&+ m+W see abo%e+ #) orW !isEucti%e partic&e+
anabhineyya) shou&! ot brig toW eg+ pre$+ an() ot n @ sg+ opt+ o$ a*hineti) see abo%e+
#atthudesanya) see abo%e+ "amEa?) see abo%e+
atikkmeyya) shou&! &et (it) e5cee!, make go beyo!W @ sg+ opt+ o$ atikkmeti (ati c nMk_kam c e), the trasiti%e,
causati%e $orm o$ atikkamati+ C$+ C0 7) atikkmayato+
>&d 73 Vihrakrasikkh"ada?@
2ahallaka? "ana
177
bhikkhun #ihra? krayamnena sassmika? attuddesa? bhikkh. abhinetabb
#atthudesanya. Tehi bhikkh.hi #atthu?
17P
desetabba? anrambha? sa"arikkamana?.
17B
&rambhe %e
bhikkhu #atthusmi? a"arikkamane
1PD
mahallaka? #ihra? kreyya( bhikkh. # anabhineyya
#atthudesanya( saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on makin! a d8ellin!@
177
6i 4e, R, N) maha%%akam-pana+
178
Lm, -0, -m) 3atthuF
179
.a) (kama>aA+
180
.a) (kama>e
707
y a bhikkhu 8ho is ha#in! a lar!e d8ellin! built( 8hi%h has an o8ner( >and@ is desi!nated for himself(
bhikkhus are to be brou!ht to >it@ for a""ointin! the site. y those bhikkhus a site not entailin! harm >to
any %reatures@ >and@ ha#in! a surroundin! s"a%e is to be a""ointed. /f a bhikkhu should ha#e a hut built
on a site entailin! harm >to %reatures@( >and@ not ha#in! a surroundin! s"a%e( or if he should not brin!
bhikkhus to >it@ for a""ointin! the site( >this is a %ase %on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in
the rest >of the "ro%edure@.
#ihrakrasikkh"ada?) the traiig precept o makig a !2e&&igW om+ sg+ m+ Koc+ tapp+ cp!+ or
appositi%e kamma!hraya) Zthe !2e&&ig(makig traiig precept+[ X #ihra) !2e&&igW see be&o2 n kra)
makig, makerW actio(ou, $r+ karoti) makes+
mahallaka?) &arge, greatW a!E+ X mah) &arge, great n (easter !ia&ect) su$+_alla(ka)+
#ihra?) !2e&&ig, resi!eceW acc+ sg+ m+ $r+ 3iharatiW see 4! 7@+
sassmika?) 2hich has a o2erW pre$+ sa() 2ith n smika) see 4! G+
<he rest as i the pre%ious ru&e+
>&d P3 DuQQhadosasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhu? duQQho doso a""at4to am.lakena "r9ikena dhammena anuddha?seyya3
TA""e#a nma na? imamh brahma%ariy %#eyyan1ti(U tato a"arena samayena samanu!!hiyamno
1P1
#
asamanu!!hiyamno
1PC
#( am.lakaN1%Ae#a
1PH
ta? adhikaraEa? hoti( bhikkhu %a dosa? "atiQQhti(
saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bein! %orru"ted by mali%e@
/f any bhikkhu( %orru"ted by mali%e >and@ u"set( should a%%use a bhikkhu 8ith a !roundless %ase
in#ol#in! dis7ualifi%ation >thinkin!@3 T/f only / %ould make him fall a8ay from this holy lifeL(U >and@ then(
on another o%%asion( >8hether@ bein! interro!ated or not bein! interro!ated( if that le!al issue is really
!roundless( and if the bhikkhu stands firm in mali%e3 >this is a %ase %on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the
be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@.
yo "ana bhikkhu) 2hiche%er bhikkhuW see abo%e Ci!+
bhikkhu?) a bhikkhuW acc+ sg+ m+
duQQho doso a""at4to) corrupte! by ager (a! ) upset, corrupte! (a!) upset by ager+
duQQho) corrupte!, !epra%e!, 2icke!, m) agry, H) ma&igatW p+p+ o$ dussati (see 4! @ T 7@) use! as a
a!Eecti%e agreeig 2ith *hikkhu+ C$+ duCCha'ma*ho@aka i the Staka passage metioe! be&o2 at X*hikkhu !a
dosaA m+[
doso) ager, ma&ice, m) !esirous o$ %etig ager, H) ma&iciousW om+ sg+ m+ "osa is e&se2here a&2ays a
ou, ot a a!Eecti%e, a! ZduCCho doso appat$to[ seems to be a i!iom meaig Z!epra%e! through ager,
upset[ or Z!epra%e!, upset through ager+[
<he 0a!abhEaa, Ni ### 7G@ e5p&ais both 2or!s together) XduCCho doso ti kupito Q [ <he 4p takes doso to
mea Zoe 2ho !epra%es[) Z"uCCho doso tiI d7sito !8e3a d7sako !a uppanne hi dose pu''a%o tena dosena d7sito hoti
pakati*h3aA @ahpito tasm duCCho ti 3u!!ati, paraK !a d7seti 3inseti tasm doso ti 3u!!ati: iti duCCho doso ti
ekass8e38etaA pu''a%assa kranattena dassitaAF Tena 3uttaA duCCho doso ti d7sito !8e3a d7sako ! ti tattha
sadda%akkha>aA pariyesita**aA Q Z) X"uCCho doso) he is beig !epra%e! (d7sita) a! a&so is a !epra%er (d7sako:
c$+ 4! 7@+) $or 2he ager arises (itera&&y) oe is !epra%e! through it (dosena d7sito), oe has bee ma!e to
&ea%e the orma& state (o$ mi!) there$ore Zoe is !epra%e![ is sai!, a! oe !epra%es a! makes others get
&ost there$ore Z!epra%er[ (doso) is sai!+ Both are mai$est i the %arious maers o$ the same oe perso+
181
Lm) (''ah$ya(+
182
Lm) (''ah$ya(+
183
R) am7%akaA !8e3aF
702
<here$ore it is sai! duCCho doso (meaig)) Z!epra%e! a! a !epra%er[W therei the grammar (sadda%akkha>aA)
is to be sought m+[
<his e5p&aatio is prob&ematic as the 2or! dosa has o2here e&se i the 0;i or 4askrit the meaig o$ a
perso 2ho corrupts+
<he phrase ZduCCho doso appat$toP is ot $ou! ay2here e&se i the Cao, but compare " # 207) Zm duCCho
dosena a*hi*h7to Q ,[ 4 #N @@9) ZGaA duCCho dosdhikara>ena atta3y*dhya pi !eteti Q,[ #t 2) Zm dosena duCChse
m,[ the 0a!abhEaa o appat$to be&o2 i this ru&e) Zm tena !a dosena Q appat$to hotiF[) Zm !ue to this ager m
he is !isp&ease!+[ 6/ 898 &ists Zdo+a(d7+ita[) Z!is$igure! by a $au&t+[ From these phrases it appears that it is
both possib&e that dosena i our ru&e is go%ere! by appat$to or that it is go%ere! by duCChoF "s duCCho doso is
,uote! as oe phrase i the 0a!abhEaa a! the commetaries the &atter 2as the oe $a%oure! by the
tra!itio+ 0erhaps the origia& 2as ZduCCho dosena appat$to[ i 2hich dosena 2as misu!erstoo! a! a&tere!
!ue to its beig i bet2ee past particip&es, or it is possib&e that the origia& 2as duCChadosa+ (#t might a&so be
possib&e that origia&&y there 2as the simi&ar sou!ig Zdose patiCCho[ istea! o$ Zdoso appat$to+[) C$+ the
origi(story to this ru&e i the 4utta%ibhaFga (Ni ### 7G@)) ZAmhehi Q kupitehi anattamanehi
!3andhipyehiF[By us m 2ho are agry, !isp&ease!, ite!ig to make (him) $a&& a2ay++[
<he 0rtimok>as?tras ha%e i this ru&e a ab&ati%e (i istrumeta& sese)) do+ad or d3e+adW see be&o2+
# 4askrit do+a meas) corruptio, b&emish, $au&t, !epra%ity, a! d3e+a meas) ager, hatre!, ma&ice+ # 0;i
both ha%e merge! ito dosa (e+g+ Lhp @AH) dosadosa) Zthe $au&t o$ ager[ X 4kt -!a%arga @8H) Zd3e+ado+a])+
#t is ot ucommo that oe 0;i 2or! ca ha%e the meaigs o$ t2o 4askrit 2or!s sice i 0;i there are
much &ess sou!(combiatios tha i 4kt, see 0R j 2@,@W e+g+ 4kt (r'( a! (sy( ha%e bee assimi&ate! ito (''(
a! (ss( i 0;i, e+g+ 4! 77) 3a''a X 4kt 3ar'a T 3ya'ra, 0c 2H) sattha X 4kt srtha, +astra, a! +stra, 0c @8) ni- X
4kt nis( T ni, a! 0c A@ T G0) hassa X 4kt hsya T har+a+ -&ess the cote5t makes it c&ear, it ca be !i$$icu&t to
ko2 2hat meaig is ite!e!+
4a) Zdu+Co do+d aprat$taO[W 0r6o4a p+7G8, .ose, 79A9, p+GAYGG+ 6?) Zd3i+Co d3eYd aprat$taO[ (# $o&&o2 the
rea!ig gi%e by .oth i BN 70A + 70 rather tha BaerEeeDs rea!ig+) (4kt d3i+Ca) hosti&e, $rom cd3i+F C$+ 0;i
disa) eemy)+ Both ca be re!ere! as) Zagere!, upset !ue to ager+[ 6(K) Xdu+Co do+t kupito anttamanoP)
Zagere!, upset !ue to ager, !isp&ease![W 0r6o6(K p+9+
a""at4to) upset, aoye!, !isp&ease!, m) !esirous o$ %etig ager, H) i&&(tempere!W a!Eecti%e agreeig 2ith
*hikkhu+ X eg+ pre$+ a1 n "at4taW the p+p+ o$ pa!!eti (paCi c ni)) returs+ 0a!abhEaa) ZAppat$to tiI tena !a kopena
tena !a dosena Q appat$to hotiF[) ZAppat$to) by that hatre! a! by that ager m he is upset+[
am.lakena) grou!&essW a!Eecti%e agreeig 2ith dhammena+ X eg+ pre$_a n m.la) root, cause n co+ su$+ (ka+
# this case the accusig mok has ot see, hear! or !oubte! that the mok he 2ats to get ri! o$ has
committe! a prEika+ #$ the other mok has i $act, by chace, committe! a prEika, it 2ou&! sti&& be ca&&e!
am7%aka+
"r9ikena) i%o&%ig !is,ua&i$icatioW a!Eecti%e agreeig 2ith dhammena+ 4ee 0r itro+
dhammena) caseW is+ sg+ m+W see 0r itro+
anuddha?seyya) shou&! accuse, m !eouce, m chargeW @ sg+ opt+ o$ anuddhaAseti (anu c nMd_dhas c e)+
a""e#a) i$ o&y, certai&y, p&ease may, hope$u&&yW gi%es emphasis to the optati%eW see L0+ C$+ C% #N 70,7eNi ##
8A) ZAppe3a nma sa='ho *hi@@eyy tiF[) Z#$ o&y the Commuity 2ou&! sp&itp+[ 4p 7792) Zm ayaA assa a@@hsayo
hoti+[) Zm this is his 2ish+[ C$+ C0 2H) Zappe3a mayam-pi+[ X a"i) either a emphatic partic&e or a partic&e
e5pressig ucertaity) perhaps+ " Euctio o$ api c e3a i 2hich the $ia& (i o$ api is $o&&o2e! by a !issimi&ar
%o2e& a! chages to (y- (c$+ the 4kt Zapy e3a[ i the 6(K a! 4a %ersios o$ this ru&e), the (py- is
pa&ata&ise! to (pp-W see 0R AA T #0 p+27A n 7H+ C$+ 4! 70 i!!etaA+ n e#a) Eust, emph+ partic&e+
nma) Zp[, i!ee!, EustW a!%+ use! as emph+ partic&e 2hich emphasises other partic&es but ca ot be
tras&ate!+
na?) himW @ sg+ acc+ !em+ pro+W %ariat o$ taA+
imamh) $rom thisW @ sg+ ab&+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+
70@
brahma%ariy) $rom the ho&y &i$e, m) Roo! Ki$e, H) Brahma(&i$eW ab&+ sg+ t+ X brahma) !i%ieW c$+ 4! 8 n
(%ariya) co!uct, &i$esty&eW c!ar n co+ su$+ (iya+ 4ee 4! 8 *rahma!rin+ # some cote5ts *rahma!ariya c&ear&y
meas ce&ibacyW i+e+, as thir! precept o$ the eight precepts, " ### H0W a! as part o$ the stock(phrase)
Za*rahma!ariyaA pahya *rahma!ri hoti, r!ri, 3irato methun 'madhamm+[) ZHe aba!os o(ce&ibacy a!
is a obser%er o$ ce&ibacy, a obser%er o$ abstiece, abstaiig $rom the se5ua& %u&gar act+[W " #N 798+ <he
an'min, o(returer, a! a&so the arahant, is a *rahma!rin, sice he is icapab&e o$ i!u&gig i se5ua&
itercourseW see " N 780+
<he commetaries gi%e t2o meaigs+ :e meaig is seCCha!ariya) Zthe best &i$e,[ e+g+ 4(a # @0H+ <he other is
methuna3irati) Zabstiece $rom se5ua& itercourse,[ 4(a # 98W see the ote to <h 2@G i Corma, 79G9, p+7G9+
4ee a&so C0 #N 2H8) Zi the basic brahmiica& sese *rahma!ariya, the practice o$ *rhma>a, is ce&ibacy a!
&earig the Ne!as+ # the Bu!!hist sese it meas to &i%e a pure, u!e$i&e!, a! ce&ibate &i$e+[
%#eyyan1ti) X %#eyya?) # cou&! make $a&& a2ayW 7 sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ !a3ati (n!u c a)) to $a&& (a2ay)+ n
ti) Zm,[ e! ,uoteW c$+ Ci!+ " Euctio o$ !3eyyaA a! ti through the !eta&isatio o$ A+
tato a"arena samayena samanu!!hiyamno # asamanu!!hiyamno #) thereupo, o aother occasio,
beig iterrogate! or ot beig iterrogate!W see 0r 8+
am.lakaN%Ge#a) a! i$ rea&&y grou!&essW a Euctio o$ am7%akaA a! !a or !e through the pa&ata&isatio o$ A+ X
am.laka?) see abo%e n %G) a! i$W X e&i!e! $orm o$ co!itioa& partic&e !e) i$, or the coecti%e partic&e !a) a!
i$W see 0R j G9,7+ 4ice there is a&so a !a i the e5t &ie, it might a&so be !a here i the co!itioa& sese+ n e#a)
rea&&yW emphatic partic&e+
ta?) thatW om+ sg+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
adhikaraEa?) &ega& issue, m) &itigatio, H) &ega& ,uestio, Corma) &ega& process, <ha) issue, $orma&
!isputeW om+ sg+ t+ !irectioa& pre$+ adhi( n kara>a) !oig, makigW ckar n actio(ou su$+ (a>a+ 4ee be&o2
"!hik+
hoti) isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+W the cotracte! $orm o$ *ha3ati, c$+ Ci!+
bhikkhu) the bhikkhuW om+ sg+ m+
%a) a! i$W coecti%e partic&e, probab&y i the co!itioa& sese rather tha the coecti%e+
dosa?) ma&ice, or) $au&t, errorW acc+ sg+ m+ 0robab&y a accusati%e o$ !irectioW see 4yta5 j 87+ Correspo!s to
4kt do+aW see abo%e+ <he 0a!abhEaa ,uote! be&o2 (m empti&y, m $a&se&ym) suggests that Z$au&t[ is itete!
rather tha Zma&ice,[ ho2e%er the grammar a! &ega& structure seem to re,uire the meaig o$ Zma&ice+[
"atiQQhti) sta!s $irm i, estab&ishes, bases o, persistsW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ (pati c nCh c a)+
bhikkhu %a dosa? "atiQQhti) a! i$ the bhikkhu sta!s $irm i ma&ice, (or)) a! i$ the bhikkhu co$irms the
$au&t, m) a! the bhikkhu a!mits to ager, H) i$ the mok co$esse! his ma&ice+
" !i$$icu&t phrase+ <he 0a!abhEaa imp&ies that the bhikkhu a!mits his mistake) ZQI tu!!hakaA may
*h>itaA, mus Q, a*h7taA Q, a@nantena may *ha>itaA[) Zm) #t has bee sai! empti&y, $a&se&y, o($actua&&y,
ot ko2ig&y, by me+[
Kkh H2) XGadi hi taA adhikara>aA diCChd$hi m7%ehi am7%akaK-!8e3a hoti, ayaA !odetuA 'ato *hikkhu !a dosaA
patiCChti paCi!!a tiCChatiI tu!!hakaA may *ha>itan ti d$ni 3adanto paCi@ntiF Tassa *hikkhuno anuddhaAsitakkha>e
ye3a sa='hdiseso tiF[) Z#$ that &ega& issue is 2ithout the (&ega&) grou!s (cosistig) o$ 2hat has bee see, etc,
a! this bhikkhu 2ho has come to accuse sta!s !epe!et o error (dosa) a! a!mits sayig) D#t has bee
sai! empti&y by me (X 0a!abhEaa)D etc+, $or that bhikkhu there is a sa='hdisesa o$$ece at the %ery momet
o$ accusatio+[
Horer i BL # 287 + 7 otes ZPatiCChti 2ith more geera& meaig o$ ]to sta! $ast+^ But here, Eu!gig by the
:&! Com m it must mea ]co$ess^ 2ith the sese that his 2or!s 2ere sta!ig o or $ou!e! i ma&ice+ <he
%erb, ho2e%er, i such meaigs is $o&&o2e! by a &ocati%e+ But paCi go%ers the accusati%e+[
PatiCChti is a itrasiti%e %erb a! ca ot take dosaA as a patiet, there$ore the meaigs Zco$irms,[ or
Za!mits[ or Zco$esses[ !oDt make sese+ '&se2here i the 0;i Cao patiCChti o&y takes a &ocati%e ('+g+ C%
#a A,HeNi ## 2A7) Zd3$su dhammesu patiCChta**aA sa!!e !a akuppe !aFP: see 4yta5 j 7G@, a, N $or other
708
e5amp&es+) a! it is sigi$icat that the 0rtimok>as?tras, see be&o2, a&& ha%e a &ocati%e $orm here+ #t is
there$ore possib&e that dosaA is a corruptio o$ doseF <his might be !ue to misu!ersta!ig the &ocati%e sg+
m+ as a 6ga!hi $orm i (eW see 4yta5 j 70 a! 0R j 80,7+ <he meaig Zco$irms[ a&so !oes ot make goo!
sese as e&se2here, e+g+ "iy 7Y2, paCi@nti is use! to !eote that 2or!+
#t is a&so possib&e that patiCChti is a corruptio o$ its causati%e $orm patiCChpeti, 2hich is trasiti%e a! ca
take dosaA as patiet+ # the sese suggeste! by the 0a!abhEaa it ee!s to be a causati%e+
<he $o&&o2ig passage $rom the Kharassara Staka (S # @A8) about a corrupt %i&&age hea!ma
(duCCha'ma*ho@aka) sho2s that Zco$irms[ ca be a meaig $or the causati%e patiCChpeti a! that it ca take
the accusati%e dosaA as patiet+) Z5@ taA pakkospet3 dosaA patiCChpet3, suni''ahitaA ni'ahet3 m[) Z<he
kig ha%ig summoe! him, ha%ig ma!e him estab&isheco$irm (his) $au&t, ha%ig puishe! him 2e&&(
puishe! m [ "osa i this cote5t c&ear&y meas Z$au&t], the 4kt do+a, a! ot Zager,[ d3e+a+ C$+ Lhp(a ### 78G)
Zm thero parisama@@he parisuddha*h3aA patiCChpesi+[) Zthe seior bhikkhu estab&ishe! (her) state o$ purity (X
iocece) i the mi!st o$ the assemb&y+[
PatiCChti ca thus be re!ere! i t2o 2ays+ :e is to re!er it i accor!ace 2ith the 0a!abhEaa i the
causati%e meaig as Zhe estab&ishes the $au&t[ or Zco$irms the $au&tZ gi%ig the sese o$ the bhikkhu
a!mittig his mistake+ <he other is to gi%e the usua& &ocati%e sese o$ Zsta!s $irm i ma&ice,[ i+e+, the bhikkhu
is u!er the i$&uece o$ ager+ /hat the c&ause the ite!s is that the accusig bhikkhu c&ear&y acts out o$
ma&ice, a! ot out o$ mere misEu!gemet+
Both these re!erigs are supporte! by the commetary, 2hich e5p&ais that it meas that the bhikkhu
sta!s !epe!et (paCi!!a tiCChati) o dosa a! a!mits it (paCi@nti)+
<o ascertai the correct meaig o$ this phrase it is ecessary to see 2hat the t2o $actors are 2hich !e$ie
a! accomp&ish the 4aFgh!isesa+
First&y, the case is to be estab&ishe! as grou!&ess, am7%aka, the, seco!&y, the bhikkhu is to be estab&ishe! as
oe 2ho has goe o a 2rog course through i&&(2i&&, dos'ati (oe o$ the $our 2rog courses, see 4! 7@)+ <his
is the $actor o$ itetio+ #t seems reasoab&e to assume that dosa has the same sese i both parts o$ this ru&e+
# the iitia& part o$ this the t2o $actors o$ dosa a! am7%aka are itro!uce!, the, i the &ast part, the t2o are
agai state! as !e$iig $actors+ <here$ore, &ike i the "iyata ru&es, the bhikkhuDs a!missio is ot ecessary
to make it a 4! o$$ece+ # this case a misu!ersta!ig about this ru&e seems to ha%e occure! be$ore the
0a!abhEaa 2as estab&ishe!+
# both occurreces o$ dosa i this ru&e a corruptio i the 0;i seems to ha%e occure! as the grammar is
icorrect+ <his !oes ot appear to ha%e happee! i the 0rtJmok>as?tras as they gi%e grammatica&&y correct
%ersios+
6(K) Z*hik+u !a do+e prati+CihatiI do+d a3a!m$ tiF[ Za! (i$) that bhikkhu sta!s i ma&ice, sayig, ]# spoke out
o$ ma&ice+^[W BN 708, 0r6o6(K p+9+ (C$+ B6L p+AG)+ 4a) XQ do+e prati+Ched do+en3o!am itiPI Zm 2ou&! sta!
i ager, ]# spoke 2ith ager++^[W 0r6o4a p+7H0Y7H7+ 6?) Z*hik+uY !a d3eYe pratiM+Ched_ d3e+d a3o!am iti Q[
(0r6o6? p+78eBN 70A)) Za! i$ the bhikkhu 2ou&! sta! i ma&ice, sayig, Z# spoke out o$ ma&ice+[ C$+
.ose, 79A9, p+GAYGG a! Fiot 89+
<hese 0rtimok>as?tras thus ha%e i the ru&e itse&$ 2hat is rough&y e,ui%a&et to the 0;i 0a!abhEaa (see
abo%e)+ <his is ot a ui,ue case+ Corma (200G p+ 20G$), gi%es e5amp&es o$ this pheomeo a! states that
because o$ the Bu!!ha gi%ig !i$$eret e5p&aatios i !i$$eret p&aces, the commetaria& e5p&aatio i oe
tra!itio or sect cou&! be the caoica& rea!ig i aother tra!itio, a! %ice %ersa+
#t is ote2orthy that 0cittiya HG (yo pana *hikkhu *hikkhuA am7%akena sa='hadisesena anudhaAseyya, p!ittiyaA),
2hich is basica&&y the same ru&e but cocere! 2ith the makig o$ a grou!&ess accusatio o$ a sa='hdisesa
istea! o$ a pr@ika, !oes ot ha%e ay metio o$ the itetioa& $actor o$ ma&ice, dosa, as gi%e i the $irst
part o$ 4! 8+ <he correspo!ig 0rtimok>as?tra ru&es (Lhg ru&e 80, 6(K HA, 6? G9, but ot 4a ru&e G9),
most&y ha%e this $actor ic&u!e! i the ru&e) e+g+ 6(K) Zyo puna *hik+u *hik+usya du+to do+at kupito anttamano
am7%akena saA'htiYe+e>a dharme>nudh3aAseya p!attikaAFP: BN p+799+ 4a ru&e G9) ZyaO punar *hik+ur *hik+um
am7%akena saA'h3aYe+e>a dharme>nudh3aAsayet pyantikFP: 0r6o4a p+22GY2H+
70A
0rebish (B6L p+72@) suggests that i$ Zthe bhikkhu persists i ma&ice[ a! !oes ot aba!o his 2rog course
but cocea&s it there is a 4! o$$ece+ Ho2e%er, this 4! is a paChampattika 4! o$$ece, ot a y3atatiyaka 4!, so
there is o ,uestio o$ perse%erig+ 4ee the commetary ,uote! abo%e) XanuddhaAsitakkha>e ye3a[I Zat the
%ery momet o$ accusatio+[ <he poit is that the bhikkhu commits the 4! o$$ece as soo as he makes the
$a&se accusatio+ He has to a!mit though that he has ma!e a $a&se accusatio u!er the i$&uece o$ ager i
or!er to u!ergo the mnatta a! pari3sa+ For as may !ays as he $ai&s to a!mit the o$$ece, a! thus
cocea&s it, he has to stay i probatio+
>&d B3 ANNabh!iyasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhu? duQQho doso a""at4to aNNabh!iyassa adhikaraEassa kiN1%i desa?
lesamatta? u"dya "r9ikena dhammena anuddha?seyya3 TA""e#a nma na? imamh brahma%ariy
%#eyyan1ti(U tato a"arena samayena samanu!!hiyamno
1PR
# asamanu!!hiyamno
1PK
#( aNNabh!iyaN1
%Ge#a
186
ta? adhikaraEa? hoti( ko%i deso lesamatto u"dinno(
187
bhikkhu %a dosa? "atiQQhti( saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (an issue) belon!in! to another %lass@
/f any bhikkhu( %orru"ted by mali%e >and@ u"set( should a%%use a bhikkhu 8ith a %ase in#ol#in!
dis7ualifi%ation( ha#in! taken >it@ u" >8ith@ some "oint( 8hi%h is a mere "rete+t( of a le!al issue belon!in!
to another %lass >thinkin!@3 T/f only / %ould make him fall a8ay from this holy lifeL(U >and@ then( on
another o%%asion( >8hether@ bein! interro!ated or not bein! interro!ated( if that le!al issue is really
belon!in! to another %lass( >and@ some "oint( 8hi%h a mere "rete+t( has been taken u"( and if the bhikkhu
stands firm in mali%e3 >this is a %ase %on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the
"ro%edure@.
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhu? duQQho doso a""at4to) see 4! 8+
aNNabh!iyassa) be&ogig to aother c&ass, coecte! to aother c&assW a!E+ Bb cp!+ X aNNa) otherW a!E+ n
bh!a) c&ass, part, share n (iya) coecti%e su$$i5+
adhikaraEassa) o$ a &ega& issueW ge+ sg+ t+ o$ adhikara>aW see 4! 8+
kiN1%i) someW i!e$iite pro+ X Euctio o$ kiA n !i through the pa&ata&isatio o$ the ni''ah$ta o$ kiA+ ki? the
acc+ sg+ euter $orm o$ iterrogati%e pro+ ka) Z2hatg[ n appe!e! i!e$+ partic&e 1%iW see 0R j 777,7+
desa?) poit, matterW acc+ sg+ m+, $r+ deseti) see 4! G a! 0c H+
lesamatta?) 2hich is mere prete5tW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig desaA+ Bb cp!+ X lesa) prete5t, p&oy n_matta) mere,
o&yW a!Eecti%e+
u"dya) ha%ig take upW abs+ o$ updiyati (upa c nd c i c ya) use! as a postpositio+ :$te the postpositio
updya matches the 'g&ish Zout o$,[ i+e+) Zout o$ prete5t[W c$+ C0 9+
desa? lesamatta? u"dya) ha%ig take up some poit 2hich is a mere prete5t+
"r9ikena : #) see 4! 8+
aNNabh!iyaN1%Ge#a) X Euctio o$ aKKa*h'iyaA n !`e3a through pa&ata&isatio o$ the $ia& (A o$ aKKa*h'iyaAF
X aNNabh!iya?) see abo%e n %Ge#a) see 4! 8+
ta? adhikaraEa? hoti) see 4! 8+
ko%i deso lesamatto) some poit 2hich a mere prete5tW see abo%e, here om+ sg+ m+
u"dinno) has bee take upW p+p+ o$ updiyati agreeig 2ith deso+
bhikkhu %a dosa? "atiQQhti( saF!hdiseso) see 4! 8+
184
Lm) (''ah$ya(+
185
Lm) (''ah$ya(+
186
.a) aKKa*h'iyaA !e3aF
187
-m, R, N) updi>>o+
70G
>&d 1D3 &aF!habhedasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu sama!!assa saF!hassa bhedya "arakkameyya( bhedanasa?#attanika? # adhikaraEa?
samdya "a!!ayha tiQQheyya( so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi e#am1assa #a%an4yo3
1PP
U2 yasm
1PB
sama!!assa
saF!hassa bhedya "arakkami
1BD
bhedanasa?#attanika? # adhikaraEa? samdya "a!!ayha aQQhsi.
&ametGyasm saF!hena( sama!!o hi saF!ho sammodamno a#i#adamno ekAuddeso "hsu #iharat4 ti.U(
e#aN1%a so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi #u%%amno tathAe#a "a!!aEheyya( so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi y#atatiya?
samanubhsitabbo tassa "aQinissa!!ya( y#atatiyaN1%e samanubhsiyamno ta? "aQinissa9eyya(
1B1
i%%eta?
kusala?( no %e "aQinissa9eyya(
1BC
saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the s%hism of a %ommunity@
/f any bhikkhu should endea#or for the s%hism of a united %ommunity( or ha#in! undertaken( should
"ersist in u"holdin! a le!al issue %ondu%i#e to s%hism( >then@ that bhikkhu should be s"oken to thus by
the bhikkhus3 T'et the #enerable one not endea#or for the s%hism of the united %ommunity( or ha#in!
undertaken( "ersist in u"holdin! a le!al issue %ondu%i#e to s%hism. 'et the #enerable one %on#ene 8ith
the %ommunity( for a united %ommunity( 8hi%h is on friendly terms( 8hi%h is not dis"utin!( 8hi%h has a
sin!le re%itation( d8ells in %omfort(U and >if@ that bhikkhu bein! s"oken to thus by the bhikkhus should
"ersist in the same 8ay >as before@( >then@ that bhikkhu is to be ar!ued 8ith u" to three times by the
bhikkhus for the relin7uishin! of that >%ourse@( >and if that bhikkhu(@ bein! ar!ued 8ith u" to three times(
should relin7uish that >%ourse@( then this is !ood( >but@ if he should not relin7uish >it@3 >this is a %ase
%on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@.
Oo "ana bhikkhu) see 4! 8+
sama!!assa) uite!, uaimous, 2ho&e, m) i cocor!, H) harmoious, Vinaya Texts) at uioW a!E+
,ua&i$yig sa='haF X pre$+ saA c a''a) topW see 4! 8 X 4kt a'ra) $oremost, best, mu&titu!e+ 6(K T 4a)
sama'rasya saA'hasyaW BN 789, 0r6o4a p+7H7+
Sama''a is the corre&ati%e o$ 3a''a (3i c a''a)) !isuite!, !issetious, $actioa&W see 4! 77+
<he 4kt $orm sama'ra meas) a&&, 2ho&e, etire, comp&ete+ <he 4kt $orm o$ 0;i 3a''a) 3ya'ra meas) !isperse!,
!isuite!+
# the cote5t o$ this ru&e sama''a has the more geera& meaig o$ Zuite![ i the sese o$ Zharmoy[ as it is
cotraste! 2ith sa='ha*heda) Zschism o$ the commuity,[ a! a&so because it here occurs 2ith ZreEoicig
together a! o(!isputigD) Zsammodamno a3i3adamno+[ <he &atter are $ou! e&se2here i a stock(phrase
(u!er&ie!)W e+g+ 6 ### 7AG) ZGath kathaA pana tumhe, Anuruddh, sama'' sammodamn a3i3adamn
kh$rodak$*h7t aKKamaKKaA piya!akkh7hi sampassant 3iharath ti^ Idha mayhaA, *hante, e3aA hotiI 1*h 3ata me,
su%addhaA 3ata me yoihaA e3ar7pehi sa*rahma!r$hi saddhiA 3iharm$ tiF8) ZBut ho2 !o you, "uru!!has, !2e&&
i uity, agreeig 2ith each other, ot !isputig, beig &ike mi&k (b&e!ig 2ith) 2ater, regar!ig each other
2ith !ear eyes+ Here, Neerab&e 4ir, it occurs to us thus) ]<here are gais $or me, it is 2e&& gaie! by me, that #
&i%e 2ith such ki! o$ compaios i the Ho&y Ki$e+^[
C$+ " # H0 2here the uite! assemb&y is compare! to the !isuite! assemb&y) Z"3e8m, *hikkha3e, parisF
/atam d3e^ Va'' !a paris sama'' !a parisF /atam !a, *hikkha3e, 3a'' paris^ Idha, *hikkha3e, yassaA
parisyaA *hikkh7 *ha>Wana@t ka%aha@t 3i3dpann aKKamaKKaA mukhasatt$hi 3itudant 3iharanti, ayaA
3u!!ati, *hikkha3e, 3a'' parisF X/atam !a, *hikkha3e, sama'' paris^ Idha, *hikkha3e, yassaA parisyaA *hikkh7
sama'' sammodamn a3i3adamn kh$rodak$*h7t aKKamaKKaA piya!akkh7hi sampassant 3iharanti, ayaA 3u!!ati,
*hikkha3e, sama'' parisF[)
188
N) 3a!aniyo+
189
Lm, -m, -0) myasm+
190
.a) parakkam$+
191
X L, /, Nibh Ce (but has (nissa@@eyya i 0c G8), :ther e!s+) (nissa@@eyya+ C rea!s (nissa@@eyya here but (nissa@eyya i 4! 72Y7@
a! 0c G8+
192
"s i pre%ious ote+
70H
Z<here are these t2o assemb&ies+ /hich t2og " !i%i!e! assemb&y a! a uite! assemb&y+ /hat is a !i%i!e!
assemb&y+ Co2, i 2hich assemb&y bhikkhus !2e&& 2ho are arguig, 2ho are ,uarre&&ig, 2ho are egage!
i !ispute, 2ho are piercig oe aother 2ith the s2or!s o$ the mouthW this is ca&&e! a !i%i!e! assemb&y+ "!
2hat is a uite! assemb&yg Co2, i 2hich assemb&y bhikkhus !2e&& 2ho are i uity, 2ho are agreeig 2ith
each other, 2ho are ot !isputig, 2ho are beig &ike mi&k (b&e!ig 2ith) 2ater, (a!) 2ho are regar!ig
each other 2ith !ear eyes+ <his is ca&&e! a uite! assemb&y+[
<he sese o$ harmoy is a&so e5emp&i$ie! i Lhp 798) Zsukh sa='hassa sma''$, sama''naA tapo sukhoF[
4peech that uites, sma''akara>iA 3!aA, is a $actor o$ right speech+
:e o$ the co!itios o$ o(!ec&ie o$ the 4aFgha, aparihniya dhamma, is !oig sa='hakammas i uityW see "
#N 27$, L ## HG+
Ho2e%er, i the more techica& Niaya sese, as i 0c 87, sama''a app&ies more to a commuity that is both
uite! i bo!y, i+e+, comp&ete&y atte!ig a! participatig 2he carryig out a sa='hakamma, as 2e&& as
uite! i mi!, i+e+, agreeig 2ith each other a! ha%ig a sig&e opiio about a sa='hakamma+ <he physica&
sese is emphasise! i the Nibh 0a!abhEaa o this ru&e at Ni ### 7H@) ZSama''o nma sa='ho
samnasaA3sako samnas$myaA Chito+[) Z-ite! is a commuity that is o$ the same commuio, 2hich is
stayig i the same bou!ary(area++[
#t is a&so emphasise! i Ni # 708Y70Ae6% ## A,7) Z6a yathparisya ptimokkhaA uddissita**aA sakya sakya
parisya Q Anu@nmi *hikkha3e sama''naA uposathakammaA Q ett3at sama''$ y3at ek3so+Z) Z<he
0timokkha shou&! ot be recite! accor!ig to assemb&y, each to his o2 assemb&y+ # a&&o2 bhikkhus a &ega&
act o$ -posatha $or (a&&) uite! m as $ar as there is oe resi!ece so $ar e5te!s the uity+[
# Ni # @78e6% #a @,A three $actors or co!itios are gi%e $or a sama''akamma) Zuite! &ega& actio[ or
3a''akamma Z!isuite! &ega& actioD) X/atamaK!a, *hikkha3e, sama''akammaA^ pattidutiye !e, *hikkha3e, kamme
y3atik *hikkh7 kammappatt, te 'at honti, !handrahnaA !hando haCo hoti, sammukh$*h7t na paCikkosantiI
sama''akammaAF patti!atutthe !e Q [Ho2, bhikkhus, is there a uite! &ega& actiog # a (&ega&) act o$ a motio
($o&&o2e! by a aoucemet) as the seco!, as $ar as there are moks 2ho are etit&e! (to carry it out), they
ha%e arri%e!, the coset has bee brought o$ those 2ho are e&igib&e $or (gi%ig) coset, through the o(
obEectio o$ those 2ho are preset+ m[
# brie$) 7+ comp&ete atte!ace, 2+ coset (a! purity i the case o$ the -posathakamma) by pro5y o$ the
abset bhikkhus, a! @+ o obEectio or protest agaist the kamma by ay bhikkhu 2ho participates+
<he $irst $actor comp&ete atte!ace is !iscusse! abo%e i the sectio o s$m, the seco! $actor is !iscusse! i
the Ci!a, a! a e5amp&e o$ the thir! $actor is the suspesio o$ the 0timokkha (patimokkhaChapana) $or a
bhikkhu 2ith a o$$eceW see abo%e p+*+ "other e5amp&e o$ a obEectio is the re,uest about obEectios at
the e! o$ the three proc&amatios, kamma3!, $or the $u&& a!missio ito the 4aFgha, upasampad, at Ni # 9@Y
9Ae6% # HG,77Y72+
<hese three co!itios are a&so &iste! i the e5p&aatio o sama''ena sa='hena i 4p 282W see 0c 87+
# " N H@YHAe"C a @A, a set o$ te co!itios $or sa='hasama''$ (cotraste! 2ith the opposite co!itios $or
sa='ha*heda) is gi%e, 2hich i$ practise! 2i&& &ea! to the o(sece!ig (a!) ot segregatig (o$ bhikkhus), to
ot carryig out &ega& acts separate&y, a! ot recitig the 0timokkha separate&y+ # Ni ## 208Y20A, X C% N##
A,2Y8, this set is $ou! as a set o$ eightee co!itios) Z/itt3at nu kho, *hante, sa='ho sama''o hot$ ti^
XIdh8)p%i, *hikkh7 adhammaA adhammo ti d$penti, dhammaA dhammo ti d$penti, a3inayaA a3inayo ti d$penti,
3inayaA 3inayo ti d$penti, a*hsitaA a%apitaA tath'atena a*hsitaA a%apitaA tath'aten ti d$penti, *hsitaA %apitaA
tath'atena *hsitaA %apitaA tath'aten ti d$penti, an!i>>aA tath'atena an!i>>aA tath'aten ti d$penti, !i>>aA
tath'atena !i>>aA tath'aten ti d$penti, apaKKattaA tath'atena apaKKattaA tath'aten ti d$penti, paKKattaA
tath'atena paKKattaA tath'aten ti d$penti, anpattiA anpatt$ti d$penti, pattiA patt$ ti d$penti, %ahukaA pattiA
%ahuk patt$ ti d$penti, 'arukaA pattiA 'aruk patt$ ti d$penti, s3asesaA pattiA s3ases patt$ ti d$penti,
ana3asesaA pattiA ana3ases patt$ ti d$penti, duCChu%%aA pattiA duCChu%% patt$ ti d$penti, aduCChu%%aA pattiA
aduCChu%% patt$ ti d$pentiF Te imehi aCChrasahi 3atth7hi na apakassanti, na a3apakassanti, na 3eniA uposathaA
karonti, na 3eniA pa3ra>aA karonti, na 3eniA sa='hakammaA karontiF &tt3at kho, )p%i, sa='ho sama''o hot$
708
tiF[)
Z<o 2hat e5tet, Neerab&e 4ir, is the Commuity uite!g Here, -p&i, bhikkhus e&uci!ateee5p&ai o(
Lhamma as o(Lhamma, m Lhamma as Lhamma, m o(Niaya as o(Niaya, m Niaya as Niaya, m
2hat has ot bee sai! a! spoke about by the <athgata as 2hat has ot bee sai! m, 2hat has bee sai!
m as m sai! m, 2hat has ot bee practise! m as m ot m practise! m, 2hat has bee practise! m as m
practise! m, 2hat has ot bee !ec&are! m as m ot m !ec&are! m, 2hat has bee !ec&are! m as m !ec&are!
m, they e&uci!ate a o(o$$ece as a o(o$$ece, m a o$$ece as a o$$ece, m a &ight o$$ece as a &ight
o$$ece, m a hea%y o$$ece as a hea%y o$$ece, m a o$$ece 2ith remai!er (i the 4aFgha, i+e+, a
4aFgh!isesa or &ess) as a o$$ece 2ith remai!er, m a o$$ece 2ith o remai!er (i the 4agha, i+e+, a
0rEika) as a o$$ece 2ith o remai!er, a !epra%e! o$$eces as a !epra%e! o$$ece, m a o(!epra%e!
o$$ece as a o(!epra%e! o$$ece+ /ith these eightee $actors they !oDt sece!e, !oDt segregate, they !oDt
!o a separate -posatha, m #%itatio, m &ega& actio+ <o this e5tet, -p&i, the Commuity is uite!+[
C$+ BL ### 7@G + 7 n BL #N 2GH + H a! the e5tesi%e !iscussio o$ sama''a i Suo(Hs`eh 4hih, 2000, chapter 8+
saF!hassa) o$ a commuityW ge+ sg+ m+ C$+ Ci!+
bhedya) $or the schism, breach, !i%isioW !at+ sg+ m+ o$ bheda, actio(ou $r+ *hedeti (n*hid c e)) causes to
break+ " !ati%e o$ purposeW see 4yta5 j 70H!+
"arakkameyya) shou&! e!ea%or $or, stri%e $or, m) attempt to cause, H) shou&! go $or2ar! 2ithW @ sg+ opt+
o$ parakkamati (par c nkam c a) X pre$+ par) oto, o%er n nMk_kam) mo%es+ <he $ia& &og a o$ the pre$i5 para has
bee shortee! be$ore the !oub&e k o$ the root nMk_kam, 4kt nkram, i accor!ace 2ith the Ka2 o$ 6oraeW see
sekhaLsekkha i 0! @+
bhedanasa?#attanika?) co!uci%e to schism, m) co!uci%e to schism, H) &ea!ig to !issesioW a!E+ Lat+
tapp+ cp! use! as Bb cp!+ X bhedana) breakig, breach, schismW actio(ou (n*hid c ana) n sa?#attanika)
co!uci%e toW a!E+ saA n c3att n su$+ (ikaW $r+ saA3attati (saA c n3att c a)+
#) orW !isEucti%e partic&e+
adhikaraEa?) &ega& issueW acc+ sg+ t+W see 4! 8+
samdya) ha%ig u!ertakeW abso&uti%e o$ samdiyati, the passi%e $orm o$ samdti (saA c c nd c a)+
"a!!ayha) upho&!ig, ha%ig uphe&!, $a%ourig, ki!&igW abs+ o$ pa''a>hti X pre$+ pa() $orth, out n 'a>hti)
ho&!sW see 4! 2+
tiQQheyya) shou&! persist i, &it+ Zshou&! sta![W @ sg+ opt+ o$ tiCChati (nCha c a)+ Pa''ayha tiCCheyya, Zshou&!
persist i upho&!ig[ is a periphrastic costructio i 2hich tiCCheyya acts as a au5i&iary %erbW see #0 2@@$$,
a! 4yta5 j 79+ 0erhaps tiCCheyya acts as a au5i&iary to both samdya a! pa''ayha (Zshou&! persist i
u!ertakig a! upho&!ig[), but # am ot a2are o$ ay other costructios o$ a au5i&iary 2ith the $orms o$
t2o other %erbs+
so) thatW om+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
bhikkhu) bhikkhuW om+ sg+ m+
bhikkh.hi) by bhikkhusW is+ p&+ m+
e#am1assa) thus shou&! beW X a Euctio o$ e3aA a! assa through 2eakeig o$ A ito mW see 0R j H7,2b+ X
e#a?) thusW a!%+ n assa) shou&! beW @ sg+ opt+ o$ atthi (nas c a c ti), here use! as a au5i&iary %erbW see #0 p+2@8+
<his assa is ot to be co$use! 2ith assa, the !ati%e o$ !emostrati%e proou ayaAW see abo%e Ci!+
#a%an4yo) to be spoke to, to&!, a!!resse!, m) to be a!moishe!, H) to be spoke toW $+p+p+ o$ the root c3a!,
agreeig 2ith *hikkhu+ # this a! the e5t ru&es the !i$$eret $orms o$ the root n3a! ha%e cosistet&y bee
re!ere! by $orms o$ Zspeaks to[ i the sese o$ a!moishig, a&though sometimes Za!moishes[ (as m
re!ers), especia&&y i 4L 72, 2ou&! seem more appropriate+ C$+ 6 ## 200) Zm Su*ho m>a3o Q anattamano
*ha'a3antaA ye3a khuAsento *ha'a3antaA ye3a 3am*ento *ha'a3antaA ye3a 3adamnoI sama>o #otamo ppiko
*ha3issat$ tiFP
m) !oDt, &et otW prohibiti%e partic&e takig a aorist+
709
yasm) the %eerab&e oeW om+ sg+ m+W c$+ Ci!+
"s the %erbs (sametu etc+) use! i this setece are i the thir! perso the omiati%e is use! rather tha the
%ocati%e+ ayasm is ot use! as a %ocati%e i 0;i but is o&y use! as a omiati%e 2ith @
r!
perso %erbsW e+g+ L
## 20G) ZQ yasm 4ana3asa*ho yakkho Q saK@nt$ tiF[ <his is a po&ite $orm o$ speechW see 0c G8+
<he p&ura& $orm yasmanto is use! i the %ocati%e 2ith (imperati%e) 2
!
perso %erbsW e+g+ 4! 77) [2
yasmanto Q a3a!utthaF+[
a3uso is use! i the %oc+ sg+ istea! o$ yasmW see 0c H0) Z2 3uso sama>uddesa e3aA a3a!aF[
sama!!assa saF!hassa bhedya) see abo%e+
"arakkami) e!ea%orW @ sg+ aor+ o$ parakkamati) see abo%e+ <here is a&so a seco! perso i(aorist i (i (see a&so
C0 70 3inassaL3inassi_ but as sametu be&o2 is !e$iite&y i the thir! perso parakkami a! aCChsi are a&so so+
bhedanasa?#attanika? # adhikaraEa? samdya "a!!ayha) see abo%e+
aQQhsi) persistW @+ sg+ aor+ o$ tiCChati) see abo%e+
sametGyasm) &et the %eerab&e oe co%ee, assemb&e, come together, agree, be i accor!, m) &et the
%eerab&e oe be at peace 2ith, H) &et m be associate! 2ith, Vinaya Texts) Be, 4ir, at oe 2ithmW Euctio o$
sametu a! yasm through e&isio o$ (uW 0R j H0,2b+ see ote i the e5t ru&e+
sametu) &et co%ee, come together, agreeW @ sg+ imp+ o$ sameti (saA c ni c a)) co%ees, comes together, Eois,
assemb&es, agreesW here sameti is persoa&, has a omiati%e aget, a! takes the istrumeta& sa='henaW see
ote i 4! 77+ n yasm) see abo%e+
6(K) Zsametu yu+man srdhaA saA'hena[W BN 789+
saF!hena) 2ith the commuityW is+ sg+ m+
sama!!o) 2hich is uite!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig sa='hoF
hi) $or, becauseW emphatic partic&eei!ec&iab&e+
saF!ho) a commuityW om+ sg+ m+
sammodamno) 2hich is o $rie!&y terms, beig cogeia&, m) i agreemet, H) o $rie!&y terms, Vinaya
Texts) i harmoyW a!Eecti%e agreeig 2ith sa='ho, X pr+p+ o$ sammodati (saA c nmud c a)) is $rie!&y 2ith,
agrees 2ith, reEoices together+
Kkh HGe4p G08) ZTattha sammodamno ti aKKamaKKasampattiy suCChu modamnoF A3i3adamno-tiI XayaA
dhammo, nyaA dhammoPti e3aA na 3i3adamnoFPI ZHerei sammodamno is reEoicig 2e&& i oe aotherDs
success+[ C$+ the Kkh e5p&aatio o$ sammodamno gi%e i the 0timokkha coc&usio+
a#i#adamno) 2hich is ot !isputig, ,uarre&&ig, m) 2ithout !ispute, H) ot ,uarre&someW a!E+ agreeig
2ith sa='ho, X eg+ pre$+ a( n pr+p+ o$ 3i3adati (3i c n3ad ca)+ C$+ 0timokkha coc&usio a! 0c H8)
3i3dpannnaA+
Kkh HG) ZA3i3adamno-tiI AyaA dhammo, nyaA dhammo ti e3aA na 3i3adamnoFP) ZA3i3adamno is ot !isputig
thus) Z<his is the Lhamma, this is ot the Lhamma+[
ekXuddeso) 2hich has a sig&e(recitatio, m) ho&!s u!i%i!e! recitatios, H) u!er a sig&e ru&eW a!Eecti%e
,ua&i$yig sa='hoF Ligu cp!+ " Euctio o$ eka n uddeso through e&isio o$ the $ia& (a o$ eka+
Kkh HG) Z&ko uddeso ass ti ek8uddeso, ekato pa3attaptimokkh8uddeso ti atthoF[) Z&kiuddeso) ](<here is) oe
recitatio o$ it+^ ](<here is) a ogoig 0timokkha(recitatio as oe (bo!y),D is the meaig+[
X eka) oe, sig&eW um+ n uddesa) recitatioW see abo%e Ci!+ n 0r itro+ <his re$ers to there beig o&y oe
sig&e recitatio o$ the 0timokkha 2ithi the commuityDs moastery(bou!ary, s$m, 2ith o $actio !oig
their o2 separate recitatioW see Ni # 70A ,uote! abo%e+ 4ee a&so the ote o the purpose o$ the 0timokkha
i the #tro!uctio+
"hsu) com$ortab&y, at easeW a!%+ C$+ Ci!+ Lhp 798) ZSukh sa='hassa sma''$ sma''$naA tapo sukho+[)
Z0&easat is the uity o$ the commuity, the stri%ig o$ uite! oes is p&easat+[
#iharat4 ti) X #iharati) !2e&&sW (3i c nhar c a) n ti) e! ,uoteW see 4! 8+
770
e#aN1%a) a! (i$) thusW Euctio o$ e3aA c !a through pa&ata&isatio o$ A+ X
e#a?) thusW a!%+ n %a) a! (i$)W coecti%e partic&eW see 4! 8+ <he 4a %ersio has the hypothetica& partic&e !et
Zi$[ here istea! o$ !aW see 0r6o4a p+7H2$+
#u%%amno) beig spoke to, to&!, a!!resse!W pr+p+ passi%e ( see #0 p+A2) o$ c3a!W see abo%e 3a!an$ya+
tathAe#a) i the same 2ay (as be$ore), i Eust that maerW Euctio o$ tath c e3a through e&isio o$ the $ia& (
o$ tathF X tath) so, i such maerW a!%erb o$ maer, c$+ Ci!+ coc&+ n e#a) EustW emph+ partic&e+
"a!!aEheyya) shou&! upho&!W @ sg+ opt+ o$ pa''a>hti) see abo%e+
y#atatiya?) up to the thir! timeW a!%erb i acc+ sg+ t+ "bbayJbh%a cp!+ X y#a) up to, uti&W a!%+ n tatiya)
thir!W or!ia&W c$+ Ci!+ coc&+
samanubhsitabbo) to be argue! 2ith, remostrate! 2ith, a!%ise!, a!!resse!, m) shou&! be remostrate!
2ith, H) shou&! be a!moishe!W $+p+p+ o$ samanu*hsati (saA c anu c n*hs c a) agreeig 2ith *hikkhuW see #0
p+82 T 70H+
Nibh T 4p !oDt commet upo this 2or!+ But accor!ig to L(a o L # 7G@ it meas Zargues[ or Zpersua!es[)
Zm kra>e dosaA dasset3I X6a t3aA idaA @nsi Q idaA 3issa@@eh$ tiPQ[) Zm ha%ig ma!e him see the $au&t i
his argumetereasoig) you !o]t ko2 this m re&i,uish itp+[ C$+ 6(a ## 70@ to 6 # 7@0) Z/ena kra>ena e3aA
3ades$ ti kra>aA pu!!hant samanu*hsanti nma+[) Z Z]Because o$ 2hat reasoig !o you say sog^ askig the
reaso they cha&&ege+[ amo&ieBo!hi re!er samanu*hsati at 6 # 7@0 as Zcross(,uestioe!+[ <his %erb is
o$te $ou! together 2ith samanu''hati) Ziterrogates[W see 0r 8+
tassa) o$ thatW ge+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_W re$ers to the course o$ misco!uct &ea!ig to a o$$ece, 3atthu,
&it+ Zgrou! 1$or o$$ece3[+ <he NibhaFga (Ni ### 7H@$) e5p&ais that a Katti!atutthakamma has to be carrie! out
$or the re&i,uishig o$ that course (3atthu)) ZSu>tu me *hante sa='hoF AyaA itthannmo *hikkhu sama''assa
sa='hassa *hedya parakkamatiF So taA 3atthuA na paCinissa@atiF Gadi sa='hassa pattaka%%aA, sa='ho itthannmaA
*hikkhuA samanu*hseyya tassa 3atthussa paCinissa''yaF &s Katti+[) ZNeerab&e 4ir, &et the commuity &iste to
me+ <his bhikkhu ame! such is e!ea%orig $or the schism o$ a uite! commuity+ He !oes ot re&i,uish
that course+ #$ it is suitab&e to the commuity, it shou&! a!moish the mok ame! such $or the
re&i,uishmet o$ that course+ <his is the motio+[
"aQinissa!!ya) $or the re&i,uishmet, m $orsakigW !at+ sg+ m+ $r+ paCinissa@ati (paCi c nis c nMs_sa@M@_ c a)W see
be&o2 paCinissa@eyya+ " !ati%e o$ purposeW see 4yta5 j 70H!+
y#atatiyaN1%e) Euctio o$ y3atatiyaA n !e through the pa&ata&isatio o$ the $ia& (A o$ (tatiyaAW see abo%e+
%e) i$W co!itioa& partic&e+
samanubhsiyamno) cha&&egigW pr+p+ o$ samanu*hsatiW see abo%e+
ta?) thatW acc+ sg+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_ re$errig to the schismatic &ega& actio metioe! ear&ier i the ru&e+
"aQinissa9eyya) shou&! re&i,uishW @ sg+ opt+ o$ paCinissa@atiW see abo%e+
# take the correct rea!ig here to be the oe 2ith the sig&e @ rather tha the !oub&e @@+ <here is a &ot o$
co$usio i the mauscripts a! e!itios bet2ee the sig&e a! !oub&e $orms o$ the root csa@W see L0 # A7A
ussa@ati (ud c nsV@) a! A9H ossa@ati (oLa3a c nsV@) a! the etry i CL0 o osMs_a@M@_ati+ "ccor!ig to Reiger, 0R j
@@ + 8, this might be !ue to a cotamiatio o$ the 4askrit roots csV@ a! csar@ i 0;i+
6(K) pratinissar'ya, pratinissareyaW BN 789, 0r6o6(K p+20W 6?) pratiniOsar'ya, pratiniOsV@et (KC H) C$+ 6/
GGG) pratiniO-nsVi@+ C$+ C0 78) 3isa@@et3, 4! 7) 3isaCChi, C0 7) nissa''iya, C0 22) nissa@eyya+
i%%eta?) the this (is)W W iti n etaA d ity n etaA d i!!etaAF /he the %o2e& i is $o&&o2e! by a !issimi&ar %o2e& it
chages to y a! the ty is pa&ata&ise! to !!W see 0R AA, T #0 p+27A T 27H+ C$+ appe3a i 4! 8, i!!ete i 0c AH,
pa!!eka- i the Ci!+, a! pa!!aya i 0c 8H+ X iti) thus, so, theW !eictic partic&eW see 0r @ n eta?) thisW acc+ sg+ o$
!em+ pro+ eta+
kusala?) goo!, ski&$u&W om+ sg+ t+
no) but ot, otW egati%e a! a!%ersati%e partic&e+ <he partic&e no is more emphatic tha the more commo
na+
777
%e) (but) i$W see abo%e+ "aQinissa9eyya) see abo%e+ saF!hdiseso) see abo%e+
>&d 113 hednu#attakasikkh"ada?@
TassGe#a kho "ana bhikkhussa bhikkh. honti anu#attak #a!!a#dak( eko # d#e # tayo #( te e#a?
#adeyyu?3 T2 yasmanto
1BH
eta? bhikkhu? kiN1%i a#a%uttha( dhamma#d4 %Geso bhikkhu( #inaya#d4
%Geso bhikkhu( amhkaN1%Geso
1BR
bhikkhu( %handaN1%a ru%iN1%a dya #oharati( 9nti no bhsati(
amhkam1"Geta?
1BK
khamat4 ti(U te bhikkh. bhikkh.hi e#am1assu #a%an4y
1BS
3 T2 yasmanto
197
e#a?
a#a%uttha. 5a %Geso bhikkhu dhamma#d4( na %Geso bhikkhu #inaya#d4. 2 yasmantnam1"i
1BP
saF!habhedo ru%%ittha.
1BB
&ametGyasmantna? saF!hena( sama!!o hi saF!ho sammodamno
a#i#adamno
CDD
ekAuddeso "hsu #iharat4 ti(U e#aN1%a te bhikkh. bhikkh.hi #u%%amn tathGe#a
"a!!aEheyyu?( te bhikkh. bhikkh.hi y#atatiya? samanubhsitabb tassa "aQinissa!!ya( y#atatiyaN1
%e samanubhsiyamn ta? "aQinissa9eyyu?
CD1
i%%eta? kusala?( no %e "aQinissa9eyyu?(
CDC
saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the follo8ers of the s%hism@
5o8( there are bhikkhus 8ho are follo8ers of that same bhikkhu( >and@ 8ho are s"eakin! for >his@
fa%tion3 one( or t8o( or three( >and@ they should say so3 TVenerables( donAt say anythin! to this bhikkhuL
This bhikkhu is one 8ho s"eaks in a%%ordan%e 8ith the Tea%hin! and this bhikkhu is one 8ho s"eaks in
a%%ordan%e the Dis%i"lineV this >bhikkhu@( ha#in! re%ei#ed >our@ %onsent and fa#our defines >the Tea%hin!
] Dis%i"line@. Ino8in! us( he s"eaks( >and@ this suits us too.U >Then@ those bhikkhus should be s"oken to
thus by the bhikkhus3 TVenerables( donAt say soL This bhikkhu does not s"eak in a%%ordan%e 8ith the
Tea%hin!( and this bhikkhu does not s"eak in a%%ordan%e 8ith the Dis%i"lineL DonAt let the #enerables too
fa#our the s%hism of the %ommunity. 'et there be %on#enin! 8ith the %ommunity for the #enerables( for a
united %ommunity( 8hi%h is on friendly terms( 8hi%h is not dis"utin!( 8hi%h has a sin!le re%itation(
d8ells in %omfort(U and >if@ those bhikkhus bein! s"oken to thus by the bhikkhus should "ersist in the
same 8ay >as before@( >then@ those bhikkhus are to be ar!ued 8ith u" to three times by the bhikkhus for
the relin7uishin! of that >%ourse@( >and if those bhikkhus@ bein! ar!ued 8ith u" to three times( should
relin7uish that >%ourse@( then this is !ood( >but@ if they should not relin7uish >it@3 >this is a %ase %on%ernin!@
the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@.
bhedannu#attakasikkh"ada?) the traiig precept o the $o&&o2ers o$ the schismW om+ sg+ t+ Koc+ tapp+
cp! or appositi%e kamma!hraya) Zthe $o&&o2ers o$ the schism traiig precept+[ X bheda3 shismW see be&o2
n anu#attaka) $o&&o2erW see be&o2+
tassGe#a) o$ that sameW Euctio o$ tassa n e3a through the e&isio o$ the $ia& a o$ tassa+ X tassa) ge+ sg+ m+ o$
!em+ pro+ taMd_ costrue! 2ith anu3attakW see 4yta5 78Hb+ n e#a) (here)) %ery, sameW emph+ partic&e+
kho "ana) o2, theW see abo%e Ci!+
bhikkhussa) o$ that bhikkhuW ge+ sg+ m+
bhikkh.) bhikkhusW om+ p&+ m+
honti) there areW @ p&+ pres+ i!+ o$ *ha3ati (n*hu c a)+
anu#attak) 2ho $o&&o2ers, 2ho are goig a&og (2ith him), 2ho are $o&&o2ig (him), m) 2ho are
$o&&o2ers, H) 2ho thro2 i their &ot 2ith himW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig *hikkh7, Bb cp!+ X pre$+ anu() a&og, a$ter n
3atta) mo%igW actio(ou n p&eoastic a!Eecti%a& su$+ (kaW see 0c 72) aKKa3dake+
193
Lm, -m, -0) myasmanto+
194
Nibh Ce, -m, /) amhkaA !8eso+
195
C, L, /) amhkaA p8etaA+
196
N) 3a!aniy+
197
Lm, -m, -0) myasmanto+
198
Lm, -0) myasmantnam-pi, -m) myasmantnaA piF
199
6i T 6m 4e, L, C, R, N, /) ru!ittha (X Bh0m 7 T 2 %+&+)
200
R) a3i3damno+
201
X Nibh Ce, C, L, /+ :ther e!s) paCinissa@@eyyuA+ C$ 4! 77+
202
X Nibh Ce, C, L, /+ :ther e!s) paCinissa@@eyyuA+ C$ 4! 77+
772
#a!!a#dak) 2ho are speakig $or (his) $actio, 2ho are pro$essig his $actio, or) 2ho are speakig $or
!isuity, m) 2ho speak o his si!e, H) take his partW om+ p&+ m+ a!E+ Lat+ tapp+ cp!+ actig as a a!Eecti%e
,ua&i$yig *hikkh7F X #a!!a) $actio, sect+ Va''a ca be e,ui%a&et to t2o 4askrit 2or!s+ #t ca be
correspo!ig to the 4askrit 2or! 3ya'ra) $actious, !issetious, 0;i) 3i n a''a, a a!E+ as oppose! to sama''aW
see 4! 70 T Nibh to 4! 70+ Ni ### 7H@) ZBhedya parakkameyy tiI kathaA ime nn assu 3in assu 3a'' ass7 ti
pakkhaA pariyesati 'a>aA *andhati+Z) Z(<hikig) ho2 cou&! there be %ariace, separatio, !isuity $or theseg
He seeks a $actio, bi!s a group,[ Ni # @7G) Zm 3a''att Q sama''att mZ"+ # H0) Zm 3a'' paris !a sama''
paris+ Ni # 708 T 720) Z6a t3e3a 3a''ena sa='hena uposatho kta**oF[IZUou shou&! ot !o a obser%ace 2ith a
!isuite! commuity+[
#t ca a&so correspo! to the 4kt 3ar'a) a sectio, group, partyW e+g+ !$3ara3a''a, a$ter C0 70, a! Ni # @79) Zm
!atu3a''o *hikkhusa='ho m[
#t seems that i 0;i the !istictio i meaig bet2ee the 2 2or!s has b&urre! sometimes+ For !oub&e
meaigs o$ oe 0;i 2or!s !ue to beig !eri%e! $rom t2o or more 4askrit 2or!s, see the e! o$ the ote o
dosa, 4! 8+
Nibh) Zm tassa 3a>>ya pakkhya Chit hontiF[) Zm they are sta!ig i his rak, his party+[ <he Nibh+ thus
supports the 3ar'a sese+
4a) 3ya'ra3dina: 0r6o4a p+7H2+ 6(K) 3ar'a3dakW BN 7A0, 0r6o6(K p+70+
n #daka) speakig, pro$essig, assertigW X 3da) speakigW actio(ou n p&eoastic a!Eecti%a& su$$i5 (kaW see
0c 72) aKKa3dake+
eko) oeW um+ d#e) t2oW um+ tayo) threeW um+ # : # :3 orW !isE+ partic&e+
te) theyW om+ p&+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+ e#a?) thusW a!%+
#adeyyu?) shou&! sayW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3adati, c$+ 0r 8+
m) !oDtW prohibiti%e artic&e costructe! 2ith aor+, imp+, or opt+
yasmanto) %eerab&esW %oc+ p&+ m+ c$+ Ci!+ <he 2
!
perso p&ura& %erb a3a!uttha i!icates that a %ocati%e is
use! here+
eta?) thisW acc+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ eta+ bhikkhu?) to (this) bhikkhuW acc+ sg+ m+
kiN1%i) aythigW acc+ sg+ t+ (X acc+ o$ e5tera& obEectW 4yta5 j @7) i!e$iite proou here use! as a t+
substati%eW see 0'L kiA+ C$+ ZkiK!i desaA[ at 4! 9 +
a#a%uttha) you sayW 2 p&+ aor+ o$ c3a!W c$+ 4! 70+ <akes t2o patiets here *hikkhuA a! kiK!i+
dhamma#d4) oe 2ho speaks i accor!ace 2ith <eachig, m) a speaker o$ the Ka2, H) oe 2ho speaks
!hammaW a!E+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ actig as a bb cp!+ X dhamma) teachig, !octrie n #d4) oe 2ho speaks, oe
2ho is pro$essig, assertigW a!Eecti%eW X 3daW speakig n aget(ou su$$i5 (inF
%Geso) a! thisW X a Euctio o$ !a a! esa through the e&isio o$ the $ia& a o$ !a+ X %a) a!W co+ partic&e+ n eso)
thisW om+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ etaMd_+ bhikkhu) bhikkhuW om+ sg+ m+
#inaya#d4) oe 2ho speaks i accor!ace 2ith the Liscip&ieW a!E+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ actig as a bb cp!+ X
#inaya) !iscip&ieW $r+ 3ineti (3i c nni c e) !ispe&s n #d4) see abo%e+
amhkaN1%Geso) X Euctio o$ amhkaA a! !`eso through pa&ata&isatio o$ A+ amhka?) o$ usW ge+ sg+ m+ o$
persoa& proou amhaF n %Geso) see abo%e+
amhkaN1%Geso bhikkhu( %handaN1%a ru%iN1%a dya #oharati( 9nti no bhsati( amhkam1"Geta? khamat4
ti) m) he speaks i accor!ace 2ith our !esire a! choice, he ko2s a! speaks ($or us), a! that is our
2ish, H) a! this mok, a!optig our !esire a! obEecti%e, gi%es e5pressio to them, he ko2s that 2hat he
says $or us a&so seems goo! to us+
%handaN1%a) X Euctio o$ !handaA a! !a through the pa&ata&isatio o$ the $ia& A o$ !handaA+
%handa?) coset, !esireW acc+ sg+ m+ %a) a!W coecti%e partic&e+
ru%iN1%a) Euctio o$ ru!iA n !a+
77@
ru%i?) $a%our, choice, p&easure, &ikigW acc+ sg+ $+ Ler+ $r+ ru!!ati (cru! c ya)) agrees 2ith, is p&ease! 2ith+ C$+ 4
H87) ZSakaKhi diCChiA kathama!!ayeyya, !handnun$to ru!iy ni3iCCho, sayaA samattni paku**amno, yath hi
@neyya tath 3adeyya+[) ZFor ho2 2ou&! someoe &e! o by coset a! stuck i his choice, o%ercome his o2
%ie2g 6akig assumptios by himse&$, he 2ou&! speak as he ko2s+[
dya) &it+ Zha%ig take,[ $ig+ Zi accor!ace 2ith[W abs+ o$ dti ( c nd c a), c$+ updya at 4! 9+
#oharati) he !e$ies, e5pressesW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ (3i c a3a c nhar c a)+
9nti) he ko2sW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ c$+ 0r 8+
no) usW ec&itic $orm o$ the acc+ p&+ o$ amha, or ge+ p&) o$ usW see 4p be&o2) amhkaAF
bhsati) he speaks (to us)W @ sg+ pres+ i!+ (n*hs c a)+
9nti no bhsati) he ko2s us (a!) speaksW or) he ko2s (a!) speaks to us, or i better 'g&ish) ko2ig
us he speaks, m) he ko2s us a! speaks $or us, H) ZHe ko2s that 2hat he says a&so seems goo! to us+[W
accor!ig to the 4p @nti ,ua&i$ies noF 4p G77) Z4nti no tiI amhkaA !handd$ni @ntiF Bhsat$ tiI e3aA karom ti
amhehi saddhiA *hsat$ tiF AmhkaA p`etaA khamat$ tiI yaA so karoti e3aA amhkaA pi ru!!atiZ)
Z]He ko2s usD) he ko2s o$ our coset etc+ ]He speaksD) he speaks together 2ith us (sayig)) ]<hus 2e act,^
]<his suits us tooD) 2hate%er he !oes, so it a&so agrees to us+[
6(KI Z@nan !ai+o *hik+u *ha+ate no a@nan[W BN 7A0, 0r6o6(K p+70+ 4a) Z@naA !ai+a *hik+ur *h+ate n@naA[W
0r6o4a p+7H@+ Both ca be tras&ate! as Z+++ a! this bhikkhu speaks ko2ig, ot uko2ig+[
amhkam1"Geta?) X a Euctio through &aba&isatio o$ the $ia& A o$ amhkaA) !at+ sg+ m+ o$ amhaW see abo%e n
"i) tooW emphatic partic&e o$ 2hich the (i has bee e&i!e! i the Euctio 2ith etaA+ n eta?) thisW see abo%e
khamat4 ti) X khamati) (it) agrees, suits, is acceptab&eW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ (nkham c a) takes a !ati%e o$ iterest)
amhkaAW see 4yta5 j 98a+ [ ti) Zm,[ e! ,uoteW i!ec&iab&e that &egthes the $ia& %o2e& i the prece!ig
2or!W see Zparisuddh ti[ i the Ci!+
te bhikkh. bhikkh.hi e#am1assu #a%an4y m yasmanto) as i 4! 70, but 2hat is sigu&ar there is p&ura&
here+
e#a?) thusW see abo%e+ a#a%uttha) you sayW see abo%e+ na) otW eg+ partic&e+
%Geso bhikkhu dhamma#d4 na %eso bhikkhu #inaya#d4 m) see abo%e+
yasmantnam1"i) to the %eerab&es tooW a Euctio o$ yasmantnaA a! pi through &aba&isatio o$ A+
yasmantna?) !at+ p&+ o$ yasm, c$+ Ci!+
"i) too, a&soW emphatic partic&e+
saF!habhedo) schism o$ the commuityW om+ sg+ m+, ge+ tapp+ cp!+ C$+ 4! 70+
ru%%ittha) &et be your choiceW 2 p&+ aor+ o$ ru!!ati, takes !at+ o$ iterest+
sametAyasmantna? saF!hena) &et there be co%eig 2ith the commuity $or the %eerab&es+
sametAyasmantna?) Euctio o$ sametu n yasmantnaA through e&isio o$ the $ia& (u o$ yasmantnaA+
yasmantna?) $or the %eerab&esW here the !at+ p&+ is use! istea! o$ the om+ sg+ o$ 4! 70+
/hy is there a chage $rom omiati%e to !ati%eg 4p takes it to be a geiti%e) ZSamet8yasmantnaA sa='hen
tiI yasmantnaA !ittaA sa='hena saddhiA sametu sam'a!!hatu, ek$*h3aA yt7 ti 3uttaA hoti+[ Zm) &et the mi!
o$ the %eerab&es co%ee, meet together, 2ith the commuity, &et it procee! to a state o$ uity, is sai!+[
<he %erb sameti is orma&&y costructe! 2ith a !ati%e o$ the perso $or 2hom somethig e&se is agreeab&e,
e+g+ 6 ## 2@9 $+) ZyasmantnaA kho atthato hi sameti Q[) Zthere is agreemet to the %eerab&es as to the
meaigm,[ <h 70@G) Zna3ehi na sameti me[) Zto me there is o agreemet 2ith the e2 oes[W c$+ 6 ## 70H, 4 ##
28A+
Sameti is impersoa& (Z<here is agreemeteco%eigZ) a! thus sigu&ar+ # this 4! ru&e sameti is impersoa&
a! takes a !ati%e o$ a!%atage+ 4yta5 j 98b) Zthe impersoa& sameti m takes the !ati%e o$ the perso for
whom someoe e&se (put i the istrumeta&) is agreeab&e or $a%ourab&e+[
Ho2e%er, occasioa&&y it is persoa&ise! a! has a omiati%e aget, e+g+ -! 82) Zsameti !ittaA !ittena[) Zmi!
778
agreeseco%ees 2ith mi![ a! 4 ## 7AH)Zm te%aA te%ena saAsandati sameti[) Zoi& $&o2s together (a!)
co%ees 2ith oi&Z a! this is the case i 4! 70) Zsamet8yasm sa='hena+[
# the 6(K %ersio the %erb sametu has chage! $rom sigu&ar @ sg+ imp+ to @ p&+ imp+) samentu, 2hi&e
yu+man has chage! $rom the om+ sg+ to the om+ p&+ yu+mantoF
6(K ru&e 70) Zsametu yu+man srdhaA saA'hena[W BN 789+
6(K 4! 77) Zsamentu yu+manto srdhaA saA'henaP: BN 7A0+
The rest is as at Sd ,5% e6cept that what is singular there is plural here+
>&d 1C3 Dubba%asikkh"ada?@
hikkhu "anGe#a dubba%a9tiko hoti( uddesa"ariy"annesu sikkh"adesu bhikkh.hi sahadhammika?
#u%%amno attna? a#a%an4ya? karoti3 T2 ma? yasmanto kiN1%i a#a%uttha( kalyEa? # ""aka? #(
aham1"Gyasmante na kiN1%i #akkhmi( kalyEa? # ""aka? #. Viramathyasmanto mama #a%any
tiU( so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi e#am1assa #a%an4yo3
CDH
T2 yasm
CDR
attna? a#a%an4ya? aksi. Va%an4yam1
e#yasm
CDK
attna? karotu. ^yasm "i bhikkh. #adetu
CDS
saha dhammena(
CD7
bhikkh. "i yasmanta?
#akkhanti saha dhammena. )#a?sa?#addh
CDP
hi tassa bha!a#ato "aris( yad1ida? aNNamaNNa#a%anena
aNNamaNNa#uQQh"anen ti(U e#aN1%a so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi #u%%amno tathAe#a "a!!aEheyya( so
bhikkhu bhikkh.hi y#atatiya? samanubhsitabbo tassa "aQinissa!!ya( y#atatiyaN1%e
samanubhsiyamno ta? "aQinissa9eyya
CDB
i%%eta? kusala?( no %e "aQinissa9eyya(
C1D
saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bein! of a nature diffi%ult to be s"oken to@
5o8( a bhikkhu is of a nature diffi%ult to be s"oken to( >and 8hen@ bein! ri!hteously s"oken to by the
bhikkhus about the trainin! "re%e"ts in%luded in the re%itation( he makes himself >one@ 8ho %an not be
s"oken to >sayin!@3 TVenerables( donAt say anythin! !ood or bad to me( and / too shall not say anythin!
!ood or bad to the #enerablesL Venerables( refrain from s"eakin! to meLU >Then@ that bhikkhu should be
s"oken to thus by the bhikkhus3 T'et the #enerable one one not make himself >one@ 8ho %annot be
s"oken to. 'et the #enerable one make himself >one@ 8ho %an be s"oken to. 'et the #enerable one s"eak to
the bhikkhus 8ith ri!hteousness and the monks too 8ill s"eak to the #enerable one 8ith ri!hteousness.
<or the lessed OneAs assembly has !ro8n thus( that is( by the s"eakin! of one to another( by the
rehabilitatin! of one another(U and >if@ that bhikkhu bein! s"oken to thus by the bhikkhus should "ersist
in the same 8ay >as before@( >then@ that bhikkhu is to be ar!ued 8ith u" to three times by the bhikkhus for
the relin7uishin! of that >%ourse@( >and if that bhikkhu(@ bein! ar!ued 8ith u" to three times( should
relin7uish that >%ourse@( then this is !ood( >but@ if he should not relin7uish >it@3 >this is a %ase %on%ernin!@
the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@.
bhikkhu) a bhikkhuW om+ sg+ m+
"anGe#a) o2, o2 i$, $urther, H) i$W Euctio o$ pana n e3a i 2hich the $ia& (a o$ pana is e&i!e!W 0R j H0,7b+ X
"ana) agai, a! o2W co+ partic&eW see abo%e Ci!+ n e#a) EustW emph+ partic&e+
dubba%a9tiko) 2ho is o$ a ature !i$$icu&t to be spoke to, m) atura&&y !i$$icu&t to a!moish, H) oe 2ho
is !i$$icu&t to speak toW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig *hikkhuF Bb cp!+ X dubba%a) !i$$icu&t to be spoke toW a!E+ X
kamma!hraya use! as b+b+ cp!+ X pre$+ dur() !i$$icu&t, har!W see 0r 7) du**a%ya n #a%a) to be spoke toW
usua&&y 3a!a meas speech, c$+ 0c H, but here 3a!a is !eri%e! $rom the %erba& stem 3a!a &ike other simi&ar
203
N) 3a!aniyo+ (Cot so a3a!an$yaA a! 3a!an$yaA be&o2+)
204
4ee 4! 70+
205
Nibh 'e, 6m 4e, Bh0m 2, L) Z+++ 3a!an$yaA e3a yasm+[ N) Zm 3a!an$yame3a yasmF[
206
Lm, Be 4p, -m) 3adatuF
207
"&& prite! e!itios, e5cept .a a! Bh0m 7 T 2) sahadhammena+
208
6i T 6m 4e, R, -m) (3aWWh+ "&& prite! e!itios) e3aA saA3addh+ 6i T 6m 4e, R, N, -m) (3aWWh+
209
X L, /, Nibh Ce (but has (nissa@@eyya i 0c G8), :ther e!s+) (nissa@@eyya+ C rea!s (nissa@@eyya here but (nissa@eyya i 4! 72Y7@
a! 0c G8+
210
"s i pre%ious ote+
77A
ous such as Zduddasa,[ Zduranu*odha,[ Zdu**inaya,[ Zsusam*udha[ etcW see #0 p+788+ <he !oub&e (**( is !ue to
the assimi&atio o$ the $ia& Yr o$ dur( a! the itia& (3 o$ 3a!a ito (33(, 2hich the chages to (**( as the
cosoat combiatios (r3( a! (33( !oDt occur i 0;iW see du**a%ya at 0r 7+
<he opposite $orm is su3a!oLsu**a!o) easi&y spoke to+ 4p ### G72) X"u**a!o tiI dukkhena ki!!hena 3adita**o, na
sakk sukhena 3attun-ti attho+[) ZLi$$icu&t to be spoke to) 2ith pai a! !i$$icu&ty he is to be spoke toW it is ot
possib&e to speak 2ith ease is the meaig+[ Kkh H9) Zm du**a!asa*h3o, 3attuA asakku>eyyo ti attho+[) Zm 2ith
a ature o$ beig !i$$icu&t to be spoke to, oe is ot ab&e to speak is the meaig+[C$+ BL # @70 +7+ n 9tika)
(here)) ature, character, &it+ birth X 9ti) birth n co+ su$+ (ika+
hoti) he isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+W the cotracte! $orm o$ *ha3atiW c$+ Ci!+
uddesa"ariy"annesu) ic&u!e! i the recitatio (o$ the 0timokkha)W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig sikkhpadesuF Bb cp!+ X
uddesa) recitatioW see 0r itro+ 0a!abhEaa) XPtimokkhapariypannesu sikkhpadesu+[ <he 0timokkha
recitatio is re$erre! to as uddesa: see 0c H@, 0timokkha Coc&+, 4! 70, " # 2@0 n "ariy"anna) ic&u!e!W p+p+
o$ pariypa@@ati (pari c npad c ya)) goes comp&ete&y ito, ic&u!e+
sikkh"adesu) 2ith regar!s the traiig preceptsW &oc+ p&+ t+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ W sikkh) traiigW see 0r 7 n
"ada) ru&e, item, part, costituet, &it+ Zpath+^
bhikkh.hi) by bhikkhusW is+ p&+ m+
sahadhammika?) righteous&y, reasoab&y, &egitimate&y, i accor!ace 2ith the &a2, H) accor!ig to
!hamma, m) &a2$u&&yW a!Eecti%e (bb cp!) use! as a a!%erb o$ maerW see 4yta5 j A2 a! Bo!hi 2000,
p+H8H + H2 (to 4 ## @@)+ X saha) 2ithW pre$+ n dhamma) the <eachig n co+ su$+ (ikaW c$+ 0c H7, H9, a! 6 #
2@7) ZGo Q tath'atena Q sahadhammikaA paKhaA puCChoFP
#u%%amno) beig spoke to, a!moishe!W pr+p+ see 4! 70+
attna?) himse&$W acc+ sg+ m+ o$ att+ X re$&e5i%e pro+W see 4! 8) attakma+
a#a%an4ya?) oe 2ho caot be spoke to, m) ua!moishab&eW a!E+ Bb cp!+ ,ua&i$yig attnaA+ Ceg+ pre$+
a() ot n 3a!an$ya) to be spoke toW see 4! 70+
karoti) he makesW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ (nkar c o)
ma?) to meW acc+ sg+ m+ o$ pers+ pro+ amha+
m : yasmanto kiN1%i a#a%uttha) see abo%e 4! 77+
kalyEa?) goo!W a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig kiK-!i Mhere a acc+ sg+ t+ ouW see 4! 77), or a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a
ue5presse! dhammaA or kiK-!i+ C$+ 4! 8+ # : # :3 or m or mW !isEucti%e partic&e+
""aka?) ba!W a!E+ C$+ 0r @+
m ma? yasmanto kiN1%i a#a%uttha( kalyEa? # ""aka? #3 %eerab&es, !oDt say aythig goo! or ba!
to me, m) &et the %eerab&es ot a!moish me at a&& about 2hat is either goo! or 2hat is ba!, H) !o ot say
aythig to me, %eerab&es, either goo! or ba!+ m tras&ates kiK-!i as a a!%erb but that 2ou&! be uusua&+
Kike i 4! 77 it rather seems to act as a accusati%e euter substati%e 2ith ka%y>a a! ppaka ,ua&i$yig it as
a!Eecti%es+ m tras&ates it as a proou to both ka%y>aA a! ppakaA a! takig these as abstract ous i
euter ge!erW see #0 p+G2+ <his seems u&ike&y, but it is ot impossib&e sice the root c3a! ca take t2o
patietsW see 4yta5 j A8,c,i, a! #0 p+78+
aham1"Gyasmante X ahaA pi yasmanteI Euctio o$ ahaA n pi n yasmante through &aba&isatio o$ the $ia& (A
o$ ahaA, a! the e&isio o$ the (i o$ pi+
aha?) #W om+ sg+ pro+ "i) a&soW emph+ partic&e+ yasmante) to the %eerab&esW acc+ p&+ m+
na) otW eg+ partic&e+ kiN1%i) aythigW i!e$+ pro+W see 4! 9+
#akkhmi) # sha&& sayW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ c3a!+
#iramathyasmanto) Euctio o$ 3iramatha c yasmanto through cotractioW 0R j G9,7+X #iramatha) re$rai
$rom, abstaiW 2 p&+ imp+ o$ 3iramati (3i c nram c a), takes ab&+ (C$+ the $i%e traiig precepts $or &ay(peop&e
$ormu&a) Zp>tipt 3erama>$ m+[) [ yasmanto+
mama) to meW !at+ sg+ o$ pers+ pro+ maMd_+
77G
#a%any ti) X #a%anya) speakig toW !at+ sg+ t+ o$ actio(ou 3a!ana, c3a! n actio(ou su$$i5 (ana+
Corma&&y 3iramati takes a ab&ati%e, but the e!ig (ya is !ati%e i euter stems+ :ccasioa&&y there appears
to be a assimi&atio o$ a ab&ati%e to a prece!ig !ati%e i 0;i a! here there is assimi&atio 2ith the
prece!ig mamaF C$+ L ## 2H) [Gassa Q aKKatra tath'atass ti+[ a! 4yta5 j 78@+ n ti) Zm,[ e! ,uoteW
i!ec&iab&e that causes &egtheig o$ the $ia& %o2e& o$ 3a!anyaW c$+ Ci!+
so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi e#am1assa #a%an4yo m yasm) see 4! 70+
aksi) makeW 2 sg+ aor+ o$ karoti+
#a%an4yam1e#yasm) a Euctio o$ 3a!an$yaA a! e3a through 2eakeig o$ the $ia& (A o$ 3a!an$yaA a! a
Euctio o$ e3a a! yasm through cotractio+
e#a) EustW emph+ partic&e+
yasm) the %eerab&e oeW om+ sg+ m+ /ith a @
r!
perso %erb the omiati%e is use!, ot a %ocati%eW see 4!
70+
karotu) &et makeW @ sg+ imp+ o$ karoti+
"i) a&soW emph+ partic&e+
#adetu) &et speak toW @ sg+ imp+ o$ 3adeti (n3ad c e)+ .egar!ig the %ariat rea!ig 3adatu (n3ad c a)) Be Nibh T
Nibh 'e ha%e 3adeti i the origi(story) ZSo e3aA 3adetiI Q 3adeyyaA+[ Be T 'e 4p commet upo it 2ith
3adatu, see be&o2+ Vadeti is ot a causati%e $orm (2hich is 3deti) a! is Eust a a&terati%e %erba& c&ass 70 $orm
o$ 3adati, see 0R j 7@9,2 a! 0'L s+%+ 3adati+
6(K) 3adatu: BN 7A8, 0r6o6(K p+77 4a) 3adatuW 0r6o4a p+7H8+
saha3 2ithW i!ec&+ Saha is here ot take as a pre$i5 but as a i!ec&iab&e that takes the istrumeta&
dhammenaW see 4yta5 j G8! a! the ote to 0c A) mtu'mena saha+ Ho2e%er, as some istrumeta&s are use!
as a!%erbs o$ maer, sahadhammena cou&! be take as oe 2or! correspo!ig to the a!%erb
sahadhammikaA+
dhammena) 2ith righteousess, 2ith &egitimacy, 2ith &a2$u&essW is+ sg+ m+ C$+ the a!%erb sahadhammikaA
abo%e+ #t might re$er to 3a!anena T 3uCChpanena be&o2+ 4p) Z3adetu MBeI 3adatu_ saha dhammen ti
sahadhammikena sikkhpadena saha dhammena 3 aKKena pi psdika*h3asaA3attanikena 3a!anena 3adatu Mk Be,
&e_F[ Z4peak 2ith &egitimacy) speak 2ith a &egitimate traiig precept or 2ith aother speech &ea!ig to a
p&easat state+Z
yasmanta?) to the %eerab&e oeW acc+ sg+ m+
#akkhanti) they sha&& speak to, a!moishW @ p&+ $ut+ o$ c3a! (o$ 2hich the preset is ot $ou!+)+
e#a?sa?#addh) thus(gro2, m) comes to gro2th thus, H) thus is the mu&titu!e icrease! $or the &or!,
Corma) has come to gro2th thusW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig paris+ Bb cp!+ <his is a compou!, &ike e3aA3din (see L0
s+%+ e3aA_, rather tha t2o 2or!s as the e!itios ha%e it+ #t re$ers to the past gro2th rather tha to the $uture
gro2th+ X e#a?) thusW i!ec&+ n sa?#addh) gro2, prospere!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig paris+ X p+p+ o$ saA3aWWhati
(saA c n3aWWh c a), C$+ " #N 27)XG3ak$3aK-!a *hikkh7 sama'' sannipatissanti, sama'' 3uCChahissanti, sama''
sa='hakara>iyni karissanti, 3uddhi ye3a *hikkh7naA pCika=kh no parihni+[) XFor as &og as the bhikkhus sit
!o2 i uity, rise i uity, !o commuity(busiess i uity, gro2th ca be e5pecte! $or the bhikkhus, ot
!ec&ie+Z
hi) $or, becauseW emph+ partic&e+
tassa) o$ thatW ge+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
bha!a#ato) o$ the B&esse! :eW ge+ sg+ m+ o$ *ha'a3, c$+ Ci!+
"aris) assemb&yW om+ sg+ $+ C$+ Ci!+ n C0 22+
yad1ida?) that is, that is to say, i+e+W Euctio o$ re&+ pro+ yaMd_ c idaA i 2hich the 4kt (d is restore! to a%oi!
hiatusW see 4! 8 etada''aA T 0c 7G) etad-e3a+ /ar!er states that it is a i!ec&iab&e emphatic !emostrati%eW
#0 p+H@+ C$+ the mascu&ie $orm yo so (C0 22) 2ith a !i$$eret !emostrati%e, a! seyyath$daA at C0 2@+
W yad) t+ o$ re&+ pro+ yaMd_) 2hat+ n ida?) thisW t+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+
77H
aNNamaNNa#a%anena) by the speakig o$ oe to oe aother, m) by mutua& a!moishmetW is+ sg+ t+ Re+
tapp+ cp!+ X aNNamaNNa) oe aother, each other, mutua&W &it+ aother to aotherW acc+ sg+ m+ reciprocati%e
proou+ <he A o$ aKKamaKKaA has bee e&i!e! i the Euctio 2ith 3a!anena: c$+ 0r @) Ztuyh`imin+[ L0
suggests it is aKKa-m-aKKaF 0'L X aKKa) aother oe c aKKa) aother oe n #a%ana) speakigW see abo%e
3a!anya+
aNNamaNNa#uQQh"anen ti) by the rehabi&itatig o$ oe aother, m) by mutua& rehabi&itatio, H) by
assistig oe aotherW Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X aNNamaNNa [ #uQQh"anena) emergig, raisig out o$, rehabi&itatioW
is+ sg+ t+ "ctio(ou $r+ 3uCChpeti) makes emerge, makes rehabi&itate!W the causati%e o$ 3uCChti (3i c ud c
nCha c a)) rouses, emerges+ 0'L takes it as hiatus $i&&er (3( n uCChti+ #t is o$te use!, as here, i re&atio to
Zemergig[ $rom o$$eces through co$essio, e+g+ Ni # G8) Xpattiy 3uCChna+[ <he 4kt $orm is utthpana a!
the (3( is a $ossi&ise! Euctio cosoatW see the ote o 3oropeti at 0r @+ n ti) Zm,[ e! ,uoteW c$+ Ci!+
e#aN1%a : saF!hdiseso) as i 4! 70 but 2hat is sg+ there is p&+ here+
>&d 1H3 Iulad.sakasikkh"ada?@
hikkhu "anGe#a aNNatara? !ma? # ni!ama? # u"anissya #iharati kulad.sako ""asam%ro. Tassa
kho
C11
""ak sam%r dissanti %Ae#a suyyanti
C1C
%a( kulni %a tena duQQhni dissanti %Ae#a suyyanti
C1H
%a( so
bhikkhu bhikkh.hi e#am1assa #a%an4yo3
C1R
T^yasm kho kulad.sako ""asam%ro. ^yasmato kho
""ak sam%r dissanti %Ge#a suyyanti
C1K
%a( kulni %yasmat duQQhni dissanti %Ae#a suyyanti
C1S
%a.
PakkamatAyasm imamh #s. Ala? te
C17
idha #sen ti( U
C1P
e#aN1%a so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi #u%%amno
te bhikkh. e#a? #adeyya3 TChanda!mino %a bhikkh.( dosa!mino %a bhikkh.( moha!mino %a
bhikkh.( bhaya!mino %a bhikkh.( tdisikya "attiy eka%%a? "abb9enti( eka%%a? na "abb9ent4 ti(U so
bhikkhu bhikkh.hi e#am1assa #a%an4yo3 T2 yasm
C1B
e#a? a#a%a( na %a bhikkh. %handa!mino( na %a
bhikkh. dosa!mino( na %a bhikkh. moha!mino( na %a bhikkh. bhaya!mino. ^yasm kho kulad.sako
""asam%ro( yasmato kho ""ak sam%r dissanti %Ae#a suyyanti
220
%a( kulni %yasmat duQQhni
dissanti %Ae#a suyyanti
CC1
%a. PakkamatAyasm imamh #s. Ala? te
CCC
idha #sen ti(U e#aN1%a so
bhikkhu bhikkh.hi #u%%amno tathAe#a "a!!aEheyya( so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi y#atatiya?
samanubhsitabbo tassa "aQinissa!!ya( y#atatiyaN1%e samanubhsiyamno ta? "aQinissa9eyya
CCH
i%%eta?
kusala?( no %e "aQinissa9eyya(
CCR
saF!hdiseso.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the s"oiler of families@
5o8( a bhikkhu li#es de"endent u"on a %ertain #illa!e or to8n 8ho is a s"oiler of families( 8ho is of bad
beha#iour. =is bad beha#iour is seen and is heard about( and the families s"oilt by him are seen and
heard about. That bhikkhu is to be s"oken to thus by the bhikkhus3 TThe #enerable one is a s"oiler of
families( one 8ho is of bad beha#iour. The bad beha#iour of the #enerable one is seen and is heard about(
and the families s"oilt by the #enerable one are seen and are heard about. 'et the #enerable one de"art
from this d8ellin!1"la%eL )nou!h of you d8ellin! hereLU and >if@ that bhikkhu bein! s"oken to thus by
the bhikkhus should say thus to those bhikkhus3 TThe bhikkhus are dri#en by desireV the bhikkhus are
211
Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, N, /, .a) tassa ppak +++
212
C, L, /) s7yanti+
213
C, L, /) s7yanti+
214
N) 3a!aniyo+
215
C, L, /) s7yanti+
216
C, L, /) s7yanti+
217
6i T 6m 4e, Bh0m 7 T 2, C, R, N, /, -m, .a) a%an-te+
218
Bh0m 7 T 2, -m, Nibh 'e) idha3sen ti+
219
"s i 4! 70+
220
C, L, /) s7yanti+
221
C, L, /) s7yanti+
222
6i T 6m 4e, Bh0m 7 T 2, C, R, N, /, -m, .a) a%an-te+
223
X L, /, Nibh Ce (but has (nissa@@eyya i 0c G8), :ther e!s+) (nissa@@eyya+ C rea!s (nissa@@eyya here but (nissa@eyya i 4! 72Y7@
a! 0c G8+
224
"s i pre%ious ote+
778
dri#en by an!erV the bhikkhus are dri#en by delusionV the bhikkhus are dri#en by fear. They banish
someone be%ause of this kind of offen%e( >but@ another one they do not banish.U >Then@ that bhikkhu is to
be s"oken to thus by the bhikkhus3 T'et the #enerable one not s"eak thusL The bhikkhus are not dri#en
by desireV and the bhikkhus are not dri#en by an!erV and the bhikkhus are not dri#en by delusionV and the
bhikkhus are not dri#en by fear. The #enerable one is a s"oiler of families( one 8ho is of bad beha#iour.
The bad beha#iour of the #enerable one is seen and is heard about( and the families s"oilt by the
#enerable one are seen and are heard about. 'et the #enerable one de"art from this d8ellin!1"la%eL
)nou!h of you d8ellin! hereLU and >if@ that bhikkhu bein! s"oken to thus by the bhikkhus should "ersist
in the same 8ay >as before@( >then@ that bhikkhu is to be ar!ued 8ith u" to three times by the bhikkhus for
the relin7uishin! of that >%ourse@( >and if that bhikkhu(@ bein! ar!ued 8ith u" to three times( should
relin7uish that >%ourse@( then this is !ood( >but@ if he should not relin7uish >it@3 >this is a %ase %on%ernin!@
the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@.
bhikkhu "anGe#a) Zo2, a bhikkhu m ZW see 4! 72+
aNNatara?) some, oe or aother, a certaiW a!Eecti%eW see abo%e Ci!+ coc&+
!ma?) %i&&ageW acc+ sg+ m+ #) orW !isE+ partic&e+
ni!ama?) to2W acc+ sg+ m+
u"anissya) !epe!et upo ($or supportW i+e+, $or a&ms, etc+)W i!ec&iab&e, origia&&y a abs+ o$ upanissayati
(upa c nis c nMs_s$ c ya), 2hich takes a accusati%e o$ the thig go%ere!W see 4yta5 j AA, c$+ uddissa i C0 8Y
70+ )panissya ca be regar!e! as a postpositioW see #0 p+2@9+
#iharati) he &i%es, !2e&&sW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ (3i c nhar c a)+ Here a au5i&iary %erb e5pressig !uratioW see #0
p+2@9+
kulad.sako) oe 2ho is spoi&ig $ami&ies, oe 2ho is a spoi&er o$ $ami&ies, m) 2ho is a corrupter o$ $ami&ies,
H) oe 2ho brigs a $ami&y ito !isreputeW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig bhikkhu+ "cc+ or ge+ tapp+ cp!+ actig as a bb
cp! ,ua&i$yig *hikkhu+ X kula) $ami&y, c&a n d.saka) oe 2ho is spoi&ig, spoi&er, corrupterW aget(ou+ X
d7sa) spoi&igW actio(ou $r+ cdus n aget(ou su$$i5 (aka causig &egtheig i the root cdusW see 0c 72+
C$+ duCCha be&o2+
""asam%ro) 2ho is o$ ba! beha%iour, m) o$ ba! beha%iour, H) o$ !epra%e! co!uctW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig
*hikkhu+ Kamma!hraya cp! use! as bb cp!+ X ""a) ba! n sam%ra) beha%iour, co!uct, acti%ityW actio(
ou $r+ sam!arati (saA c c n!ar c a)) beha%es, acts, practises+
tassa) o$ himW ge+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+ kho) o ee! to tras&ate+W emphatic partic&e+
""ak) ba!W a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig sam!rW c$+ 4! 72+
sam%r) beha%iour, co!uct, acti%ities, practicesW om+ p&+ m+ "&though the sam!r is p&ura& here a!
shou&! &itera&&y be tras&ate! as Zbeha%iours,[ this sou!s o!! i 'g&ish a! it has bee tras&ate! as
Zbeha%iour[ istea!, 2hich carries a p&ura& sese+
dissanti) are seeW @ p&+ pres+ i!+ pass+ o$ cdis+
%Ge#a) X Euctio o$ !a c e3a i 2hich the (a o$ !a is e&i!e!+
%a : %a :3 both m a!W coecti%e partic&e+ e#a) EustW emph+ partic&e+
suyyanti) are hear!W @ p&+ pres+ i!+ pass+ o$ su>tiW see abo%e Ci!+
kulni) $ami&iesW om+ p&+ t+ o$ ku%aW see abo%e+
tena) by himW @ sg+ is+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
duQQhni) spoi&e!, corrupte!W p+p+ o$ dussati use! as a!E+ ,ua&i$yig ku%niW see 4! 8+
so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi e#am1assa #a%an4yo) see 4! 70+
yasm) %eerab&e oeW om+ sg+ m+ yasmato) o$ the %eerab&e oeW ge+ sg+ m+
%yasmat) X Euctio o$ !a c yasmat by 2ay o$ cotractioW 0R j G9+
yasmat) by the %eerab&e oeW is+ sg+ m+
779
"akkamatAyasm) Euctio o$ pakkamatu a! yasm through e&isio o$ the $ia& (u o$ pakkamatuF X
"akkamatu) &et !epart, &et &ea%eW @ sg+ imp+ o$ pakkamati (pa c nkam c a)) &ea%es, !epartsW c$+ 0c 78 n yasm)
see abo%e+
imamh) $rom thisW ab&+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+
#s) !2e&&ig(p&ace, resi!eceW ab&+ sg+ m+ $r+ 3asati ( c n3as c a) resi!es+
ala?) eoughW a i!ec&iab&e that takes a istrumeta& or a !ati%e+ #t is ot c&ear 2hether a%aA here takes
the !ati%e te, or the istrumeta& 3sena, or both+ A%aA 2ith a istrumeta& e5presses a i%itatio to stopW
4yta5 j 82b+ A%aA 2ith a ou i !ati%e !eotes a perso $or 2hom somethig is $it or properW see 0r 8)
a%am-ariya, a! 4yta5 j 708!+
te) $or youW !at+ sg+ o$ pers+ pro+ t3aA+
idha) hereW a!%+
#sen ti) X #sena) !2e&&igW is+ sg+ t+ actio(ouW W c3as n actio(ou su$+ (ana n ti) Zm,[ e! ,uoteW c$+
Ci!+
e#aN1%a so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi #u%%amno) see 4! 70+ te bhikkh. e#a?) see 4! 77+
#adeyya) shou&! sayW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3adati (n3ad c a)) says+
%handa!mino) !ri%e by !esire, mo%e! by !esire, goig by !esireW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig *hikkh7+ om+ p&+ o$
!handa'miW X %handa) !esire n (!min) mo%e! by, &it+ goigW a!E+ use! i cp!s+
dosa1) hate, moha1) !e&usio, bhaya1) $ear+
tdisikya) this ki! o$, o$ such ki!W "!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig pattiy+ #s+ sg+ $+ o$ a!E+ tdisika X td$) suchW $r+
!em+ pro+ taMd_ n cdis) to seeW c$+ mdisaAW 4! 8+ n co+ su$+ (ika+ #t takes the is+ sg+ e!ig o$ the $emiies i
W see #0 p+9 T G7+
"attiy) because o$ a o$$ece, !ue to a o$$eceW is+ sg+ $+ o$ patti+ #strumeta& o$ cause or moti%eW see #0
pp+88Y8A+
eka%%a?) someoe, a certai oeW acc+ sg+ t+W see 0R 77@,9+ X eka c ya [ eka-t-ya [ eka!!aW see 4! 70) i!!etaA T
0R H@,A+
eka%%a? : eka%%a? :) someoe m aother oe mW see 0R 77@,9+
"abb9enti) they baishW @ p&+ pres+ i!+ o$ pa**@eti, the causati%e o$ pa**a@ati_see 0r 2+ <his bhikkhu is
re$errig to the &ega& act o$ baishmet, pa**@aniyakamma+ :e o$ the acts o$ puishmet , da>Wakamma, 2hich
the 4aFgha ca impose o a errig bhikkhu+ " bhikkhu o 2hom this puishmet has bee impose! has to
&ea%e the area o$ his resi!eceW see Lhirasekera 778Y727+
eka%%a? na "abb9ent4 ti. &o : a#a%a) see abo%e+
na) otW eg+ partic&e+ For the rest see abo%e+
>&aF!hdisesa %on%lusion@
6ddiQQh kho yasmanto terasa saF!hdises dhamm( na#a "aQham"attik
CCK
%attro y#atatiyak. Oesa?
bhikkhu aNNatara? # aNNatara? # "a99it#( y#atiha?
CCS
9na? "aQi%%hdeti( t#atiha?
CC7
tena
bhikkhun akm "ari#atthabba?.
CCP
Pari#uttha"ari#sena
CCB
bhikkhun uttari?
CHD
%hratta?
bhikkhumnattya "aQi"a99itabba?. CiEEamnatto bhikkhu( yattha siy #4sati!aEo bhikkhusaF!ho(
CH1
tattha so bhikkhu
CHC
abbhetabbo. )kena "i %e .no
CHH
#4sati!aEo bhikkhusa?!ho ta? bhikkhu? abbheyya(
225
N) patham(
226
Be, -0, R, NI y3at$haAF
227
Be, -0, R, NI t3at$haAF
228
N) pari3aCCha**aA+
229
N) pari3uCCha(+
230
Lm, Nibh Ce, -m) uttari+
231
Bh0m 7, C, N, /) (saA'hoF
232
6i %+&+) *hikkhu *hikkh7hiF
233
N, Bh 0m 2 (syma) %+&+) ono+ -m, R) 7>o+
720
so %a bhikkhu anabbhito( te %a bhikkh. !rayh. Aya? tattha sm4%i.
Tatthyasmante "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Dutiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Tatiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
ParisuddhAetthyasmanto( tasm tuEh4( e#am1eta? dhraym4.
CHR
Saghdisesuddeso ni**hito+
780
Venerables( the thirteen %ases >%on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the
"ro%edure@ ha#e been re%ited( nine >%ases@ are of the offen%e1at1on%e >1%lass@( four >%ases@ are of the u"1to1
the1third >time admonition1%lass@. A bhikkhu 8ho has %ommitted any one of >these offenses@( has to stay
on "robation 8ith no %hoi%e >in the matter@ for as many days as he kno8in!ly %on%eals >it@. 2oreo#er( by a
bhikkhu 8ho has stayed on the "robation( a si+1ni!ht state of deferen%e to >other@ bhikkhus has to be
entered u"on. >Mhen@ the bhikkhu >is one by 8hom@ the deferen%e has been "erformed3 8here#er there
may be a %ommunity of bhikkhus( 8hi%h is a !rou" of t8enty >or more bhikkhus@( there that bhikkhu
should be reinstated. /f a %ommunity of bhikkhus( 8hi%h is a !rou" of t8enty defi%ient by e#en one
>bhikkhu@( should reinstate that bhikkhu >then@ that bhikkhu is not reinstated( and those monks are
blame8orthy. This is the "ro"er "ro%edure here.
Con%ernin! that / ask the #enerables3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A se%ond time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A third time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
The #enerables are "ure in this( therefore there is silen%e( so do / bear this >in mind@.
The recitation concerning the communit' in the beginning and the rest 2o. the procedure3 is .inished+
uddiQQh kho yasmanto) see Ci! coc&+
terasa saF!hdises dhamm) see 4! itro+
na#a) ieW umera&+
"aQham"attik) 2hich are o$ the o$$ece(at(oce(c&ass, (&it+ Z$irst o$$ece(ish[), m) beig estab&ishe! o the
$irst trasgressio, H) 2hich become o$$ece at oceW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig dhamm+ Bb cp!+ X "aQhama) $irst, at
oceW or!ia& n "attika) be&ogig to the o$$eceW X patti) o$$ece n coecti%e a!Eecti%a& su$+ (ka+ C$+ Ni #N
22G) Z*hikkhun$ paChampattikaA dhammaA pannaAF[
%attro) $ourW umera&+
y#atatiyak) 2hich are o$ the (cha&&egig) up to the thir! time(c&ass, H) 2hich are ot comp&ete! uti& the
thir! a!moitioW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig dhamm+ Bb cp!+ y#a) as $ar as, up toW i!ec&+ n tatiya) thir!) or!ia& n
coecti%e a!Eecti%a& su$+ (ka+ m re!ers) Zbeig estab&ishe! o the thir! trasgressio+[ <his is icorrect $or
2hat is meat here are the three cha&&eges by other bhikkhus $or gi%ig up the 2rog course+ #$ the bhikkhu
!oes ot re&i,uish his beha%iour upo the thir! cha&&ege the he icurs the 4! o$$ece+
yesa? bhikkhu aNNatara? # aNNatara? # "a99it#) a bhikkhu 2ho has committe! ay oe o$ 2hichW see
0r coc&+
y#atiha? : t#atiha? :3 &it+ $or as may !ays m $or so may !aysW i+e+, $or as may !ays asW a!%erbs i
234
X 6m 4e, .a, Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, N, /+
235
! Ce, -0, 6i 4e) Sa='hdisesuddeso tatiyo+ Lm) Sa='hdiseso niCChito+
727
acc+ sg+ t+ "bbayJbh%a cp!s+ X re&ati%e c&ause 2ith the a!%erbs o$ time y#a T t#a n (t() hiatus($i&&er n iha X
aha) !ayW t+ C$+ C0 7) dasha+ G3atihaA T t3atihaA are abbayJbh%a a!%erbia& cp!s i acc+ sg+ t+ :ther
re&ati%e c&ause costructios) yatthaLtattha, 4! coc&W yenaLtena, "iy 7W yaALtaA, C0 70 T 0c H@W y3aLt3a, 0c
H7W yoLso, C0 22W yeLte, 0c G8W yniLtni, C0 29W yatoLtattha, C0 70W yassaLso, 0c 88W tassaLyaA, C0 22W see #0 p+H7
T 297$+
9na?) ko2ig&yW om+ sg+ m+ 0r+p+ o$ @nti use! &ike a a!%erb, or agreeig 2ith *hikkhu (Z(though)
ko2ig it[)W see ote o @naA at 0r 8+
"aQi%%hdeti) he cocea&sW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ (paCi c n!had c e)W c$+ 0c G8+
tena) by thatW is+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
bhikkhun) by (that) bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
akm) 2ithout choice, i%o&utari&y, 2hether oe &ikes it or ot, agaist oeDs 2i&&, u2i&&ig&y, m) 2ith o
choice i the matter, H) e%e agaist his 2i&&W kamma!hraya use! as is+ sg+ m+ a!%erb+ (0robab&y ot a
ab&ati%e o$ cause as L0 suggests)+ X istrumeta& o$ atte!at circumstaces, see 4yta5 j HAc a! GAc, e!ig
i ( (see sahatth at C0 7G)W X eg+ pre$+ a- c kma) !esire, &ikig, 2i&&W m+ " i!iom that is !i$$icu&t to tras&ate+
4p) ZAkm pari3attha**an-ti na kmena, na 3asena, atha kho akmena a3asena pari3saA samdya 3attha**aAF[3
Z/ith o choicee&ikig, 2ith o cotro&eauthority+ <he 2ith o choicee&ikig, o cotro& he has to !2e&&
ha%ig u!ertake the probatio perio!+[ C$+ Ni # 282Y8@e6% N###,8) Zm akm *h'aA dtuAF[) Zto gi%e a
share 2ith o choice+[ 4p 7720) Zm ani!!hya dtuA+[) Zm to gi%e agaist their choice+[
L(a 2G@) Zattan ani!!hya[) Zot 2ith his o2 choice+[
<he commetaries e5p&aatios) akmena T ani!!hya, suggest it to be a istrumeta& i (+ 4ome mascu&ie
istrumeta&s i ( are istrumeta&s o$ meas, e+g+ sahatth at 0c 87W see 4yta5 j G, GGa, GH, a! 722+
"ari#atthabba?) is to stay o probatioW om+ sg+ t+ o$ the $+p+p+ o$ pari3asati (pari c n3as c a)) stays, !2e&&s,
spe!s $or a certai amout o$ time, agreeig 2ith a ue5presse! taA+
For the pari3sa a! mnatta proce!ures, see B6C #, pp+7A8Y7AG, <0 5&i5(&i, Co&ot 799G, a!
NaEiraMa%arorasa, The &ntran!e to the Vinaya, 798@, No&+ ###, pp+@72Y@G8+
"ari#uttha"ari#sena) &it+) by 2hom the stayig i probatio has bee staye!, 2ho has staye! the probatioW
a!E+ ,ua&i$yig *hikkhunW #%erte! kamma!hraya use! as Bb cp! that acts as passi%e subor!iate c&auseW see
#0 p+7@H, 7AA, , a! !i>>amnato be&o2+ <he c&ause is passi%e a! the tra!itioa& 0;i grammarias 2ou&!
e5p&ai it as) Zyena pari3so pari3uttho so[) Zby 2hom the probatio has bee staye!++[
X "ari#uttha) staye!W p+p+ o$ pari3asati (pre$+ pari-) arou!, about n c3as) stays, !2e&&s) n "ari#sa) the stayig
i probatio, probatio(perio!W actio(ou !eri%e! $rom pari3asati+
uttari?) moreo%er, $urtherW i!ec&+, a!%+ to paCipa@@ita**aAW see 0c H@, a! C0 @+
%hratta?) si5(ightW acc+ sg+ t+ a!%erbia& e5pressio X %ha(*)) si5W umera& o$ 2hich the origia& $ia&
cosoat (J has bee assimi&ate! to the iitia& cosoat o$ rattaAF Because the cosoat(combiatios (rr(
is ot use! i 0;i the $ia& (a i !ha( gets &egthee! istea! i accor!ace 2ith the &a2 o$ 6orae to make a
&og sy&&ab&eW see 0R j GH+ n ratta?) ight+ # the Niaya the passage o$ ights is coute! sice the &uar(
ca&e!ar is use!+ " t2ety($our hour perio! is there$ore coute! as a ight ot as a !ayW see B6C 7A8+
bhikkhumnattya) state o$ !e$erece to bhikkhus, m) peace $or bhikkhus, H) the mokDs matta
!iscip&ieW !at+ sg+ t+ Lat+ tapp+ cp!+ X bhikkhu) bhikkhu n mnatta) meaig ot certai+ <he commetary
(Kkh 8He4p G29) states) ZBhikkhumnatty ti *hikkh7naA mnana*h3ya, rdhanatthy ti 3uttaA hoti[ Z4tate
o$ !e$erece to bhikkhus) the state o$ the !e$errig o$ bhikkhus, $or the purpose o$ coci&&iatige2iig
appro%a&, it is sai!+[ 4ee Co&ot, 799G, ###, + G) Z<ra!itioa& etymo&ogy poits to some ki! o$ Zcoci&&iatio] or
Zcoci&iatory measure]+ [
X mna) (here)) hoor, !e$erece, respectW $r+ mneti) !e$ers, hoors (-se! i the aparihniy dhamm at " #N
27+) n abstract su$+ (tta) state, co!itio+ <he tras&atios i Chiese (Zrespect$u& beha%ior[) a! <ibeta
(Zmakig g&a![) o$ other Bu!!hist schoo&s are i accor!ace 2ith the 0;i commetaria& iterpretatioW see
BH4RL ## mnat3a a! a&so Lhirasekera 77@$+
722
"aQi"a99itabba?) is to eter upo, $o&&o2, u!ergoW $+p+p+ o$ paCipa@@ati (paCi c npad c ya)) u!ergoes, eters
upo a path or course+
%iEEamnatto) by 2hom the mnatta has bee per$orme!, 2ho has goe through the !e$ereceW a!Eecti%e
,ua&i$yig bhikkhu+ Kamma!hraya use! as bb cp! actig as a passi%e subor!iate c&auseW see #0 p+7AA,
pari3utthapari3so abo%e, a! 0timokkha coc&) sutt'ataAF <ra!itioa&&y the cp! 2ou&! be e5p&aie! as
Zyena mnatto !i>>o so[ X %iEEa) has bee goe through, procee!e!W p+p+ o$ !arati (n!ar c a)) goes, mo%es n
mnatta) see abo%e+
%iEEamnatto bhikkhu) a bhikkhu (is oe by 2hom) the !e$erece (to bhikkhus) has bee per$orme!, m)
Z/he the bhikkhu has comp&ete! the peace m,[ H) Zi$, 2he the mok has per$orme! the matta
!iscip&ie, m+[ 0ossib&y a omiati%e abso&ute, the omiati%e ou a! particip&e beig i agreemet &ike
the &ocati%e a! geiti%e abso&ute i simi&ar itro!uctory c&auses i C0 7Y@ a! 0c 22W see 4yta5 j 2G+ C$+
Zyni kho pana tni m [ at C0 22, a! at C0 29 2here it is prece!e! by aother itro!uctory c&ause)
Zupa3assaA kho pana kattikapu>>amaAF[ 4ice the %erb hoti is imp&ie! i these costructios, it is usua&&y ot
!irect&y e5presse!W see 4yta5 j 20b(c+
yattha : tattha :3 2here m there m, 2he m the mW re&ati%e c&ause 2ith yattha) 2here, 2here%er, 2heW
a!%+ o$ p&ace X re&+ pro+ ya n su$+ o$ p&ace (ttha+ tattha) there, i that p&ace, theW a!%+ o$ p&ace+ X !em+ pro+
taMd_ n (ttha, c$+ Ci! itro a! 0r itro+ Both the &oca& a! tempora& sese o$ yattha are possib&e, ho2e%er, it
seems more &ike&y that the &oca& sese is the correct oe as the bhikkhu is a&&o2e! to go to aother moastery
to !o the a**hna, 2hi&e the tempora& sese 2ou&! imp&y that he might ha%e to 2ait $or &og uti& t2ety
bhikkhus are $ou! 2ho are 2i&&ig to come to the moastery a! participate i the a**hna+ <he Kkh
supports the &oca& sese) Zyattha siy 3$sati'a>o ti ettha 3$sati sa='ho 'a>o ass ti 3$sati'a>o[W Kkh 8H+
siy) may beW @ sg+ opt+ o$ atthiW see abo%e Ci!+
#4sati!aEo bhikkhusaF!ho) a commuity o$ bhikkhus 2hich is a group o$ t2ety+
#4sati!aEo) a group o$ t2etyW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig *hikkhusa='ho+ Ligu cp!+ X #4sati) 20, um+ n !aEo) group,
chapterW c$+ 0c @2+
bhikkhusaF!ho) commuity o$ bhikkhusW om+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+
tattha) herei, i this caseW i!ec&+ 4ee Ci!+ coc&+
so) thatW @ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+ bhikkhu) om+ sg+ m+
abbhetabbo) shou&! be reistate!, ca bem, m) must be reistate!, H) may be rehabi&itate!W $+p+p+ o$ a**heti
(a*hi c c ni c e)) &it+ makes come back to, L0) summos, reca&&s+ X 4kt h3ayati correspo!ig to 0;i
a3hetiLa3hyati ( c n3h c ayaLe)) summos, ca&&s back+ A**heti presumab&y arose by 2ay o$ g*hayatiL*heti
$rom the 4kt h3ayati i accor!ace 2ith the 4kt (h3( d 0;i (3h( a&teratio (e+g+ @ih3 [ @i3h), see 0R c89,7,
a! the (3( [ -*- a&teratio, see 0R c8G,7 T A7,@, the, through the &a2 o$ 6orae *h- becomes a**h- i 0;i,
see 0R j A+
4p G90) ZA**heta**o ti a*hi eta**o sampaCi!!hita**o a**hnakamma3asena osreta**o ti 3uttaA hotiF A3hta**o ti 3
atthoF[) ZA**heta**o) ]:e is to come back (eti) to2ar!s (a*hi), is to be accepte!, by meas o$ the &ega& act o$
reistatemet (a**hna) oe is to be ma!e to re(eter (the 4aFgha)] is sai!+ :r) ]oe is to be summoe!eca&&e!
back] is the meaig+[
<here seems to be o ob&igatio i the Niaya that the bhikkhu has to be reistate! i ay moastery 2here
there are 20 bhikkhus or more+ <he bhikkhus i a moastery might ot 2ish to !o the proce!ure $or some
reaso a! ca there$ore se! the bhikkhu to aother moastery, thus it is pre$erab&e to tras&ate the $+p+p+
here 2ith Zshou&! be[ or Zca be[ as at C0 70, 0c 8H, etc+
ekena) by oeW is+ sg+ m+ o$ eka+
"i) e%eW emph+ partic&eW see 0r 7+
%e) i$W co!itioa& partic&e+
.no) !e$iciet, &ackigW a!Eecti%e agreeig 2ith *hikkhusa='ho, takig the istrumeta& ekena+ C$+ 0c GA+
72@
ta? bhikkhu?) that bhikkhuW acc+ sg+ o$ Zso *hikkhu[W see abo%e+
abbheyya) shou&! reistateW @ sg+ opt+ o$ a**hetiW see abo%e+
%a) a!W co+ partic&e+
anabbhito) ot reistate!W eg+ pre$+ an( n p+p+ o$ a**hetiW see abo%e+
te bhikkh.) those bhikkhusW om+ p&+ o$ Zso *hikkhu[W see abo%e+
!rayh) are b&ame2orthy, are to be b&ame!W $+p+p+ o$ 'arahati (n'arah c ya [ 'arahya [ 'arayha) use! as a
a!Eecti%e to *hikkh7W c$+ 0c GA a! 0! 7+
aya?) thisW om+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+
sm4%i) the right course, proper proce!ureW om+ sg+ $+
aya? tattha sm4%i) this is the proper proce!ure here, m) this is the proper course here+
tatthXyasmante : niQQhito) see 4! itro+ n Ci! coc&+
saF!hdisesAuddeso) the recitatio cocerig the commuity i the begiig a! the rest 1o$ the
proce!ure3W om+ sg+ m+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ Suctio o$ sa='hdisesa c uddeso through the e&isio o$ (a+ X
saF!hdisesa) see abo%e+ n uddeso) recitatioW om+ sg+ m+W see 0r itro+
<his is the thir! o$ the $our 2ays o$ recitig the 0timokkha i brie$W see the Z.ecitatio o$ the 0timokkha[
sectio i the #tro!uctio+
niQQhito) $iishe!W see Ci! coc&+
>Aniyatuddeso
CHS
@
/me kho "anyasmanto d#e aniyat dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti.
>The re%itation of the un%ertain >%ases@@
Venerables( these t8o un%ertain %ases %ome u" for re%itation.
aniyatAuddeso) the recitatio o$ the ucertai (cases)W om+ sg+ m+ + 0robab&y a appositi%e kamma!hraya,
but here re!ere! as a geiti%e tappurisaW see niddn8uddesa i Ci! itro+ 4ee be&o2 "iy coc&usio+
/me kho "anyasmanto : dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti) see 0r T 4! itro+
d#e) t2oW om+ m+ sg+
aniyat) m) i!e$iite, H) u!etermie!, u$i5e!, ucertaiW a!E+, eg+ pre$+ a( n niyata) $i5e!, certai, $r+
niyameti (ni c nyam c e)) restrais, $i5es, ties !o2+
>Aniy 13 PaQhama1aniyatasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu mtu!mena saddhi? eko ekya raho "aQi%%hanne sane alaFkammaniye
CH7
nisa99a?
ka""eyya( tam1ena? saddheyya#a%as u"sik dis# tiEEa? dhammna? aNNatarena #adeyya3
"r9ikena # saF!hdisesena # "%ittiyena #( nisa99a? bhikku "aQi9namno tiEEa? dhammna?
aNNatarena kretabbo3 "r9ikena # saF!hdisesena # "%ittiyena #( yena # s saddheyya#a%as
u"sik #adeyya( tena so bhikkhu kretabbo( aya? dhammo aniyato.
>The first un%ertain trainin! "re%e"t@
/f any bhikkhu should sit do8n to!ether 8ith a 8oman( one >man@ 8ith one >8oman@( "ri#ately( on a
%on%ealed seat >that is@ suffi%iently fit for doin! >it@( >and then if@ a female lay1follo8er 8hose 8ords %an
be trusted ha#in! seen that( should s"eak a%%ordin! to one of three %ases3 a%%ordin! to dis7ualifi%ation(
a%%ordin! to 8hat %on%erns the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@( or
236
X Be T 6i 4e+ L) Aniyat: -m has this i brackets+ Cothig i other te5ts+
237
C, Nibh 'e) a%aAkamma>iye+ Lm, -m, 6m 4e, N, /) a%aAkammaniye+ -0, R, Bh0m 7 T 2, .a) a%aA kammaniye+
728
a%%ordin! to e+"iation( >then@ the bhikkhu 8ho is admittin! the sittin! do8n should be made to do >8hat
is@ a%%ordin! to one of three %ases3 a%%ordin! to dis7ualifi%ation( or a%%ordin! to 8hat %on%erns the
%ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@( or a%%ordin! to e+"iation( or a%%ordin! to
8hate#er that female lay1follo8er 8hose 8ords %an be trusted should say( a%%ordin! to that the bhikkhu
is to be made to do. This is an un%ertain %ase.
"aQhama1aniyatasikkh"ada?) the $irst ucertai traiig preceptW om+ sg+ t+ " kamma!hraya cp!
cotaiig aother kamma!hraya) aniyatasikkhpada+ X "aQhama) $irstW a!E+ n aniyata) ucertaiW see be&o2 n
sikkh"ada) traiig preceptW see 0r 7+
yo "ana bhikkhu mtu!mena saddhi?) see 4! 2+
eko) oeW om+ sg+ m+ ekya) 2ith oe ($ema&e)W is+ sg+ $+
eko ekya) oe 1ma3 2ith oe 12oma3+ # or!er to retai the ge!ers e5presse! i the 0;i this re!erig
has bee chose rather tha the re!erig gi%e i L0 A2G (co& 7 top)) Zoe 2ith the other+[
raho) pri%ate&y, i secret, i pri%ateW a!%+ei!+W $rom Ne!ic rahas+
"aQi%%hanne) cocea&e!, hi!!e, co%ere!, sec&u!e!, screee!W a!E+, p+p+ o$ paCi!!hdeti, see 4! coc&+
sane) o a seatW &oc+ sg+ t+
alaFkammaniye) su$$iciet&y $it $or !oig (it), i+e+, $it $or ha%ig se5W a!E+ Bb cp!+ X Euctio o$ a%aA c
kammaniya through guttara&isatio o$ the $ia& (A o$ a%aA+ ala?) su$$icietW i!ec&+ c$+ 0r 7+ n kammaniya) $it
$or !oig, 2orkab&eW X kamma) actio, 2ork n abstract su$$i5 (>iyaL(>ya+ X 4kt karma>ya, BH4
karma>iyaLkarma>$yaW see L0+
nisa99a?) sittig !o2, seat, p&ace $or sittigW acc+ sg+ $+, $r+ nis$dati (ni c nsad c a)) sits !o2, c$+ 0c 82
ka""eyya) shou&! use, takeW @ sg+ opt+ o$ kappeti (nkapp c e)+
nisa99a? ka""eyya) shou&! sit !o2, sit, m) shou&! seat himse&$, H) shou&! sit !o2W c$+ 0c A, @0, 8@Y8A+
Nibh) Zm upanisinno Q upanipanno m[ <here are t2o sha!es o$ meaig) usig a seat, a! sittig !o2+ #t is
!i$$icu&t to gi%e a satis$actory re!erig+ <he same app&ies $or Zsaha seyyaA kappeyyaP o$ 0c A, 2here there is
a&so the !i$$icu&ty o$ t2o sha!es o$ meaig+ 0robab&y nisa@@aA kappeti is a i!iomatic %erba& compou!
ha%ig the simp&e meaig o$ Zsits !o2[W see the ote to seyyaA kappeyya at 0c A+
tam1ena?) the that, the himW Euctio o$ taA c enaA i 2hich (A o$ taA is 2eakee! to mW 0R j H7,2b+ # Ni
# 72H tam-enam seems to act as oe a!%erb, but orma&&y taA $uctios as a a!%erb i acc+ sg+ t+ re$errig
back to somethig or someoe Eust metioe!, i+e+, the bhikkhu sittig 2ith the 2oma, as i 4 987 a! 6 #
@7W see 0'L 292 a! L0+
C$+ Zsa kho so,[ L # G9, a! Zete te,[ Ni #N 772 T 4 ## 7H, 2hich a&so repeat the proou+ :e possibi&ity is that
it is a Euctio o$ taA c e3a c naA rather tha taA c naAF
X ta?) thatW acc+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_ n ena?) this, it, himW acc+ sg+ m+ !em+ pro+, %ariat o$ etaA+
saddheyya#a%as) 2hose 2or!s ca be truste!, 0'L) o$ cre!ib&e speech, m) 2hose 2or! ca be truste!, H)
trust2orthyW a!E+ F+p+p+ o$ the %erb saddahati (saA c ndh c a) ($rom 2hich saddha is !eri%e!) n #a%as) ha%ig
speechW a!E+ $orm o$ 3a!oL3a!as) ha%ig speech, ha%ig 2or!s+ Kkh 90) Zm) saddhta**a-3a!an ariyas3ik ti
attho+[
u"sik) $ema&e &ay($o&&o2er, &ay !e%oteeW om+ sg+ $+ (upsaka X m+) $r+ upsati (upa c ns c e)) sits c&ose, i+e+,
atte!s, hoours+
dis#) ha%ig seeW abs+ o$ passatiW c$+ dissanti at 4! 7@+
tiEEa?) o$ threeW ge+ m+ o$ umera& tayo+
dhammna?) casesW ge+ p&+ m+
aNNatarena) 2ith regar!s to a certai, i accor!ace 2ith a certaiW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! dhammenaW
c$+ 0r T 4! coc&+ X #strumeta& o$ re&atioespeci$icatioeaccor!aceW see 4yta5 j H0,a i+ AKKatara) oe o$
t2oese%era&, a certaiW is a comparati%e o$ aKKa Zaother+[
72A
#adeyya) shou&! sayW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3adatiW c$+ 4! 7@+ 4ice it is &ike&y that she is ot $ami&iar 2ith the bhikkhuDs
!iscip&iary ru&es she 2i&& ot say e5act&y 2hich type o$ o$$ece she has see+ 4he Eust te&&s 2hat she has see
a! the bhikkhus !e$ie the type o$ o$$ece+
"r9ikena) (2hat is) i accor!ace 2ith (a case) i%o&%ig !is,ua&i$icatioW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse!
dhammena+
# : #) either m orW !isE+ parts+
saF!hdisesena) (2hat is) i accor!ace 2ith (a case) i%o&%ig the commuity i the begiig a! i the
restW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig dhammena+
"%ittiyena) (2hat is) i accor!ace 2ith (a case) i%o&%ig e5piatio, 0'L T Vinaya Texts @7) re,uirig
e5piatio, H) i%o&%ig e5piatio, m) etai&ig e5piatio, <ha) to be co$esse! (C$+ <h, B6C 7G@)W
a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig dhammena+
PryaY!ittika 2as the Ne!ic ritua& e5piatio $or trasgressiosW see .oth, 79G8, p+@8G, a! Hi`ber, 7999 p+7H,
a! 798A p+G@YGG+ Z'5piatio[ i 'g&ish meas) Zto atoe $or (si or 2rog!oig)W make ame!s $or,[ 2hi&e
co$essio meas) Zto make a acko2&e!gemet, esp+ o$ oeDs $au&ts or crimes+[W see Co&&is Cocise 'g&ish
Lictioary+ # the Bu!!hist tra!itio a 0cittiya o$$ece is co$esse! to aother bhikkhu a! there is o
atoemet o$ ay sort, there$ore co$essio $its better $or p!ittiya+
<he etymo&ogy o$ p!ittiya is ucertai, see 0'L 8A0 a! BL ## @ + 8+ Hi`ber 7999 p+7H a! 798A p+G@YGG,
$o&&o2ig 6ayrho$er, takes p!ittiya to be re&ate! to the Ne!ic pryaY!itta+ (<he (ya( beig cotracte! ito ((
i 0;iW see 0R 20 + 2) 4ee BL ## @ + 8) ZP!ittiya as pryas!ittika meas &it+) Zi repetace, i compesatio, i
e5piatio+[ 6/ H08) pryaY!itta) atoemet, e5piatio, ame!s, peaceWsee a&so N#C4 ## A0+
<he Sais ha! te categories o$ o$$eces 2hich re,uire! pya!!itta (X 4kt) pryaY!itta)) e5piatio (through
peace, tapas)+ <he hea%iest o$ 2hich is the praK!ika, correspo!ig to the 0;i pr@ika, the &ightest is the
dukkaWa, the 0;i dukkaCaW see C+ <aita T 6+6+ Kumar, 7980, p+78Y7H n A2, Ke%i, 7972, p+A0A$+, .oth, 79G8, p+@82,
Lutt H2+ <he 6(K schoo& use! p!attika, 6?) pyantika, 4a) ptayantikaF
238
Ni N 788)
XP!ittiyan-ti yaA 3uttaA, taA su>ohi yathtathaAF
Pteti kusa%aA dhammaA, ariyama''aA apara@@hati,
CittasammohanaA
D`S
ChnaA, ten`etaA iti 3u!!atiF[
Z/hat is ca&&e! a ]p!ittiya], &iste to it as it is)
:e !rops a 2ho&esome state, oe o$$e!s agaist the ob&e 2ay,
(#t is) a occasio $or meta& co$usio, there$ore this is ca&&e! thus+[
nisa99a?) see abo%e+ bhikkhu) om+ sg+ m+
"aQi9namno) a!mittig, m) cocurs, H) acko2&e!gigW pr+p+ o$ paCi@nti (paCi c nK c>a) agreeig 2ith
*hikkhu+
kretabbo) is to be ma!e to !o, is to be !oe 2ith, is to be !ea&t 2ithW $+p+p+ o$ kreti, causati%e o$ karotiW c$+ 0c
H@) yathdhammo kreta**o a! "!hik) paCiKKya kreta**o+ <he bhikkhu is to be ma!e to !o by other bhikkhus
the &ega& proce!ure that is i accor!ace 2ith the o$$ece he has committe!+
yena : tena :3 2ith 2hat(e%er) m 2ith that, or) by 2hichW corre&ati%e proous, is+ o$ yaMd_c taMd_, agreeig
2ith ue5presse! dhammena+
#) orW !isE+ partic&e+ /he the bhikkhu has state! his si!e, the the Eu!gig bhikkhus may accept that or
impute a o$$ece o him accor!ig to 2hat the upsik says+ "ccor!ig to <haissaro Bhikkhu, B6C # 7A8 $+,
this c&ause is a remat o$ a ear&y time, 2he the NibhaFga o it 2as ot yet i e5istece+ <he NibhaFga, i
&ie 2ith the gui!e&ies $or ha!&ig accusatios i the Kha!hakas, states that he shou&! be puishe! o&y
238
4ee .oth, 79G8, p+@82 T Hiraka2a, 7982, pp+2@Y28+ B6L p+78, a! Hi`ber 798A pp+G@YGG &ist some more %ersios o$ the
2or!+
239
<here appears to be a 2or!(p&ay here) p Mteti_ c !itt MasamohanaA_ k p!ittMiya_F
72G
i accor!ace 2ith 2hat he a!mits+ <hus, this is a iterestig case o$ a ru&e(c&ause superse!e! by its
NibhaFga commetary a! the gui!e&ies i the Kha!hakas+
s) thatW om+ sg+ $+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+ so) thatW om+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
aya?) thisW om+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+
dhammo aniyato) i!e$iite caseW see abo%e, here om+ sg+ m+ <he setece %erb hoti is ue5presse! here+ <he
2ho&e ru&e is oe setece as the optati%e re,uires the ZayaA dhammo aniyato hoti[ as comp&etioW see 0r 2
diyeyya+ <he other seteces are i parethesis i it+
>Aniy C3 Dutiya1aniyatasikkh"ada?@
5a he#a kho "ana "aQi%%hanna? sana? hoti nlaFkammaniya?(
CRD
alaN1%a kho hoti mtu!ma?
duQQhullhi #%hi obhsitu?. Oo "ana bhikkhu tathr."e sane mtu!mena saddhi? eko ekya raho
nisa99a? ka""eyya( tam1ena? saddheyya#a%as
CR1
u"sik dis# d#inna? dhammna? aNNatarena
#adeyya saF!hdisesena # "%ittiyena #( nisa99a? bhikkhu "aQi9namno d#inna? dhammna?
aNNatarena kretabbo saF!hdisesena # "%ittiyena #( yena # s saddheyya#a%as u"sik #adeyya(
tena so bhikkhu kretabbo( ayam1"i dhammo aniyato.
>The se%ond un%ertain trainin! "re%e"t@
ut e#en if the seat is neither %on%ealed nor suffi%iently fit for doin! it( but is suffi%ient for s"eakin!
su!!esti#ely to a 8oman 8ith de"ra#ed 8ords3 if any bhikkhu should sit do8n on su%h a seat to!ether
8ith a 8oman_one >man@ 8ith one >8oman@( "ri#ately_>and then if@ a female lay1follo8er 8hose 8ords
%an be trusted ha#in! seen that( should s"eak a%%ordin! to one of t8o %ases3 a%%ordin! to 8hat %on%erns
the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest( or a%%ordin! to e+"iation( >then@ the bhikkhu admittin!
the sittin! do8n is to be made to do a%%ordin! to one of t8o %ases3 a%%ordin! to 8hat %on%erns the
%ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@( or a%%ordin! to e+"iation( or a%%ordin! to
8hate#er that female lay1follo8er 8hose 8ords %an be trusted should say( a%%ordin! to that the bhikkhu
is to be made to do( this too is an un%ertain %ase.
dutiya1aniyatasikkh"ada?) the seco! ucertai traiig preceptW om+ sg+ t+ " kamma!hraya cp!
cotaiig aother kamma!hraya) aniyatasikkhpada+ X dutiya) seco!W or!ia& n sikkh"ada) traiig
precept+
na he#a kho "ana : na : %a :3 But e%e i$ m either m or m+[ " Zna Q na Q[) Zeither m or[
costructio i combiatio 2ith (!isEucti%e) partic&esW see L0 s+%+ e3a) Zn`e3a Q na Q+[
<he Zna he3a Q na Q !a QP costructio is a&so $ou! e&se2here, esp+ 2ith api !aW e+g+ " #N A8) ZIdh8eka!!o
sama>o 3 *rhma>o 3 samm *rahma!r$ paCi@namno na heva !ho mtu'mena saddhiA d3ayaA-d3aya-
sampattiA sampa@@ati, na pi mtu'massa u!!hdana-parimaddana-nhpana-sam*hanaA sdiyati: api ca !ho
mtu'mena saddhiA saK@a''hati Q+[ C$+ Ni ## 28@, <h GG8+
#t is ot to be co$use! 2ith pan`e3a at 4! 72 T 7@+
na) otW eg+ partic&e+
he#a) o ee! to tras&ateW emphatic partic&esW maybe a Euctio o$ hi c e3a i 2hich the -i o$ hi has bee
e&i!e!, as i he3aA a! hetaA, or maybe it is a Euctio o$ na c e3a i 2hich the Euctio cosoat (h( has
bee a!!e! to a%oi! hiatus+ # this case 2e shou&! rea!) Zna-h-e3a[W see 0R j H@,H+ "ccor!ig to /ar!er, #0
p+278, it is a Euctio o$ the emphatic partic&e ha c e3aF
Corma suggests that $orms such as he3a a! he3aA are probab&y 'aster !ia&ect $orms, i+e+, 6ga!hisms, as
they sometimes sta! at the start o$ c&auses a! hi, beig a ec&itic, caot !o soW see C0 N p+H9 a! 0R j H@
+ A +
240
Nibh 'e) (kamma>iyaA+ 6m 4e, Bh0m 7Y2, C, L, R, N, /, -m, .a, Nibh 'e) n%aA kammaniyaA+ -0, Bh0m 7 T 2, .a) n%aA
kamman$yaA+)
241
# / a (&aterg) correctio has bee a!!e! be$ore this) s+
72H
kho "ana) o ee! to tras&ateW see abo%e 4!+
"aQi%%hanna? sana?) cocea&e! seatW om+ sg+ t+W see "iy 7+
hoti) it isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ cotracte! $orm o$ *ha3ati) see abo%e Ci!+ Hoti states attributes o$ a thig, rather
tha emphasisig the e5istece o$ a thig as atthi !oesW see #0 p+@0+
nlaFkammaniya?) X Euctio o$ na c a%aA through cotractio a! a%aA c kammaniyaAW see "iy 7+
alaN1%a) Euctio o$ a%aA c !a through the pa&ata&isatio o$ (A+
ala?) su$$icietW i!ec&+ n %a) butW !isE+ partic&e+ <he partic&e !a is orma&&y coecti%e but becomes !isEucti%e
a$ter a egatioW see the otes o <h 87 i Corma 79G9 a! Lhp A i Corma, 2000++
mtu!ma? duQQhullhi #%hi) see 4! @+
obhsitu?) to speak suggesti%e&yW i$+ o$ o*hsati) see 4! @+
yo "ana bhikkhu) see abo%e Ci!+
tathr."e) o$ such ki!, suchW a!E+ see 0r 2+
sane) see "iy 7+
<he rest as "iy 7 e5cept)
d#inna?) o$ t2oW ge+ p&+ m+ o$ um+ d3e+
ayam1"i) Euctio o$ ayam c pi through &abia&isatio o$ (A+
"i) tooW emph+ partic&e+
>Aniyata %on%lusion@
6ddiQQh kho yasmanto d#e aniyat dhamm.
Tatthyasmante "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Dutiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Tatiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
ParisuddhAetthyasmanto( tasm tuEh4( e#am1eta? dhraymi.
CRC
9ni'at&uddeso ni**hito+
7-8
Venerables( the t8o un%ertain %ases ha#e been re%ited.
Con%ernin! that / ask the Venerables3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A se%ond time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A third time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
The #enerables are "ure in this( therefore there is silen%e( thus / bear this >in mind@.
The recitation o. the uncertain 2cases3 is .inished+
uddiQQh : niQQhito) see "iy itro+ n Ci!+ coc&+
aniyatAuddeso) i!e$iite((cases)(recitatioW om+ sg+ m+ "pposti%e kamma!hraya cp!+ X Euctio o$
aniyata c uddesa through the e&isio o$ the $ia& (a o$ aniyataW see 0r itro a! coc&+
<his is the $ourth o$ the $our 2ays o$ recitig the 0timokkha i brie$W see Z.ecitatio o$ the 0timokkha+[
sectio i the #tro!uctio+
242
Lm, -0, .a, -m) dhraym$ ti+
243
! Ce, -m, -0, 6i 4e) Aniyatuddeso !atuttho+ Lm) Aniyato niCChito+
728
>5issa!!iya "%ittiy
CRR
@
/me kho "anyasmanto ti?sa nissa!!iy "%ittiy dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti.
>C4#ara#a!!o
CRK
@
>The (%ases) in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture@
Venerables( these thirty %ases in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture %ome u" for re%itation.
>The 0obe1%ha"ter@
/me kho "anyasmanto : dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti) see 4! itro+
nissa!!iya "%ittiya) i%o&%ig e5piatio 2ith $or$eiture, i%o&%ig e5piatio a! $or$eiture, e5piatio
i%o&%ig $or$eiture, to be $or$eite! a! to be e5piate!, <ha) to be $or$eite! a! co$esse!, H) a o$$ece o$
e5piatio i%o&%ig $or$eiture, m) it etai&s e5piatio 2ith $or$eiture+
"t Ni ### 79GY9H it is sai! i the 0a!abhEaa o C0 7 that the bhikkhu $irst has to re&i,uish the obEect to the
commuity, or to may bhikkhus, or to a sig&e bhikkhu, a! the has to co$esseaoucee!ec&are
(deseta**a) the 0cittiya o$$ece+ Zm nissa''iyaA hoti, nissa@@ita**aA sa='hassa QI XIdaA me *hante !$3araA
dashtikkantaA nissa''iyaA, imhaA sa='hassa nissa@@m$ tiF 6issa@@it3 patti deseta**aAF[) Zm it is to be
$or$eite! (nissa''iyaA_, it is to be $or$eite! (i+e+, $+p+p+) to the Commuitym) ]<his robe ((c&oth) that has goe
beyo! the te(!ay (&imit) is to be $or$eite! by me+ (Because the c&ause is passi%e, it re,uires a istrumeta&
aget that cou&! be me) by meF :ther tras&ators take me as a geiti%e 2ith !$3araA+) <his # $or$eit to the
Commuity+] Ha%ig $or$eite! (it) the o$$ece is to be co$esse!+[
<his i!icates that nissa''iyaA is a $+p+p+ a! p!ittiyaA possib&y too sice it correspo!s to Zpatti deseta**aA[)
Zthe o$$ece is to be co$esse!+[ C$+ Nibh to 0c 8G) ZpaCi%*hena *hindit3 p!ittiyaA deseta**aAF[ C$+ Zpatti
p!ittiyassa[) Zthere is a o$$ece i%o&%ig e5piatio $or himW Ni #N 2 etc+ (" e5p&aatio o$ the (assa
e!igs use! 2ith o$$ece(terms i the 4utta%ibhaFga is $ou! i 4p 2G7)+
4p G@9eKkh 9G)Zm nissa''iyaA p!ittiyaA, taK-!a !$3araA nissa''iyaA hoti, p!ittiypatti !8assa hot$ ti atthoF Atha
3 nissa@@anaA nissa''iyaA, pu**a*h'e katta**assa 3inaya-kammass8etaA nmaAF 6issa''iyam-assa atth$ ti
nissa''iyam-i!!8e3aF /in-taA^ p!ittiyaAF TaA atikkmayato saha nissa''iya-3inayakammaA p!ittiyaA hot$ ti ayam-
ettha atthoFPI
Zm nissa''iyaA p!ittiyaA, that robe ((c&oth) is to be re&i,uishe! ($+p+p+), a! there is a o$$ece i%o&%ig
e5piatio $or him, is the meaig+ :r perhaps rather nissa''iyaA is nissa@anaA) re&i,uishig, (i+e+, actio(
ou+ X Ce+ Be) nissa@@anaAF) <his is a !esigatio $or the prece!ig Liscip&iary actio+ <here is a C0 $or him,
thus (it is) nissa''iyaA+ /hat is itg " p!ittiyaF (6aybe) Z/in-taA p!ittiyaAg[) Z/hat p!ittiya is itg[ 4e) Zi!!8e3a
taA p!ittiyaAFP) For oe e5cee!ig that there is a p!ittiya together 2ith the !iscip&iary act o$ re&i,uishig+
<his is here the meaig+[
C$+ 0c 8G) Zm *hedanakaA p!ittiyaA+[) Z(a case) i%o&%ig e5piatio 2ith breakig up,[ 0c 8H, 89Y92) Zm
!hedanakaA p!ittiyaA,[ 0c 88) Zm udd%anakaA p!ittiyaA+[ # these ru&es there are o $uture passi%e
particip&es a! this cou&! support the re!erigs o$ nissa''iyaA by m, H, a! Hi`ber (7999, p+7H)+ Hi`ber
(7999 p+78) poits out that these ru&es cou&! ha%e bee put ito a !i$$eret 0cittiya c&ass, &ike the nissa''iyas,
but 2ere ot !ue to their $e2ess+
Compare the simi&ar $ormu&atio i the BhikkhuJ(4! ru&es) nissra>iyaA sa='hdisesaAI Z(a case) cocerig
the commuity i the begiig a! the rest (o$ the proce!ure) 2ith se!ig o$$[ (Ni #N 22@ $$+)+ H) Z(a
o$$ece) etai&ig a $orma& meetig o$ the or!er i%o&%ig beig set a2ay,[ see BL #N 555%i+
nissa!!iy) i%o&%ig $or$eiture, to be re&i,uishe!, gi%e upW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig p!ittiy+ F+p+p+ o$ nissa@eti
244
X Lm+ -m has it i brackets+ L) 6issa''iy p!ittiy dhamm+ 6i 4e) TiAsa nissa''iy p!ittiy dhamm+ Cothig i
other e!s+
245
:&y i 6i 4e+
729
(nis c nMs_sa@M@_ c e)+ C$+ nissa@ita**o at C0 22+ "ccor!ig to 0'L nissa''iya X 4kt qniOsr'ya, ot naisar'ika+ 6(
K) nissar'ikap!attika, 4a) niOsar'ik ptayantik+ 6?) naisar'ikapyantika+ 4ee 6/ AG8 nisar'a Mni c nsVi@_+
"%ittiy) i%o&%ig e5piatioW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig dhammW see abo%e "iy 7+
>5P 13 IaQhinasikkh"ada?@
5iQQhita%4#arasmi?
CRS
bhikkhun ubbhatasmi? kaQhine(
CR7
dasha"arama? atireka%4#ara? dhretabba?.
Ta? atikkmayato( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the kaQhina@
Mhen the robe >1%loth@ has been finished by a bhikkhu( 8hen the !a*hina >1frame1"ri#ile!es@ ha#e been
8ithdra8n( >then@ e+tra robe >1%loth@ is to be ke"t for ten days at the most. <or one 8ho lets it "ass beyond
>the ten days@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
niQQhita%4#arasmi?) the robe ((c&oth) has bee $iishe!W &oc+ sg+ t+ Kocati%e abso&ute costructio+ "
kamma!hraya cp! e,ui%a&et to a passi%e subor!iate c&auseW see #0 p+7AA a! 0timokkha coc&+) sutt'ataF
4ice the %erb hoti , Zis[ , is imp&ie! i these costructios, it is usua&&y ot !irect&y e5presse!W see 4yta5 j
20b(c+
X niQQhita) $iishe!, e!e!W X the p+p+ o$ niCChti (ni c nCh c a), 2hich here i this kamma!hraya cp! is
ui$&ecte!, but sta!s $or the &ocati%e sigu&ar niCChitasmiA n %4#arasmi?) 2he robe ((c&oth)W &oc+ sg+ t+ o$
!$3araA) robe ((c&oth), robe(materia&, c&oth $or a robe+
" !$3ara ca be a ma!e(up robe, but i the Niaya, &ike i this ru&e a! the comig oes (esp+ C0 @, 28, a!
2H), it o$te meas the uma!e c&oth ite!e! $or makig a robe+ # ha%e trie! to co%ey this meaig by
re!erig !$3ara as Zrobe ((c&oth),[ 2hich ca mea both Za c&oth $or (makig) a robe[ a! Za c&oth 2hich is a
robe+[ /he !$3ara c&ear&y meas a $iishe! robe, &ike i C0 2AYG, the re!erig Zrobe[ is use!+
0a!abhEaa) Zm *hikkhuno !$3araA kataA 3 hoti naCChaA 3 3inaCChaA 3 daWWhaA 3 !$3arsa 3 upa!hinnaA+[
Z(/he) a bhikkhuDs robe ((c&oth) has bee ma!e or &ost or perishe! or burt or the e5pectatio $or the robe ((
c&oth) has bee cut o$$+[
C$+ 6 # 8@8) X6iCChita!$3aro *ha'a3 temsa!!ayena !rikaA pakkamissat$ tiFX
bhikkhun) by a bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
ubbhatasmi?) has bee 2ith!ra2, &i$te!W &oc+ sg+ t+ o$ u**hata, the p+p+ o$ u**ahati (u c n3ah c a))
2ith!ra2s, takes a2ay, &i$tsW agreeig 2ith kaChine+
kaQhine) (the $i%e a&&o2ab&es coecte! 2ith) the kaChina (robe(c&oth)W &oc+ sg+ t+
<he kaChina 2as a specia& 2oo!e $rame that 2as put $&at or sprea! (pattharati) o the grou!+ :%er this $rame
the robe(c&oth 2as stretche! to make a robe+ <he tra!itio o$ usig this $rame has !ie! out a! it maybe has
ot bee use! $or ceturies+
Bhikkhu <haissaro suggests that it is simi&ar to the $rame use! to make a ,ui&tW see B6C 7G8W see a&so Ni ##
77GY7H, BL ## AYG T N 7A8YA9+ Ho2e%er, the robe ma!e o this kaChina($rame is a&so ca&&e! a kaChina a!
because o$ this !oub&e usage there is some co$usio the !iscussio o$ this ru&e i B6C 7G@Y7G8+
#t is sai! that 2he c&oth $or the kaChina ((robe) (kaChinadussa) has accrue! to the commuity it ca $orma&&y
gi%e the c&oth to a appoite! bhikkhu $or sprea!ig the kaChina (ZkaChinaA attharituA[], here syoymous
2ith the $orma& makig o$ the kaChina(robe (Ni # 2A8Y 2AA)W see BL ## A +7, 2G + @, #N @A2 + A+ # this cote5t
there$ore kaChina is syoymous 2ith the robe that has bee ma!e by sprea!ig the c&oth o the kaChina($rame
a! makig it ito a proper robe+ #t is sai! that it ca be ma!e out o$ rag(c&oths, etc+
Fi%e thigs 2i&& be a&&o2ab&e to the bhikkhus (kappissanti) 2he the kaChina has bee sprea!, i+e+, proper&y
ma!e i accor!ace 2ith certai regu&atios, i+e+, cosistig o$ $i%e pae&s or more a! is $iishe! be$ore the
246
Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, .a, -0 %+&+) niCChita!$3arasmiA pana+
247
Lm) kathine+
7@0
e5t !a2, etc+W Ni # 2A8$$, BL #N @A2$$+ <hese a&&o2aces are 2ith!ra2 or cace&&e! (u**hataA kaChinaA)
through oe or more o$ eight reasos or grou!s (mtik) such as the bhikkhu &ea%ig the resi!ece 2ithout
ite!ig to returW Ni # 2AA, c$+ BL #N @AH +G+ <his 2ith!ra2ig through these reasos is 2hat
Xu**hatasmiA kaChineP re$ers to, a! so it is e5p&aie! i the 0a!abhEaa o the preset ru&e at Ni ### 79GW see
BL ## A+ <here$ore, kaChina is a&so syoymous 2ith the a&&o2aces coecte! 2ith the sprea!ig o$ the
kaChina(robe+
Bhikkhu <haissaro re!ers Zu**hatasmiA kaChine[ as Z/he m the $rame is !estroye! (his pri%i&eges are i
abeyace),[ but the %erb u**ahati !oes ot mea Z!estroys,[ but Z2ith!ra2s[W see abo%e+ # the Cu&&a%agga
sectio !ea&ig 2ith the kaChina($rame, Ni ## 77GY77H, there is o metio o$ the o$$icia& ceremoy at the e!
o$ the rais+ <he robe cou&! ha%e bee ma!e o a use! $rame sice there o re$erece to makig a e2 $rame
i the 6% sectio !ea&ig 2ith the kaChina(robe+ # the C% it is sai! that the kaChina($rame is to be kept hagig
o a 2a&& a$ter the se2ig is $iishe! so that creatures ca ot eat it+ 4ice the $rame has to be ha!&e! 2ith
care it seems that it is ot a oe(usage(o&y $rame, but oe that ca be use! agai a! agai $or makig robes+
<here is o regu&atio that bhikkhus make robes o&y at a certai time o$ the year a! robes ca be ma!e a&&
year &og+ Bhikkhus 2ou&! use the $rame 2hee%er they 2ou&! make a robe, ho2e%er, at the e! o$ the
raiy(seaso it 2as more &ike&y that robe(c&oth 2ou&! become a%ai&ab&e a! it 2ou&! be use! more !urig
this perio!+
niQQhita%4#arasmi? bhikkhun ubbhatasmi? kaQhine) Z/he the robe ((c&oth) has bee $iishe! by a
bhikkhu, 2he the kaChina (($rame(pri%i&eges) ha%e bee 2ith!ra2[W H) Z/he the robe(materia& is sett&e!,
2he a bhikkhuDs kaIhia (pri%i&eges) ha%e bee remo%e!, m[W Vinaya Texts) Z/he the robes ha%e bee
sett&e!, 2he the kaChina has bee take up by the bhikkhum[W m) Z(Lurig a time) 2he (store!(up) robe
(materia&) is $iishe! up (by its beig either a&& ma!e up ito robes or !estroye! etc+) a! 2he the kaIhia
(pri%i&eges) are i abeyace m ZW <ha) Z/he a bhikkhu has $iishe! his robe(makig a! the $rame is
!estroye! (his kaChina pri%i&eges are i abeyace)[W Corma) Z<he robe(materia& ha%ig bee use! up, the
kaChina $rame ha%ig bee remo%e! by a bhikkhu, m[W &oc+ abso&ute costructio+
<his is a !i$$icu&t &ie $or tras&ators, as it is ucertai 2hat *hikkhun re$ers to+ Loes it re$er to
niCChita!$3arasmiA or to u**hatasmiA kaChineg 6ost tras&ators make it re$er to the &atter+ m simp&y !i! ot
tras&ate it+
#t is possib&e that *hikkhun app&ies to the e5t c&ause, 2hich has o aget) ZdashaparamaA atireka!$3araA
dhreta**aA Za! has bee p&ace! i this &ocati%e abso&uti%e c&ause $or the sake o$ separatig niCChitasmiA a!
u**hatasmiA, i+e+, e5tra robe ((c&oth) ca be kept by a bhikkhu te !ays at the most+ <he usage o$ a $+p+p+ 2ith
a istrumeta& aget is commo, e+g+ 0c 89) Zm *hikkhun senya 3asita**aA Q[W see #0 p+70H+ # the e5t
t2o ru&es, 2here this iterpretatio 2ou&! ot $it, the use o$ this c&ause might be a mechaica& e5tesio+
Horer i BL suggests that *hikkhun is a istrumeta& use! $or a geiti%e, but this usage 2ou&! be ui,ue+
#t is ot metioe! i the Syntax of the Cases in the PJi 6ikyas by /iEesekera+ Further, the e5p&aatio
*hikkhuno i the 0a!abhEaa suggests a !ati%e o$ a!%atageW see 4yta5 j 707+
#t seems that the 0a!abhEaa a&so takes *hikkhun to be a geiti%e 2ith a istrumeta& meaig)
Z6iCChita!$3arasmin-tiI *hikkhuno !$3aram kataA 3a hoti QFP (For a tras&atio see niCChita!$3arasmiA abo%e+)
<he Kkh !oes ot commet o *hikkhun i C0 7 but i the commets o niCChita!$3arasmiA it imp&ies a !ati%e
o$ a!%atage) ZAtthatakaChinassa hi *hikkhuno y3a imeh8krehi !$3arapJi*odho na !hi@@ati t3a kaChinnisaAsaA
%a*hati+[) Z<he kaIhia(pri%i&ege is obtaie! $or a bhikkhu 2ho has sprea! the kaChina $or as &og as the robe(
obstac&e is ot se%ere! through these reasos+[ C$+) Ztassa *hikkhuno Q kaChinuddharo+[ H) Z<hat mokDs
kaChina (pri%i&eges) are remo%e! because o$ m (eight grou!s)m[W Ni # 2AA$+
# the 0a!abhEaa it is sai! that the kaChina (($rame(pri%i&eges) are 2ith!ra2 !ue to eight grou!s, or by a
sa='hakamma+ #t !oes ot say that they are 2ith!ra2 by a bhikkhu+ "$ter the $our moths o$ the co&! seaso,
the pri%i&eges automatica&&y &apse+ Z)**hatasmiA kaChine tiI aCChannaA mtiknaA aKKatarya mtikya u**hataA
hoti sa='hena 3 antar 3 u**hataA hoti+[
#$ it is a geiti%e is+ the it 2ou&! be better to make it ,ua&i$y both niCChita!$3arasmiA a! u**hatasmiA kaChine
7@7
a! this is 2hat the Kkh suggests i its commets o ZniCChita!$3arasmiA *hikkhun[ at C0 2 T @+
Kkh 700) Z6iCChite !$3arasmiA *hikkhuno ti e3aA smi3asena kara>a3a!anassa attho 3edita**oF /ara>a3asena hi
*hikkhun idaA nma kammaA kta**aA, taA n8atthi, smi3asena pana *hikkhuno !$3arasmiA niCChite kaChine !a
u**hate m[) Z/he the robe ((c&oth) o$ a bhikkhu has bee $iishe!) thus the meaig o$ a istrumeta&
1case3 2or! has to be u!erstoo! as the geiti%e case+ For i the istrumeta& 1case3 this so ca&&e! 1&ega&3 act is
to be !oe by a bhikkhu+ <hat is ot so+ Ho2e%er, by the geiti%e case the robe ((c&oth) is $iishe! $or a
bhikkhu a! the kaChina is 2ith!ra2+Z
<his i!icates that accor!ig to the commetary the &ie is to be tras&ate! as) Z/he a bhikkhuDs robe ((
c&oth) is $iishe!, 2he (a bhikkhuDs) kaChina (($rame(pri%i&eges) ha%e bee 2ith!ra2, m+[ :e ca ot be
sure 2hether this 2as the origia& meaig $or i$ a geiti%e is imp&ie!, 2hy is the 0;i ot Z6iCChita!$3arasmiA
*hikkhuno m[g #$ *hikkhun is istrumeta& subEect o$ !$3araA i niCChita!$3arasmiA a suitab&e tras&atio $or
this &ie 2ou&! be) Z/he the robe ((c&oth) has bee $iishe! by a bhikkhu, 2he the kaChina (($rame(
pri%i&eges) ha%e bee 2ith!ra2 m [
<he 4ar%sti%!i a! 6? 0rtimok>as?tra %ersio is) Z6i+Chita!$3are>a *hik+un uddhVte kaChine m[) Z/he
the kaChina has bee 2ith!ra2 by a bhik>u by 2hom the robe ((c&oth) has bee $iishe![W 0r6o4a p+788 T
0r6o6? p+2A+ # this %ersio o$ the ru&e *hik+un is ,ua&i$ie! by the passi%e subor!iate c&ause e5presse! by
the compou! ni+Chita!$3are>a+
# the 6ahsaFghika %ersio a p&ura& kVta!$3arehi (see abo%e 0a!abhEaa) m !$3araA kataA Q) a! a p&ura&
istrumeta& *hik+7hi are use! istea! o$ the istrumeta& *hik+un+ 6(K) Z/Vta!$3arehi *hik+7hi uddhVtasmin
kaChine daYhaparamaA *hik+un atireka!$3aran dhrayita3yaA tad-uttarin dhreya nissar'ika-p!attikaAF[) Z/he
the kaChina has bee 2ith!ra2 by the bhikkhus 2hose robes ha%e bee ma!e m[W BN 7GA, 0r6o6(K p+7@+
4ee B6L p+72G + 88 $or this &ie a! re$ereces to it+
dasha"arama?) $or te !ays at the mostW a!%+ " kamma!hraya cotaiig a !igu cp!) dasha, use! as a
a!%erb i acc+ sg+ t+ X dasha) te !aysW !igu cp! (#0 p+2H8) " Euctio o$ dasa c aha through cotractio+ X
dasa) teW um+ n aha) !ayW o&y i cp!s+W c$+ y3at$ha) 4! coc&+ [ "arama?) highest, mostW a!%+ <he use o$
paramaA at the e! o$ a compou! i!icates it is use! as a a!%erbW c$+ " # 2@@) ZsattakkhattuparamaA Q
sandh3it3 ,[ C0 @) msaparamaA, C0 H) santar8uttaraparamaA, C0 70) !hakkhattuparamaA, C0 27)
dashaparamaA atirekapatto dhreta**o, C0 2@) satthaparamaA Q pari*huK@ita**ni, C0 29) !hrattaparamaA+
4p G@8eKkh 9@) Z"ashaparaman-ti dasa ahni paramo pari!!hedo ass ti dashaparamoF TaA dashaparamaA k%aA
dhreta**an-ti atthoF[) ZFor te !ays at the most) ]te !ays are the utmost &imit $or itD is ]te !ays at the most+
<he, ]it is be kept $or a te(!ays(at(most timeD is the meaig+[
<he commetary thus e5p&ais dashaparamaA as a kamma!hraya cp! use! as a bahubbJhi cp! ,ua&i$yig a
ue5presse! k%aA) Ztime[ as a a!Eecti%e+
atireka%4#ara?) e5tra robe ((c&oth)W acc+ sg+ t+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X atireka) e5tra, &e$t o%erW a!E+ X pre$+ ati(
n cri!) &ea%es n poss+ su$+ (ika+ C$+ anatiritta at 0c @A+ C$+ 0c 92+ n %4#ara?) robe ((c&oth)+
4mp G@8eKkh 9@) ZAdhiCChita3ikappitesu apariypannatt atirekaA !$3aran-ti atireka!$3araA+[) ZBecause o$ the
state o$ ot beig $u&&$i&&e! 2ith regar!s the !etermiatios a! assigigs (it is) a e5tra robe ((c&oth)+
dhretabba?) is to be kept, ca be kept, m he&!, m 2orW $+p+p+ o$ dhreti (ndhar c e), the causati%e o$ dharatiW
see abo%e Ci! coc&+
<he te !ays are a optio a! the robe ca be kept &ess tha te !ays too, ho2e%er, to retai the emphatic
sese 2ith Zat the most[, the $+p+p+ dhreta**aA is here re!ere! as Zis to be kept[W c$+ C0 70) niddisita**o a!
0c @8) paCi''aheta**niF
ta?) thatW acc+ sg+ t+ o$ taMd_+ .e$ers to the 70 !ays time+
atikkmayato) $or oe 2ho &et pass, makes pass o%er, &ets e&apseW !at+ 1o$ (!is() a!%atage3 sg+ o$ atikkmayant,
the pr+p+ o$ atikkmayati i 2hich the Hth coEugatio sig (aya is ot cotracte! to Ye, as i atikkmeti, as is
orma& i 0;iW see 0R j 2G,7 T 7H8,2 (ati c Mk_kam c eLaya) a! see 4! G) krayamno+ Atikkmeti is the causati%e
o$ atikkamati a! is a trasiti%e %erb+
7@2
ta? atikkmayato) $or him 2ho &ets it pass beyo!, Vinaya Texts) to him 2ho goes beyo! that, m) 2he he
e5cee!s that, H) $or him 2ho e5cee!s that
288
, Corma) $or oe e5cee!ig that, <ha) beyo! that+
4p G@9eKkh 9G) ZTaA atikkmayato nissa''iyaA p!ittiyan-ti taA yath3utta@tippam>aA !$3araA dashaparamaA
k%aA atikkmayato, etthantare yath atireka!$3araA na hoti, tath aku**ato nissa''iyaA p!ittiyaAZ) ZFor oe 2ho
&ets it (taA) pass (the &imit) (there is) a nissa''iya p!ittiya+ For oe 2ho &ets that robe, 2hich is o$ the ki! a!
measure as sai! (abo%e, i+e+, Kkh 98 j 7), pass the te(!ay perio!, as it is ot a e5tra robe ((c&oth) 2ithi this
perio!, $or oe ot !oig so, there is (a case o$) e5piatio i%o&%ig $or$eiture+[
<hus 4p seem to take taA to re$er to the robe rather tha te !ay perio!+ "s sai! abo%e, atikkmeti is a
trasiti%e %erb a! ca take a obEect e+g+ i Ni ### G2 it is use! i the cote5t o$ mok (secret&y) takig a gem
o%er (or makig a gem pass beyo!) a to&&(gate+ BhJ C0 7@ has) ZtaA atikkmentiyF[
nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?) (a case o$) e5piatio i%o&%ig $or$eiture, (a case o$) e5piatio i%o&%ig the
$or$eiture (o$ the obEect), (it) to be re&i,uishe! (a! a case) i%o&%ig e5piatio, (it is) to be $or$eite! (a!) to
be e5piate!, m) this etai&s e5piatio 2ith $or$eiture, H) there is a o$$ece o$ e5piatio i%o&%ig $or$eiture,
<ha) it is to be $or$eite! a! co$esse!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! dhammaA+
"ccor!ig to the 4utta%ibhaFga the robe ((c&oth) is to be re&i,uishe! a! the the o$$ece has to be
co$esse!, see ru&e(sectio itro!uctio abo%e, nissa''iyaA cou&! there$ore re$er to the obEect to be
re&i,uishe!+ Ho2e%er, the ru&e(sectio itro!uctio has Znissa''iy p!ittiy dhamm` a! p!ittiyaA thus
,ua&i$ies a ue5presse! dhammaA, i+e+, Znissa''iyaA p!ittiyaA dhammaA,P c$+ 4! 7, "iy 7, a! 0c 7+ But this
!oes ot yet e5p&ai 2hy the accusati%e is use! istea! o$ the omiati%e as i the 0r, 4!, a! "iyata ru&es+
# the 4utta%ibhaFga oe $i!s Znissa@@it3 patti deseta**aA[ a! ZpaCi%*hena *hindit3 p!ittiyaA deseta**aA,[
see abo%e ru&e(sectio(itro!uctio, a! this suggests that the $uture passi%e particip&e deseta**aA is
ue5presse! but imp&ie! i the C0 ru&es) ZMtena *hikkhun_ nissa''iyaA p!ittiyaA MdhammaA deseta**aA_[) Zby
that bhikkhu a case i%o&%ig e5piatio 2ith $or$eiture (is to be co$esse!)+ <he same app&ies $or the 0cittiya
ru&es) ZMtena *hikkhun_ p!ittiyaA MdhammaA deseta**aA_+[
#t cou&! a&so be that p!ittiya 2as origia&&y use! a! u!erstoo! as a $+p+p+ &ike pCidesan$yaA i the 0! ru&es+
<his 2ou&! a&so e5p&ai the accusati%e) Z(tena *hikkhun taA dhammaA_ p!ittiyaA+[
<his ru&e is re&a5e! i C% N## 7,@ a! re$erre! to there as Xy3adattha!$3araAP) Zas much robe ((c&oth) as
ee!e![ a! is oe o$ the $i%e a&&o2aces (paK!a kappissanti) 2he the kaChina-pri%i&eges are i e$$ect+ :ther
0timokkha ru&es that are re&a5e! !urig this perio! are C0 2, 0c @2, a! 0c 8G+
>5P C3 6ddositasikkh"ada?@
5iQQhita%4#arasmi?
CRB
bhikkhun ubbhatasmi? kaQhine(
CKD
ekarattam1"i
CK1
%e bhikkhu ti%4#arena
#i""a#aseyya( aNNatra bhikkhusammutiy(
CKC
nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the storehouse@
Mhen the robe >1%loth@ has been finished by a bhikkhu( 8hen the !a*hina >1frame1"ri#ile!es@ ha#e been
8ithdra8n( if e#en for a sin!le ni!ht a bhikkhu should stay a"art from the three robes( e+%e"t 8ith the
authori`ation of bhikkhus( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
uddositasikkh"ada?) the traiig precept o the store(roomW om+ sg+ m+ Koc+ tapp+ cp!+ or "ppositi%e
Kamma!hrayaW see tit&e at 0r 7+ uddosita) storehouseW m+ ouW see L0+
niQQhita%4#arasmi? bhikkhun ubbhatasmi? kaQhine) see abo%e C0 7+
ekarattam1"i) e%e $or oe ight, a sig&e ightW Euctio o$ ekarattaA c pi through &aba&isatio o$ the $ia& (A
o$ rattaAF X ekaratta?) oe ightW acc+ sg+ t+ or m+ X "cc+ o$ '5tet i <ime or a!%+ i acc+ sg+ t+W see 4yta5 j
248
"t 0c 8HY92 Horer tras&ates) [i e5cee!ig this (measure)+[
249
Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, .a, -0 %+&+) niCChita!$3arasmiA pana+
250
Lm) kathine+
251
L, R, 0) (rattim-pi+
252
6i T 6m 4e, Bh0m 7 %+&+) sammatiy+ (Bh0m 2 has (sammatiy at C0 78) (0g) (sammutiyF)
7@@
88b+ Ligu cp!+ X eka) oeW um+ n ratta?) ightW see 4! coc&usio+ n "i) e%eW emph+ partic&eW see 0r 7+
<he %ariat rea!ig ekaratti, istea! o$ ekaratta, is a characteristic rea!ig o$ Burmese 0;i mauscripts+ Both
are &egitimate $orms 2hich ha%e the same meaigW see C0L s+%+ ekaratta a! ekaratti+ <he 6(K a! 4a
%ersios o$ this ru&e rea! ekartra (BN 7GA, .ose H8) 2hich correspo!s to the 0;i ekaratta+
%e) i$W hyp+ partic&e+
bhikkhu) a bhikkhuW om+ sg+ m+
ti%4#arena) $rom the three robesW is+ sg+ t+ Ligu cp!+ #strumeta& i !issociati%eeab&ati%e seseW see #0 p+8G
T 92+ 4yta5 j H@c states that ZHere the ab&ati%e is the more &ogica& costructio but the use o$ the
istrumeta& is !ue to the psycho&ogica& $act that u!er&yig both union a! separation there is the motio o$
mutua&ity+[ X ti() threeW um+ cp!( $orm o$ tayo n %4#arena) is+ sg+ t+
#i""a#aseyya) shou&! !2e&& apart, stay apart $romW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3ippa3asati (3i c Mp_pa c n3as c a), 2hich
orma&&y takes a ab&ati%e, but here a istrumeta& i ab&ati%a& sese+
aNNatra) e5cept, u&ess, apart $romW i!ec&+ prepositio that takes is+ or ab&+W see 0r 8+
bhikkhusammutiy) 2ith the authori\atio o$ bhikkhusW is+ sg+ $+ X #s+ o$ accompaimetW see 4yta5 j GG+
Re+ tapp+ cp! X bhikkhu n sammutiy) is+ sg+ $+ o$ sammuti) agreemet, permissio, cosetW the $emiie
actio(ou !eri%e! $rom sammannati (saA c nman c ya)+
N+&+ sammatiyF Sammata is the p+p+ o$ sammannati a! ot gi%e as a ou i 0'L+ <he 4e e!itors might ha%e
bee co$use! by the p+p+ sammata i other ru&es, i+e+, sammato) 0c 27Y22, sammatni) C0 29, 0! 8+
6(K) saA'hasaAmut$yeW 0r6o6(K p+7@+ BN 7GA rea!s samaya-saAmut$yeF 4a) saA'hasaAmaty: 0r6o4a p+788+
6?) saA'hasaA3VCyW 0r6o6? p+2A+ (BH4RL ## A87 otes that the 4askrit saA3Vti is the 0;i sammuti+)
<his ru&e is re&a5e! i C% N## 7,@ a! re$erre! to there as Xasamdna!raP) Zgoig 2ithout takig a&og[ a!
is oe o$ the $i%e 2i&&(be(a&&o2ab&es (paK!a kappissanti) 2he the kaChina-pri%i&eges are i e$$ect+ :ther
0timokkha ru&es that are re&a5e! !urig this perio! are C0 7, @, 0c @2, @@ a! 0c 8G+
>5P H3 Akla%4#arasikkh"ada?@
5iQQhita%4#arasmi?
CKH
bhikkhun ubbhatasmi? kaQhine(
CKR
bhikkhuno "anGe#a akla%4#ara? u""a99eyya(
kaFkhamnena bhikkhun "aQi!!ahetabba?( "aQi!!ahet# khi""am1e#a kretabba?. 5o %Gassa "ri".ri(
msa"arama? tena
CKK
bhikkhun ta? %4#ara? nikkhi"itabba? .nassa
CKS
"ri".riy( satiy "a%%syaV tato
%e uttari?
CK7
nikkhi"eyya( satiy "i "a%%sya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the out1of1season (robe)1%loth@
Mhen the robe >1%loth@ has been finished by a bhikkhu( 8hen the !a*hina >1frame1"ri#ile!es@ ha#e been
8ithdra8n( if out1of1season robe >1%loth@ should be%ome a#ailable to a bhikkhu( by a bhikkhu 8ho is
8ishin! >so( it@ %an be a%%e"tedV ha#in! a%%e"ted >it( it@ is to be made #ery 7ui%kly. /f >the robe1%loth@
should not be >enou!h for@ the %om"letion >of the robe@( >then@ for a month at the most that robe >1%loth@
%an be "ut aside by that bhikkhu for the %om"letion of the defi%ien%y >of robe1%loth@( 8hen there is an
e+"e%tation >that he 8ill !et more robe1%loth@V if he should "ut >it@ aside more than that( e#en 8hen there is
an e+"e%tation >that he 8ill !et more robe1%loth@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
niQQhita%4#arasmi? bhikkhun ubbhatasmi? kaQhine) see abo%e C0 7+
bhikkhuno) to a bhikkhuW ge+e!at+ sg+ m+
"anGe#a) o2 i$W c$+ 4! 72+
253
4ee C0 7+
254
Lm) kathine+
255
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, R, N, /, Nibh 'e, 6i T 6m 4e) paraman-tena+
256
R) 7>assa+ N) onassa+
257
Lm, -m, -0) uttari+ (Be rea!s uttariA i the 4p to 0c 79, see 0c 79+ 0g) uttariA+)
7@8
akla%4#ara?) out o$ seaso robe ((c&oth)W acc+ sg+ t+ Bb cp!+ X akla) out o$ seaso, outsi!e the (proper) time,
iopportueW a!E+ X eg+ pre$+ a- n k%a) time n %4#ara?+
u""a99eyya) shou&! arise, become a%ai&ab&e, accrueW @ sg+ opt+ o$ uppa@@ati (ud c npad cya)+
kaFkhamnena) 2ho is 2ishig (so), 2ishigW pr+p+ o$ ka=khati ( c nka=kh c >a), 2ishes, &ogs $or, !esires,
2aits $or, e5pects use! as a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig *hikkhun+
bhikkhun) by a bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
"aQi!!ahetabba?) to be recei%e!, accepte!W $+p+p+ o$ paCi''a>hti (paCi c nM'_'ah c >ha)+ <he $orms
paCi''aheta**aA a! paCi''ahet3 are $rom a !i$$eret base o$ 'a>hti) 'ahe- (X 4kt 'Vh$-_W see 0'LF
"aQi!!ahet#) ha%ig accepte!, recei%e!W abs+ o$ the abo%e+
khi""am1e#a) %ery ,uick&yW X Euctio o$ khippaA n e3a through 2eakeig o$ (A ito (mW see 0R j H7,2 b+
khi""a?) ,uick&yW t+ a!%+ a!%erbia& accusati%e (X acc+ sg+ t+ o$ a!E+ or ou use! as a!%+ or i!ec&+W #0 p+77G+)
n e#a) Eust, %eryW emph+ partic&e+
kretabba?) to be ma!eW $+p+p+ o$ kretiW see abo%e 4! G+
no) otW a!%ersati%e or eg+ partic&e, more emphatic sese tha na+
%Gassa) i$ it shou&! beW Euctio o$ !e c assa i 2hich the (e- o$ !e has bee e&i!e!+ X %e) i$W co!+ partic&e+ #t cou&!
a&so be the !a use! as a !isEucti%e partic&e, i+e+, Zbut+[ n assa) it shou&! beW @ sg+ opt+ o$ atthi+ 6aybe) o$ it,
ge+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaAF Nerbs !eotig $u&&ess, a! %erba& ous $rom these, take a geiti%eW see
4yta5 j 789 T #0 p+A8+
"ri".ri) comp&etio, eough, $u&$i&metW om+ sg+ $+ Femiie actio(ou !eri%e! $rom parip7reti (pari c
np7r c e)+
no %Gassa "ri".ri) i$ (the robe(c&oth) shou&! ot be eough ($or makig a comp&ete robe), H) i$ it is ot
su$$iciet $or him, m) i$ it is (ot eough) $or a comp&ete (set o$ robes), Corma) shou&! it ot be su$$iciet
$or him+ NibheNi ### 208) Zm) kayiramnaA nappahoti[) Zot su$$iciet $or beig ma!e++[ 4p GA8) ZQI no !e
prip7ri *ha3eyya, yattakena kayiramnaA adhiCChna!$3araA pahoti taK-!e !$3araA tattakaA na *ha3eyya, 7nakaA
*ha3eyy ti attho+[) Z#$ there 2ou&! be o comp&etio, i$ the robe ((c&oth) 2ou&! ot be that much by 2hich
much it becomes su$$iciet $or beig ma!e (ito) a !etermie! robe ((c&oth)+[
msa"arama?) $or a moth at mostW a!%+ " kamma!hraya use! use! as a a!%erb i acc+ sg+ t X msa)
moth n "arama?) at the most, the highestW a!%+
tena) by thatW is+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
ta?) thatW acc+ sg+ m+ o$ taMd_+ %4#ara?) acc+ sg+ t+
nikkhi"itabba?) to be put !o2, &ai! asi!eW $+p+p+ o$ nikkhipati (niMr_ c nMk_khip c a)+
.nassa) o$ the !e$iciecy, &ackW ge+ sg+ t+ <he 2or! 7na is orma&&y a a!Eecti%e (e+g+ 4! coc&+), but here it is
use! as a euter ouW see #0 p+G2+
"ri".riy) $or the comp&etioW !at+ sg+ $+ o$ prip7ri+ " !ati%e o$ purposeW see 4yta5 j 70H a+ 0a!abhEaa)
Zprip7ratthya[) Z$or the purpose o$ comp&etio+[
satiy) there is, e5istigW &oc+ sg+ $+ o$ the pr+p+ sant) beig, e5istigW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig pa!!sya+ C$+ Ci!
santiy T C0 7G+ "s the preset particip&e sese ca ot be re!ere! proper&y i 'g&ish the tras&atio Zthere
is[ has bee use! here+
"a%%sya) e5pectatio, hopeW &oc+ sg+ $+ abs+ o$ pa!!sa, $r+ pa!!siAsati (pati c c nsiAs c a)) e5pectsW or a
sa!hi o$ paCi n s) hopeee5pectatio by 2ay o$ paCys (4kt+ pratyY)W see 4! 70) i!!etaA+ 6(K) pratyYyeW BN
7GA+
satiy "a%%sya) 2he there is e5pectatioW &ocati%e abso&ute costructio+ C$+ Ci!) asantiy pattiy+
tato) tha thatW !em+ pro+ taMd_ n ab&ati%a& su$$i5 (toW see 4yta5 j 7@2a(b+
%e) i$W hyp+ partic&e+
uttari?) $urther, moreW a!%+ (o$te) takig ab&+ o$ compariso, i+e+, tatoW see 4yta5 7@2b a! 0r 8)
7@A
uttarimanussadhammaF C$+ 0c A, H, a! H@+
6(K) tad uttarin: BN 7GA, 0r6o6(K p+7@+ 6?) tataO uttari: 0r6o6? p+2A+
)ttari- appears to be a cp! $orm as $ou! i uttarimanussadhamma, 0r 8, a! !oes ot $it hereW see 0'L T L0+
)ttari is a&so $ou! i %erse $or the sake o$ metre+ <he $orm uttari, 2he use! outsi!e o$ compou!s i prose,
appears be a so(ca&&e! Zsaskritisatio[ that happee! !urig the trasmissio i BurmaW see the $ootote to
addhnama''aMp_paCipannassa i C0 7G+
CL0 s+%+ uttari states) Zuttari, mfnF, uttari(?), ad3F M Q P&" and BHS#" II sF3F uttari re!o'nise on%y ad3F: ad@F vi
indu*ita*%e Q, *ut in some !ases de!ision *etween ad@F and ad3F un!ertain, as a%so *etween vi as first mem*er of !pdF
and separate ad3F_[
nikkhi"eyya) shou&! put asi!eW @ sg+ opt+ see abo%e+
"i) e%eW emph+ partic&e+
>5P R3 PurEa%4#arasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu aNNtikya
CKP
bhikkhuniy "urEa%4#ara? dho#"eyya # ra9"eyya # koQ"eyya #(
nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the used (robe)1%loth@
/f any bhikkhu should ha#e a used robe >1%loth@ 8ashed( dyed( or beaten by an unrelated bhikkhun4( >this
is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.@
yo "ana bhikkhu) see Ci! etc+
aNNtikya) ure&ate!W a!E+ is+ $+ sg+ o$ aKKtika+ X a() eg+ pre$+ n Kti) re&ati%eW $r+ cMK_K (X 4kt c@K) n (ka)
co+ su$$i5+
bhikkhuiy) by a bhikkhuJW is+ sg+ $+ # 'g&ish it is ot possib&e to &itera&&y tras&ate this ru&e accor!ig to
the 0;i syta5+ <he 0;i &itera&&y states that Zthe bhikkhu shou&! cause to 2ash a c&oth by the bhikkhuJ+[
-sua&&y the perso through 2hich the actio (o$ the causati%e %erb) is per$orme! is i the accusati%e but
sometimes the istrumeta& is use! istea!, &ike here, to co%ey the sese o$ istrumetW see #0 p+H9, a! c$+
C0 7H a! 0c 29+ " a&terati%e re!erig o$ the ru&e 2ou&! be) Z#$ ay bhikkhu shou&! ha%e a ure&ate!
bhikkhuJ 2ash, or !ye, or beat a use! robe 1(c&oth3, m[
"urEa%4#ara?) use!, o&! robeW acc+ sg+ t+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X "urEa) o&!, aciet, ot e2W a!E+ n
%4#ara?+
dho#"eyya) shou&! make (someoe e&se) 2ashW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ dho3ati (ndho3 c a)+
# : #) orm ormW !isEucti%e parts+
ra9"eyya) shou&! make (someoe e&se) !yeW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ ra@ati (nra@ c a)+
koQ"eyya) shou&! make (someoe e&se) beatW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ koCati ( c nkuC c e)+
C$+ 4 ## 287) ZkoCitapa!!koCitni !$3arni prupit3Z) Zha%ig put o beate a! beate(agai robes+Z 4")
ZakoCitapa!!koCitn$ ti ekasmiA passe p>in 3 mu''arena 3 koCanena koCitni, pari3attet3 koCanena
pa!!koCitniFZ) ZBeate a! beate agai) beate by beatig 2ith a ha! or a c&ub o oe si!e, (the) ha%ig
ture! arou! agai(beate by beatig+Z
6 # @8A) ZimaA na3aA dussayu'aA p$t3a%epanaA nma ra='a@taA ra@itaA koCitapa!!koCitaA
u*hato*h'a3imaCChan-tiFZ 6(a ZakoCitapa!!koCitan-ti koCitaK-!8e3a pari3attet3 punappunaA koCitaK-!aFZ
<he beatig is the beatig a 2ette! robe $o&!e! ito a bu!&e agaist a big stoe at the e!ge o$ the bathig
po! or ri%er to get the !irt out, as is sti&& !oe 2ith c&othes i #!ia+ #t perhaps cou&! a&so be the beatig o$ a
!ry robe to get the !ust out a! to make it &ook ti!y+ #t is &ike&y that the robes 2ou&! be !usty a! !irty i the
258
Bh0m 2 (Syma) %+&+) aKtikyaF
7@G
co!itios the bhikkhus &i%e! i the mi!!&e coutry a! there 2ou&! sometimes ha%e bee shortages o$
2ater so the robes 2ou&! be beate i the same 2ay carpets are beate o2a!ays 2ith a carpet(beatig stick+
>5P K3 C4#ara""aQi!!ahaEasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu aNNtikya
CKB
bhikkhuniy hatthato %4#ara? "aQi!!aEheyya(
CSD
aNNatra "ri#attak(
CS1
nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the a%%e"tan%e of robe (1%loth)@
/f any bhikkhu should a%%e"t a robe >1%loth@ from the hand of an unrelated bhikkhun4( e+%e"t in an
e+%han!e >of robes@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
aNNtikya bhikkhuniy) o$ a ure&ate! bhikkhuJW ge+ sg+ $+ 4ee pre%ious ru&e+
hatthato) $rom the ha!W ab&+ sg+ m+ o$ hattha+ %4#ara?) acc+ sg+ t+
"aQi!!aEheyya) shou&! recei%e, acceptW @ sg+ opt+ o$ paCi''a>htiW see abo%e C0 @+
aNNatra) e5ceptW i!ec&+ takig a istrumeta&, i+e+, pri3attakW see 0r 8+
"ri#attak) i a e5chage (o$ robes), m T H) i e5chage, &it+ Zturig arou![W is+ sg+ m+ i (+ #
'g&ish it is ot possib&e to re!er this 2ith a istrumeta& (Zby 2ay o$ e5chage[) a! the &ocati%e Zi[ has
to be use! istea!+ #t is !eri%e! $rom pari3attati (pari c n3att c a)) chages arou!+ #t is a&so $ou! at 0c 2A+
0'L states that this 2or! is a a!Eecti%e, but because it is a&so use! i!epe!et&y (Ni ### 209, #N G0) it
rather appears to be a ou that ca be use! i Eu5tapositio 2ith aother ouW see #0 p+9 T G7+ <he
e5chage is a robe ((c&oth)W see pri3attaka!$3ara i the origi(story, Ni ### 209 j 2, pri3attakaA !$3araA i the
origi(story o$ 0c 2A, Ni #N A9YG0, a! c$+ BhJ C0 @) Zm !$3araA pari3attet3 Q+[
6(K ru&e A) anyatra pa%%aCChakenaW 0r6o6(K p+7@+ 6?) pari3artakW 0r6o6? p+2A+
>5P S3 ANNtaka#iNNattisikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu aNNtaka?
CSC
!aha"ati? # !aha"atni? # %4#ara? #iNN"eyya( aNNatra samay(
nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?. Tatthya? samayo3 a%%hinna%4#aro # hoti bhikkhu naQQha%4#aro #V aya? tattha
samayo.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on makin! a su!!estion to someone 8ho is not related@
/f any bhikkhu should re7uest a robe >1%loth@ to an unrelated male householder or female householder(
e+%e"t at the >ri!ht@ o%%asion( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture. =ere the o%%asion is this3
he is a bhikkhu 8hose robe has been robbed or 8hose robe has been lostV this is the o%%asion here.
aNNtaka?) ure&ate!W a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig 'ahapatiA, see C0 8 2here it has the $emiie su$$i5 (ika, here the
masc+ $orm (aka is use!F
!aha"ati?) housho&!erW acc+ sg+ m+ Reiti%e tappurisa cp!+ X !aha) house (usua&&y spe&&e! as 'eha) n "ati)
master, &or!+
#) orW !isE+ partic&e+
!aha"atni?) $ema&e househo&!erW acc+ sg+ $+
%4#ara?) robe ((c&oth)W acc+ sg+ t+
#iNN"eyya) shou&! re,uest, m suggest, m i$orm, m T H) askW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3iKKpeti (3i c nK c pe))
i$orm, itimate, beg, re,uestW causati%e o$ 3i@nti, see 0c @9+ <here is o e5act e,ui%a&et i 'g&ish+ <he
259
Bh0m 2 (syma) %+&+) aKtikya+
260
Bh0m 7) paCi'a>heyya+ Bh0m 2, C, L, /, .a) pati'a>heyya+ (C$ C0 70, 0c @8+)
261
6i T 6m 4e, Nibh Ce, -0, .a, Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, N, /, -m, 0g) (3aCCak+
262
R) aKKtikaA+
7@H
2or! has the meaig o$ i$ormigemakig ko2 as 2e&& as suggestigeimatigere,uestig, e+g+, i the
origi story to C0 22 (Ni ### 288) a upsaka i%ites to pro%i!e bo2&s to moks 2ho ee! them, a! the
moks re,uest too may o$ them+ C$+ Ni ### 22AW #N H7, 288+
aNNatra) e5ceptW i!ec&+ see C0 2+
samay) at the (right) occasioW ab&+ sg+ m+ From pre$+ saA n ci+ C$+ sameti) comes together, assemb&es+ C$+ C0
28, 0c @7+
tatthya?) here m thisW X tattha) hereW a!%+ o$ p&aceW see abo%e Ci!+ coc&+ n aya?) thisW om+ sg+ m+ !em+
pro+ samayo) om+ sg+ m+
a%%hinna%4#aro) 2hose (robe)(c&oth has bee robbe!W a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig *hikkhu+ " kamma!hraya cp! use!
as a Bb cp!+ <he cp! ser%es as a subor!iate c&auseW see #0 p+7AA+ X a%%hinna) p+p+ o$ a!!hindati ( c n!hid c >a))
satches, robsW c$+ C0 2A n !$3aroW om+ sg+ m+
hoti) isW @ sg+ i!+W see abo%e Ci!+ bhikkhu) om+ sg+ m+
naQQha%4#aro) 2hose robe has bee &ostW a!E+ Bb cp!+ ,ua&i$yig *hikkhuF
naQQha) &ost, p+p+ o$ nassati (nnas c ya)) to be &ost, to perish+
aya? tattha samayo) this is the occasio here, m) herei the proper occasio is this, H) this is the right time
i this caseW see abo%e+
>5P 73 TatAuttarisikkh"ada?@
TaN1%e aNNtako !aha"ati # !aha"atn4 # bah.hi %4#arehi abhihaQQhu? "a#reyya(
CSH
santarAuttara"arama?
CSR
tena bhikkhun tato %4#ara? sditabba?V tato %e uttari?
CSK
sdiyeyya( nissa!!iya?
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (a%%e"tin!) more than that@
/f the unrelated male householder or female householder should in#ite him to take >as many@ robe >1
%loth@s >as he likes@( >then@ robe >1%loths for@ an u""er >robe@ to!ether 8ith an inner >robe@ %an be a%%e"ted
at the most from that robe >1%loth@ by that bhikkhuV if he should a%%e"t more from that >robe1%loth@( >this is
a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
taN1%e) i$ to himW X ta?) to himW acc+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_ use! a proou o$ absece coectig this ru&e
to the pre%ious oe, see #0 p+29, a! re$errig to the bhikkhu o$ the pre%ious ru&e+ #t cou&! a&so be a
a!%erbia& usage o$ taA) the, &ike i 0c 78 ZtaA pakkamanto,[ or a euter usage o$ the !em+ pro+ taMd_
,ua&i$yig both the ma&e a! $ema&e househo&!er (as Zso !eP 2ou&! o&y app&y to the ma&e)W see #0 p+G2+
Nibh 0a!abhEaa) ZTaK-!e tiI a!!hinna!$3arakaA *hikkhuA+[) Z#$ to him) to the bhikkhu 2hose robe ((c&oth) has
bee robbe!+[ n %e) i$W hyp+ partic&e+ <he Sannw has ZtaK!e *hikkhuAQP here+ 0g ic&u!es taA *hikkhuA it i its
g&oss o$ !e a! i its 2or! or!er rearragemet+
aNNtako !aha"ati # !aha"atn4 #) as C0 G, but here om+
bah.hi) mayW is+ p&+ o$ a!E+ *ahuW ,ua&i$yig) %4#arehi) 2ith robe ((c&oth)sW is+ p&+ t+
abhihaQQhu?) to takeW i$+ o$ a*hiharati (a*hi c nhar c a), 2hich ca ha%e t2o opposig meaigs) brigs
$or2ar!, brigs ear, o$$ersW or) recei%es, takes a2ay, remo%es+ 'ither a simp&e i$iiti%e or a rare case o$ the
i$iiti%e e!ig (tuA either beig use! as a abso&uti%e simi&ar to daCChuMA_ ($rom dassati) at 4 828W see BL ##
A7 + 7 a! 0R j 270 b T 277+ <his is the tra!itioa& e5p&aatioW see 4p GG8) Zm a*hiharit3 pa3reyya Q Z)
[ha%ig brought $or2ar! shou&! i%ite+[ A*hihaCChuA o&y occurs together 2ith $orms o$ the %erb pa3reti i
0;i+
"a#reyya) shou&! i%ite, presetW @ sg+ opt+ o$ pa3reti (pa c n3ar c e) takig the istrumeta& case here)
263
6i 4e, R) a*hihaCChum-pa3reyya: so at 0c @8+ N) a*hihaCCham-pa3reyya+ 6i 4e %+&+) a*hihaCuA+
264
Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, Nibh 'e, .a, 6i T 6m 4e, N) -paraman-tena+
265
4ee C0 @+
7@8
!$3arehiF
abhihaQQhu? "a#reyya) shou&! i%ite to take 1as much as he &ikes3, ha%ig brought (them a&&) $or2ar!
shou&! i%ite, m) shou&! m i%ite him to take as may robes as he &ikes, H) askig (a mok) shou&! i%ite
him to take (materia& $or) may robes+ " i!iom+ the 0a!abhEaa e5p&ais) Zm y3atakaA i!!hasi t3atakaA
'a>hh$ ti+[ Z<ake as much as you 2ish+[ <he 0a!abhEaa suggests that the meaig is that the mok is
i%ite! to take $rom the robe+ <he use o$ the istrumeta& !$3arehi is because pa3reyya is a&2ays costructe!
2ith the istrumeta& o$ the thig that oe is i%ite! to takeW the mok is i%ite! 2ithe$or a mea& or robes
(istr+) to take+ For more o this 0;i i!iom, see Vinaya Texts ## 880 a! BL ## A7 +7+
6/) Z"bhihara) carryig o$$, remo%igm[ Z"bhiharaa) brigig or co%eyig earm[
C$+ 6 # 722) Idha, *hikkha3e, *hikkhuA saddh 'ahapatik a*hihaCChuA pa3renti !$3arapi>Waptasensana-
'i%napa!!aya*hesa@@aparikkhrehi, tatra *hikkhu mattaA na @nti paCi''aha>yaF Ni #N 82) ZPa3rito nma sanaA
paKKyati, *ho@anaA paKKyati, hatthapse Chito a*hiharati, paCikkhepo paKKyatiF[I Z#%ite!) a seat is e%i!etW $oo!
is e%i!etW sta!ig 2ithi arms(&egth he (the mok) takesW the re$usa& is e%i!et+[ ("&though the
commetary seems to u!ersta! that a*hiharati re$ers to the upsaka, it seems u&ike&y that a there is a
chage o$ aget a! it seems better to take hatthapse Chito to ,ua&i$y the same bhikkhu 2ho is i%ite!,
pa3rito+)
C$+ 4 #N 790) ZTaK-!e Q *hikkhuA Q r@no Q *ho'ehi a*hihaCChuA pa3reyyuAI 8&hi, *ho purisa, Q *ho'e !a
*huK@assuQ tiF+^[ 4(a ### A@) Zm kyena 3 satta ratanni a*hiharit3 3!ya 3I amhkaA dhanato yattakaA i!!hasi,
tattakaA 'a>h ti 3adant pa3reyyuAF[
6(K C0 ru&e H) Za!!hinna!$3are>a *hik+un k+amati anytakaA 'Vhapatim 3 'Vhapati-putrm 3 !$3araA y!ituA,
tam enam abhibh:*o samno sabahulehi c/varehi pravre''a tath pra3ritena *hik+u> santarottara-
paramaA !$3araA sadayita3yaA tad uttariA sdiyeya nissar'ika-p!attikaA+[W BN 7GG (ZA*hi*h+Co samno[ meas
Zbeig a!!resse!+[)
santarAuttara"arama?) (robe(c&oth $or) a ier (robe) a! a upper (robe) at the mostW acc+ sg+ t+ "!Eecti%e
,ua&i$yig !$3araA+ " bb cp! use! as a a!%erb, see C0 7 dashaparamaA, cotaiig a !%a!a cp!) antara !a
uttara !a, a! a bahubbJhi cp!) santar8uttara+ X sa c antara c uttara c paramaA+ X sa1) together, 2ithW pre$i5
takig the istrumeta&+ " abbre%iate! $orm o$ sahaW see 0c A+ n antara) isi!eW a!E+ " abbre%iatio or
syoym o$ antara3saka) Zu!er(robe[ n uttara) upper, outerW a!E+ " abbre%iatio or syoym $or the
uttarasa='a) Zupper(robe[ n "arama?) at the mostW a!%+
X santarAuttara) a upper together 2ith a ierW Bb cp!+ SantarMa_ is a Euctio o$ sa c antarMa_ through
cotractio, 2hi&e santar8uttara is a Euctio o$ santara n uttara throught e&isio o$ the $ia& (a o$ santara+ X sa()
2ithW pre$i5W abbre%iate! $orm o$ prepositio saddhiA takig is+W see 0r coc&+ 4p GGHYG8eKkh 777) Zm) sa
antaraA uttaraA paramaA assa !$3arass ti santar8uttaraparamaA: ni3sena saddhiA prupanaA ukkaCChapari!!hedo
ass ti 3uttaA hotiF[) Zm) a upper together 2ith a ier at the most o$ that robe ((c&oth)) a ier (robe) a!
a upper (robe)W a specia& !esigatio o$ a outer robe together 2ith a u!ergarmet is sai!+[ 4ee a&so BL ##
72 ote 7) Zm) the ier oe 2ith the upper+[ to Ni # 798) Zm santar8uttarena @anapada!rikaA pakkamanti+[) Zm
they !eparte! together 2ith a ier (robe) a! a upper (robe)+[
tena) by thatW is+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ proF taMd_+ bhikkhun) by that bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
tato) $rom that, m) there$romW ab&+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_F
# take tato to mea Z$rom that p&ace], ot Z$rom that robe ((c&oth)] as 4p suggests) Zm) tato a*hihaCa-!$3arato
ettakaA !$3araA 'aheta**aA, na ito paran-ti+Z) Zm $rom that robe 2hich has bee brought $or2ar! this much
robe ca be accepte!, ot more tha this++[ #$ it 2ou&! be Z$rom that robe ((c&oth)] the a ab&ati%e !$3arato
2ou&! be e5pecte! i the ru&e a! ot a accusati%e !$3araAW c$+ 0c @8 Ztato n$harit3+[
%4#ara?) robeW om+ sg+ t+
sditabba?) m T H) accepte!, eEoye!W $+p+p+ o$ sdiyati (nsad c i c ya)+ C$+ C0 78+
tato %e uttari?) i$ more tha thatW see C0 @+
sdiyeyya) shou&! accept, agree toW @ sg+ opt+
7@9
>5P P3 PaQhama1u"akkhaQasikkh"ada?@
hikkhu? "anGe#a uddissa aNNtakassa
CSS
!aha"atissa # !aha"atniy # %4#ara%et"ana?
CS7
u"akkhaQa?
hoti3 T/min %4#ara%et"anena
CSP
%4#ara? %et"et# itthan1nma?
CSB
bhikkhu? %4#arena a%%hdessm4 ti.U
Tatra %e so bhikkhu "ubbe a""a#rito u"asaFkamit# %4#are #ika""a? "a99eyya3 T&dhu #ata ma?
yasm imin %4#ara%et"anena
C7D
e#ar."a? # e#ar."a? # %4#ara? %et"et# a%%hdeh4 ti(U
kalyEakamyata?
C71
u"dya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The first trainin! "re%e"t on settin! u" (a robe1fund)@
5o8( if an robe1fund has been set u" for a bhikkhu by an unrelated male householder or female
householder >thinkin!@3 T=a#in! traded this robe1fund for a robe( / shall %lothe the bhikkhu named so
and so 8ith a robe(U and then if that bhikkhu( "re#iously unin#ited( ha#in! a""roa%hed >the
householder@( should make a su!!estion about the robe >1%loth@ >sayin!a3 T/t 8ould be !ood indeed( &ir( >if
you@ ha#in! traded this robe1fund for a su%h and su%h a robe( 8ere to %lothe me >8ith a robe@(U >if the
su!!estion is made@ out of a likin! for 8hat is fine( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
"aQhama1u"akkhaQasikkh"ada?) see tit&e at "iyata 7+
bhikkhu?) acc+ sg+ m+ "anGe#a) o2 i$W see 4! 72+
uddissa) $or, 2ith re$erece to, cocerig, $or the sake o$, ha%ig poite! out, ha%ig !e!icate!, i the ame
o$, m) speci$ica&&y $or a bhikkhu, H) $or a mok, <ha) $or the sake o$W i!ec&+, origia&&y the abso&uti%e o$
uddisati) poits out+ <he 2or! uddissa is here use! as a postpositio $o&&o2ig a accusati%e ouW see 4yta5
j AA+ HorerDs re!erig has bee $o&&o2e! here sice it $its a&& the cote5ts i C0 70+ 0a!abhEaa) Zm
*hikkhuss`atthya *hikkhuA ramma>aA karit3F[) ZFor the ee! o$ the bhikkhu, ha%ig ma!e the bhikkhu the
obEect+[W c$+ C0 70+
aNNtakassa !aha"atissa # !aha"atniy #) see C0 G+ Here a subEecti%e geiti%e i a istrumeta& sese+
<he geiti%e case e5presses a re&atio bet2ee ous+ <he p+p+ is a&so a ou+ /he a p+p+ $uctioig as a
passi%e setece %erb (upakkhaCa) is prece!e! by a ou ('ahapati) it ca happe i 0;i that the ou is i the
geiti%e case ('ahapatissa) a! e5pressig the ageteistrumet o$ the actio+ <his is ca&&e! a subEecti%e
geiti%e or istrumeta&(&ike geiti%eW see /ar!er AH a! 4yta5 j 782 T 7A8YAA+ C$+ 0c H@) Ztassa te,[ 0!
8)Zekassa Q *hikkhunoP a! 0timokkha coc&+) Ztassa *ha'a3ato+[
4p GH0) Zm 'ahapatin m[) Zby a househo&!er+[ <he 4a 0rtimok>as?tra has a istrumeta&) 'VhapatinW
0r6o4a p+78G+
%4#ara%et"ana?) robe($u!, $u! $or tra!ig $or robe(s), m) purchase price, H) robe($u!W om+ sg+ t+
Lati%e tapp+ cp!+ X %4#ara(?) n %et"ana) , tra!e($u!, e5chage($u!W $rom !etpeti (n!it c pe)) tra!es,
e5chages, barters+
6(K) (!etpana: BN 7GG, 0r6o6(K p+77+
u"akkhaQa?) has bee set up, pro%i!e!, prepare!, arrage!, m) co&&ecte!, H) comes to be &ai! byW p+p+ o$
upakaroti (upa c nkar c o)+ 0'L a! L0) he&ps, ser%es, pro%i!es+ 4p) Z)pakkhaCaA hotiI sa@@itaA hoti, saAharit3
ChapitaAF[) Zhas bee set up) is prepare!eissue!, ha%ig co&&ecte!, it has bee set asi!eesa%e!+[ Cot
commete! upo i the 0a!abhEaa+ <he (kh- i -khaCa is probab&y a uetymo&ogica& aspiratioW see 0R j
80+7a+
hoti) isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+W see abo%e Ci!+ X "u5i&iary %erbW see #0 p+2@A$+
imin) 2ith thisW is+ sg+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+
266
R) aKKtikassa+ C, /) aKKtaka'ahapatissa+ (# C correcte! to aKKtakassa+)
267
Bh0m 7 T 2, L, C, R, N, /, Lm, -m, -0, .a, Nibh Ce) (!etpann-+ (0g) (!etpan( but has (!etpann( i the e5t t2o ru&es+++)
268
4ee pre%ious ote+
269
/, -m, 0g) itthaA nmaA+
270
4ee + 7@A+
271
R) kammyataA+ <he (y( seems to be a correctio as it is crampe! i bet2ee the (m( a! (t(+
780
%4#ara%et"anena) &it+) 2ith robe($u!W is+ sg+ t+
%4#ara?) $or a robeW acc+ sg+ t+
%et"et#) ha%ig e5chage!, m) purchase!, H) ha%ig got i e5chageW abs+ o$ !etpetiW see abo%e+ Nibh)
ZCetpet3 ti pari3attet3+[W see C0 A+
itthan1nma?) m) ame! so a! so, &it) 2ho is ha%ig such a ame, such(ame!,W a!E+ Kamma!hraya use!
as bb cp!+ " Euctio o$ itthaA c nmaA through !eta&isatio o$ the $ia& (A o$ itthaAF X ittha?) such, thusW
i!ec&+ n nma) ame+
bhikkhu?) acc+ sg+ m+ %4#arena) is+ sg+ t+
a%%hdessm4 ti) X a%%hdessmi) # sha&& c&othe, &it+ co%erW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ a!!hdeti ( c n!had c e)+ Bitrasiti%e
%erb takig t2o patiets) *hikkhuA a! !$3araA+ n ti) Zm,[ ,uotatio markW see abo%e Ci!+
tatra) the, there, o2W a!%+ o$ p&aceemo!eetime+ C$+ 0r coc&, C0 2H a! 0! 2+
%e) a! i$W here a co+ partic&e+ Kkh 77@) ZCe tiI ayam-ettha padasam*andho+[) XCe) this is here a setece(
coector,[ i+e+, a coEucti%e partic&e+ (Ceso cou&! a&so be !a) a!, a! i$W co+ partic&e+ n eso) thisW !em+ pro+,
but Nibh etc+ takes it as so+)
so) thatW om+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
bhikkhu) om+ sg+ m+
"ubbe) pre%ious&y, be$oreW a!%+ (Koc+ sg+ o$ pu**a+)
a""a#rito) ui%ite!W eg+ pre$+ a( n p+p+ o$ pa3reti: see abo%e C0 H+
u"asaFkamit#) ha%ig approache!W abs+ o$ upasa=kamati (upa c saA c nkam c a)+
%4#are) about the robe ((c&oth)W &oc+ sg+ t+ Koc+ o$ reaso a! moti%eW see 4yta5 j 7HG+
#ika""a?) a suggestio, proposa&, !escriptioW acc+ sg+ t+ "ccusati%e o$ itera& obEectW see 4yta5 j @8a+
"ctio(ouW X 3i n kappa (4kt ka%pa)+
"a99eyya) shou&! make, egage iW @ sg+ opt+ o$ pa@@atiW see abo%e Ci!+
%4#are #ika""a? "a99eyya) shou&! make a suggestio about the robe ((c&oth), m) shou&! gi%e istructios
about the robe, H) shou&! put $or2ar! a cosi!eratio regar!ig the robe, Corma) shou&! suggest a
a&terati%e i respect o$ the robe+
sdhu) goo!, p&easeW i!ec&+
#ata) i!ee!p, rea&&ypW e5c&amati%e partic&e+
ma?) to meW acc+ sg+ o$ pers+ pro+ maMd_: X stem($ormW see #0 p+28 + 7+ 2aA is the obEect o$ a!!hdehi at the
e! o$ the &ieW c$+ abo%e) Zitthan-nmaA *hikkhuA Q !$3araA a!!hdessm$ tiFZ
yasm) 4irW %oc+ sg+ m+ 0o&ite a!!ress, see Ci!+ # this cote5t, i+e+ a mok a!!ressig a &ayperso, perhaps
use! to $&atter the househo&!er+
imin %4#ara%et"anena) see abo%e+
e#ar."a?) such(&ikeW a!E+ see abo%e Ci!+ e#ar."a? : e#ar."a?) such or so, &ike this or that+
#) orW !isE+ partic&e+
%4#ara?) acc+ sg+ m+
%et"et#) see abo%e+
a%%hdeh4 ti) X a%%hdehi) c&otheW 2 sg+ imp+ o$ a!!hdetiW see abo%e+ n ti) e! ,uote+
kalynakamyata? u"adya) out o$ &ikig $or 2hat is $ie, m) (!oig so) out o$ !esire $or a $ie(,ua&ity
(robe)W C$+ 4ekh @G 2here this costructio is coecte! to aother %erb o$ the same root c!had i oe c&ause)
Zm paCi!!hdessmi *hiyyokamyataA updy ti+[
kalyEakamyata?) &ikig $or 2hat is $ieW acc+ sg+ $+ Lati%e tapp+ cp!+ X kalyna) $ie, goo!W see 4! 72+ n
kamyat) &ikig, &o%eW $+ Ler+ $r+ kmaW see abo%e 4! 8+ C$+ 4ekh @G) *hiyyokamyataA updya+
u"dya) out o$W abs+ o$ updiyati use! as a postpositioW see 4! 9+
787
>5P B3 Dutiya1u"akkhaQasikkh"ada?@
hikkhu? "anGe#a uddissa ubhinna? aNNtakna?
C7C
!aha"at4na?
C7H
# !aha"atn4na? #
"a%%eka%4#ara%et"an u"akkhaQ
C7R
honti3 T/mehi maya? "a%%eka%4#ara%et"anehi
C7K
"a%%eka%4#arni
%et"et# itthan1nma?
C7S
bhikkhu? %4#arehi a%%hdessm ti.U Tatra %e so bhikkhu "ubbe a""a#rito
u"asaFkamit# %4#are #ika""a? "a99eyya3 T&dhu #ata ma? yasmanto imehi "a%%eka%4#ara%et"anehi
C77
e#ar."a? # e#ar."a? # %4#ara? %et"et# a%%hdetha ubho #a sant eken ti(U kalyEakamyata?
C7P
u"dya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The se%ond trainin! "re%e"t on settin! u" (a robe1fund)@
5o8( if se"arate robe1funds ha#e been set u" for a bhikkhu by both unrelated male householders or
female householders >thinkin!@3 T=a#in! traded these se"arate robe1funds for se"arate robes( 8e shall
%lothe the bhikkhu named so and so 8ith robes(U and then if that bhikkhu( "re#iously unin#ited( ha#in!
a""roa%hed >the householders@( should make a su!!estion about the robe >sayin!a3 T/t 8ould be !ood
indeed( &irs( >if you@ ha#in! traded these se"arate robe1funds for a su%h and su%h a robe( 8ere to %lothe me
>8ith a robe@( >you@ both bein! one >donor@(U >if the su!!estion is made@ out of a likin! for 8hat is fine(
>this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
"s C0 8, but here p&+ istea! o$ sg+, e5cept)
dutiya1u"akkhaQasikkh"ada?) see tit&e at "iyata 2+
ubhinna?) bothW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig 'ahapat$naA 9 'ahapatn$naA, ge+ p&+ o$ u*ho+
"a%%eka%4#ara%et"an) separate robe($u!sW om+ p&+ t+ " kamma!hraya cp!+ cotaiig a !at+ tapp+ cp!+)
!$3ara!etpana+ X "a%%eka) separate, i!i%i!ua&W a!E+ pre$+ paCi) to2ar!s n eka) oeW um+ n %4#ara n %et"an)
see C0 8+
6(K) Zpratyeka-!$3ara-!etpanni a*hisaAskVtni *ha3anti a*hisaA!etayitni[W BN 7GG+ 4a)
pratyeka!$3ara!etanakny upaskVtni syur[W 0r6o4a p+78H+ 6?) Zpratyekapratyekni !$3ara!etanakni
pratyupasthpitni syuOP: 0r6o6? p+2G+
maya?) 2eW om+ p&+ o$ pro+ maMd_F
ubho) bothW om+ sg+ m+
#a) EustW emph+ partic&e+ " shortee! si!e($orm o$ e3aW see 0R j GG,7W or a si!e($orm o$ i3a) as, &ikeW a
comparati%e partic&e+ C$+ sa**e 3a i the Ci!a+
ubho #a sant eken ti) both (o$ you) 2ith oe, m) both !oig so 2ith oe, H) the t2o together 2ith oe+
0a!abhEaa) ++[) d3e pi @an ekena+[) Zt2o peop&e 2ith oe+[
Both $u!s are use! $or presetig oe $ie robe ((c&oth) istea! o$ t2o coarse robe ((c&oth)s+ )*ho re$ers back
to the househo&!ers, 2hi&e ekena re$ers to the oe robe+ Ho2e%er, it cou&! maybe a&so re$er to both the $u!s
combie! ito oe $u!+
6(K) u*hau pi sahitau ekena) Zboth $rie!s 2ith oe 1c&oth3+[W BN 7GG, 0r6o6(K p+78+ 6?) u*h3api *h7t3
ekaikena !$3are>a) both ha%ig become oe 2ith oe robeW 0r6o6? p+2H+ 4a) u*hau *h7t3aikeneti: 0r6o4a p+788+
sant) beig, e5istigW om+ p&+ o$ santW see abo%e Ci!) Zsa**8e3a sant+[
eken ti) as oe, by oeW X ekena) is+ o$ umera& eka n ti) ,uotatio mark+
272
R) aKKtiknaA+
273
/) aKKtaka'ahapat$naA+
274
Lm, -m, -0, .a) (!etpannni upakkhaCni+ C, L, N, /, Nibh Ce, Bh0m 7 T 2, 0g) (!etpann upakkhaC+
275
Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, Lm, -0, .a, Nibh Ce, 0g) (!etpannehi+
276
/, -m) itthaA nmaA+
277
Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, N, /, Lm, -0, .a, Nibh Ce, 0g) (!etpannehi+
278
R) kammyataA+ <he (y( seems to be a correctio as it is crampe! i bet2ee the (m( a! (t(+
782
>5P 1D3 09asikkh"ada?@
hikkhu? "anGe#a uddissa r9 # r9abho!!o
C7B
# brhmaEo # !aha"atiko # d.tena %4#ara%et"ana?
CPD
"ahiEeyya3 T/min %4#ara%et"anena
CP1
%4#ara? %et"et# itthan1nma?
CPC
bhikkhu? %4#arena a%%hdeh4
ti.U &o %e d.to ta? bhikkhu? u"asaFkamit# e#a? #adeyya3 U/da? kho bhante yasmanta? uddissa
%4#ara%et"ana? bhata?( "aQi!!aEhtu
CPH
yasm %4#ara%et"ananU1ti(
CPR
tena bhikkhun so d.to e#am1
assa #a%an4yo3 T5a kho maya? #uso %4#ara%et"ana?
CPK
"aQi!!aEhma(
CPS
%4#araN1%a kho maya?
"aQi!!aEhma
CP7
klena ka""iyan1ti.U &o %e d.to ta? bhikkhu? e#a? #adeyya3 TAtthi "anGyasmato ko%i
#eyy#a%%akaro ti(U %4#aratthikena( bhikkha#e( bhikkhun #eyy#a%%akaro niddisitabbo rmiko #
u"sako #3 T)so kho #uso bhikkh.na? #eyy#a%%akaro ti.U &o %e d.to ta? #eyy#a%%akara?
saNN"et# ta? bhikkhu? u"asaFkamit# e#a? #adeyya3 TOa? kho bhante yasm #eyy#a%%akara?
niddisi( saNNatto so may. 6"asaFkamatu
CPP
yasm klena( %4#arena ta? a%%hdessat4U ti( %4#aratthikena
bhikkha#e bhikkhun #eyy#a%%akaro u"asaFkamit# d#attikkhattu?
CPB
%odetabbo sretabbo3 TAttho me
#uso %4#aren ti.U D#attikkhattu?
CBD
%odayamno srayamno
CB1
ta? %4#ara? abhini""hdeyya( i%%eta?
kusala?.
5o %e abhini""hdeyya( %atukkhattu? "aN%akkhattu? %hakkhattu"arama?
CBC
tuEh4bh.tena
CBH
uddissa
Qhtabba?
CBR
. Catukkhattu? "aN%akkhattu? %hakkhattu"arama?
CBK
tuEh4bh.to
CBS
uddissa tiQQhamno ta?
%4#ara? abhini""hdeyya( i%%eta? kusala?V
CB7
tato %e uttari?
CBP
#yamamno
CBB
ta? %4#ara?
abhini""hdeyya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
5o %e abhini""hdeyya( yatGassa
HDD
%4#ara%et"ana?
HD1
bhata?( tattha sma? # !antabba? d.to #
"hetabbo3 TOa? kho tumhe yasmanto bhikkhu? uddissa %4#ara%et"ana? "ahiEittha
HDC
( na ta? tassa
HDH
bhikkhuno kiN1%i attha? anubhoti( yuN9antGyasmanto saka?( m #o saka? #inass
HDR
ti.U Aya? tattha
sm4%i.
#/varavaggo
850
pa*hamo
851
+
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the kin!@
279
N) (*ho'o+
280
Bh0m 7 T 2, L, C, R, N, /, Lm, -m, -0, .a, Nibh Ce) (!etpann-+
281
"s i pre%ious ote+
282
/, -m) itthaA nmaA+
283
Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, Lm, -0, .a) pati'a>h-+
284
Bh0m 7 T 2, L, C, R, N, /, Lm, -m, -0, .a, Nibh Ce) (!etpann-+
285
"s i pre%ious ote+
286
Nibh Ce) paCi'a>h-F Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, Lm, -0, .a) pati'a>h-+
287
"s i pre%ious ote+
288
Lm, -m) upasa=kamatyasm+
289
Nibh 'e, 6i T 6m 4e, 0g) d3i(+ (C$ 0c 79 T @8) d3itti-Ld3atti-F)
290
"s i pre%ious ote+
291
L, R, Nibh 'e, -m, N) !odiyamno sriyamno+ C, /) !odiyamno srayamno+
292
Bh0m 2, C, L, R, N, /, Nibh Ce) !hakkhattuA paramaA+
293
Nibh 'e, .a) tu>hi(+ (-m i&&egib&e+)
294
N) thta**aA+
295
Bh0m 2, C, L, R, /, Nibh Ce) !hakkhattuA paramaA+ (Cot N+)
296
Nibh 'e, .a) tu>hi(+
297
6m, 6i 4e, L, R, .a, N) +[m kusa%aAF 6o !e a*hinipphdeyyaF Tato !e uttariA++++[ :ther e!s+) +[m kusa%aAF Tato !e uttariA+++[ (-m) tato !a uttari +++)
(0g) ++[+ kusa%aAF Tato FFF uttariA 3yamamno +++[ <he Sannw a&so &ea%es out no !e a*hinipphdeyya+)
298
Lm, -m, -0) uttari+ 4ee C0 @+
299
C, L, R, N) 3yamnoF
300
R) yaA tassaF
301
Bh0m 7 T 2, L, C, R, N, /, Lm, -m, -0, .a, Nibh Ce) (!etpann-+
302
R) pahinitthaF
303
6i T 6m 4e, R, 0) tan-tassaF
304
6m T 6i 4e) 3inass$+ (0g) 3inassF)
305
Nibh 'e) kaChina3a''oF Lm) kathina3a''o+
306
N) pathamoF
78@
5o8( if a kin! or a kin!sX offi%ial or a brahmin or a male householder should %on#ey by messen!er a robe1
fund for a bhikkhu >sayin!@3 T=a#in! traded this robe1fund for a robe( %lothe the bhikkhu named so and
so 8ith a robe(U and if that messen!er( ha#in! a""roa%hed that bhikkhu( should say so3 TVenerable &ir(
this robe1fund has been brou!ht for the #enerable one. 'et the #enerable one a%%e"t the robe1fundLU >then@
that messen!er should be s"oken to thus by that bhikkhu3 T&ir( 8e do not a%%e"t a robe1fund( but 8e do
a%%e"t a robe at the ri!ht time >8hen it is@ allo8able.U /f that messen!er should say thus to that bhikkhu3
T/s there( "erha"s( someone 8ho is the ste8ard of the #enerable oneJU >then(@ bhikkhus( by a bhikkhu
8ho is in need of a robe( a ste8ard %an be a""ointed3 a monastery attendant or a male lay1follo8er
>sayin!@3 T&ir( this is the bhikkhusA ste8ard.U /f that messen!er ha#in! instru%ted that ste8ard( ha#in!
a""roa%hed that bhikkhu( should say so3 TVenerable &ir( the ste8ard 8hom the #enerable one has
a""ointed has been instru%ted by me. 'et the #enerable one a""roa%h >him@ at the ri!ht time >and@ he 8ill
%lothe you 8ith a robe(U >then@ bhikkhus( ha#in! a""roa%hed the ste8ard( >the ste8ard@ %an be "rom"ted
>and@ %an be reminded t8o or three times by the bhikkhu 8ho is in need of a robe >sayin!@3 T&ir( / am in
need of a robe.U >/f throu!h@ "rom"tin! >and@ remindin! >him@ t8o or three times( he should ha#e >him@
brin! forth that robe( it is !ood. /f he should not ha#e >him@ brin! >it@ forth( >then@ four times( fi#e times(
si+ times at the most( >it@ %an be stood >for@ by >a bhikkhu@ 8ho has be%ome silent. >/f throu!h@ standin!
silently for >it@ four times( fi#e times( si+ times at the most( he should ha#e >him@ brin! forth that robe( it is
!oodV if >throu!h@ makin! effort more than that( he should ha#e >him@ "rodu%e that robe( >this is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
/f he should not ha#e >him@ "rodu%e >it@( >then@ from 8here#er >that@ the robe1fund may ha#e been
brou!ht( there >he@ himself %an !o( or a messen!er %an be sent >sayin!@3 T&irs( that robe1fund 8hi%h you
%on#eyed for the bhikkhu does not fulfil any need of that bhikkhu. 'et the sirs endea#our for >8hat is
their@ o8n. 'et not >8hat is their@ o8n !et lost.U This is the "ro"er "ro%edure here.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on robes is .irst+
<his ru&e is the &ogest i the 0timokkha a! there are a &ot o$ repetitios that ha%e ot bee &iste!+ <he
2or!s a! %ariat rea!igs ot &iste! be&o2 either occure! ear&ier i the ru&e, or i C0 8+
r9) kigW om+ sg+ m+ see 0r 2+
r9abho!!o) oe i the kigDs ser%ice, kigDs o$$icia&W om+ sg+ m+ X r9) kig n bho!!a) property, possessioW
$+p+p+ o$ *huK@ati use! as a ou+ Nibh states that it is oe &i%ig o a sa&ary a! $oo! $rom the kig+ H i BL ##
GA + 7 thiks that it re$ers to the chie$ miister i the origi story+ C$+ 0'L A70 T AH0+
brhmaEo) a brahmi, a member o$ the brahmi casteW om+ sg+ m+W $r+ *rahma+
!aha"atiko) a (ma&e) househo&!erW om+ sg+ m+ X 'ahapati) see C0 G n co+ su$+ (ka+
d.tena) by a messegerW is+ sg+ m+ #s+ o$ measW see 4yta5 j GG+
"ahiEeyya) shou&! co%ey, shou&! se!W @ sg+ opt+ o$ pahi>ati (pa c nhi c >a)+
a%%hdeh4 ti) c&otheW Euctio o$ a!!hdeh$ c ti i 2hich the $ia& (i o$ a!!hdehi has bee &egthee! be$ore the
tiW see Ci!) Z3edissm$ ti+[ a%%hdehi) @ sg+ imp+ o$ a!!hdetiW see C0 8+ n ti) ,uotatio(mark+
so) thatW om+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_ coecte! 2ith d7toF
%e) i$, a! i$W coecti%e or hypothetica& partic&e+
d.to) a messegerW om+ sg+ m+
ta?) thatW acc+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_ coecte! 2ith *hikkhuAF
bhikkhu?) acc+ sg+ m+
e#a?) thusW i!ec&+
#adeyya) shou&! sayW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3adatiW see abo%e 4! 7@+
ida?) thisW acc+ sg+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+ kho) i!ee!W emph+ partic&eW o ee! to tras&ate+
bhante) Neerab&e 4irW %oc+ sg+ m+ see abo%e Ci!+
788
yasmanta?) $or the %eerab&e oeW acc+ sg+ m+ o$ yasm) see abo%e Ci!+
uddissa) $orW i!ec&W see C0 8+
bhata?) has bee broughtW p+p+ o$ *harati ( c n*har c a)) &it+ carries to+
"aQi!!aEhtu) &et recei%eW @ sg+ imp+ o$ paCi''a>hti (paCi c nM'_'ah c >ha), see C0 @+
yasm) the Neerab&eW om+ sg+ m+ Cot %ocati%eW see 4! 70+
%4#ara%et"anan1ti) X %4#ara%et"ana?) acc+ sg+ t+ n ti+
tena bhikkhun) is+ sg+ m+W see abo%e C0 @+
e#am1assa #a%an4yo) is to be spoke to thusW see 4! 70+
na) otW eg+ partic&e+ kho) i!ee!W emph+ partic&e+
maya?) 2eW 7 p&+ om+ o$ pers+ pro+ maMd_+
#uso) $rie!W %oc+ sg+ m+ #$orma& a!!ressW see abo%e Ci!+
"aQi!!aEhma) 7 p&+ pres+ i!+
%4#araN1%a) Euctio o$ !i3araA c !a through pa&ata&isatio o$ the $ia& A o$ !$3araAF %4#ara?) acc+ sg+ t+ [ %a)
butW it is here a !isE+ part as it $o&&o2s a egatioW see the ote o !a i a%aK!a i "iya 2+
klena) at the right timeW a!%+ to paCi''a>hma, is+ sg+ o$ k%a) time+ is+ o$ time emp&oye! a!%erbia&&yW see
4yta5 HA e,ii+
ka""iyan1ti) a&&o2ab&e, suitab&eW Euctio o$ kappiyaA c ti through !eta&isatio o$ the $ia& ni''ah$ta i
kappiyaAF X ka""iya?) a!E+ $rom kappeti) to make a&&o2ab&e+ 4p) Zk%ena kappiyan-ti yuttapattak%ena, yad no
attho hoti, tad kappiyaA !$3araA 'a>hma+[) Z"t the right time (2he it is) a&&o2ab&e) at the proper a! $it time+
/he there is a ee! $or us the 2e accept a a&&o2ab&e robe ((c&oth)+[ n ti) ,uotatio markW see abo%e Ci!+
atthi) there is, hasW @ sg+ pres+ i!+, (cas c a_, # 0;i there is o %erb correspo!ig to the 'g&ish %erb Zto
ha%eZ a! a !at+ege+ (o$ possessio) 2ith a substati%e (X a %erb e5pressig beig+) is use! istea!+ -&ike
other %erbs atthi ca be $ou! at the begiig o$ the statemet $or e5tra emphasisW see #0 p+@7 a! L0 H8+
"anGyasmato) X Euctio o$ pana c yasmato through the e&isio o$ the $ia& (a i panaF k "ana) perhaps, butW
iter+ partic&e+ n yasmato) !at+ege+ sg+ m+ " Latege+ o$ possessio that is use! 2ith a substati%e %erb to
!eote the possesor+ #t is !i$$icu&t to !istiguish 2hether the case is geiti%e or !ati%e here, but the geiti%e
seems more &ike&yW see 4yta5 j 9A T 787,G+
ko1%i) someoe 2ho is, ayoeW X i!e$iite pro+W see 0R j 777,7+ X re&+ pro+ ko) 2ho n i!e$iite partic&e+ (!i+
#eyy#a%%akaro) ste2ar!, ser%at, he&per, &it+) oe 2ho is !oig ser%icesW om+ sg+ m+ "cc+ (or ge+) tapp+ cp!+W
see #0 p+92+ X #eyy#a%%a) ser%ice (X 3iy3a!!a, 3i c y c 3a!!a, the s3ara*hakti %o2e& (i- is stregthee! to (e-
a! the (y( !oub&e! as is orma& i 0;i+) n karo) !oig, makigW X !epe!et 2or! $rom ckar) Z!oes[
$uctioig as actio(ouW see hattha'ha at 4! 2 a! #0 p+92+
ti) ,uotatio(markW see abo%e+
%4#aratthikena) 2ho is i ee! o$ a robe ((c&oth)W a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig *hikkhun+ X %4#ara n atthika) i ee! o$W
a!E+ X attha) ee!W n poss+ su$+ (ika+
bhikkha#e) bhikkhuspW @ p&+ %oc+ o$ bhikkhu+ 6ga!hism o$ the usua& $orm *hikkh7 or *hikkha3oW see 0R j 82,A+
"ccor!ig to Reiger it is a co&&o,uia& $orm $rom popu&ar speech+
<he use o$ *hikkha3e here a! i 0c H7, 2hich is e&se2here use! by the Bu!!ha to a!!ress the bhikkkhus,
seems out o$ p&ace+ Lutt (p+ G8, c$+ Hi`ber 7999 p+H0 a! :&i%e&&e, 79H8, p+A7) suggests that this is e%i!ece
that some ru&es 2ere icorporate! %erbatim ito the 0timokkha $rom other sources or ora& tra!itio+ # the
Kha!hakas (X the chapters that make up 6% T C%), i 2hich the Bu!!ha himse&$ a!!resses the bhikkhus,
*hikkha3e is $ou! i a&& the ru&e($ormu&atios+ <he $ami&iar 2or! i these t2o ru&es 2ou&! ha%e escape! the
scrutiy o$ the re!actor+ <here are o para&&e& $ormu&atios o$ C0 70 a! 0c H7 i the Kha!hakas, but $or
other 0timokkha ru&es there areW see yathdhammo) 0c H@+
# the 0rtimok>as?tras o$ other Bu!!hist schoo&s there is o 2or! correspo!ig to *hikkha3e i this ru&e or
78A
i 0c H7+
niddisitabbo) ca be appoite!W $+p+p+ o$ niddisati (ni c ndis c a) agreeig 2ith the patiets rmiko T upsakoW
see #0 p+70H+
rmiko) moastery(atte!at, &it+ oe &i%ig i the moasteryW om+ sg+ m+ Here the patiet i the c&ause is i
the omiati%e sice it is a passi%e c&auseW see #0 p+82 T 70H+ X rma) park n poss+ su$+ (ika+
u"sako) ma&e &ay $o&&o2erW om+ sg+ m+ see "iy 7+
eso) this oe, heW om+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ etaMd_ put at the start o$ the &ie $or emphasis+
bhikkh.na?) ge+ p&+ m+ #eyy#a%%akaro) om+ sg+ m+ #eyy#a%%akara?) acc+ sg+ m+
saNN"et#) ha%ig istructe!W abs+ o$ saKKpeti (saA c nK c pe)+
ya?) thatW acc+ sg+ t+ o$ re&+ pro+ yaMd_W a!%erbia& accusati%e $uctioig as coecti%e partic&e coectig the
mai c&ause 2ith the subor!iateW see 4yta5 j A0c, c$+ 0c H0) Zyam-pi[ a! 0c H@) ZyaA t3aA+[
niddisi) 2as appoite!W @ sg+ aor+ o$ niddisatiW see abo%e+
saNNatto) has bee istructe!W p+p+ o$ saKKpetiW see abo%e+ so) heW om+ sg+ m+
may) by meW is+ sg+ o$ 7st+ perso pro+ maMd_+
u"asaFkamatu) &et approachW @ sg+ imp+ o$ upasa=kamatiW see C0 8+
yasm) the Neerab&eW om+ sg+ m+
klena) at the right timeW /%ena is a a!%erb to upasa=kamatu, ot a a!Eecti%e agreeig 2ith !$3arena as
amo&iDs Zapproach him $or a robe[ suggests+
%4#arena) 2ith a robeW is+ sg+ m+
ta?) youW acc+ sg+ m+, cotracte! $orm o$ pers+ pro+ t3aA+
a%%hdessat4 ti) he 2i&& c&otheW @ sg+ $ut+ o$ a!!hdetiW see abo%e+ X $uture 2ithout (i(W see #0 p+2@2+ <he $ia& (i o$
a!!hdessati gets &egthee! be$ore the ,uotatio partic&e tiW see Ci!+ <he proper setece costructio is)
T)pasa=kamatu yasm k%ena, !$3arena taA a!!hdessat$ tiZ ot) Zm k%ena !$3arena Q [ as i m, 2ithout a
comma+
d#attikkhattu?) t2o or three timesW a!%erbia& abbayJbh%a cp! i acc+ sg+ t+W see #0 p+272 a! 4yta5 j A7,e+
X d#atti) t2o or threeW !isEucti%e !%a!a cp! (#0 p+272)+ X d#a) t2oW umera& compou! $orm[ (t)ti) threeW
um+ cp! $orm+
#t is ot c&ear 2hether d3i- or d3a- is the more authetic rea!ig+ 6aybe it shou&! rather be di( &ike i diratta
i 0c A+ <his is the 0rakritic $orm, 2hi&e d3( is 4askrit+ <he &og -- o$ the umera& base d3 (as i d3dasa)
72) is 2eakee! because the iitia& cosoat o$ ti is !oub&e! (c$+ d3attiAsa) @2) u!er the i$&uece o$ the
4askrit tri+ <his is i accor!ace 2ith the 0;i &a2 o$ 6orae (see 0R j AYG) i 2hich there is o&y a short
%o2e& be$ore a !oub&e cosoat (d3atti) or a &og %o2e& be$ore a sig&e cosoat (d3ti)+ # C0 29 a
opposite chage has bee !oe !harratta d !hratta+ n (k)khattu?) timesW a!%erbia& umera& su$$i5, X 4kt
kVt3asW see 0R j 22 T 779,@+ <he iitia& cosoat o$ khattuA is a&2ays !oub&e!, a&though there seems to be o
reaso $or it 2ith ti( a! paK!a, perhaps it is here a geera&isatioW see 0R j @@,7 +2+ <he &ast cosoats o$
!atuMr_ a! !haMJ_ are assimi&ate! to the iitia& cosoats o$ the 2or!s they are compou!e! 2ith (c$+ C0 78)
a! thus the !oub&ig makes sese here+
%odetabbo) ca be prompte!, m icite!, m repro%e!W $+p+p+ o$ !odeti (n!ud c e) agreeig 2ith the patiet i the
setece) 3eyy3a!!akaro+
sretabbo) ca be remi!e!, ca be cause! to rememberW $+p+p+ o$ sreti, the causati%e o$ sarati (nsar c a)W see
abo%e Ci!+
attho me #uso %4#arena) &it+) ZFrie!, there is a ee! o$ a robe $or me[, Horer) Z4ir, # am i ee! o$ a robe[,
m) ZFrie!, # ha%e a ee! o$ a robe[+ <he om+ sg+ m+ attho takes the is+ !$3arena+ 4ee 4yta5 j 8@) ZAttho
2ith the is+ m meas Zto be i ee! o$[ 2here orma&&y hoti is to be u!erstoo!+[ <he perso $or 2hom
there is a ee! $or somethig is put i the !ati%e o$ iterest a! that thig ee!e! is put i the istrumeta&W
78G
see 4yta5 j 770b+
attho) ee!W om+ sg+ m.
me) $or meW !at+ sg+ o$ pers+ pro+ maMd_+ X Lati%e o$ iterest+
#uso) %oc+ sg+ m+
%4#arena) a robeW is+ sg+ t+
%odayamno srayamno) promptig, remi!igW pr+p+ o$ !odeti T sretiW see abo%e+ <he Hth coEugatioa&
sig (aya(, a o(cotracte! $orm o$ the usua& stem(%o2e&, is retaie! i the pr+p+W see 4! G) krayamnenaF
6(K) !odayanto 3i@KpayantoW BN 7GH+
ta? %4#ara?) acc+ sg+ t+
abhini""hdeyya) he shou&! make (him) brig $orth, pro!uceW @ sg+ opt+ o$ a*hinipphdeti (a*hi c nis c npad c
e)) has brig $orth, pro!uces, e$$ectsW the causati%e o$ a*hinippha@@ati+
ta? %4#ara? abhini""hdeyya) he shou&! ha%e (him) brig $orthepro!uce that robe, (the promptig a!
remi!ig) shou&! make that robe to be brought $orth, m) m i$ m the robe is $orthcomig, H) i$ he succee!s
i obtaiig that robe, <ha) shou&! ( the ste2ar!) pro!uce the robe+
4p ### GH@) Zm e3aA y3atatiyaA !odento taA !$3araA yadi nipphdeti sakkoti attano paCi%*ha3asena nipphdetuA
m[) Zm thus promptig up to the thir! time, i$ he brigs $orth that robe ((c&oth), he is ab&e by his o2
obtaiig(po2er to brig $orth+[
<here is co$usio here amog the tras&ators about 2hether it is the messeger 2ho brigs $orth the robe ((
c&oth) 2he prompte!, or 2hether it is the bhikkhu 2ho causes the robe ((c&oth) to be brought $orth by the
messeger+ <he causati%e sese i this cote5t o$ urgig is the correct oe as i this 2ay the same aget,
*hikkhu, is maitaie! $or a*hinipphdeyya as 2e&& as $or the causati%e preset particip&es !odayamno a!
srayamno abo%e+ #$ the ste2ar! 2ou&! be the aget here the these preset particip&es shou&! ha%e bee
passi%e+
#t is a&so possib&e that the robe is ma!e brought $orth by the actio o$ promptig a! remi!igW see Ni #
22@eC0 a 2,2) ZIdaA me !$3araA atirekatikkhattuA !odanya atireka!!hakkhattuA Chnena a*hinipphditaA
nissa''iyaAF[) Z<his robe ((c&oth) 2hich has bee ma!e to be brought $orth by promptig a! by sta!ig
more tha si5 times is to be $or$eite! by me (see C0 itro ote)+[
C$+ 4 N 7AG) Zso me attho a*hinipphanno[W Ni ## 78@) Z"e3adatto pothu@@anikaA iddhiA a*hinipphdesi[I
ZLe%a!atta pro!uce! a mu!ae psychic po2er (!isp&ay)[W L # H8) Zm yaA yad-e3a ka=kheyya taA tad-e3a
kareyya a*hinipphdeyyaF[W c$+ 4 N 2AA+
i%%eta? kusala?( no %e) m , it is goo!, i$ ot, mW see 4! 70+
%atukkhattu? "aN%akkhattu?) $our times or $i%e timesW abbayJbh%a cp!+
%atu) $ourW um+ "aN%a) $i%eW um+ %ha) si5W um+
(k)khattu?) timesW a!%erbia& umera& su$$i5W see abo%e+
%hakkhattu"arama?) si5 times at the mostW a!%+ abbayJbh%a cp!+ X %hakkhattu(?) n "arama?) at the mostW
a!%+ see C0 @+
tuEh4bh.tena) by oe 2ho is si&et, by him i si&ece, &it+) by oe 2ho has become si&etW is+ sg+ m+ "!E+ to a
ue5presse! *hikkhunF X tuEh4) si&etW c$+ Ci!+ n bh.ta) has becomeW p+p+ o$ *ha3ati+ " i!ec&iab&e
compou!e! 2ith a %erbW see #0 p+7AG+ Bh3a is ot use! here as i the Ci! because i this impersoa& passi%e
costructio the istrumeta& (X is+ o$ agetW see 4yta5 j 8H,c) (*h7tena i!icates the aget $or the $uture
passi%e particip&e Chta**aAF # the Ci!a (*h3ena i!icates the state o$ si&ece 2hereas 2ith (*h7tena here it
is the person 2ho is si&et that is re$erre! to+ # the $o&&o2ig tu=h$*h7to the c&ause chages to acti%e %oice
(tiCChamno_F
uddissa) $orW i!ec&+W see abo%e Cp 8+
Qhtabba?) (it) ca be stoo! ($or), (it) is to be stoo! ($or)W $+p+p+ o$ tiCChati (nCh c a), agreeig 2ith ue5presse!
!$3araA+
78H
tuEh4bh.to) has become si&et, si&et&yW om+ sg+ m+ X a pre!icati%e omiati%e, see 4yta5 j 20, (*h7to beig
a comp&emet to a ue5presse! *hikkhu a! tiCChamno actig as a au5i&iary %erbW see #0 p+p+2@8+ Tu>hi*h7to
i e$$ect acts as a a!%erb o$ maer a! ca be tras&ate! as Zsi&et&y[W see 4yta5 j 20,c+
tiQQhamno) sta!igW pr+p+ o$ tiCChati agreeig 2ith ue5presse! *hikkhuF
tato %e uttari? #yamamno) i$ 1through3 makig e$$ort more tha that, m) a! i$ o makig $urther e$$orts,
H) i$ he e5ertig himse&$ $urther tha that+
<he 0rtimok>as?tras support the 4e rea!ig) 6(K) ZQ ity etat kuYa%aA, no !ed a*hini+pdeya tad uttayanto 3
3yyamanto 3 taA !$3aram a*hini+pdeya, a*hini+panne !$3are nissar'ika-p!attikaA u no !ed a*hini+padeya QP (BN
7GH, 0r6o6(K p+72)+ 6?) Zm itye3aA ku+a%aA, no !ed a*hini+padyena na uttari dhyya!!he!!$3arasy*hini3artaye,
a*hini+panne !$3are naisar'ikapyantik, no !ed a*hini+padyena QP (0r6o6? p+28)+ 4a) Zm kuYa%aA, no !ed
a*hini+padyeta tata uttaraA 3yyameta !$3arasy*hini+pattaye a*hini+panne !$3are nih+ar'ika ptayantika no !eQP
(0r6o4a p+797+ C$+ Fiot @A+)
<he prob&em 2ith the <hai rea!ig is the $act that the 2or! !e appears t2ice i oe setece, 2hich seems to
be icorrect i 0;i+ Further, it is ot ee!e! as the meaig is c&ear 2ithout it+ # the prece!ig seteces Zno
!e a*hinipphdeyyaP is ecessary because it itro!uces the istructios+
tato %e uttarim) i$ more tha thatW see C0 @
#yamamno) e5ertig, makig e$$ortW pr+p+ o$ 3yamati (3i c c nyam c a)+ C$+ samm3yma, the Gth step o$
the eight($o&! path+
yatGassa) $rom 2here%er it shou&! beW X Euctio o$ yato c assa through e&isio o$ the $ia& (o o$ yato+ yato) $rom
2hereW ab&+ sg o$ re&+ pro+ ya n assa) shou&! beW @ sg+ opt+ o$ atthi+
bhata?) has bee broughtW see abo%e+
tattha) thereW a!%+ o$ p&ace, c$+ 4! coc&+
sma?) himse&$W a!%+
!antabba?) ca go, &it+) (it) ca be goe, is to be goeW $+p+p+ o$ 'a!!hati (n'am c a), agreeig 2ith ue5presse!
taA+
"hetabbo) ca be set, is to be setW $+p+p+ o$ pahi>ati, agreeig 2ith d7toW see abo%e+
ya?) that, 2hichW acc+ sg+ t+ o$ re&+ pro+ yaMd_ agreeig 2ith (!etpanaA+ " geera& or Zempty] re&ati%e (X
corre&ati%e 2ith taA) that simp&y marks the re&ati%e c&ause a! may be tras&ate! as Zthat]W see #0 p+297$+ C$+
0c H@+
tumhe) youW %oc+ p&+ o$ 2
!
pers+ pro+ taMd_+
yasmanto) %oc+ p&+ o$ yasm+
"ahiEittha) you co%eye!, setW 2 p&+ aor+ o$ pahi>atiW see abo%e+
ta?) thatW om+ sg+ t+ !em+ pro+ re$errig back to the !i3ara!etpanaAF
tassa) o$ thatW !at+ sg+ m+
bhikkhuno) o$ the bhikkhuW !at+ sg+ m+ X 0ossessi%e geiti%eW see 4yta5 j 787,c+
kiN1%i) ayW i!e$+ pro+W see 4! 9+
attha?) ee!, iterest, a!%atage, bee$it, purpose, useW acc+ sg+ m+
anubhoti) $u&$i&s (purpose), ser%es, bee$itsW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ X cotracte! $orm o$ anu*ha3ati (anu c n*h7 c a)+ "
bi(trasiti%e %erb (see #0 p+78$+) takig t2o patiets) taA 9 atthaA+
na ta? tassa bhikkhuno kiN1%i attha? anubhoti) it !oes ot $u&$i& ay ee! o$ that bhikkhu+ AtthaA anu*hoti
is a i!iomatic e5pressio+ Bhikkhuno is the possessor o$ atthaA, 2hich is the patiet o$ anu*hoti+ C$+ 6 ### 28@)
ZtaA !`assa atthaA anu*hotiZ) Za! it ser%es his purpose+[
<he aget i this mai c&ause is taA (om+ sg+ t+), 2hich is re&ati%e to yaA (acc+ sg+ t+) i the prece!ig
re&ati%e c&ause+ <he re&ati%e proou a! the !em+ pro+ !o ot ha%e to be i the same caseW see #0 p+H7+
yuN9antG yasmanto) X Euctio o$ yuK@antu T yasmanto through e&isio o$ the $ia& (u o$ yuK@antuF
788
yuN9antu) &et e!ea%our, e5ert oese&$W @ p&+ imp+ o$ yuK@ati (nyu@ c >a)+
yuN9antG yasmanto saka?) Ket the %eerab&es e!ea%our $or (2hat is their) o2+ m) &et those cocere!
se! $or 2hat is theirs, H) &et the Ret&eme make use o$ their o2, BL ## GG + H) Zm or) ]&et the get&eme
ha%e the bee$it o$ their o2 thigs+D[
yasmanto) %oc+ p&+ m+
saka?) $or 2hat is o2W acc+ sg+ t+ (X acc+ o$ aimW 4yta5 j @8) "!Eecti%e agreeig 2ith ue5presse! yaA or
-!etpanaAF X sa( the cotracte! $orm o$ saya?) o2 n possessi%e su$+ ((a)ka+
m) &et otW prohibiti%e artic&e costructe! 2ith a aorist (sometimes a&so 2ith imperati%e or optati%e)+
#o) o$ you, yoursW ec&itic $orm o$ the ge+ p&ura& o$ the pers+ pro+ taMd_+ X possessi%e geiti%eW 4yta5 j 787,c+
saka?) 2hat is o2W om+ sg+ t+
#inass ti) get &ost, perishW X #inass) @ sg+ (a() aor+ o$ 3inassati (3i c nnas c ya) c$+ 0c H0 n ti3 ,uotatio mark+
Cot to be co$use! 2ith 0c H0 3inassa, 2hich is 2 sg+ imp+ C$+ 4! 70 parakkami+
Vinasse3inass$+ (3inassi is @ sg+ i(aorist) Both $orms are aorist, both are grammatica&&y correct to be use!, a!
both are $ou! e&se2hereW i+e+, " ### 722) Z2 me yo''apatho nass ti,[ " ### A8, AH, a! 722) ZnassanadhammaA
m nassLnass$ ti,P Ni ### AH) Z2-y-idaA !$3araA nass$ tiFZ "p # 8@) Z2 me *ha>WaA 3inass$ tiFZ
aya? tattha sm4%i) see 4! coc&+
%4#ara#a!!o) the sectio o robes, the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o robes, robe ((c&oth) sectioW om+ sg+
m+ <he tit&es o$ chapters, books, a! so o, are i the omiati%e (the so(ca&&e! Z&abe& use[) i 0;iW see 4yta5
j 2@ a! 0erio&a, Pa%i #rammar, j 28A+ <he compou! is a so(ca&&e! Zappositi%e kamma!hraya[ i 2hich
t2o ous are i appositio a! the $irst member mo!i$ies the seco! i so $ar that it restricts the meaig o$
the seco! (C$) te@o-dhtu) Zheat(e&emet[ etc+)+ /he ot compou!e! both members 2ou&! be i the same
caseW see 0erio&a, Pa%i #rammar, j 7@0 a! #0 p+708+ "s a &itera& tras&atio !oes ot sou! ice i 'g&ish, the
compou! has bee re!ere! as a &ocati%e tappurisa istea!+
X %4#ara) robe ((c&oth) n #a!!o) sectio, chapterW see 4! 77+
"aQhamo) $irstW or!ia&+ For or!ia&s see pa>>arasa i the Ci!+
>5P 113 Iosiyasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu kosiyamissaka? santhata? kr"eyya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on silk@
/f any bhikkhu should ha#e a ru! mi+ed 8ith silk made( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith
forfeiture.
kosiyamissaka?) si&k(mi5e!, mi5e! 2ith si&kW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig santhataA+ Bb+ cp!+X kosiya) si&kW t+ n
missakaW a!E+ $rom misseti (nmis c e)) mi5es+
santhata?) rug, mat, $e&t b&aket,W acc+ sg+ t+ X p+p+ o$ santharati (saA c nthar c a)) sprea!s+ 4ee BL ## 55iiY55i%+
kr"eyya) shou&! ha%e ma!e, shou&! cause to makeW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ kreti: c$+ 4! G+
>5P 1C3 &uddhak*akasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu suddhak*akna? e*akalomna? santhata?
HD7
kr"eyya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on "ure bla%k 8ool@
/f any bhikkhu should ha#e a ru! made of "ure bla%k shee"As 8oolV >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation
8ith forfeiture.
307
N) sa>ChataAF
789
suddhak*akna?) o$ pure b&ackW a!E+ Bb+ cp!+ X suddha) pure, mereW a!E+ n k*aka) b&ackW a!E+ $rom k%a+
e*akalomna?) o$ sheep 2oo&W ge+ p&+ t+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X e*aka) sheep, m T H) goatW # L # A a!
e&se2here the compou! a@eJaka) Zgoats (a@) a! eJakas[ is $ou! a! i Ni # 798 the Bu!!ha a&&o2s the use
o$ hi!e (!amma) ma!e o$ eJaka, a@a) goat, a! mi'a) !eer+ <his sho2s that a eJaka is ot a goat+ <here are
!omesticate! as 2e&& as 2i&! sheep i #!ia (the &atter i the Hima&aya) a! the eJaka is most &ike&y a ki! o$
sheep+ From 6 # 228 it appears it cou&! be a &og(haire! aima&W $rom 4 @09 that it cou&! be meek (sorata),
a! $rom Ni # 7A9 that it is a ,uiet group aima& (eJakasaA3sa)W these are a&& typica& characteristics o$ a sheep+
6/ 2@7) Z&Waka) a ki! o$ sheep, ram, 2i&! goat+[ n loma) bo!y(hair, 2oo&+
>5P 1H3 D#ebh!asikkh"ada?@
5a#a? "ana
HDP
bhikkhun santhata?
HDB
krayamnena d#e bh! suddhak*akna? e*akalomna?
dtabb( tatiya? odtna? %atuttha? !o%ariyna?. And %e bhikkhu d#e bh!e suddhak*akna?
e*akalomna? tatiya? odtna? %atuttha? !o%ariyna? na#a? santhata?
H1D
kr"eyya( nissa!!iya?
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on >usin!@ t8o "arts@
y a bhikkhu 8ho is ha#in! a ne8 ru! made( t8o "arts of "ure bla%k shee"18ool are to be taken( >and@ a
third >"art@ of 8hite( a fourth >"art@ of ruddy bro8n. /f a bhikkhu should ha#e a ru! made( 8ithout ha#in!
taken t8o "arts of "ure bla%k shee"As hair( >and@ a third >"art@ of 8hite( a fourth >"art@ of ruddy bro8n(
>this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
na#a?) e2W a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig santhataA+
"ana) o ee! to tras&ateW co+ partic&e+ 4ee 0r itro+
bhikkhun) by a bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
santhata? sprea!W acc+ sg+ t+
krayamnena) ha%ig (someoe e&se) makig, causig to be ma!eW pr+p+ o$ kreti, caus+ o$ karotiW see 4! G+
d#e) t2oW um+
bh!) parts, sharesW om+ p&+ m+, $rom *ha@ati (n*ha@ c a)+
dtabb) to be take, ic&u!e!, m) must be icorporate!, H) may be takeW $+p+p+ o$ dti ( c nd c a))
app&ies, puts o, takes+ C$+ 0c A8+ 4p ### G88) dta**ti 'aheta**F
tatiya?) a thir! (part)W or!ia&+
odtna?) o$ 2hiteW a!E+
%atuttha?) a $ourth (part)W or!ia&+
!o%ariyna?) o$ ru!!y bro2W a!E+
and) 2ithout ha%ig take, ot ha%ig takeW a kamma!hraya cp!+ " Zna-nipta-pu**a-kammadhraya[) Za
kamma!hraya i 2hich the prece!ig 2or! is the partic&e naFP: see appa!!akkhya i 0r 7+ X eg+ pre$+ an( n
shortee! $orm o$ dya, the abso&uti%e o$ dtiW see abo%e+ <he 0a!abhEaa e5p&ais it as andiyit3, the abs+
o$ diyati, but see 0'L d a! dti+ Cotractio $rom Yya to Y is $air&y commo+
%e) i$W hyp+ partic&e+
bh!e) partsW acc+ p&+ m+
308
6i 4e, C, R, N, /) na3am-pana+
309
N) sa>ChataAF
310
N) sa>ChataAF
7A0
>5P 1R3 Chabbassasikkh"ada?@
5a#a? "ana
H11
bhikkhun santhata?
H1C
kr"et# %habbassni dhretabba?. Orena %e
H1H
%hanna?
#assna? ta? santhata?
H1R
#isa99et#
H1K
# a#isa99et#
H1S
# aNNa? na#a? santhata?
H17
kr"eyya( aNNatra
bhikkhusammutiy(
H1P
nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (kee"in! a ru! for) si+ years@
y a bhikkhu 8ho has had a ne8 ru! made( it is to be ke"t for si+ years >at least@. /f 8ithin less than si+
years( ha#in! !i#en u" or not ha#in! !i#en u" that ru!( he should ha#e another ne8 ru! made( e+%e"t 8ith
the authorisation of bhikkhus( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
na#a? "ana) see C0 7@+
kr"et#) ha%ig ha! (someoe e&se) makeW abs+ o$ krpetiW see C0 77+
%habbassni) si5 yearsW om+ p&+ t+ X %ha(*)) si5W um+ !ha i compou!s causes the $o&&o2ig cosoat to
!oub&e !ue to assimi&atio sice the cp! $orm !haJ is use!W see #0 p+2G9+ Here -J3- is assimi&ate! to -33- $or
2hich -**- is substitute! sice (33- is e%er use! i the 0;i as trasmitte! by the 6ah%ihra tra!itio+ (#
0;i iscriptios !isco%ere! i Burma a! <hai&a!, a! i the $our $o&ios o$ the o&!est ko2 0;i
mauscript o$ the 6ah%agga i Kathma!u the combiatio (33( is $ou! though i the $+p+p+ e!ig (ta33a
istea! o$ (ta**aW see 4ki&&ig p+728Y29)+ !haJ-3assni d !ha33assni d !ha**assniW see #0 p+278 T 0R j A7,@ T
A@+@+ C$+ C0 7G) du**a>>a, 0c AG) 3isi**ana+ n #assa) year, raiy seaso+ # the Niaya years are coute! by
rais(retreats+ dhretabba?) to be keptW $+p+p+ o$ dhretiW see C0 7+
orena) 2ithi &ess tha, ear&ier thaW is+ sg+ t+ o$ oraA) be&o2, use! as a!%erb+ 0raA takes a geiti%e+ X #s+ o$
time use! as a a!%erb o$ timeW see 4yta5 j HA,e,ii T HH,b,ii+ <his istrumeta& o$ time !eotes the time by
2hich or be$ore 2hich a actio is termiate! or upto 2hich poit cotiuity is imp&ie!+ %e) i$W hyp+ partic&e+
%hanna? #assna?) ge+ p&+ t+
ta?) thatW acc+ sg+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
#isa99et#) ha%ig gi%e up, m T H) got ri! o$W abs+ o$ 3isa@@eti (3i c nsa@ c e), c$+ 4! 7+ <he origia& rea!ig
2as probab&y 3isa@et3, but this rea!ig is ot $ou! i ay o$ the e!itiosW see ote to paCinissa@eyya at 4! 70+
C$+ 4! 7) 3issaCChi+ #) orW !isE+ partic&e+
a#issa99et#) ot ha%ig gi%e upW X eg+ pre$+ a- c 3issa@@et3+
aNNa?) aotherW pro+ a!E+ i acc+ sg+ (0R j 77@, @)
aNNatra bhikkhusammutiy) 2ith the authorisatio o$ bhikkhusW see C0 2+
>5P 1K3 5is4danasanthatasikkh"ada?@
5is4danasanthata?
H1B
"ana
HCD
bhikkhun krayamnena "urEasanthatassa
HC1
smant su!ata#idatthi
HCC
dtabb dubbaEEakaraEya. And %e bhikkhu "urEasanthatassa smant su!ata#idatthi? na#a?
nis4danasanthata?
HCH
kr"eyya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
311
6i 4e, C, R, N, /) na3am-pana+
312
N) sa>ChataAF
313
Bh0m 7 T 2, C, /, .a, -0 %+&+, Nibh Ce %+&+ (T correctio i R)) orena !e *hikkhu+ L) orena !a !hannaA+
314
N) sa>ChataAF
315
N) 3isa@@et3+ :ther e!s+) 3issa@@et3+
316
N) a3isa@@et3+
317
N) sa>ChataAF
318
6i T 6m 4e, Bh0m 7 T 2) sammatiy+ 4ee C0 @+ (0g) (sammutiyF)
319
N) (sa>Chatam-F
320
6i 4e, R) nis$danasanthatam-pana+ N) nis$danasa>Chatam-pana+
321
N) (sa>Chata-F
322
Nibh Ce) (3idatth$+
323
N) (sa>ChataAF
7A7
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the sittin! %loth@
y a bhikkhu 8ho is ha#in! a sittin!1ru! made( a su!ata1s"an from the border of an old ru! is to be taken
for makin! >it@ stained. /f a bhikkhu( 8ithout ha#in! taken a su!ata1s"an from the border of an old ru!(
should ha#e a ne8 sittin! %loth made( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
For u&iste! 2or!s see C0 7@+
nis4danasanthata?) sittig(rugW acc+ sg+ t+ Lat+ tapp+ cp!+ X nis4dana) sittig, sittig(c&oth, actio(ou $rom
nis$dati (ni c nsad c a)) to sit !o2, n santhata) see C0 77+ 4ee BL ## 8H + 2+
"urEasanthatassa) o$ a o&! rugW ge+ sg+ t+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X "urEa) o&!, use!W a!E+W c$+ C0 8+ n
santhata+
smant) a&& arou!, surrou!igW a a!%erbia& ab&ati%a& prepositioW see 4yta5 j 7@8b+ #t ca ot be a a!E+
,ua&i$yig su'ata3idatthi because i the seco! occurrece o$ the 2or! the case e!ig o$ the 2or! it 2ou&!
,ua&i$y is !i$$eret) su'ata3idatthiA+
su!ata#idatthi) sugataDs ((sta!ar!() spaW om+ sg+ $+W see 4! G+
"urEasanthatassa smant su!ata#idatthi) a sugata(spa $rom the bor!er o$ a o&! rug, m) a (rou! or
s,uare piece) o$ a use! rug oe su'ata(spa rou!, H) $rom a&& rou! a o&! rug, Corma) a piece o$ rug a
su'ata-span a&& rou!+
dubbaEEakaraEya) $or makig (it) staie!, uattracti%e, ba! &ookig, m) usight&y, H) $or !is$igurigW !at+
sg+ t+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X dubbaEEa (X du33a>>a Z dur-3a>>aW see C0 78 !ha**assni)) ba! &ookigW a!E+ Bb+
cp!+ X pre$+ duMr_) ba! n 3a>>a) goo!(appearace, beautyW see 0r @ n karaEa) makigW actio(ou !er+ $r+
karoti+
su!ata#idatthi?) acc+ sg+ $+
>5P 1S3 )*akalomasikkh"ada?@
hikkhuno "anGe#a addhnama!!a""aQi"annassa
HCR
e*akalomni u""a99eyyu?( kaFkhamnena
bhikkhun "aQi!!ahetabbni( "aQi!!ahet# tiyo9ana"arama? sahatth haritabbni(
HCK
asante hrakeV tato %e
uttari?
HCS
hareyya asante "i hrake( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on shee" 8ool@
5o8( if shee"18ool should be%ome a#ailable to a bhikkhu 8ho is tra#ellin! on a main road( by a bhikkhu
8ho is 8ishin! >so( it@ %an be a%%e"ted( ha#in! a%%e"ted >it( it@ %an be %arried 8ith his o8n hand for three
yo9anas at the most 8hen there is no one "resent 8ho %an %arry itV if he should %arry it more than that(
e#en 8hen there is no one "resent 8ho %an %arry it( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
bhikkhuno) to a bhikkhuW !at+ sg+ m+ Lati%e o$ a!%atageW see 4yta5 j 9Ha+
"anGe#a) o2W see 4! 72+
addhnama!!a""aQi"annassa) 2ho is tra%e&&ig o a mai roa!, 2ho is goig o a roa!(Eoureyetra%e&&ig(
roa!ehigh2ay, m) 2hi&e he is tra%e&&ig o a Eourey, H) as he is goig a&og a roa!, Corma) 2he he has
set out o a EoureyW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig *hikkhuno+ <he e5act meaig is ot comp&ete&y c&ear+ "cc+ tapp+ cp!+ use!
as a bhubbJhi cp!+ 0a!abhEaa) Zm) panthaA 'a!!hantassa[) Zto oe goig o a tra%e&&ig(roa!e2hi&e goig
o a tra%e&&ig(roa!+[
X addhnama!!a) mai roa!, roa! $or tra%e&&ig (as !at+ tapp+ cp!+), itercity(high2ay, Eourey(roa!, &og
roa! (kamma!hraya cp!+) X addhna) roa!, (&og) EoureyW origia&&y acc+ sg+ t+ o$ the ou addhan) a
324
6i T 6m 4e, Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, N, /, -m, -0, .a, Nibh 'e) ma''apaCi(+ Nibh Ce, Lm) (ma''appaCi(+ R) addhnama''aA
paCipannassa+
325
Bh0m 7, C, L, R, N, /, -m, Nibh 'e, 6i T 6m 4e) hreta**ni+ 0g has hrita**ni i its e5p&aatio, but states that
hreta**ni is a %+&+
326
Lm, -m, -0) uttari+ 4ee C0 @+
7A2
stretch, i+e+, a Eourey, 2ay n ma!!a) roa!W the commetaries e5p&ai as d$'hama''a, &og roa!, e+g+ 4p GGA (o
the C0 H origi(story)) ZAddhnama''an-ti addhnasa=khtaA d$'hama''aA na na'ara3$thima''an-tiF[) Za &og
roa! reckoe! to be a &og stretch, ot a street(roa! i to2+[ n "aQi"anna) goig a&og, has set out oW p+p+ o$
paCipa@@ati (paCi c npad c ya)+
#t is o$te $ou! i phrases metioig bhikkhus tra%e&&ig $rom oe !istat p&ace to the other e+g+ Ni ###
272Y7@) Zm *hikkh7 Saket S3atthiA addhnama''apaCipann honti+[) Zm bhikkhus 2ere goig o the mai
roa! $rom 4aketa to 4%atthJ+[ #t is a&so $ou! i the compou! ZaddhnakkhamaP at " ### @0 2here it meas
Ze!urig a &og Eourey+[ C$+ 0c @2 T AH) Zaddhna'amanasamayo[) Zoccasio o$ goig o a Eourey[W L # H@)
Zyath kantraddhnama''aA[) Z&ike a tra%e&&ig(roa! i the !esert+[
Addhnama''a might mea a roa!(Eourey i cotrast to a boat(EoureyW see 0c 2H T 28+
<he iitia& p- i the pre$i5 paCi- is &iab&e to !oub&ig sice it correspo!s to the 4askrit $orm prati-W see #0 p+77
+ 7 T 2 a! 0R j @@,7+ # mi5e! Euctio o$ %o2e& a! cosoat o$te origia& iitia& cosoat groups
reappear at the begiig o$ the seco! 2or!W see 0R j H8,7+
@2H
bhikkhuno : addhnama!!a"aQi"annassa) this is probab&y ot a geiti%e abso&ute costructio as other
tras&ators make it appear+ Bhikkhuno is a !ati%e o$ a!%atage, ot a geiti%e, a! addhnama''apaCipannassa is
simp&y a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig *hikkhunoF <he geiti%e abso&ute orma&&y occurs 2ith a preset particip&e,
a&though (paCipanna appears to ha%e the sese o$ a pr+p+ hereW see 4yta5 j 7A8Y7A9+
e*akalomni) acc+ p&+ t
u""a99eyyu? : "aQi!!ahet#) as C0 @, but %erbs are p&+ here+
tiyo9ana"arama?) $or three yo@anas at the mostW a!%+ " kamma!hraya cotaiig a !igu cp!) tiyo@ana, use!
as a a!%erb i acc+ sg+ t+ X ti) threeW umera&W compou! $orm o$ tayo n yo9ana) a uit o$ &iear measure
e,ua& to about 77 ki&ometers n "arama?) at the mostW see C0 @+
sahatth) m T H) 2ith his o2 ha!W is+ sg+ m+ istrumeta& (o$ meas) i (W see 4yta5 j G T GGa, a!
CormaDs ote o theyy i 4 779 i RL+ C$+ sahatth at 0c 87, a! akm at 4! coc&F X sa() o2W re$&e5i%e
pro+, a shortee! $orm o$ sayaA, X 4kt) s3a(+ 6(K (0c 87)) s3ahastaAW 0r6o6(K p+22+ n hattha) ha!+
haritabbni) to be carrie!W $+p+p+ o$ harati (har c a)+
<he rea!ig hreta**ni is probab&y a corruptio !ue to hrake a! hareyya i the same ru&e+ Co causati%e
sese is ite!e! here+ C$+ origi(story) harissati, a! Ni ## 7@H) harita**aA a! hareyya+
6(K) Zm triyo@anaparamaA harti3yam-asante anyasmin hrake taduttariA hreya m[W 0r6o6(K p+7G+ 4a) Zm
y3at triyo@anaparamaA s3ayaA harta3yny asati hrake[W 0r6o4a p+79A, Fiot @H+
asante) 2he ot presetW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig hrakeF X eg+ pre$+ a( n pr+p+ o$ atthi (nas c a)) is+
hrake) oe 2ho ca carry, m) oe to carry, carrier, bearerW &oc+ sg+ m+, &oc+ abso&ute costructio 2ith asanteW
c$+ satthahraka at 0r @+
tato %e uttari?) i$ more tha thatW see C0 @+
327
C$+ 0c 8H) (msappa!!aya(, 0c 88) tathar7pappa!!ay, 0c 90) ka>WuppaCi!!hdiA, 0c 92) !$3arappam>aA, 0! 2)
nappaCi*hseyya, 4ekh @Y8) suppaCi!!hanno+
# a&& these e5amp&es it is the Burmese e!itio 2hich cosistet&y sho2s the !oub&ig+
Reiger otes i 0R j GH that 0;i is ot a&2ays cosistet i the reitro!uctio o$ the iitia& !oub&e cosoat o$ the seco!
compoet a! that it is o$te omitte!+ <he !oub&e cosoat might there$ore ha%e bee a [correctio[ by the Burmese
e!itors+ 4ee a&so 0R 55% T 55i5 o the (4askrit) i$&uece o$ Burmese grammarias o ho2 0;i 2as 2ritte $rom the 72th
cetury o2ar!s+
Hi`ber 798@ p+G8 2rites) [m it may be sai! that e%er sice kig Kya\ittha (70G8Y7772) took the pais to [co&&ect a! puri$y
the <ipiIaka, 2hich ha! become obscure! a! corrupt[ a high&y sophisticate! 0&i phi&o&ogy !e%e&ope! i Burma !urig
the $o&&o2ig ceturies, 2hich has &e$t traces i a&most e%ery te5t+ <his %igorous, rigorous a! bo&! scho&arship e%er
shrak back $rom itro!ucig sometimes cosi!erab&e a&teratios i the 2or!ig e%e o$ the <ipiIaka+ <here$ore aybo!y
stu!yig 0;i, 2hether 2orkig o mauscripts, grammar or &iterary history, has to ac,uait himse&$ 2ith the 2ays a!
meas by 2hich 0&i 2as mou&!e! i Burma+ <hese ca be either u!erstoo! or e%a&uate! 2ithout a thorough
ko2&e!ge o$ the Saddan$ti, their %ery $ou!atio a! i may respects their cu&miatio too+[
(C$+ .oger Bischo$$) Buddhism in 2yanmar p+2AY2HW B+0+4+ ,hee% Pu*%i!ation @99Y807, Ka!y, 4+K+)
For the Burmese i$&uece o 0;i te5ts, see a&so Ci!) 3$kareyya, 0r 7) du**a%ya, C0 @) uttari+
7A@
hareyya) shou&! carryW @ sg+ opt+ o$ haratiW see abo%e+
"i) e%eW emphatic partic&eW see 0r 7+
>5P 173 )*akalomadho#"anasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu aNNtikya bhikkhuniy e*akalomni dho#"eyya # ra9"eyya # #i9aQ"eyya #(
nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on ha#in! shee"18ool 8ashed@
/f any bhikkhu should ha#e shee"18ool 8ashed( dyed( or %arded by an unrelated bhikkhun4( >this is a
%ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
e*akalomadho#"anasikkh"ada?) see tit&e at 0r 7+ "ho3pana, &it+ makig 2ash, is a actio(ou !eri%e!
$rom dho3peti, the causati%e o$ the %erb dho3ati) Zoe causes to 2ash[W see C0 8+ &Jaka%omadho3pana is a
accusati%e tappurisa but caDt be re!ere! as such i 'g&ish 2ithout &osig the causati%e sese+
aNNtikya bhikkhuniy) by a ure&ate! bhikkhuJW is+ sg+ $+W see C0 8+
e*akalomni) sheep(2oo&, &it+) Zsheep(2oo&s[W acc+ p&+ t+
dho#"eyya # ra9"eyya #) see C0 8+
#i9aQ"eyya) shou&! ha%e (the bhikkhuJ) car!, ura%e&W @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ 3i@aCeti (3i c n@aC c e)+
>5P 1P3 0."iyasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu 9tar."ara9ata? u!!aEheyya # u!!aEh"eyya # u"anikkhitta? # sdiyeyya(
nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on sil#er@
/f any bhikkhu should take !old and sil#er( or should ha#e >it@ taken( or should %onsent to >it@ bein!
de"osited >for him@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
9tar."ara9ata?) go&! a! si&%erW acc+ sg+ t+ !%a!a cp! X 9tar."a) (u2orke!) go&!W X 9ta) geuieW here
a a!E+ ou n r."a) $orm n ra9ata) si&%er+ 4ee BL ## 700 + 2+
u!!aEheyya) shou&! take, acceptW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the u''a>hti (ud c n'ah c >ha)+
u!!aEh"eyya) shou&! make (someoe e&se) takeW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ u''a>hti+
u"anikkhitta?) !eposite!, !eposit, p&ace! earW p+p+ o$ upanikkhipati (upa c ni c nMk_khip (k 4kt nk+ip c a) use!
as a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig (ra@ataA or as a accusati%e euter ou+
sdiyeyya) shou&! coset to, m acceptW @ sg+ opt+ o$ sdiyatiW c$+ C0 H+ # C0 H Zaccept[ is use! $or sdiyeyya,
but here i this cote5t Zcoset to[ is use! as u''a>hti a&rea!y imp&ies acceptig+
u"anikkhitta? sdiyeyya) shou&! coset to (it) beig !eposite!, m) coset to the !eposit o$, H) shou&!
coset to its beig kept i !eposit, Ni te5ts) a&&o2 it to be kept i !eposit $or him, Corma) accept it 2he
!eposite! ($or him), <ha) coset to its beig !eposite! (ear him)W see B6C # 27H+
Corma tras&ates this as a accusati%e abso&ute, but these are rare i 0;i+ <he preset usage !oes ot seem
to be oeW see 4yta5 j AG+
6(K ru&e 78) ZGo puna *hik+uO s3ahasraA M-hastaA_ @tar7pa-ra@ataA ud'Vh>eya 3 ud'Vh>peya 3 antamasato iha
nik+epeh$ ti 3 3adeya upanik+iptaA 3 sdiyeya niOsar'ika-p!attikaA+[W BN 7GG+
>5P 1B3 0."iyasa?#ohrasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu nna""akraka? r."iyasa?#ohra? sam"a99eyya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on tradin! in money@
7A8
/f any bhikkhu should en!a!e in the #arious kinds of tradin! in money( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
nna""akraka?) o$ %arious ki!s, mai$o&!W a!E+ Bb+ cp!+ X pre$+ nn) %arious, !i%erse n "akraka) o$ this
ki!W a!E+ $rom pakra) ki! n poss+ su$+ (ika+ <he 0a!abhEaa !e$ies this as ma!e (ito Ee2e&ry etc+) or
uma!e (i+e+, ma!e cru!eeso&i!, 'hanakataF)+
r."iyasa?#ohra?) tra!ig i moey, tra$$ickig, busiessW acc+ sg+ m+ Re+ or is+ tapp+ cp!+ X r."iya)
moey, si&%er (cp+ the mo!er rupee o$ #!ia)W $r+ r7pa) $orm n su$+ (iya+ <he Nibh 2or!(commetary a! 4p
ic&u!e both go&! a! si&%er u!er r7piya, $or more o this see B+L+ ## 700 + 2+ T 70G + 2 n sa?#ohra)
tra!ig, tra$$ickig, busiessW actio(ou+
<his ru&e !ea&s speci$ica&&y 2ith the tra!e or e5chage o$ (precious) meta&s a!eor moey (ic&u!ig Ee2e&ry
a! cru!e go&! etc+) $or (precious) meta&s a!eor moeyW see the !iscussio o$ this ru&e i B6C # a! see the
e5t ru&e+
sam"a99eyya) egage iW @ sg+ opt+W see 4! 2+
6(K ru&e 20) ZGo puna *hik+ur aneka-3idhaA @ta-r7pa-ra@ata-3ikVti<3ya3ahraA sampadyeya niOsar'ika-
p!attikaAF[W BN 78@+
>5P CD3 Iaya#ikkayasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu nna""akraka? kaya#ikkaya? sam"a99eyya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
E;a!alomavaggo
87<
duti'o+
>Patta#a!!o
HCB
@
>The trainin! "re%e"t on barterin!@
/f any bhikkhu should en!a!e in the #arious kinds of barterin!( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith
forfeiture.
The section on sheepwool is second+
kaya#ikkaya?) barterig, tra!igW acc+ sg+ m+ L%a!a cp! X kaya) buyig (goo!s by meas o$ goo!s)W $rom
kayati (nki c >a) n #ikkaya) se&&ig (goo!s $or goo!s)W $rom 3ikki>ati (3i c nMk_ki c >a)+ <he !i$$erece bet2ee
this ru&e a! the pre%ious oe is that here apparet&y o&y goo!s are e5chage! $or goo!s 2hi&e i the
pre%ious ru&e o&y moey $or moeyW see Nibh a! B6C #+ Buyig a! se&&ig imp&y the use o$ moey i
'g&ish, but o moey appears to be i%o&%e! here+
e*akaloma#a!!a3 the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o sheep(2oo&+ X e*akaloma) sheep(2oo&W see C0 72 n
#a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+
kosiya#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o si&k, si&k(sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X kosiya) si&kW see C0 77 n
#a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+
dutiyo) seco!W or!ia&+
6(K ru&e 79) ZGo puna *hik+ur aneka-3idhaA kraya-3ikrayaAMya_-3ya3ahraA sampadyeya saAyyath$daA 'i Mi_
maA kV>a ito kV>a ettakaA ettake kr$>h$ ti 3 3adeya niOsar'ika-p!attikaAF[W BN 7GG, 0r6o6(K p+7G+
328
L, Lm, R, 6i T 6m 4e, N, Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e) kosiya3a''o+
-0, Bh0m 7 T 2, C, /, -m, .a, 6i 4e %+&+ T -0 sJha&a %+&+, Burmese %+&+ i <0 ($rom a 7908 Burmese prite! e!itio))
eJaka%oma3a''o+ (<his rea!ig is a&so $ou! i the Kkh 1Be, Ce, 'e3 a! the Sanna+) 0g) santhata3a''o+ (<he e!itor o$ the
4iha&ese 0g e!itio says i a $ootote that eJaka%oma3a''a is i the 0;#, i+e+, the 0timokkha+) 4ee the ote o the chapter
tit&es i the "a&ysis+
329
:&y i 6i 4e+
7AA
>Patta#a!!o
HHD
@
>5P C13 Pattasikkh"ada?@
Dasha"arama? atireka"atto dhretabbo. Ta? atikkmayato( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bo8ls@
An e+tra bo8l %an be ke"t for ten days at the most. <or one 8ho lets it "ass beyond >the ten days@V >this is a
%ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
dasha"arama?) te !ays at the mostW a!%+ 4ee C0 7+
atireka"atto) e5tra bo2&W om+ sg+ m+ X atireka) e5traW see C0 7+ n "atta) bo2&+
dhretabbo) to be keptW $+p+p+ o$ dhretiW see C0 7, agrees 2ith patto, 2ith a ue5presse! *hikkhun as
istrumeta& aget+
ta? atikkmayato) $or oe 2ho &ets it pass beyo!W see C0 7+
>5P CC3 bna"aN%abandhanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu .na"aN%abandhanena
HH1
"attena aNNa? na#a? "atta? %et"eyya( nissa!!iya?
"%ittiya?.
Tena bhikkhun so "atto bhikkhu"arisya nissa9itabbo(
HHC
yo %a tass bhikkhu"arisya "atta"ariyanto(
so
HHH
tassa bhikkhuno "adtabbo3 UAya? te
HHR
bhikkhu "atto( y#a bhedanya dhretabboU ti. Aya? tattha
sm4%i.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on >a bo8l 8ith@ less than fi#e mends@
/f any bhikkhu should e+%han!e a bo8l 8ith less than fi#e mends for another ne8 bo8l( >this is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
That bo8l is to be relin7uished by that bhikkhu to the assembly of bhikkhus( and 8hi%he#er >bo8l@ is
the last bo8l of that assembly of bhikkhus( that >bo8l@ is to be besto8ed on that bhikkhu >thus@3
Thikkhu( this bo8l is for you( it is to be ke"t until breakin!.U This is the "ro"er "ro%edure here.
.na"aN%abandhanena) 2ith &ess tha $i%e me!sW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig pattenaF Bb cp! cotaiig a !igu cp!)
X .na) &ackig, &ess thaW a!E+ see 4! coc&+, C0 @ n "aN%abandhana) $i%e me!sW !igu cp! n "aN%a) $i%eW um+
n bandhana) me!, &it+ bi!igW actio(ou $rom *andhati (n*andh c a)+
"attena) 2ith a bo2&W is+ sg+ m+
aNNa?) aotherW proomia& a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig pattaAW see C0 78+
na#a?) e2W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig pattaA: see C0 7@+
"atta?) bo2&W acc+ sg+ m+
%et"eyya) shou&! e5chageW @ sg+ opt+ o$ !etpetiW see C0 8+
tena bhikkhun) by that bhikkhuW is+ see C0 @+
so) thatW om+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
"atto) om+ sg+ m+
bhikkhu"arisya) to the assemb&y o$ bhikkhusW !at+ sg+ $+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X bhikkhu n "aris) assemb&yW see
abo%e Ci!+
330
:&y i 6i 4e+
331
R) 7>a-+ N) ona-F
332
Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, .a, Nibh Ce, -0 sJha&a %+&+) nissa@ita**oF :ther e!s+) nissa@@ita**o+
333
6i T 6m 4e, R, N, L) [m so !a tassa Q[
334
6i T 6m 4e, C, R, N, /) ayan-te+
7AG
nissa9itabbo) to be re&i,uishe!W $+p+p+ o$ nissa@ati (nis c nMs_sa@M@_ c a), ot nissa@eti o$ 2hich the $+p+p+ is
nissa''iyaW see C0 itro+ "greeig 2ith patto+
6issa@ita**oLnissa@@ita**o X 4kt niO c nMs_sV@W 6/ AG8+ 4ee ote o paCinissa@eyya at 4! 70+
6(K) niOsarita3yaAW BN 78@, 0r6o6(K p+2H+ 4a) niOsV+Ca3yaAW 0r6o4a p+79H+
yo) 2hiche%er (bo2&)W om+ sg+ m+ o$ re&+ pro+ yaW see #0 p+297+ 6arker o$ re&ati%e c&ause+, i corre&atio 2ith
so itro!ucig a re&ati%e c&ause that prece!es the mai c&ause (#0 p+H7)+
%a) a!W co+ partic&e+
tass) o$ thatW ge+ sg+ $+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_F bhikkhu"arisya) ge+ sg+ $+
"atta"ariyanto) the &ast bo2&, $ia&, m) the bo2& &ast reEecte! by the gatherig o$ bhikkhus, H) the &ast bo2&
be&ogig to the compay o$ moksW a!E+ Bb cp!+ X "atta n "ariyanta) &ast, $ia&, e!W a!E+ c$+ B6C 2@8Y2@A,
BL ## 720 + A+ <he meaig o$ this is i!iom is this) <he re&i,uishe! bo2& is $irst gi%e to the most seior
bhikkhu, 2ho i$ he 2ishes, ca e5chage his bo2& $or it+ #$ he &ikes it, he passes !o2 his bo2& to the e5t
bhikkhu !o2 the &ieW or, i$ he !oes^t &ike it, the re&i,uishe! oe+ <he e5t bhikkhu ca !o the same 2ith
his bo2&+ <his proce!ure is repeate! up to the most Euior bhikkhu at the e! o$ the &ie o$ bhikkhus+ # this
2ay the &east !esirab&e a! most i$erior bo2& e!s up sta!ig at the e! o$ the &ie o$ bhikkhus+
4p) Zm) e3aA pari3attet3 pariyante Chitapatto+[) Zm thus ha%ig passe! (it) arou!, (it is) the bo2& sta!ig at
the e! (o$ the &ie o$ bhikkhus)+[ C$+ C% ## 7,2eNi ## @2) ZGo hoti sa='hassa sanapariyanto seyypariyanto
3ihrapariyanto so tassa dta**o+[) Z/hiche%er is the &ast seat, the &ast be!, the &ast !2e&&ig) that is to be gi%e
to him+[
so) that (bo2&)W see abo%e N+&+) Zm so !a tassa Q+[ <he 0rtimok>as?tras ha%e o !a at a&&+
tassa bhikkhuno) !at+ sg+ m+
"adtabbo) to be gi%e, besto2e!W $+p+p+ o$ padti (pa c nd c a) agreeig 2ith patto+
aya?) thisW om+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+
te) $or you, m) yourW !at+ sg+ o$ pers+ pro+ t3aA+ Lat+ o$ a!%atageW see 4yta5 j 702+ # this cote5t o$ gi%ig
the !ati%e sese Z$or you[ seems more appropriate tha the geiti%e sese Zo$ you[ or Zyour[
y#a) uti&W re&ati%e i!ec&iab&e, usua&&y takes a ab&+ but here a !at+W c$+ 0c 79+ G3a is either co(re&ati%e to
ayaA a! itro!uces a re&ati%e c&ause that here $o&&o2s the mai c&ause (#0 p+298), or it is co(re&ati%e to a
imp&icit t3a, i+e, Zy3a *hedanya t3a dhreta**o tiF[
bhedanya) breakigW !at+ sg+ t+ actio(ou !er+ $r+ *hindati (n*hid c >a)+
dhretabbo) it is to be keptW see C0 7 T 27+
ti) Zm[W ,uotatio(mark+
aya? tattha sm4%i) this is here the proper proce!ureW see 4! coc&+
>5P CH3 hesa99asikkh"ada?@
Oni kho "ana tni !ilnna?
HHK
bhikkh.na? "aQisyan4yni bhesa99ni( seyyath4da?3
HHS
sa""i(
na#an4ta?(
HH7
tela?( madhu"hEita?(
HHP
tni "aQi!!ahet# sattha"arama? sannidhikraka?
"aribhuN9itabbni. Ta? atikkmayato( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on medi%ine@
5o8( >there are@ those medi%ines 8hi%h are "ermissable for si%k bhikkhus( namely3 !hee( butter( oil( >and@
honey and molasses_ha#in! been a%%e"ted( they %an be "artaken of >8hile@ bein! ke"t in store for se#en
days at the most. <or one 8ho lets it "ass beyond >the se#en days@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith
335
N) '$%nnaA+
336
Lm, -0) seyyathidaA+ C$ 0c @9+
337
N) na3anitaA+
338
C) madhupph>itaA+ R) madhuph>$taA: &ater (i+e+, uike!) correcte! to madhupph>$taA+ C$ 0c @9+
7AH
forfeiture.
yni : tni) those m 2hichW re&ati%e c&ause i 2hich the atece!et tni has bee ic&u!e! $or emphasisW see
ote o Lhp 82 i Corma, 2000+
yni) 2hichW om+ p&+ t+ o$ re&+ pro+ yaMd_+ tni) thoseW om+ p&+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_F
kho "ana) o2W emphatic partic&es+ Co &itera& tras&atio possib&e+
yni kho "ana tni : bhesa99ni) Co2, 1there are3 those m 2hich m,[ m) there are m, H) those 2hich mW
emphatic c&ause, itro!ucig a !e$iitio, 2ith the setece %erb (honti) ue5presse!+ 4ice the %erb hoti is
imp&ie! i these costructios, it is usua&&y ot !irect&y e5presse!W see 4yta5 j 20b(c+ 4ee ye8me at 0c G8+
ZGni kho pana tniP is a&so $ou! i C0 29, 0c @8, a! 0! @ T 8+ C$+ Z!i>>amnatto *hikkhu[ i the 4! coc&+
!ilnna?) i&&, sickW a!E+ c$+ 0c @7 T @9+
bhikkh.na?) $or bhikkhusW !at+ (or ge+) sg+ m+
"aQisyan4yni) permissib&e, e!ib&e, a&&o2ab&eW $+p+p+ o$ paCisyati (paCi c nsad c i c ya), o&y $ou! i this
cote5t+ <he %erb syati meas Zsa%ours,[ but paCisyati seems to be c&oser i meaig to sdiyatiW see C0 H+ #
this case it seems to be a case o$ hap&o&ogy, causig the &oss o$ the sy&&ab&e di+
4p) pari*huK@ita**ni (see be&o2)+ 4a 0r6o) anu@Ktni) Za&&o2e![W 0r6o4a p+202+
bhesa99ni) me!icies, reme!iesW om+ p&+ t+
seyyath4da?) ame&y, as $o&&o2s, &ike thisW i!ec&+ #!ec&iab&e emphatic !emostrati%e itro!ucig a
e5amp&eW #0 p+H@ T 29@+ " i!iom+ " Euctio o$ se- c yath i 2hich the (e o$ se- is shortee! a! the y- o$
yath !oub&e! i accor!ace 2ith the Ka2 o$ 6orae, see 0R j A, a! a Euctio o$ yath c idaA through e&isio
o$ the $ia& ( o$ yath a! &egtheig o$ the iitia& i- o$ idaA+ X se) the 6ga!hJ $orm o$ taA the @ sg+ t+ o$
!em+ pro+ taMd_W see 0R j 70A,2+ n yath) asW a!%+ n ida?) thisW om+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+
sa""i) ghee, c&ari$ie! butterW om+ sg+ t+ 6/) Zsarpis) c&ari$ie! butter (i+e+, me&te! butter 2ith the scum
c&eare! o$$, commo&y ca&&e! ghee, either $&ui! or so&i!i$ie!)m+[ 4ee a&so N#C4 ## 8@8+
na#an4ta?) $resh butterW om+ sg+ t+ X na#a) e2, $reshW a!E+ n n4ta) !ra2, brought, &e!W p+p+ o$ neti (nni c a)+
" substace simi&ar to 'uropea butter i co&our+ 4ee L ### 8A$+) na3an$ta3a>>a, sappi3a>>a, i+e+, butter(ye&&o2W
6/ A@0) na3an$taprisni) spots as ye&&o2 as butter), a! te5ture (see 6/ A@0) na3an$tasama) butter&ike ((%oice)+
Ho2e%er, it is ot ma!e $rom mi&k(cream but $rom cur!ecur!&e! mi&k, dadhiF 4ee 6 ### 78@, L # 207, " ## 9A+
# #!ia ghee is sti&& ma!e by me&tig na3an$ta(butter, 2hich is ma!e by churig cur!, a! takig the scum
o$$+ <he 2or!s sappi a! na3an$ta are sti&& i use i #!ia &aguages such as Hi!i+
#!ia butter ca be 2hitish+ Kike2ise, $resh 'uropea butter a&so o$te !oes ot ha%e eough beta(carotee
(<he chemica& that gi%es a carrot its orage co&our+) to gi%e it its usua& ye&&o2 co&our (!ue to the co2 ot
gettig eough o$ it i its $oo!), but mau$acturers the make the butter ye&&o2 by a!!ig a $oo!(co&our
ca&&e! annatto, 2hich is ma!e $rom the hu&& o$ the see!s o$ the tropica& &ipstick(tree (Bi5a ore&&aa)W see the
&n!y!%opedia Britanni!a artic&es o ghee, butter, a! cheese+
<here is o 2or! $or cheese i 0;i or 4askrit, but i the me!iae%a& "pabhraBfa 0rkrit !ia&ect o$ Corth(
/est #!ia there is a 2or! $or cheese) !hsiW see C0 ### 778+ Cheese probab&y 2as itro!uce! there by Rreek or
0ersia i%a!ers or tra!ers+ " type o$ cottage cheese ca&&e! paneer is o2a!ays ma!e i Corth(/est #!ia+
Paneer is the 2or! $or this 2hite cheese a&& through the 6i!!&e 'ast $rom <urkey to #!ia a! this a&so sho2s
the $oreig origi o$ #!ia cheese+ #t is ma!e through the process o$ coagu&atig boi&e! mi&k by a!!ig
&emo(Euice a! the straiig o$$ the 2hey by puttig the cur! through a cotto c&oth+
4o, na3an$ta is the $at e5tracte! $rom cur! a! this $at comes $rom the cream o$ mi&k+ Cheese, ho2e%er, is
processe! cur! a! caDt be ic&u!e! i the term na3an$taAF
tela?) oi&W om+ sg+ m+
madhu"hEita?) hoey a! mo&assesW om+ sg+ t+ 0robab&y a !%a!a compou!, because the rest o$ the $i%e
me!icies e! i (A+ Ho2e%er, madhu a! ph>itaA ca a&so be separate 2or!s) Zhoey, mo&asses,[ because
both madhuA a! madhu ca be om+ sg+ t+ <he rea!ig madhupph>itaA i some mauscripts suggests a
7A8
Euctio o$ the $ia& (A o$ madhuA 2ith the iitia& p- o$ ph>itaA through assimi&atioF
madhu) hoeyW om+ sg+ t+
"hEita?) mo&assesW om+ sg+ t+
tni) them) acc+ p&+ t+
"aQi!!ahet#) (a$ter) ha%ig accepte!W see C0 @+
sattha"arama?) $or se%e !ays at the mostW a!%+ " kamma!hraya cotaiig a !igu cp!) sattha, use! as
a a!%erb i acc+ sg+ t+W see C0 7) dashaparamaA+ sattha) H !aysW !igu cp!+ Suctio o$ satta c aha through
cotractio+ X satta) se%eW umera& n aha n "arama?) see C0 7+
sannidhikraka?) beig kept i store, keepig i store, m) ca be kept i store, H) as a store, Corma)
storigW a!%+ o$ maer+ " ge+ tapp+ cp!+ use! as a!%+ " >amu% abso&uti%e i (akaA+ X stregthee! ckar n
>amu% su$$i5 (akaA+ Kkh 7@2) Zm) sannidhiA kat3 nidahit3 Q[
xamu% abso&uti%es are i origi actio(ous use! i the acc+ sg+ t+ as a!%erbs a! !i$$er $rom other
abso&uti%es i that they, u&ike other abso&uti%es, !oDt ecessari&y re$er to a actio that is a&rea!y
comp&ete!, but rather act as a a!%erbia& mo!i$ier (i+e+, a!%erb o$ maer) o$ the mai %erb, re$errig to a
actio cotemporary to the mai actio+ <hey are o$te use! at the e! o$ compou!s+ <he orma& $orm is
(aA, but o$te the >amu% abso&uti%es take the su$$i5 (ka appearig as (akaAF 4ee 0R j 27A, BH4RL # j @A,@YA,
a! Corma, 7992, p 299$+ C$+ C0 29) upa3assaA, 0c 7@) anpu!!haA, 0c A9) apa!!uddhrakaA, 4ekh 7A)
-pa!%akaA, 4ekh 78) (ukkhepakaA, 4ekh 79) (a3a!!hedakaA, 4ekh 20) -krakaA, 4ekh 2@) (ni!!hrakaA, a! 4ekh
2G) (ni%%ehakaA+
X sannidhi) storig upW $rom nidahati (ni c ndah c a)) oe stores, !eposits n kraka) !oig, ha%ig !oeW >amu%
abso&uti%e+ SannidhikrakaA is a&so $ou! i 0c @8+
"aribhuN9itabbni) to be use!, partake o$W $+p+p+ o$ pari*huK@ati (pari c n*hu@ c >a)W see 0c A8+
ta? atikkmayato) $or oe 2ho &ets it pass beyo!W see C0 7+
>5P CR3 VassikasQikasikkh"ada?@
U2so seso !imhnanU1ti( bhikkhun #assikasQika%4#ara? "ariyesitabbam. UAcchamso
HHB
seso
!imhnanU1ti( kat# ni#setabba?. UOrena %e mso seso !imhnanU1ti( #assikasQika%4#ara? "ariyeseyya(
UOrenacchamso
HRD
seso !imhnanU1ti( kat# ni#seyya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the rainAs bathin!1%loth@
>Thinkin!3@ TOne month is 8hat remains of the hot season(U >then@ the robe1%loth for the rainAs bathin!1
%loth %an be sou!ht by a bhikkhu. >Thinkin!3@ TA half month is 8hat remains of the hot season(U >after@
ha#in! made >it( it@ %an be 8orn. /f earlier than >8hat is re%koned as@ TOne month is 8hat remains of the
hot season(U he should seek robe1%loth for the rainAs bathin!1%loth( >and@ >if@ earlier than >8hat is re%koned
as@ TA half month is 8hat remains of the hot season(U he should 8ear >it@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
mso) oe moth, a mothW om+ sg+ m+ :e moth i cotrast to a ha&$ moth is ite!e!+
seso) 2hat remais, 2hat is remaiig, remai!er, &e$to%erW om+ sg+ t+ agreeig 2ith msoW see 4! itro+
/he there are t2o ous i the same case i a c&ause i 0;i a! there is o %erb the this !eotes e5us,
i+e+, that oe thig is the other+ <he subEect usua&&y sta!s $irst a! the other thigW see #0 p+9 T G7+
!imhnan1ti) hot seasoW Euctio o$ 'imhnaA a! ti through !eta&isatio o$ the $ia& (A o$ 'imhnaAF X
!imhna?) ge+ p&+ m+ o$ 'imha n ti) (thikig)) Zm[W ,uotatio mark+
Tmso seso !imhnan1tiU) (<hikig)) Z:e moth is 2hat remais o$ the hot seaso,[ m) m by a bhikkhu
339
C, L, /, Lm, Nibh Ce, Bh0m 7 T 2, -m, -0, Nibh 'e) addha-+ # 0c AH the same e!itios ha%e the same rea!igs as i this
ru&e+ (0g) aWWha-+) N) aWha- as i 0c AHF
340
C, L, /, Lm, Nibh Ce, Bh0m 7 T 2, -m, -0, Nibh 'e) addha-+
7A9
reckoig that the .emai!er or the Hot 4easo is the (2ho&e &ast) moth (o$ that seaso)m, H) #$ he thiks,
Z" moth o$ the hot seaso remais[m <he ,uotatio(mark (ti is use! as a 2ay to i!icate mark !irect
speech or, &ike here, a thoughtW see 4yta5 j 27 T #0 p+@AY@G+ #t is here a abbre%iate! 2ay o$ sayig Z/he he
reckos that m+[
<he 6(K %ersio a&so ic&u!es the ti here (0r6o6(K p+7H+)
bhikkhun) is+ sg+ m+
#assikasQika%4#ara?) robe(c&oth $or the raiDs (bathig() c&oth, m) rais(c&oth robe (materia&), H) robe(
materia& as a c&oth $or the rais, <ha) rais(bathig c&othW acc+ sg+ t+ !ati%e tapp+ cp!+ cotaiig a
kamma!hraya cp!+) 3assikasCika+
#assikasQika) raiDs (bathig() c&othW kamma!hraya cp!+ X #assika) raiDs, raiy seasoDsW a!E+ X 3assa) rai,
raiy seaso n poss+ su$+ -ika n sQik) c&othig, attire, 2ear, outer garmet, c&othig, c&oakW c$+ 0c 97 n
%4#ara?) robe ((c&oth)W see C0 7+ # BL ## 7@8 + 7+ Horer has misu!erstoo! it as a c&oth to be 2or !urig
the rais istea! o$ the or!iary robes, to pre%et those robes $rom gettig 2et a! hea%y+ Ho2e%er, the
passage she ,uotes i support, Ni # 2A@, has to !o 2ith the kathi>a(pri%i&eges, ot 2ith the 3assikasCik+ <he
3assikasCik (G by 7 spas, see 0c 97) is the c&oth speci$ica&&y 2or to pre%et ake!ess 2he a bhikkhu
bathes by &ettig rai $a&& o his bo!y+ <his is a 2ay o$ bathig that is possib&e i the tropics 2here it ca rai
%ery hea%yW see Ni # 290+ <he udakasCik, Ni #N 2H9 (8 by 2 spas), is the c&oth to be 2or by bhikkhuJs
bathig i po!s a! ri%ers, a&so $or pre%etig ake!ess+ <he 3assikasCik is o&y a&&o2e! to bhikkhus $or
the raiy seaso a! it is seems that the bhikkhus 2ou&! bathe ake! agai i the other seasos+ 6aybe there
2as ot so much o$ a prob&em 2ith bhikkhuDs bathig ake! i ri%ers sice there is o metio o$ a
udakasCik $or bhikkhus+ C$+ B6C # 282 $$+
"ariyesitabbam) (it) ca be soughtW $+p+p+ o$ pariyesati (pari c nes c a)+
acchamso) a ha&$ moth, $ortightW om+ sg+ m+ Ligu cp!+ X accha) ha&$W umera&+ a!E+ ca&&e! a $ractioa&
umberW see 0R j 779,2 a! #0 p+2H0+ n msa) moth+
4ee 0'L a! L0) aWWha, 2hich probab&y is the proper $orm+ <he rea!ig addha might ha%e arise u!er
i$&uece o$ 4kt ardha+ Both $orms are gi%e i 0R j 779,2 a! both the $orms addha a! aWWha !o e5ist i
0rkrit+
kat#) ha%ig ma!eW abs+ o$ karoti (nkar c o)+
ni#setabba?) (it) ca be 2orW $+p+p+ o$ the causati%e o$ ni3asati (ni c n3as c a)+
orena %e) ear&ier tha, i$ 2ithi &ess thaW a!%erbW see C0 78+ 0a!abhEaa) Zatirekamse sese 'imhne+[) Z2he
more tha oe moth is 2hat remais o$ the summer+[
<he syta5 i this ru&e is some2hat strage a!, a&though orena !e appears to be ic&u!e! i the ,uotatio, #
ha%e &e$t it outsi!e it as there is o 2ay !e 2ou&! $it i it+
"ariyeseyya) shou&! seekW @ sg+ opt+
orenAacchamso) X a Euctio o$ orena n acchamso through the e&isio o$ the $ia& (a o$ orena be$ore a
c&ose! sy&&ab&eW see 0R j G9,7+
ni#seyya) shou&! 2earW @ sg+ opt+
>5P CK3 C4#ara1a%%hindanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhussa sma? %4#ara? dat# ku"ito
HR1
anattamano a%%hindeyya # a%%hind"eyya
#( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on snat%hin! robes@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! himself !i#en a robe to a bhikkhu( should( bein! resentful >and@ dis"leased(
341
N) kuppitoF (C$ C0 0c 7H T H8+)
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, .a, -0 sJha&a %+&+) pa!!h kupito+
7G0
snat%h >it@ a8ay or should ha#e it snat%hed a8ay >from the bhikkhu@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation
8ith forfeiture.
%4#ara1a%%hindanasikkh"ada?) see tit&e at 0r 7+ A!!hindana is a actio(ou !eri%e! $rom the %erb
a!!hindatiW see be&o2+ C$3ara-a!!hindana) Zsatchig robes[ is a accusati%e tappurisa cp!+
bhikkhussa) to a bhikkhuW !at+ sg+ m+
sma?) himse&$W a!%+ %4#ara?) robeW acc+ sg+ t+
dat#) ha%ig gi%eW abs+ o$ dadti (!oub&e! cd c a)+
ku"ito) beig reset$u&, i!igate!, irritate!, 2rath$u&, m T H) agryW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig *hikkhu+ X p+p+ o$
kuppati (nkup c ya)) be shake, !isturbe!+
N+&+ "a%%h) a$ter, &aterW a!%, see 0r coc&+ 4a T 6?) Zm datt3 tataO paY!d a*hi+aktaO kupitaYm[W 0r6o4a
p+799, 0r6o6? p+@0+
anattamano) m T H) !isp&ease!W a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig *hikkhu+ eg+ pre$+ an( n atta) raise!, &i$te!W p+p+ o$ dti,
c$+ C0 7@ n mano) mi!+
a%%hindeyya) shou&! rob, satch a2ayW @ sg+ opt+ o$ a!!hindati, c$+ C0 G+
#) orW !isE+ partic&e+
a%%hind"eyya) shou&! ha%e (it) satche! a2ayW causati%e o$ a!!hindati+
>5P CS3 &utta#iNNattisikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu sma? sutta? #iNN"et# tanta#yehi %4#ara? #y"eyya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on re7uestin! thread@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! himself re7uested the thread >to be used@( should ha#e a robe1%loth 8o#en by
%loth18ea#ers( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
sutta#iNNattisikkh"ada?) see tit&e at 0r 7+ ViKKatti) re,uestig, itimatig, suggestigW a actio(ou
!eri%e! $rom 3iKKpeti+ Sutta3iKKatti is a accusati%e tappurisa+
sma?) himse&$W a!%+
sutta?) threa!, yarW acc+ sg+ t+
#iNN"et#) ha%ig re,ueste!, suggeste!W abs+ o$ 3iKKpetiW see C0 G+
tanta#yehi) by c&oth(2ea%ers, &it+ Zthose 2ho are 2ea%ig threa!s[W is+ p&+ m+ "cc+ (or ge+) tapp+ cp!+ X
tanta) strig, threa!, &oom n #ya) 2ea%igW X !epe!et 2or! !er+ $r+ 3yatiW see ('ha at 4! 2, a! a&so #0
p+92+
%4#ara?) robe(c&othW acc+ sg+ t+ # this ru&e a! the e5t oe, the robe(c&otherobe(materia& $or makig a robe is
ite!e! as the 2ea%ers apparet&y Eust make the c&oth, but !oDt se2 it ito a robe+
@82

#y"eyya) shou&! make (someoe e&se) 2ea%eW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ 3yati (n3 c a)+
>5P C73 2ah"esakrasikkh"ada?@
hikkhu? "anGe#a uddissa aNNtako !aha"ati # !aha"atn4 # tanta#yehi %4#ara? #y"eyya( tatra %e
so bhikkhu "ubbe a""a#rito tanta#ye u"asaFkamit# %4#are #ika""a? "a99eyya3 U/da? kho #uso
342
Horer, BL ## 788, misu!erstoo! the anpatti(c&ause i the NibhaFga+ 4he re!ers) [anpatti !$3araA si**etuA, ayo'e, Q
pariss3ane, m[ as [there is o o$$ece to se2 a robe to a be&t, m a straier, m[, but it actua&&y meas [there is o o$$ece to
se2 a robe (2ith threa!), (or, ha%ig suggeste! threa!) $or a be&t, m a straier, m[ 0robab&y there is o o$$ece i$ oe
suggests the threa! to se2 a robe because strog threa! or a suitab&e co&our threa! might be ee!e!+ For be&ts a!
straiers, etc+, a&so specia& ki!s o$ strog or $ie threa! are ee!e! a! there is o o$$ece i$ a bhikkhu 2ou&! suggest the
right ki!+
7G7
%4#ara? ma? uddissa #iyyati
HRH
yataN1%a karotha( #itthataN1%a a""itaN1%a
HRR
su#4taN1%a
HRK
su""a#yitaN1%a
HRS
su#ilekhitaN1%a
HR7
su#ita%%hitaN1%a karothaV a""e#a nma mayam1"i
HRP
yasmantna? kiN1%i1matta?
anu"ada99eyymU ti( e#aN1%a so bhikkhu #at# kiN1%i1matta? anu"ada99eyya( antamaso
"iEca"tamattam1"i( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The !reater trainin! "re%e"t about 8ea#ers@
5o8( if an unrelated male householder or female householder should ha#e a robe1%loth 8o#en for a
bhikkhu by %loth18ea#ers( and then if that bhikkhu( unin#ited beforehand( ha#in! a""roa%hed the %loth1
8ea#ers( should make a su!!estion about the robe1%loth >sayin!@3 T<riends( this robe1%loth 8hi%h is bein!
8o#en for me3 make >it@ lon!( 8ide( thi%k( 8ell 8o#en( 8ell diffused( 8ell s%ra"ed( and 8ell "lu%kedL
Certainly 8e 8ill also >then@ "resent a little somethin! to the sirs(U and if that bhikkhu( ha#in! said so(
should "resent a little somethin!( e#en 9ust a little alms1food( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith
forfeiture.
mah"esakrasikkh"ada?) the greater traiig precept about 2ea%ers, or) the great 2ea%er traiig
preceptW om+ sg+ t+ Koc+ tapp+ cp!+ 4ee tit&e at 0r 7+ X mah) greaterW a!E+ n pesakra) 2ea%er, oe 2ho
makes embroi!ere! or embe&ishe! garmets+ X "esa3 embroi!ery, oramet, embroi!ere! garmetW !er+ $rom
the %erb piAsati (cpiY c a)) a!ors, embe&&ishes n kra) maker, makig+ <his is the syoym gi%e $or tanta3ya
i the 0a!abhEaa o the ru&e+ For more o this ru&e, see the sectio Z<it&es o$ ru&e sectios[ i the
#tro!uctio+
bhikkhu? "anGe#a uddissa) Co2 i$ m $or a bhikkhu+W see C0 8+
aNNtako !aha"ati # !aha"atn4 #) a ure&ate! ma&e househo&!er or $ema&e househo&!erW see C0 H+
tanta#yehi %4#ara? #y"eyya) gets a robe(c&oth 2o%e by 2ea%ersW see C0 2G+
tatra %e so : "a99eyya) a! the i$ that bhikkhu, ui%ite! be$oreha!, ha%ig approache!W see C0 8+
tanta#ye) the 2ea%ersW acc+ p&+ m+ see C0 2G+
ida?) thisW om+ sg+ t+ !em+ pro+
kho) i!ec&+ o ee! to tras&ate+
#uso) $rie!sW om+ p&+ m+ see abo%e Ci!+
%4#ara? acc+ sg+ t+
ma?) meW acc+ sg+ o$ 7st+ pers+ pro+ maMd_F
uddissa) $orW postpositio see C0 8+
#iyyati) is 2o%eW passi%e o$ 3yati) see C0 2G+
yataN1%a) Euctio o$ yataA a! !a through pa&ata&isatio o$ (A X yata?) m T H) &og, e5te!e!,
outstretche!W a!E+, p+p+ o$ yamati ( c nyam c a)) stretches, e5te!s n %a) a!W co+ partic&e+
karotha) makeW 2 p&+ imp+ o$ karoti (nkar c o)+
#itthataN1%a) #itthata?) m T H) 2i!e, broa!W a!E+, p+p+ o$ 3ittharati (3i c nthar c a)) sprea!s out, e5pa!s+ <he
ou $orms yma) &egth a! 3itthra) brea!the2i!th are a&so cotraste! e&se2here i 0;i, e+g+ i L ## 78H+
a""itaN1%a) a""ita?) m) stout, H) rough, $irm, thickW a!E+, p+p+ o$ appeti (ap c ne)) oe $i5es, app&ies+ 4p)
'hanaA) so&i!, !ese, thick+
su#4taN1%a) su#4ta?) 2e&&(2o%e, m) the 2oo$ 2e&& set, H) e%e&y 2o%eW a!E+, pre$+ su( n #4ta) p+p+ o$ 3yati
or 3inti+ 4p) Zm suCChu 3$taA, sa**aCChnesu samaA kat3 3$taA+[) Zm 2e&& 2o%e, 2o%e ha%ig ma!e e%e i
343
6i T 6m 4e, Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, .a, -0 %+&+) 3$yati+ -m) 3$yyati+
344
Bh 0m 2, -m) app$ta(+
345
6i T 6m 4e, R, N) su3ita(+
346
6i T 6m 4e, N) supa3yita-F
347
6i T 6m 4e, R, N) su3i%ekkhita-+
348
L, Nibh 'e) mayaA pi+
7G2
a&& p&aces+[
su""a#yitaN1%a) su""a#yita) 2e&& !i$$use!, 2e&& 2o%e $orth, H) 2e&& permeate!, m) the 2arp 2e&&
stretche!W a!E+, pre$+ su- c pa3yita, 0ossib&y the p+p+ o$ pa3yati (pa c n3 c ya)) !i$$uses, b&o2s $orth, or maybe
the) pre$+ pa() $orth n 3yita) 2o%eW p+p+ o$ 3yatiW see abo%e 4p) Zm suCChu pa3yitaA, sa**aCChnesu samaA
kat3 tante pasritaA+[3 Zm 2e&& !i$$use!, the threa!s stretche! out ha%ig ma!e e%e i a&& p&aces+[
su#ilekhitaN1%a) su#ilekhita?) H) 2e&& scrape!, m) 2e&& pu&&e!, scratche!W a!E+, pre$+ su( n #ilekhita, the
p+p+ o$ 3i%ikhati (3i c n%ikh c a)) scrapes+ C$+ 3i%ekha at 0c H2+ 4p) Zm &ekhaniy suCChu 3i%ikhitaA+[) Zm 2e&&
scrape! 2ith a scraper+[
su#ita%%hitaN1%a) Euctio o$ su3ita!!hitaA n !a through the pa&ata&isatio o$ (A) su#ita%%hita?) m) 2e&&
brushe!, H) 2e&& 2o%e, car!e!, pee&e!, combe!, smoothe!W pre$+ su( n ta%%hita) p+p+ o$ 3ita!!heti (3i c nta!!h
c e)) pee&s, p&ucks+ 4p H2H) Zm ko!!hena suCChu 3ita!!hitaA, su3iniddhotan-ti attho+[) Zm 2e&& car!e! 2ith a brush
(C0'L)ecomb (0'L), 2e&& c&eae! out (3iniddhota, Be niddhota) is the meaig+[ 6aybe it meas that the o!!
threa!s ha%e bee p&ucke! out+
a""e#a nma) certai&y, perhaps, hope$u&&yW see 4! 8+
mayam1"i) 2e tooW Euctio o$ mayaA c pi through &aba&isatio o$ (A+
maya?) 2eW om+ p&+ o$ 7 pers+ pro+ maMd_
"i) a&soW emph+ partic&e+
yasmantna?) sirsW !at+ sg+ p&+ # this cote5t, i+e+ a mok speakig to &aypeop&e, it appears to be a o%er
po&ite $orm+ 0erhaps it 2as use! i or!er to $&atterW see abo%e C0 70 a! Ci!+
kiN1%i1matta?) a &itt&e somethigW acc+ sg+ m+ bahubbJhi cp! use! as a euter abstract ouW see #0 p+G2+ X kiN1
%i) aythigW c$+ 4! 9 n matta?) a mere, a &itt&eW a!E+ c$+ 4! 9) %esamatta+
anu"ada99eyym ti) 2e sha&& presetW 7 p&+ opt+ o$ anupadeti (anu c pa c nd c e) n ti) Zm,[ e! ,uoteW see
abo%e Ci!+
e#aN1%a so bhikkhu) a! i$ that bhikkhu (ha%ig spoke) thusW see 4! 70+
#at#) ha%ig sai!W abs+ o$ 3adatiW see 0r 8 +
anu"ada99eyya) he shou&! presetW @ sg+ opt+ o$ anupadetiW see abo%e+
antamaso) e%e so much as, EustW i!ec&+ C$+ 0r 7, 4! A+
"iEca"tamattam1"i) e%e a &itt&e a&ms($oo!W Euctio o$ (mattaA c pi through &aba&isatio o$ A X
"iEca"tamatta?) a &itt&e a&ms($oo!W acc+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ (see #0 p+92)+
"iEca"ta) a&ms($oo!, &it+ Z!roppig o$ a&ms[X "iEca) a&ms, &it+ Za &ump o$ $oo!,[ esp+ riceW c$+ 0c @7
3asathapi>Wa) rest(house(a&ms n "ta) a !roppigW !epe!et 2or! !er+ $r+ $rom pteti (npt c e)W see ('ha at
4! 2 a! #0 p+92+ n (matta?) a &itt&eW a!E+ use! as a ou, see abo%e n "i) EustW i!ec&+ see 0r 7, C0 7G+
>5P CP3 A%%eka%4#arasikkh"ada?@
Dashn!ata? kattikatemsika"uEEama?(
HRB
bhikkhuno "anGe#a a%%eka%4#ara? u""a99eyya( a%%eka?
maNNamnena bhikkhun "aQi!!ahetabba?( "aQi!!ahet# y#a %4#araklasamaya? nikkhi"itabba?V tato
%e uttari?
HKD
nikkhi"eyya( nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on e+tra1ordinary robes@
<or the ten days %omin! u" to the three1month Iattik full moon3 if e+traordinary robe >1%loth@ should
be%ome a#ailable to a bhikkhu( >then@ after %onsiderin! >it as@ e+traordinary >robe1%loth( it@ %an be a%%e"ted
by a bhikkhu( ha#in! been a%%e"ted( >it@ is to be "ut aside until the o%%asion of the robe1seasonV if he
should "ut >it@ aside for more than that( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
349
6i T 6m 4e, Bh 0m 7 T 2, L, R, N, /, .a, Nibh 'e, 0g) (msi(+ C, 0, Lm T Nibh Ce) (msika(+ (# the Be Nimati%io!ai(
IJka (Be # @AG, @G0) o C0 28 a! 28 there is a&so the rea!ig (msi()+
350
Lm, -m, -0) uttari+ 4ee C0 @+
7G@
dashn!ata? kattikatemsika"uEEama?) $or the te(!ays comig up to the three(moth Kattika $u&&
moo !ay, m) !urig the &ast te !ays be$ore the Kattika $u&& moo (at the e!) o$ the ($irst) three moths
(o$ the First .ais), H) te !ays be$ore the $u&& moo o$ the ($irst) /attika, three moths (o$ the rais ha%ig
passe!+)+
6(K ru&e 28) Z"aYhan'ataA kho puna tremsaA krtik$-paur>ams$ utpadyeya *hik+usya tyyikaA !$3aram
atyyikaA manyamno na *hik+u> prati'Vh>ita3yaA prati'Vh>it3 y3a! !$3aradna-k%a-samayaA nik+ipita3yaA
tad-uttariA nik+ipeya nissar'ika-p!attikaA[W BN 788, 0r6o6(K p+78+
dashn!ata?) to 2hich te !ays ha%e ot come, i+e+) $or the te !ays comig up toW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig
(pu>>amaAF Kamma!hraya, use! as a bb cp!, cotaiig a !igu cp!) dasha a! a kamma!hraya cp!)
an'ataAF
<he compou! $uctios as a passi%e subor!iate c&auseW see the otes to !i>>amnatto i the 4! coc&usio
a! to sutt'ataA i the 0timokkha coc&usio+ 4ice the %erb hoti is imp&ie! i these costructios, it is
usua&&y ot !irect&y e5presse!W see 4yta5 j 20b(c+
# tra!itioa& 0;i grammar the cp! 2ou&! be e5p&aie! as a accusati%e (dutiya) bahubbJhi cp!) ZyaA
dashaA na 'ataA[ X dasha) te !aysW !igu cp!W see C0 7 n an!ata?) ot come, $uture, comig up to+
Kamma!hraya cp! ca&&e! a Zna-nipta-pu**a-kammadhraya[) Za kammadhraya i 2hich the prece!ig 2or!
is the partic&e naFP: see Luroise&&e, 790G, p+7GG+ X Ceg+ pre$+ an- c 'ata) p+p+ o$ 'a!!hati ( c n'am c a)+
0a!abhEaa) Zm dashna'atya pa3ra>ya[) Zm !urig the te !ays comig up to the pa3ra>a(i%itatio+[
kattikatemsika"uEEama?) $or m the three(moth Kattik $u&& mooW acc+ sg+ $+ " accusati%e e5pressig the
e5tet o$ time) Z$or[ or Z!urig[W see 4yta5 j 88b a! #0 p+78+ #t e5presses the perio! !urig 2hich a actio
is carrie! o, 2hich is here the becomig a%ai&ab&e o$ urget robe(c&oth+
Re+ tapp+ cp!+ cotaiig three other cp!s) kattik (kattika i cp!s+)) ame o$ the moth $rom about mi!
:ctober to mi! Co%emberW m+ n temsika"uEEam) three moth $u&& mooW kamma!hraya cp!+ cotaiig
a !igu cp!+ X temsika) three(moth, o$ the three mothW bahubbJhi cp!, or temsi) three mothW !igu cp!+ X
te) threeW um+, cp! $orm n msika) o$ the moth(s), cosistig o$ the moths+ <he rea!ig msi meas) o$ the
mothW X msa n co+ su$+ (ika+ <here are t2o rea!igs)
0robab&y msi is a shortee! $orm o$ msin$F 4ee kattika-!tumsin$ i the 0a!abhEaa o kattikapu>>ama, C0
29, i+e+, 2hat is meat here is temsiMn$_ &ike !tumsin$+
0a!abhEaa) Zm) pa3ra> kattik 3u!!ati+[) Zm the #%itatio is the /attik is sai!+[
4p H28)[m) paChamakattikatemsikapu>>amaAF Q IdaA 3uttaA hotiI XGato paCChya paChamamahpa3ra>ya
dashan'at ti 3u!!atiF Sa!e pi tni di3asni a!!antaA e3a *hikkhuno a!!eka!$3araA uppa@@eyya, a!!ekaA idan-ti
@namnena *hikkhun sa**aA pi paCi''aheta**anP-tiF Tena pa3ra>amsassa @u>hapakkhapaK!amito paCChya
uppannassa !$3arassa nidhnak%o dassito hotiF /maK-!`esaI dashaparamaA atireka!$3araA dhreta**an-ti imin
siddho+[)
Zm) the $irst three(moth Kattik $u&&(moo+ m <his has bee sai!) ]From the time there are te !ays to come
to the $irst great i%itatio+D is sai!+ #$ beyo!ee5cee!ig those !ays a e5traor!iary robe shou&! become
a%ai&ab&eeaccrue to the bhikkhu, by a bhikkhu ko2ig ]this is urget robe ((c&oth),D it ca a&& be accepte!+D By
him, startig $rom the $i$th !ay o$ the e2 moo(phase (i+e+, the 2a5ig moo $ortight) o$ the i%itatio(
moth there is a time o$ !eposit sho2 $or a accrue! robe+ #$ this is the 2ish) ]" e5tra robe ca be kept $or
te !ays at the mostD by this (ru&e) estab&ishmet+[
<he /attika-temsiMn$_, the three(moth Kattik, i+e+, the mi!(:ctober $u&& moo ca&&e! Assayu@a, ca&&e!
paChama-/attika i the commetaries, marks the e! o$ the ear&ier three moth rais retreat(perio! (Ni #+ 7@H)
purimik 3ass7panyik) that bhikkhus eter at the asaJha $u&& moo+ : this three(moth Kattik $u&&(moo
the bhikkhus per$orm the $irst #%itatio, pa3rana+ <he kattika-!tumsin$, the $our(moth Kattik, metioe!
i the 0a!abhEaa o kattikapu>>ama o$ C0 29, is the mi!(Co%ember $u&& moo ca&&e! /attik or /omuda a!
is ca&&e! pa!!hima-/attik, the &atter /attik, i the commetaries+ #t is the e! o$ the &atter rais retreat
(pa!!himik) etere! at the S3a>a $u&&(mooW c$+ BL ## 7A@ 2+
@A7

351
# the etry kattika i 0'L the term kattika-d3emsik) comprisig both kattikas, is gi%e+ <his term is $ou! o2here i the
7G8
<he Kattik ite!e! i this ru&e is the three(moth Kattik i cotrast to the $our(moth Kattik+
n "uEEam) the $u&& mooW $+ X "uEEa) $u&&, &it+ $i&&e!W p+p+ o$ p7reti (np7r c e) n ma?) moo, mothW X m) a
shortee! $orm o$ msa, m+, or ms$, $+
bhikkhuno "anGe#a : u""a99eyya) i$ m shou&! become a%ai&ab&e to a bhikkhuW see C0 @+
a%%eka%4#ara?) e5traor!iary robe ((c&oth), m T H) specia& robeW acc+ sg+ t+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X a%%eka)
e5traor!iary, e5ceptioa&, ue5pecte!, irregu&ar, urget, specia&W a!E+, o&y $ou! i this cote5t+ X ati c n
ni c ika+ " cotracte! $orm o$ a!!yikaW see 0R j 2H+G+ X a!!ya) beyo! time, urget+ C$ 6/) atyyika) Z ]ha%ig
a rapi! course], ot su$$erig !e&ay, urget+++[
4ee 4! 70) i!!etaA $or the type o$ assimi&atio+ C$+ 0c 8A) a!!yika kara>$ya) urget !uty+
4ee BL ## 7A7 + G $or the !i$$icu&ties i tras&atig this 2or!+ "s Horer otes the origi(story i!icates that
the !oor, because o$ e5ceptioa& circumstaces, has a pressig ee! to gi%e a robe+ <he re!erig
Ze5traor!iary[ both co%eys the sese o$ the e5traor!iary circumstaces the !oor 2ho is gi%ig the robe
is i, a! a&so the e5traor!iary time that the robe is gi%e to the bhikkhu+ n %4#ara?+
a%%eka?) e5traor!iary, e5ceptioa&, urget, irregu&arW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! !$3araAW see 4p
abo%e+
maNNamnena) cosi!erig, cocei%ig, !eemigW pr+p+ o$ maKKati (nman c ya) agreeig 2ith *hikkhun+
bhikkhun "aQi!!ahetabba? "aQi!!ahet#) see C0 @+
y#a) uti&W i!ec&+
%4#araklasamaya?) the occasio o$ the robe(seasoW acc+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ %4#arakla) robe(seaso,
seaso $or the robe ((c&oth)W kamma!hraya cp!+ X %4#ara n kla) time, here) right time, seaso, opportuityW
c$+ ak%a!$3ara, C0 @+ n samaya) (right) occasioW see C0 G+ 4ee BL ## 7A2 + 7+
5ikkhi"itabba?V tato %e uttari? nikkhi"eyya) see C0 @+
>5P CB3 &saFkasikkh"ada?@
6"a#assa? kho "ana kattika"uEEama?. Oni kho "ana tni raNNakni sensanni ssaFkasammatni
HKC
sa""aQibhayni. Tathr."esu bhikkhu sensanesu #iharanto kaFkhamno tiEEa? %4#arna? aNNatara?
%4#ara? antara!hare nikkhi"eyya( siy %a tassa bhikkhuno ko%id1e#a "a%%ayo tena %4#arena #i""a#sya(
%hratta"arama?
HKH
tena bhikkhun tena %4#arena #i""a#asitabba?V tato %e uttari?
HKR
#i""a#aseyya(
aNNatra bhikkhusammutiy(
HKK
nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on risks@
5o8( the Iattika1full1moon has been obser#ed. >There are@ those 8ilderness lod!in!s 8hi%h are
%onsidered risky( 8hi%h are dan!erous. A bhikkhu d8ellin! in su%h kind of lod!in!s( 8ho is 8ishin! >to
do so@( may "ut aside one of the three robes inside an inhabited area. And if there may be any reason for
that bhikkhu for d8ellin! a"art from that robe( the bhikkhu %an d8ell a"art from that robe for si+ days at
the mostV if he should d8ell a"art for more than that( e+%e"t 8ith the authorisation of bhikkhus( >this is a
%ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
u"a#assa?) has bee obser%e!, !2e&t, m) ha%ig comp&ete!, H) ha%ig spetW pp+ (or amu& abs+) o$
upa3asati (upa c n3as c a)+
0a!abhEaa) Zm 3uttha3assnaA+[) Zm oe 2ho has !2e&t the rais (retreat)+[ (ZVuttha3assaZ or Z3assaA
3utthaZ is the usua& e5pressio $or oe 2ho has kept the raisW see 0'L Z3assa+[)
0;i Cao, the commetaries a! sub(commetaries+ <he terms kattika-temsikaL!tumsika *hikkhu are a&so o2here to be
$ou!+
352
C, R, /) (saAka(+
353
6i 4e, R, N, /, ) !hrattaparamantena+
354
Lm, -m, -0) uttari+ 4ee C0 @+
355
6i T 6m 4e, Bh0m 7 %+&+) sammatiy+
7GA
4p H@0) Zm upa3assan-ti upa3assaA (Kkh 780 T 4p %+&+) upa3assa) 3asit3 ti 3uttaA hotiF Q 3assaA upa'ant3
3asit3 ! ti attho+[ Z)pa3assaA) ha%ig obser%e! the &atter rais (upa3assa) is sai!+ m <he meaig is) ha%ig
etere! a! obser%e! the rais+[
4p takes this to re$er to a bhikkhu 2ho is amog the bhikkhus 2ho ha%e spet the rais a! are &i%ig i the
&o!gigs (m 3uttha3assnaA *hikkh7naA sensane 3iharanto ti e3ar7pnaA *hikkh7naA a**hantare yo ko!i *hikkh7
ti+) a! $urther states that a bhikkhu 2ho has obser%e! the (ear&y) rais uto the $irst Kattik is amog those
2ho ha%e spet the rais ([m yo 3assaA upa'ant3 y3a paChamakattikapu>>amaA 3asati so 3uttha3assnaA
a**hantaro hoti Q[)+ C$+ X*hikkh7 3uttha3ass Q[ i origi(story, Ni ### 2G2+
<hus accor!ig to the 4p commetary upa3assaA is a abso&uti%e, i+e+, a amu& abso&uti%e i (aAW see C0 2@)
sannidhikrakaA+ Ho2e%er, the 0a!abhEaa a! the origi(story suggest a past particip&e) 3uttha a! this i
&ie 2ith the p+p+ i the pre%ious ru&e) 'ataA a! the 2ay upa3assaA agrees i case, umber, a! ge!er 2ith
pu>>aA+
C$+ " # 27A, #N 2AA Zupa3assuposathaA[ e5p&aie! by "(a ## @29 as Zupa3asit3 uposathaAF[ 4 802 has
upa3ass`uposathaA a! 4 80@) upa3utth`uposatho+ 4(a @H8 a&so takes upa3assaA to be a abso&uti%e) Zm
upa3ass8uposathaA upa'amma 3asit3 ti,[ a! the &atter as a p+p+ upa3asita+ # the ote to 4 80@ Corma
suggests that (3utta origiates $rom a $orm q3asta+ <he $orm (3assa cou&! be a a&terati%e $orm o$ this past
particip&e+ Further support $or a past particip&e here is that, u&ike past particip&es, abso&uti%es !oDt orma&&y
come at the start o$ seteces a! occur i combiatio 2ith a mai %erb i a c&ause to to e5press a actio
prece!ig the actio o$ the mai %erb+ # this c&ause there is o mai %erb+ 6aybe the origia& rea!ig 2as
upa3assa, 2hich is a proper abso&uti%e i (ya+ <his might be supporte! by the upa3assa rea!igs i Kkh a!
the 4p %+&+, a! Zupa3ass`uposathaP i the "C a! 4, 2hich cou&! be upa3assa 2ith $ia& (a e&i!e! or upa3assaA
2ith (aA e&i!e!F
" amu& abso&uti%e, 2hich has a a a!%erbia& sese, $urther makes o sese here as there is o %erb $or it to
mo!i$y+ vamu& abso&uti%es e! i (aA so upa3asaA 2ou&! be e5pecte! istea! o$ upa3assaA as the root is c3as
(!2e&&s), ot c3ass (rais)F
u"a#assa? kho "ana kattika"uEEama?3 o2 the Kattika($u&&(moo has bee obser%e!, ha%ig obser%e! the
Kattika($u&&(moo, m) 2he at the Kattika $u&& moo a bhikkhu has comp&ete! the .ais .etreat, Corma)
2he a bhikkhu has kept the rais up to the Kattika $u&& mooW #tro!uctory c&ause+
<he c&ause, &ike the oe i the pre%ious ru&e, is a itro!uctory statemet+ <he usage o$ upa3assa a!
upa3uttha 2ith uposatha makes it c&ear that it is the obser%ace o$ the -posatha that is ite!e! rather tha the
raisW e+g+, " # 27A, #N 288 T 2AA+ "t L ### 78A T 7G9 the actio ou upa3sa is use!) Zuposath` upa3seF[
6(K) Z)pa3ar+aA kho punaO tremsaA krtiko paur>amso *hik+7 !ranyake Yayansane 3iharanti Q[W 0r6o6(K
p+78+ 4a) ZTrayomsn'ate krttike p7r>amseQ[W 0r6o4a 207+
kho "ana) o2W emphatic partic&esW impossib&e to tras&ate &itera&&y+
kattika"uEEama?) the Kattik $u&& mooW acc+ sg+ m+ <his is the proper $our(moth Kattik $u&& moo
markig the e! o$ the raiy seasoW see BL ## 7AH + 7+ <he 0a!abhEaa e5p&ais kattikapu>>am as
kattika!tumsin$ (c$+ Ni # 7AA) Zm an'atya pa3ra>ya Q an'atya /omudiy !tumsiniy m[ , Ni # 7HG, a!
L # 8H) Zm /omudiy !tumsiniy pu>>ya pu>>amya rattiy QZ), see BL ## 7AH + @+ Vinaya Texts # @28 + 2)
Z<he /omud$ !tumsin$ is the $u&& moo !ay i the moth /attika, 2hich is ca&&e! /aumuda i the epic 4askrit
&iteratureW the epiphet !tumsin$ re$ers to the Ne!ic Cturmsya $esti%a& that $a&&s o that !aym[ <he Komu!J
!tumsin$ is thus the same as the /attika-!tumsin$+
"ccor!ig to the Sai apastam*a-#Vhya-S7tra
356
there 2ere three !hturmsya $esti%a&s to mark the start o$ the
three seasos+ <hey 2ere ce&ebrate! at the $u&&moos o$) Ph%'una (X 0;i) Pha''una) to ce&ebrate the start o$
the hot seaso, a+Wha (X 0;i) asJh) $or the raiy seaso, a! /Vttika $or the co&! seaso+ <he /omud$
$esti%a& is metioe! i the 4maMMapha&asutta, L # 8H, a! i Staka os 7A0 T 82H+ #t 2as a ight($esti%a&
2ith processios a! other ce&ebratios+
yni kho "ana tni :3 Co2, there are those m 2hich mW aother itro!uctory c&auseW see abo%e C0 2@+
356
=uote! i Sai, 7997, p+2H7+
7GG
raNNakni) 2i&!eress, 2hich are i the 2i&!eress, $orestW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig sensanniF X raKKa (see 0r 2) n
a!Eecti%a& su$+ (ika+
sensanni) &o!gigs, be!s T seatsW om+ p&+ t+ X sayana) &yig, be!W a cotracte! $orm o$ sayanaW the $orm
sayansana a&so e5ists at 4 @@8W see 0R j 2G T 2G,7 a! 4! G krayamno+ n sana) sittig, seat+
ssaFkasammatni) 2hich are cosi!ere! risky, m T H) !agerousW a!E+ Bb cp!+ X ssaFka) risky, usa$e,
suspicious, !agerousW pre$+ sa-) 2ith n saFka) suspect, !istrust n sammata) cosi!ere!, reckoe! as, agree!
upoW p+p+ o$ sammannatiW see C0 2, 0c 27Y22, 2H, 88, 0! @ n 8+
<he 0a!abhEaa states that i this moastery a p&ace 2here robbers are stayig, etc, is see+
sa""aQibhayni) 2hich are $righteig, H) $righteig, m) riskyW a!E+ Bb cp!+ X pre$+ sa() 2ith n "aQibhaya)
!agerous, $righteig, terri$yig, $ear, !agerous+ X pre$i5 Mp_paCi) ear to n *haya) $ear+ Kike 2ith the
pre%ious term, the 0a!abhEaa is ot o$ much he&p i c&ari$yig this term+ #t states that i this p&ace peop&e
iEure!, p&u!ere!, a! beate !o2 by robbers are see+ "&though the primary meaig o$ paCi*haya is
Z$righteig,[ the preset cote5t seems to i!icate that it meas Z!agerous+[
tathr."esu) 2hich are o$ such ki!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig sensanesuF 4ee 0r 2+
sensanesu) i &o!gigsW &oc+ p&+ t+
#iharanto) !2e&&ig, &i%igW pr+p+ o$ 3iharati (3i c nhar c a) use! as a a!Eecti%e agreeig 2ith *hikkhuW see #0
p+8H+
kaFkhamno) 2ho is 2ishigW pr+p+ agreeig 2ith *hikkhuW see C0 @+
tiEEa?) o$ threeW ge+ p&+ m+ o$ umera& tayoW see "iy 7+
%4#arna?) o$ the robesW ge+ p&+ t+ Here, as the three robes o$ a bhikkhu speci$ie! !$3ara is tras&ate! as
Zrobe[ rather tha Zrobe ((c&oth)+[
aNNatara?) a certai oeW a!E+ see "iy 7+
%4#ara?) a robeW acc+ sg+ t+
antara!hare) isi!e a house, ihabite! area, H) isi!e a house, m) i a houseW &oc+ sg+ t+ (L0) i!ec&+)
Kamma!hraya cp!+ X antara) isi!eW i!ec&+ n !hara) a house, but here meaig a %i&&age+ 6aybe 2hat is
meat is a house(compou! ecompassig se%era& houses o$ !i$$eret members o$ the $ami&y a! ser%ats
a! surrou!e! by a 2a&& as is sti&& commo i #!ia a! e&se2here i "sia+
Nibh) Zm smant 'o!ara'me Q[) Zm i a $oo! %i&&age i the eighbourhoo! m+[ <he Sratthad$pni-C$k
e5p&ais it as antara'harni, thus takig it as acc+ p&+ t+ # the Nibh to 0! 7 the e5p&aatio is !i$$eret+ #t
metios !i$$eret ki!s o$ roa!s a! a house+
<here is some !ispute amog scho&ars 2hether antara'hara meas isi!e a %i&&age or a house, see Bapat, 79H0,
pp+K#N$+ a! 0ascho2 i C40 8HY89+ Bapat argues that Ni # 80) Zantara'haraA pa3iCCho pi>Wya !arati[ a!
other re$ereces sho2 that 'hara ca ot mea house here, but meas a %i&&age+ 0ascho2 takes antara'hara to
ha%e a 2i!er meaig ic&u!ig both %i&&age a! house, arguig that bhikkhus sit i a house a! ot i a
%i&&age+ 0'L 8H takes antara'hara to mea isi!e the house+ #hara meas house a! it is tras&ate!
accor!ig&y+ C$+ 0! 7, 4ekh @ $$+
nikkhi"eyya) may put asi!eW c$+ C0 @+
siy) may be, 2ou&! beW @ sg+ opt+ o$ atthiW see abo%e Ci!+
%a) a! i$W hyp+ partic&e (i this cote5t)+
tassa bhikkhuno) $or that bhikkhuW !at+ sg+ m+
ko%id1e#a) ayW X ko!id c e3a+ ko1%id) ayW om+ m+ $orm o$ kiK-!i X a Euctio $orm o$ ko-!i by 2ay o$
restoratio o$ the origia& 4kt $orm !id so as to a%oi! hiatusW see 0R j H2, 0'L 7H@ a! 4! 8 etad-a''aA+ n e#a)
EustW i!ec&+ here emphatic+
"a%%ayo) reaso, causeW om+ sg+ m+ tena %4#arena) $rom that robeW is+ sg+ t+ + #strumeta& i
!issociati%eeab&ati%e seseW see C0 2+
7GH
#i""a#sya) $or !2e&&ig apart, $or beig a2ay $romW !at+ (o$ purpose) sg+ m+ o$ 3ippa3sa, !er+ $r+ 3ippa3asatiW
see C0 2+
%hratta"arama?) $or si5 ights at the mostW see C0 7, X %ha(*)) si5, um+ " cp! $orm o$ !ha, o$ 2hich the &ast
cosoat assimi&ates 2ith the iitia& cosoat o$ ratta, 2hich gi%es !harratta, 2hich i tur is chage! to
!hratta i accor!ace 2ith the Ka2 o$ 6oraeW c$+ C0 70 !hakkhattuA, a! 0c A T 89) dirattatiratta+ n ratta)
ight n "arama?) at the most+
tena bhikkhun) by that bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
#i""a#asitabba?) ca be apartW $+p+p+ o$ 3ippa3asatiW see C0 2+
tato %e uttari?) i$ more tha thatW see C0 @+
#i""a#aseyya) shou&! be apartW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3ippa3asati+
aNNatra bhikkhusammutiy) e5cept 2ith the authorisatio o$ the (commuity o$ ) bhikkhusW see C0 2+
>5P HD3 PariEatasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu 9na? saF!hika?
HK7
lbha? "ariEata?
HKP
attano "ariEmeyya(
HKB
nissa!!iya? "%ittiya?.
Pattavaggo tati'o+
>The trainin! "re%e"t on allo%ation@
/f any bhikkhu should kno8in!ly allo%ate for himself a !ain belon!in! to >and@ allo%ated to the
%ommunity( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on bowls is third+
9na?) ko2ig&yW om+ sg+ m+ 0r+p+ o$ @nti use! as a a!%erb, or agreeig 2ith *hikkhu (Z(a&though)
ko2ig it)W see 0r 8+
saF!hika?) be&ogig to the commuityW a!E+ sa='ha n poss+ su$+ (ika+
lbha?) gaiW acc+ sg+ m+W $rom the %erb %a**hati (n%a*h c ya)+
"ariEata?) a&&ocate!, a&&otte!, !esigate!, !irecte!, m) appropriate!, H) apportioe!W p+p+ o$ pari>meti
(pari c nnam c e), see pari>mesuA i the origi story, a! 0c 87) pari>menti+ # 0'L o&y pari>mita is gi%e
as the p+p+ o$ pari>meti, pari>ata is gi%e as the p+p+ o$ pari>amati (pari c nnam c a), 2hich has a !i$$eret
sese+
attano) to himse&$W !at+ sg+ m+ o$ att) (oe() se&$+
"ariEmeyya) shou&! a&&ocateW @ sg+ opt+ o$ pari>meti+
"atta#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o bo2&s, bo2&(chapterW om+ sg+ m+ X "atta) bo2&W see C0 27 n
#a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+
tatiyo) thir!W or!ia&+
>5P %on%lusion@
6ddiQQh kho yasmanto ti?sa nissa!!iy "%ittiy dhamm.
Tatthyasmante "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Dutiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Tatiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
357
Bh0m 7, C, N, /) saA'hikaAF
358
C, L, /) (nataA+
359
L, /) (nmeyya+
7G8
ParisuddhAetthyasmanto( tasm tuEh4( e#am1eta? dhraymi.
HSD
)issaggi' pcitti' dhamm ni**hit+
81,
Venerables( the thirty %ases in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture ha#e been re%ited.
Con%ernin! this / ask the Venerables3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A se%ond time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A third time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
The Venerables are "ure in this( therefore there is silen%e( thus / kee" this >in mind@.
The cases involving e6piation with .or.eiture are .inished+
uddiQQh : niQQhit) see C0 itro+ a! Ci!+ coc&+
>&uddha"%ittiy@
HSC
/me kho "anyasmanto d#ena#uti "%ittiy dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti.
>2ere )+"iation@
Venerables( these ninety1t8o %ases in#ol#in! e+"iation %ome u" for re%itation.
suddha"%ittiy) the mere e5piatio (cases)W om+ p&+ m+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X suddhaW mereW a!E+ n p!ittiy+
" commetaria& term a&so use! i the 6(K schoo&) Yuddhap!attikaW 0r6o6(K p+79, BN 78G+ <he p!ittiyas are
suddhaI Zmere[ i the sese o$ ot i%o&%ig aythig but a co$essio, e5cept some o$ the ru&es i the &ast
chapter, i+e+, 0c 8GY92, 2hich i%o&%e cuttig, breakig, a! tearig+ <he reaso 2hy these ru&es, 2hich are
ot suddhap!ittiyas, are p&ace! i this ru&e sectio is that they are ot su$$iciet to $orm separate sectios &ike
the nissa''iya p!ittiyas+
ime kho "anyasmanto : dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti) see 4! itro+
d#ena#uti) iety(t2oW um+ X d#e) t2o n na#uti) iety+
"%ittiy) i%o&%ig e5piatioW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig dhammW see "iy 7+
>2us#da#a!!o@
363
>P% 13 2us#dasikkh"ada?@
&am"a9namus#de( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on false s"ee%h@
/n deliberate false s"ee%h( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
sam"a9namus#de) i !e&iberate $a&se speech, $a&se&y speakig, m) i (utterig) $a&se speech, H) i te&&ig
a coscious &ieW &oc+ sg+ m+ Kamma!hraya cp!+W see Ci!+ X sam"a9na) !e&iberate, $u&&y a2are, $u&&y ko2ig,
360
Lm, -0, .a, -m) dhraym$ ti+
361
X 6m 4e, .a+ ! Ce T 6i 4e) TiAsa nissa''iy p!ittiy dhamm niCChitF Bh 0m 7 T 2, -0, N) 6issa''iy p!ittiy niCChit+
Lm, -m) 6issa''iyap!ittiy niCChit+ C, /) 6issa''iy niCChit+ L (a&so /ae -!a 0m)) 6issa''iyaA niCChitaAF R)
6issa''iyap!ittiyaA niCChitaA+
362
X Lm+ -m i brackets+ 6i 4e) "3ena3uti p!ittiy dhamm+ Cothig i other e!s+
363
:&y i 6i 4e+
7G9
$u&&y comprehe!igW a!Eecti%e+ 0reset particip&e o$ sampa@nti 2ithout (antW see Ci!a+ n mus) $a&seW a!%+,
c$+ 0r 8 n #da) speech, speakig, te&&igW m+ "ctio(ou !er+ $r+ 3adati (n3ad c a)+ 4p H@G) Zm @nit3
@nantassa !a mus *ha>ane+Z
"%ittiya?) (a case) i%o&%ig e5piatioW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! dhammaW see "iy 7+
>P% C3 Omasa#dasikkh"ada?@
Omasa#de( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on abusi#e s"ee%h@
/n abusi#e s"ee%h( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
omasa#de) i isu&tig speech, m) i abusi%e speechW &oc+ sg+ m+ kamma!hraya cp!+ X omasa) abusi%e,
hurt$u&, isu&tigW a!E+ !er+ $r+ omasati (a3a cnmas c a)) touches (c$+ parmasati, 4! 2)W here i the sese o$
Ztouchig[ a perso by abusig, etc+ n #da) see abo%e+
>P% H3 PesuNNasikkh"ada?@
hikkhu"esuNNe( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on slanderin!@
/n the ba%kbitin! of a bhikkhu( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
bhikkhu"esuNNe) i the backbitig o$ a bhikkhu, m) i s&a!er o$ a bhikkhu, H) i s&a!er by bhikkhus,
backbitig, ma&iceW &oc+ sg+m+, ge+ tapp+, actio(ou !er+ $r+ pisu>a+ X bhikkhu n "esuNNa) backbitig,
s&a!er, ca&umiatio, treacheryW actio(ou+ Horer tras&ates as a is+ tapp+ cp!) Z# s&a!er by
bhikkhusm,[ but a geiti%e tappurisa is ite!e!, rather tha a istrumeta&+ NibheNi #N 7@)
Zupasampanno upasampanassa sut3 pesuKKaA upasaAharati Q Z) Zoe 2ho has bee $u&&y a!mitte! (ito the
bhikkhu(commuity) ha%ig hear! o$ oe 2ho has bee $u&&y a!mitte! pro%i!es backbitig+ Z4p H80) Zm
*hikkh7naA pesuKKe *hikkhuto sut3 *hikkhun *hikkhussa upasaAhaCapesuKKe ti attho+ Z) Zm ha%ig hear! o$ a
bhikkhu, backbitig o$ a bhikkhu is pro%i!e! by a bhikkhu+Z
>P% R3 Padasodhammasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu anu"asam"anna?
HSR
"adaso dhamma? #%eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on tea%hin! Dhamma line by line@
/f any bhikkhu should ha#e one 8ho has not been fully admitted >into the %ommunity@ re%ite the
Dhamma >line@ by line( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
anu"asam"anna?) oe 2ho has ot bee $u&&y a!mitte! (ito the bhikkhu(commuity), m) oe 2ho is ot
$u&&y a!mitte! (to the commuity), H) oe 2ho is ot or!aie!, Vinaya Texts) oe ot recei%e! ito the higher
gra!e (o$ the or!er)W acc+ sg+ t+ X eg+ partic&e an( n u"asam"anna) a!mitte!, etere! upo (the state o$ a
bhikkhu), to take upo oese&$+ p+p+ o$ upasampa@@ati (upa c saA cnpad c ya) use! as a ou or as a a!Eecti%e
to a ue5presse! pu''a%aAW see 0c GA+
<he usua& re!erig Zor!iatio[ $or the acceptace ito the 4aFgha as a smaera or bhikkhu, a&though
o$te use! by /ester Bu!!hists, is a bit iappropriate as it has has too much o$ a Christia cootatio to
co%ey the actua& meaig+
Z:r!iatio[ is the Christia cocept a! practice o$ or!aiig a priest to !o 6ass etc+ The 0xford "i!tionary
of ,or%d 5e%i'ions, e!+ Soh Bo2!er, p+H78 states) [m <he term Dor!iatioD has the bee app&ie! to the
364
N) an7pasampannaAF
7H0
$orma& a! ritua& a!missio proce!ures i other re&igios, especia&&y o$ the a!missio o$ 2ome a! me to
the Bu!!hist saFgha, 2hereby they become us (bhik>uJ) a! moks (bhik>u)+ 4uch terms are ie%itab&e i
tras&atio, but they are mis&ea!ig i$ they obscure !i$$ereces (( e+g+ Bu!!hist Dor!iatioD is ot ecessari&y
$or &i$e+[
"adaso) &ie by &ieW a!%+ X "ada) setece, &ie n ab&+ !istributi%e su$+ (so+ 4ee 0a!abhEaa) Zm r7paA
ani!!an-ti Q[
dhamma?) the Lhamma, a Lhamma(teachigW acc+ sg+ m+
#%eyya) shou&! ha%e recite, repeat, speakW or) shou&! istruct, teach (to a ua!mitte! oe), m) shou&!
rehearse together 2ith, H) shou&! make speak, Corma) make reciteW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3!eti (n3a! c e) takig t2o
patiets i the accusati%e+ "ccor!ig to /iEesekera it is a Z$a!e! causati%e[W see 4yta5 j A8! iii T #0 p+80+
4ice 3!eyya a&so takes !ati%es, as i " ### 7HH ,uote! be&o2, it seems more appropriate to take it to mea
Zteaches+[ Nibh 0a!abhEaa) Zpadena 3!eti+[ # 0c H deseyya is use! istea! o$ 3!eyya a! Nibh gi%es the
same e5p&aatio $or the t2o 2or!s+
4ee " ### 7HHY80) Zm yathsutaA yathpariyattaA dhammaA 3itthrena paresaA desenti Q paresaA 3!enti Q[) Zm
they teach the Lhamma as they ha%e hear!, as they ha%e mastere!, i $u&& e5tet to others+ <hey recite m+Z
<eachig i #!ia 2as, a! sti&& is, !oe by ha%ig the pupi&s memorise e%erythig by heart through
repetitio+ V!eti is a&so use! $or brahmis teachig matras to pupi&s at 4 7020, 4 p+70A, L ## 288, 778, 4 #
2@9+ C$+ BhJ 0c A0) Zm tira!!hna3i@@aA 3!eyya Q [) Zm shou&! make (someoe e&se) recite aima&(ko2&e!ge
(X 2or&!&y ko2&e!ge)m+[
0ossib&e reasos $or this ru&e are gi%e by <haissaro Bhikkhu i his !iscussio o$ this ru&e i B6C #+
>P% K3 PaQhamasahaseyyasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu anu"asam"annena
HSK
uttari? dirattatiratta?
HSS
saha seyya?
HS7
ka""eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The first trainin! "re%e"t on (usin! a) slee"in! "la%e to!ether 8ith@
/f any bhikkhu should make use of a slee"in! "la%e for more than t8o ni!hts or three ni!hts to!ether 8ith
one 8ho has not been fully admitted >into the bhikkhu1%ommunity@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
anu"asam"annena) 2ith oe 2ho has ot bee $u&&y a!mitte! (ito the bhikkhu(commuity)W is+ sg+ m+ see
0c 8+
uttari?) more thaW a!%erb+ C$+ C0 @, 0c H, a! H@+
dirattatiratta?) $or t2o or three ightsW acc+ sg+ t+ or m+ X "cc+ o$ '5tet i <ime or a!%+ i acc+ sg+ t+W see
4yta5 j 88b+ " !isEucti%e !%a!a cp! compose! o$ 2 !igu cp!sW c$+ 0c 89+ diratta) t2o ightsW !igu cp!+ X
di1) t2o, um+ Cotracte! compou! $orm o$ d3i- as i diyaWWha- at 0c AH+ n ratta) ightW t+ n ti) threeW um+
n ratta) ight+
saha seyya? ka""eyya) shou&! make use o$ a s&eepig p&ace together, &ie !o2 together, m) sprea! out a
be!, H) &ie !o2 i a s&eepig p&ace, Corma) make his be!W acc+ sg+ $+ Nibh) Zm nipa@@ati+[) Z&ie !o2+[ # the
origi(story Ne+ .hu&a uses the toi&et as a seyy+ 4ee "iy 7) nisa@@aA kappeyya, 2here there are a&so t2o
sha!es o$ meaig+ 4p H8A) Zm kyapasra>asa=khtaA sayanaA pi 3u!!ati yasmiA sensane sayanti taA piF[ C$+ L
# 7GH) Zm ka>CakaseyyaA kappeti[) Zhe uses a thorbe!,[ a! the origi(story to 0c G 2here a ake! 2oma
&ies !o2 o the be!, seyyaA kappeti, i a &ast attempt to se!uce Ne+ "uru!!ha+ <h @GH) ZSantharit3na
sa='htiA seyyaA kappesi #otamoF[
saha) together, 2ith, accompaie! byW i!ec&+ takig is+ o$ accompaimetW see 4yta5 j G8+ Saha here is ot a
pre$i5 $i5e! to seyyaA, but a i!ec&iab&e takig a istrumeta&, anupasampannena, 2hich ee!s to be
separate! $rom seyyaAW c$+ 0c G9, 4 89 T 928+
365
N) an7pasampannenaF
366
6i T 6m 4e,Nibh 'e) d3i(+ Lm, -m, -0, 6i T 6m 4e, Nibh 'e) uttaridirattatirattaA+
367
6i 4e, Bh 0m 7 T 2) saha seyyaA+ :ther prite! e!itios (Nibh 'e, Nibh Ce, -0, 6m 4e)) sahaseyyaA+
7H7
seyya?) be!, couch, be!!igW acc+ sg+ $+ Ler+ $r+ sayati (nsi c a)) &ies !o2+ Nibh) ZSeyy nma sa**a!!hann
sa**apari!!hann ye*huyyena !hann Q pari!!hann,[) Za seyy is a&& co%ere!, a&& co%ere! o%er, most&y co%ere!,
most&y co%ere! o%er+ [ 4ee Nibh to 0c 7A ZseyyaA santharit3[ metioig a mattress, carpet, mat, etc+ <h @GH)
ZSantharit3na sa='htiA seyyaA kappesi #otamoF[) ZHa%ig sprea! the outer robe, Rotama use! it as a
s&eepig(p&ace+[
#t appears that seyyaA kappeyya is a %erba& compou!, $or e%e though i cases 2here the %erb is p&ura&
seyyaA remais sigu&arW e+g+, i the origi(story to 0cittiya A (Ni #N 7A) is seyyaA kappenti+ C$+ aCChikat3 a!
manasikarosi i 0c H@+ :ther2ise, seyyaA is use! a!%erbia&&y+
ka""eyya) shou&! make use o$W @ sg+ opt+ o$ kappatiW see "iy 7+
>P% S3 Dutiyasahaseyyasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu mtu!mena saha seyya?
HSP
ka""eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The se%ond trainin! "re%e"t on (usin! a) slee"in! "la%e to!ether 8ith@
/f any bhikkhu should make use of a slee"in! "la%e to!ether 8ith a 8oman( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation.
mtu!mena) 2ith a 2omaW is+ sg+ m+W see 4! 2, "iy 7+
>P% 73 Dhammadesansikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu mtu!massa uttari? %ha""aN%a#%hi
HSB
dhamma? deseyya( aNNatra #iNNun
"urisa#i!!ahena( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on tea%hin! Dhamma@
/f any bhikkhu should tea%h the Dhamma to a 8oman by >means of@ more than fi#e or si+ senten%es(
e+%e"t >8hen bein! to!ether@ 8ith a dis%ernin! male human bein!( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
mtu!massa) to a 2omaW !at+ sg+ m+ see 4! @+
uttari?) more thaW a!%erbW see 0r 8+
%ha""aN%a#%hi) by 1meas o$3 more tha $i%e or si5 setecesW is+ p&+ $+ X #s+ o$ meas, here !eotig the
o$ me!ium through 2hich oe commuicatesW see 4yta5 j GG,c+ C$+ 6 # H) Z#thhi a@@h*hsiA+[
" !igu cp!+ cotaiig a !isEucti%e !%a!a !happaK!a, o$ 2hich the umera&s are i%erte! $or euphoy
because orma&&y paK!a 2i&& come $irst+ n %ha(*)3 si5W umera& o$ 2hich the &ast cosoat is assimi&ate! to the
iitia& cosoat o$ paK!a 2hich is there$ore !oub&e!W see 0R j GH+ C$+ !hrattaA i 4! coc&+ n "aN%a) $i%eW
um+ n #%) setece, 2or!, sayig, speechW Nibh) Zm padena deseti Q+[ <he %+&+ uttari!happaK!a3!hi is a
Kamma!hraya cp!+ cotaiig a !igu cp!+
dhamma?) the Lhamma, a Lhamma(teachigW acc+ sg+ m+ 4ee 0c 8+ C$+ Ni #N 27)[ Anu@nmi Q
mtu'massa !happaKa3!hi dhammaA desetuA+Z) Z# a&&o2 m to teach a Lhamma(teachig by meas o$ $i%e or
si5 seteces+[
deseyya) shou&! teachW @ sg+ opt+ o$ deseti (ndis c a)+
aNNatra) e5ceptW i!ec&+ prep+ takig is+W see 0r 8+
#iNNun) !iscerig, ite&&iget, ko2&e!geab&eW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig purisa3i''ahena, !er+ $r+ 3i@nti (3i c nK c
>)) ko2s, !iscers+
"urisa#i!!ahena) 2ith a ma&e huma beigW is+ sg+ m+ or t+ X #s+ o$ accompaimetW see C0 2, 0c 28+ Re+
tapp+ cp!+ X "urisa) ma&e perso n #i!!aha) huma beig, persoW see 0r @+
368
# R the correctio saddhiA has bee iserte! be$ore sahaseyyaA+
369
Lm, -m, -0, 6i T 6m 4e, Nibh 'e) uttari!happaK!a3!hi+ C$ 0c A+
7H2
>P% P3 h.tro%anasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu anu"asam"annassa uttarimanussadhamma? ro%eyya bh.tasmi?( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on fa%tual announ%in!@
/f any bhikkhu should de%lare a su"erhuman state to one 8ho has not been fully admitted >into the
bhikkhu1%ommunity@( >e#en@ 8hen it is a fa%t( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
anu"asam"annassa) to oe 2ho has ot bee $u&&y a!mitte! (ito the bhikkhu(commuity)W !at+ sg+ m+
uttarimanussadhamma?) a superhuma stateW acc+ sg+ m+ 4ee 0r 8+
ro%eyya) shou&! !ec&are, aouce, i$orm, re&ateW @ sg+ opt+ o$ ro!eti ( c nro! c e)+ <his %erb takes the !ati%e
o$ the perso i$orme!, anupasampanassa: see #0 p+G8 T 4yta5 j 9@r!+
Z4hou&! i$orm[ 2ou&! $it best here, but it takes a accusati%e i 'g&ish, so i or!er to preser%e the 0;i
syta5 Dshou&! !ec&are] is use!+ C$+ 0r 8 2here samud!areyya has bee use! istea!+
bh.tasmi?) 2he it is a $actW &oc+ sg+ m+ abso&ute, p+p+ o$ *ha3ati (n*h7 c a)) &it+ 2hat has become, use! as a
ou+ 0robab&y a &ocati%e abso&ute 2ith the subEect (tasmiA) ue5presse!W see 4yta5 j 78G a! *huttasmiA at
0c @G+
>P% B3 DuQQhullro%anasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhussa duQQhulla? "atti? anu"asam"annassa
H7D
ro%eyya( aNNatra
bhikkhusammutiy(
H71
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the announ%in! of de"ra#ed (offen%es)@
/f any bhikkhu should de%lare the de"ra#ed offen%e of >another@ bhikkhu to one 8ho has not been fully
admitted >into the bhikkhu1%ommunity@( e+%e"t 8ith the authorisation of bhikkhus( >this is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation.
bhikkhussa) o$ a bhikkhuW ge+ sg+ m+
duQQhulla?) !epra%e!, 2icke!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig pattiAW see 4! @+
"atti?) o$$eceW acc+ sg+ m+W see abo%e Ci!+
anu"asam"annassa ro%eyya) shou&! !ec&are to oe 2ho has ot bee $u&&y a!mitte!W see 0c 8+
aNNatra bhikkhusammutiy) e5cept 2ith the authorisatio o$ (the commuity o$) bhikkhusW see C0 2+
>P% 1D3 PaQha#4khaEanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu "aQha#i?
H7C
khaEeyya # khaE"eyya #( "%ittiya?.
Musvdavaggo
8=8
pa*hamo+
8=-
>The trainin! "re%e"t on di!!in! earth@
/f any bhikkhu should di! the earth or should ha#e it du!( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on .alse speech is .irst+
"aQha#i?) earthW acc+ sg+ $+
370
N) an7pasampannassaF (Co &og ? i 0c 8+)
371
6i T 6m 4e, Bh0m 7 %+&+) sammatiy+
372
Lm, N) patha3iA+
373
6m 4e) mus3d3a''aF (0robab&y a misprit or a corruptio as iitia& members o$ compou!s orma&&y areDt i$&ecte!+)
374
N) pathamoF
7H@
khaEeyya) !igW shou&! !igW @ sg+ opt+ o$ kha>ati (nkha> c a)+ #) orW !isE+ partic&e+
khaE"eyya) shou&! make (someoe e&se) !igW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ kha>ati+
mus#da#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o $a&se speech, $a&se(speech(sectioW om+ sg+ m+
"ppositi%e kamma!hraya cp!+X mus#da) $a&se speech see 0c 7+ n #a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+
"aQhamo) $irstW or!ia&+
>h.ta!ma#a!!o
375
@
>P% 113 h.ta!masikkh"ada?@
h.ta!ma"tabyatya
H7S
( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on #e!etation@
/n the destroyin! of #e!etation( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
bh.ta!ma"tabyatya) i the !estroyig o$ %egetatioW &oc+ sg+ $+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ cotaiig aother ge+
tapp+ cp!+
C$+ 6 ### @8, 4 N 8GH) Z*$@a'ma*h7ta'masamram*h[) Z!estructio o$ see!(ki! a! beig(ki!,[ a! 4 N 8G)
Z*$@a'ma*h7ta'm 3uWWhiA Q [
6(K ru&e 77) *$@a'rma*h7ta'rmaptpanake: 0r6o6(K p+20, BN 788+ 4a) ZB$@a'rma*h7ta'rmaptant Q[W
0r6o4a p+20G+
W bh.ta!ma) %egetatio, beig(ki!W Re+ tapp+ cp!+ #t is !oes ot mea Zhabitatio o$ a beig+[ Bh7ta'ma
is mistake&y re!ere! i the Chiese tras&atios as Z%i&&age o$ the ghost[ or Z%i&&age o$ &i%ig beigs[W see
C40 72H+ W bh.ta) 2hat has become, a beigW see abo%e 0c 9, usua&&y a &o2er c&ass o$ de3at i+e+, tree(spirits
etc+, see origi(story, but the use together 2ith *$@a'ma, see be&o2, sho2s that probab&y *h7ta i the more
geera& sese o$ Z2hat has become[ is ite!e!+ 4p HG7) Zm @t 3aWWhit ! ti attho+[) Zm) bor a! gro2 is
the meaig+[ n 1!ma) (ki!W postpositio, i same sese as i mtu'ma, 4! 2, rather tha i the sese o$
%i&&age o$ 0r 2+ 4p HG7) Z#mo ti rsi, *h7tnaA 'mo ti *h7ta'mo, *h7t e3a 3 'moF
PatiCChitaharitati>arukkhnaA etaA adhi3a!anaA+[) Z" 'ma is a heape,uatityeco&&ectio, ]a co&&ectio o$
beigsD is a beig(co&&ectio, or Eust a beigs(co&&ectio+ <his is a !esigatio o$ estab&ishe! greeery, grass,
a! trees+[
"tabyat) !estroyig, $e&&ig, brigig to $a&&, brigig !o2W actio(ou !er+ $r+ pteti (npat c e)) $e&&s, ki&&s
(c$+ p>tipta, the !estructio o$ &i%ig beigs, i the $irst precept) n abstract termiatio (*ya n abstr+ su$+ -t+
Cot gi%e i 0'L+ (<he pre(0;i 4akrit cosoat combiatio (3y( has usua&&y bee chage! to (**( %ia (33(
i 0;i, but sometimes_&ike i the Ce %ariat rea!ig abo%e_it has bee retaie! or re(itro!uce!W see 0R j
A8,G+ C$+ saha3yaLsaha*yaMt_ at L # 2@A, 28A, " # 2GH a! dsa3yaLdsa*ya 6 # 2HA+)
4p HG7) Zm pta*yassa *h3o pta*yat, !hedana*hedand$hi yathru!iA pari*huK@ita**at ti attho+[) Zm) the state,
*h3a, o$ !estroyig, pta*yassa, is pta*yatW by meas o$ cuttig a! !estroyig etc the state o$ usig
accor!ig to oeDs &ikig is the meaig+[
# 2idd%e 1en'th "is!ourses of the Buddha (amo&i a! Bo!hi, 799A) [te kmesu pta*yataA pa@@anti[ has bee
tras&ate! as) [they take to gu&pig !o2 sesua& p&easures,[ but Z]gu&pig !o2[ is probab&y ot the right
tras&atio o$ the ou [pta*yata+[
<he 2or! is $ou! i !i$$eret cote5ts a! the commetaries gi%e basica&&y three !i$$eret iterpretatios o$
the 2or!+ <o &ist)
7) 6(a ## @H7 to 6 # @0A (X abo%e)) [QI te 3atthukmesu ki%esakmena pta*yataA pi3ita**ataA yathru!iA
pari*huK@ita**ataA pa@@ant$ ti atthoF[
375
:&y i 6i 4e+
376
Nibh Ce, C, /, .a) (pta3yatya+
7H8
"(a ## @G8 to " # 2GH) [Pta3yatan-tiI pi3ita**ataA pari*huK@ita**ataA nirsa=kena !ittena pipsitassa pn$ya-pi3ana-
sdisaA pari*huK@ita**ataA+[
Ni #N 0cittiya 77) [*h7ta'ma-pta*yaty+[ 4p HG7) [m) pta*yassa *h3o pta*yat, !hedana-*hedand$hi
yathru!iA pari*huK@ita**at ti attho+[
2) L ### 89) [Asaddhamme ati3e%aA pta*yataA pa@@iAsu+[ L(a) [Pta*yatan-ti se3ita**ataA+[
@) Ni ### 82) [P>esu pta*yataA pa@@i+[ 4p 288) [m p>e pta**e 'haAsita**e e3aA maKK$ ti+[
<o summarise the iterpretatios) 7) pi3ita**ataLpta**ata) to be !ruk, 2) se3ita**ata) to be use!, @) 'haAsita**a)
to be crushe!e!estroye!+
"&& three are $uture passi%e particip&es a! the commetator u!erstoo! the -*yaL-3ya e!ig to be a $orm o$ -
**a, i+e+, the 0;i $orm o$ the 4askrit $+p+p+ e!ig -ta3ya+ Ho2e%er, it more &ike&y is a abstract e!ig &ike i
dsa3ya a! saha3ya+ C$+ "(a ## @G9 to " # 2GH) saha3yat) [saha*h3a+[ 6(a ## @78) [dsa3y ti dsa*h3a+[
<he (t e!ig a$ter (*ya o&y occurs i the accusati%e (6 # @0A) pta*yataA, a! " # 2GH T 6 ### 99) saha3yataA)
a! &ocati%e e!igs (0cittiya 77) pta*yatya)+ #t is $ou! 2ithout the (t at L # H@) dsa3yaA a! L # 28A)
saha3y7pa'a+ 6aybe the (*yaL-3ya abstract termiatio 2as misu!erstoo! to be a $+p+p+ ear&y o !ue to
co$usio 2ith the 4askrit $+p+p+ e!ig -ta3ya, a! the (t 2as a!!e! to make it abstract+ <here are e5amp&es
o$ a $+p+p+ use! as a abstract ou i 0;i such as *ha**at a! a&so $+p+p+ ous &ike peyya, ki!!a, 'eyya etc+
Ho2e%er, the ous saha3yaMt_ a! dsa3yaMt_ are ot base! o %erba& roots a! caDt be $uture passi%es+ #
Lhp @@2 the !oub&e abstract ous matteyyat a! petteyyat are $ou! (mtV3yat a! pitV3yat i -!a%arga
@0+27)+ "other !oub&e abstract ou is pramit, 2here pram$ is a abstract ou $rom paramaW see CormaDs
ote o Lhp @@2 i Corma, 2000++
<he commetaries !eri%e pta $rom the roots cp) !riks a! cpatLpt Zmakes $a&&,[ Z!estroys+[
#t cou&! be possib&e that it has a !oub&e meaig (i+e+, a 2or!(p&ay), but the !eri%atio $rom the root cp
seems rather $ar sought a! uatura&, 2hi&e the !eri%atio $rom pteti seems atura&+ #t 2ou&! seem strage
that the i!iom pta*yat cou&! ha%e !i$$eret meaigs i !i$$eret cote5ts, so # pre$er the tras&atio) [they
come to rui 1by i!u&gig3 i sese(p&easures+[
<he setece [asaddhamme ati3e%aA pta*yataA pa@@iAsu[ at L ### 89 2ith the a!%erb ati3e%aA ,ua&i$yig
pa@@iAsu, is to be re!ere! accor!ig&y) [they e5cee!ig&y came to rui 2ith regar!s the utrue Lhamma+[
>P% 1C3 ANNa#dakasikkh"ada?@
ANNa#dake #ihesake( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on e#adin!@
/n e#adin!( in #e+in!( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
aNNa#dake) i e%a!ig, &it+ Zi speakig !i$$eret,[ i ta&kig about somethig e&se, m) i pre%aricatio, H)
i e%asioW &oc+ sg+ m+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X aNNa) other, !i$$eretW a!E+ n #daka) speakerW X c3ad
(stregthee!) n actio(ou su$+ (a X a!Eecti%a& su$$i5 (ka+
C$+ 0r @) satthahraka, 4! 77) anu3attak 3a''a3dak, 4! 7@) k7%ad7sako, 0c 72) aKKa3dake, 3ihesake, 7@)
u@@hpanake, khiyyanake, H2 (3i3a>>anake, H@) mohanake, 8G) *hedanakaA, 8H, 89Y92) !hedanakaA, 88) udd%anakaAF
Corma i <0 5&iiY5&iii assumes that the (aka $orms i the 0timokkha re$er to the !oers a! ot to the actios
_i+e+, they are aget(ous+ He poits out that the Kkh commetary is ot cosistet i its iterpretatio o$
the (aka e!igs+ <he (aka e!igs i this ru&e are e5p&aie! by the Kkh as re$errig to the aget, 2hi&e the
2or!s 2ith (aka e!igs o$ the e5t ru&e, 0c 7@, are e5p&aie! as re$errig to the actio+
<he !i$$icu&ty 2ith the assumptio o$ Corma is that there is o uambiguous e5amp&e o$ aget(ous i this
positio+ : the other ha! there are uambiguous e5amp&es o$ actio(ous such as Zsampa@na-mus3de[
(0c 7) a! Z'a>a*ho@ane[ (0c @2) etc+
Further, i the BhikkhuJ(ptimokkha, 2here this ru&e a! the e5t are a&so $ou! as BhJ(0c 708 a! 709, the
7HA
correspo!ig 2or!s are sti&& i the mascu&ie ge!er rather tha the $emiie, 2hich 2ou&! be e5pecte! i$
the 2or!s 2ere aget(ous+ (For e5amp&e, krik is the $emiie $orm o$ the aget(ou kraka) Zoe 2ho
!oes[ (see L0)F
'!gerto, BH4RL #, j 22,@8, otes that the (ka su$$i5 o$te a!!s to the primary 2or! a sese o$ i!i%i!ua&
speci$icityW somethig &ike Zthe oe 2ho is[ a! this cou&! a&so be the case here+
#t cou&! a&so be that these 2or!s are actio(ous 2ith the Zorigia& meaig[ or Zp&eoastic[ (]ka-s3rtha8_
su$$i5 (ka that is e5pressig the iheret or origia& meaig o$ the primary 2or! to 2hich -ka 2as a!!e!+ #t
!oes ot chage the meaig a! mere&y co%erts the ou ito a a!Eecti%eW see #0 p+78H+ "ccor!ig to
'!gerto this s3rtha usage o$ (ka is commo i 4askrit, 0;i, a! 0rkritW see BH4RL # j 22+2@+ C$+ the
a!!itio o$ the (ka su$$i5 be$ore the amu& abso&uti%e e!ig (aAW see BH4RL # j @A+A a! C0 2@
sannidhikrakaAF
# or!er to co%ey both the actio a! aget sese o$ the (ka su$$i5 the re!erig Zthe oe 2ho is (ig[ ca be
use!+
#t appears that 2he there is &ocati%e n p!ittiyaA the &ocati%e is i!iomatica&&y a actio(ou i 0;i+ <he
same app&ies to the omiati%e n p!ittiyaA (e+g+ Z*hedanakaA p!ittiyaA[ at 0c 8G)+
0a!abhEaa) Zm sa='hama@@he pattiy 3 anuyuK@iyamno taA na kathetukmo m aKKena aKKaA paCi!arati Q[)
Zm he e%a!es oe (thig) by speakig about aother m[ Kkh 7A8) ZAKKaA 3adat$ ti aKKa3dakoF[) Z]He speaks
other2ise] (thus) he is) oe 2ho is e%a!ig+[ C$+ BL ## 2@0 + 8+
#ihesake) i %e5ig, i aoyig (by remaiig si&et 2he ,uestioe!), troub&ig, m) he!gig, H) i
%e5igW &oc+ sg+ m+ C$+ BhJ 4! 72 (Ni #N 2@9$)) ZBhikkhuniyo m *hikkhun$sa='hassa 3ihesik Q[) [m us m 2ho
are oes %e5ig the or!er o$ usm+[ X 3ehesa) actio(ou !er+ $r+ 3iheseti (3i c nhis c e)) %e5es, aoys,
harasses, bothers (!eomiati%e o$ 3ihesL3ihiAs, c$+ 0c H2) n a!Eecti%a& su$+ -ka+ 0a!abhEaa) Zm tu=h$*h7to
sa='haA 3iheseti, eso 3ihesako nma+[) Zm beig si&et he %e5es the commuity, this oe is oe 2ho is $e5ig+[
Kkh 7A8) ZViheset$ ti 3ihesako+[) Z]He %e5es^ (thus) he is ca&&e! oe 2ho %e5es+[
>P% 1H3 699h"anakasikkh"ada?@
699h"anake khiyyanake(
H77
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on makin! (a bhikkhu) find fault@
/n makin! >another bhikkhu@ find fault( in %riti%isin!( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
u99h"anake) i makig (someoe e&se) $i! $au&t, m) i !isparagig, H) i makig (someoe e&se) &ook
!o2 upoW &oc+ sg+ m+ X the actio(ou u@@hpana, $rom u@@hpeti the causati%e o$ u@@hyati (ud c n@h c ya))
$i!s $au&t+ <he poit is that he causes other bhikkhus to $i! $au&t as is i!icate! by the origi(story i the
Nibh+ (C$+ BL ## 2 + @ T 2@A + A, a! 4ekh @8) u@@hnasaKK$+) n a!Eecti%a& su$$i5 (ka (see 0c 72)+
Kkh 7AA takes u@@hpanaka a! 3ihesaka to be actio(ous (4ee 0c 72) aKKa3dake+)) ZTaA 3a!anaA
u@@hpanakaAF Gena !a tath`e3a 3adant kh$yanti sa**atha tassa a3a>>aA kathenti Mk 4p 29G, see BL ## + 8)
paksenti, taA khiyyanakaAF TasmiA u@@hpanake khiyyanake p!ittiyaAF[) Z<hat speech is $au&t($i!ig+ <hrough
2hate%er 2ay they criticise they speak (a!) sho2 !ispraise o$ him e%ery2hereW that is criticisig+ For him i
$au&t$i!ig (a!) criticisig, (a case) i%o&%ig e5piatio+[
6(K ru&e 7@) Zodhypana-k+$yanake p!attikaAF[W 0r6o6(K p+20, BN 788+
khiyyanake) H) i criticisig, comp&aiig, m) i !ecryigW &oc+ sg+ m+ X khiyyana $rom kh$yati (nkh$ c ya)+ C$+
khiyyanadhamma, 0c H9, 87+
n a!Eecti%a& su$$i5 (kaW see 0c 72) aKKa3dake+ 4ee BL ## 2 + 8, 2@G + 2+
/hiyyanakeekh$yanake) :rigi(story) Be) khiyyantiW Ce Nibh, Nibh 'e) kh$yanti+ 6(K) k+$yanakeW 0r6o6(K p+20,
BN 788+ 6?) k+ipana: 0r6o6? p+@@+ 4a) a3adhynak+$pa>t (c$+ B6L + 2H a! 8G)+
377
Bh 0m 7 T 2, Lm, -0, 6i T 6m 4e, N) khiyyanakeF C, L, R, /, -m, Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e, .a, 0g) kh$yanake+
7HG
<he root is nkh$ a! it be&ogs to the thir! coEugatio so kh$yanaka is probab&y the correct $orm+ /hiyyanaka is
a a&terati%e a! grammatica&&y correct $orm i 2hich the ($ o$ the root ckh$ is assimi&ate! to y, a! the $ is
2eakee! a! y !oub&e!+ Forms &ike this are $air&y commo i 0;i, e+g+ m$yatiLmiyyati, *h$yoL*hiyyo+
>P% 1R3 PaQhamasensanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu saF!hika?
H7P
maN%a? # "4Qha?
H7B
# bhisi? # ko%%ha? # a99hokse santharit#
HPD
#
santhar"et#
HP1
#( ta? "akkamanto ne#a uddhareyya na uddhar"eyya
HPC
( an"u%%ha?
HPH
# !a%%heyya(
"%ittiya?.
>The first trainin! "re%e"t on slee"in! "la%es@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! >himself@ "ut out or after ha#in! >someone else@ "ut out in the o"en air( a bed or
seat or mattress or stool belon!in! to the %ommunity( >and@ then( 8hen de"artin!( should not take >it@
a8ay or should not ha#e >it@ taken a8ay or should !o 8ithout askin! >someone to "ut it ba%k@( >this is a
%ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
saF!hika?) 2hich is be&ogig to the commuityW a!E+W see C0 @0+
maN%a?) be!, a p&at$orm $or &yig !o2 upoW acc+ sg+ m+ <his a! the e5t are pieces o$ $uriture to sit a!
&ie !o2 oW see Ni ## 788Y7A0 a! 0c 8H+
"4Qha?) seat, bech, stoo&, chairW acc+ sg+ t+ #) orW !isE+ partic&e+
bhisi?) mattress, cushio, bo&ster, !oor(matW acc+ sg+ $+ see BL ## 8H + 7, a! Ni ## 7A0+
ko%%ha?) stoo&W acc+ sg+ t+ <here is o mo!er /ester e,ui%a&et o$ this stoo&+ <he <hai $orest(bhikkhus^
bo2&(sta!, ma!e o$ bamboo, is a miiature %ersio o$ it+ 4ee BL ## 280 + 70+ For a !ra2ig see ! 7A@+
a99hokse) i the ope airW &oc+ sg+ m+ X a99ha) iW the pa&ata&ise! Euctio $orm o$ pre$i5 adhi( be$ore a %o2e&, X
adhya i 4kt, see 0R j AA n oksa) sky, air+
santharit#) ha%ig put out, sprea!, stre2W a&though Zsprea![ is the &itera& meaig it !oes ot $it 2e&& 2ith
$uriture i 'g&ishW abs+ o$ santharatiW see C0 77+
santhar"et#) ha%ig (someoe e&se) put outW causati%e o$ the abo%e+
ta?) theW a!%+ X a!%erbia& use o$ the acc+ sg+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_W see #0 p+HA+ #t ca ot a simp&e !em+ pro+
meaig Zthat (p&ace),[ i+e+, Z&ea%ig that (p&ace),[ sice the it 2ou&! ee! to be a ab&ati%e $orm) tamh+ "
accusati%e 2ith pakkamati sigi$ies the !irectio i 2hich oe mo%es+
"akkamanto) !epartig, &ea%igW pr+p+ o$ pakkamatiW see 4! 7@+
nAe#a : na :3 eitherm ormW X na) otW eg+ partic&e+ n e#a) emph+ partic&e+
uddhareyya) shou&! take a2ay, remo%eW @ sg+ opt+ o$ uddharati (ud c nhar c a)+ (d c h [ ddhW see #0 p+27H)
uddhar"eyya) shou&! make (someoe e&se) take (it) a2ayW causati%e o$ the abo%e+
an"u%%ha?) 2ithout askig, 2ithout askig &ea%eepermissio, 2ithout i$ormig, m) 2ithout
aoucig the $act, H) 2ithout askig ($or permissio)W a pr+p+ that has bee ma!e egati%e by a!!ig the
egati%e pre$i5 an-W

see #0 p+98+ X an() ot, o(W eg+ pre$i5 n "u%%ha?) preset particip&e o$ pu!!hati ( c
npu!!h c a)+ #t is ot c&ear 2hy here anpu!!haA is use! a! ot anpu!!h as i 0c 8G a! 8AW maybe because
here a a!%erbia& sese is re,uire!+
#$ pu!!haA, &ike pu!!h, is a abso&uti%e o$ pu!!hati, the it 2ou&! probab&y be a so(ca&&e! amu& abso&uti%e
(see C0 2@ sanniddhikrakaA) actig as a a!%erb o$ maer+
378
Bh0m 7, C, N, /) saA'hikaAF
379
N) pithaA+
380
N) sa>thar(
381
N) sa>thar(
382
L) n8uddharpeyya+
383
.a, 0g, 4aw) anpu!!h+ "&so i the 7987 iri Ka;yi Uogframa 4am>Ih%a Bhikkhuptimokkhap;i e!itio+
7HH
Ho2e%er, because i the prece!ig part o$ this c&ause there is a preset particip&e_pakkamanto_it seems
&ike&y that pu!!haA is a&so a preset particip&e i Yant, e+g+, &ike 'a!!haA (see #0 p+7G9)+
<he poit i this ru&e is ot to &ea%e the commua& $uriture i the ope 2ithout ha%ig aske! someoe_a
resposib&e bhikkhu, o%ice, or moastery(atte!at_to take care o$ it+ C$+ Ni ## 277) Zm sensannaA
anpu!!h pakkamanti m[) Zthey !epart ot ha%ig aske! (permissio to) as to the &o!gigs,[ i+e+, 2ithout
ha%ig aske! someoe to take care o$ itW see BL ## 2@8 + 8+ 4ee a&so the o(o$$ece c&ause 2here it is
metioe! that there is o o$$ece i$ oe goes ha%ig aske! (but e%erthe&ess it is ot take a2ay !ue to some
obstac&e, see 4p HHG)+ "t Ni #N 2@2, a! @7G anapa%oket3_ot ha%ig obtaie! permissio, gi%e otice_is
commete! upo by the Nibh as anpu!!hF "t Ni #N @@A ananuKKta_ot ha%ig permissioe coset_has
bee commete! upo i the same 2ay+ C$+ Ni #N 229, 2H7, 282, 290, @0G, @8@+ 4ee a&so 0c 8G T 8A) Zm
santaA *hikkhuA anpu!!h m[
ZHa%ig aske! &ea%eepermissio[ seems a bit u$ittig i the preset ru&e a! at Ni ## 277+ ZHa%ig
i$orme![ or Zha%ig gi%e otice[ seems better+
6(K ru&e 7A) anmantrayit3W BN 788+ 6? ru&e 7A) *hik+hum-ana3a%okyanyatraW Ba @@+ <he 4a ru&e (0r6o4a
p+20H) o&y gi%es the part correspo!ig to the $irst part o$ the c&ause+
!a%%heyya) shou&! goW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 'a!!hati (n'am c a)+
>P% 1K3 Dutiyasensanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu saF!hike #ihre seyya? santharit#
HPR
# santhar"et#
HPK
#( ta? "akkamanto ne#a
uddhareyya na uddhar"eyya(
386
an"u%%ha?
387
# !a%%heyya( "%ittiya?.
>The se%ond trainin! "re%e"t on slee"in! "la%es@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! >himself@ "ut out or ha#in! >someone else@ "ut out( beddin! in a d8ellin!
belon!in! to the %ommunity( >and@ then( 8hen de"artin!( should not take >it@ a8ay or should not ha#e >it@
taken a8ay( or should !o 8ithout askin! >someone to "ut it ba%k@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
saF!hike) commua&W a!E+ see C0 @0+
#ihre) !2e&&igW &oc+ sg+ m+ see 4! H+
seyya?) be!!igW acc+ sg+ $+W see 0c A+ <he Nibh+ metios a mattress, carpet, mat, etc+, that is, aythig to
s&eep o, e5ceptig the be! itse&$+
>P% 1S3 Anu"akha99asikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu saF!hike
HPP
#ihre 9na? "ubbu"a!ata?
HPB
bhikkhu? anu"akha99a
HBD
seyya? ka""eyya3
TOassa sambdho bha#issati( so "akkamissat4 tiU( etad1e#a "a%%aya? karit# anaNNa?( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on en%roa%hin! u"on@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! en%roa%hed u"on a bhikkhu 8ho has arri#ed before( should kno8in!ly use a
slee"in! "la%e in a d8ellin! belon!in! to the %ommunity >sayin!@3 T=e for 8hom it is >too@ %ram"ed( 8ill
lea#e(U ha#in! done >it@ for 9ust this reason( >and@ not another( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
saF!hike #ihre) i a commua& !2e&&igW see 0c 7A+
9na?) ko2ig&yW pr+p+ o$ @nti use! &ike a a!%erbW see 0r 8) a@naA a! C0 @0) @naA+
384
N) sa>thar(
385
N) sa>thar(
386
L) n8uddharpeyya+
387
.a, 0g, 4aw) anpu!!h+ "&so i the 7987 iri Ka;yi Uogframa 4am>Ih%a Bhikkhuptimokkhap;i e!itio+
388
Bh0m 7, C, N, /) saA'hikaAF
389
6i T 6m 4e, Bh 0m 7 T 2, L, /, -m, 0g) pu**7pa'ataA+ (C uc&ear+)
390
6i T 6m 4e, N) an7pakha@@a+
7H8
"ubbu"a!ata?) arri%e! be$ore, pre%ious&y arri%e!W a!E+ X "ubba) be$oreW a!%+ n u"a!ata) arri%e!, come toW
p+p+ o$ upa'a!!hati (upa c n'am c a)+ 4p) ZPu**upa'ataA) pu**aA upa'ataA+[ " assimi&atio o$ pu**a a!
upa'ata through the e&isio o$ the $ia& a o$ pana+ # some 644 a! prite! e!s+ the iitia& u o$ upa'ata is
&egthee!+ Both rea!igs are possib&eW see 0R j H0+7c+
bhikkhu?) acc+ sg+ m+
anu"akha99a) ha%ig ecroache! upo, m T H) ecroachig, itru!igW eg+ pre$+ an- n abs+ o$
anupakkhandati (anu c pa c nkhand c a), Nibh) anupa3isit3+ (<hrough assimi&atio khand c ya [ kha@@a+) C$+ BL ##
28H + @+
seyya? ka""eyya) shou&! use a s&eepig p&aceW see 0c A+
yassa) $or 2hom, to 2homW !at+ sg+ m+ o$ re&+ pro+ yo, corre&ati%e to so) heW om+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
sambdho) crampe! p&ace, cro2!e! p&aceW om+ sg+ m+ #t ee!s to be re!ere! as Zcrampe![ i 'g&ish+
bha#issati) it 2i&& beW @ sg+ $ut+ o$ *ha3ati+ <he $uture tese e5presses the probab&e or certai here+
"akkamissat4 ti) he 2i&& &ea%e, m !epartW X Euctio o$ "akkamissati) @ sg+ $ut+ o$ pakkamati: see 0c 78 n ti)
Zm,[ e! ,uoteW see abo%e Ci!+
yassa sambdho bha#issati so "akkamissati) he, $or 2hom it is crampe!, 2i&& &ea%e, (i+e+, he 2ho $i!s it too
cro2!e! ca &ea%e), m) beig crampe! he 2i&& go a2ay, H) he $or 2hom it becomes too cro2!e! may
!epart, Corma) he $or 2hom it is too cro2!e! 2i&& go a2ayW re&ati%e c&ause 2ith %erbs i the $uture tese to
i!icate certaityW see #0 p+88 a! 0c 88) Zm *ha3issati Q harissati QP
etad1e#a) Eust thisW X etad) thisW acc+ sg+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ etaMd_, X %o2e&(sa!hi $orm i 2hich the 4kt -d- has
bee restore! to a%oi! hiatusW see 0R j H2,7+ n e#a) EustW emph+ partic&e+
"a%%aya?) reasoW acc+ sg+ m+ X pati c niW $or the assimi&atio see 4! 70) i!!etaA+
karit#) ha%ig ma!eW abs+ o$ karoti+ ma!e Eust this the reaso
etade#a "a%%aya? karit#3 ha%ig !oe 1it3 $or Eust this reaso, &it+ Zha%ig ma!e Eust this the reaso+[
anaNNa?) ot aotherW a!E+ agreeig 2ith pa!!ayaAF Bb+ cp!+W X eg+ pre$+ an( n aKKa) other, !i$$eretW a!E+ see
0c 72+
>P% 173 5ikkacchanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhu? ku"ito
HB1
anattamano saF!hik #ihr nikkaccheyya
HBC
# nikkacch"eyya
HBH
#( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on dri#in! out@
/f any bhikkhu( bein! resentful and dis"leased( should dri#e out a bhikkhu or ha#e >him@ dri#en out from
a d8ellin! belon!in! to the %ommunity( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
bhikkhu?) acc+ sg+ m+
ku"ito anattamano) beig reset$u& (a!) !isp&ease!W see C0 2A+
saF!hik) commua&W a!E+ #ihr) $rom a !2e&&igW ab&+ sg+ m+
nikkaccheyya) m) shou&! !ri%e out, H) thro2 out, e5pe&, tur a2ay, &it+ !rag outW @ sg+ opt+ o$ nikkaWWhati
(niMr_ c nMk_kaWWh c a)+ X niMr_) outW pre$i5 n kaWWhati) !rags, pu&&s+ ZLrag out[ or Zthro2 out[ might be too
strog+ "t Ni #N GG a! i a passage i!etica& to 0c 7H at Ni ## 7GG Horer re!ers Ztur a2ay+[ C$+ S ### 7G,
700, 82A$$+ #) orW !isE+ partic&e+
nikkacch"eyya) make !ri%e outW causati%e o$ the abo%e+
391
N) kuppitoF C$ C0 2A T 0c H8+
392
N) nikaWheyya+ C$ aWhamso at C0 28 a! 0c AH i N+
393
N) nikaWhpeyya+
7H9
>P% 1P3 VehsakuQisikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu saF!hike #ihre u"ari#ehsakuQiy ha%%a"daka? maN%a? # "4Qha?
HBR
#
abhinis4deyya
HBK
# abhini"a99eyya #( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the hut 8ith an u""er1floor@
/f any bhikkhu should >brus7uely@ sit do8n or lie do8n on a bed or seat 8ith deta%hable le!s in a hut
8ith an u""er1floor in a d8ellin! belon!in! to the %ommunity( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
saF!hike #ihre) i a commua& !2e&&igW see 0c 7A
u"ari#ehsakuQiy) a hut 2ith a upper(storey, &o$t(hut, hut i the &o$t, m) upper($&oor room, H) &o$ty ce&&
2ith a upper part, <ha) o a (up&ake!) &o$tW &oc+ sg+ $+ Koc+ tapp+ cp!+ cotaiig a kamma!hraya cp!+
X u"ari#ehsa) upper($&oor, up i the air, upstairs, abo%e the grou!W c$+ 6 # 2@7, 4 ## 788W X u"ari) up, o top
o$, o%er, upper storey, upstairsW as i uparipsda) upperetop storey o$ a pa&aceW pre$+ n #ehsa) sky, air, m+ "s
Horer poits out i BL # H8 + G to Ni ### 88 3ehsa has to be !istiguishe! $rom ksa+ Both mea Zsky[ but
the &atter meas Z$ree[ or Zusupporte! i the sky[ 2hi&e the $ormer meas Zsupporte! by the earth i the
sky,[ i+e+, abo%e the grou!+ n kuQi) hutW see 4! G+ 4ee BL ## 2A8 + 7+
ha%%a"daka?) 2hich has remo%ab&e $eet, !etachab&e(&egge!W a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig maK!aA T p$thaA+ Bb cp!+
X ha%%a) !etachab&e, remo%ab&eW abs+ o$ harati ( c nhar c a)) takes a2ay+ n "daka) 2hich has a $oot, &egge!W
a!E+ C$+ 0c 8H+ X pda) $oot n poss+ a!Eecti%a& su$+ (ka+ 4ee BL ## 280 + A+
maN%a? # "4Qha? #) be! or seatW acc+ sg+W see 0c 78+
abhinis4deyya) shou&! sit !o2 oW @ sg+ opt+ o$ a*hinis$dati (a*hi c ni c nsad c a)+
sahas) brus,ue&y, %io&et&y, icosi!erab&y, su!!e&yW a!%+
4e%era& prite! e!s+ a! 644 o$ the 0timokkha, a&& o$ 4iha&ese origi, ic&u!e the 2or! sahas be$ore
a*hinis$deyya+ <he origi story has Zm sahas a*hinis$di Q a*hinis$disat$ ti[) Zsat brus,ue&y+[
<he 4ar%sti%!i %ersio o$ the ru&e has Zm *a%ena ni+$ded-3 Q[W 0r6o4a p+208+ 6? ru&e 78) Zsahas
3a%en*hipaded-3*hipaded-3*hipaddhena 3P: 0r6o6? p+@@+ 4ome other 0rtimok>as?tras, but ot the 6(K
%ersio (ru&e 78), a&so ha%e a 2or! simi&ar to sahas hereW see C40 7@7, BN 789, a! B6L p+HH+
Sahas might ha%e bee &e$t out by mistake i this 0;i 0timokkha ru&eW see BL ## 2AA + 7+ <he 0a!abhEaa,
ho2e%er, !oes^t metio sahas i its commetary+ <he 0ari%ra (p+7G) a! Kkh (p+98), a&though they state
that the grou! (3atthu) $or the ru&e 2as the sahas a*hinis$dana, !o^t metio it i their summary a!
!iscussio o$ the ru&e itse&$+ <he 6(K 0rtimok>as?tra a&so !oes ot ha%e ay 2or! correspo!ig to it,
suggestig that at the time the 6ahsaFghikas sp&it o$$ it 2as ot i the 0timokkhaF 0erhaps, the !i$$eret
rea!igs suggest that %ery ear&y o i the trasmissio o$ the 0timokkha a! 4utta%ibhaFga there 2ere
!isagreemets o the iterpretatio o$ this ru&e a! that some reciters ic&u!e! the 2or! 2hi&e some ot+
4ome might ha%e he&! to the iterpretatio the actio o$ sittig !o2 itse&$ etai&e! the o$$ece, 2hi&e the
others he&! to the iterpretatio he&! that the sittig !o2 itse&$ 2as ot a o$$ece, but rather the actio o$
sittig !o2 brus,ue&y or $orcib&y+ <he NibhaFga a! other commetaries support the &atter e5p&aatio+
abhini"a99eyya) shou&! &ie !o2 oW @ sg+ opt+ o$ a*hinipa@@ati (a*hi c ni c npad c ya)+
>P% 1B3 2ahallaka#ihrasikkh"ada?@
2ahallaka? "ana
HBS
bhikkhun #ihra? krayamnena( y#a d#rakos a!!a*aQQha"anya
HB7
394
N) pithaA+
395
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, .a, -0 sJha&a %+&+) sahas a*hinis$deyya+ # R the correctio sahas has bee iserte! &ater+ #t is ot
metioe! i the 4aw or 0g+
396
6i 4e, R, N, /) maha%%akam-panaF
397
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, /, .a, 0g, Nibh Ce, -0, 6i T 6m 4e) a''a%a(+ N) a''aJaCChappanya+
780
lokasandhi"arikammya d#atti%%hadanassa
HBP
"ariyya? a""aharite Qhitena
HBB
adhiQQhtabba?V tato %e
uttari?(
RDD
a""aharite "i Qhito(
RD1
adhiQQhaheyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on a lar!e d8ellin!@
y a bhikkhu 8ho is ha#in! a lar!e d8ellin! built( a surroundin!1layer of t8o or three %o#erin!s %an be
ordered( by >a bhikku@ standin! on >a "la%e 8hi%h has@ fe8 %ro"s( u"to the frame of the door for >the
"ur"ose of@ fi+in! the bolt( >and@ for surroundin! the 8indo8. /f he should order more than that( e#en
>8hen@ standin! on >a "la%e 8hi%h has@ fe8 %ro"s( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
<he meaig o$ this ru&e is obscure a! it is possib&e that the 2or!ig o$ it has got corrupte! !ue to
misu!ersta!igs o$ itW $or more !iscussios o$ this ru&e see BL ## 2AHY2G0, B6C # @7G $+, ! 7A8Y7AG, m
70H, C40 7@2 $, B6L p+7@@ + 99+ Lr+ 0ascho2, C40 7@@, remarks the $o&&o2ig o the 2i!e&y !i$$erig
%ersios o$ the ru&e i the %arious 0rtimok>as?tras) Z<he preset ru&e, m is so %arious&y e5presse! that there
seems har!&y to be aythig i commo i a&& the te5ts, each ha%ig its o2 particu&arities+[
#t appears that a&rea!y by the time the 0;i origi(story 2as compose! the e5act sese o$ the ru&e 2as ot
u!erstoo! aymore, because there appear to be cotra!ictios bet2ee the ru&e i the origi(story+ # the
origi(story the bhikkhu, 2hi&e co&&ectig 2oo! a! sticks ($or the roo$, etc+), spoi&e! the cor($ie&! o$ a
brahmi+ Ho2e%er, i the ru&e it seems that the mok is sta!ig o crops 2hi&e gi%ig or!ers $or the
costructio o$ the bui&!ig+ (6aybe it is possib&e that the origia& ru&e e5presse! that some ki! o$
surrou!ig(&ayer is p&ace! o a p&ace 2ith crops+) "s the ote o this ru&e i m 70H a&so states, the import
o$ this ru&e seems to be to ecourage the costructio o$ stur!y bui&!igs 2hi&e at the same time to
!iscourage the e5cessi%e usage o$ bui&!ig(materia&s a! a&so the !estructio o$ crops+
mahallaka? "ana bhikkhun #ihra? krayamnena) by a bhikkhu 2ho is ha%ig (someoe e&se) bui&! a
&arge !2e&&igW see 4! G T H+
y#a) as $ar as, uti&W i!ec&+ takes ab&+
d#rakos) $rame o$ the !oor, <ha) !oor($rame, m) !oor(pae&, H) !oor(2ayW ab&+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X
d#ra) !oor n kosa) sheath, ec&osure+
a!!a*aQQha"anya) $or $i5ig the bo&t, m) $or the purpose o$ stea!yig the (!oor() higes, H) $or p&acig the
!oor(bo&tsW !at+ sg+ t+ X Lat+ o$ purposeW see 4yta5 j 70H+ 0robab&y it is a accusati%e tapp+ cp! i 2hich the
i$&ecte! $orm has bee retaie!, i+e+, a''aJaA c Chapana, as the C i Chapana has bee !oub&e!, 2hich i!icates
assimi&atio+ X a!!a*a (X cp! $orm o$ a''aJ)) a bo&t or cross(bar $or $asteig or securigW $+ Qha"ana) $i5ig,
estab&ishigW actio(ou $rom Chapeti, the causati%e o$ tiCChati) sta!s+
lokasandhi"arikammya) $or surrou!ig the 2i!o2, m) $or the purpose o$ settig the 2i!o2(
shutters, H) $or makig the 2i!o2(ho&esW !at+ (o$ purpose) sg+ t+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X loka) &ight n sandhi)
opeig, ho&e, lokasandhi) 2i!o2 n "arikkamma) surrou!ig, !oig arou!, arragemet, preparatio,
c$+ 4! G) saparikammanaA+
d#atti%%hadanassa) ha%ig t2o (or) three co%erigs, (thatch() roo$igs, m) 2ays o$ roo$ig, H) ec&osure o$
roo$igsW ge+ sg+ t+ Ligu cp!+ cotaiig a !isEucti%e !%a!a cp!+) d#atti) t2o or threeW see C0 70+ X d#a)
t2oW um+ cp!$orm n (t)ti3 threeW um+ cp! $orm+ n (%)%hadana) co%erig, roo$igW actio(ou $rom !hdeti
(nM!_!had c e)) co%ers+ <he Nibh &ists co%erig(materia&s such as bricks ([miCChakya !hdentassaQF [ BL)
Zroo$ig 2ith ti&es[+), stoes, p&aster, grass, a! &ea%es, there$ore the actio o$ co%erig re$ers probab&y to the
2a&& as 2e&& as the roo$+ <his a&so $its the cote5t o$ 2i!o2s a! !oors+ C$+ C0 70 d3attikkhattuA+ <he itia& !-
is probab&y !oub&e! because as a ititia& cosoat o$ the root cM!_!had it is &iab&e to !o so 2he
compou!e!W see C0 8 a!!hdeti a! #0 p+77 + 7 T 0R j H8,7+ 6(K) !!hdana: 0r6o6(K p+20+ 6?) !hedana:
Pr2o27 pF@8+
398
Nibh 'e, 6i T 6m 4e) d3i(W see C0 70+
399
N) thitenaF
400
Lm, -m, Nibh 'e) uttari (but Be 4p T 'e 4p rea! uttariA+)
401
N) thitoF (L) appaharite Chito pi+)
787
"ariyya?) here probab&y) &ayer, course, tur, maer (see pariyya, 0r @)W acc+ sg+ m+ Nibh) Zm pariyyena
!hdentassa d3e pariyye adhiCChahit3 tatiyaA pariyyaA >pet3 pakkamita**aA+[ Z#$ he 2ou&! be causig to
co%er 2ith a &ayer, ha%ig app&ie! t2o &ayers, (a!) ha%ig or!ere! the thir! (&ayer), he is to !epart (because
he caDt or!er a 8
th
&ayer+[
a""aharite) o (a p&ace 2hich has) $e2 crops, greeery, %er!ureW &oc+ sg+ t+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X Kocati%e
o$ p&ace 2hereW 4yta5 j 7G8+ :r a!Eecti%e to a ue5presse! thne) p&ace+
4p) ahariteI Zo greeery,[ but see 4(a (o 4 p+7A) appaharite !haWWehi)) paritta-harita-ti>a) Z&itt&ee$e2 grees
a! grass+[ C$+ Ni #N 20A (X anpatti(sectio to 4ekh H8)) Zappaharite kato haritaA ottharati[) Z(<here is o
o$$ece i$) he co%ers it (i+e+, the e5cremet) 2ith grees ha%ig !oe it o a p&ace 2ith $e2 grees+[ a! -! 82+
X a""a) &itt&e, $e2W a!E+ n harita) &it+) ye&&o2, gree, $igura&&y) crops, stra2, greeery, %egetab&esW see 4ekh H8+
Qhitena) by oe sta!ig o, m) by him sta!ig, H) estab&ishigW p+p+ o$ tiCChati (cCha c a), use! as a
a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! *hikkhun) is+ sg+
adhiQQhtabba?) ca be or!ere!, H) to be !etermie!+ :r) to be p&ace!, app&ie!, !irecte!, maage!, m)
!eposite!W $+p+p+ o$ adhiCChti (adhi c nMC_Ch c a)+ 6eaig ucertaiW see BL ## 2A8 + A+ <he 0a!abhEaa
,uote! abo%e u!er pariyyaA i!icates that adhiCChta**aA here meas >pet3) to be or!ere!, !irecte!,
comma!e!, eEoie!+ <his makes sese sice the bhikkhu is ot makig the hut by himse&$ but is ha%ig the
hut bui&t by others, krayamnena, a! is gi%ig !irectios as to ho2 to !o it+
tato %e uttari?) i$ more tha thatW see C0 @+
a""aharite "i) e%e i$ o $e2 cropsW X a""ahariteW see abo%e n "i) e%eW emph+ partic&e+ see 0r 7+
Qhito) sta!igW p+p+ o$ tiCChatiW see abo%e+
adhiQQhaheyya) shou&! app&yW @ sg+ opt+ o$ adhiCChtiW see abo%e+
>P% CD3 &a""Eakasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu 9na? sa""Eaka? udaka? tiEa? # mattika? # siN%eyya # siN%"eyya #(
"%ittiya?.
Bh>tagmavaggo
-57
duti'o+
>The trainin! "re%e"t on >8ater@ %ontainin! li#in! bein!s@
/f any bhikkhu should kno8in!ly "our out( or should ha#e >someone else@ "our out( 8ater %ontainin!
li#in! bein!s on !rass or %lay( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on vegetation is second+
9na?) ko2ig&yW om+ sg+ m+ 0r+p+ o$ @nti use! &ike a a!%erb, or agreeig 2ith *hikkhu (Z1though)
ko2ig 1it)[)W see 0r 8 a! C0 @0+
sa""Eaka?) cotaiig &i%ig beigsW a!E+ Bb cp!+ X sa1) cotaiig, 2ithW pre$+ use! i cp!s+ n "Ea) &i%ig
beig+ (<he 4kt pr>a is Zbreath,[ Z&i$e,[ e+g+ pr>ymaW c$+ 0;i npnaF) n a!Eecti%a& possessi%e su$$i5 (kaW c$+
0c 72 T G2+
# the Euctio o$ sa- c p>a (k 4kt sa-pr>a) the cosoat (p( !oub&es at the begiig o$ p>aW see 0R j GH+
udaka?) 2aterW acc+ sg+ t+
tiEa?) o grassW acc+ sg+ t+ #) orW !isE+ partic&e+
mattika?) o c&ayW acc+ sg+ $+
siN%eyya) shou&! pour, sprik&eW @ sg+ opt+ o$ siK!ati (nsi! c >a), a trasiti%e %erb takig udaka, ti>a, a! mattika
as patiets+
siN%"eyya) shou&! make (someoe e&se) pourW causati%e o$ the abo%e+
402
Nibh Ce %+&+) sensana3a''o+
782
bh.ta!ma#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o %egetatio, %egetatio(sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X
bh.ta!ma) %egetatioW see 0c 77 n #a!!a) see C0 70+ N+&+) sensana3a''o) the sectio startig 2ith the ru&e o
&o!gigsW see itro!uctio+
dutiyo) seco!W or!ia&+
>hikkhuno#da#a!!o
RDH
@
>P% C13 O#dasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu asammato bhikkhuniyo o#adeyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on e+hortation@
/f any bhikkhu 8ho has not been authorised should e+hort the bhikkhun4s( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation.
asammato) 2ho has ot bee authorise!, 2ho has ot bee agree! upo, 2ithout ha%ig the coset (o$
bhikkhus)W a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig *hikkhu+ Bb cp!+ X eg+ pre$+ a( n sammato) p+p+ o$ sammannatiW see C0 2 a!
29+
bhikkhuniyo) bhikkhuJsW acc+ p&+ $+ o$ *hikkhun$ k *hikkhu n $emiie su$+ (n$+
o#adeyya) shou&! e5hort, istruct, a!%iseW @ sg+ opt+ o$ o3adati (oLa3a c n3ad c a)+ 4ee Nibh $or the cotets o$
the e5hortatio+
>P% CC3 AtthaF!atasikkh"ada?@
&ammato "i
RDR
%e bhikkhu atthaF!ate suriye
RDK
bhikkhuniyo o#adeyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (after sun1) set@
)#en if a bhikkhu 8ho has been authorised should e+hort the bhikkhun4s after the sun has set( >this is a
%ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
"i) e%eW emph+ partic&eW see 0r 7+
%e) i$W hyp+ partic&e+ bhikkhu) om+ sg+ m+
atthaF!ate) has set, !isappeare!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig suriyeF "ccusati%e tappurisa use! as Bb+ cp!+ <he $irst part o$
the cp! has retaie! its i$&ectio+ X attha?) settig, e!ig, !isappearaceW acc+ sg+ t+ <he cp! acts as a
passi%e subor!iate c&auseW see 0timokkha coc&) sutt'ataAF n !ata) goeW p+p+ o$ 'a!!hati (n'am c a)+ <he
tra!itioa& 0;i grammarias 2ou&! e5p&ai this cp! as somethig &ike) ZGo atthaA 'ato so+[) Z2hich has goe
to rest+[
suriye) 2he the suW &oc+ sg+ m+
atthaF!ate suriye) 2he the su has set, i+e+, a$ter the su has setW " &oc+ abso&ute costructio, 2hich is here
use! to !eote the time sice or a$ter 2hich the actio takes p&aceW see 4yta5 j 78@c+
>P% CH3 hikkhunu"assayasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhun."assaya?
RDS
u"asaFkamit# bhikkhuniyo o#adeyya( aNNatra samay(
"%ittiya?.
Tatthya? samayo3 !iln
RD7
hoti bhikkhun4V aya? tattha samayo.
403
:&y i 6i 4e+
404
Nibh 'e) !e pi+
405
Lm) s7riye+ (X 4askritisatioW see 0eceko, 'e "(I itro!uctio p+&iii+
406
C, R, /, Lm) *hikkhunupassayaA+ -m) *hikkh7n7pa(
407
N) '$%n+
78@
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the bhikkhun417uarters@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! a""roa%hed the bhikkhun417uarters( should e+hort the bhikkhun4s( e+%e"t at the
>ri!ht@ o%%asion( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
=ere the o%%asion is this3 a bhikkhun4 is si%kV this is the o%%asion here.
bhikkhun."assaya?) bhikkhuJ(,uarters, ,uarters o$ the bhikkhuJsW acc+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X
bhikkhun4 n u"assaya) ,uarters, resi!eceW ($r+ upa c nMs_si), re&ate! to the Hi!ie4askrit 2or! YramaW c$+
6(K) up+rayam-: 0r6o6(K p+27+
u"asaFkamit#) ha%ig approache!W abs+W see C0 8+
aNNatra samay) e5cept at the (right) occasioW see C0 G+
tatthya? samayo : aya? tattha samayo) Here the occasio is this)m, this is the occasio here+ see C0 G+
!iln) sick, i&&W a!E+ hoti) isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ *ha3ati (c*h7 ca)+
>P% CR3 ^misasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu e#a? #adeyya3 U^misahetu
RDP
bhikkh.
RDB
bhikkhuniyo o#adant4U ti( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on 8orldly !ain@
/f any bhikkhu should say so3 TThe bhikkhus e+hort bhikkhun4s for the sake of re8ard(U >this is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation.
e#a?) thusW a!%+
#adeyya) shou&! sayW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3adati (n3ad c a)+
misahetu) $or the sake o$ re2ar!W !at+ sg+ m+ i (uF X Lat+ o$ a!%atage+ X misa) (here)) re2ar!, $ee, gai,
pro$it, gi$t n hetu) cause, sake, because o$+ <he 0a!abhEaa !e$ies misa ot Eust as materia& gai i the $orm
o$ robes, etc+, but a&so !e$ies immateria& gai i the $orm o$ hoour a! respect, etc+
bhikkh.) bhikkhusW om+ p&+ m+
amisahetu ther *hikkh7Lmisahetu *hikkh7) <he origi story (Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e) supports the rea!ig 2hich
ic&u!es ther) XQ ther *hikkh7 *hikkhuniyo o3adant Q+[ <he 0rtimok>as?tras ha%e o e,ui%a&et to ther,
see 0r6o6(K p+27, 0r6o6? p+@8, 0r6o4a p+270, C40 7@8, B6L pp+H8YH9, B00 78, Bea&, 78H7, p+222+
0ari%ra (Be) metios the ru&e 2ithout ther+ 4p !oes ot commet, but Kkh 7G9 states) ZBhikkh7 tiI sammat
*hikkh7 idhdhippet,[ this sho2s that the te5t the commetator 2as usig 2as 2ithout ther+ # the origi(
story to 0c 27 T 22 the bhikkhus are a&so theras, but there is o ther i those ru&es+ :e o$ the eight ,ua&ities
2ith 2hich a e5horter o$ bhikkhuJs is suppose! to be e!o2e! to be a authorise! bhikkhu is to ha%e bee
a bhikkhu $or at &east t2ety years, see Nibh to 0c 27+ Beig a thera is thus imp&ie! i beig a authorise!
bhikkhu a! ther$ore there is o metio o$ a thera either i this ru&e or i 0c 22+
o#adant4 ti) they e5hortW X o#adanti) @ p&+ pres+ i!+ o$ o3adatiW see 0c 27 n ti) e! ,uoteW see abo%e Ci!+
>P% CK3 C4#aradnasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu aNNtikya bhikkhuniy %4#ara? dadeyya( aNNatra "ri#attak(
R1D
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on !i#in! robe (1%loth)@
/f any bhikkhu should !i#e a robe >1%loth@ to an unrelated bhikkhun4( e+%e"t in an e+%han!e( >this is a
%ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
408
N) missahetu+
409
Lm, -m, Nibh 'e) +[++ misahetu ther *hikkh7 ++++[
410
6i T 6m 4e, Nibh Ce, -0, .a, Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, N, /, -m, 0g) (3aCCak+
788
aNNtikya bhikkhuniy) to a ure&ate! bhikkhuJW !at+ sg+ $+ 4ee C0 8+
%4#ara?) a robe ((c&oth)W acc+ sg+ t+
dadeyya) shou&! gi%eW @ sg+ opt+ o$ dadti (cd !up&icate! n a)+
aNNatra "ri#attak) e5cept i a e5chageW see C0 A+
>P% CS3 C4#arasibbanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu aNNtikya bhikkhuniy %4#ara? sibbeyya # sibb"eyya #( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on se8in! a robe@
/f any bhikkhu should se8 a robe or should ha#e a robe se8n for an unrelated bhikkhun4( >this is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation.
aNNtikya bhikkhuniy) $or a ure&ate! bhikkhuJW !at+ sg+ $+ 4ee C0 8+
sibbeyya) shou&! se2W @ sg+ opt+ o$ si**ati (nsi3 c ya)+ #) orW !isE+ partic&e+
sibb"eyya) shou&! make (someoe e&se) se2W causati%e o$ the abo%e+
>P% C73 &a?#idhnasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhuniy saddhi? sa?#idhya ekaddhnama!!a? "aQi"a99eyya antamaso
!mantaram1"i( aNNatra samay( "%ittiya?.
Tatthya? samayo3 sattha!aman4yo
R11
hoti ma!!o ssaFkasammato
R1C
sa""aQibhayoV aya? tattha
samayo.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on makin! arran!ements@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! made an arran!ement( should tra#el to!ether 8ith a bhikkhun4 on the same main
road( e#en >if@ 9ust the distan%e bet8een #illa!es( e+%e"t at the >ri!ht@ o%%asion( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation.
=ere the o%%asion is this3 the road( 8hi%h is %onsidered risky >and@ 8hi%h is dan!erous( has to be !one
8ith a %om"any >of other tra#ellers@( this is the o%%asion here.
bhikkhuniy) 2ith a bhikkhuJW is+ sg+ $+ X #s+ o$ accompaimetW see 4yta5 j G@+
saddhi?) together 2ithW postpositio takig is+W see 4! 2+
sa?#idhya) ha%ig ma!e a arragemet, H) ha%ig arrage!, m) by appoitmetW abs+ o$ saA3idahati
(saA c 3i c ndh c a)+ m took it to be a istrumeta&, but this is probab&y icorrect+
ekaddhnama!!a?) the same mai roa!, m) the same Eourey, H) the same high(roa!W acc+ sg+ m+ ("cc+o$
0&ace /hereW see 4yta5 j 8Ab+) Ligu cp!+ X eka) oe, the sameW um+ a!E+ n addhnama!!a) mai roa!,
high2ay, tra%e&&ig(roa!W see C0 7G+
"aQi"a99eyya) shou&! tra%e& o, go o, set outW @ sg+ opt+ o$ paCipa@@atiW see C0 7G+
antamaso) e%e so much as, EustW i!ec&+ see 0r 7+
!mantaram1"i) e%e the !istace bet2ee %i&&agesW Euctio through &abia&isatio o$ (A+ X !mantara?) the
!istace bet2ee %i&&ages, &it+ Zthe iterspace o$ %i&&ages[W acc+ sg+ t+ (X "cc+ o$ 0&ace /hereW see abo%e) Re+
tapp+ cp!+ !ma) %i&&ageW see 0r 2 n antara?) iter%a&, !istace bet2ee, p&ace bet2eeW t+ ou+ C$+ C0 29
antara'hare 2here it is a i!ec&+ n "i) e%eW emph+ partic&e+
aNNatra samay) e5cept at the (right) occasioW see C0 G, 0c 2@+
tatthya? samayo : aya? tattha samayo) see 0c 2@+
411
N) ('amaniyoF
412
C, /) saAka(+
78A
sattha!aman4yo) has to be goe 2ith a compay 1o$ other tra%e&&ers3, m 2ith a cara%a, m 2ith a escortW
a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig ma''oF #s+ tapp+ cp!+ use! as Bb cp!+ " periphrastic costructio i 2hich hoti acts as a
au5i&iary %erbW see #0 p+70H T 2@@$$, a! 4yta5 j 79+
X sattha) compay, tra%e&&ig(compay, cara%a, escort+ Sattha correspo!s to the 4kt srthaF (C$) 6?)
Zsrtha'aman$yo mr'o,[ 0r6o6? p+@8+) #t is ot a 2eapo, the sattha o$ 4ekh A9 (4kt +astra_, as Horer re!ers
i BL 289 + @+ For !oub&e (here trip&e, as sattha ca a&so mea a teachig, sciece, the 4kt +straW see satthar at
0c H0+) meaigs o$ oe 0;i 2or! !ue to beig !eri%e! $rom t2o or more 4askrit 2or!sW see the e! o$ the
ote o dosa at 4! 8+ <he Nibh a! the 4p !oDt e5p&ai sattha (0a!abhEaa) ZSattha'aman$yo nma ma''o na
sakk hoti 3in satthena 'antuA+Z), but see 0c GG) Zm *hikkhu theyyasatthena saddhiA saA3idhya
ekaddhnama''aA paCipa@@eyya m[ Ni ### G2) Zm *hikkhu satthena saddhiA addhnama''apaCipano hoti+[ Ni # 7A2)
Zm *hikkhu Q satthena 'antukmo hoti+[ ($o&&o2e! by) m n3ya 'antukmo m, see 0c 28), a! origi(story to
0c @8+ C$+ BhikkhuJ 0cittiya @H) Zm antoraCChe ssa=kasammate sappaCi*haye asatthik !rikaA !areyya+[ # BL
### @7H + 7 Horer re!ers Z2ithout a 2eapo,[ ot beig a2are that it is improper $or a samaa to carry
2eaposW ho2 much more to use themp C$+ Lhp 72@ Z*hayama''o Q appasattho[) a $righteig roa! m a sma&&
tra%e&(compay+ n !aman4ya) to be goeW $+p+p+ o$ 'a!!hati (n'am c a)+
hoti) it isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ *ha3ati+
ma!!o) roa!W om+ sg+ m+
ssaFkasammato sa""aQibhayo) 2hich is cosi!ere! risky, 2hich is !agerousW see C0 29,
0! 8+
>P% CP3 5#bhiruhanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhuniy saddhi? sa?#idhya eka? n#a?
R1H
abhir.heyya
R1R
uddha?!mini?
R1K
#
adho!mini? #( aNNatra tiriya?taraEya(
R1S
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on embarkin! on a boat@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! made an arran!ement( should embark >on a #oya!e@ to!ether 8ith a bhikkhun4 on
the same boat( 8hi%h is !oin! u" >1stream@ or 8hi%h is !oin! do8n >1stream@( e+%e"t 8ith >a boat 8hi%h is@
%rossin! o#er >a ri#er@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
eka?) oe, the sameW um+ a!E+
n#a?) boatW acc+ sg+ $+
abhir.heyya) shou&! embark 1o a %oyage3, shou&! %oyageW @ sg+ opt+ o$ a*hir7hati (a*hi c nruh c a)+ # 'g&ish
Zboar!s[ a! Zembarks[ !eote the actio o$ goig oto a boat or ship be$ore startig a Eourey, here,
ho2e%er, the actio o$ goig o a Eourey o a boat is itete!+ <his is 2hy the tras&atio Zembark 1o a
%oyage3[ has bee use!+ C$+ 0c @2 2here ha%ig a group(mea& 2hi&e %oyagig o a boat is &iste!+
uddha?!mini?) (2hich is) goig up ((stream)W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig n3aA+ X Kamma!hraya use! as Bb cp!+ X
uddha?W a!%+ n !mini?) goigW a!E+ $rom 'a!!hati (n'am c a)+
)ddhaA is take here to be the origia& rea!ig sice uddhaA, &ike adho, is a archaic Ne!ic accusati%e $orm,
see 4yta5 j 2+ '&se2here too it occurs i this $orm 2ith adho a! tiriyaA, e+g+ 4 7A0+ Ho2e%er, uddha( is a&so
use! i cp!sW see 0'L 7@G+
#) orW !isE+ partic&e+
adho!mini?) (2hich is) goig !o2((stream)W a!E+ BahubbJhi cp!+ X adho) !o2W a!%+ n !mini?.
aNNatra) e5ceptW i!ec&+ that here takes a is+ o$ accompaimet) *hikkhuniyW see C0 2, a! 0c H) ZaKKatra
413
6i 4e, R, N, 0g, Burmese ms+ %+&+ i Nibh 'e, Bh 0m 2 %+&+) ekan3aA+ (6m 4e) ekaAn3aA+)
414
Bh0m 7 T 2, C, N, /, Lm, -0) (ruheyya+
415
-0) uddhaA 'maniA adho 'maniAF 6i T 6m 4e, Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, .a, 0g, Nibh Ce) uddha'maniA+
416
Lm, Nibh Ce, -0, Bh 0m 7 T 2, L, .a) tiriyaA tara>ya+ C, /, Nibh 'e) tiriyaAtara>ya, 6i T 6m 4e, R, -m, N) tiriyan-
tara>ya+
78G
3iKKun purisa3i''ahena+[
tiriya?taraEya) 2ith 1a boat 2hich is3 crossig o%er (a ri%er), m) u&ess it is (mere&y) to cross to the other
bak, H) e5cept $or crossig o%er to the other bakW ab&+ sg+ $+ <he tras&atio o$ m T H 2ou&! re,uire the
ou t$ra, but tiriyaA is a a!%erb+ # the origi(story uttarati) Zcrosses o%er,[ is use!+ " phrase ot $ou! i
other cote5ts+ TiriyaAtara>ya is oe 2or!W see the origi(story i the Nibh) ZAnu@nmi *hikkha3e
tiriyaAtara>ya *hikkhuniy saddhiA saA3idhya ekaA n3aA a*hir7hituA+[) Z# a&&o2, bhikkhus, $or crossig o%er
1a ri%er3, ha%ig ma!e a arragemet 2ith a bhikkhuJ, to boar! the same boat m+[ <his a&so sho2s that
ZaKKatra tiriyaAtara>ya[ meas Ze5cept 2ith 1a boat3 crossig o%er 1a ri%er3+[ Bhikkhuniy, a&though
ue5presse!, is imp&ie! here+ "other 2ay to u!ersta! this 2ou&! be take n3ya to be ue5presse!)
Ze5cept $or crossig o%er 12ith a boat3+[
4a 0rtimok>as?tra) Zm t$ryakprasaAtara>t Q,[ 0r6o4a p+270+
W tiriya?) o%er, acrossW a!%+ C$+ 4! G+ n taraEya) passig, tra%ersigW is+ sg+ $+ "ctio(ou !er+ $rom tarati
(ntar c a)+ "s metioe! abo%e, it is probab&y a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! n3ya+ Kess &ike&y, it is a
!ati%e o$ purpose that is ot go%ere! !irect&y by aKKatra because there is o prece!ig !ati%e to be
assimi&ate! 2ith as i 4! 72) Z3iramath8yasmanto 3a!anya+[ 0'L @0@ tras&ates) Zm $erryig acrossW a!E+
tara> n3) a %esse& crossig o%er, a traEect, Ni #N GA+[ <his is icorrect sice tara>ya ,ua&i$ies *hikkhuniy+
<he 4utta%ibhaFga a! commetaries o$$er o he&p+
>P% CB3 Pari"%itasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu 9na? bhikkhun4"ari"%ita?
R17
"iEca"ta? bhuN9eyya( aNNatra "ubbe
!ih4samrambh(
R1P
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (alms1food) that has been "re"ared@
/f any bhikkhu should kno8in!ly eat alms1food 8hi%h a bhikkhun4 has %aused to be "re"ared( e+%e"t
throu!h "re#ious arran!ement of householders( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
9na?) ko2ig&yW pr+p+ o$ @nti use! &ike a a!%erbW see 0r 8 a! C0 @0+
bhikkhun4"ari"%ita?) 2hich a bhikkhuJ has cause! to be prepare!W a!E+ #s+ tapp+ cp!+ use! as Bb cp!+
,ua&i$yig pi>WaptaA+
X bhikkhun4 n "ari"%ita) H) procure!, m) obtaie!, <ha) prompte!+ <his is ot the pre$i5 pari) arou! n
qp!ita) p+p+ o$ pa!inti (pa c n!i c >a)) obtais, because o stregtheig takes p&ace i past particip&es+ #t
rather is the p+p+ o$ parip!eti (pari c npa! c e)) causes (someoe e&se) to prepare, cook+
4ee the 0a!abhEaa 2hich states that the bhikkhuJ causes the &aypeop&e to prepare through metioig the
goo! ,ua&ities o$ the bhikkhu+ Ni #N GH) Zm ayyo dhammakathikoF "etha ayyassaF /arotha ayyass tiF &sa
parip!eti nma+[) Z]m the master is a speaker o$ Lhamma+ Ri%e to the masterp 6ake $or the masterpD <his is
ca&&e! makes (someoe e&se) prepare+[
"iEca"ta?) a&ms($oo!W acc+ sg+ m+ see C0 2H+
bhuN9eyya) shou&! eatW @ sg+ opt+ o$ *huK@ati (n*hu@ c >a)+
aNNatra) e5ceptW i!ec&+ see C0 2+
"ubbe) pre%ious, be$oreW proomia& a!%+W see 0R j 77@,8+ Koc+ sg+ o$ pu**aW see C0 8+
!ih4samrambh) through the arragemet o$ househo&!ersW ab&+ or is+ sg+ m+ i
(+ " ab&ati%e o$ cause or istrumeta& o$ reasoW see 4yta5 j GHYG8, a! 722c+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X !ihi)
househo&!erW $rom 'aha) houseW see C0 G+ Both the rea!igs 'ihi a! 'ih$ occur i cp!s+, see 0'L 2A7+
Bu!!haghosa might ha%e ha! the rea!ig 'ih$ sice he commets i 4p 2ith 'ih$naA+ n samrambha)
arragemet, u!ertakig, e$$ortW actio(ou !eri%e! $rom samram*hati (saA c c nra*h c a)+
417
L, Lm, -0, N) *hikkhuni(+
418
L, Lm, Bh 0m 7, Nibh 'e, -0, 6i T 6m 4e) 'ihiF C, /, -m, 0g, .a, Nibh Ce, 'e 4p) 'ih$+ N) '$hi-
78H
4p 809) ZSamram*ho ti samraddhaA 3u!!ati, paCiyditassietaA adhi3a!anaA, 'ih$naA samram*ho
'ih$samram*hoF[) Z<he arragemet o$ househo&!ers) it is arrage! is sai!, it has bee arrage!eprepare!
this is the !esigatio, the arragemet o$ househo&!ers) the arragemet o$ househo&!ers+[
>P% HD3 0ahonisa99asikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhuniy saddhi? eko ekya raho nisa99a? ka""eyya( "%ittiya?.
Ovdavaggo
-,?
tati'o+
>The trainin! "re%e"t on takin! a seat "ri#ately@
/f any bhikkhu should sit do8n to!ether 8ith a bhikkhun4( "ri#ately( one >man@ 8ith one >8oman@( >this
is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on e6hortation is third+
bhikkhuniy saddhi?) together 2ith a bhikkhuJW see 0c 2H+
eko ekya raho nisa99a? ka""eyya) shou&! sit !o2 together 2ith a bhikkhuJ, oe (ma) 2ith oe
(2oma), pri%ate&yW see "iy 7+
o#da#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o e5hortatio, e5hortatio(sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X o#da)
e5hortatioW $rom o3adatiW see 0c 27+ n #a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+ N+&+ bhikkhuno#da#a!!o) the sectio
(startig 2ith the ru&e) o e5hortatio o$ bhikkhuJs+
tatiyo) thir!W or!ia&+
>ho9ana#a!!o
420
@
>P% H13 ^#asatha"iEcasikkh"ada?@
A!ilnena
RC1
bhikkhun eko #asatha"iEco bhuN9itabboV tato %e uttari?
RCC
bhuN9eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the alms1meal in the resthouse@
y a bhikkhu 8ho is not ill one alms1meal in a resthouse %an be eatenV if he should eat more than that(
>this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
a!ilnena) ot(sickW a!E+W eg+ pre$+ a- c 'i%na) sickW see abo%e 0c 2@+
bhikkhun) by a bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
eko) oe, sig&eW um+ a!E+
#asatha"iEco) a&ms(mea& i a (re&igious) rest(houseW om+ sg+ m+ Koc+ or ge+ tapp+ cp!+ X #asatha) H)
pub&ic rest(house, m) $oo! !istributio cetreW $rom 3asati ( c n3as c a)) ihabits, resi!es+ 4ee origi(story
to 0c G 2here 3asatha'hra is a pub&ic rest(house+ For other re$ereces see Vinaya Texts @H + @+ " 3asatha is
ot a&2ays a pub&ic rest(house though, see -! 89 a! BhJ 0c 88 2here it Eust meas a !2e&&ig or house+ 4ee
N#C4 # GG) Zm p&ace $or recei%ig guests, &ike a dharmas%a o2a!ays i #!ia+[n "iEca) a&ms, a&ms($oo!W see
C0 2H+ 4p) Z3asathe pi>WoF[) Za&ms i a rest(house+[ <he origi(story a! 2or!(commetary i!icate that
a&ms has bee prepare! (paKKatta) appoite!, poite! out, ma!e ko2) i a rest(house+ #t !oes ot metio
2hether the mea& has to be eate there itse&$+
bhuN9itabbo) to be eateW $+p+p+ o$ *huK@atiW see 0c 29+
419
Lm, 6m 4e, -0, Nibh 'e) o3da3a''o+ Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, N, /, -m, 6i 4e, Nibh Ce, .a) *hikkhuno3da3a''o+
420
:&y i 6i 4e+
421
N) a'$%nena+
422
Be T -0, -m, Nibh 'e) uttari+
788
tato %e uttari?) i$ more tha thatW see C0 @+
bhuN9eyya) he shou&! eatW @ sg+ opt+ o$ *huK@ati+
>P% HC3 $aEabho9anasikkh"ada?@
$aEabho9ane( aNNatra samay( "%ittiya?.
Tatthya? samayo3 !ilnasamayo(
RCH
%4#aradnasamayo( %4#arakrasamayo( addhna!amanasamayo(
n#bhir.hanasamayo(
RCR
mahsamayo( samaEabhattasamayoV aya? tattha samayo.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on eatin! in a !rou"@
/n eatin! >a meal@ in a !rou"( e+%e"t at the >ri!ht@ o%%asion( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
=ere the o%%asion is this3 the o%%asion of illnessV the o%%asion of a !i#in! of robe >1%loth@sV the o%%asion
of a robe1makin!V the o%%asion of !oin! on a >lon!@ 9ourneyV the o%%asion of #oya!in! on a boatV the
o%%asion of a !reat >!atherin!@V the o%%asion of a meal >made@ by an as%eti%V this is the o%%asion here.
!aEabho9ane) eatig i a group, H) a group(mea&, m) i eatig i groupsW &oc+ sg+ m+ Koc+ or ge+ tapp+ cp!+
4ee B6C # @82_88+ X !aEa) group, (or p&ur+ Zgroups,[ but Nibh seems to i!icate the sig+)W see 4! coc&+ n
bho9ana) mea&, eatig, $oo!, $ee!igW actio(ou !eri%e! $rom *huK@ati+
aNNatra samay : tatthya? samayo : aya? tattha samayo) e5cept at the (right) occasio+ Here the
occasio is this)m this is the occasio hereW see C0 G+
!ilnasamayo) occasio o$ i&&essW om+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X !ilna) i&&essW see 0c @7 n samayo) occasioW
see C0 G+
%4#aradnasamayo) occasio o$ a gi%ig o$ robe ((c&oth)sW om+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X %4#ara) robe ((c&oth) n
dna) gi%igW actio(ou !er+ $r+ dadtiW see 0c 2A+
%4#arakrasamayo) occasio o$ a robe(makigW om+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ kra) makigW actio(ou $r+
karoti+
<his ru&e is re&a5e! i C% N## 7,@ a! re$erre! to there as X'a>a*ho@aneP) Zeatig i a group[ a! is oe o$ the
$i%e a&&o2aces (paK!a kappissanti) 2he the kaChina-pri%i&eges are i e$$ect+ :ther 0timokkha ru&es 2hich are
re&a5e! !urig this perio! are C0 7, 2, @, 0c 8G+
addhna!amanasamayo) occasio o$ goig o a (&og) EoureyW om+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X addhna) &og
Eourey, path, roa!W see C0 7G, 0c 2H n !amana) tra%e&&ig, goig, EoureyW actio(ou $r+ 'a!!hati (n'am c a)+
n#bhir.hanasamayo) occasio o$ %oyagig o a boatW &it+) occasio o$ embarkig a boatW om+ sg+ m+ Re+
tapp+ cp!+ X n#a) boatW see 0c 28 n abhir.hana) &it+ Zembarkig, boar!ig[ but here ha%ig the meaig o$
tra%e&&ig o a boat+W actio(ou $r+ a*hir7hatiW see 0c 28+
mahsamayo) occasio o$ (a) great (umber), the occasio o$ a great gatherig, m) a e5traor!iary
occasio (2here oe hu!re! or oe thousa! bhikkhus gather), H) a great scarcityW om+ sg+ m+ X mah)
great (umber o$ bhikkhus)W a!E+ <he 0a!abhEaa a! the Kkh e5p&ai that there is ot eough $oo! to
sustai themse&%es 2he more tha three bhikkhus go o a&ms(rou!+ # the origi(story it is re&ate! that
a$ter the rais(retreat (may) bhikkhus came $rom %arious !istricts to %isit the Bu!!ha+
2ahsamaya probab&y meas that there is a great umber o$ bhikkhus, a great assemb&y+ C$+ L ## 2A@ $+, 4 # 2G)
Zm mahat *hikkhusa='hena saddhiA paK!amattehi *hikkhusatehi Q mahsamayo pa3anasmiA, m[
Samaya here might ha%e both the meaig o$ Z]gatherig[ a! the meaig o$ Zoccasio+[ <he commetaries
e5p&ai it as mahsam7ha) great gatherigW 4(a HGW c$+ 0'L G8@Y88+
Hi`ber, 4004 79AY9H, thiks that the origia& $orm o$ the 2or! 2as mahsam@a ($r+ ca@W see ote o pr@ika),
2hich chage! ito the easter $orm (samya a! the ito (samaya i Cey&o+ He re$ers to mahsama@@a, a
great gatherig, at 4 N 7H0+ <he Bu!!hist 4askrit %ersio o$ the 6ahsamayasutta is ca&&e! the
423
N) '$%na-F
424
Lm, -m, N) (ruhana(+
789
6ahsamEas?tra+ #$ Hi`ber is correct, the the origia& $ormu&atio o$ mahsamaya i the preset ru&e 2ou&!
be mahsam@asamaya) the occasio o$ a great gatherig, sice samaya i the sese o$ occasio is re,uire! here+
#t is a&so possib&e that 2he the ru&e 2as $ormu&ate! a! trasmitte! that mahsamaya ha! both the origia&
meaig o$ great gatherig, sama@@a, a! the meaig o$ great occasio, samaya+ <his !oub&e meaig is
co$irme! by the commetariesW see abo%e+ # ay case this occurrece sho2s that a&rea!y %ery ear&y o i
#!ia, a! ot i Cey&o, sam@a 2ou&! ha%e chage! ito samaya+ <he 0rtimok>as?tra para&&e&s o$ this ru&e
a&so rea! mahsamayaW see B6L + 709+
samaEabhattasamayo) occasio o$ a mea& (ma!e) by a ascetic, m) a occasio $or a mea& $or ascetics, H) a
mea&(time o$ rec&usesW om+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ Cotaiig aother ge+ tapp+ cp!+) X samaEabhatta) a
mea& o$ a rec&use X samaEa) a ascetic, cotemp&ati%e, re&igious 2a!erer+ Sama>a correspo!s to the 4kt
Yrama>a, 2hich as euter actio(ou meas Zmakig e$$ort[ or Ze5ertio[ a! as mascu&ie ou meas
Zoe 2ho per$orms acts o$ austerity[ or Za ascetic+[ <he root cYram $rom 2hich these ous are !eri%e!
meas Zto e5ert oese&$ (esp+ i acts o$ austerity)[W see 6/+ n bhatta) mea&, $ee!igW c$+ 0c 8G a! its origi(
story) Zdeth3uso, *hattaA+[ :rigia&&y a p+p+ o$ *ha@ati (c*ha@ c a)) !i%i!es, partakes+ <he 2or! sama>a*hatta is
o&y $ou! i this ru&e+ Nibh) ZSama>a*hattasamayo nma yo ko-!i pari**@akasampanno *hattaA karoti Q[)
Z2he 2hoe%er oe 2ho has attaie! (the state o$ ) 2a!erer makes a mea&mZ Kkh 7HG) ZGad yo ko-!i
pa**a@ito *hattena nimantetiF[) Z2he 2hoe%er oe 2ho has goe $orth i%ites $or a mea&+Z
>P% HH3 Param"arabho9anasikkh"ada?@
Param"arabho9ane(
RCK
aNNatra samay( "%ittiya?.
Tatthya? samayo3 !ilnasamayo(
RCS
%4#aradnasamayo( %4#arakrasamayoV aya? tattha samayo.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on substitutin! a meal@
/n >takin!@ a meal before another >in#itation1meal@( e+%e"t at the >ri!ht@ o%%asion( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation.
=ere the o%%asion is this3 the o%%asion of illnessV the o%%asion of a !i#in! of robe >1%loth@sV the o%%asion
of a robe1makin!V this is the o%%asion here.
"aram"arabho9ane) # (takig) a mea& be$ore aother (i%itatio(mea&), H T <ha) a out(o$(tur mea&, m)
i substitutig oe mea& $or aother (a! i Path of Purity HG) Za mea& subse,uet to a pre%ious oe[),
Corma) i mea&s i successio, 0'L) [takig $oo! i successio,[ successi%e $ee!igW &oc+ sg+ m+ 4ee BL ##
@7H + @+ X "aram"ara) &it+) aother a$ter aother, t, successi%eW see paramparya) <h H8A, " ## 797+ 6 ## 7H0)
Zandha3e>i paramparsaAsatta+[
X "ara?) aotherW acc+ sg+ t+ abstract ou takig ab&ati%e n "ara) aotherW accor!ig to 0'L it is the
ui$&ecte! $orm o$ the $emiie ab&ati%e par) a$ter aother (but it might a&so be a is+ or !at+)+ "ccor!ig to
the 4utta%ibhaFga the o$$ece is committe! 2he eatig the other o(i%itatio mea&+ <he origi(story
re&ates that the bhikkhus 2ere eatig *efore, ot after, the mea& that they ha! bee i%ite! $or a! ha!
there$ore &ost their appetite+ <here$ore, the poit !oes ot seem to be the eatig after_this is co%ere! by 0c
@A_but the act o$ takig in addition to, i+e+, the eatig o$ aother mea& be$ore the mea& oe has bee i%ite! to+
4ee a&so 6% N# 2A,H (Ni # 22@Y228) $orbi!!ig bhikkhus to eat thick coEey (ear&y i the morig) be$ore a
i%itatio(mea& (u&ess it has bee o$$ere! by the perso 2ho is gi%ig the i%itatio(mea&) as they 2ou&!
&ose their appetite) ZBhikkhus, by oe 2ho is i%ite! e&se2here the eatig(coEey o$ someoe e&se is ot to be
eate+ /hoe%er eats he is to be ma!e to !o (2hat is) accor!ig to the case (i+e+, 0c @@)+[) X6a, *hikkha3e,
aKKatra nimantitena aKKassa *ho@@ay'u pari*huK@ita**F Go pari*huK@eyya, yath dhammo kreta**o tiF[
n bho9ana) mea&W see 0c @2+
425
N) parappara(+ Nibh 'e) paraApara(+
426
N) '$%na-F
790
>P% HR3 IEamtusikkh"ada?@
hikkhu? "anGe#a kula? u"a!ata? ".#ehi
RC7
# manthehi
RCP
# abhihaQQhu? "a#reyya(
RCB
kaFkhamnena
bhikkhun d#atti"atta".r
RHD
"aQi!!ahetabbV tato %e uttari?
RH1
"aQi!!aEheyya(
RHC
"%ittiya?.
D#atti"atta".re
RHH
"aQi!!ahet#( tato n4harit#( bhikkh.hi saddhi? sa?#ibha9itabba?.
RHR
Aya? tattha
sm4%i.
>The IEaAs mother trainin! "re%e"t@
5o8( should a family in#ite a bhikkhu 8ho has a""roa%hed to take as many %akes and "ar%hed %akes >as
he likes@( by a bhikkhu 8ho is 8ishin! >so@ t8o or three bo8ls full >of %akes@ %an be a%%e"tedV if he should
a%%e"t more than that( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
=a#in! a%%e"ted t8o or three bo8ls full( ha#in! taken >them@ a8ay from there( >it@ is to be shared
to!ether 8ith >other@ bhikkhus. This is the "ro"er "ro%edure here.
IEamtusikkh"ada?) KaDs mother traiig preceptW om+ sg+ m+ "ppositi%e kamma!hraya cp!W see
0r 7+ />a is a proper ame a! mtu is Zmother+[ />amtu p&ays the &ea!ig ro&e i the origi(story to this
ru&e+
bhikkhu?) to a bhikkhuW acc+ sg+ m+ "anGe#a) o2 i$W see 4! 72+
kula?) a $ami&yW om+ sg+ t+
u"a!ata?) that has bee approache!, %isite!W p+p+ o$ upa'a!!hati (upa c n'am c a) ,ua&i$yig *hikkhuA (or
ku%aA)+ 4ee stock(phrase i story to 0c H) Zm ku%7pako (X ku%7pa'oW see 0'L) hoti *ahukni ku%ni
upasa=kamati+[ a! " ### 70) Zmku%aAQa%aA upa'antuAQ[
bhikkhu? "anGe#a kula? u"a!ata? ".#ehi # manthehi # abhihaQQhu? "a#reyya) Co2, shou&! a
$ami&y i%ite a bhikkhu 2ho has approache! to take as may cakes a! parche! cakes 1as he &ikes3, (or) Co2,
a bhikkhu has approache! a $ami&y 1a! someoe there3, shou&! i%ite 1the bhikkhu3 to take 1as much3 bake!
cakesm), m) 4hou&! a $ami&y i%ite a bhikkhu 2ho has arri%e! to accept cakes or s2eetsm, Corma) shou&!
a $ami&y brig a! i%ite 2ith cakes or biscuits a bhikkhu 2ho has arri%e!, Vinaya Texts) # case peop&e
shou&! o$$er a bhikkhu, 2ho has goe to some house, to take as much as he chose o$ their s2eetmeats a!
cakes, m, H) #$ a mok, goig up to a $ami&y, (2ho) askig shou&! i%ite him (to take) cakes a! bar&ey(
grue&m, <ha) # case a bhikkhu arri%ig at a $ami&y resi!ece is presete! 2ith cakes or cooke! grai(
mea&m
<he syta5 o$ this &ie is comp&e5 a! ee!s some e5p&aatio+ <here seem to be t2o agets) oe is the
bhikkhu 2ho has approache! the $ami&y, a! the other the $ami&y 2ho gi%es cakes to the bhikkhus+ Horer
a! <haissaro tras&ate i this 2ay+ m, Corma, a! Vinaya Texts, ho2e%er, tras&ate ku%aA as the aget
(i+e+, om+ sg+ t+) a! *hikkhuA as its patiet (i+e+, acc+ sg+ m+)+
<he usage o$ $orms o$ the %erb upa'a!!hati takig the accusati%e ku%aA a! ku%ni (see abo%e) suggests
that here too ku%aA cou&! be accusati%e a! that Zku%aA upa'ataA[ is a ,ua&i$icatio o$ *hikkhuA) Za mok 2ho
has approache! a $ami&y+[ #$ this is the case, the both *hikkhuA a! ku%aA are patiets i the accusati%e case+
"s there is o e5presse! aget i the omiati%e case i the setece, pa3reyya takes a ue5presse! aget i
the omiati%e that ca be ay member o$ the $ami&y preset there, ot the $ami&y as a 2ho&e+
#t is impossib&e to re!er the &ie &itera&&y ito 'g&ish a! to keep itact the 0;i syta5+
<he Nibh 0a!abhEaa e5p&ais upa'ataA as Ztattha 'ataA[ a! o$$ers o other he&p, or !o Kkh a! 4p+
427
N, Bh 0m 2 %+&+) pu3ehi+
428
N) ma>OehiF
429
6i 4e, R) a*hihaCChum-pa3reyya+ N) a*hihaCCham-pa3reyyaF C$ C0 H+
430
Nibh 'e, 6i T 6m 4e) d3i-W see C0 70+ N) -purF
431
Be T -0, -m, Nibh 'e) uttari+ 4ee C0 @+
432
C, L, /) pati'a>heyyaF (C$+ C0 A, C0 70+)
433
Nibh 'e, 6i T 6m 4e) d3i-W see C0 70+ N) -pureF
434
N, Bh 0m 2 %+&+) saA3i*ha@@ita**aA+
797
".#ehi) 2ith bake! cakesW is+ p&+ m+ 4 'L) p7p%a) Za ki! o$ s2eet cake $rie! 2ith ghee or oi&[+ #) orW !isE+
partic&e+
manthehi) 2ith parche! $&our cakes, m) s2eets, H) bar&ey(grue&, <ha) cooke! grai(mea&W is+ p&+ m+ Ler+ $r+
mantheti) to crush, chur, parch+ 6eaig ot certai+ Hi`berDs Zbar&ey(grue&[s is u&ike&y sice the cake is
somethig specia& to be share! 2ith other bhikkhus+ "ccor!ig to Nibh it is prepare! as a pro%isio $or a
Eourey+ Bar&ey(grue& spoi&s ,uick&y, so 2ou&! ot be $ittig+ 4ma&& s,uare cakes ma!e out o$ !ry parche! rice
or $&our mi5e! 2ith sugar or pa&m(syrup are sti&& o$$ere! to bhikkhus i 4ri &aka a! a mantha might be
somethig &ike this+ <he t2o merchats 2ho became the $irst upsakas o$$ere! the Bu!!ha a mantha a! a
madhupi>Wika, Ni # 8, the &atter is a hoey(ba&& a! this might imp&y that the mantha 2as somethig s2eet too+
<he origi(story uses sattu) bar&ey mea&, istea! o$ mantha+ 4ee BL ## @22 + 8, @2@ + @+ 6isra, 79H2, p+780)
ZSattu m prepare! by by pou!ig $rie! grais, 2hich is sti&& %ery popu&ar i the rura& areas o$ C' #!ia,
chie$&y amog the poor as a cheap !iet+ 6ost&y it 2as mi5e! 2ith 2ater $or 0ii a&so metios it by
udakasaktu, but sometimes it 2as a&so mi5e! 2ith cur!s as is c&ear by 0ataMEa&iDs metio o$ dadhisaktu m
2antha, too, 2as a ki! o$ groat that 2as ma!e $rom $rie! rice a! 2as geera&&y mi5e! 2ith mi&k+[ 0robab&y
a mantha is a cake prepare! 2ith parche! rice groat+ 6/) saktu) Zcoars&y grou! mea&, grit, groats (esp+ o$
bar&ey mea&)+[ N#C4 ## 7@7 gi%es mantha as a !rik i 2hich so&i! igre!iets, usua&&y parche! bar&ey mea&
(saktu, see N#C4 ## 87A), are mi5e! 2ith $&ui! by stirrig+
6(K ru&e 28) ZBhik+uA kho punaO ku%ehi upasa=krntaA pra3rensu p73ehi 3 manthehi 3 tath pra3ritena
*hik+u> y3an tri-ptra-p7ra-paramaA tato prati'Vh>ita3yaA prati'Vh>it3 *ahirddh n$harita3yaA *ahirddh
n$harit3 a'i%nakehi *hik+7hi srdhaA sam3i*ha@it3 khdita3yaA *huA@ita3yaA tad-uttariA prati'Vh>it3 *ahirddh
n$harit3 a'i%nakehi *hik+7hi srdhaA sam3i*ha@it3 3 asam3i*ha@it3 khdeya 3 *huA@eya 3 p!attikaAF[W BN 797,
0r6o6(K p+22+
4ee 0acho2 7@8+ Lhg T 6hs ic&u!e Zi$ he is ot sick,[ i+e+, he ca accept more tha @ bo2&s i$ he (or
aotherg) is sick+ <he 0;i 4utta%ibhaFga has o e5emptio &ike this, but metios i the anpatti(sectio that
oe ca accept $or the sakeegoo! o$ aother, aKKass8atthyaW Ni #N 87+
abhihaQQhu? "a#reyya) shou&! i%ite to take xas much as he &ikes3W see C0 H+
kaFkhamnena bhikkhun) by a bhikkhu 2ho is 2ishig (so)W see C0 @+
d#atti"atta".r) t2o or three bo2&s $u&&, m bo2&$u&sW a!Eecti%e to ue5presse! om+ p&+ m+ p73 a! manth+
C$+ Ni ### A9) ZQ *hikkhu Q pattap7raA p73aA Q pattap7r sakkha%iyo Q pattap7re modake theyya!itto a3ahari+[)
Zm the bhikkhu took 2ith the mi! o$ a thie$ a bo2&$u& o$ bake! cake, m bo2&$u&& o$ cake, m bo2&$u&& o$
s2eets+[
" i%erte! bb cp! ic&u!ig a !igu cp!) d3attipatta, 2hich i tur cotais a !isEucti%e !%a!a)
d#atti) t2o or threeW see C0 70+ n "atta) bo2&W see C0 27+ n ".ra) $u&&W a!E+ !eri%e! $rom p7rati) $i&&s+ Cou&! a&so
be a actio(ou $r+ p7reti) $i&&ig+ "atta".ra) m T H) bo2&$u&, Vinaya Texts) bo2&s $u&&, $u&& bo2&sW a
i%erte! cp!W see 4! itro+ Corma&&y the a!Eecti%e p7ra 2ou&! come $irst, but i%erte! it sou!s icer+
"aQi!!ahetabb) ca be accepte!W $+p+p+ o$ paCi'a>hti, see C0 @, agreeig 2ith Zd3attipattap7r Mmanth_ m+[
tato %e uttari?) i$ more tha that) see C0 @+
"aQi!!aEheyya) shou&! acceptW @ sg+ opt+ o$ paCi'a>hti+
d#atti"atta".re) acc+ p&+ m+
"aQi!!ahet#) ha%ig accepte!W abs+
tato) $rom thereW ab&+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
n4harit#) ha%ig take a2ayW abs+ o$ n$harati (nis c nhar c a)+ <he pre$i5 n$( here correspo!s to the 4askrit
pre$i5 nis() Zout,[ ot the 4kt pre$+ ni() Z!o2+[ # 0;i both 4kt pre$i5es ni( a! nis( ha%e merge! ito niMr_(W
see 0'L @A7+ <he !istictio is that nis( te!s to make a &og sy&&ab&e 2hi&e ni( a short oe+ /he 0;i ni(
represets 4kt nis( the $o&&o2ig cosoat is !oub&e!+ Here, sice the cosoat combiatios (rh( a! (hh(
are ot $ou! i 0;i, the %o2e& (i( i the pre$i5 has istea! bee &egthee! i accor!ace 2ith the &a2 o$
6oraeW see 0R j AYG T A7 a! #0 p+27H+
792
bhikkh.hi) 2ith bhikkhusW is+ p&+ m+
saddhi?) together 2ithW i!ec&+ see 4! 2+
sa?#ibha9itabba?) (it) is to be share!, !i%i!e! togetherW $+p+p+ o$ saA3i*ha@ati (saA c 3i c n*ha@ c a) agreeig
2ith a ue5presse! taA+
aya? tattha sm4%i) this is here the proper proce!ureW see 4! coc&+
>P% HK3 PaQhama"a#raEsikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhutt#4 "a#rito anatiritta? khdan4ya? # bho9an4ya?
RHK
# khdeyya # bhuN9eyya
#( "%ittiya?.
>The first trainin! "re%e"t on in#itation@
/f any bhikkhu 8ho has eaten >a meal@( 8ho has been in#ited >to take more and refused@( should %he8
un%ooked food or eat %ooked food 8hi%h is not left o#er( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
bhutt#4) 2ho has eate (a mea&)W acti%e past particip&e use! as a a!Eecti%e (#0 p+2H8)+ X *hutta, p+p+ o$
*huK@ati (n*hu@ c a) n acti%e p+p+ su$$i5 (t3in+ "cti%e past particip&es ca take a aget i the omiati%e
(*hikkhu_ a! a patiet (ue5presse! *ho@anaA) i the accusati%e+ #$ the orma& passi%e p+p+ *huttaA 2ou&!
ha%e bee use! here, it 2ou&! mea [a bhikkhu 2ho has bee eate (by someoe)+[
"a#rito) 2ho has bee i%ite! (to take more), o$$ere!, satis$ie!W a!E+ p+p+ o$ pa3retiW see C0 H n 0c @8W c$+ BL
## @2G + 2+
anatiritta?) ot &e$t o%erW a!E+ Bb cp!+ X Ceg+ pre$+ an( n atiritta, p+p+ o$ atiri!!ati (ati c nri! c ya)+ C$+ atireka at
C0 7+
khdan4ya?) ucooke! $oo!, har! $oo!, &it+) 2hat is to be che2e!, m) eatab&es, H) so&i! $oo!, <ha) o(
stap&e $oo!W acc+ sg+ t+, $+p+p+ o$ khdati (nkhd c a)) che2se bites, use! as a euter ouW see #0 p+70H+ <he
speci$ic or techica& meaig o$ this term here is Zhar!eso&i! $oo![ 2hi&e the geera& meaig e&se2here is
Zucooke! $oo!+[ 4ee BL #N @8@ + A a! B6C # @A8 (i+e+, pre$ace to Z<he Foo! Chapter[) o this term a! the
e5t oe) *ho@an$ya+
Neerab&e Vhissaro takes khdan$ya to be o(stap&e $oo! a! *ho@an$ya to be stap&e+ <here are some
prob&ems 2ith this !i%isio as $&our, orma&&y cosi!ere! a stap&e i 2ester cu&tures, is a khdan$ya
accor!ig to the commetary, 2hi&e mea&s are *ho@an$ya+ 6aybe the !i$$erece bet2ee the t2o terms is
rather 2hether the $oo! is cooke! or ucooke!+ <he *ho@an$ya as !escribe! i the 0a!abhEaa e5p&aatio to
this ru&e, 0c @A, appears to be $oo!s that are eate a$ter cookig a! this agrees, $or e5amp&e, 2ith the ru&e
that t2o o$ the *ho@an$yas, $ish a! meat, are are ot a&&o2ab&e 2he ra2+ <he khdan$ya o the other ha!,
especia&&y as &iste! i the commetary o 0c @H, a&& appear to be ucooke! $oo!s such as ra2 %egetab&es a!
o(cooke! s2eets ma!e 2ith sugar a! $&our (2hich are sti&& ma!e i 4ri Kaka)+
#) orW !isE+ partic&e+
bho9an4ya?) cooke! $oo!, m) comestib&es, H) so$t $oo!, <ha) stap&e $oo!, &it+) 2hat is to be sa%oure!,
re&ishe!W acc+ sg+ t+, $+p+p+ o$ *huK@ati, see abo%e, use! as a euter ou+
khdeyya) <ha) shou&! che2, H T m) eat (so&i! $oo!)W @ sg+ opt+ o$ khdati+
bhuN9eyya) eat, m T <ha) shou&! cosume, H) partakeW @ sg+ opt+ o$ *huK@ati+
>P% HS3 Dutiya"a#raEsikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhu? bhutt#i? "a#rita? anatirittena khdan4yena # bho9an4yena
RHS
#
435
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e, -m) khdaniyaA T *ho@aniyaA throughout the te5t+
436
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e, -m) khdaniyena T *ho@aniyena+
79@
abhihaQQhu? "a#reyya(
RH7
T=anda bhikkhu khda # bhuN9a # ti(U 9na?
438
sdan"ekkho(
RHB
bhuttasmi?( "%ittiya?.
>The se%ond trainin! "re%e"t on in#itation@
/f any bhikkhu( kno8in!ly >and@ desirin! to %ause offen%e( should in#ite a bhikkhu( 8ho has eaten >a
meal and@ 8ho has been in#ited >to take more@( to take un%ooked food or %ooked food 8hi%h is not left
o#er >sayin!@3 T=ere( bhikkhu( %he8 and eatL(U 8hen >the bhikkhu@ has eaten( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation.
bhikkhu?) a bhikkhuW acc+ sg+ m+
bhutt#i? "a#rita?) see 0c @A, here agreeig 2ith *hikkhuA+
anatirittena khdan4yena # bho9an4yena) 2ith ucooke! $oo! or cooke! $oo!s 2hich is ot &e$t o%erW as 0c
@G, here is+ sg+ m+
abhihaQQhu? "a#reyya) shou&! i%ite to take 1as much as he &ikes3W see C0 H+
handa) herep, comep, (the Frech 3oi%as)W emphatic partic&e+
bhikkhu) %oc+ sg+ m+
khda # bhuN9a) che2 or eatW 2 sg+ imp+ o$ khdati T *huK@atiW see 0c @A+
#) orW !isE+ partic&e+ ti) Zm,[ e! ,uoteW see abo%e Ci!+
9na?) ko2ig&yW pr+p+ o$ @nti use! &ike a a!%erbW see 0r 8 a! C0 @0+ 0a!abhEaa ZHe ko2s) he
ko2s himse&$, or others i$orm him, or he (i+e+, the other bhikkhu) i$orms+[ 4nti nmaI smaA 3 @nti aKKe
3 tassa ro!enti so 3 ro!eti+4p #N 8@7 Zko2ig&y, ko2ig the state o$ beig i%ite!+ Because the ko2ig is
o$ three ki!s, there$ore it is sai! i the 0a!abhEaa) ]he ko2s) he ko2s himse&$m^ etc+[ ) Z@nanti
pa3rita*h3aA @nantoF taA panassa @nanaA yasm t$hkrehi hoti, tasm X@nti nma smaA 3 @nt$Pti-din
nayena pada*h@anaA 3uttaAF[
sdan"ekkho) !esirig to cause o$$ece, !esirig to take re%ege, !esirig to rebuke, m) i e5pectatio o$
his !iscom$iture, H) !esirig to $i! $au&tW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig *hikkhu+ Koc+ tapp+ cp!+ &ike 3isuddhpekkho i Ci!,
3isi**anpekkho i 0c AG, a! hasspekkho i 0c G0+ X sdana) causig aoyace, causig !iscom$ort,
causig o$$eceW actio(ou $r+ sdeti ( c ns$d c e) the causati%e o$ as$dati) strikes agaist, o$$e!s, isu&ts,
assai&s+ # the origi(story a bhikkhu seeks re%ege $or beig reprima!e! by aother bhikkhu+ <he 2ay he
!oes so is by makig the oe 2ho reprima!e! $a&& ito o$$ece through !eceptio a! the reprima!ig
him i tur so as to rebuke him+ n a"ekkha) &ogig $or, !esirig $orW actio(ou takig &oc+W see abo%e Ci!+
0a!abhEaa) Zasdanpekkho tiI Imin imaA !odessmi, sressmi, paCi!odessmi, paCisressmi, ma=ku karissm$
tiF[I Zm) By this meas # 2i&& repro%e him, remi! him, repro%e him i retur, remi! him i retur, # 2i&&
make him embarrasse!+[
bhuttasmi?) 2he he has eate, H T m) i the eatigW p+p+ o$ *huK@ati, see 0c @A, use! as a actio(ou i
the &oc+ case+ P!ittiyaA costructs 2ith the &ocati%e, e+g+ 'a>a*ho@ane at 0c @7+ Here it is probab&y a &ocati%e
abso&ute 2ith the subEect (*ho@anasmiA) ue5presse!W see 0c 8) *h7tasmiA a! 0c GA a! H@+ #t cou&! a&so be
a p+p+ use! as a euter ou, but the 0a!abhEaa i!icates that the o$$ece is $u&$i&&e! at the e! o$ the mea&
(ZBho@ana-pariyosne patti p!ittiyassaF[) a! the abso&uti%e thus $its more+
>P% H73 Viklabho9anasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu #ikle khdan4ya? # bho9an4ya?
RRD
# khdeyya # bhuN9eyya #( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on eatin! at the 8ron! time@
437
6i 4e, R) a*hihaCChum-pa3reyya+ N) a*hihaCCham-pa3reyyaF C$ C0 H a! 0c @8+
438
-m omits @naA++
439
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, .a, Ce Kkh) (pekhoF (C$ (pekho %+&+ at Ci! a! 0c AG, G0+)
440
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e, -m) khdaniyaA T *ho@aniyaAF
798
/f any bhikkhu should %he8 un%ooked food or eat %ooked food at the 8ron! time( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation.
#ikle) at the 2rog timeW &oc+ sg+ m+, pre$+ 3i() 2rog n k%a) time+ 0a!abhEaa) Z2a@@hantike 3$ti3atte y3a
aru>u''ama>[) Z/he mi!(!ay has passe! uti& the arisig o$ !a2+[
For the rest see 0c @G+
>P% HP3 &annidhikrakasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu sannidhikraka? khdan4ya? # bho9an4ya?
RR1
# khdeyya # bhuN9eyya #(
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on kee"in! (food) in store@
/f any bhikkhu should %he8 un%ooked food or eat %ooked food >8hile@ kee"in! >it@ in store( >this is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation.
sannidhikraka?) (2hi&e) keepig i storeW amu& abso&uti%eW see C0 2@+ 0a!abhEaa) ZA@@a paCi''ahitaA
apara@@u khditaA hoti+[) Z#t is accepte! to!ay (a!) eate the $o&&o2ig !ay+[
>P% HB3 PaE4tabho9anasikkh"ada?@
Oni kho "ana tni "aE4tabho9anni( seyyath4da?3
RRC
sa""i( na#an4ta?(
RRH
tela?( madhu"hEita?(
RRR
ma%%ho(
ma?sa?( kh4ra?( dadhiV
445
yo "ana bhikkhu e#ar."ni "aE4tabho9anni a!ilno
RRS
attano atthya
#iNN"et# bhuN9eyya(
RR7
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on su"erior food@
Those foods 8hi%h are su"erior( namely3 !hee( butter( oil( honey and molasses( fish( meat( milk( %urdV
8hi%he#er bhikkhu( 8ho is not ill( ha#in! re7uested su%h su"erior foods for his o8n benefit( should eat
>them@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
yni kho "ana tni : seyyath4da? sa""i na#an4ta? tela? madhu"hEita? :3 see C0 2@+
"aE4tabho9anni) $oo!s 2hich are superior, e5ce&&et $oo!sW om+ p&+ t+ Kamma!hraya cp!W c$+ C0 2@)
paCisyaniyni *hesa@@ni+ X "aE4ta) superior, e5ce&&etW p+p+ o$ paneti (pa c nni c a)) raises, e5a&ts, brigs out+ n
bho9ana) $oo!, ourishmet i geera&W actio(ou $rom *huK@atiW see 0c @7+
ma%%ho) $ishW om+ sg+ m+
ma?sa?) $&esh, meatW om+ sg+ t
kh4ra?) mi&kW om+ sg+ t+
dadhi) cur!, sour mi&k) om+ sg+ $+ 6/ 8G8) Z"adhi) coagu&ate! mi&k, thick sour mi&k (regar!e! as a reme!yW
!i$$erig $rom cur!s i ot ha%ig the 2hey (dadhima>Wa) separate! $rom it+)+[ C$+ N#C4 # @@8+
e#ar."ni) such, o$ such ki!W a!E+ 4ee abo%e Ci!+, C0 8+
a!ilno) 2ho is ot(sickW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! ahaA, see 0c @7, 4ekh @H+ Kamma!hraya use! as Bb
cp!+ X eg+ pre$+ a- c 'i%na+ <he 0a!abhEaa !e$ies a'i%na here as Zm) $or 2hom there is com$ort 2ithout
441
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e, -m) khdaniyaA T *ho@aniyaAF
442
Lm, -0) seyyathidaA+ C$ C0 2@+
443
N) na3anitaAF C$ C0 2@+
444
C, L, /) madhupph>itaA+
445
C, 0 (, /ae -!a 0m, 4irima&2atta 0m)) dadhiA+ (<his rea!ig has &ater bee scribb&e! through i C+) Both dadhi a! dadhiA
are euter omiati%e accor!ig to C0'L, a&though orma&&y dadhiA is accusati%e+ C$ S(a #N 780) [kh$raA 3iya dadhiA 3iya
o*hsantaA+[
446
N) '$%noF
447
C, L, /) pari*huK@eyyaF
79A
the e5ce&&et $oo!s+[) Zm) yassa 3in pa>$ta*ho@anni phsu hotiF[
attano) o$ himse&$, his o2W ge+ sg+ o$ att) se&$W re$&e5i%e proou (see 4! G)+
atthya) $or the bee$it, ee!, useW !at+ (o$ a!%atage) sg+ m+W c$+ C0 70+
attano atthya) $or his o2 bee$it, $or the bee$it o$ himse&$, m) $or his o2 use, H) $or himse&$+
#iNN"et#) ha%ig re,ueste!, i!icate!, i$orme!, ha%ig ma!e (someoe) u!ersta!W abs+ o$ 3iKKpetiW see
C0 G+
bhuN9eyya) shou&! eatW see 0c @A+
>P% RD3 Danta"onasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu adinna? mukhad#ra? hra?
RRP
hareyya( aNNatra udakadanta"oE(
RRB
"%ittiya?.
Bho(anavaggo catuttho+
>The trainin! "re%e"t on tooth18ood@
/f any bhikkhu should take into the mouth >any@ nutriment that has not been !i#en >to bhikkhus@V e+%e"t
8ater and tooth18ood( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on eating is .ourth
adinna?) 2hich has ot bee gi%eW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig hraAW see 0r 2+ 0a!abhEaa) ZAdinnaA nmaI
apaCi''ahitakaA 3u!!atiF "innaA nmaI kyena 3 kyapaCi*addhena 3 nissa''iyena 3 dente hatthapse Chito kyena
3 kyapaCi*addhena 3 paCi'a>hti etaA dinnaA nmaFPI ZCot gi%e) is ca&&e! ot accepte!+ Ri%e) 2he gi%ig
2ith the bo!y, or 2hat is coecte! 2ith the bo!y, or by re&i,uishig (2ith a spoo, etc+), oe accepts
sta!ig 2ithi arms(&egth+[
mukhad#ra?) mouth, &it+) $ace(!oorW acc+ sg+ m+ ("cc o$ aimW 4yta5 j @8+ Re+ tapp+ cp! X mukha) mouth,
$ace n d#ra) !oor+ C$+ 4ekh 87, Ni # 88 a! 6 ### 282+
hra?) utrimet, itake, igestio, cosumptio, somethig take i, susteaceW acc+ sg+ m+ !er+ $r+ hrati
( c nhar c a)+ /ater a! tooth2oo! are either e5c&u!e! because they 2ereDt cosi!ere! as $oo!+
hareyya) igest, take ito, igest, cosume, brig toW @ sg+ opt+ o$ haratiW see abo%e+
adinna? mukhad#ra? hra? hareyya) H) shou&! co%ey to his mouth utrimet ot gi%e, m) co%ey
to the opeig o$ his mouth $oo! ot gi%e, <ha) take ito his mouth a e!ib&e that has ot bee gi%e,
Corma) shou&! co%ey to the opeig o$ his mouth $oo! that has ot bee gi%e+ <he 2or!(or!er 2ou&!
orma&&y be) Zm adinnaA hraA mukhad3raA hareyya m,[ compare the pre%ious ru&es, but here it has
probab&y bee chage! $or euphoic reasos+ <he 4ar%sti%!i 0rtimok>a has) Zm apari'Vh$taA hraA
mukhad3re>hared m[W 0r6o4a p+278+ 6(K ru&e @A) Zm adinnam-aprati'rhitaA mukha-d3rikam-hram-
hreya anyatrodakadantapo>e m[W 0r6o6(K p+22, BN 790+ 6?) Zm adinnaA Mmukhad3r_hramhared m[W
0r6o6? p+@G+ <he e5pressio ZharaA harati[ is a&so $ou! at 6 # 87, <hi 8G0, a! L ## 22@+
Nibh) Z/hdissmi, *huK@issm$ ti 'a>hti patti dukkaCassaF A@@hohre a@@hohre p!ittiyassaF[) Z(<hikig) ]# sha&&
che2, # sha&& eat] he takes) a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig $or him+ # each s2a&&o2ig a o$$ece o$ e5piatio+[
<he meaig o$ a@@hoharati is Zs2a&&o2s[ i 6 ## 7@8 a! Ni ## 207 but i 6 # 28A it meas Zputs ito+[ C$ Ni
## 7@2 (the rumiatig ru&e) 2here mukhad3ra ca o&y mea Zmouth[+
aNNatra) e5ceptW i!ec&+ see 0r 7+
udakadanta"oE) 2ater a! tooth(2oo!W ab&+ sg+ t+ L%a!a(cp!+
X udaka) 2ater n danta) tooth n "oEa) 2oo!, stick, pick+ <his is a sma&& stick that is ma!e out o$ braches o$
trees 2ith $ragrat or me!icia& 2oo! by makig it poite! at oe e! by a ki$e to pick the teeth a! at the
448
N) adinnaA mukhad3raA hareyyaF+
449
Bh 0m 7 T 2, .a, Lm, Nibh Ce, 0g) (dantapon+
79G
other e! makig it $raye! by beatig $or brushig the teeth+ <hese sticks are sti&& beig ma!e i #!ia a! i
the 4ri Kaka a! <hai $orest moasteries+ Leri%iatio ucertai, Ni ## 7@HY7@8 has dantakaCCha) tooth(2oo!+
#t shou&! be bet2ee 8 a! 8 $iger(brea!ths &og+ 6(K ru&e @A) (dantapo>e: BN 790+
bho9ana#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o $oo!, the $oo!(sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X bho9ana) see 0c @9
n #a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+
%atuttho) $ourthW or!ia&+
>A%elaka#a!!o
RKD
@
>P% R13 A%elakasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu a%elakassa
RK1
# "aribb9akassa # "aribb9ikya # sahatth khdan4ya? #
bho9an4ya?
RKC
# dadeyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on naked as%eti%s@
/f any bhikkhu should !i#e 8ith his o8n hand un%ooked food or %ooked food to a naked as%eti% or to a
male 8anderer or to a female 8anderer( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
a%elakassa) to a ake! ascetic, a ake! oe, &it+) oe 2ho has o c&othesW !at+ sg+ m+, eg+ partic&e+ a1 n %ela)
c&oth, c&othes n co+ su$+ -aka+ <here are sti&& ascetics i #!ia 2ho are Zsky(c&a!+[
"aribb9akassa) ma&e 2a!ererW !at+ sg+ m+ X pre$+ pari) arou! n c3a@) 2a!ers n co+ su$+ (aka+
"aribb9ikya) $ema&e 2a!ererW !at+ sg+ $+, pari- n c3a@ n $em+ co+ su$+ (ika, compare upsakaLupsik+
sahatth) 2ith his o2 ha!W is+ sg+ m+ i (W see C0 7G+
khdan4ya? # bho9an4ya? #) see 0c @A+
dadeyya) shou&! gi%eW @ sg+ opt+ o$ dadtiW see 0c 2A+
>P% RC3 6yyo9anasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhu? e#a? #adeyya(
RKH
T)hA#uso( !ma? # ni!ama? # "iEcya "a#isissm
RKR
ti(U tassa d"et# # ad"et# # uyyo9eyya( T$a%%h#usoL 5a me tay saddhi? kath # nisa99 # "hsu
hotiV ekakassa
RKK
me kath # nisa99 # "hsu hot4 tiVU etad1e#a "a%%aya? karit# anaNNa?( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on dismissin!@
/f any bhikkhu should say so to a bhikkhu( TCome friendL Me shall enter a #illa!e or to8n for alms(U
>then after@ ha#in! had >food@ !i#en or not ha#in! had >food@ !i#en to him( should he dismiss >the
bhikkhu sayin!@( T$o friendL There is no ease for me talkin! or sittin! do8n to!ether 8ith youV there is
ease for me talkin! or sittin! do8n by myselfVU ha#in! made 9ust this the reason( >and@ not another( >this is
a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iationV
bhikkhu?) to a bhikkhuW acc+ sg+ m+
e#a? #adeyya) shou&! say soW see 0c 28+
.egar!ig the rea!igs 2ith e3aA 3adeyya a! those 2ithout) <he origi(story (Be, Ce, 'e) has both $orms)
a! thus o$$ers o he&p) Z)panando Q *hikkhuA etad avoca@ AEh&vuso Q *hikkh7 Q 3ip!entiI `kathaA hi nma
yasm )panando sakyaputto bhi!!hu ehBvuso 'maA pi>Wya pa3isissm ti tassa adpet3 uyyo@essat$itiBpeB
450
:&y i 6i 4e+
451
C) a!eJak(+
452
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e, -m) khdaniyaA T *ho@aniyaAF
453
(X 6i T 6m 4e, R, L, Bh 0m 7 T 2, N, .a+) C, /, Lm, -m, -0, Nibh 'e, Nibh Ce) +++ *hikkhuA eh3uso FFF, i+e+, o Xe3aA
3adeyyaFP (0g a! 4aw a&so !o ot to ha%e it+)
454
N) pa3$sissm+
455
N) ekatassaF
79H
sa!!aA kira t3aA upananda bhi!!hu ehBvuso 'maA pi>Wya pa3isissmti tassa adpet3 uyyo@es$tiitiF Sa!!aA
*ha'a3 Q `kathaA hi nma t3aA mo'hapurisa *hikkhuA ehi3uso 'maA pi>Wya pa3isissmti tassa adpet3
uyyo@essasi+^[ <he 0a!abhEaa gi%es o use$u& commet+ <he 0ari%ra (Be)) ZBhikkhuAI ehi3uso m [
<he c&ause &acks a %erb i$ 3adeyya is &e$t out, a! a ,uotatio is orma&&y prece!e! by a %erb, c$+ Ze3aA
3adeyya[ i 0r 8, 4! 7@, 0c 28, 0c G8 T H0+ 6aybe the %erb 2as &e$t out i oe recesio, perhaps u!er
i$&uece o$ the 0ari%ra, because the optati%e 3adeyya 2ou&! be $o&&o2e! by t2o abso&uti%es, a! the a
optati%e agai i the e5t c&ause, i+e+, the mai setece %erb uyyo@@eyya+
<he correspo!ig 0rtimok>as?tra %ersios ha%e 2hat is correspo!ig to Ze3aA 3adeyya[) 6(K) Zm e3aA
3adeya m[ (0r6o6(K p+2@, BN 792)+ 6?) Zm e3aA 3adetm[ (0r6o6? p+@H)+ 4a) Zm e3aA 3aded m[ (0r6o4a
p+27H)+
ehA#uso) come $rie!pW Euctio o$ ehi c 3uso i 2hich the $ia& (i o$ ehi has bee e&i!e!W 0R j H0,2b+ X ehi)
comepW imp+ o$ eti Mni c a_ n #uso) $rie!W %oc+ sg+ m+ 4ee abo%e Ci!+
!ma? # ni!ama? #) %i&&age or to2W see 4! 7@+
"iEcya) $or a&msW !at+ sg+ m+ see C0 2H, 0c @7+
"a#isissm ti) 2e sha&& eterW X "a#isissma) 7 p&+ $ut, o$ pa3isati (pa c n3is c a) n ti) e! ,uoteW see abo%e
Ci!+
tassa) to himW !at+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro taMd_F
d"et#) ha%ig ha! ($oo!) gi%eW abs+ o$ d"eti, causati%e o$ dadtiW see 0c 2A+
ad"et#) ot ha%ig ha! ($oo!) gi%eW eg+ pre$+ a( n d"et#+
uyyo9eyya) shou&! !ismiss, se! o$$W @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ uyyuK@atiI uyyo@eti (ud c nyu@ c e)+ (4kt -dy- is
pa&ata&ise! to -yy- i 0;iW see 0R j AA+)
!a%%h#uso) go $rie!pW Euctio o$ 'a!!ha c 3uso through cotractioW 0R j G9,7+
X !a%%ha) gopW imp+ o$ 'a!!hati (n'am c a)+ #uso) %oc+ sg+ m+
na) otW eg+ partic&e+
me) $or meW !at+ sg+ o$ pers+ pro+ maMd_) #+
tay) 2ith youW is+ sg+ o$ pers+ pro+ t3aA+
saddhi?) together 2ithW i!ec&+ takig a is+ C$+ 4! 2+
kath) speakig, co%ersigW om+ sg+ $+ actio(ou !er+ $r+ katheti (nkath c e)+
nisa99) sittig !o2W om+ sg+ $+ actio(ou !er+ $r+ nis$datiW see "iy 7+
"hsu) easeW om+ sg+ t+ or a!%+ 4ee abo%e Ci!+
hoti) there isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ *ha3atiW see abo%e Ci!+
ekakassa) by myse&$, a&oeW !at+ sg+ o$ ekakaF "!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig meF Kit+) Zgroup o$ oe,[ X umera&
substati%eW see 0R j 779,G+ X eka) oe n co+ su$+ (ka+ Cot to be co$use! 2ith ekassa at 0! 2+
etad1e#a "a%%aya? karit# anaNNa?) see 0c 7G+
>P% RH3 &abho9anasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu sabho9ane kule anu"akha99a
RKS
nisa99a? ka""eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on ha#in! a meal@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! intruded u"on an family ha#in! a meal( should sit do8n( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation.
sabho9ane kule) a $ami&y ha%ig a mea&, a $ami&y 2ith both peop&e, m) (the be!room) o$ a $ami&y 2ith t2o
persos, H) $ami&y 2ith $oo!, Vinaya Texts) a house 2here a mea& is goig o+
456
Lm, 6i T 6m 4e) an7pakha@@a+
798
sabho9ane) ha%ig a mea&, 2ith a mea&W a!E+ <his is a utras&atab&e 2or!(p&ay+
4p 8AG) ZSa*ho@aneI saha u*hohi @aneh$ tiF Sa*ho@anaA tasmiA sa*ho@aneF Atha 3 sa*ho@ane sa*ho'e:
r'apariyuCChitassa purissa hi itth$ *ho'o itthiy !a puriso Q [) Z/ith a mea&) 2ith both peop&e+ /ith a mea& 2he
there is a mea& i there+ :r perhaps 2ith a mea& is 2ith eEoymetW $or a ma beset by &ust a 2oma is
eEoymet a! $or a 2oma a ma m [ <hus, oe commetaria& etymo&ogy suggests that it is a sandhi o$ sa- c
u*ho) pre$+ sa() 2ith, ha%ig n u*ho) both n @ana) peop&eW i+e+) 2ith both peop&e+ <he seco! etymo&ogy is pre$+
sa() 2ith, ha%ig n *ho@ana) $oo!, mea&, eEoymetW see 0c @2, i+e+, the $ami&y is ha%ig a mea&+ <he $irst
!eri%atio is supporte! by the Nibh 2or!(commetary) Zm itthi !a puriso !a u*ho anikkhant honti u*ho
a3$tar'[) Zm the 2oma a! the ma ha%e both ot !eparte! ($rom the be!room), both are ot 2ithout
&ust+[
ZFoo!,[ or Zeatig,[ *ho@ana, ca ha%e a se5ua& imp&icatio i #!ia cu&ture, see 4 # 70) ZBhuK@a Q kme Q [)
Z'Eoyeeat sese(p&easuresp[ Bho'a, Zproperty[ or ZeEoymet[, &ike *ho@ana, is !eri%e! $rom *huK@ati+ #
4askrit (see 6/ HGH T 7798) *ho'a ca mea Zse5ua& eEoymet[ a! saha*ho@ana meas) Zeatig together,
commo eEoymet+[ 6/ 779) asam*ho'a) o(eEoymet, absece o$ se5ua& uio+ C$+ 4 702) ZsahiraKKo
sa*ho@ano eko *huK@ati Q[) Zha%ig go&!, ha%ig $oo!eeEoymeteproperty, he eEoys it a&oe m[W c$+ S ## 2@2,
"p # @G7+
<he origi(story a! 2or!(commetary suggest that there is a se5ua& imp&icatio+ <he patti a! anpatti
c&auses i the NibhaFga, sayanani'hare T asayanani'hare, a&so i!icate that it is ecroachig o a coup&e (the
ma a! 2oma o$ a $ami&y) by sittig i the be!room+ For the %ersios o$ other schoo&s, 2hich are more or
&ess the same as i the 0;i, see C40 78@+
Cot2ithsta!ig the origi(story a! a&& the etymo&ogies, it is possib&e that the 2or! sa*ho@ane origia&&y
simp&y meat Za $ami&y ha%ig a mea&+[ Co2a!ays too it 2ou&! be cosi!ere! %ery ba! maers i$ a mok,
hopig that he 2i&& get some $oo!, 2ou&! itru!ig&y sit !o2 2hi&e a $ami&y is ha%ig a mea&+ #t is a&so
strage that the act o$ sittig !o2 is speci$ie!, because the %ery actio o$ 2a&kig ito or sta!ig i a
be!room 2ith a amorous coup&e i it is as itrusi%e+ #$ o&y itrusio ito a be!room 2ou&! be ite!e!, the
ru&e simp&y cou&! be, Zm ku%e anupakkhandeyya m[) Zitru!e upo a $ami&y,[ 2ithout ay $urther
speci$icatio+
kule) upo a $ami&yW &oc+ sg+ m+ # 4askrit ku%a ca mea Z]resi!ece o$ a $ami&y[, Zabo!e[, a! Zhouse[W see
6/+
anu"akha99a) ha%ig itru!e!, ecroache!W abs+ o$ anupakha@@ati takig a &ocati%eW see 0c 7G+
nisa99a? ka""eyya) shou&! sit !o2W see "iy 7+
>P% RR3 0aho"aQi%%hannasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu mtu!mena saddhi? raho "aQi%%hanne sane nisa99a? ka""eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bein! "ri#ately and %on%ealed@
/f any bhikkhu should sit do8n to!ether 8ith a 8oman( "ri#ately( on a %on%ealed seat( >this is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation.
mtu!mena saddhi? raho "aQi%%hanne sane nisa99a? ka""eyya) shou&! sit !o2 together 2ith a 2oma,
pri%ate&y, o a cocea&e! seatW see abo%e "iy 7+
>P% RK3 0ahonisa99asikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu mtu!mena saddhi? eko ekya raho nisa99a? ka""eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on takin! a seat "ri#ately@
/f any bhikkhu sit do8n to!ether 8ith a 8oman( one >man@ 8ith one >8oman@( "ri#ately( >this is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation.
799
eko ekya) oe (ma) 2ith oe (2oma)W see "iy 7+
>P% RS3 Crittasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu nimantito sabhatto samno santa? bhikkhu? an"u%%h "urebhatta? #
"a%%hbhatta? # kulesu %ritta?
RK7
"a99eyya aNNatra samay( "%ittiya?.
Tatthya? samayo3 %4#aradnasamayo, cJ%arakrasamayoW ayaB tattha samayo.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on #isitin!@
/f any bhikkhu 8ho has been in#ited for a meal( not ha#in! asked >"ermission to@ a bhikkhu 8ho is
"resent >in the monastery@( should !o #isitin! families before the meal or after the meal( e+%e"t at the
>ri!ht@ o%%asion( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
=ere the o%%asion is this3 the o%%asion of a !i#in! of robe >1%loth@sV the o%%asion of a makin! of robesV
this is the o%%asion here.
nimantito) has bee i%ite!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig *hikkhu, p+p+ o$ nimanteti (ni c nmant c e)+
sabhatto) 2ith (the e5pectatio o$) a mea& (i+e+, ha%ig accepte! a i%itatio $or a mea&)W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig
*hikkhu+ X pre$+ sa() 2ith n bhatta) mea&W see 0c @2+
samno) beigW pr+p+ o$ atthi (nas c a) agreeig 2ith *hikkhu+ Samno appears to act as a au5i&iary to both
nimantito a! sa*hattoF Samno is actig as a au5i&iary %erb e5pressig !uratio i this periphrastic
costructioW see #0 p+2@8+
nimantito sabhatto samno) m) 2ho has bee i%ite! $or a mea&, H T Corma) beig i%ite! a! beig
(pro%i!e!) 2ith a mea&+ " i!iomatic e5pressio+ 6imantito 2ou&! orma&&y take a istrumeta& obEect, but
the istrumeta& here has bee bee rep&ace! by sa*hatto+
0a!abhEaa) ZSa*hatto nma yena nimantito tena sa*hattoF[) ZSa*hatto) /here oe has bee i%ite! $or, thereby
oe is 2ith a mea&+[ :rigi(story) ZupanandaA Q *hattena nimantesi[) Z1he3 i%ite! -pa!a m $or a mea&+[
0ari%ra) 6imantitena sa*hattena santaA *hikkhuA mZ) ZBy oe 2ho has bee i%ite!, 2ho is 2ith 1the
prospect3 o$ a mea& m[
santa?) is presetW a&so pr+p+ o$ atthiW see abo%e Ci!+ #t re$ers to ay other bhikkhu 2ho is &i%ig i the
moastery+
bhikkhu?) a bhikkhuW acc+ sg+ m+
an"u%%h) 2ithout ha%ig aske!W abso&uti%e o$ pu!!hati prece!e! by eg+ pre$+ an(W see 0c 78 a! 7A+
Anpu!!h is a maybe tructate! $orm o$ anpu!!hya+ "t the e! o$ 2or!s (ya is o$te cotracte! to YW see
and at C0 7@ a! 0R j 2H,2+ C0L states that it has bee $orme! i aa&ogy o$ the abso&uti%e raddha or that it
is a shortee! istrumeta& $rom the $emiie ou qpu!!h+
"urebhatta?) be$ore the mea&W a!%+ " abbayJbh%a cp!+ i acc+ sg+ t+ (C$+ Ni # @H8, ### A@+) X "ure) be$oreW
i!ec&+ n bhatta+
"a%%hbhatta?) a$ter the mea&W a!%+ " abbayJbh%a cp!+ X "a%%h) a$terW i!ec&+ 4ee abo%e Ci!+ coc&+
kulesu) i $ami&ies, amog $ami&iesW &oc+ p&+ t+
kulesu %ritta? "a99eyya) shou&! go %isitig $ami&ies, shou&! egage i %isitig $ami&ies, shou&! egage i
goig amog $ami&ies, m) shou&! %isit $ami&ies, H) shou&! ca&& o $ami&ies+ <his might be a periphrastic
costructio i 2hich t2o %erbs e5press a sig&e i!ea+ <his type o$ costructio is orma&&y $ou! 2ith $orms
o$ other %erbs (usua&&y past particip&es) but here !rittaA cou&! maybe be see as a $orm o$ the past particip&e
o$ !arita, the p+p+ o$ !arati+
%ritta?) %isitig, goig, mo%igW acc+ sg+ t+ $r+ c!ar c -ittaF 4kt) !ritra) mo%ig, procee!igW see 6/ a!
BH4RL+ :&y occurs prece!ig $orms o$ the %erbs pa@@ati a! (a $e2 times) anuyuK@atiF
"a99eyya) shou&! egage iW @ sg+ opt+ o$ pa@@atiW see abo%e Ci!+ apa@@ati cou&! be a au5i&iary %erb, see #0
457
N) !arittaAF
200
p+2@@$+
aNNatra samay : tatthya? : samayo) see C0 G+
<his ru&e is re&a5e! i C% N## 7,@ a! re$erre! to there as Xanmanta!raPI Zgoig 2ithout askig[ a! is oe o$
the $i%e a&&o2aces (paK!a kappissanti) 2he the kaChina-pri%i&eges are i e$$ect+ :ther 0timokkha ru&es that
are re&a5e! !urig this perio! are C0 7, 2, (by e5tesio C0 @), 0c @2+
>P% R73 2ahnmasikkh"ada?@
A!ilnena
RKP
bhikkhun %tumsa"a%%aya"a#raE
RKB
sditabbV aNNatra "una"a#raEya( aNNatra
ni%%a"a#raEyaV tato %e uttari?
RSD
sdiyeyya( "%ittiya?.
>The 2ahnma trainin! "re%e"t@
y a bhikkhu 8ho is not ill a four1month in#itation for re7uisites %an be a%%e"tedV e+%e"t 8ith a re"eated
in#itation( e+%e"t 8ith a "ermanent in#itationV if he should a%%e"t more than that( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation.
2ahnmasikkh"ada?) the 6ahma traiig preceptW om+ sg+ m+ "ppositi%e kamma!hraya cp!W see
0r 7+ 6ahma is the proper ame o$ the ma&e &ay(!iscip&e 2ho p&ays the &ea!ig ro&e i the origi(story to
this ru&e i the 4utta%ibhaFga+
a!ilnena bhikkhun) by a o(sick bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+ 4ee 0c @7+
%tumsa""a%%aya"a#raE) $our(moth i%itatio $or re,uisites, a i%itatio $or re,uisites that &asts $or
$our moths, $our(moth(re,uisite(i%itatioW om+ sg+ $+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ that cotais aother !at+ tapp+ cp!)
pa!!ayap3ara>a a! a !igu cp!) !tumsa+ %tumsa) four-monthW !igu cp!+ k %tu) $ourW um+ cp! $orm n
msa) moth n "a%%aya"a#raE) i%itatio $or re,uisitesW !at+ tapp+ cp!+ n "a%%aya) support, re,uisite (o$
oe o$ the $our types) robes, a&ms($oo!, &o!gigs, me!iciesW e+g+ Ni ### 89+)+ Cot to be co$use! 2ith pa!!aya
i the sese o$ Zreaso[ as i 0c 7G+ Pa!!aya k paCi c aya $r+ ciW pratyaya is the 4kt $ormW see 4! 70 i!!etaA+ n
"a#raE) i%itatioW om+ sg+ $+
<he (ppa!!aya( rea!ig is probab&y the correct oe sice paCi- i pa!!aya correspo!s to 4kt prati-W see #0 p+77 +
7 T 2 a! C0 7G (ma''aMp_paCi(+
sditabb) ca be accepte!W $+p+p+ o$ sdiyatiW see C0 H+ "greeig 2ith (pa3ra>+ "s it is a optio it ca ot be
tras&ate! 2ith the more imperati%e Zis to be accepte!+[
aNNatra) e5ceptW i!ec&+ takig ab&+eis+
"una"a#raEya) 2ith a repeate! i%itatioW is+ sg+ g+ #s+ i (+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X #strumeta& o$
accompaimetW 4yta5 j G@ (or #s+ o$ atte!at circumstaces, j GA, see e5t ru&e+)W c$+ 0c 88+ X "una) agai,
repeate!, ree2e!W i!ec&+ n "a#raE) i%itatioW see abo%e+ #t is remarkab&e that there is o rea!ig Y
ppa3ra>ya as the pre$i5 Ypa is usua&&y Yppa i compou!s+
ni%%a"a#raEya) 2ith a permaet i%itatioW is+ sg+ $+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X ni%%a) permaetW a!E+ n
"a#raE) i%itatioW see abo%e+
tato %e uttari? sdiyeyya) i$ he shou&! accept more tha thatW see C0 H+
>P% RP3 6yyuttasensikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu uyyutta?
RS1
sena? dassanya !a%%heyyaV aNNatra tathr."a"a%%ay
RSC
( "%ittiya?.
458
N) a'$%nenaF
459
C, R, /, -0, Lm, Nibh Ce) !tumsappa!!aya-+ L, 6i T 6m 4e, Bh 0m 7 T 2, -m, N, Nibh 'e, 0g) !tumsapa!!aya(+
460
Be T -0, -m, Nibh 'e) uttari+ 4ee C0 @+
461
R) uyyutaA+
462
C, L, N, /, Lm, Nibh Ce, -0, Bh 0m 7 T 2, .a, 0g) (r7pappa!!aya+ (# R &ater correcte! $rom (p( to (pp(+) 4ee ote to
(ma''aMp_paCipannassa at C0 7G a! !tumsapa!!aya( at 0c 8H+
207
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the army in a%tion@
/f any bhikkhu should should !o to #isit an army in a%tionV e+%e"t 8ith an a""ro"riate reason( >this is a
%ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
uyyutta?) i actio, set out (o a march), !ispatche!, H) $ightig, m) i batt&e array, <ha) o acti%e !utyW
p+p+ o$ uyyuK@ati (ud c nyuK@ c a) (c$+ 0c 82) use! as a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig senaA+ <he pa!abhEaa states
that uyyutta meas that Zthe army has !eparte! $rom the %i&&age a! has campe!esett&e! or has marche!
$orth[) Zm 'mato nikkhamit3 ni3iCCh 3 hoti payt 3F[ <he origi(story states that kig 0asea!i (2ith his
o2 army) 2as marchig out agaist (aother) army (senya a**huyyto hoti) a! that the group o$ si5
bhikkhus 2et to see this ZuyyuttaA senaA+[ <he kig ca&&s them a! says that they !e&ight i batt&es
(yuddh*hinandin)+
sena?) armyW acc+ sg+ $+
dassanya) to %isit, to see, $or the purpose o$ seeigW !at+ (o$ purpose) sg+ t+ o$ dassanaW c$+ 0r 8+ " actio(
ou that takes a accusati%e patietW see #0 p+7@8+ Kitera&&y dassana meas Zseeig,[ but it o$te has the sese
o$ Z%isitig[ i 0;i+
!a%%heyya) shou&! goW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 'a!!hati+
aNNatra) e5ceptW i!ec&+ takes is+ or ab&+
tathr."a"a%%ay) 2ith a appropriate reasoW is+ sg+ m+ X #s+ o$ atte!at circumstacesW see 4yta5 j GA
a! 0c 8A) kara>$yF tathr."a) such ki!W see 0r 2+ n "a%%aya) reasoW see 0c 7G+
>P% RB3 &en#sasikkh"ada?@
&iy %a tassa bhikkhuno ko1%id1e#a "a%%ayo sena? !amanya(
RSH
dirattatiratta?
RSR
tena bhikkhun senya
#asitabba?V tato %e uttari?
RSK
#aseyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on stayin! in the army@
And if there mi!ht be any reason for that bhikkhu for !oin! to the army( t8o ni!hts or three ni!hts %an be
stayed 8ithin the army by that bhikkhuV if he should stay more than that( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation.
siy %a tassa bhikkhuno ko1%id1e#a "a%%ayo) a! i$ there might be ay reaso $or that bhikkhuW see C0 29+
Check
sena?) to a armyW acc+ sg+ $+
!amanya) $or goig, to goW !at+ sg+ t+ "ctio(ou $r+ 'a!!hati put i the !ati%e (o$ purpose) takig senaA as
patietW see #0 p+7@8+ /he a actio is ite!e!, the actio(ou is put i the !ati%e a! acts %ery much &ike
a i$iiti%eW see 4yta5 j 70Ha+
dirattatiratta?) t2o ights or three ights, $or t2o or three ightsW acc+ sg+ t+ or m+ X "cc+ o$ e5tet i time or
a a!%erb i accusati%e sg+ t+W see 4yta5 j 88b+ 4ee dirattatirattaA at 0c A+
tena bhikkhun) by that bhikkhuW is+ 4ee 4! coc&+
senya) 2ithi the armyW &oc+ sg+ $+, ot is+ sg+ $+) 2ith the army+ X Kocati%e o$ p&ace 2hereW see 4yta5 j 7G@a,
or a &ocati%e o$ pro5imity) Zbeig iZ or Zbeig 2ithi a p&ace,[ Za p&ace ear,[ 4yta5 j 7G8c, or a &ocati%e o$
co(resi!ece) a perso i the compay o$ 2hom oe stays) j 7G8e+
Cothig is e5p&aie! i the NibhaFga or commetaries, but see the origi(story at Ni #N 70A) ZahaA hi senya
'i%no[) ZFor # am i&& i the army (camp)+Z
#asitabba?) ca be staye!W $+p+p+ o$ 3asati (n3as c a)+
463
C, /) sena='amanya+
464
6i T 6m 4e,Nibh 'e) d3i(+
465
Be T -0, -m, Nibh 'e) uttari+ 4ee C0 @+
202
tato %e uttari?) i$ more tha thatW see C0 29+
#aseyya) he shou&! stayW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 3asati+
>P% KD3 6yyodhikasikkh"ada?@
DirattatirattaN1%e
RSS
bhikkhu senya #asamno( uyyodhika? # bala!!a? # senby.ha?
RS7
#
an4kadassana? # !a%%heyya( "%ittiya?.
9cela!avaggo
-1<
paCcamo+
>The trainin! "re%e"t on battle1fields@
/f a bhikkhu stayin! t8o ni!hts or three ni!hts 8ithin an army should !o to a battle1field( or a re#ie8( or a
massin! of the army( or an ins"e%tion of units( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on na!ed ascetics is .i.th
dirattatirattaN1%e) i$ t2o or three ights+ dirattatiratta?3 see 0c 89+ n %e) i$W hyp+ partic&e+
senya) 2ithi a armyW is+ sg+ $+ 4ee 0c 89+
#asamno) stayigW pr+p+ o$ 3asatiW see 0c 89+
<he meaigs o$ the $o&&o2ig terms are ot comp&ete&y c&ear+ 4ee BL ## @H9 + 7+ <hey are metioe! i the
3is7kadassana(sectio o$ the 6aEEhimasJ&a sectio i the BrahmaE&asuttata (L # A)+
uyyodhika?) m T <ha) batt&e($ie&!, H) sham($ight, Vinaya Texts) batt&e(arrayW acc+ sg+ m+ uyyodha) batt&e n
su$+ o$ coectio) (ika+ Cot !eri%e! $rom uyyuK@atiW see 0c 88, but accor!ig to 0'L, $rom ud c yudh+ Nibh)
sampahraA) a c&ash+ <he !i$$erece is c&ear i the correspo!ig 4a a! 6? 0rtimok>as?tra ru&es) the ru&e
correspo!ig to 0c 88 has ZudyuktA senA,[ 2hi&e the ru&e correspo!ig to 0c A0 has Zudy7thikA
senaA[W see 0r6o4a p+27G+ BH4RL udy7thik) Z (a army) rea!y $or mi&itary operatios+[
bala!!a?) army(re%ie2, <ha) ro&&(ca&&, H) troop(array, m) re%ie2, Vinaya Texts) umberig o$ $orces, 6/)
para!e, &it+) best o$ po2erW acc+ sg+ t+ ge+ tapp+ cp!+ X bala) stregth, po2er n a!!a) $rot, the best+ Nibh) Zm
ettak hatth$ Q [) Zm so may e&ephatsm[ 4ee BL ## @H9 + 7+
senby.ha?) massig o$ the army, batt&e(mass, <ha) troops i batt&e($ormatio, C40) !ra2ig up o$ batt&e(
array, H) massig o$ the army, m) para!e, Vinaya Texts) !ra2ig up o$ the $orcesW acc+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+
X sen) army n by.ha) massigW X 3i c y c n7Jh [ 3y7ha [ *y7haI 3i c n7Jha) p+p+ o$ 3ahati (n3ah c a)) carries,
procee!s+ Nibh) Zm ito hatth$ hontum[ C$+ S N# 2HA) X*a%a''ni 3iy7Jhni+[ 0'L G@@) 3iy7Jha) !ese (o$ $ightig),
6 # 78G, " ### 98) Z3iyuJhaA sa='amaA[ (Be) *y7JhaA)+
an4kadassana?) ispectio o$ uitsW <ha) re%ie2 o$ batt&e(uits, H T Vinaya Texts) re%ie2, m e5erciseW acc+
sg+ t+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X an4ka) $rot, $ace, army(array n dassana) see 0c 88+ Nibh) Zm tayo hatth$ pa!!himaA
hatthn$kaA+[ S N# 2HA) Zhatthan$kaA rathan$kaA+[
!a%%heyya) shou&! goW @ sg+ opt+ o$ 'a!!hati+
a%elaka#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o ake! ascetics, the ake!(ascetic(sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X
a%elaka) a ake! asceticW see 0c 87 n #a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+
"aN%amo) $i$thW or!ia&+
466
6i T 6m 4e,Nibh 'e) d3i(+
467
Ce Kkh) -3y7haA+ R, -m, -0, N, .a, 0g) (*yuhaA+
468
C) a!eJaka(+
20@
>&ur"na#a!!o
469
@
>P% K13 &ur"nasikkh"ada?@
&urmeraya"ne "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on al%oholi% drink@
/n drinkin! al%oholi% drink made of !rain >1"rodu%ts@ or fruit >and;or flo8er "rodu%ts@( >there is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation.
surmeraya"ne) i !rikig a&coho&ic !rik ma!e o$ grais or (a&coho&ic !rik ma!e o$) $ruits, m) 2ies
a! spirits, H) $ermete! &i,uor a! spiritsW &oc+ sg+ t+ ge+ tapp+ cp!+ cotaiig a !isEucti%e !%a!a cp!+
X surmeraya) a&coho&ic !rik ma!e o$ grais or a&coho&ic !rik ma!e o$ $ruitsW !isEucti%e !%a!a cp!+
X sur) mi&! or strog a&coho&ic !rik ma!e out o$ grais a!eor grai(pro!ucts) e+g+ beer, 2hiskey+ 4ee the
0a!abhEaa o this ru&e i Ni #N 770) ZSur nma piCChasur p73asur odanasur ki>>apakkhitt
sam*hrasaAyuttF [) ZSur is sur ma!e o$ $&our, m cakes, m boi&e! rice, ito 2hich yeast has bee thro2,
(or) a combiatio o$ igre!iets++[ C$+ N%(a H@ a! 0'L+
n meraya) mi&! or strog a&coho&ic !rik ma!e out o$ $&o2ers, $ruits, or hoey) e+g+ 2ie, rum+ Ni #N 770)
Z2erayo nma pupphsa3o pha%sa3o madh3sa3o 'uJsa3o sam*hrasaAyuttoF[) Z2eraya is $&o2er e5tract, $ruit
e5tract, hoey e5tract, sugar e5tract or a combiatio o$ igre!iets+[ (Sratthad$pan$-C$k 16yamar ### H93)
XHar$tak$-ssapdi-nn-sam*hrehi saAyo@it sam*hra-saAyuttF Q Har$tak-ma%aka-kaCuka-*ha>Wdi-nn-
sam*hrnaA raso !irapari3sito sam*hra-saAyuttoFP)
<he 0a!abhEaa i!icates that i 0;i the !istictio i ames is !ue to the !i$$erece i igre!iets, rather
tha the a&coho&ic stregth or the process by 2hich the !rik is ma!e as it is i the 'g&ish &aguage,
there$ore it is ot possib&e to gi%e a satis$actory tras&atio 2ith a sig&e 2or!+ C$+ BL ## @8A a! 0'L+
n "na) !rikigW actio(ou !er+ $r+ pi3ati (np c a)+
>P% KC3 AF!uli"atodakasikkh"ada?@
AF!uli"atodake "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on ti%klin! 8ith the fin!ers@
/n ti%klin! 8ith the fin!ers( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
aF!uli"atodake) i tick&ig 2ith the $igers, m) i pokig (ayoe) 2ith the $igers, H) tick&ig 2ith the
$igersW &oc+ sg+ t+ #s+ tapp+ cp!+ X aF!uli) $iger, $igers n "atodaka) tick&ig, pokigW $rom pre$+ pa n ctud n
su$$i5 ka, c$+ tudati) pricks+ #s+ tapp+ cp!+ C$+ BL ## @8H + 7+
>P% KH3 =assadhammasikkh"ada?@
6dake hassadhamme
R7D
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the a%t of "layin!@
/n the a%t of "layin! in 8ater( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
udake) i 2aterW &oc+ sg+ t+
hassadhamme) i the act o$ p&ayig, m ha%ig $ueamusemetemirthe$ueEest, m) sportig 2ith &aughter,
H) p&ayig, <ha) the act o$ p&ayigW &oc+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+
469
:&y i 6i 4e+
470
Lm, -m) hasa(+ 6i 4e, R, N, Nibh 'e) hsa(+ C, L, /, -0, 'e 4p, 6m 4e, 6i 4e, Nibh Ce %+&+) hassa(+ Nibh 'e gi%es a&& three
rea!igs as Burmese ms+ %+&+&+
208
X hassa) amusemet, $uW a!Eecti%e or t+ actio(ou+ 0robab&y !eri%e! $rom the 4askrit root chV+) is
e5cite!, rather tha $rom the root chas) &aughs+ <he t2o roots ha%e merge! i 0;i+ (For this mergig c$+ ote
o dosa, 4! 8, a! 0'L H@0) hasati 9 hassati+)
4p) Zm udakak$Jik[) Zsportigep&ayig i the 2ater+[ Nibh origi(story) Zudake k$JantiFZ C$+ 0c G0 hasspekkho+
Be Kkh commets 2ith hasdhippya both to this ru&e a! to 0c G0, 2hich i!icates that the rea!ig the
commetator ha! 2as the same $or both+ <he 4ar%sti%!i 0rtimok>as?tra has) udakahar+a>t, 0r6o4a
p+22A+
n dhamma) act, practiceW m+ For dhamma i this sese see 0r 7+
>P% KR3 Andariyasikkh"ada?@
Andariye "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on disres"e%t@
/n disres"e%t( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
andariye) i !isrespectW &oc+ sg+ t+ eg+ pre$+ an( n dariya) respect, esteem, a$$ectioW abstract ou ($rom
andara)+ <here are t2o types o$ !isrespect accor!ig to the 0a!abhEaa) pu''a%ndariya T dhammndariya,
!isrespect to2ar!s a perso a! to2ar!s the Lhamma+
>P% KK3 hi?s"anasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhu? bhi?s"eyya(

"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on s%arin!@
/f any bhikkhu should s%are >another@ bhikkhu( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
bhikkhu?) a bhikkhuW acc+ sg+ m+
bhi?s"eyya) shou&! scare, m make a$rai!, m T H) $righteW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ *hiAseti (n*h$ c e)+
Cot gi%e as a %erb i 0'L, but see *hiAsa at 0'L A08+ Nibh) Zm *hiAspetukmo Q *hyeyya QF[
4a) Zm *hik+uA *h$+ayed *h$+payed Q ZW 0r6o4a p+22A+ (4o 6?W see KC H+) 6(K ru&e GA) *h$seya: 0r6o6(K
p+2G, BN 798+ C$+ 6/ HA8 c*h$+
<he root o$ *hyati is c*h$ Zis a$rai!,[ the causati%e is *hypeti, the p+p+ is *h$ta+
# the commetaries the %erb *hiAseti is $ou! at 4(a # @2@, 4(a 228, "p(a H8+ Forms o$ the causati%e
*hiAspeti are a&so $ou! i the commetaries, e+g+, 6(a # 77H+ <he reaso 2hy *hiAspeti probab&y is use!
here is probab&y because the other bhikkhu is $rightee! through a appearace) a sou!, sight etc+W see
0a!abhEaa+ BhiAsa a&2ays occurs as a a!E+ i *hiAsar7pa) a $righteig appearace (o$ 6ra etc+)
"ccor!ig to the 0a!abhEaa it makes o !i$$erece 2hether the mok actua&&y becomes scare! or ot+
>P% KS3 \otisikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu a!ilno
R71
#isibban"ekkho
R7C
9oti? samdaheyya # samdah"eyya #( aNNatra
tathr."a"a%%ay(
R7H
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (li!htin!) fires@
/f any bhikkhu 8ho is not ill( desirin! to 8arm >himself@( should li!ht a fire or should ha#e >it@ lit( e+%e"t
8ith an a""ro"riate reason( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
471
N) a'$%noF
472
6m 4e, 0g) 3is$3anpekkho+ Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, 4aw) 3is$3anpekho+ Nibh Ce, -m, .a) 3isi**anpekho+ (C$ %+&+ at 0c @G)+
473
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, Lm, -m, -0, N, Nibh Ce) (r7pappa!!ayW see 0c 88+
20A
a!ilno) 2ho is ot i&&W a!E+W see 0c @7+
#isibban"ekkho) 2ho is !esirig to 2arm (himse&$), &ogig $or 2armthW a!E+ Koc+ tapp+ cp! use! as Bb cp!+
X #is4#ana) 2armig (oese&$)W actio(ou !er+ $r+ 3isi**etiL3is$3eti (3i c nsi3 c e)+ C$+ BL ## @98 + 2, a! 0'L
G80 n a"ekkha) !esirigW a!E+W see abo%e Ci!+
9oti?) a $ireW acc+ sg+ m+
samdaheyya) shou&! &ight, ki!&eW @ sg+ opt+ o$ samdahati (saA c c nWah c a)+
samdah"eyya) shou&! ha%e (a $ire) &itW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ samdahati+
aNNatra tathr."a"a%%ay) e5cept 2ith a appropriate reasoW see 0c 88+ <he origi(story imp&ies that a
reaso 2ou&! be the &ightig o$ a &amp, or a a sma&& $ire (@otika, 2hich the commetary speci$ies as oe $or
bakig a bo2&, etc+), a! &ightig a $ire i a saua (@anta'hara)+
>P% K73 5ahnasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu orenAacchamsa?
R7R
nahyeyya(
R7K
aNNatra samay( "%ittiya?.
Tatthya? samayo3 diyaccho
R7S
mso seso !imhnan1ti(
R77
#assnassa "aQhamo
R7P
mso( i%%ete
acchateyyams(
R7B
uEhasamayo( "ari*hasamayo(
RPD
!ilnasamayo(
RP1
kammasamayo(
addhna!amanasamayo( #ta#uQQhisamayoV aya? tattha samayo.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bathin!@
/f any bhikkhu should should bathe 8ithin less than half a month( e+%e"t at the >ri!ht@ o%%asion( >this is a
%ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
=ere the o%%asion is this >thinkin!@3 Tone and a half month is 8hat remains of the hot season(U >and
Tthis is@ the first month of the rainy seasonU_these t8o and a half months >are@ the o%%asion of dry heat(
>and@ the o%%asion of humid heat_>also3@ the o%%asion of bein! si%kV the o%%asion of 8orkV the o%%asion of
!oin! on a 9ourneyV the o%%asion of >dusty@ 8ind and rainV this is the o%%asion here.
orenAacchamsa?) &ess tha ha&$ a mothW Euctio o$ orena c aWWhamsaA through e&isio o$ the $ia& (a o$
orena be$ore a c&ose! sy&&ab&eW see 0R j G9 X orena) 2ithi, i &ess thaW a!%+ n acchamsa?) ha&$ a mothW
acc+ sg+ m+ X acc+ o$ time 2heW 4yta5 j 8G+ Ligu cp!W see C0 28+
acchamso) a ha&$ mothW om+ sg+ m+ Ligu cp!+ X accha) ha&$W umera& a!E+ ca&&e! a Z$ractio[W see #0 p+2H0+
n msa) moth+
nahyeyya) shou&! batheW @ sg+ opt+ o$ nahyati (nnh c ya)+ 6ahyeyyaLnhyeyya+ Both $orms nahti a! nhti
are gi%e i 0'L @88+ 4ee 0R j A0,A+ <he (nh( $orm is the %erse $orm (2here the (a( is so$t&y recite! as a
sara*hatti (0R j 29$+), the nah( $orm is the prose $orm+
aNNatra samay : tatthya? samayo : aya? tattha samayo) e5cept at the (right) occasio+ Here the
occasio is this) m this is the occasio hereW see C0 G, 0c @2+
diyaccho) oe a! a ha&$W um+ X di) t2oW um+ cotracte! compou! $orm o$ ui$&ecte! d3i n euphoic
semiY%o2e& (y( n accha) ha&$W $ractioa& umber, 2hich is compou!e! 2ith the e5t higher or!ia& umber
&ike i the Rerma Zha%* dreiPW see 0R j 779,2+ Corma&&y, 2he aWWha comes a$ter a car!ia& umber, it
i!icates ha&$ thereo$, e+g+, dasaWWha meas Z$i%e+[ Ho2e%er, diyaWWha (&it+ t2o(ha&$) is a e5eptio to this ru&e
a! probab&y is so $or the reaso that the (o(e5istig) compou! aWWhad3e (om+) !oes^t sou! so ice+
mso seso !imhnan1ti) (thikig)) Zoe moth is 2hat remais o$ the hot seaso[W see C0 28+
474
6i T 6m 4e, R, N) aWWha(+
475
Nibh 'e, 6i T 6m 4e) nhyeyya+ N) >hyeyyaF
476
N) diyaWhoF
477
Nibh Be %+&+) 'imhnaA+
478
N) pathamoF
479
N) aWha-
480
CI pari%ha-F
481
N) '$%na-
20G
#assnassa) o$ the raiy seasoW ge+ sg+ m+ o$ 3assna+
"aQhamo) the $irstW a!E+ or!ia&+
i%%ete) these 1are3, thus these 1are3W see abo%e 4! 8) i!!etaA, X Euctio o$ iti) thusW i!ec&+ .e$ers back to the
prece!ig items+ Co ee! to tras&ate+ n ete) acc+ p&+ o$ !em+ pro+ etaMd_+
acchateyyams) t2o a! a ha&$ mothsW om+ p&+ m+
acchateyya) t2o a! a ha&$W !igu cp!+ X accha n teyya+ ('&se2here a&so spe&&e! as aWWhatiyaF C$+ ardht$ya i
the 0r6o6(Kp+28+) " shortee! $orm o$ aWWhatatiya i 2hich the sy&&ab&e (ti( has bee &ost !ue to hap&o&ogyW
see 0R j GA,7+ n ms) om+ p&+ m+ <he t2o a! a ha&$ moths are the oe a! a ha&$ moths remaiig o$ the
hot seaso a! the $irst moth o$ the rais+
mso seso !imhnan1ti #assnassa "aQhamo mso i%%ete) <he ru&e u!er2et si5 ame!mets+ (Bathig &ess
tha oce i t2o 2eeks d n 2 y moths o$ !ry heat a! humi! heat d n i&&ess d n 2ork d n Eourey d n 2i!
rai+) #t seems that !urig these ame!mets o$ the ru&e somethig 2et 2rog i the 2or!ig o$ the ru&e+
<here is o reaso $or the ,uotatio mark ti a$ter 'imhnaA a! it is possib&e that it is a corruptio u!er
i$&uece o$ the same c&ause at C0 28+ Further it 2ou&! be strage that 'imhnaA is $o&&o2e! by ti a!
paChamo mso ot+ 0erhaps the iti i i!!ete origia&&y be&oge! to the Z3assnassa paChamo mso[ c&ause, i+e+, Zm
'imhnan-ti, 3assnassa paChamo mso ti, ete aWWhateyyams u>hasamayo Q[ rather tha to the Zete
aWWhateyyams[ c&ause+ <his is 2hat the 0a!abhEaa seems to suggest (Ni #N 779)) Z<he occasio o$
scorchig heat is the remaiig oe a! a ha&$ moths o$ the hot seaso, the occasio o$ oppressi%e heat is the
ame o$ the $irst moth o$ the raiy seaso, (thikig)) ]<hese are the t2o a! a ha&$ moths 2hich are the
occasio o$ !ry heat (a!) the occasio o$ humi! heat] there ca be bathig+[ ) Z)>hasamayo nma diyaWWho
mso seso 'imhnaA, pariJhasamayo nma 3assnassa paChamo mso, i!!ete aWWhateyyams u>hasamayo
pariJhasamayo ti nahyita**aAF[
:ther2ise, perhaps the iti be$ore ete 2as misu!erstoo! as a ,uotatio mark a! it 2as $e&t that a simi&ar
costructio 2as ee!e! $or Zm 'imhnaA+[
<he 6 a! 4a 0rtimok>as?tras (the correspo!ig 6? ru&e is missig) ha%e o ti a$ter 2hat correspo!s to
'imhnaA+ <he 4a 0r6o has o iti be$ore etau (X 0;i ete), 2hi&e the 6 0r6o has ityete (X 0;i i!!ete)+ 6 0c
A0 ZAn3arddhamsaA snnamuktaA *ha'a3at anyatra samayo p!attikamF TatryaA samayo d3yarddho mso Ye+e
'r$+m>A, 3ar+>A !a purimo mso, ityete ardht$yamsO paridhak%asamayo, adh3na'amanak%asamayo
'i%nasamayo karmasamayo 3tasamayo 3V+Cisamayo ayamatrasamayo,[ 0r6o6(Kp+28+ 4a 0c G0) ZArdhamsikaA
sntram anyatra samayt tadatikrmataO ptayantikF TatryaA samayaO srdho msaO Ye+o 'r$+masya, p7r3o mso
3ar+>m, etau srdhau d3au msau parid'hasamayaOF A3aYi+CaA '%nasamayaO karmasamayo 3tasamayo
3V+tisamayo hdh3namr'asamayo hyaA tatra samayaO,[ 0r6o4a p+ 228+
uEhasamayo) occasio o$ !ry heat, scorchig heat, m T H) hot 2eatherW om+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+
X uEha) !ry heat (o$ the e! o$ the hot seaso) n samaya) occasioW see C0 G n 0c @2+
"ari*hasamayo) occasio o$ humi! heat, oppressi%e heat, m) occasio o$ $e%er, H) $e%er 2eatherW om+ sg+
m+ X "ari*ha) humi! heat, $e%erW !er+ $r+ pariJhati (pari c nWah c a)+ #t is ot comp&ete&y c&ear 2hether pariJha
re$ers to a physica& co!itio, such as $e%er, or to hot 2eather+ <he &atter is more &ike&y sice u>ha a! pariJha
occur together i the same origi(story, 2hi&e 'i%na, i&&ess, has its o2 separate origi(story+ <he
commetary a&so takes them together+ #t is possib&e that u>ha is the !ry scorchig heat that occurs at the e!
o$ the hot seaso i #!ia, 2he it has ot raie! $or &og time, 2hi&e pariJha re$ers to the humi!, s2eaty, a!
oppressi%e heat that occurs at the begiig o$ the rais 2he it is sti&& hot but 2he the $irst rais ha%e $a&&e
that ca cause a atmosphere &ike a steam saua+ "&though pariJha ca re$er to physica& (a! meta&) $e%er,
oe 2o!ers 2hy o&y the $irst moth o$ the raiy seaso is ic&u!e! i$ it re$ers to ma&aria& $e%er (maybe
because the $e%ers are stroger or more $re,uetg) here, sice ma&aria mos,uitoes are abu!at !urig the
2ho&e raiy seaso a! a&so a$ter2ar!s+ 6oreo%er, 2he ha%ig $e%er, it is sai! to be o goo! to bathe+ C$+ 6
# 288) 'hamma-pariJha) Zhot 2eather $e%er[ (m) n samaya+
!ilnasamayo) occasio o$ beig sickW om+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!W see 0c @2+
20H
kammasamayo) occasio o$ 2orkW om+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ kamma) 2ork+
addhna!amanasamayo) occasio o$ goig o a EoureyW om+ sg+ m+ 4ee 0c @2+
#ta#uQQhisamayo) occasio o$ (!usty) 2i! a! raiW om+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ cotaiig a !%a!a+
#ta#uQQhi) 2i! or raiW !%a!a cp!+ X #ta) 2i!W !er+ $r+ 3yati (c3 c ya)) b&o2s+ n #uQQhi) raiW p+p+ o$
3assati (c3ass c a)+ <he origi(story to this occasio states that this occasio, &ike the other occasios, 2as &ai!
!o2 because the bhikkhus bo!ies got !irty a! soi&e! their robes a! &o!gigs+ <he 2i! here accor!ig to
the origi(story is !usty 2i!+ Ni #N 779) Zm *hikkh7 a@@hokse !$3arakammaA karont sara@ena 3tena oki>>
honti, de3o !a thokaA thokaA phusyatiF[) Zm bhikkhus 2hi&e makig a robe outsi!e 2ere co%ere! by a !usty
2i!, a! it !ri\\&e!+[ C$+ " ### @H0, Ni # 788+ "(a to " ### @H0) ZBhus 3ta3uCCh$ ti *a%a3 3takkhandho+[ Sa #
@28) Zmahat$ 3ta3uCChi uppa@@iF Vtassa ati*a%a3atya daJham7% 3ana@eCChakarukkh pi saA*ha''askh3iCap sam7%
nipatiAsuF[
>P% KP3 DubbaEEakaraEasikkh"ada?@
5a#a? "ana
RPC
bhikkhun %4#aralbhena tiEEa? dubbaEEakaraEna? aNNatara? dubbaEEakaraEa?
dtabba?( n4la? # kaddama?
RPH
# k*asma? #.
And %e bhikkhu tiEEa? dubbaEEakaraEna? aNNatara? dubbaEEakaraEa? na#a? %4#ara?
"aribhuN9eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on stains@
y a monk 8ith the !ain of a ne8 robe a %ertain stain >from@ amon!st the three stains is to be a""lied3
dark1blue or muddy >1!rey@ or dark1bro8n.
/f a bhikkhu( not ha#in! a""lied a %ertain stain >from@ amon!st the three stains( should use a ne8
robe( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
na#a?) e2W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig !$3araA i !$3ara%*hena+
"ana) agai, butW coecti%e partW see 0r 7+
bhikkhun) by a bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
%4#aralbhena) 2ith the gai o$ a robe, 2ith a robe(gaiW a!E+ Re+ tapp+ cp! use! as Bb cp! ,ua&i$yig
*hikkhun+ X %4#ara) robe ((c&oth) n lbha) gai, ac,uisitio, obtaiigW m+ "ctio(ou use! as a a!E+ Ler+ $r+
%a*hati (n%a*h c a)+
na#a? "ana bhikkhun %4#aralbhena) by a bhikkhu 2ith the gai o$ a e2 robe+
<he setece costructio seems to be icorrect here sice the a!Eecti%e na3aA shou&! orma&&y ,ua&i$y
!$3araA, 2hich is ot $ou! i this &ie+ #stea!, it appears to ,ua&i$y !$3ara( i the ge+ tapp+ cp! !$3ara-
%*henaF Corma&&y, the istrumeta& na3ena shou&! be ,ua&i$yig !$3ara%*hena+ <his strage costructio
might ha%e arise u!er i$&uece o$ Zna3aA pana santhataA[ at C0 7@+
<he 6(K %ersio has oe compou! that 2ou&! correspo! to Zna3a!$3ara%*hin *hikkhunZ i 0;i) 6(K
ru&e 88) Z6a3a!$3ara%*hin *hik+u> tray>n dur3ar>$kara>nA mPI ZBy a bhikkhu 2ho has a e2(robe(gai
m[W 0r6o6(K p+28, BN 79@+ <he 4a %ersio is Zna3a!$3araprati%*hd *hik+un tray>A dur3ar>$kara>naA
anyatamnyatamam dta3yaA na3asya dur3ar>$kara>ya m[W 0r6o4a p+22@+ <he 6? %ersio is icomp&eteW
0r6o6? p+80+
tiEEa?) o$ threeW ge+ p&+ um+ use! as a!E+ see C0 29+
dubbaEEakaraEna?) amogst the stais, uattracti%e makers, m) !is$igurig mark, H) !is$iguremetW ge+
p&+ t+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ 4ee C0 7A+ " partiti%e geiti%e that !eotes !istiguishig or se&ectig out o$
mu&titu!eW see 4yta5 j788+
X dubbaEEa (X dur3a>>a [ du33a>>a, c$+ C0 78 !ha**assni)) uattracti%eW a!E+W see C0 7A n karaEa) makig,
482
6i 4e, R, N, 0) na3am(pana+
483
N) kaddumaAF
208
makersW actio(ou !er+ $r+ karotiW see C0 7A+
aNNatara?) a certai, a , someW a!E+W see 0r coc&+ 0'L) o$te use! as i!e$iite partic&e) Za+[
dubbaEEakaraEa?) a staiW acc+ sg+ m+
dtabba?) to be app&ie!, &it+) to be take, ic&u!e!W $+p+p+ see C0 7@+
n4la?) !ark(gree (Nibh), !ark(b&ue (usua& meaig)W acc+ sg+ m+
kaddama?) mu!, c&ay, i+e+, mu!!y(grey or mu!!y(bro2W acc+ sg+ m+
k*asma?) !ark(bro2W acc+ sg+ m+ X k*a) b&ack, !ark n sma) bro2, !ark, c$+ BL ## 808 + A+
and) ot ha%ig takeW abs+ 4ee C0 7@+
%e) i$W hyp+ partic&e+
%4#ara?) acc+ sg+ t+
"aribhuN9eyya) shou&! useW @ sg+ opt+ o$ pari*huK@atiW see C0 2@+
>P% KB3 Vika""anasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhussa # bhikkhuniy
RPR
# sikkhamnya # smaEerassa # smaEeriy
RPK
#
sma? %4#ara? #ika""et# a"a%%uddhraka?
RPS
"aribhuN9eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on assi!nin!@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! himself assi!ned a robe to a bhikkhu or a bhikkhun4 or a male no#i%e or a female
no#i%e( should use >it@ 8ithout 8ithdra8in! >the assi!nment@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
bhikkhussa) to a bhikkhuW !at+ sg+ m+
bhikkhuniy) to a bhikkhuJW !at+ sg+ $+
sikkhamnya) to a $ema&e traieeW !at+ sg+ $+W pr+p+ o$ sikkhati, see 0r 7, 4! 72, use! as a ou) oe 2ho is
traiig (i the si5 traiig precepts, 0a!abhEaa), c$+ 0c H7) sikkhamnena m *hikkhun+
smaEerassa) to a o%iceW !at+ sg+ m+ Ler+ $r+ sama>a) see 0c @2 n patryomic su$+ (>era+ #t &itera&&y meas
somethig &ike Zo$$sprig o$ a sama>a[ or Zoe 2ho be&ogs to a sama>a,[ i+e+, is u!er the gui!ace o$ a
1$u&&y($&e!ge!3 sama>a+
smaEeriy) to a $ema&e o%iceW !at+ sg+ $+
sma?) himse&$W a!%+ see C0 70+ %4#ara?) acc+ sg+ m+
#ika""et#) H) ha%ig assige! (o2ership), m) ha%ig tras$erre!, Corma) a $orma& takig back, Vinaya
Texts) has ma!e o%erW abs+ o$ 3ikappetiW see C0 8+ C$+ Nibh+
a"a%%uddhraka?) ot 2ith!ra2ig (the assigmet), <ha) 2ithout the share! o2ership beig resci!e!,
m) 2ithout ha%ig reEecte!, H) (the robe) ot ha%ig bee take a2ayW X a amu& abso&uti%e i (akaAW see
C0 2@+ C$+ BL ## 22 + @ T B6C 87@ $+ X an- c paCi c ud c ndhar c ika+ For the (!!( assimi&atioW see 4! 70) i!!etaA+
4a 0r6o) apratyuddhryaW C40 7A8YA9W so 6?W KC H+ 6(K ru&e G@) Zm !$3araA dat3 apratyuddhareya
pari*huK@eya, aprayuddhrapari*ho'e p!attikaA[W 0r6o6(K p+2G+
"aribhuN9eyya) shou&! useW see 0c A8+
>P% SD3 A"anidhnasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhussa "atta? # %4#ara? # nis4dana? # s.%i!hara?
RP7
# kyabandhana? #
a"anidheyya # a"anidh"eyya # antamaso hass"ekkho
RPP
"i "%ittiya?.
484
N) *hikkhun$yF
485
Bh 0m 7 T 2) sma>eryaF <he e!itor o$ the 4aw gi%es this as a %+&+ o$ Zsome (644)+[ 6m 4e) sama>erassa +++ sama>eriy+
486
Lm, -m, -0) appa!!uddhra>aA+ 0g (p+ AH)) apa!!uddhrakaA+
487
L, N, .a) su!i(+ C$+ 0c 8G+
488
Lm, -m, N) haspekkhoW Nibh Ce, 6i T 6m 4e, R, 0g) hasspekkho+ Nibh 'e) hspekkho+ Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, .a)
209
Surpnavaggo
-<?
cha**ho+
>The trainin! "re%e"t on hidin!@
/f any bhikkhu should hide a bhikkhuAs bo8l or robe or sittin!1%loth or needle %ase or body1belt( or ha#e
>it@ hidden( e#en if 9ust desirin! amusement( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on alcoholic drin! is si6th+
"atta?) bo2&W acc+ sg+ m+ see C0 27+ %4#ara?) robe ((c&oth)W acc+ sg+ t+
nis4dana?) sittig(c&othW acc+ sg+ t+ see C0 7A, 0c 89+
s.%i!hara?) ee!&e(caseW acc+ sg+ t+ X s.%i) ee!&e n !hara) a case, &it+ a houseW see C0 29+
kyabandhana?) bo!y(be&tW acc+ sg+ t+ Lat+ tapp+ cp!+ X kya) bo!y n bandhana) be&t, ba!, &it+ bi!igW
actio(ou !er+ $r+ *andhati+
a"anidheyya) shou&! hi!eW @ sg+ opt+ o$ apanidahati (apa c ni c ndah c a)+
a"anidh"eyya) shou&! make (someoe e&se) hi!eW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ the abo%e+
antamaso : "i) e%e i$ Eust, e%e i$ simp&yW see 0r 7+
hass"ekkho) !esirig amusemet, &ookig $or amusemet, m) e%e $or a Eoke, H) e%e i $uW a!E+
,ua&i$yig *hikkhuF X hassa) amusemetW see 0c A@ n a"ekkha) !esirigW a!E+W see Ci!) 3isuddhpekkho+
:rigi(story) hasanti (4kt chas)+ C$+ origi(story to 0c A2) hsesuA) to make &augh (4kt chas) n ote to 0c A@)
hassadhamme+ Nibh) Zm k$Jdhipyo+[) Zite!ig $u+[ 4a 0r6o) hsyaprek+yam, (X chasW see 6/ 7298), Fiot
A9, so 6? 0timokkha+ 6(K) ZantamaYato hsyrthaA pi[W 0r6o6(K p+2G, BN 797+ C$+ 6 # 87A) hasspi+
Hi`ber, i 4004 GHYG8 + 78, suggests that the $orm hsa is the correct oe sice a $emiie hs or hsy is
ot $ou! e&se2here+ Ho2e%er, he o%er&ooke! the $act that here this is ot a $emiie hs compou!e! 2ith
pekkha, but a Euctio through cotractio o$ the $ia& (a o$ hsa a! the iitia& a( o$ apekkha as i
3isuddhpekkha i the Ci!a+ <hus both $orms are i accor!ace 2ith the &a2 o$ 6orae a! are there$ore
correctW c$+ C0 70 d3atti a! 0! @ sekkha+
sur"na#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o !rikig a&coho&ic !rik, the !rikig(a&coho&ic(!rik(
sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X sur"na) see 0c A7 n #a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+
%haQQho) si5thW or!ia&+
>&a""Ea#a!!o
RBD
@
>P% S13 &aN%i%%asikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu saN%i%%a "Ea?
RB1
94#it #oro"eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on intentionally (de"ri#in! a bein! of life)@
/f any bhikkhu should intentionally de"ri#e a li#in! bein! of life( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
saN%i%%a : 94#it #oro"eyya) itetioa&&y m !epri%e o$ &i$eW see 0r @+
"Ea?) a &i%ig beigW acc+ sg+ m+
hasspekho+ Bh 0m 2 %+&+ haspekho+ (C$ Ci!) 3isuddhpekho+) Nibh 'e gi%es a&& three as Burmese 64+ %+&+&+
489
N) -p>a-F
490
:&y i 6i 4e+
491
C, /) pnaA+
270
>P% SC3 &a""Eakasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu 9na? sa""Eaka?
RBC
udaka? "aribhuN9eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (8ater) 8ith li#in! bein!s@
/f any bhikkhu should kno8in!ly use 8ater %ontainin! li#in! bein!s( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
9na? sa""Eaka? udaka?) m ko2ig&y m 2ater cotaiig &i%ig beigsW see 0c 20+
"aribhuN9eyya) shou&! useW see 0c A9+
>P% SH3 6kkoQanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu 9na? yathdhamma? nihatdhikaraEa?
RBH
"unakammya ukkoQeyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on a!itatin!@
/f any bhikkhu should kno8in!ly a!itate for further >le!al@ a%tion a le!al issue 8hi%h has been dis"osed
of a%%ordin! to the la8( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
9na?) ko2ig&yW pr+p+ o$ @nti use! &ike a a!%erbW see 0r 8 a! C0 @0+
yathdhamma?) accor!ig to the &a2eru&eW a!%+ "bbayJbh%a cp!+W see 4yta5 j A2,c+ "!%erb to the p+p+
nihataMA_ i nihatdhikara>aA, 2hich $uctios as a %erbW see sutt'ataA, 0timokkha coc&+ X yath) asW a!%+ n
dhamma) case, &a2, ru&eW $or more see yathdhammo at 0c H@+
0a!abhEaaI XGathdhammaA nma dhammena 3inayena satthussanena kataA m (c$+ Ni #N 7A2)[ )
XGathdhammaA meas !oe accor!ig to the Lhamma, the Niaya, the Lispesatio o$ the <eacher m
6/ 882) XyathdharmaA) i!ec&+, accor!ig to !uty or right, i proper $orm or or!er m[
Gathdhammam is $ou! i the stock(phrase o$ seeig oes trasgressio a! makig ame!s $or it) Xa!!ayam
a!!ayato dis3 yathdhammam paCikaroti,P e+g+, 6 # 880, " # 70@, (a&so use! $or &aity, e+g+ at L # 8A) a! has the
same meaig o$ Zaccor!ig to the customeru&ee&a2+[
" usage o$ yathdhammaA 2ith paCikaroti i co$essig 0timokkha o$$eces as at " ## 282 (use! 2ith the
0rEika a! the other t2o c&asses o$ o$$ece gi%e there), is a&so $ou! at Ni # 7H@Y7H8) yathdhammaA
paCikat+
6 ### 70 she!s &ight o the meaig o$ yathdhammaA a! a&so o yath dhammo o$ 0c H@) ZTasmiA te
*haKKamne hoti *hikkhussa patti hoti 3$tikkamo ta ma'a 'athdhamma 'athnusi**ha
494
!rem ti[)
Z/hi&e it is beig to&! (*haKKamne) to them i that p&ace i$ there is a o$$ece, a trasgressio o$ a bhikkhu
2e make him !o 2hat is accor!ig to the ru&e, accor!ig to the istructio+[ 4ee a&so the #tro!uctio o this
passage+
nihatdhikaraEa?) a &ega& issue 2hich has bee !ispose! o$W acc+ sg+ t+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X nihata) 2hich
has bee !ispose!, sett&e!, put !o2 (&ega&&y), e5ecute!, s&aiW p+p+ o$ nihanati (ni c nhan c a) c$+ 0a!abhEaa
at Ni #N 72G,G) Zniharita**aA+[ n adhikaraEa) &ega& issueW see 4! 8+
yathdhamma? nihatdhikaraEa?) m (79GG)) Z2he a &ega& issue has bee !ispose! o$ (u!er the
hea!ig) o$ a (certai) case,[ H) Za &ega& actio sett&e! accor!ig to the ru&e+[ HorerDs suggeste! tras&atio
i m 79G9 e!+ p+7GG) Zko2ig that a &ega& process has bee !ispose! o$ accor!ig to 2hat is righteousm[
"unakammya) $or $urther actio, &it+) $or agai actio+ Lat+ (o$ purpose) sg+ m+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X "una)
agai, $urtherW i!ec&+ (Cot the cp! $orm punar, 2hich, 2he assimi&ate!, 2ou&! gi%e punakkamya+) n kamma)
492
C) (pnakaA+
493
6i T 6m 4e) n$hat-F
494
'e) (satthaA, p+p+ o$ ssati, Be, Ce) yathnusiCChaA) p+p+ o$ anussatiW both ha%e the same meaig+ 6(a (Be))
ZGath dhammo !a anusiCChi !a Chit+z C$+ Ni # 9 $+ zm dhammaA desemi yathnusiCChaA tath paCipa@@amn m[
6/ 88@) yathsstra) i!+, accor!ig to precept or ru&e, accor!ig to the co!es o$ &a2+
277
(&ega&) actioW $rom karoti, c$+ 0c H9+ 4ee BL ## A + 2+
ukkoQeyya) m) shou&! agitate, H) shou&! ope up, shou&! stir upeistigateW @ sg+ opt+ o$ ukkoCeti (ud c nkuC c
e)+ C$+ the para&&e& i Ni ## 98) Zm ukkoCanakaA p!ittiyaA[W see C0 itro+
>P% SR3 DuQQhullasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhussa 9na? duQQhulla? "atti? "aQi%%hdeyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on de"ra#ed (offen%es)@
/f any bhikkhu should kno8in!ly %on%eal a bhikkhuAs de"ra#ed offen%e( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in!
e+"iation.
bhikkhussa : duQQhulla? "atti?) a !epra%e! o$$ece o$ a bhikkhuW see 0c 8+
"aQi%%hdeyya) shou&! cocea&W @ sg+ opt+ o$ paCi!!hdetiW see 4! coc&+
>P% SK3 bna#4sati#assasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu 9na? .na#4sati#assa?
RBK
"u!!ala? u"asam"deyya( so %a "u!!alo anu"asam"anno(
RBS
te
%a
RB7
bhikkh. !rayh. /da? tasmi? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (a "erson) less than t8enty years (old)@
/f any bhikkhu should kno8in!ly ha#e a "erson 8ho is less than t8enty years >old@ fully admitted >into
the bhikkhu1%ommunity@( then that "erson is one 8ho has not been fully admitted and those bhikkhus are
blame8orthy. e%ause of that( this >is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
.na#4sati#assa?) 2ho is &ess tha t2ety raiy(seasos (o&!)W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig pu''a%aA+ Bb cp! cotaiig a
!igu cp!+) 3$sati3assa+ X .na) &ackigW a!E+ see 4! coc&+ n #4sati) t2etyW um+ see 4! coc&+ n #assa) a year,
raiy(seaso+ 4ee C0 78 !ha**assniF
"u!!ala?) a perso, i!i%i!ua&W acc+ sg+ m+
u"asam"deyya) shou&! make (someoe) $u&&y a!mitte! (ito the bhikkhu(commuity), to make eter, m)
gi%e the Fu&& "!missio, H) co$er the upasampad or!iatioW @ sg+ opt+ o$ upasampdeti, the causati%e o$
upasampa@@atiW see 0c 8+
so) thatW @ sg+ om+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+ %a) the, a!W co+ partic&e+
"u!!alo) perso, om+ sg+ m+
anu"asam"anno), oe 2ho has ot bee $u&&y a!mitte! (ito the bhikkhu(commuity), ot $u&&y a!mitte!W
kamma!hraya cp!+ use! as a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! pu''a%o (i+e+, Zso !a pu''a%o anupasampanno
pu''a%o[W see 0c 8+
<he $o&&o2ig Zte !a *hikkh7 'rayh[ i this ru&e suggests it is a a!Eecti%e, but it cou&! perhaps be a ou &ike
it might be i 0c 8+ /he there are t2o ous i the same case i a c&ause a! o %erb, the this !eotes
e5us, i+e+, that oe is the otherW see #0 p+9 T G7+
te %a bhikkh. !rayh) a! those bhikkhus are b&ame2orthyW see 4! coc&+
ida?) this, itW om+ sg+ t+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA
tasmi?) because o$ that, o that accout o$, i that case, m) $or the bhikkhu (2ho ga%e $u&& or!iatio), H T
Corma) $or him, Hi) i this caseW &oc+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_) &it+) 2ith regar! this (oe)+ C$+ 0c H@) ZidaA
tasmiA mohanake+[
'&se2here i the 0timokkha p!ittiyaA goes 2ith a impersoa& &ocati%e, see 0c 72, a! here that seems to
495
R) 7>a-F N) ona-
496
N) an7pasampannoF
497
Co !a i N+
272
app&y too+ <hat tasmiA 2ou&! come to mea a persoa& Z$or him[ is u&ike&y, so it shou&! re$er to a
ue5presse! upasampadakamme, or dhammeF #t might a&so re$er to the c&ause Zshou&! ko2ig&y make (a
perso) $u&&y a!mitte![ at the start o$ the ru&e+ <his 2ou&! gi%e) Z<his, o accout o$ that (ko2ig&y
a!mittig), is a m[ $or ZidaA tasmiA m+[
<he type o$ &ocati%e is &ocati%e o$ moti%e a! reasoW 4yta5 j 7HG+ (#t ca a&so be a Zpartiti%e &ocati%e[ or
Zpre!icati%e &ocati%e,[ see 4yta5 j 7G8) Z#t, i that (ko2&e!ge), is a m+[)
<he Kkh states that it re$ers to a ue5presse! pu''a%e, i+e+, the upa@@hya+ Kkh 27A) ZIdaA tasmiA p!ittiyan-ti
yo pana upa@@hyo hut3 upasampdeti, tasmiA-ye3a pu''a%e idaA p!ittiyaA 3edita**aA[) ZIdaA tasmiA p!ittiyaA)
2hoe%er, ha%ig become a preceptor makes someoe $u&&y a!mitte!, Eust $or that perso this p!ittiya is to be
u!erstoo!+[
0a!abhEaa) Z/amma3!pariyosne upa@@hyassa patti p!ittiyassa+ #a>assa !a !ariyassa !a patti dukkaCassaZ)
Z"t the e! o$ the &ega& aoucemet there is a p!ittiya $or the preceptor+ For the group a! the teacher a
o$$ece o$ 2rog !oig+[
6(K 0cattika ru&e H7) ZGo puna *hik+ur @nan 7na-3iAYati<3ar+aA pud'a%aA *hik+u-*h3ya upasaApdeya so !a
pud'a%o anupasaApanno te !a *hik+7 'rhy imaA tasya
498
*hik+7>aA 'arha>a-p!attikaA[) Zm this $or such bhik>us
is (a case o$) e5piatio i%o&%ig b&ame[W BN 2@8W 0r6o6(K p+2G+
#terestig&y, accor!ig to the 6(K Bhik>uJ Niaya a&& the us participatig i the &ega& proce!ure 2ho
ko2 the gir& is &ess tha 20 years o&! commit a p!attika, 2hi&e the participatig us 2ho !oDt ko2 !o ot
commit ay o$$ece+ <he umarrie! gir& has ot bee $u&&y a!mitte!) Zm sar3 7na-3iAYati<3ar+a-sam@Kin$yo
upasampdenti sar3yo p!attikam sdayanti, s !a anupasampann Q ek 7na-3iAYati<3ar+a-sam@Kin$yo
upasampdenti, ek p7ra-3iAYati<3ar+a-sam@Kin$yo y 7na-sam@Kin$yo upasampdenti tyo p!attikam sdayanti,
p7ra-sam@Kin$yo anpattiO, s !nupasampann Q[W BN 2@9+
>P% SS3 Theyyasatthasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu 9na? theyyasatthena saddhi? sa?#idhya ekaddhnama!!a? "aQi"a99eyya antamaso
!mantaram1"i( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on a %om"any (of tra#ellers intent on) theft@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! made an arran!ement( should kno8in!ly tra#el to!ether on the same main road
8ith a %om"any of thie#es( e#en >if@ 9ust the distan%e bet8een #illa!es( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
theyyasatthena) 2ith a cara%a o$ thie%es, 2ith a cara%a (o$ tra%e&&ers itet o) the$t, m) cara%a o$
thie%es, H) cara%a (set o) the$tW is+ sg+ m+ X theyya) the$tW see 0r 7, but i this cote5t it seems to mea
Zthie%es[ n sattha) cara%aW see 0c 2H+ 0a!abhEaa) ZTheyyasattho nma !or katakamm 3 honti akatakamm
3, r@naA 3 theyyaA 'a!!hanti, su=kaA 3 pariharantiF[ 4p) ZQ r@naA 3 thenet3 3aK!et3 Q[
9na?) ko2ig&yW pr+p+ o$ @nti use! &ike a a!%erbW see 0r 8 a! C0 @0+
saddhi? : !mantaram1"i) see 0c 2H+
>P% S73 &a?#idhnasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu mtu!mena saddhi? sa?#idhya ekaddhnama!!a? "aQi"a99eyya antamaso
!mantaram1"i( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on makin! arran!ements@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! made an arran!ement( should tra#el to!ether 8ith a 8oman on the same main
road( e#en >if@ 9ust the distan%e bet8een #illa!es( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
498
0r6o6(K + 8 states that this 2or! is i&&egib&e a! has tesaA i the te5t+ BN rea!s ZimaAs tath+[ <he 6(K ru&e correspo!ig to 0c H@ has
ZimaA tasya[W see 0c H@+ <he 4a ru&e has) ZiyaA tatra sm$!iOP (0r6o4a p+228)
27@
#!etica& 2ith prece!ig ru&e e5cept)
mtu!mena) 2ith a 2omaW is+ sg+ m+ see 4! 2+
>P% SP3 AriQQhasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu e#a? #adeyya( TTathha? bha!a#at dhamma? desita? 9nmi(
RBB
yath yeAme
antaryik dhamm #utt bha!a#at( te "aQise#ato nla? antaryy ti(U so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi e#am1assa
#a%an4yo(
KDD
T2 yasm
KD1
e#a? a#a%a( m bha!a#anta? abbh%ikkhi(
KDC
na hi sdhu bha!a#ato
abbhakkhna?(
KDH
na hi bha!a# e#a? #adeyyaV aneka1"ariyyena #uso
KDR
antaryik dhamm
antaryik
KDK
#utt bha!a#at( alaN1%a "ana te "aQise#ato antaryy ti(U e#aN1%a
KDS
so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi
#u%%amno tathAe#a "a!!aEheyya( so bhikkhu bhikkh.hi y#atatiya? samanubhsitabbo tassa
"aQinissa!!ya( y#atatiyaN1%e
KD7
samanubhsiyamno ta? "aQinissa9eyya(
KDP
i%%eta? kusala?( no %e
"aQinissa9eyya(
KDB
"%ittiya?.
>The AriQQha trainin! "re%e"t@
/f any bhikkhu should say so( TAs / understand the Tea%hin! tau!ht by the <ortunate One( these
obstru%ti#e a%ts 8hi%h are s"oken of by the <ortunate One3 they are not enou!h to be an obstru%tion for
the one 8ho is bein! en!a!ed in >them@(U >then@ that bhikkhu is to be s"oken to thus by the bhikkhus3
TVenerable( donAt say soL DonAt misre"resent the <ortunate OneV for the misre"resentation of the <ortunate
One is not !oodV for the <ortunate One 8ould not say soV friend( >that@ obstru%ti#e a%ts are >really@
obstru%ti#e is s"oken of in manifold 8ays by the <ortunate One and they are enou!h to be an obstru%tion
for the one 8ho is bein! en!a!ed in >them@(U and >if@ that bhikkhu bein! s"oken to thus by the bhikkhus
should "ersist in the same 8ay >as before@( >then@ that bhikkhu is to be ar!ued 8ith u" to three times by
the bhikkhus for the relin7uishin! of that >#ie8@( >and if that bhikkhu(@ bein! ar!ued 8ith u" to three
times( should relin7uish that >#ie8@( then this is !ood( >but@ if he should not relin7uish >it@3 >this is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation.
ariQQhasikkh"ada?) the "riIIha traiig preceptW om+ sg+ m+ "ppositi%e kamma!hraya cp!W see 0r 7+
"riIIha is a proper ame+ "riIIha bhikkhu p&ays the &ea!ig ro&e i the origi(story to this ru&e i the
4utta%ibhaFga+
e#a? #adeyya) shou&! say soW see 0c 28+
tathha?) as #W X tath) as, soW a!%+ X !em+ pro+ taMd_ n su$+ o$ maer (th+ n aha?) #W pers+ pro+ 7 pers+ sg+
bha!a#at) by the Fortuate :eW is+ sg+ m+ o$ *ha'a3antW see abo%e Ci!+
dhamma?) the <eachigW acc+ sg+ m+
desita?) taughtW p+p+ o$ desetiW see 0c H+
9nmi) (#) u!ersta!W @ sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ @nti ( c nK c >a)+
yath) asW re&ati%e i!ec&+ (#0 p+297) corre&ati%e to tath abo%e X re&+ pro+ ya n (th+ <he or!er o$ c&auses is
i%erte! $or e5tra emphasisW see #0 p+H7+
yeAme) these 2hichX Euctio o$ ye c ime through e&isio o$ the iitia& i- o$ imeW 0R j H7,7a+ ye) 2hichW om+ p&+
499
R, 0) a@nmi+
500
N) 3a!aniyoF
501
Lm, -0, Nibh 'e, -m) myasm+
502
6i 4e, R, N) a**h!ikkha+
503
-m, Nibh Be %+&+, 6i 4e %+&+) a**h!ikkhanaA+
504
Lm, -m, -0) (pariyyen3uso+
505
6i T 6m 4e, R, N, .a) +[++ 3uso antaryik dhamm 3utt *ha'a3at ++++[ L) []+++ anekapariyyena 3uso antaryik 3utt
*ha'a3at +++[ (0robab&y a misprit as ot $ou! i 6a&2atta mss+) (0g uc&ear+)
506
Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e, -m, Nibh Be %+&+, 6i %+&+) [e3aK-!a pana soP+ (0g) FFF e3aA so *hikkhu *hikkh7hi FFF)
507
C, /, Bh 0m 7 T 2, Nibh Ce) [y3atatiyaA !eP+
508
X C, L, /+ :ther e!itios) paCinissa@@eyya+ 4ee 4! 70+
509
X C, L, /+ :ther e!itios) paCinissa@@eyya+
278
o$ re&+ pro+ yaMd_ corre&ati%e to the+ ime) theseW om+ p&+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_F
.e&ati%e c&ause 2ith ye corre&ati%e to te be&o2+ /he the re&ati%e proou yaMd_ is $o&&o2e! by a !em+ pro+
(sa or ayaAW see C0 22 a! 0c @8) it gets the geera& meaig Z2hate%er[ accor!ig to 0R j 70G,7b T 708,2 T
770,@+ Ho2e%er, /ar!er, #0 p+ H2, states it is emphatic) Zthose 2hich+[ Corma, i his ote to Lhp 82 i The
,ord of the "o!trine, suggests that that atece!et has bee ic&u!e! i the re&ati%e c&ause ($or emphasis))
ZThose 2hich m+[ 0'L A88 states) Za sort o$ !eictic or emphatic use re$errig to 2hat $o&&o2s, itro!ucig a
!e$iitio as our ]Eust this]+[ # the sese o$ Z2hate%er] the combiatios Zye ke!i[ or Zye ye[ 2ou&! be use! i
0;i, see 0'L A88 T 6/ 888, a! the e5amp&es ,uote! at 0R j 708,2 (Lhp AG T 789, 6 ## 220,77) support the
emphatic Xthose 2hich[ sese+ C$+ Zyni kho pana tniP i C0 2@+
antaryik) obstructi%eW a!E+ 4ee abo%e Ci!+ C$+ BL ### 27 + A
dhamm) acts, practicesW om+ p&+ m+ For dhamma i this sese see Zmethuna dhamma[ at 0r 7+
#utt) ha%e bee sai!W p+p+ o$ 3adatiW see abo%e Ci!+ "ccor!ig to 0R j GG,7 the 3( i 3utta is a $ossi&ise!
Euctio %o2e& $or the 4askrit $orm is uktaW see the 4kt ,uotatios be&o2+
bha!a#at) by the Fortuate :eW is+ sg+ m+W see abo%e Ci!+
te) those, theyW acc+ p&+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_F Corre&ati%e to ye abo%e 2hich re$ers back to dhamm+ :ther
tras&ators take te to be a accusati%e patiet o$ paCise3ato, but here it is take as the corre&ati%e to ye abo%e
sice paCise3ato is a preset particip&e a! ca ot take a accusati%e+
"aQise#ato) $or the oe 2ho is beig egage! i, m) $or him 2ho i!u&ges, H) i $o&&o2ig, Corma) $or oe
i!u&gig i themW !at+ o$ the pr+p+ o$ paCise3eti (see 0r 7)) paCise3ant+ C$+ C0 7) atikkmayato+ Horer re!ers it
as a preset particip&e) Zm it is that i $o&&o2ig those thigs ca&&e! stumb&ig(b&ocks by the &or!, there is o
stumb&ig(b&ock at a&&+[ But see 6 # 70) ZGaA hi8ssa apaCise3ato uppa@@eyyuA sa3 3i'htapariJh, paCise3ato
e3aAsa te na Q hontiF[) Z<he taits, !istresses a! $e%ers, 2hich 2ou&! arise $or the oe 2ho is beig egage!
i, $or oe 2ho is ot beig egage! they are ot+[ amo&i a! Bo!hi, 799A, p+98) Zthere are o taits,
%e5atio, a! $e%er i oe 2ho uses them thus+[
<his passage !ea&ig 2ith the use o$ re,uisites sho2s the ia!e,uacy o$ re!erig paCise3ati 2ith Zi!u&ges[
or Zpursues[W Zuses[ !oes ot seem a!e,uate either+ <here is o geiti%e or !ati%e i (ato o$ the aget(ou
paCise3itar, o&y i (ussa, (uno+ <he e!ig (ato i paCise3ato is the !ati%e use o$ the preset particip&e e!ig i
(ant) Z$or oe usig,[ ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! *hikkhussa or the &ikeW see 0R j 9H,7 T #0 p+7G9+ "(a ### 77)
PIdha pana methunadhammo adhippeto: methunaA se3ato hi yassa kassa-!i nissaAsayaA e3a ma''apha%aA antaryo
hotiF[
nla?) ot eoughW Euctio o$ na c a%aA through cotractioW 0R j G9,7+ " a!%erb takig the !ati%e
antaryaW see 4yta5 70Hc T 708!+ C$+ 4! 7@+ X Euctio o$ na c a%aA through cotractio+ na) otW eg+ partic&e+
n ala?) eoughW i!ec&+ takes !at+ (antaryya)W c$+ 0r 8+
antaryy ti) X antaryya n ti) $or beig a obstructioW !at+ sg+ m+ o$ antaryaW obstructio, obstac&e, !agerW
masc+ actio(ou+ C$+ Ci!+ Lati%e o$ (!is() a!%atageW see 4yta5 j 707b+
so bhikkhu : a#a%a m) <hat bhikkhu m speak thusp mW see 4! 7@+
m) !oDt, &et otW prohibiti%e artic&e takig a aor) a**h!ikkhi+
yasm) %eerab&eW %oc+ sg+ m+ 4ee abo%e Ci!+ Further o i the ru&e, a! i the origi(story, 3uso is use!) 'e
6 # 7@0) Zm e3aA 3uso AriCCha,[ 'e Ni ## 2A T Ni #N 7@8) Zm3uso AriCCha e3aA m+[
<he reaso $or this chage might be that i the 0timokkha more po&ite a! $orma& &aguage is use!, 2hich
o$ course 2ou&! ot app&y to the o%ice, a!!resse! as 3uso, o$ 0c H0+ But it cou&! rather be that the
bhikkhus a!!ressig the bhikkhu 2ith the 2rog %ie2 are Euior to him+ 4ee L ## 7A8) Z6a3akatarena
*hikkhun therataro *hikkhu *hante ti 3 yasm ti 3 samud!arita**o[) ZBy a more Euior bhikkhu a more seior
bhikkhu is to be a!!resse! as *hante or yasm+[ C$+ 0a!abhEaa o Ci! (Ni # 70@)) ayasmanto ti
piya3a!anam-etaA 'aru3a!anam-etaA sa'ra3asappatissdhi3a!anam-etaA yasmanto tiF[ ) Zayasmanto is a 2or! o$
e!earmet, respect, hoour, %eeratio+^^
Lue to it beig a emphatic, $orce$u& statemet, yasm is probab&y %ocati%e rather tha omiati%e a! the
27A
%erb a**h!ikkhi is 2! perso rather tha @r! persoW c$ 4! 77Y72) X2 yasmanto a3a!utthaQ, a&though it
cou&! possib&y a&so be i the thir! perso, see 4! 70+
ayasm is o&y use! i the omiati%e 2ith a thir! perso %erb, 2hi&e 3uso is use! i the %ocati%e 2ith a 2
!
perso %erbW e+g+ Zm 3uso sama>uddesa e3aA a3a!a i 0c H0W see 4! 70 a! *hante i the Ci!a+
6(K) Zm yu+manne3aA 3ada Q[W 0r6o6(K p+2@, BN 792Y9@+
bha!a#anta?) the $ortuate oe, acc+ sg+ m+ o$ *ha'a3ant+
abbh%ikkhi) misrepreset, ca&umateW 2 sg+ i(aorist o$ a**h!ikkhati (a*hi c c n!ikkh c a)+ #t cou&! a&so be i
the @
!
perso+
6i 4e) a**h!ikkha, X 2 sg+ imp+ 6(K) a*y!ak+aW 0r6o6(K p+2@, BN 792Y9@+ 6?) a*hy!ak+uO: 0r6o6? p+@8+
na) otW eg+ partic&e+
hi) $or, because, i!ee!W emphatic partic&e that usua&&y itro!uces a cause or reasoW see #0 p+29H+
sdhu) goo!, properW iterEectio !eotig appro%a&, c$+ Ci!+
bha!a#ato) o$ the $ortuate oe, ge+ sg+ m+ o$ *ha'a3ant+
abbhakkhna?) misrepresetigW actio(ou !er+ $r+ a**h!ikkhati+
bha!a#) om+ sg+ m+
aneka"ariyyena) i mai$o&! 2ays, i %arious 2aysW kamma!hraya cp! use! as a!%erb o$ maer i is+
sg+ m+ to 3uttW see L0F (<he mai$o&!, or %arious, 2ays are gi%e i the simi&es origi(story)+ C$+ 0r @+
<he 6C %ersios at 6 # 7@0 T 2AG rea! Zanekapariyyena h83uso+[ <his rea!ig is ot $ou! i ay 0;i or 4kt
0rtimok>has?tra e!itio+
#uso) $rie!W see abo%e Ci!+
aneka"ariyyena antaryik dhamm antaryik #utt bha!a#at) Z obstructi%e acts are (rea&&y) obstructi%e
is sai! i a mai$o&! 2ay by the Fortuate :e,[ Zobstructi%e acts are sai! (to be rea&&y) obstructi%e by the
Fortuate :e,[ m) Zobstructi%e thigs m ha%e bee sai! by the B&esse! oe i may 2ays to be
obstructios,[ H) i may a $igure m are thigs that are stumb&ig(b&ocks ca&&e! stumb&ig(b&ocks by the
&or![W c$+ Ci!) [Sampa@namus3do Q antaryiko dhammo 3utto *ha'a3at+[
N+&+ Zm 3uso antaryik dhamm 3utt *ha'a3at Q[) <his rea!ig is a corruptio+ <he repetitio o$ antaryik
is because the seco! antaryik is a pre!icate to antaryik dhamm a! has a emphatic e$$ectW see #0 p+9, 78,
a! G7+
4a) Zm anekaparyye>a *ha'a3at antaryik dharmO samn antaryik dharm ity ukts Q[ (0r6o4a p+279) (Zm
obstructi%e acts are beig rea&&y obstructi%e is sai! by the Fortuate :e m[) 6?) ZQ antaryik dharmO
santaO antaryik e3okt *ha'a3at, Q[ 0r6o6? p+@8 T KC A+ 6(K) ZQ antaryik e3yu+man dharmO samn
antaryik dharmO ukt *ha'a3at, Q[ (BN 792, 0r6o6(K p+2@)) (ZFrie!, acts that are rea&&y beig
obstructi%e are obstructi%e acts is sai! by the Fortuate :e+[)
alaN1%a) X ala?) eough n %a) a!W co+ partic&e+
"ana) a!W coc&+ or co+ partic&eW or) but, o the cotraryW a!%ersati%e partic&e+
te) theyW om+ p&+ !em+ pro+ re$ers back to dhammF
e#aN1%a : "aQinissa9eyya) see 4! 70+
6(K) Ze3aA !a soP: 0r6o6(K p+2@, BN 792+
<he 6(K ru&e 8A !i$$ers here $rom the 0;i 0timokkha a! the 0rtimok>as?tras o$ other schoo&s) Zno !a
pratinissareya so *hik+uO sama're>a saA'hena utk+ipita3yo, imaA tasya *hik+usya utksepa>a-p!attikaAP) Zm a! i$
he !oes ot re&i,uish (that %ie2) that bhikkhu is to be boycotte! by a uite! commuity, this, $or that
bhikkhu, is a p!attika i%o&%ig boycott+[ 4ee the aa&ysis o$ akaCnudhammena i the e5t ru&e $or the ukkhitta
*hikkhuF
27G
>P% SB3 6kkhittasambho!asikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu 9na? tath#din bhikkhun akaQnudhammena
K1D
ta? diQQhi? a""aQinissaQQhena
saddhi? sambhuN9eyya
K11
# sa?#aseyya
K1C
# saha # seyya? ka""eyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on boy%otted food@
/f any bhikkhu kno8in!ly should eat to!ether 8ith( or should li#e to!ether 8ith( or should use a slee"in!
"la%e to!ether 8ith a bhikkhu 8ho is s"eakin! thus( 8ho has not "erformed the normal "ro%edure( 8ho
has not relin7uished that #ie8( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
4ee Hi`ber 7999 p+GG$$ $or this ru&e+
9na?) ko2ig&yW pr+p+ o$ @nti use! &ike a a!%erbW see 0r 8 a! C0 @0+
tath#din bhikkhun) 2ith a bhikkhu 2ho is speakig thus, m) 2ith a bhikkhu 2ho says thus, H) 2ith a
mok 2ho ta&ks thus+
tath#din) 2ho is speakig thus, 2ho is assertig thus, 2ho has such a %ie2W a!E+ Kamma!hraya use! as
bahubbJhi cp!+ re$ers back to the pre%ious ru&e X tath) so, i such maerW a!%+ o$ maer, c$+ Ci!+ coc&+ n
#din) speakig, assertig, ho&!ig a %ie2W possessi%e a!Eecti%e $rom 3da, c$+ 4! 77 3daka+ <he 2or! seems
to ha%e the !oub&e meaig o$ Z2ho is speakig thus[ a! Z2ho has such a %ie2[ as 3da ca mea both
Zspeakig[ as 2e&& as Ztheory,[ Z!octrie,[ Z%ie2+[ <he 0a!abhEaa gi%es o coc&usi%e e5p&aatio)
ZTath3din tiI tathhaA *ha'a3at dhammaA desitaA @nmi Q antaryy ti e3aA 3din+[ C$+ 4 8@0) ZTaA
tath3dinaA mraA, *ha'a3 etad-a*ra3i Q[ '%e 2he 3da !eotes speech, it !oes so i the sese o$ speech
beig base! o a certai %ie2+
bhikkhun) is+ sg+ m+ X #s o$ associatioW see saddhiA be&o2+
akaQnudhammena) 2ho has ot per$orme! the orma& proce!ure, H) 2ho has ot acte! accor!ig to the
ru&e, m) 2hose case has ot bee sett&e!, Corma) 2ho has ot bee !ea&t 2ith accor!ig to the &a2, Vinaya
Texts) has ot bee !ea&t 2ith accor!ig to the &a2, L0) ot !ea&t 2ith accor!ig to the ru&eW a!E+
Kamma!hraya use! as Bb cp!+ <he cp! acts as a passi%e subor!iate c&auseW see sutt'ataA i 0timokkha
coc&usio+ # tra!itioa& 0;i grammar the cp! 2ou&! be aa&yse! as) Zyena Mor yassa_ anudhammo na kaCo soFP
X akaQa) ot per$orme!W kamma!hraya cp!+ X eg+ pre$+ -a c kaCa, a si!e($orm o$ kata, p+p+ o$ karoti, $ou!
esp+ i cp!sW see L0+ n anudhamma) orma& proce!ure, proce!ure accor!ig to the !hamma, regu&ar
proce!ure, 2hat is i co$ormity 2ith the ru&e, L0) right metho!, metho! accor!ig to the !hammaW
mascu&ie ou+ (Cot to be co$use! 2ith the i!ec&iab&e a!%erb) anudhammaAF) 0re$+ anu) a&og n dhamma)
case (i the 0timokkha)+ C$+ 0c H@) Zyath dhammo kreta**o[) Zhe is to be ma!e to !o (2hat is) accor!ig to
the case (i the 0timokkha)+[
0a!abhEaa) ZAkaCnudhammo nma ukkhito anosrito[) Z(By 2hom) the orma& proce!ure has ot bee !oe
is a !esigatio $or (oe 2ho) has bee boycotte!, (oe 2ho) has ot bee reistate!+Z C$+ BL ### 28 + 8+
4p 8H0) ZAkaCnudhammen ti anudhammo 3u!!ati pattiy adassane 3 appaCikamme 3 ppikya diCChiy
appaCinissa''e 3 dhammena 3inayena satthussanena ukkhittakassa anu%oma3attaA dis3 kat8osra>, so
osra>asankhto anudhammo: yassa na kato ayaA akaCnudhammo nmaF Tdisena saddhin-ti atthoF Ten8e3assa
pada*h@aneI akaCnudhammo nma ukkhitto anosrito ti 3uttaAF[
Zm) orma& proce!ure is sai! 2he oe 2ho !oes ot make ame!s or 2ho !oes ot re&i,uish the ba!
(2rog() %ie2 has see by meas o$ the Ka2 a! Liscip&ie a! the <eacherDs Lispesatio the correctess o$
the obser%ace o$ the boycott (a! the) has !oe the reistatemetW the orma& proce!ure is reckoe! as the
re(istatemet+ :e 2ho has ot per$orme! (it), this oe is ca&&e! oe 2ho has ot per$orme! the orma&
proce!ure+ <he meaig is) Ztogether 2ith such a oe+[ <here$ore i the 2or!(aa&ysis it is sai! o$ him) Z2ho
has m reistate!+Z
510
Bh 0m 7 T 2, R, -m, -0, N) akatnudhammena+
511
R, Nibh 'e) saA*huK@eyya+
512
L, R, N, Nibh 'e) saA3seyya+
27H
<his bhikkhu is oe o 2hom a Zact o$ boycottZ) Zukkhepaniya-kammaP has bee put by the other bhikkhus+
Certai pri%i&eges o$ the bhikkhu ha%e bee 2ith!ra2 uti& he has sho2 goo! beha%ior a! the bhikkhus
agree to reistate himW see Ni ## 2H $$+eCN # @2Y@8+ C$+ Ni # 9HY98+ 4ee Lhirasekera 708Y709 a! 778Y727 $or
more o the ukkhepaniyakamma+
BL ### 2H + @) Zm ,i+e+, he ha! ot gi%e up his 2rog %ie2 a$ter the a!moitio suggeste! i m 0c G8+[
C$+ Ni # 7@A$+) Z6a pattiy appaCikkamme ukkhittakassa nisinnaparisya, na ppikya diCChiy appaCinissa''e
ukkhittakassa nisinnaparisya ptimokkhaA uddissituA, yo uddiseyya yath dhammo kreta**o+Z) Z<he 0timokkha is
ot to be recite! i a seate! assemb&y to oe 2ho has bee boycotte! !ue to ot makig ame!s $or a
o$$ece, oe 2ho recites is to be ma!e to !o (2hat is) accor!ig to the case (i the 0timokkha)+ # a seate!
assemb&y to oe 2ho has bee boycotte! !ue to ot re&i,uishig his ba! (2rog) %ie2 is seate! m ,[ a!
Ni # @2@) Zm n8atthi me 3uso pattiA yam ahaA paCikareyyaA, n8atthi me ppak diCChi yam ahaA paCinissa@@eyyaA
m[) Z<here is o o$$ece $or me that # shou&! make ame!s $or+ <here is o ba! (2rog() %ie2 that # shou&!
re&i,uish+Z
<hus akaCnudhamma i this ru&e cou&! correspo! to the ot ame!ig, na paCikaroti, o$ the 0c G8 o$$ece (by
co$essig), a! the ot gi%ig up the 2rog %ie2, the iterpretatio o$ Horer might be correct+
<here is somethig o!! i the 'e C% e!itio o$ the Ni ## 2H $$+eCN # @2Y@8 passage metioe! abo%e+ #t re$ers
back to CN # 2YA i the Xpeyy%aP (abbre%iate!) sectio, C% # @@, $or the co!itios o$ the kamma a! the
obser%aces (3atta) the errig bhikkhu has to $o&&o2+ #t seems that it shou&! rather be C% # 2Y8 $o the
co!itios o$ the kamma, as re$erre! to i the peyy%a i C% # 2G, but C% # 2H $or the 3atta istea! o$ C% # A+ #
sectio A $our &ess 3atta are gi%e tha the 82 i sectio 2H a! the 3atta o$ ot stayig u!er oe roo$ 2ith a
proper bhikkhu) Zna pakatattena *hikkhun saddhiA eka!!hanne 3se 3attha**aA[) Zhe ca ot &i%e 2ith a
regu&areorma& bhikkhu u!er oe roo$ i a !2e&&ig[ is ot gi%e there+ <he 0c G9 ru&e, ho2e%er, makes it
c&ear that the proper bhikkhus ca ot s&eep u!er the same roo$ (saha seyyaA kappeyya) 2ith the ukkhittaka
*hikkhu a! this correspo!s to the 3atta i C% # 2H+ #t seems proper that $or both acts o$ boycott the same
amout o$ 82 obser%aces ha%e to be $o&&o2e!, a&though the sectio(coc&usio statemet o$ sectio @@ says
that there are @8 obser%aces $or the ot re&i,uishig o$ a ba! %ie2+ <he asam*ho'ena c&ause i the Katti,
correspo!ig to sam*huK@eyya i 0c G9, is ot $ou! i C% # 7 2hi&e it is $ou! i C% # 2A T @2+
ta?) thatW acc+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
diQQhi?) (2rog) %ie2W acc+ sg+ $+ "iCChi by itse&$ usua&&y meas a 2rog %ie2+ Ler+ $r+ diCCha, the p+p+ o$ the
mi!!&e passi%e base dissati+
a""aQinissaQQhena) 2ho has ot re&i,uishe!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig *hikkhunF k eg+ pre$+ a( n p+p+ o$ paCinissa@atiW
see 4! 70+ C$+ Ni ## 2H+
saddhi?) togetherW prepositioa& a!%erb takig a istrumeta& o$ associatio) *hikkhunW see 4yta5 j G8+
sambhuN9eyya) shou&! eat together 2ithW @ sg+ opt+ o$ saA*huK@ati (saA c n*huK@ c a), pre$+ saA) together n
*huK@atiW see 0c @7+ 4ee Ni ## 2H 2here the ukkhepaniyakamma $or "riIIha is !escribe!) Xasam*ho'aA
saA'hena+[ C$+ Ni # @2@+ <he 0a!abhEaa !e$ies it as misasam*ho'a Zphysica&($oo!,[ a! dhammasam*ho'a
Zteachig($oo![ such as recitig Lhamma together+
sa?#aseyya) shou&! &i%e together 2ithW @ sg+ opt+ o$ saA3asati (saB n c%as n a)W see 4! 7@+ 0a!abhEaa)
ZSaA3aseyya 3 ti ukkhittakena saddhiA uposathaA 3 pa3ra>aA 3 sa='hakammaA 3 karoti Q[) ZSaA3aseyya) he
!oes the -posatha or #%itatio or a &ega& act together 2ith oe 2ho has bee boycotte! m[ C$+ 0r 7 saA3sa+
saha # seyya? ka""eyya) or shou&! use a s&eepig p&ace together 2ithW see 0c A+ 0a!abhEaa) ZQI
eka!!hanne ukkhittake nipanne *hikkhu nipa@@atiZ) ZHe &ies !o2 u!er the same roo$ 2he a boycotte! bhikkhu
is &yig !o2+Z
>P% 7D3 IaEQakasikkh"ada?@
&amaEuddeso "i %e e#a? #adeyya( TTathha? bha!a#at dhamma? desita? 9nmi(
K1H
yath yeAme
513
R, 0) a@nmi+
278
antaryik dhamm #utt bha!a#at( te "aQise#ato nla? antaryy ti(U so samaEuddeso bhikkh.hi
e#am1assa #a%an4yo(
K1R
T2 #uso
K1K
samaEuddesa e#a? a#a%a( m bha!a#anta? abbh%ikkhi(
K1S
na hi sdhu
bha!a#ato abbhakkhna?
K17
( na hi bha!a# e#a? #adeyyaV aneka"ariyyena #uso
K1P
samaEuddesa
antaryik dhamm antaryik
K1B
#utt bha!a#at( alaN1%a "ana te "aQise#ato antaryy ti(U e#aN1%a
KCD
so
samaEuddeso bhikkh.hi #u%%amno tathAe#a "a!!aEheyya( so samaEuddeso bhikkh.hi e#am1assa
#a%an4yo(
KC1
TA99ata!!e te #uso samaEuddesa na %Ae#a so bha!a# satth a"adisitabbo( yam1"i %AaNNe
samaEuddes labhanti bhikkh.hi saddhi? dirattatiratta?
KCC
saha seyya?(
KCH
s "i te nAatthi( %ara "ire
KCR
#inass ti.U
Oo "ana bhikkhu 9na? tathnsita? samaEuddesa? u"al"eyya # u"aQQh"eyya # sambhuN9eyya
KCK
# saha # seyya? ka""eyya( "%ittiya?.
Sapp"a!avaggo
071
sattamo+
>The IaEQaka trainin! "re%e"t@
/f a no#i%e should say so too( TAs / understand the Tea%hin! tau!ht by the <ortunate One( these
obstru%ti#e a%ts 8hi%h are s"oken of by the <ortunate One3 they are not enou!h to be an obstru%tion for
the one 8ho is bein! en!a!ed in >them@(U >then@ that no#i%e is to be s"oken to thus by the bhikkhus(
T<riend no#i%e( donAt say soL DonAt misre"resent the <ortunate OneV for the misre"resentation of the
<ortunate One is not !oodV for the <ortunate One 8ould not say soV friend no#i%e( >that@ obstru%ti#e a%ts
are >really@ obstru%ti#e is s"oken of in manifold 8ays by the <ortunate One and they are enou!h to be an
obstru%tion for the one 8ho is en!a!in! >in them@(U and if that no#i%e bein! s"oken to thus by the
bhikkhus should "ersist in the same 8ay >as before@( >then@ that no#i%e is to be s"oken to thus by the
bhikkhus( T<rom today on( friend no#i%e( the <ortunate One is not to be referred to as the tea%her by you(
and also the t8o or three ni!hts slee"in! to!ether >in one room@ 8ith bhikkhus that other no#i%es !et( that
too is not for you. $o a8ay( disa""earLU
/f any bhikkhu kno8in!ly should treat kindly su%h an e+"elled no#i%e( or should make >him@ attend
>to himself@( or should eat to!ether 8ith >him@( or should use a slee"in! "la%e to!ether 8ith >him@( >this is a
%ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on living beings is seventh
kaEQakasikkh"ada?) the KaIaka traiig preceptW om+ sg+ m+ "ppositi%e kamma!hraya cp!W see 0r 7+
KaIaka is a proper ame+ <he o%ice KaIaka p&ays the &ea!ig ro&e i the origi(story to this ru&e i the
4utta%ibhaFga+
samaEuddeso) a o%ice, &it+) Zoe !ue to be a ascetic,[ Zoe resemb&ig a ascetic[W om+ sg+ m+ X samaEa)
asceticW see 0c @2 n uddesa) !estie! to be, !ue to be+ " ou !eri%e! $rom the %erb uddisatiW see abo%e Ci!,
4! G+ C$+ Hi`ber 7999 + 789+ 4ee i L0 the etry uddesika
`
) Zbeig i the regio o$, beig about[ X the 4kt
uddeYya (6/)) Z!estie! $or+[ C$+ 4kt deYiya (6/)) Zbor!erig o, resemb&ig, a&most, ear&y+[
C$+ soJasa-3assuddesik) Z(a gir& 2ho is) !ue to be si5tee years o&![W 6 # 88+
514
N) 3a!aniyoF
515
Lm, -0, Nibh 'e) m3uso+
516
6i 4e, R, N) a**h!ikkha+
517
-m, Nibh Be %+&+, 6i 4e %+&+) a**h!ikkhanaA+
518
Lm, -m, -0) (pariyyen3uso+
519
6i T 6m 4e, R, N, .a) +[++ 3uso antaryik dhamm 3utt *ha'a3at ++++[ L) Z]+++ anekapariyyena 3uso antaryik 3utt
*ha'a3at +++[ (0robab&y a misprit as ot $ou! i 6a&2atta mss+) (0g uc&ear+)
520
Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e, -m, Nibh Be %+&+, 6i %+&+) Ze3aK-!a pana soP+ (0g) FFF e3aA so *hikkhu *hikkh7hi FFF)
521
N) 3a!aniyoF
522
6m 4e, Nibh 'e) d3i(+
523
Lm, Nibh Ce, -0, 6m T 6i 4e, N, Nibh 'e,) sahaseyyaAF 4ee 0c A+
524
Lm, -m, -0, Nibh 'e, 6i T 6m 4e, N, /) pire+ Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, Nibh Ce, .a, 0g, Ce Kkh) pare+ R) !ara pi pare+
525
R, Nibh 'e) saA*huK@eyya+
526
6i T 6m 4e, R, N) sapp>a3a''o+
279
# 0c A9 sma>era is use! a!, as Vinaya Texts # 88 + 8 otes, it is ot c&ear 2hy t2o !i$$eret e5pressios are
use! i the 0timokkha+ 0a!abhEaa) ZSama>uddeso nma sma>ero[W see BL ### @7 + 7+ 0erhaps it some2hat
p&ay$u&&y re$ers to his resemb&ig a sama>a a&though ot $u&&y beig oe yet+
4aI Yrama>oddeYaY !e e3aA 3adetW 0r6o4a p+220+ 6(K) YramanuddeYopi !ede3aA 3adeyyaAF BN 79@, 0r6o6(K
p+28+
"i) a&so, tooW co+ partic&eW or) e%eW emph+ partW see 0r 7+
%e) i$W hyp+ partic&e+
"i %e) i$ a&so, H) e%e i$+ <he &atter $its C0 2) ekarattam-pi !e but ot the preset cote5t 4p 8H0) ZAriCChassa 3iya
etass pi m[) ZKike (the %ie2) o$ "riIIha, so (the %ie2) o$ this oe is a&so m+[
samaEuddesa) %oc+ sg+ m+
a99ata!!e) $rom to!ay o2ar!W a!%+ X a@@a) to!ay n (t() euphoic cosoatehiatus($i&&er n a''e) $rom, a$ter+
6(K ru&e 8H) adyada'rena: BN 79@, 0r6o6(K p+28F :r) a@@ato) $rom to!ayW ab&+ o$ a@@a n a''e, see 0R j H@,A (+7)
a! 4yta5 j 78Ha iii+ (<his &atter e5p&aatio seems &ess &ike&y as the sese o$ Z$rom[ 2ou&! be re!up&icate!)
Z$rom $rom to!ay+[) Koc+ sg+ t+ use! as a!%+ 4ee L0 a! 0'L+
te) by youW is+ sg+ o$ pers+ pro+ t3aA) you+ Horer re!ers Zas your (teacher)[ a! m Zby you as your
(teacher),[ coectig te to satthF Ho2e%er, i this passi%e setece the aget te is istrumeta& a! satth is
omiati%eW see #0 p+87$+ Further, i$ te 2ou&! be coecte! to satth, it orma&&y 2ou&! prece!e it+
#uso) $rie!W see abo%e Ci!+
%Ae#a) Euctio o$ !a a! e3a through e&isio o$ (a i !aW 0R j H0,7bF X %a) a!W co+ partic&e+ n e#a) EustW
emphatic partic&e+ na) otW eg+ partic&e+
so) the, thatW @ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
bha!a#) the Fortuate :eW om+ sg+ m+
satth) teacherW om+ sg+ m+ o$ satthar+
a"adisitabbo) is to be re$erre! to (as authority), m) c&aime!, appoite!, use! as prete5tW $+p+p+ o$ apadisati
(apa c ndis c a)+
yam1"i) Euctio o$ yaA c pi through &aba&isatio o$ (A+ GaA is here a acc+ sg+ t+ a!%erb $uctioig as a
coecti%e or marker o$ a re&ati%e c&auseW see C0 70 yaA+
X ya?) 2hichW acc+ sg+ o$ re&+ pro+ yaMd_+ n "i) a&soW co+ partic&e+
%AaNNe) X Euctio o$ !a c aKKe through e&isio o$ the (a o$ !a be$ore the iitia& c&ose! sy&&ab&e o$ aKKe: see 0R j
G9+
%a) a!W see abo%e n aNNe) otherW proomia& a!E+
samaEuddes) o%ices, om+ p&+ m+
labhanti) get, obtaiW @ sg+ p&+ o$ %a*hati+
bhikkh.hi) 2ith bhikkhusW is+ p&+ m+
saddhi?) togetherW a!%+ see pre%ious ru&e+
dirattatiratta?) t2o ights or three ightsW acc+ sg+ m+ X "cc+ o$ '5tet i <imeW see 4yta5 j 88b+
saha) together, 2ith, accompaie! byW i!ec&+ takig is+ o$ accompaimetW see 4yta5 j G8+
seyya?) be!, couch, s&eepig p&aceW acc+ sg+ $+
sahaseyya?) a s&eepig p&ace together 2ithW see 0c A+ Because the a!%+ saddhiA has bee use! a&rea!y a!
there is o %erb, it is better ot to sp&it this ito t2o 2or!s as i 0c A+
s) thatW om+ sg+ $+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_ agreeig 2ith the ue5presse! $emiie ou seyyW 0R j 70A,2+
"i) too, a&soW co+ partic&e+
te) $or youW !at+ sg+ m+ o$ pers+ pro+ t3aA+
nAatthi) (there) is otW X Euctio o$ na c atthi i 2hich the (a o$ na has bee e&i!e! be$ore the iitia& c&ose!
220
sy&&ab&e o$ atthiF na) otW eg+ partic&e+ n atthi) there isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+W see abo%e Ci!+
%ara) gopW 2 sg+ imp+ o$ !arati (c!ar c a)) goes, mo%es+ "i) tooW see abo%e+
re) partic&e o$ e5c&amatio or cotempt, a shortee! si!e($orm o$ areW e&se2here re a&so occurs 2ith
imperati%es) e+g+ L ## @89) Z#i%a re 'i%a ppadhuttakasXI Z42a&&o2, e%i& cheatp[W c$+ S ### 788, 228+ C$+ Hi`ber 7999
+ 7A2+
"ire;"are) 4p (Be, 'e)) ZPire ti para ammaka+[) ZPire) other, ot oe o$ us+[ 4ee BL ### @2 + @+
" para&&e& is at 6 ## 708 ('e)) ZCara pi re, 2a%%ike, 3inass tip,[ Ce) pare, Be) Z!ara pi, re 2a%%ike, 3inass ti+[ 6(a
(Be)) ZCara pire tiI apehi amhkaA pare, ana@@hattika*h7te ti atthoF Atha 3 !ara pire ti parato 'a!!ha, m idha tiCCh ti
pi attho+[) Zm) go a2ay $rom us to others, to o(isi!ers is the meaig+ :r perhaps rather) ]Ro e&se2here,
!oDt stay herepD is the meaig too+[
5e is ot $ou! together 2ith pi e&se2here a! there seems to be o reaso $or pi i 6 ## 708+ <his may mea
there 2as a corruptio i 6 ## u!er i$&uece o$ 0c H0, or that pire or pare 2as the origia& rea!ig 2ith a
!i$$eret sese tha re+ #t cou&! be that pi re is a mi5(up !ue to the pi i the &ie be$ore) Zs pi te n8atthiFP
4a) Zm !ara pare>a mohapuru+a naYyaQ [) Zgo 2ith aother, !e&u!e! ma, perishp[W 0r6o4a p+222+ 6(K)
Z#a!!ha nasya !a%a prapa%hi+[W BN 79@, 0r6o6(K p+28+
<here are three possib&e meaigs $or the Ce rea!ig pare) the acc+ p&+ o$ para) to others (<his has the sese o$
those o$ other sectsW see 0'L+ C$+ Lhp 2AH)W or &oc+ sg+) ito aother (sect)W or %oc+ sg+ (as i 2a%%ike)) otherp,
a&iep <he &ast seems the best o$ the three+
#inass ti) !isappear, get &ost, perishW 2 sg+ imp+ o$ 3inassati+ Cot to be co$use! 2ith the aorist 3inassa i C0
70+
4p) XVinass ti nassa, yattha te na passma tattha 'a!!hasP) ZVinassa) Ret &ostp Ro 2here 2e !oDt see youp[ C$+
Ni # 8A) ZVinassa pa>Waka,[ " ## 782) ZApehi t3aA )paka 3inassa, m taA addasan-tisFP n ]ti) e! ,uote+
:e o$ the oe o$ te $actors that a o%ice ca be e5pe&&e! $or, nsetuA, is ha%ig a 2rog %ie2, mi!!hdiCChi
( 6 # G0eNi # 8A)+
527
<hese te, together 2ith the $i%e o$ 6% # AH)7,
528
are recite! by the smaeras a$ter the
0timokkha(recitatio o$ the bhikkhus i <hai moasteries+ For the e5pe&&ig o$ a bhikkhu, see Ni # H@e6%
#N 7G,78+
9na?3 ko2ig&yW pr+p+ o$ @nti use! &ike a a!%erbW see 0r 8 a! C0 @0+
tathnsita?) such a e5pe&&e!, thus(e5pe&&e!W a!E+ Bb cp!+ X tath) thus, suchW see 0c G8 n nsita) e5pe&&e!,
&ostW p+p+ o$ nassati (nnas c ya)W see C0 G+
samaEuddesa?) acc+ sg+ m+
u"al"eyya) shou&! treat ki!&y, H) shou&! ecourage, m) shou&! speak to, shou&! coso&eW @ sg+ opt+ o$
upa%peti (upa c n%ap c e)+ 4ee L0 s+%+ upa%peti Ztreats 2ith ki!ess, 2is o%er m[ 4p 8H7) Zm sa='a>heyya[)
Zm shou&! he treat ki!&ye$a%our+ (6aybe upa%peti has a simi&ar meaig as apaJ%eti (X upa%JetiW see 0'L
78G) o$ Ni # 70He6% # A9) 2is o%er, &ures a2ayW i+e+, the bhikkhu is tryig to 2i o%er the o%ice 2ith 2rog
%ie2 i or!er to get a atte!at &ike the group o$ si5 !i! i the 6%+)
u"aQQh"eyya) shou&! he make atte!, i+e+, he causes the o%ice to atte! o him, H) shou&! support, m) be
&ooke! a$ter by himW @ sg+ opt+ o$ upaCChpeti, the causati%e o$ upaCChhati (upa c nCh c a)+ 4p) Zm tena attano
upaCChnaA krpeyya+[
sa""Eaka#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o &i%ig beigs, the 2ith(&i%ig(beigs(sectioW om+ sg+
m+ X sa""Eaka) 2hich is 2ith &i%ig beigsW see 0c G2+ : this tit&e, ame! a$ter the seco! rather tha the
$irst ru&e, see the sectio o pcittiya ru&e tit&es i the sectio Chapter Li%isio i the #tro!uctio+ n #a!!a)
sectioW see C0 70+
sattamo) se%ethW or!ia&+
527
<he others are) breakig the $irst $i%e precepts (7YA), speakig !ispraise o$ the Bu!!ha, Lhamma, a! 4aFgha (GY8), a! rapig a bhikkhuJ
(70)+
528
7+ e!ea%ourig $or the o(recei%ig o$ bhikkhus, 2+ e!ea%ourig $or the o(goo! o$ bhikkhus, @+ e!ea%ourig $or the o(resi!ece o$
bhikkhus, 8+ he re%i&es a! abuses bhikkhus, A+ he causes a mok to break 2ith 1aother3 mok+
227
>&ahadhammika#a!!o
KCB
@
>P% 713 &ahadhammikasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkh.hi sahadhammika? #u%%amno e#a? #adeyya( T5a t#ha? #uso etasmi?
sikkh"ade sikkhissmi( y#a na aNNa?
KHD
bhikkhu? byatta?
KH1
#inayadhara? "ari"u%%hm4U ti(
"%ittiya?.
&ikkhamnena( bhikkha#e( bhikkhun aNNtabba? "ari"u%%hitabba? "ari"aNhitabba?.
KHC
Aya?
tattha sm4%i.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (bein! s"oken to) ri!hteously@
/f any bhikkhu 8hen bein! ri!hteously s"oken to by bhikkhus should say so( T<riends( / shall not train in
this trainin! "re%e"t for as lon! as / %an not 7uestion another bhikkhu >about it@ 8ho is a learned
memoriser of the dis%i"line(U >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
hikkhus( >the trainin! "re%e"t@ is to be understood( is to be 7uestioned about( is to be in#esti!ated by
a bhikkhu 8ho is trainin! >in it@. This is the "ro"er "ro%edure here.
bhikkh.hi sahadhammika? #u%%amno) beig righteous&y spoke to by bhikkhusW see 4! 72+
e#a? #adeyya) shou&! say soW see 0c G8+ na) otW eg+ partic&e+
t#ha?) Euctio o$ t3a a! ahaA through cotractio+ X t#a) so &ogW a!%+ corre&ati%e to y3aF Ca ot be
proper&y put i the setece costructio i 'g&ish 2here the tras&atio o$ the corre&ati%e y3a is su$$iciet
to gi%e the meaig+ c aha?) #W 7 sg+ pers+ pro+ <he subor!iate (t3a) c&ause prece!es the mai (y3a) c&ause
is $or e5tra emphasisW see #0 p+@00 a! 0c H@) Ztassa te Q yaA taA Q+[
#uso) $rie!W see abo%e Ci!+
etasmi?) i thisW &oc+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ etaMd_+
sikkh"ade) i the traiig preceptW &oc+ sg+ t+W see 4! 72+
sikkhissmi) # sha&& traiW 7 p&+ $ut+ o$ sikkhatiW c$+ 0r 7+
y#a) $or as &og as, uti&W re&ati%e a!%+ C$+ 4! 70+ na) otW eg+ partic&e+
aNNa?) aotherW a!E+ N+&+) n8aKKaA) X Euctio o$ na n aKKaA through e&isio o$ the $ia& (a o$ na+
bhikkhu?) a bhikkhuW acc+ sg+ m+
byatta?) &eare!, 2iseW a!E+, shortee! $orm o$ 3iyatta, pre$+ 3i n euphoic cosoat (y( n atta) p+p+ o$ aK@ati
(caK@ c a)) smears+ N+&+ 3yattaA, $or 3 [ * a&teratio see C0 78+
# other occurreces o$ this 2or! i the Cao the a&terati%e spe&&ig 3iyatta is use!+ <he prouciatio o$
3ya- is a&2ays 3iya-W see #0 p+277+
#inayadhara?) a memoriser o$ the !iscip&ie, &it+ Za bearer o$ the !iscip&ie,[ H) e5pert i !iscip&ieW acc+ sg
m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ (see #0 p+92) X #inaya) !iscip&ieW $rom 3i c nn$, see 0'L G2@+ n dhara) memoriser, bearerW
actio(ou $r+ dharati) bears, ho&!s (i mi!)W see Ci! coc&+ T C0 78+ X !epe!et 2or!W see 4! 2) ('ha a!
#0 p+92+
"ccor!ig to "C H)H7e" #N 780, a 3inayadhara is a bhikkhu 7+ 2ho ko2s a o$$ece as a o$$ece, 2+ ko2s a
o(o$$ece, @+ m &ight o$$ece, 8+ m hea%y o$$ece, A+ he is %irtuous, !2e&&s restraie! 2ith the restrait o$
the 0timokkha, e!o2e! 2ith right co!uct a! resort, seeig $ear i the s&ightest $au&ts, he trais
u!ertakig the traiig(ru&es, G+ he is oe 2ho gais the $our Ehas 2ithout e$$ortq, a! H+ !2e&&s ha%ig
attaie! the !estructio o$ the sa3asgF (q abbre%iate!)
# the e5t sutta, o+ H2, $actor A is rep&ace! 2ith ZBoth ptimokkhas are 2e&& ha!e! !o2 i brea!th to
529
:&y i 6i 4e+
530
6i T 6m 4e) naKKaA+ R) na aAKaA+
531
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, -0, .a, Nibh Ce, 0g) 3yattaA+
532
L, R, N) ( pa>hi-+
222
him, 2e&& aa&yse!, 2e&& set $orth, 2e&& i%estigate!, as to ru&e, as to !etai&+[ "! i the e5t sutta, o+ H@, this
$actor i tur is rep&ace! 2ith Zhe is immo%ab&y (i+e+, $irm&y) estab&ishe! i the Liscip&ie+[
bhikkhu? byatta? #inayadhara?) Vinaya Texts # A0 takes *yatta to be a a!Eecti%e agreeig 2ith 3inayadhara
rather tha 2ith *hikkhu) Za e5periece! master o$ the %iaya+[ 4o m) Za &eare! e5pert i the Liscip&ie+[
Horer) Zm bhikkhu, e5periece!, e5pert i !iscip&ie+[ Both are possib&e+
"ari"u%%hm4 ti) X paripu!!hmi c ti+ "ari"u%%hmi) # (ca) ,uestio about, cosu&tW 7 sg+ pres+ i!+ o$
paripu!!hati (pari c npu!!h c a) :$te i Zy3a Q t3a Q[ costructios the $ormer %erb is i the $uture tese
2hi&e the &atter is i the preset as it prece!es the y3a $uture actioW see #0 p+298+
ti) e! ,uoteW see abo%e Ci!+
sikkhamnena) 2ho is traiigW pr+p+ o$ sikkhatiW use! as a!E+ ,ua&i$yig *hikkhun+
bhikkha#e) bhikkhusW %oc+ p&+ m+W see C0 70+
bhikkhun) by a bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
aNNtabba?) it is to be u!erstoo!, ko2, H) to be &eart, H $ootote) shou&! come to be ko2W $+p+p+ o$
@ntiW see 0c G8+ "greeig 2ith a ue5presse! sikkhpadaA or taAF m has mistras&ate! this &ie) Z2he a
bhikkhu is traiig he shou&! ask a! i,uire about 2hat he ca ot u!ersta!+[
"ari"u%%hitabba?) (it) is to be ,uestioe! about, cosu&te!W $+p+p+ o$ paripu!!hati+
"ari"aNhitabba?) (it) is to be i%estigate! (meta&&y), to be cosi!ere!W $+p+p+ o$ paripaKhati, !eom+ $rom
pre$+ pari() about n paKha) ,uestio+ Nibh) Zm !inteta**aA tu%ayita**aA+[) Zm to be thought about, to be
cosi!ere!+[ C$+ BL ### @H + @+
aya? tattha sm4%i) <his is here the proper proce!ureW see 4! coc&+
>P% 7C3 Vilekhanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu "timokkhe
KHH
uddissamne e#a? #adeyya( TIi? "anAimehi
KHR
khuddnukhuddakehi
sikkh"adehi uddiQQhehiV y#ad1e#a kukku%%ya( #ihesya( #ilekhya sa?#attant4 ti(U
sikkh"ada#i#aEEanake(
KHK
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on %reatin! dis%omfort@
/f any bhikkhu( 8hen the Dis%i"linary Code is bein! re%ited( should say so( Tut 8hy these small and
minute trainin! "re%e"ts that are re%itedJ They 9ust lead to 8orry( annoyan%e( >and@ dis%omfort.U /n the
dis"ara!in! of trainin! "re%e"ts( >there is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
"timokkhe) the Liscip&iary Co!eW &oc+ sg+ t+W see abo%e Ci!+
uddissamne) is beig recite!W pr+p+ o$ uddisati agreeig 2ith ptimokkheV see abo%e Ci!+
"timokkhe uddissamne) 2he the Liscip&iary Co!e is beig recite!W &ocati%e abso&ute costructio+
e#a? #adeyya) shou&! say soW see 0c G8+
ki? "anAimehi) Zbut 2hy theseg,[ Zbut 2hat use are theseg[W X ki?) 2hatgW iterrogati%e partic&e itro!ucig
a ,uestio n "anGimehi) Euctio o$ pana n imehi through e&isio o$ the $ia& (a o$ pana+ X "ana) butW
a!%ersati%e partic&e+ n imehi) 2ith theseW is+ p&+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+
khuddnukhuddakehi) 2hich are sma&& a! miute, H T m) &esser a! mior, BH4LR ## 200) %ery miorW
a!E+ ,ua&i$yig sikkhpadehi+ BahubbJhi cp! cotaiig a !%a!a cp!+
X khudda) sma&&, &esser, i$eriorW a!E+ n anukhuddaka) %ery sma&&, miute, subt&eW a!E+ X a>u d anu) %ery
sma&&, miute, subt&e n khuddaka+ <here has bee a &ot o$ !ispute, a&rea!y at the $irst couci&, o the meaig
o$ the sma&& a! miute traiig preceptsW see arma, 799H, pp+708Y728, a! BL ### 87 + 7+
533
6m 4e, R, N) pCimokkhe+
534
6i T 6m 4e, R, N) kim-pan8imehiF
535
Lm, -0, R, N, Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e) 3i3a>>ake+ Bh0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, 6i T 6m 4e, -m, .a, 0g, Ce Kkh) 3i3a>>anake+
22@
#t is sai! by the Bu!!ha that sekhas a! arahants ca commit o$$eces 2ith regar!s the sma&& a! miute
traiig precepts, but are o$ stab&e a! $irm %irtue regar!ig the traiig precepts that are $u!ameta& a!
proper to the ho&y &i$e) ZSo yni tni khuddhnukhuddakni sikkhpadni tni pa@@ati pi 3uCChti Q Gni !a kho tni
sikkhpadni di*rahma!ariyakni *rahma!ariyasruppni tattha dhu3as$%o !a hoti Chitas$%o !a Q ZW " # 2@7+
"t the e! o$ the 0cittiya sectio i the NibhaFga ('e n Be) it is sai! as coc&usio) Z/huddakaA samattaA+[
"$ter the BhikkhuJ 0cittiya sectio)Z/huddakaA niCChitaAP (Be) Zm samattaAP)+ #$ this is the origia&
coc&usio, rather tha a &ater a!!itio, it might mea that the 0cittiyas (or some o$ them) 2ere u!erstoo!
to be the khuddak sikkhpad, a! the sekhiy the anukhuddak+ #t might re$er to the $ormu&atio(&egth o$ the
ru&es, the $ormu&atio o$ the 0cittiya ru&es te!s to be short, shorter tha the oes i the prece!ig sectios,
2hi&e the $ormu&atio o$ the sekhiya ru&es is e%e shorter+ #t ca ot re$er to the si\e o$ the sectio, sice the
p!ittiya(sectio is the &ogest oe+ 4ee a&so the itro!uctio %erse o$ the 0cittiy!i(aIIhakath, 4p #N H@A (Be,
'e)) ZGesaA na3ahi 3a''ehi sa='aho suppatiCChito, khuddaknaA ayaA dni tesaA *ha3ati 3a>>an+[ a! the
coc&usio(%erse at 4p 88A (Be, 'e)) Zm khuddaka3a>>an samattF[ C$+ 0ari%ra itro+ T coc&+ <he sekhiyas are
ot re$erre! to as anukhuddaka ay2here though+
<he anukkhuddak cou&! a&so be the 0Ii!esaJy ru&esW see 4p 88G T 988) ZkhuddaknaA anantar+[ Anu( i
anukhuddaka cou&! maybe mea Za$ter[ i+e+, Z(the ru&es) a$ter the sma&& traiig precepts+[
sikkh"adehi) 2ith the traiig preceptsW is+ p&+ t+ see 0c H7+
uddiQQhehi) (that are) recite!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig sikkhpadehi: p+p+ o$ uddisatiW see abo%e Ci!+ coc&+
y#ad1e#a) but o&y, Eust uti&, o&y up toW 4ee 0'L AAA a! 4p+ X y#a(d)) uti&W re&ati%e a!%+W see 0c H7+ <he
(d a$ter y3a origia&&y $orme! part o$ it i 4askrit a! has bee restore! here to a%oi! hiatusW see 0R j H2,7n
e#a) Eust, o&yW emph+ partic&e+
kukku%%ya) to 2orry, to remorse, to agitatioW !at+ sg+ t+ X kuMd_) 2rogW @r! stem o$ iter+ pro+ ka i cp!s+,
as a!%erb it has a !isparagig sese n ki!!a) to be !oeW see abo%e Ci!+ C$+ 0c HH+
#ihesya) to aoyace, to troub&eW !at+ sg+ $+W see 0c 72+
#ilekhya) to ueasiess, perp&e5ity, !iscom$ortW !at+ sg+ m+ Vi%ekha &itera&&y meas Zscratchig[ $rom c%ikh)
scratches+ 4ee " # 2@8 $or a case o$ adhisa%%ekha+
sa?#attant4 ti) they co!uce, &ea!W @ p&+ pres+ i!+ o$ saA3attatiW see 4! 70+ n ti+
sikkh"ada#i#aEEake) i !isparagig o$ traiig precepts, i beig oe 2ho !iscourages the traiig
precepts, H T m) i !isparagigW &oc+ sg m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X #i#aEEa) !ispraisig, actio ou $rom
3i3a>>eti (3i c n3a>> c e)) !isparages, !ispraises+ n p&eoastic su$$i5 (or aget(ou su$$i5) (kaW see 0c 72)
aKKa3dake a! 0c H@ mohanakeF <he o&y other occurrece o$ 3i3a>>aka is i 0% 272) Zdhtu-3i3a>>akaA
petaAP) Za e&emet(!isparagig peta,[ 2here it is a a!Eecti%e+ C$) 0ari%ra 2@) ZVinayaA 3i3a>>entassa
p!ittiyaA Q [ 6(K) Yik+3i'arha>eW BN 788, 0r6o6(K p+78+
>P% 7H3 2ohanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu an#acchamsa?
KHS
"timokkhe
KH7
uddissamne e#a? #adeyya( T/dnAe#a kho
KHP
aha?
9nmi(
KHB
ayam1"i
KRD
kira dhammo sutt!ato sutta"ariy"anno an#acchamsa?
KR1
uddesa? !a%%hat4 ti(U
taN1%e
KRC
bhikkhu? aNNe bhikkh. 9neyyum( T5isinna"ubba? imin bhikkhun d#attikkhattu?
KRH
"timokkhe
KRR
uddissamne. Io "ana #do bhiyyo ti(
KRK
na %a tassa bhikkhuno aNNEakena mutti atthi( yaN1
536
"s i 0c AH, o&y 6i, 6m 4e, T N rea! an3aWWha(+ <he rest rea! an3addha(+
537
6m 4e, R, N) pCimokkhe+
538
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, /, -0, .a) kho 3uso+
539
Bh 0m 7 T 2, 6i T 6m 4e, N, .a, 0g) @nmi+
540
-m) ayaA pi+
541
6i, 6m 4e, T N) an3aWWha(+ # the seco! occurrece o$ this 2or! i this ru&e R rea! (WWh(, but 2as correcte! to (ddh(+
542
C) taA !e+
543
Nibh 'e, 6m 4e) d3i(+ (6i 4e rea!s d3a( here, istea! o$ d3i( e&se2here+ 4ee C0 70+)
544
6m 4e, R, N) pCimokkhe+
545
6i T 6m 4e, C, L, N) *hiyyo ti+ Bh 0m 7 T 2, R, -m) *h$yyo tiF :thers 64 a! te5ts ha%e ++[+ *hiyyo na !a FFF[] 2ithout ti+ (0g
uc&ear+)
228
%a tattha "atti? "anno( taN1%a yath dhammo
KRS
kretabbo( uttariN1%Aassa
KR7
moho ro"etabbo( TTassa te
#uso albh( tassa te dulladdha?. Oa? t#a? "timokkhe
KRP
uddissamne( na sdhuka? aQQhikat#
KRB
manasikaros4 ti.U /da? tasmi? mohanake( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on delusion@
/f any bhikkhu 8hen the Dis%i"linary Code is bein! re%ited half1monthly should say so( TOnly no8 /
kno8L This too( indeed( is a %ase 8hi%h has been handed do8n in the &utta( 8hi%h has been in%luded in
the &utta( 8hi%h %omes u" for re%itation half1monthlyLU >and@ if other bhikkhus should kno8 >about@ that
bhikkhu >thus@( TThis bhikkhu has sat >in@ t8o or three times "re#iously 8hen the Dis%i"linary Code 8as
bein! re%ited. Mhat to say about more >times than that@LU >then@ there is no release for that bhikkhu
throu!h not1kno8in!( and 8hate#er the offen%e is that he has %ommitted there( he is to be made to do
a%%ordin! to that %ase and moreo#er his deludin! is to be e+"osed( Te%ause of that >there are@ losses for
you( be%ause of that >it@ has been ill1!ained by you( that you( 8hen the Dis%i"linary Code is bein! re%ited(
do not take >it@ to mind >after@ ha#in! fo%ussed %arefully >on it@.U e%ause of that deludin!( this >is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation.
<his is the ru&e that is the most !i$$icu&t i aa&ysig a! tras&atig+ "s 2ith 0c 79, it seems that some
corruptio occurre! !urig the trasmissio o$ the ru&e as the syta5 sometimes !oes ot make sese+
an#acchamsa?) ha&$(moth&yW X a!%+ to uddissamneW see Ni ## 2AA T 6 ## 8+ X bahubbJhi cp! i acc+ sg+ t+
use! as a a!%erb as i 0c AHW see #0 p+272 a! 2AA+
X Euctio o$ anuI a$ter, a&og n aWWha) ha&$+ # this sa!hi the $ia& (u o$ anu, $o&&o2e! by a !issimi&ar %o2e&,
becomes (3(W see 0R j H0+2 a! #0 p+27A+ n acchamsa) ha&$(mothW see C0 28+
/hy is an3aWWhamsaA a!!e! here a! ot i 0c H2g # the Nibh 0a!abhEaa o 0c H2 it is sai! that
uddissamne meas Z2he recitig the 0timokkha (uddisante+ 4p) by a teacher to a pupi&), or makig
(aother) recite it (uddispente+ 4p) pupi& to teacher), or stu!yig it[) ZPtimokkhe uddissamne tiI uddisante 3
uddispente 3 sa@@hyam 3 karonte+[ # 0c H@ uddissamne is o&y e5p&aie! as recitig (uddisante)) Zm
uddissamne tiI uddisante+[ <hus 0c H2 seems to ic&u!e uo$$icia& stu!y situatios+ 4p 8HG to 0c H2)
Z)ddissamne tiI !ariyena ante3sikassa uddissamne Q [) Z2he it is beig recite! by a teacher to a pupi&,[
2hi&e 0c H@ o&y app&ies to the o$$icia& ha&$(moth&y recitatio o$ the 0timokkha+ 4p 8HGYHH to 0c H@)
Z)ddissamne tiI uddisiyamne, yasm pana so ptimokkhuddesakena uddisante uddisiyamno nma hoti, tasm
uddisante ti pada*h@ane 3uttaA[) Z)ddissamne) 2he it is beig recite! (passi%e %oice), because 2he it is
beig recite! by the 0timokkha reciter it is ca&&e! Zis beig recite![ (passi%e %oice), there$ore ]2he it is
beig recite!D (uddisante) is sai! i the 2or!(aa&ysis,[ <his sho2s that the commetaria& tra!itio
u!erstoo! uddissamne to be a passi%e pr+p+ C$+ L0) uddisanta is the pr+p+ o$ uddisati, 2hi&e uddissamna a!
uddisiyamna are the pr+p+ o$ the passi%e $orms uddisati a! uddisiyati respecti%e&y+
"timokkhe uddissamne e#a? #adeyya) see 0c H2+
idnAe#a) o&y o2W Euctio o$ idni c e3a i 2hich the $ia& i o$ idni is e&i!e!W see 0R j H0,2b+
X idni) o2W a!%+ o$ timeW !em+ pro+ ayaA n su$+ o$ time (dni+ n e#a) o&y, EustW emph+ partic&e+ kho) i!ee!W
emph+ partic&e+
aha?) #W 7 sg pers+ pro+
9nmi) # ko2, $i! outW 7 sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ @nti) ko2sW see 0r 8+
4a) @nmiW 0r6o4a p+2@2+ 6(K) @nmiW 0r6o6(K p+2H, BN 79H+
C$+ Ni ## G8) Z"3e *hikkh7 sa='hdisesaA pann hontiF Te ptimokkhe uddissamne e3aA 3adantiI Idn8e3a kho
mayaA (nma, ayam-pi kira dhammo sutt'ato suttapariypanno an3addhamsaA uddesaA 'a!!hat$ tiF Te
sa='hdisese sa='hdisesadiCChino hontiF &ko !hdeti, eko na!!hdetiF Go !hdeti so dukkaCaA despeta**oF
546
Bh 0m 7 T 2, .a) yath dhammo+ :ther prite! e!s) yathdhammo+
547
Lm, Nibh 'e, -m) uttari !assa+ C, R, /, Bh 0m 7 T 2, Nibh Ce, .a) uttariA !assa+
548
6m 4e, R, N) pCimokkhe+
549
Lm, -m, -0) aCChiA kat3+
22A
GathpaCi!!hanne !assa pari3saA dat3 u*hinnam-pi mnattaA dta**aAP) Z<2o bhikkhus ha%e $a&&e ito (a
case) i%o&%ig the commuity i the begiig a! i the rest+ <hey, 2hi&e the Liscip&iary Co!e is beig
recite!, say thus) Z:&y o2 2e ko2p <his too, i!ee!, is a case that has bee ha!e! !o2 i the 4utta,
2hich has bee ic&u!e! i the 4utta, (2hich) comes up $or recitatio ha&$(moth&yp[ <hey are 1both3 ha%ig
the %ie2 o$ saFgh!isesa 2ith regar!s saFgh!isesa, 1but3 oe cocea&s, 1a!3 the other ot+ /hoe%er
cocea&s is to be ma!e to co$ess a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig, a! ha%ig gi%e the !2e&&ig apart i
accor!ace 2ith the cocea&met, the state o$ !e$erece 1to bhikkhus3 is a&so to be gi%e to both+[
ayam1"i) this tooW Euctio o$ ayaA c pi through &aba&isatio o$ AW 0R j H8,@+
X aya?) om+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaAc pi) too, a&soW co+ partic&e+
kira) i!ee!p, tru&yp, rea&&yp, m) it seems, H) as is sai!, apparet&yW partic&e e5pressig surpise or !oubt+
dhammo) m) a case, H T Niaya <e5ts) ru&e, Corma) matterW om+ sg+ m+ "hamma here re$ers to a case o$
o$$ece+ 4ee 0r itro) Zpr@ik dhamm,[ "iy 7) Zti>>aA dhammnaA, dhammo aniyato[ etc+ Vinaya Texts #
55%iii) Z<he Lhammas recite! ha&$(moth&y are those cotaie! i the scheme o$ o$$eces gi%e i the
0timokkha, a! the suttas there$ore mea the separate c&auses o$ that $ormu&ary+[
sutt!ato) 2hich has bee ha!e! !o2 i the 4utta, m come ito a c&auseeru&e, H) ha!e! !o2 i a c&ause,
m) is i the 4utta%ibhaFga, Corma) is ha!e! !o2 i the sutta, Vinaya Texts) is ha!e! !o2 i the
suttasW a!E+ Bb cp!+ "ccor!ig to the Kkh commetary o the 0timokkha coc&usio it is a &ocati%e bb cp!)
Kkh 2HH) ZSutt'atan-tiI sutte pCimokkhe 'ato[) Zm ha!e! !o2 i the 4utta, i the 0timokkha+[ <he %erb
'a!!hati orma&&y takes a accusati%e, rare&y a &ocati%e, a! i$ a accusati%e is assume! here this 2ou&! gi%e)
Z2hich has come to a ru&e+[ (ZyaA suttaA 'ato so[)+ C$+ dashan'ataA i C0 28 a! ZuddesaA 'a!!hati[ be&o2
a! i 0r itro etc+
sutta) 4utta, .u&e(strig, c&auseW t+ 4ee ote o sutt'ata i the #tro!uctio p+* n !ata) come to, come !o2,
ha!e! !o2W p+p+ o$ 'a!!hatiW see 0r itro etc+) Zm dhamm uddesaA 'a!!hanti+[
Sutt'ata is ot commete! upo i the 4p or i the Kkh, but see the Kkh commetary o sutt'ataA i the
0timokkha coc&usio
sutta"ariy"anno) 2hich has bee ic&u!e! i the 4uttaW a!E+ X sutta n "ariy"anna) ic&u!e!, Vinaya Texts)
embrace!W p+p+, see uddesapariypanna at 4! 72+ Compare Zuddesapariypanna sikkhpada[ o$ 4! 72 2ith
Zdhamma suttapariypanna[ here+ "hamma a! sikkhpada are syoyms i the 0timokkha, so might be sutta
a! uddesa+
uddesa? !a%%hat4 ti) come up $or recitatioW see 0r itro+, here sg+ C$+ sutt'ato abo%e a! uddesaA 'a!!hati
be&o2+
taN1%e) i$ thatW Euctio o$ taA n !e through pa&ata&isatio+ X ta?) thatW acc+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+ n %e) i$W hyp+
partic&e+
bhikkhu?) (about) that bhikkhu, acc+ sg+ m+ X accusati%e o$ e5tera& obEectW see 4yta5 j @2 a! Ci!+)
yasmante+
aNNe) otherW proomia& a!E+W see 0c H0+
bhikkh.) bhikkhusW om+ p&+ m+
9neyyum) they shou&! ko2W @ p&+ opt+ o$ @nti+
nisinna"ubba?) has sat iW a!E+ " i%erte! bahubbJhi cp!W see #0 p+7@8+ ZGena pu**aA nisinnaA taA+[ X
nisinna) has sat ie!o2W p+p+ o$ nisa@@atiW see "iy n "ubba?) be$oreW i!ec&+ see abo%e Ci!+
<he past particip&e i this compou! is actig as a impersoa& passi%e setece %erb a! the compou! as a
2ho&e acts as a subor!iate c&auseW see ote to sutt'ataA i the 0timokkha coc&usio+ C$+ the stock(phrase
(e+g+ 6 # H7)) XA*hi@nmi Q khattiyaparisaA Q upasa=kamit, tatra pi may sannisinnapu**aA !8e3a
sa%%apitapu**aA !a ska!!h !a sampa@@itapu** Q[) Z# a!mit m ha%ig approache! m a assemb&y o$ khattiyas
(upasa=kamit, abs+ i (t), that # ha%e sat there too be$ore m[ 6(a) ZSannisinnapu**an-ti sa='amma
nisinnapu**aAF Sa%%apitapu**an-ti %pasa%%po katapu**oF[ C$+ -!(a 279) Z6isinno !a yasmiA ma='a%asi%paCCe
pu**e anupaCipCiy paK!a @tisatni r@ hut3 uyynak$JaA k$Janto 3i3idha-nCaka-pari3ro nisinnapu**o, tasmiA
22G
ye3a Chne nis$diF[
C$+ Vimati3inodan$-C$kI Zm) tehi aKKehi *hikkh7hi diCCha-d3atti<3rato *hiyyo pana 3itthrena uddisiyamne
ptimokkhe nisinnapu**at atthi !e Q[ tras&ate! be&o2 at Z/o 3do *hiyyo+[
#t is ote2orthy that the 0rtimok>as?tra %ersios o$ this ru&e ha%e 2hat is correspo!ig to
sannisinnapu**aA i 0;i a! make it ,ua&i$y the prece!ig *hikkhuAF "s this sannissinapu**aA is a&so use! i
the 6C passage abo%e it might ha%e bee that this rea!ig got &ost i the 0;i 0timokkha+ # ay case it
cou&! i!icate that the istrumeta& *hikkhun is a istrumeta& o$ accompaimet, i+e+, other moks 2ou&!
ko2 about that mok 2ith 2hom has bee seate! be$ore+
Pu**aA here as acc+ sg+ t+ re$ers back a!%erbia&&y to 2hat has happee! be$ore, !eotig the time 2heW see
4yta5 j 8G+
imin) by thisW is+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+
bhikkhun) by (this) bhikkhuW is+ sg+ m+
taN1%e bhikkhu? aNNe bhikkhu? 9neyyu? nisinna"ubba? imin bhikkhun : ko "ana #do bhiyyo)
1the3 i$ other bhikkhus shou&! ko2 1about3 that bhikkhu 1thus3) Z<his bhikkhu has sat 1i3 t2o or three
times pre%ious&y 2he the Liscip&iary Co!e 2as beig recite!, o ee! to speak about more 1times tha
that3p,[ m) a! i$ other moks shou&! ko2 o$ that bhikkhu) Z<his bhikkhu has a&rea!y sat 2hi&e the
0timokkha 2as recite! (at &east) t2o or three times, perhaps o$teer,[ H) Zi$ other moks shou&! ko2
cocerig this mok that this mok has sat !o2 t2o or three times be$ore, ot to say o$teer, 2hi&e the
0timokkha 2as beig recite!+[
d#attikkhattu?) t2o or three timesW a!%+ see C0 70+
ko "ana #do bhiyyo) 2hat to say about more, o ee! to speak about more, 2hat about o$teer, H) ot to
say o$teer, m) perhaps o$teer, Corma) the 2hy speak $urtherg
ko "ana #do) &it+) but 2hat speakig mW a i!iomatic phrase $ou! e&se2here, e+g+) 6 # 8@ (tras&+ 6KLB) so
2hat shou&! be sai!, 6 # 22H) so 2hat sha&& # say, ## 9A) so 2hat o$, ### 7GG) &et a&oe, 2AA) the 2hat shou&! be
sai!+
Vimati3inodan$-C$k (Be)) Z/o pana 3do *hiyyo tiI tehi aKKehi *hikkh7hi diCCha-d3atti<3rato *hiyyo pana 3itthrena
uddisiyamne ptimokkhe nisinnapu**at atthi !e, tattha kim-e3a 3atta*aAF[) Zm i$ there is a state o$ ha%ig bee
seate! be$ore more tha t2o or three times 2he the 0timokkha 2as beig recite! i $u&& e5tet, 2hich has
bee see by those other bhikkhus, 2hat ca be sai! about that+Z
/iEesekera, 4yta5 j 8@r!, suggests that this set(phrase is a e&&iptica& $orm o$ Zko pana attho 3dena[) Z2hat
ee! to ta&k+[
6(K ru&e 92) XGo puna *hik+ur an3ardhamsaA s7tre prrimok+e uddiYyamne e3am 3adeya adya punar ahaA @nmi
idn$A punar ahaA @nmi ayam pi dharmo s7tr'ato s7traparypanno an3ardhamsaA s7tre prrimok+e uddeYam
'a!!hati y3ad ahan na @nmi t3an nst$tthaA mahyam pattirL@nesu !a M!e_ te *hik+7 taA *hik+uA sakVd d3ikkhuto
trikkhuto 'atap7r3aA pi sanni+a>>ap7r3aA pi kaO punar3do *ahuYo nsti kho punas tasya *hik+usya a@Knena
muktiOLatha khu ym pi !a so *hik+ur pattiA panno tat k+ipram e3a yathdharmaA yath3inayaA krpayita3yo
uttariA saAmoham pdayita3yo tasya te yu+man %*h dur%a*dh yas t3aA an3ardhamsaA s7tre prtimok+e
uddiYyamne nstikVt3 na manasi kVt3 na sar3a!etas saman3hVtya a3ahitaYroto satkVtya dharmaA YV>o+$ tiLiman
bTaitaI imaAd tasya *hik+usya sammohana-p!attikaAF[W BN 79H, 0r6o6(K p+28+
4a) ZyaO punar *hik+uO prtimok+as7troddiYyamne e3aA 3aded idn$m ahaA @nmi yad ayaMA_ dharmaO s7tra'ataO
s7traparypanna iti taA !a *hik+a3o @n$yuO saAni+a>>ap7r3o 8yam yu+mA d3is triO prtimok+7troddeYe kaO punar
3do *h7ya iti tasya punar *hik+or nsty a@Knn mok+o yA !pattim pannaO syt tA yathdharmaA krayita3ya
uttaraK !a saA3e@ayita3yas tasya te yu+mann a%*ho na %*haO dur%a*dho na su%a*dhaO yo hi nma t3am
an3ardhamsaA prtimok+as7troddiYyamne na satkVtyrth$kVt3 na 'urukVt3 na manas$kVt3 naik'ra!itto
n3ahitYroto na sar3a!etas saman3hVtya YV>o+i iyaA tasya saA3e@ant ptayantikF[W 0r6o4a p+2@2+
ko) 2ho, 2hatW om+ sg+ m+ o$ iter+ pro+ ka+
"ana) the, soW co+ partic&e, or) butW a!%ersati%e partic&e+
22H
#do) speakig, speachW om+ sg+ m+W see 0c G9+
bhiyyo) o$teer, moreW a!%+ (to nisinna)W c$+ 4ekh @G+ Comparati%e $r+ c*h7) isW see #0 p+728+
#$ there is o ti here, the the ,uotatio mark shou&! be a$ter Zm mutti atthi,[ sice the ,uotatio ee!s to e!
be$ore ZGaK-!a tattha Q [ to prepare $or the e2 ,uotatio) ZTassa te Q [ (6aybe ti has bee itro!uce! ito
the te5t $rom the (sub() commetary 2here ti a&2ays comes a$ter a 2or! commete! upo+)
na) otW eg+ partic&e+
%a) a!W co+ partic&e+
tassa) $or thatW !at+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
bhikkhuno) $or (that) mokW !at+ sg+ m+
aNNEakena) through ot(ko2ig, H) o accout o$ igorace, m) i p&ea!ig igoraceW is+ sg+ m+
Kamma!hraya+ Ceg+ pre$+ a- c K>a) ko2igW actio(ouW see 0r 8 n actio( (ot aget() ou su$+ (aka+ C$+
4(a) Zm amanasikrena kataA, aKK>akena 3 akataA+[ C$+ 6(a # AG+
mutti) re&ease, $ree!om ($rom pea&ty)W om+ sg+ $+ "bstract ou !er+ $r+ cmu!+
atthi) there isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+W see abo%e Ci!+
yaN1%a tattha "atti? "anno( taN1%a yathdhammo kretabbo( uttariN1%Aassa moho ro"etabbo) Za!
2hate%er the o$$ece is that he has committe!, he is to be ma!e to accor!ig to that case, a! moreo%er his
!e&usio is to be e5pose!,[ H) Zbut he ought to be !ea&t 2ith accor!ig to the o$$ece ito 2hich he has $a&&e
there, a! $urther co$usio shou&! be put o him,[ m) Za! 2hate%er the $au&t is that he has committe! it
shou&! be !ea&t 2ith accor!ig to the particu&ar case, a! $urthermore eg&igece shou&! be impute! to him
(by a act o$ the Commuity),[ Corma) Za! 2hate%er $au&t he has committe!, $or that he is to be !ea&t 2ith
as oe actig i accor!ace 2ith the &a2, a! $urthermore eg&igece is to be impute! to him+[
yaN1%a : taN1%a) a! 2hate%erm that+ " Euctio o$ ya? T ta? c %a through pa&ata&isatio o$ AW 0R j H8,@+ X
ya? [ ta?) 2hate%ere2hich m thatW corre&ati%e use o$ the re&ati%e proou yaMd_ a! !emostrati%e pro+
taMd_W acc+ sg+ m+ n %a) a!W co+ partic&e+ Both yaA T taA are proous to pattiA+ (i+e+, ZSo *hikkhu yaA !a
pattiA tattha panno, taA !a pattiA yath dhammo Mtath_ kreta**o+[)
tattha) there, i this coectio, i that maerW i!ec&+ i mo!a& or &ocati%e seseW see Ci!+ coc&+ #t re$ers to
the o$$ece that he prete!e! to be igorat about+
"atti?) o$$eceW acc+ sg+ m+ see abo%e Ci!+
"anno) committe!W p+p+ o$ pa@@ati, see abo%e Ci!, ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! *hikkhu+
yath) accor!ig to, asW a!%+ see Ci!+
dhammo) the case (o$ o$$ece), ru&e, &a2W om+ sg+ m+W see abo%e+
yath dhammo) (2hat is) accor!ig to that case, as the case (prescribes), i accor!ace 2ith (2hat) the case
(o$ o$$ece he committe! etai&s), H) accor!ig to the ru&e, <ha) i accor!ace 2ith the ru&e, m) accor!ig
to the particu&ar case, Corma) as oe actig i accor!ace 2ith the &a2, 0'L) Zoe accor!ig to the &a2,[
i+e+, as the ru&e prescribesm+
<he Niaya i!iom Zyath dhammo[ is ot to be co$use! 2ith the a!%erb yathdhammaA, see 0c G@, 2hich has
a !i$$eret meaig+
"s the 4p suggests, it seems appropriate to regar! this Niaya i!iom ot as a compou! but as t2o separate
2or!s use! together 2ith kreta**o a! ot coecte! to taA+ amo&iDs tras&atio is a tras&atio o$ the
a!%erb yathdhammaA, ot o$ yath dhammoF Gath dhammo a&2ays re$ers to a ru&e i the 0timokkha 2hi&e
yathdhammaA has a 2i!er app&icatio+
<here is o commetary o this 2or! i the Nibh but there are e5p&aatios i the commetaries) 4p 8HG)
ZGath dhammo kreta**o ti aKK>ena pannatt tass pattiy mokkho n8atthiF Gath pana dhammo !a 3inayo Chito
tath kreta**o, desan'miniA !e panno hoti despeta**o, 3uCChna'miniA !e 3uCChpeta**o ti attho[) ZGath
dhammo kreta**o) there is o re&ease $rom that o$$ece by committig through ot(ko2ig+ But as the
Lhamma a! Niaya has bee estab&ishe! so (he) is to be ma!e to !oW he has to be ma!e to co$ess i$ he he
228
has committe! (a o$$ece) &ea!ig to co$essio (X a&& o$$eces &ess tha 4!), he has to be ma!e to emerge i$
he has committe! (a o$$ece) &ea!ig to emergece (X 4!, see Hi`ber 7999 p+A9 + 72A)+ [
4p 8HH) ZGaK-!a Q panno tiI tasmiA an!re a!i>>e yaA pattiA panno[) Z<he o$$ece 2hich he has $a&&e ito
2he he has !oe that misco!uct+Z C$+ 4p 7278) Zyath dhammo kreta**o ti dukkaCa3atthumhi dukkaCena
p!ittiya3atthumhi p!ittiyena kreta**oF[ (to Ni ## 782) ZGo !areyya yath dhammo kreta**o tiF[)+ 4p 709A) Zm ti
parampara*ho@anena kreta**o+[ (to Ni # 22@) ZGo pari*huK@eyya, yathdhammo kreta**o tiF[)
Vimati3inodan$(C$k) ZTaK-!a yathdhammo kreta**o ti tan-ti kra>atthe upayo'a3a!anaA, ty ti atthoF Gath
dhammo !a 3inayo !a Chito, tath tya pattiy kreta**o ti 3uttaA hoti[) Zm) ]taAD is a accusati%e i the sese o$
a istrumeta&, ]tya8 (is+ sg+ $em+ agreeig 2ith pattiy) is the meaig+ "s the Lhamma a! Niaya has
bee estab&ishe!, so he is to be ma!e to !o 2ith that o$$ece, is sai!+[
<he Zyath dhammo[ i!iom is a imp&icit re$erece to a 0timokkha(ru&e a! it is $re,uet&y $ou! i the
Kha!hakas e+g+ Ni ## 7GG) Zm yo nikaWWheyya yath dhammo kreta**o,[ re$errig back to 0c 7H+ Gath
dhammo i 0c H@ cou&! re$er back to 0c 7, the ru&e about itetioa& $a&se speech that is re$erre! to i the
Ci!a, i+e+, i$ the bhikkhu remais si&et a! !oes ot co$ess a o$$ece he ko2s about, he !e&iberate&y
&ies+ :$ course, he a&so has to co$ess the o$$ece he prete!e! to be igorat about+
4ee Hi`ber 7999 p+A8YG2, especia&y p+G0, o this 2or!+ Hi`ber tras&ates the Z!i$$icu&t setece[ ZtaK !a
yathdhammo kreta**o[ as Zmit diesen muss er 3eran%asst werden umHu'ehen wie einer der na!h den 5e'e%n b%e*td[
(Z2ith this he is to be ma!e to beha%e as oe 2ho &i%es accor!ig to the ru&es[) takig yathdhammo to be a
abbayJbh%a compou! &ike yath'amaA, Ztra!itioa&ist+[ "ccor!ig to Hi`ber the reso&utio ito t2o
2or!s i the 4p (i+e+, yath pana dhammo) caot be Eusti$ie! sice yathdhammo is coecte! to taA+
<he subcommetary, ho2e%er, takes taA as a proou i istrumeta& seseW see 4yta5 j GAF <his might be
because the c&ause is passi%e a! re,uires a istrumeta& subEect a! omiati%e patiet+ " $+p+p+ agrees
2ith the patiet i the setece a! this here is either dhammo or a ue5presse! *hikkhuF
/reta**o agrees 2ith a ue5presse! *hikkhu as the patiet i om+ sg+ m+ &ike i "iy 7 Z*hikkhu kreta**o[
a! taA is the o$$ece 2hich the bhikkhu has to be ma!e to co$ess+ # the 6 ### 70 passage ,uote! at 0c G@
taA re$ers to the *hikkhu+ C$+ 4p gi%e abo%e) desan'miniA !e panno hoti despeta**o+
0'L takes yathdhammo to be a a!Eecti%e, but this !oes ot make sese+ Hi`ber takig yathdhammo to be
agreeig 2ith yo a! suggests it might be a mistras&atio $rom a easter !ia&ect a! a petri$ie! stock(
phrase+ He re$ers to Ni ## 2G@) Z6a Q *hikkhuniy o3do na 'anta**o: y na 'a!!heyya yath dhammo kreta**o+[
2here yathdhammo !oes ot agree 2ith y+ Ho2e%er, i this C% regu&atio yath dhammo re$ers to BhikkhuJ(
pcittiya A8, Ni #N @2A, a! is thus re$errig to a dhamma i the BhikkhuJptimokkha+ Further, there are
cases 2here Zyath dhammo kreta**o[ is use! i !i$$eret costructios 2ithout a proouW see Ni ## 79G a!
Ni # 209 ,uote! be&o2+
<he c&ause Zyath dhammo kreta**o[ is passi%e a! the (istrumeta&) subEect is ue5presse!+ "s the c&ause is
passi%e dhammo is omiati%e a! kreta**o agrees 2ith it i the same 2ay as ropeta**o agrees 2ith moho i
the e5t c&ause+
From the 2ay the i!iom is use! i the Kha!hakas it appears that dhammo re$ers to a speci$ic caseeru&e i the
0timokkha rather tha the Ka2 i geera& as 4p suggests+
<here are a $e2 other cote5ts 2here yath dhammo is use! 2ithout kreta**o, see be&o2, a! t2o thigs are
ote2orthy+ <he $irst is that dhammo sta!s $or Lhamma (2ith a capita&) rather tha a ru&e, a! the seco! is
that yath dhammo occurs as part o$ re&ati%e costructios+ #t is possib&e that i the Niaya cote5t the seco!
part o$ the re&ati%e costructio is imp&ie!) Zyath dhammo Mtath_ kreta**o[) Z"s the &a2 is, (so) he is to be
ma!e to !o+[
Ni ## @02 (a! # @A8)) ZTena hi, *hante sJha, yath dhammo tath tiCChh$ tiF Pu**e pi !haA, de3ate, etarahi !a yath
dhammo tath Chito QF[ " N 222) ZdhammaK-!a 3idit3 atthaK-!a, yath dhammo yath attho tath paCipa@@ita**aAF[ S
### 708) Zu*hinnaA 3a!anaA sut3, yath dhammo tath kare+[
#t is ote2orthy that yath dhammo kreta**o is ot $ou! ay2here e&se2here 2ith ay accusati%e such as
taAF # other cote5ts besi!es the oe i this ru&e, yath dhammo is a&2ays $ou! 2ith re&ati%e proou (yoLy)
229
n optati%e %erb costructio, see abo%e, e5cept oce 2he it is $ou! i a &ocati%e costructio, Ni ## 79G
(re$errig to 0c @2)) Z#a>a*ho@ane yath dhammo kreta**o[) Z# (the case o$) eatig i a group, he is to be
ma!e to !o i accor!ace 2ith the case[ a! oce 2he it is $ou! 2ith a !ati%e, Ni # 209 (re$errig to C0
2@)) Ztni paCi''ahet3 satthaparamaA sannidhikrakaA pari*huK@ita**ni, taA atikkmayato yath dhammo
kreta**o tiF[) [m $or oe 2ho &ets it pass beyo!) (he) is to be ma!e to !o i accor!ace 2ith the case+[
kretabbo) he is to be ma!e to !o, he is to be !ea&t 2ithW $+p+p+ o$ kreti (ckar c e) agreeig 2ith ue5presse!
*hikkhu as i "iya 7+ <he %erb kreti is the causati%e $orm o$ karoti a! it seems that the bhikkhus ha%e to
make the o$$e!ig bhikkhu co$ess his o$$ece, i+e+, the bhikkhu is to be ma!e to co$ess the o$$ece+ C$+ the
simi&ar ru&e i Ni ## G8 gi%e abo%e u!er @nmi) ZGo !hdeti so dukkaCaA despeta**oFP) Z2hoe%er cocea&s
(it), he has to be ma!e to co$ess a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig+[
uttariN1%Aassa) X Euctio o$ uttariA T !a through pa&ata&isatio o$ A a! !a T assa through e&isio o$ the (a i
!a be$ore a c&ose! sy&&ab&e+ uttari?) moreo%erW n %a) a!W co+ partic&e+ n assa) his, o$ this oeW ge+ sg+, or
!at+) to him, o$ !em+ pro+ ayaA+
moho) !e&u!ig, !e&usio, the act o$ !e&u!ig, H) co$usio, m T Corma) eg&igece, <ha) !eceptioW
om+ sg+ m+ " stroger sese tha co$usio is ite!e! sice the group o$ si5 2as acti%e&y !e&u!ig, see the
origi(story, a! the 2or!(commetary (mistras&ate! i BL)) ZTaK-!e ti mohetukmaA *hikkhuA+[) Z]#$ (about)
thatD) the bhikkhu 2ho 2ishes to !ecei%e+[ C$+ mohanaka be&o2+
ro"etabbo) is to be e5pose!esho2eput oeimpute!eimpose!ere$ute!W $+p+p+ o$ ropeti, the causati%e o$
rohatiLruhati ( c nruh c a)+ (4ee Ni # G0) Zm upa@@hyassa 3daA ropet3 Q[) Zha%ig re$ute! the speech o$
the preceptor[ 6 ## 722) Zm e3am-assa mayaA 3daA ropessma m[) Zm thus 2e re$ute the speech o$ this oe
m[ <he sese o$ re$utig might $it here 2ith the geiti%e assa a! the sco&!ig(cote5t, i+e+, his !e&usio is to
be re$ute!+) # Ni ## 2, 8, 7@, a! 27 ZpattiA ropeta**o[ is use!+
# the Kha!hakas there is o &ega& act (sa='hakamma) correspo!ig to the Z(&ega&) act o$ a motio ($o&&o2e!
by a aoucemet) as the seco![ (Kattidutiyakamma) prescribe! i the 0a!abhEaa o this 2or!+
assa moho ro"etabbo) Zhis !e&usio is to be e5pose!,[ Zthe !e&u!ig is to be sho2 to him,[ m) Z2he
eg&igece has bee impute! to him,[ H) Zco$usio shou&! be put o him+ [ H $ootote) Z#t has to be
estab&ishe! that he committe! the o$$ece i co$usio+[
tassa te albh tassa te dulladdha?) Zbecause o$ that (there are) &osses $or you, because o$ that it has bee i&&(
gaie! by you,[ m) Zit is o gai $or you, it is i&& !oe,[ H) Zthis is ba! $or you, this is ba!&y gotte by you,[
Corma) Zit is o gai $or you, it is i&& gaie! by you+[
" !i$$icu&t i!iom that has bee misu!erstoo! by some scho&ars+
<he opposite $orm is) Ztassa te %*h, Q su%%addhaAFZ :ther $orms are a&so $ou!W see 6 # 7A0YA7, 7G8, 78G, 20G,
270, 2AA+
Nism 22@) Z1*h 3ata me tiI mayhaA 3ata %*h, ye imeI Q su%%addhaA 3ata me tiI yaA may idaA ssanaA
manussattaA 3 %addhaA+[) ZD#!ee!, (there are) gais $or me (ec&itic !ati%e o$ a!%atage me)D) i!ee! (there
are) gais $or me (mayhaA !ati%e o$ a!%atage), ]these 2hichD m it has bee 2e&&(gaie! by me (ec&itic
istrumeta& me) that by me (may istrumeta&) this !ispesatio or the state o$ beig huma has bee
gaie!+[
-!(a 80A) ZA%*h tiI ye aKKesaA dnaA dadantnaA dnnisaAsa-sankhta-%*h honti, te a%*hF "u%%addhaA tiI
puKKa3isesena %addhaA pi manussattaA du%%addhaAF Gassa te tiI yassa ta3a Q [
<he te i Ztassa te a%*h[ is a so(ca&&e! Z!ati%e o$ (!is() a!%atage[ that is use! 2ith ous !eotig &oss,
gai, m[ e+g+ Z%*h raKKo Pasenadissa Q ,[ 6 ## 209 a! ZamhkaA Q pi a%*h Q,[ Ni #N 708W see 4yta5 j
770a+ <his is supporte! by the commetaries) Xtassa tuyhaAP L(a 909 (to L ### 727) Xtassa satth !a te QZ_,
XmayhaA 3ata %*h,[ Nism 22@+
<he te i Ztassa te du%%addhaA[ is sai! to be a istrumeta& by the Nism 22@) Zmay idaA[ a! this seems to $it
sice past particip&es usua&&y take a istrumeta& as aget+
6 # 7A7) Zye yasmantaA Q %a*hanti payirupsany Q AmhkaA pi %*h amhkaA pi su%addhaA, ye mayaA
2@0
yasmantaA Q %a*hma payirupsany tiFP " N 8G) ZTesaA 3o, Sakk, a%*h, tesaA du%%addhaA, ye tumhe Q
appekad Q uposathaA upa3asatha Q na upa3asatha+[ L ## 7@A) ZTassa te Q du%%addhaA, yassa te Tath'ataA
pa!!himaA pi>WaptaA *huK@it3 parini**uto+[ 6 ## 798) ZTesaA no, Q , amhkaA Q etad ahosiF[ #t @2) ZTesaA 3o,
Q , tumhkaA Q[ #t HG) ZIto, *ho, su'atiA 'a!!ha, su'atiA 'ant3 su%addha%*haA %a*ha, su%addha%*haA %a*hit3
suppatiCChito *ha3h$ tiF[
tassa) because o$ that, by that, (or) $or youW ge+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_F
Tassa cou&! a&so be a subEecti%e geiti%eW see 0timokkha coc&usio a! 4yta5 j 782, or a istrumeta&(&ike
geiti%eW 4yta5 j 7A8YAA+ 0'L 72G ca&&s it a a!%erbia& usage o$ the geiti%e sigu&ar o$ the !em+ pro+ taMd_)
because o$ that, there$ore+ C$+ C0 8) 'ahapatissa a! 0timokkha coc&) *ha'a3atoF " #N @@@) Ztassa me kyo
ki%anto++[ Tassa cou&! a&so be use! emphatica&&y here &ike i i!ioms such as so 8haAF <he p&ura& usage o$ tesaA
noL3o, see the sutta ,uotatios abo%e, cou&! suggest that tassa is use! emphatica&&y here &ike i so 8haA, etc, see
/ar!er 29 a! 6/ s+%+ tad) Zm sometimes, $or the sake o$ emphasis, coecte! 2ith the 7st a! 2! persoa&
proous, 2ith other !emostrati%es a! 2ith re&ati%es e+g+ so8ham, ]# that %ery perso , # myse&$D m ysYr$,
]that %ery $ortue 2hichD m[ #$ this is so, the the usage o$ tassa i tassa te du%%addhaA 2ou&! be istrumeta&
rather tha !ati%e+
Tassa is corre&ati%e to yaA i the e5t c&ause+ <he mai c&ause Ztassa te Q du%%addhaA[ comes $irst i this
setece istea! o$ the subor!iate c&auseW this i%ersio o$ the usua& c&ause or!er is $or e5tra emphasisW see
#0 p+@00+
te : te :) $or you m by youW ec&itic $orms o$ the !at+ sg+ m+ a! is+ sg+ m+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+ For a
e5p&aatio o$ the reaso $or the !i$$eret cases see the ote o the 2ho&e i!iom be&o2+
tassa te) because o$ that m $or you m because o$ that m by you m, H) Zthis is m $or you m by you m[W a
$re,uet i!iom, e+g+ 6 # 227, 28A, @7H, @29+
#uso) $rie!W see abo%e Ci!+
albh) &osses, o(gais, !isa!%atagesW om+ sg+ p&+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ X eg+ pre$ a( n %*haF 0'L A8@ s+%+
%*h gi%es it as a shortee! $orm o$ the !ati%e %*hya use! a!%erbia&&y, a! gi%es o ge!er+ "ccor!ig to
/ar!er, #0 p+@00 a! 808, it ca be take as a i!ec&iab&e or as a p&ura& ou+ C0'L gi%es %*h as a
i!ec&iab&e) Zit is pro$itab&e+[
1*h is a omiati%e mascu&ie p&ura&+ <he commetaries, -!(a 80A to -! 88 a! Nism 22@, see be&o2,
e5p&ai it as a p&ura&) Zye Q %*h hontiP a! this seems the most reasoab&e e5p&aatio+ <his is a&so e%i!et
$rom the usage o$ %*h i such cote5ts as Lhp 20@Y08) Zro'yaparam %*h[ (c$+ Lhp(a to this %erse) a! the
usage o$ %*ho a! a%*ho as omiati%e mascu&ie ous as t2o o$ the eight 2or&!&y states (%okadhamm)W e+g+
" #N 7AH+ <here 2ou&! be o reaso ot to use the $u&& !ati%e $orm %*hya here i$ that 2ou&! ha%e bee
ite!e! a! moreo%er there are o other e5amp&es o$ shortee! $orms o$ %*hya gi%e i 0'L+
dulladdha?) (it has bee) i&&(gaie!, ba!&y gotteW om+ sg+ t+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ use! a bahubbJhi cp!+ X
0+p+ use! as impersoa& passi%e setece %erbW see #0 p+82, the commetaries be&o2, a! c$+ the 0timokkha
coc&+ sutt'ataAF #t is agreeig 2ith a ue5presse! impersoa& om+ sg+ t+ !emostrati%e proou taA) it+
C$+ the usage o$ the $+p+p+ at *ha3ita**aA i the Ci!aF X 0re$+ duMr_) ba! n %addha) gotte, gaie!W p+p+ o$
%a*hati (n%a*h c a)+ <he cosoat combiatio (r%( becomes (%%( i 0;iW see 0R j A2,A+
ya?) that, because, 2hichW re&+ pro+ corre&ati%e to tassa+ "!%erbia& usage i acc+ sg+ t+ o$ re&+ pro+ yaMd_,
$uctioig as a coecti%e or marker o$ a re&ati%e c&auseW see 4yta5 j A0c+ " re&ati%e proou $o&&o2e! by a
persoa& proou &ays emphasis o the &atterW see 0R j 770,@ T 70G,7b n 6/ 888) yad+
t#a?) youW om+ sg+ 2
!
pers+ pro+
sdhuka?) 2e&&, care$u&&yW a!%+ see abo%e Ci!+
aQQhikat#) ha%ig $ocusse!, take to heartW %erba& compou!, see #0 p+7AG, i 2hich aCChi is a %erba&
compou! $orm o$ aCCha, 2hich i tur is the cp! $orm o$ attha) goa&, aim, purpose, a! kat3, the abs+ o$
karoti+ <he $ia& i istea! o$ a is a&so $ou! i other %erba& cp!s+ such as !ittikata, a='i*h7ta (but ot i
manasikaroti, as manasi is a &ocati%e o$ manas)+
2@7
manasikaros4 ti) you pay attetioW 2 sg+ om+ o$ manasikarotiW %erba& compou!W see abo%e Ci!+ ZGaA t3aA
ptimokkhe uddissamne na sdhukam aCChikat3 manasikarosi Q[ re$ers back to the re,uest i the Ci!a) Zm
taA sa**e3a sant sdhukaA su>oma manasikaromaF[
ida? tasmi? mohanake) Zbecause o$ that !e&usio this is,[ Zit is o accout o$ that !e&usio,[ H) Zthis $or
him o 2hom the co$usio is put,[ m) Za! (i$ he acts thus agai) 2he eg&igece has bee impute! to
him,[ Vinaya Texts) Zthere is Pkittiya i such $oo&ish co!uct,[ Corma) Zthis is a o$$ece etai&ig e5piatio
$or that eg&iget perso+[
ida? tasmi?) because o$ that thisW see 0c GA+
mohanake) because o$ the !e&usio, 2ith regar!s the oe 2ho is !e&u!igW &oc+ sg+ m+ X mohana) the act o$
!e&u!ig, !ecei%ig (e+g+ 4 # @@)W actio(ou $r+ moheti (cmoh c e) n a!Eecti%a& or p&eoastic su$$i5 ((a_kaW see
0c 72) aKKa3dake+ "&though, it seems that this term re$ers to the act o$ !e&u!ig it might a&so re$er to the
!e&usio o$ the mok+ <he term Z!e&usio[ ite!s to co%er both+
>P% 7R3 Pahrasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhussa ku"ito
KKD
anattamano "ahra? dadeyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (!i#in!) a blo8@
/f any bhikkhu 8ho is resentful >and@ dis"leased should !i#e a blo8 to a bhikkhu( >this is a %ase@
in#ol#in! e+"iation.
bhikkhussa3 to a bhikkhuW !at+ sg+ m+
ku"ito anattamano) reset$u& 1a!3 !isp&ease! mW see C0 2A, 0c 7H+
"ahra?) b&o2W acc+ sg+ m+
dadeyya) shou&! gi%eW @ sg+ opt+ o$ dadtiW see C0 2A+
>P% 7K3 Talasattikasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhussa ku"ito
KK1
anattamano talasattika? u!!ireyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (brandishin!) the hand1"alm like a da!!er@
/f any bhikkhu should brandish the "alm of the hand >threatenin!ly@ like >one holds@ a da!!er to a
bhikkhu( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
talasattika?) pa&m o$ the ha! (threatig&y) &ike 1oe ho&!s3 a !aggerW acc+ sg+ t+ " i!iom !eotig a
threateig gesture 2ith the ha!+ 0erhaps it meas ho&!ig a c&eche! $ist abo%e the hea!+ X tala) pa&m o$
the ha!, $&at sur$ace n sattika) &ike a spearW ot $ou! e&se2here, satti is Zspear[ or Z!agger[ n p&eoastic
su$+(ika+ BH4RL 2A0 &ists ta%aYaktik) Zm &it+ pa&m(spear,[ but i BH4 it seems to i!icate a sa&utatio rather
tha a threat+
u!!ireyya) shou&! bra!ish, raiseW @ sg+ opt+ o$ u''irati (ud c n'ir c a)+
>P% 7S3 Am.lakasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhu? am.lakena saF!hdisesena anuddha?seyya( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bein! !roundless@
/f any bhikkhu should should a%%use a bhikkhu 8ith a !roundless >%ase %on%ernin!@ the %ommunity in the
be!innin! and in the rest >of the "ro%edure@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
550
N) kuppitoF (C$ C0 2A T 0c 7H+)
551
N) kuppitoF
2@2
bhikkhu? am.lakena : anuddha?seyya) shou&! accuse a bhikkhu 2ith a grou!&ess mW see 4! 8+
saF!hdisesena) (a case cocerig) the commuity i the begiig a! i the rest (o$ the proce!ure)W is+
sg+ m+W see 4! itro+
>P% 773 &aN%i%%asikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkhussa saN%i%%a
KKC
kukku%%a? u"adaheyya(
KKH
T/tiAssa muhuttam1"i a"hsu
bha#issat4 ti(U etad1e#a "a%%aya? karit# anaNNa?( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on deliberately ("ro#okin! 8orry)@
/f any bhikkhu should deliberately "ro#oke 8orry for a bhikkhu >thinkin!@( TThus there 8ill be
dis%omfort for him( e#en >if only@ for a short time(U ha#in! made 9ust this the reason( >and@ not another(
>this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
saN%i%%a) !e&iberate&yW a!%+ see 0r @+ bhikkhussa) $or a bhikkhuW !at+ sg+ m+
kukku%%a?) 2orryW acc+ sg+ t+ see 0c H@+
u"adaheyya) m) shou&! pro%oke, H) shou&! arouseW @ sg+ opt+ o$ upadahati (upa c ndah c a)+
6(K) upasaAhareyaW 0r6o6(K p+2G, BN 789+ 4a) upasaAharedW 0r6o4a p+22A+
itiAssa) thus $or this oeW Euctio o$ iti n assa through e&isio o$ the iitia& (a o$ assaW see 0R j H0,2b+ X iti) thusW
(here)) !eitic partic&e, emphasisig 2hat $o&&o2sW see #0 p+@G+ n assa) $or him, &it+) $or this oeW !at+ sg+ o$ !em+
pro+ ayaA+
muhuttam1"i) e%e $or a short time, H) e%e $or a momet, m) $or a 2hi&eW Euctio o$ muhuttaA c pi
through &abia&isatio o$ (AW see 0R j H8,@+
X muhutta?) a short time, a mometW acc+ sg+ m+ n "i) e%e, EustW emph+ partic&e+
a"hsu) ueasiess, !iscom$ortW a!%+ or om+ sg+ t+ Ceg+ pre$+ a( n phsu) see abo%e Ci!+
bha#issat4 ti) there 2i&& be, he 2i&& ha%eW @ sg+ $ut+ o$ *ha3ati n ti) ,uotatio mark+ 4ee #0 p+AG $or the use o$
*ha3ati 2ith a geiti%e+
etad1e#a "a%%aya? karit# anaNNa?) ha%ig ma!e Eust this the reaso (a!) ot aotherW see 0c 7G+
>P% 7P3 6"assutisikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu bhikkh.na? bhaEcana9tna? kalaha9tna? #i#d"annna? u"assuti?
KKR
tiQQheyya3(TOa? ime bhaEissanti( ta? sossm4 ti(U etad1e#a "a%%aya? karit# anaNNa?( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on o#erhearin!@
/f any bhikkhu should stand o#erhearin! bhikkhus 8ho are ar!uin!( 8ho are 7uarrellin!( 8ho are
en!a!ed in dis"ute >thinkin!@( T/ shall hear 8hat these ones 8ill say(U ha#in! made 9ust this the reason(
>and@ not another( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
bhikkh.na?) bhikkhusW !at+ p&+ m+
bhaEcana9tna?) 2ho are arguigW a!E+ Bb cp!+ X bhaEcana) arguigW actio(ou $r+ *ha>Wati (c*ha>W n a) n
(9ta) are, become, starte!W p+p+ o$ @yati (c@an c ya)) arises, is boreW use! as a!Eecti%e meaig Zha%ig
become,[ Zbeig &ike,[ Zbeha%ig as+[
kalaha9tna?) 2ho are ,uarre&&ig, m bra2&igW a!E+ Bb cp!+ X kalaha) ,uarre& n 9taW see abo%e+
#i#d"annna?) 2ho are egage! i !isputeW a!E+ X #i#da) !ispute, cotetioW $rom 3i3adatiW see 4! 70 n
"anna) egage! iW pp+ o$ pa@@atiW see abo%e Ci!+
552
/) saA!i!!a (but ot so at 0r @ a! 0c G7+)
553
.a, 0g, -0 %+&+) uppdeyya+ R) uppdaheyya+ N) updaheyyaF
554
6i 4e, Bh 0m 2, 0g) upassuti+ N) upass7tiF
2@@
u"assuti?) H) o%erhearig, m) ea%es!roppigW acc+ sg+ $+ " actio(ou i (i+ X pre$+ upa) ear to n suti)
hearigW $rom su>ti) hearsW see abo%e Ci!+
tiQQheyya) shou&! sta!W @ sg+ opt+ o$ tiCChatiW see 4! 70+
ya? m ta? m), that 2hat, 2hich m that mW see 0c H@+
ime) these oesW acc+ p&+ o$ ima) this+
bhaEissanti) they 2i&& sayW @ p&+ $ut+ o$ *ha>ati (c*ha> c a)+
sossm4 ti) # sha&& hearW X sossmi, 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ su>ti n ti) e! ,uoteW see abo%e Ci!+
etad1e#a m) see 0c 7G+
>P% 7B3 Iamma""aQibhanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu dhammikna? kammna? %handa? dat# "a%%h khiyyanadhamma?
KKK
"a99eyya(
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the a#ertin! of le!al a%tion@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! !i#en %onsent to le!itimate >le!al@ a%tions( should after8ards en!a!e in the a%t of
%riti%isin!( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
dhammikna?) &egitimate, &a2$u&W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig kammnaA+ 4ee 4! 72 sahadhammikaA+
kammna?) to a (&ega&) actioW !at+ p&+ t+ o$ kamma, see Nibh $or !e$iitio, BL ### A9YG0, c$+ 0c G@+
0a!abhEaa) Z"hammikaA nma kammaA apa%okanakammaA KattikammaA KattidutiyakammaA
Katti!atutthakammaA dhammena 3inayena satthussanena kataA, etaA dhammikaA nma kammaA[) Z" dhammika
kamma meas the act o$ &ookig $or appro%a& (apa%okanakamma), the (&ega&) act o$ a (&ega&) motio (Kattikamma),
the (&ega&) act o$ a motio ($o&&o2e! by a aoucemet) as the seco! (Kattidutiyakamma), the (&ega&) act o$ a
motio (a! a aoucemet) as the $ourth (i+e+, oe motio $o&&o2e! by three aoucemets,
Katti!atutthakamma), 2hich has bee !oe i accor!ace 2ith the Lhamma a! the Niaya a! the
#structio o$ the <eacher+[
%handa?) coset, m) pro5y(%oteW acc+ sg+ m+ <he gi%ig o$ coset, !handa, by a sick bhikkhu, or a bhikkhu
2ho ca ot come !ue to aother urget reaso, through aother bhikkhu, is $or ay commuity(busiess
the commuity is atte!ig to at a meetigW see BL ### A8 + @, Ni # 727Y722, #tro!uctio p+*, a! origi(
stories to 0c H9Y80+
dat#) ha%ig gi%eW abs+ o$ dadti, c$+ C0 2A+ 4ee B6C 8A8+
"a%%h) a$ter2ar!sW i!ec&+ see abo%e Ci!+ coc&+
khiyyanadhamma?) the act o$ criticisig, m) !ecryig, H) criticismW acc+ sg+ m+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ C$+ BL ### A9
+ 2 X khiyyana) criticisig, criticismW actio(ou $r+ kh$yati+ "&so at 0c 82+ C$+ khiyyanaka etc+ at 0c 7@+
# accor!ace 2ith the Ka2 o$ 6orae there is i 0;i o&y a short %o2e& be$ore a !oub&e cosoat or a &og
%o2e& be$ore a simp&i$ie! !oub&e cosoat, thus it shou&! either be kh$yana or khiyyanaW see 0R j AYG+ n
dhamma) actW see 0r 7+
6(K ru&e 9) k+iydharmaA+ (X the ru&e correspo!ig to 0;i 0c 87W 0r6o6(K p+79, BN 78H)+
"a99eyya) shou&! egage iW @ sg+ opt+ o$ pa@@atiW see abo%e Ci!+
>P% PD3 Chanda?1adat#1!amanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu saF!he #ini%%hayakathya #attamnya %handa? adat# uQQhysan "akkameyya(
"%ittiya?.
555
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, /, Lm, -m, .a, Nibh Ce, 0ari%ra Be) kh$yana(+ 6i T 6m 4e) khiyyana(+ ("&so at 0c 87+) 0ari%ra Ce)
khiyana(+ N) khiyya-F Nibh 'e, 0ari%ra 'e) kh$ya-F (<his rea!ig is a&so at " ### 2G9, #N @H8+) C$ khiyyanaka at 0c 7@+
2@8
>The trainin! "re%e"t on !oin! 8ithout ha#in! !i#en %onsent@
/f any bhikkhu( 8hen in#esti!atory dis%ussion is !oin! on in the %ommunity( not ha#in! !i#en >his@
%onsent( ha#in! !otten u" from >his@ seat( should de"art( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
saF!he) i the commuityW &oc+ sg+ m+
#ini%%hayakathya #attamnya) 2he i%estigatory !iscussio is goig oW a &oc+ abso&ute costructio+
#ini%%hayakathya) m) i%estigatory !iscussio, H) !ecisi%e ta&k, <ha) !e&iberatioW &oc+ sg+ $+ X #ini%%haya)
i%estigatio, Eu!gemet, !ecisioW !er+ $r+ 3ini!!hinti (3i c ni c n!i c n)+ n kath) ta&kig, !iscussio,
co%ersatioW see 0c 82+
#attamnya) is goig o, is takig p&aceW pr+p+ o$ 3attati (c3att c a) agreeig 2ith 3ini!!hayakathya+
%handa?) cosetW acc+ sg+ m+ 4ee 0c H9+ Here it !oes ot re$er to the gi%ig coset o$ a bhikkhu 2ho !oes
ot come to the meetig at a&&, but to the gi%ig o$ coset to the outcome o$ the !iscussio by a bhikkhu 2ho
has to &ea%e the meetig !ue to some urget reaso such as sickess, ee!ig to go to the toi&et, etcW see B6C
8AH$+
0a!abhEaa) ZChandaA adat3 uCChysan pakkameyy tiI kathaA idaA kammaA kuppaA assa 3a''aA assa, na
kareyy ti 'a!!hati, patti dukkaCassaF Parisya hatthapsaA 3i@ahantassa patti dukkaCassaF Vi@ahite patti
p!ittiyassa[) Zm) he goes (thikig)) ZHo2 2ou&! this &ega& actio be !isturbe! a! !i%i!e!, (the 4aFgha)
shou&! ot !o (the actio), a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig+[ 1<he te5t seems corrupt here+3 Horer) Z/hy shou&!
it ot carry out this ($orma&) act (a&though) it might be ,uashe!, (a&though) it might be icomp&ete++[) he goes)
a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig $or him+ For oe 2ho &ea%es a arms(&egth o$ the assemb&y) a o$$ece o$ 2rog(
!oig+ For oe 2ho has &e$t) a o$$ece o$ p!ittiya+[
adat#) ot ha%ig gi%eW abs+ X eg+ pre$+ a- c dat3W see 0c H9+ 6istras&ate! i m) Z4hou&! ay bhikkhu
gi%e his pro5y(%ote m[
uQQhysan) ha%ig gotte up $rom the seatW X sa!hi o$ uCChya T sana through cotractio+ uQQhya)
ha%ig got upW abs+ o$ uCChti (ud c nCh c a) n san) $rom the seatW ab&+ sg+ t+ C$+ "iy 7+
"akkameyya) shou&! !epartW @ sg+ opt+ o$ pakkamatiW see 4! 7@+
>P% P13 Dubbalasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu sama!!ena saF!hena %4#ara? dat# "a%%h khiyyanadhamma?
KKS
"a99eyya(
TOathsanthuta?
KK7
bhikkh. saF!hika? lbha? "ariEment4 tiU( "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on feeble (1robes)@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! !i#en a robe >1%loth@ >to!ether@ 8ith a united %ommunity( should after8ards
en!a!e in %riti%isin! >sayin!@3 TThe bhikkhus allo%ate %ommunal !ain a%%ordin! to familiarity(U >this is a
%ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
dubbalasikkh"ada?) the traiig ru&e o the $eeb&e (robes)+W om+ sg+ m+ "ppositi%e kamma!hraya cp!W
see 0r 7+ dubbala) $eeb&e, 2eak, 2or outW a!E+ # the origi(story it is sai! that the robe o$ Labba 2as a
$eeb&e out robe, du**a%a-!$3ara, i+e+, easi&y tor !ue to beig thiF
"ccor!ig to <0 j 7@, there is a&so aother tit&e to this ru&e) da**asikkhpada, but # ha%e ot bee ab&e to trace
this i the 4p+ #t is ot $ou! ay2here i the C4CL Burmese 4i5th Couci& e!itio+ # the uddna summary
%erse o$ this chapter i the 4utta%ibhaFga da**a is &iste! , ho2e%er, the 2or!s i the summary %erses are ot
ru&e tit&es a! o da**asikkhpada is $ou! i the uddna as <0 states+ Labba is a proper ame+ Bhikkhu Labba
p&ays the &ea!ig ro&e i the origi(story to this ru&e i the 4utta%ibhaFga+
sama!!ena) uite!W a!E+ see 4! 70+
556
"s i 0c H9+
557
L) (santha3aAF Nibh 'e) (santataAF 0g, R) (santhataAF N) -sa>ChataAF
2@A
4p 282 (to 0r 7 0a!abhEaa)) ZSama''ena sa='hen ti sa**antimena pariyyena paK!a3a''akara>$ye kamme,
y3atik *hikkh7 kammappatt tesaA 'atatt, !handrahnaA !handassa haCatt, sammukh$*h7tnaK-!a
appaCikkosanato, ekasmiA kamme sama''a*h3aA upa'atenaF[) ZSama''ena sa='hena) 2ith regar!s a (&ega&) act to
be !oe by a group o$ $i%e (bhikkhus) as the miimum, through the state o$ ha%ig arri%e! o$ 2hate%er
bhikkhus are etit&e! (to carry out the &ega&) actio,q through the brigig o$ coset o$ those 2ho are
e&&igib&e $or (gi%ig) coset, through the o(obEectio o$ those 2ho are preset, (it is !oe) 2ith (a
commuity) that has come to the state o$ uity 2ith regar!s oe sig&e (&ega&) actio+[ (q 4ee the 4ummary o$
preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties[ abo%e at *+)
saF!hena) 2ith a commuityW is+ sg+ m+
%4#ara?) robe ((c&oth)W acc+ sg+ t+
dat# "a%%h khiyyanadhamma? "a99eyya) see 0c H9+
yathsanthuta?) accor!ig to $ami&iarity, H) accor!ig to ac,uaitaceship, m) accor!ig to their 2hims,
accor!ig to $a%ourW a!% "bbayJbh%a cp!+ X yath) as, accor!ig toW a!%+ n santhuta) ac,uaite!, $ami&iarW
p+p+ o$ santha3ati (saA c nthu c a)+ (4ee 0'L thuta a! tha3ati) praises+ 6/ 7727) saAstuta) praise! together,
ac,uaite!, $ami&iar, itimate)+
6(K) XyathsaAstutaA: BN 78H, 0r6o6(K p+79+ 4a) yath saAstutnAW 0r6o4a p+20G+
bhikkh.) bhikkhusW om+ p&+ m+
saF!hika? lbha?) commua& gaiW see C0 @0+
"ariEment4 ti) they a&&ocateW @ p&+ pres+ i!+ o$ pari>metiW see C0 @0+
>P% PC3 PariEmanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu 9na? saF!hika? lbha? "ariEata? "u!!alassa "ariEmeyya( "%ittiya?.
Sahadhammi!avaggo a**hamo+
>The trainin! "re%e"t on allo%ation@
/f any bhikkhu should kno8in!ly allo%ate >already@ allo%ated %ommunal !ain to a >lay1@ "erson( >this is a
%ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
The section 2starting with the rule3 about 2being spo!en to3 righteousl' is eighth+
9na? saF!hika? lbha? "ariEata? : "ariEmeyya) see C0 @0+
"u!!alassa) to a perso, i!i%i!ua&W !at+ sg+ m+ 4ee 0c GA+ #t ca be a mok, u, o%ice, or &ayperso+
sahadhammika#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o (beig spoke to) righteous&y, righteous&y(
sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X sahadhammika) righteous&y) see 0c H7 n 3a''a) sectioW see C0 70+
aQQhamo) eighth, the eighth oeW or!ia&+
>0atana#a!!o
558
@
>P% PH3 Ante"urasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu raNNo khattiyassa muddhbhisittassa
KKB
anikkhantar9ake ani!!ataratanake
KSD
"ubbe
a""aQisa?#idito indakh4la? atikkameyya(
KS1
"%ittiya?.
558
:&y i 6i 4e+
559
Bh 0m 7 T 2, L, .a, Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e, 0g) muddh3asitassa+ (0g) +++ muddhni a*hisitassa raKKo FFF muddhni a3asitto+[)
560
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, R, /, 6i 4e, Nibh Ce, 'e 4p, Ce Kkh, 0g) an$*hata(+ N) ani*hata-F L, .a, -0 sJha&a %+&+) an$hataF (<he *h a! h
characters are %ery simi&ar i 4iha&a script+)
561
6i T 6m 4e, R, Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, N, /, .a) atikkameyya+ :ther e!s+ atikkmeyya+
2@G
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the harem@
/f any bhikkhu( 8ithout ha#in! been announ%ed beforehand( should !o beyond the boundary "ost of a
noble %onse%rated kin!As >bed1room@ 8hen the kin! has not de"arted( >and@ the >7ueen1@ 9e8el has not
8ithdra8n( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
<his is aother ru&e, &ike 0c 79 a! H@, 2hich is some2hat obscure a! probab&y got corrupte!+
ante"urasikkh"ada) the traiig precept o the haremW om+ sg+ m+ Koc+ tapp+ cp!+ X ante"ura) harem, the
kigDs pa&aceW t+ ou+ X ante) isi!eW a!E+ n "ura) $ema&e apartmet, $ortress, cast&e+
raNNo) kigDs, o$ a kigW ge+ sg+ m+ o$ r@+ ($rom the 4askrit r@KasW see 0R j A@,7+) <he emphasis here o
beig ob&e a! hea!(sprik&e! is because r@ ca a&so be a &esser ru&er or a kigDs o$$icer etc+W see ote o
r@no at 0r 2+ Here a po2er$u& kig is meat+
khattiyassa) a ob&e, 2arrior(ob&eW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig raKKo+
muddhbhisittassa) cosecrate!, hea!(sprik&e!, H T m) aoite!W a!E+ X muddha) hea! n abhisitta)
sprik&e! o%erW p+p+ o$ a*hisiK!ati (a*hi c nsi! c a)+ Z"oite!,[ as other tras&ators re!er, meas the sacre!
cosecratio o$ kigs a! priests by smearig or pourig oi& as is metioe! i the Bib&e+ Ho2e%er, i #!ia
2ater 2as sprik&e! o%er the hea! as the 2ay o$ cosecratigW see N#C4 # 728 Za*hi+ekaP) Z<he Ne!ic kig 2as
cosecrate! a$ter his e&ectio 2ith a e&aborate ritua& m <he cosecratio took p&ace by sprik&ig 2ith 2ater
(a*hi+e!an$y pah_ Q+[ C$+ &n!y!%opedia of Buddhism # 72A $+ s+%+ Z"bhi>eka+[
/ater(sprik&ig ceremoies $or brigig goo! $ortue a! $erti&ity are sti&& commo&y !oe i 4outh('ast
"sia+
N+&+ muddh3asitassaW a3asitta, Zsprik&e! !o2,[ is the p+p+ o$ osiK!ati Ma3aLo c nsi! c a)+ 4ee 0'L a*hisitta T
a3asitta+ 4a 0r6o) m7rdh*hi+iktasyaW 0r6o4a p+2@7+ 6(K) m7rdhma*hi+iktasya) BN 798, 0r6o6(K p+29+
anikkhantar9ake) Z2he the kig has ot (!eparte!,[ m) Z2hi&e the kig has sti&& ot ma!e his e5it ($rom
the be!chamber),[ H) Z$rom 2hich the kig has ot !eparte!,[ Corma) Z2he the kig has ot !eparte![W
a!E+ Kocati%e abso&ute costructio e5presse! i oe cp!, &ike i niCChita!$3arasmiA at C0 7+ (" kamma!hraya
cp! actig as subor!iate passi%e c&ause actig as a a!Eecti%e to a ue5presse! sayanani'hare) Zanikkhante
r@ake bsayani'hared[ &ike sutt'ata i the 0timokkha coc&+, 2ou&! re,uire the %erb pa3isati a! the the
accusati%e case+) X anikkhanta) has ot !eparte!W eg+ pre$+ a1 [ nikkhanta) !eparte!, come out o$W p+p+ o$
nikkhamati (nibsd- (see 0c @8) n ckham c a)+ <he 2or! a&so occurs i the Nibh 2or!(commetary o 0c 8@) XQ
itthi !a puriso !a u*ho anikkhant honti u*ho a3$tar'F[ n r9aka) kigW X r@) kig n a!Eecti%a& su$+ (ka+
#t might ot be c&ear 2hy the a!Eecti%a& su$$i5 has bee su$$i5e! to this cp! a! the e5t+ Ho2e%er, the 4p
e5p&ais that anikkhantar@ake is a bahubbJhi compou! ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! sayanani'hare) be!room+ 4p
880) ZAnikkhanto r@ ito ti anikkhantar@akaAF TasmiA anikkhantar@ake sayani'hare ti attho[) Z]<he kig has ot
!eparte! $rom hereD is ]the kig has ot !eparte!+^ ]# that be!room $rom 2hich the kig has ot !eparte!,^ is
the meaig+[
<he 0a!abhEaa, strage&y eough, is a&so aa&ysig the meaig o$ sayanani'haraA e%e though this 2or!
!oes ot appear i the ru&e) ZAnikkhantar@ake ti r@ sayani'har anikkhanto hotiF[ Zm) the kig has ot
!eparte! $rom the be!(room+[ "s Horer ote!, either the 2or! shou&! ha%e appeare! i the ru&e or the
0a!abhEaa is ui,ue&y !e$iig the 2or! as it appears i the prece!ig !e$iitio o$ indakh$%aAF
<he $ormer seems more &ike&y as it 2ou&! e5p&ai the uusua& a!Eecti%a& (r@aka a! (ratanaka $orms+
ani!!ataratanake) Z2he the (,uee() treasure has ot 2ith!ra2,[ m) Za! 2hi&e the (,uee ca&&e! the)
<reasure has sti&& ot bee co!ucte! ($rom it),[ H) Z$rom 2hich the ,uee has ot 2ith!ra2, Corma) Za!
the 1,uee(3 treasure has ot 2ith!ra2+[ X ani!!ata) has ot goe out, goe a2ayW p+p+ o$ ni''a!!hati (niMs_ c
n'am c ya)+ #t is &ike&y that i a roya& househo&! the ,uee 2ou&! ha%e bee &e! out o$ the room by ser%ats+ n
ratanaka) (,uee() treasure, Ee2e&+ n ratana) n a!Eecti%a& su$+ (ka+ 5atana is here i the sese o$ the ,uee beig
oe o$ the se%e treasures o$ a kigW see L ## 7HA, c$+ BL ### HA + 2+ 0a!abhEaa) ZAni''ataratanake ti mahes$
sayani'har anikkhant hoti, u*ho 3 anikkhant honti[) Zm) 2he the ,uee has ot !eparte! $rom the be!(
room, or 2he both ha%e ot !eparte!+[
2@H
4p 880) X5atanaA 3u!!ati mahes$, ni''atan ti nikkhantaAF Ani''ataA ratanaA ito ti ani''ataratanakaAF TasmiA
ani''ataratanake sayani'hare ti atthoFP) Z<he Ee2e& is sai! to be the ,uee, ]goe outD is ]!eparte!+^ ]<he Ee2e&
has ot goe out $rom hereD is ]ot goe out+^ ]# that be!room $rom 2hich the Ee2e& has ot goe outD is the
meaig+[
N+&+ an$*hata T an$hataF <he *h a! h characters are easi&y co$use! i the 4iha&a script+ Bhata is p+p+ o$ *harati
(c*har c a)) Zbears,[ Zcarries,[ so the meaig cou&! be Zcarrie! out+[
For the co$usio that has arise o%er this cp! a! the rest o$ the ru&e i the 4askrit Bu!!hist tra!itios, see
C40 8GY8H, ,uote! i m 77@+
4a 0r6o) Zm ani+krnte r@Ki anir'Vh$te+u ratne+um[W 0r6o4a p+2@7+ 6(K) Zm antaOpuraA pra3iYeyni+krnte
r@ne ani+krnte antaOpure anir'atehi ratanehi Q[W BN 798+
"ubbe) be$oreW a!E+ see C0 8+
a""aQisa?#idito) 2ithout ha%ig bee aouce!, 2ho has ot bee aouce!, ot bee ma!e ko2, m)
ot beig aouce!, H) ot aouce!W a!E+ Bb+ cp!+ X eg+ pre$+ a( n paCisaA3idita) p+p+ o$ paCisaA3edeti
(bpdpaCi c saA c n3id c e)) e5perieces, percei%es+ C$+ 0! 8+ Nibh) Zm pu**e anmantet3+[) Zot ha%ig
a!!resse!, ca&&e!+[ Nibh to 0! 8) Zm sappaCi*hayan-ti !ikkhita**aA+[) Zm it is $righteig[ shou&! be poite!
out+[ <he meaig is that the bhikkhu has ot ma!e ko2 his arri%a&+
indakh4la?), 0'L) #!raDs post, m T H) thresho&!, Hi`ber) a 2oo!e post securig the 2igs o$ a !oor,
C0L) a 2oo!e post securig a city gateW acc+ sg+ m+ X inda) the Ne!ic supreme go! o$ the sky) #!ra n kh4la)
post, co&um, s&ab, stake+ "ccor!ig to Hi`ber it is a &o2 post put i the grou! to secure the 2igs o$ a
!oor+ # 4004 7@HY@8 He !iscusses this some2hat obscure term a! gi%es some e5amp&es $rom 4askrit a!
0rkrit &iterature that she! &ight o its meaig+ Hi`ber a! C0L tras&ate it as Z2oo!e post,[ but it might
a&so be a post ma!e out o$ stoe, see 0'L 727+ Kkh 2@9 e5p&ais it as the thresho&! o$ the be!(room) Zm
sayanani'harassa ummraA Q+[
<he Khu!!akaptha commetary, Khp" 78A $+, gi%es a c&ear e5p&aatio o$ the meaig o$ indakh$%a i 4
229+ amo&iDs tras&atio o$ this is) Z" &ockig(post (indakh$%o)) this is a term $or the post ma!e o$ heart(
2oo! hammere! i a$ter !iggig out the earth to a(a !epth o$) eight or te ha!s i the mi!!&e o$ the
thresho&! ( o$ a city gate2ay), its purpose beig to ho&! $ast the (!oub&e) gates o$ a city+[ (2inor 5eadin's and
I%%ustrator p+20@+)
<he sigi$cace o$ the indakh$%a might a&so be that it marks the bou!ary o$ a protecte! (maybe by the go!
#!a) area or p&ace 2hether a %i&&age or area i a pa&ace+ # 'urope %i&&age bou!aries 2ere sometimes
marke! 2ith a so(ca&&e! a !e%i&Ds post) a sma&& stoe post 2ith the image o$ the !e%i&+
6isra (79H2, p+229) metios the indakh$%a as the hea%y 2oo!e p&ak p&ace! hori\ota&&y, agaist 2hich the
&o2er parts o$ the !oor c&ose! a! 2hich marke! the thresho&! o$ the house (ummna)+ " p&ak &ike this,
co%ere! 2ith si&%er, is $ou! i the !oor2ay o$ the re&ic chamber o$ the <emp&e o$ the <ooth i Ka!y+
# the simi&e gi%e i a %erse i the .ataasutta, 4 229, the indakh$%a sigi$ies ushakebi&ity (by the $our
2i!s), so a&so i 4 N 888 2here it is metioe! together 2ith a yokh$%a+ <his seems to i!icate that the
indakh$%a cou&! a&so be a $ree(sta!ig post maybe simi&ar to the "soka(pi&&ars+ /ar!er @G@ gi%es a !i$$eret
e5p&aatio a! tras&atio) Zroya& stake+Z
/hate%er it e5act&y meas remais ope $or !ebate, but it is certai that it !eotes the poit o$ etry ito the
harem+
atikkameyya) shou&! go beyo!W @ sg+ opt+ o$ atikkamati, ot its causati%e atikkmeti (see 4! G, C0 7), 2hich is
trasiti%e+
6(K ru&e 82) XGo puna *hik+u r@Kh MaO_ k+atriyasya m7rdhma*hi+iktasya @anapada-sthm Mstham_ a3$rya-
prptasya Mprptam_ antaOpuraA pra3iYeyni+krnte r@ne ani+krnte antaOpure anir'atehi ratanehi antamasato
indak$%am pi atikrameya p!attikaAF[W BN 798, 0r6o6(K p+29+
2@8
>P% PR3 0atanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu ratana? # ratanasammata? #( aNNatra a99hrm # a99h#asath # u!!aEheyya #
u!!aEh"eyya #( "%ittiya?.
0atana? # "ana bhikkhun ratanasammata? # a99hrme # a99h#asathe # u!!ahet# #
u!!ah"et#
KSC
# nikkhi"itabba?( TOassa bha#issati( so harissat4 ti.U Aya? tattha sm4%i.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on treasures@
/f any bhikkhu should "i%k u"( or should make >someone else@ "i%k u"( a treasure or 8hat is %onsidered a
treasure( e+%e"t 8ithin a monastery or 8ithin a d8ellin!( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
=o8e#er( by a bhikkhu ha#in! "i%ked u"( or ha#in! had "i%ked u"( a treasure or 8hat is %onsidered a
treasure 8ithin a monastery or 8ithin a d8ellin!( >it@ is to be "ut aside >thinkin!@3 T=e to 8hom it belon!s
8ill take it.U This is the "ro"er "ro%edure here.
ratana?) a treasureW acc+ sg+ t+
#) orW !isE+ partic&e+
ratanasammata?) 2hat is cosi!ere! as a treasure, agree! upo as mW X bahubbJhi cp!+ use! as a ou i
acc+ sg+ t+ X ratana) treasure n sammata) cosi!ere!W see C0 29, 0c 27+
aNNatra) e5ceptW i!ec&iab&e that takes a ab&+ or is+W see 4! 2+
a99hrm) 2ithi a moasteryW ab&+ sg+ m+ X a@@ha) i, 2ithi X cotracte! (assimi&ate!) $orm o$ pre$+ adhi-
be$ore a %o2e& n rma) (pri%ate() park, (p&easure() park, gro%e+ #itia&&y it ha! the sese o$ a park gi%e to the
4aFgha by a rich sposor to be use! as a moastery such as Z"thapiPikaDs park[) ZAnthapi>WikrmaFP
Ho2e%er, it &ater came to ha%e the sese o$ moastery as, $or e5amp&e i 0! 8, rmas i 2i&!eress(areas are
metioe!+ 4ee 0'L a! L0+
a99h#asath) 2ithi a !2e&&ig(p&aceW ab&+ sg+ m+ X a@@ha n 3satha) !2e&&ig(p&aceW c$+ 3sa, 4! 7@, 0c @7+
u!!aEheyya) shou&! pick upW @ sg+ opt+ o$ u''a>hti (ud c 'ah c >ha)+ C$+ C0 78+
u!!aEh"eyya) shou&! make (someoe e&se) pick upW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ u''a>hti+ 6(K ru&e 89)
Zud'V>heya 3 ud'V>hpeya 3 Q ud'V>hita3yaA 3 ud'V>hpayita3yaA 3F[W BN 798, 0r6o6(K p+2G+
"ana) butW a!%ersati%e partic&e+
bhikkhun) is+ sg+ m+
a99hrme : a99h#asathe :) &oc+ sg+ o$ the abo%e+
u!!ahet# :3 ha%ig picke! upW abs+ o$ u''aheti (ud c n'ah c e), a si!e($orm o$ u''a>htiW see 0R j 7@9,2+
u!!ah"et#) ha%ig ma!e (someoe e&se) pick upW the causati%e o$ u''aheti+ ( <he %+&+ u''a>hpet3 X abs+ o$
the causati%e o$ u''a>hti+)
nikkhi"itabba?) to be put asi!eW $+p+p+ o$ nikkhipatiW see C0 @+
yassa) o$ 2hom, to 2homW ge+e!at+ o$ re&+ pro+ yaMd_+
bha#issati) it is, it be&ogs, it 2i&& beW @ sg+ $ut+ o$ *ha3atiW see 0c HH+ 4ee #0 p+AG $or the use o$ *ha3ati 2ith a
geiti%e+
so) heW @ sg+ om+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
harissat4 ti) he 2i&& takeW @ sg+ $ut+ o$ haratiW see C0 7G+ n ]ti) ,uotatio mark+
bha#issati : harissati :) he to 2hom it be&ogs 2i&& take it, the oe o$ 2hom it is, he 2i&& take itW &it+) o$
2hom it 2i&& be he 2i&& take, H) #t 2i&& be $or him 2ho 2i&& take it+, m) /hoe%er it be&ogs to 2i&& take it
a2ayW c$+ 0c 7G $or this re&ati%e c&ause 2ith $uture %erbs to i!icate certaityW see #0 p+88+
aya? tattha sm4%i) this is the proper proce!ure hereW see 4! coc&+
562
Bh 0m 7 T 2, 6i T 6m 4e, R, N, .a, 0g) u''a>hpet3+
2@9
>P% PK3 Vikla!ma""a#esanasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu santa? bhikkhu? an"u%%h #ikle !ma? "a#iseyya(
KSH
aNNatra tathr." a%%yik
karaE4y(
KSR
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on enterin! at the 8ron! time@
/f any bhikkhu( not ha#in! asked ("ermission of) a bhikkhu 8ho is "resent( should enter a #illa!e at the
8ron! time( e+%e"t 8ith an a""ro"riate ur!ent duty( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation.
santa? bhikkhu? an"u%%h) ot ha%ig aske! (permissio o$) a bhikkhu 2ho is presetW see 0c 8G+
#ikle) at the 2rog timeW &oc+ sg+ m+W see 0c @H+
!ma?) %i&&ageW acc+ sg+ m+
"a#iseyya) shou&! eterW @ sg+ opt+ o$ pa3isatiW see 0c 82+
aNNatra) e5ceptW i!ec&+ takig ab&+W see 0r 8+
tathr.") a appropriate, such aW a!E+ Bb cp!+W c$+ 0r 2 a! 0c 88+
a%%yik) urgetW a!E+ 4ee C0 28) a!!eka+ X ati c ya c ika+ here (aya( is ot cotracte! to e as is usua& i 0;iW see
0R j 2G, 7, a! 4! G) krayamno+ C$+ 6 # 789 T " # 2@9 $+ (s$'has$'haA)+
karaE4y) 2ith a !uty, H) thig to be !oe, busiess, &it+) 2hat is to be !oeW is+ sg+ m+ i (W see C0 7G+ For
KKatra 2ith a istrumeta& see 0c H) (3i''ahena a! 0c 88) (pa!!ayF X #s+ o$ atte!at circumstacesW see
4yta5 j GA,c+ F+p+p+ o$ karoti use! as ouW see 0R j 2G,7 a! 4! G krayamno+
>P% PS3 &.%i!harasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu aQQhimaya? # dantamaya? # #isEamaya? # s.%i!hara?
KSK
kr"eyya( bhedanaka?
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the needle %ase@
/f any bhikkhu should ha#e a needle1%ase made( 8hi%h is made of bone( or made of i#ory( or made of
horn( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith breakin! u" >the needle1%ase@.
aQQhimaya?) 2hich is ma!e o$ boeW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig s7!i'haraAF Reiti%e tapp+ cp! (see #0 p+92) use! as bb
cp!+ X aQQhi) boe n (maya) (ma!eW a!E+ X !epe!et 2or!W see #0 p+92+
dantamaya?) 2hich is ma!e o$ i%oryW a!E+ X danta) i%ory, tooth n (maya+
#isEamaya?) 2hich is ma!e o$ horW a!E+ X 3is>a) hor n (maya+
s.%i!hara?) ee!&e(case, case $or ee!&esW acc+ sg+ t+ Lat+ tapp+ cp!+ 4ee 0c G0+
kr"eyya) shou&! ha%e (someoe e&se) makeW @ sg+ opt+ o$ the causati%e o$ kretiW see 4! G T C0 77+
bhedanaka?) m T Corma) 2ith breakig up, H) i%o&%ig breakig upW a a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig p!ittiyaAW
see C0 itro+ C$+ Hi`ber 7999 p+78 T G2+ X *hedana) breakig upW actio(ou n (ka) coecti%e a!Eecti%a&
su$$i5+
4p 88@eKkh 28@) Z*hedanaA e3a *hedanakaA, taA assa atthi[) ZBhedanaA (actio(ou) is Eust (the same as)
*hedanakaA, that there is $or him+[
<he NibhaFga metios that the bhikkhu, a$ter ha%ig broke the ee!&e(case that has bee ma!e out o$ the
improper materia& a$ter obtaiig it, is to co$ess a case i%o&%ig e5piatio) ZPaCi%*hena *hindit3 p!ittiyaA
deseta**aAF[
563
N) pa3$seyyaF
564
N) kara>iyF
565
N) su!i(+ C$+ 0c+ G0+
280
>P% P73 2aN%a"4Qhasikkh"ada?@
5a#a? "ana
KSS
bhikkhun maN%a? # "4Qha?
KS7
# krayamnena aQQhaF!ula"daka? kretabba?
su!ataF!ulena(
KSP
aNNatra heQQhimya
KSB
aQaniy.
K7D
Ta? atikkmayato( %hedanaka? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on beds or seats@
y a bhikkhu 8ho is ha#in! a ne8 bed or seat made( >a bed or seat@ 8hi%h has le!s of ei!ht fin!er1
breadths is to be made( a%%ordin! to the &u!ata1fin!er1breadth( e+%e"t the lo8ermost >ed!e of the@ frame.
<or one 8ho lets it e+%eed >this measure@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith %uttin! >do8n the le!s@.
na#a? "ana bhikkhun : krayamnena) by a bhikkhu 2ho is ha%ig a e2 m ma!eW see C0 7@ (a! 0c
A8)+ N+&+ na3ampana+ X assimi&atio o$ -A 2ith the $o&&o2ig pF)
maN%a? # "4Qha?) be! or seat see 0c 78+
aQQhaF!ula"daka?) 2hich has &egs o$ eight $iger(brea!ths, eight($iger(brea!th(&egge!, m) 2ith &egs
eight $igers o$ the sugata($igerW a!E+ Bb+ cp!+ ,ua&i$yig maK!aA a! p$ChaAF X aQQhaF!ula) eight(
$igerbrea!thsW !igu cp!+ X aQQha) eightW um+ n aF!ula) $iger(brea!thW $rom a='u%i) $iger+ <haissaro, B6C
A28Y29 ("ppe!i5 ##), estimates that a $igerbrea!th is about 2+08 cm+ n "daka) 2hich has $eet, (&egge!W a!E+
4ee 0c 78+
kretabba?) is to be ma!eW $+p+p+ o$ kretiW see 4! G+
su!ataF!ulena) accor!ig to the 4ugata($iger(brea!thW is+ sg+ m+ X #s+ o$ re&atioW see 4yta5 j H0+ Re+
tapp+ cp!+ 4ee BL ### 90 + @+ X su!ata) 2e&&(goeW see 4! G n aF!ula) see abo%e+
aNNatra) e5ceptW i!ec&+ Here i the sese o$ Zot ic&u!ig+[
heQQhimya) &o2er(most, &o2estW a!E+ agreeig 2ith aCaniyF HeCChima is the super&ati%e o$ heQQh) be&o2W
i!ec&+
aQaniy) $rom the $rameW ab&+ sg+ $+ 4ee BL ### 90 + 8 T 0'L+
aNNatra heQQhimya aQaniy) H) e5cept $or the kotche! e!s be&o2, m) e5ceptig the $rame be&o2, Vinaya
Texts) e5c&usi%e o$ the &o2ermost piece o$ the be!($rame, <ha) ot coutig the &o2er e!ge o$ the $rame+ C$+
BL ### 90 + 8+ L0 89 aCani) part o$ be! or chair (probab&y the rai&s $ormig the $rame)+ C$+ S #N 88) Zr@
sokapareto Q maK!assa Q aCanim pari''ahet3 3i%apento nipa@@iF[
ta? atikkmayato) $or oe 2ho &ets it e5cee! (the &imit)W see 4! G a! C0 7+
%hedanaka?) m) 2ith cuttig !o2, H) i%o&%ig cuttig !o2W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig p!ittiyaA X %hedana)
cuttigW actio(ou $rom c!hid n co+ su$+ (ka+
>P% PP3 T.lonaddhasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu maN%a? # "4Qha?
K71
# t.lonaddha?
K7C
kr"eyya( uddlanaka?
K7H
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on %o#ered 8ith %otton@
/f any bhikkhu should ha#e a bed or seat %o#ered 8ith %otton made( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation
8ith tearin! off >the %otton@.
t.lonaddha?) 2hich has bee co%ere! 2ith cottoW a!E+ Bb+ cp!+ X t.la) cotto n onaddha) co%ere! upW a!E+,
566
Bh 0m 7 T 2, 6i 4e, R, N) na3ampana+
567
N) pithaAF
568
N) suta='u%ena-F
569
6m 4e) hetthimya+
570
N) aCChaniyF
571
N) pithaAF
572
C, -0, N, .a) tu%(+
573
Bh 0m 7 T 2, .a, 0g) uddJanakaA+
287
p+p+ o$ onandhati (oLa3a c nnand c >a)+
kr"eyya) shou&! ha%e (someoe e&se) makeW @ sg+ opt+ o$ kretiW see 4! G, C0 77+
uddlanaka?) 2ith tearig o$$, i%o&%ig tearig o$$W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig p!ittiyaF X uddlana) actio(ou $rom
udd%eti (ud c nd% c a)) tears o$$ n co+ su$+ (ka+
>P% PB3 5is4danasikkh"ada?@
5is4dana? "ana
K7R
bhikkhun krayamnena "amEika? kretabba?. TatrAida?
K7K
"amEa?( d4!haso d#e
#idatthiyo su!ata#idatthiy( tiriya? diyaccha?(
K7S
das #idatthi. Ta? atikkmayato( %hedanaka?
"%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the sittin!1%loth@
y a bhikkhu 8ho is ha#in! a sittin!1%loth made( >a sittin!1%loth@ 8hi%h has the >"ro"er@ measure is to be
made. This measure here is3 t8o s"ans of the su!ata1s"an in len!th( one and a half a%ross( >and@ the border
is a s"an. <or one 8ho lets it e+%eed >the measure@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith %uttin! >off the
%loth@.
nis4dana?) sittig(c&othW acc+ sg+ t+ see C0 7A, 0c G0+
"ana bhikkhun krayamnena : tatrAida? "amEa?3 d4!haso : #idatthiyo su!ata#idatthiy( tiriya?) by
a bhikkhu 2ho is ha%ig m ma!e m 2hich has the 1proper3 measure+ <his measure here ismW see 4! G+
"amEika? kretabba?) (a sittig(c&oth) 2hich has the 1proper3 measure is to be ma!eW see 4! G+
"amEika?) 1proper3 measureW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a! agreeig 2ith a ue5presse! nis$danaA i om+ sg+
t+
kretabba?) is to be ma!e, is to be cause! to to be ma!eW $+p+p+ o$ kreti agreeig 2ith a ue5presse!
nis$danaAF
d#e) t2oW om+ um+ a!E+ $orm o$ um+ d3i+
diyaccha?) oe a! a ha&$W see 0c AH+
das) bor!erW om+ sg+ $+
#idatthi) a spaW om+ sg+ $+
das #idatthi) the bor!er is a spaW Eu5tapositio o$ t2o ous 2ithout a %erb, assertig that a thig is
somethig (as attribute)+ # tras&atig the %erb Zto be[ must be use!+ 4ee /ar!er p+ 9+
ta? atikkmayato %hedanaka?) see 0c 8H+
>P% BD3 IaEcu""aQi%%hdisikkh"ada?@
IaEcu"aQi%%hdi?
K77
"ana bhikkhun krayamnena "amEik kretabb. TatrAida?
K7P
"amEa?( d4!haso
%atasso #idatthiyo su!ata#idatthiy( tiriya? d#e #idatthiyo. Ta? atikkmayato( %hedanaka? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on it%h1%o#erin!s@
y a bhikkhu 8ho is ha#in! an it%h1%o#erin! >1%loth@ made( >an it%h1%o#erin!@ 8hi%h has the >"ro"er@
measure is to be made. This measure here is3 four s"ans of the &u!ata1s"an in len!th( t8o s"ans a%ross. <or
one 8ho lets it e+%eed >the measure@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith %uttin! off > the %loth@.
"s 0c 89 e5cept)
574
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, R, N, /, 6i 4e, 4aw) nis$danam-pana+
575
N) tatr$daAF
576
N) diyaWhaAF
577
Lm) ka>WuppaCi!!hdiA+ Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, R) -!!hdim-panaF
578
N) tatr$daAF
282
kaEcu"aQi%%hdi?) itch(co%erig ((c&oth), itch(c&othW acc+ sg+ $+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ C$+ Ni ### 29G+ X kaEcu) itch,
itchig n "aQi%%hdi) co%erig, co%erig(c&oth, ba!ageW $emiie actio(ou $r+ paCi!!hdetiW see 4! coc&+
"amEik) 1proper3 measureW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a! agreeig 2ith the ue5presse! ka>WupaCi!!hd$ i om+
sg+ $+
# the 6(K a! 4a %ersios o$ this ru&e a! the e5t ru&e there is agreemet o$ cases+ 6(K)
Xka>W7prati!!hdanaA *hik+u> krpayamnena pram>ikaA krpayita3yaA Q[W BN 799, 0r6o6(K p+28+ 4a)
Xka>Wuprati!!hdanaA *hik+u> kryat prm>ikaA krayita3yaA Q[ 0r6o4a p+ 2@8+
kretabb) is to be ma!eW +p+p+ o$ kreti agreeig 2ith the ue5presse! ka>WupaCi!!hd$F
%atasso) $ourW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig 3idatthiyo, X umera&W see 0R j 77H T #0 p+7A@+
>P% B13 VassikasQikasikkh"ada?@
VassikasQika?
K7B
"ana
KPD
bhikkhun krayamnena "amEik kretabb. TatrAida?
KP1
"amEa?( d4!haso
%ha #idatthiyo su!ata#idatthiy( tiriya? acchateyy.
KPC
Ta? atikkmayato( %hedanaka? "%ittiya?.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on rainAs bathin!1%loth@
y a bhikkhu 8ho is ha#in! a rainAs bathin!1%loth made( >a bathin!1%loth@ 8hi%h has the >"ro"er@ measure
is to be made. This measure here is3 si+ s"ans of the su!ata1s"an in len!th( t8o and a half a%ross. <or one
8ho lets it e+%eed >the measure@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith %uttin! >off the %loth@.
#assikasQika?) raiDs (bathig() 2ear, rais c&othW acc+ sg+ m+ 4ee C0 28+
"amEik) 1proper3 measureW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! 3assikasCik i om+ sg+ $+
6(K) XVar+YCik *hik+u> krpayam>ena prm>ik krpayita3y[W 0r6o6(K p+28+ 4a) X3ar+aYC$!$3araA
*hik+u> kryat prm>ikaA krayita3yaA Q[ 0r6o4a p+ 2@@+
kretabb) is to be ma!eW +p+p+ o$ kreti agreeig 2ith the ue5presse! 3assikasCik i om+ sg+ $+
%ha) si5W um+
acchateyy) t2o a! a ha&$W um+ see 0c AH+
>P% BC3 5andasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu su!ata%4#ara""amEa?
KPH
%4#ara? kr"eyya atireka? #( %hedanaka? "%ittiya?.
TatrAida?
KPR
su!atassa su!ata%4#ara""amEa?(
KPK
d4!haso na#a #idatthiyo su!ata#idatthiy( tiriya? %ha
#idatthiyo. /da? su!atassa su!ata%4#ara""amEa?.
KPS
D(avaggo
0<=
navamo+
>The 5anda trainin! "re%e"t@
579
R, 6i 4e %+&+ (pornapotthake, marammapotthake)) (sCik+ #t is possib&e that origia&&y this ru&e a! the pre%ious oe rea!
(!!hd$e(!!hdi a! (sCik, i+e+, omiati%e $emiies (as $ou! i the pa!abhEaa)+ <he setece is passi%e a! the patiet
is there$ore i the omiati%e+
580
C, 4aw) (sCikam-pana+
581
N) tatr$daAF
582
N) aWhateyyaFF
583
RI su'ata!$3aram-pam>aA+
584
N) tatr$daAF
585
RI su'ata!$3aram-pam>aAF
586
C, /, Lm, -m, 6i 4e %+&+) pam>an-ti+ L) pam>aA ti+ R (# a &ater $ait correctio+)I su'ata!$3aram-pam>an-tiF <his
,uotatio mark ti here seems to be a remat $rom the ,uotatio o$ the ru&e i the 4utta%ibhaFga+ # the 4utta%ibhaFga a&&
ru&es e! i ti as they 2ere spoke by the Bu!!ha, 2hi&e the 0timokkha is recite! by other moks+
587
"&& e!itios, e5cept Nibh Ce, ha%e) ratana3a''a+ <he Nibh Ce rea!ig has bee chose here as it is $ou! i the 0ari%ra,
Ni N 2HW see the sectio o chapter(!i%isio i the #tro!uctio+ <he Sikkhpada-uddna at the e! o$ Bh 0m 7 a! 2 (see
be&o2) a&so has r@a3a''a i its summary o$ the 0cittiya sectio(tit&es+
28@
/f any bhikkhu should ha#e a robe made 8hi%h has the su!ata1robe measure or >one@ 8hi%h is more >than
that@( >this is a %ase@ in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith %uttin! >off the robe@.
This is the &u!ataAs su!ata1robe measure here3 nine s"ans of the su!ata1s"an in len!th( si+ s"ans
a%ross. This is the &u!ataAs su!ata1robe measure.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on !ings is ninth+
nandasikkh"ada?) the Ca!a traiig preceptW om+ sg+ m+ "ppositi%e kamma!hraya cp!W see 0r 7+
Ca!a is here a proper ame+ Ca!a bhikkhu p&ays the &ea!ig ro&e i the origi(story to this ru&e i the
4utta%ibhaFga+
su!ata%4#ara""amEa?) sugata(robe measure, /e&&(goe(:eDs((robe)(c&oth(measureW a!E+ geiti%e tappurisa
cp!+ use! as a Bb cp! ,ua&i$yig !$3araA, cotaiig the geiti%e tappurisa cp!+) su'ata!$3ara) robe ((c&oth) o$
the /e&&(goe :e, or the geiti%e tappurisa cp!+) !$3arappam>aA) measure o$ robe ((c&oth)+ Both gi%e the
same tras&atio+ X su!ata) /e&&(goeW see 0c 8H+ n %4#ara) robe n "amEa?) measureW see 4! G+ <he iitia& p-
i the pre$i5 pa( o$ pamna is !oub&e! u!er i$&uece o$ the Ne!ic 4askrit $orm pra(W see #0 p+77 + 7 T 2 a!
C0 7G) (ma''appaCi(+
%4#ara?) acc+ sg+ t+ kr"eyya) shou&! ha%e (someoe e&se) makeW see 4! G T C0 77+
atireka?) more, more thaW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig !$3araAW see C0 7+ %hedanaka?) see 0c 8H+
su!atassa) 4ugataDs, o$ the /e&&(goe oeW ge+ sg+ m+
su!ata#idatthiy) 4ugata(spasW om+ p&+ m+ X su!ata n #idatthiya) spaW see 4! G+
%ha) si5W um+ na#a) ieW um+
r9a#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o kigs, the kig(sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X r9a) kigW see 0c 8@ n
#a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+
na#amo) ith, (2hich is) the ith oeW or!ia&+
>P%ittiya %on%lusion@
6ddiQQh kho yasmanto d#ena#uti "%ittiy dhamm.
Tatthyasmante "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Dutiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Tatiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
ParisuddhAetthyasmanto( tasm tuEh4( e#am1eta? dhraymi.
KPP
Pcitti' ni**hit+
Venerables( the ninety1t8o %ases in#ol#in! e+"iation ha#e been re%ited.
Con%ernin! that / ask the Venerables3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A se%ond time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A third time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
The #enerables are "ure in this( therefore there is silen%e( thus / kee" this >in mind@.
The 2cases3 involving e6piation are .inished+
588
Lm, -0, .a, -m) dhraym$ ti+
288
uddiQQh : niQQhit) see 0c itro+ T Ci! coc&+
>PQidesan4y
KPB
@
/me kho "anyasmanto %attro "Qidesan4y
KBD
dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti.
>Pd 13 PaQhama"Qidesan4yasikkh"ada?@
Oo "ana bhikkhu aNNtikya bhikkhuniy antara!hara? "a#iQQhya hatthato khdan4ya? #
bho9an4ya?
KB1
# sahatth "aQi!!ahet# khdeyya # bhuN9eyya #( "aQidesetabba? tena bhikkhun(
T$rayha? #uso dhamma? "a99i?( asa""ya?( "Qidesan4ya?(
KBC
ta? "aQidesem4 ti.U
KBH
>The %ases that are to be a%kno8led!ed@
Venerables( these four %ases that are to be a%kno8led!ed %ome u" for re%itation.
>The first trainin! "re%e"t on 8hat is to be a%kno8led!ed@
/f any bhikkhu( ha#in! a%%e"ted >it@ 8ith his o8n hand from the hand of an unrelated bhikkhun4 8ho has
entered an inhabited area >for alms@( should %he8 un%ooked food or eat %ooked food@( >it@ is to be
a%kno8led!ed by that bhikkhu >sayin!@3 T<riend>s@( / ha#e %ommitted a blame8orthy a%t 8hi%h is
unsuitable( 8hi%h is to be a%kno8led!edV / a%kno8led!e it.U
"aQhama1"Qidesan4yasikkh"ada?) the $irst traiig precept o 2hat is to be acko2&e!ge!, to be
acko2&e!ge! traiig preceptW om+ sg+ t+ " kamma!hraya cotaiig a &ocati%e tappurisa cp!)
"Qidesan4yasikkh"ada?) the traiig precept o 2hat is to be acko2&e!ge! X "aQhama) $irstW a!E+ n
"Qidesan4ya) (2hat is) to be acko2&e!ge! n sikkh"ada) traiig preceptW see 0r 7+
/me kho "anyasmanto : dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti) see 4! itro+
%attro) $ourW um+
"Qidesan4y) 2hich are to be acko2&e!ge!, acko2&e!geab&e, H T m) to be co$esse!, <ha) to be
acko2&e!ge!, to be a!mitte!W $+p+p+ o$ paCideseti (paCi c ndis c e) use! as a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig dhamm+ <he
$uture passi%e particip&es i (an$ya are more o$te use! as a!Eecti%es, 2hi&e the $orms e!ig i (ta**a &ike
paCideseta**a are more o$te setece %erbsW see #0 p+708+
4ee " ### 27A) Zm upsakasatni paCidesitni samdapitni Q,[ #N GG) ZyadhaA *hante upsik paCidesit Q[ <he
2or! Zco$ess[ 2ou&! be too strog to $it the upsaka acko2&e!gemet or a!missio o$ their commitmet to
the Lhamma+ : the other ha!, the sta!ar! $ormu&a $or co$essig o$$eces cotais a $orm o$ pCideseti+
Ni # 72G) Zm ahaA itthan-nmaA pattiA panno taA paCidesemi+[
"t " ## 28@ ('e) ptidesan$yak is gi%e i a&& mss, e5cept oe Burmese oe+ 6(K) prtideYanikaW BN 29@ + AF 4a
T 6?) pratideYan$yaW 0r6o4a p+2@GY@9, KC 70+
aNNtikya bhikkhuniy : hatthato :3 $rom the ha! o$ a ure&ate! bhikkhuJW see C0 A+
aNNtikya bhikkhuniy antara!hara? "a#iQQhya) o$ a ure&ate! bhikkhuJ 2ho has etere! a ihabite!
area, H) o$ a u 2ho is ot a re&atio (a!) 2ho has etere! amog the houses, m) o$ a bhikkhui 2ho is
ot re&ate! to him 2ho has goe ito a ihabite! area+
6(K) ZGo puna *hik+ur-anytikye *hik+u>$ye antara'VhaA pra3i+Cye a'i%no s3ahastaA khdan$yaA 3 *ho@an$yaA
m+[ 0r6o6(K p+29+ 6?) ZGaO punar *hik+ur a@Ktiky *hik+u>iy rathy'aty 'rmaA pi>Wya !araAty
bsdaAtikt s3ahasam khdan$ya*ho@an$yaA m[W KC 9+ GaO punar *hik+ur antar'VhaA pi>Wya !aranty a@Kty
589
X Lm+ (# -m i brackets+) 6i 4e) Cattro pCidesan$y dhamm+
590
C, L, N, /, R, Nibh 'e) pCidesaniy+
591
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e, -m) khdaniyaA T *ho@aniyaA+
592
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e) pCidesaniyaA+
593
Bh 0m 7) itiF (Cot so i 0! 2, but agai i 0! @Y8+)
28A
*hik+u>yh santikt s3ahastaA khdan$ya*ho@an$yaA QW 0r6o4a p+2@G+
antara!hara?) a ihabite! area, a house(compou!, H) amog the houses, m) ito a ihabite! areaW acc+
sg+ t+ C$+ C0 29 antara'hareF Here the scope o$ the 2or! antara'hara seems to be 2i!er as i the origi(story it
is sai! that the bhikkhuJ etere! the to2 o$ 4%atthJ $or a&ms+
"a#iQQhya) 2ho has etere!W p+p+ o$ pa3isati use! as a!E+ ,ua&i$yig *hikkhuniy+ C$+ Ni # 80) Zantara'haraA
pa3iCCho pi>Wya !arati[
khdan4ya? # bho9an4ya? # khdeyya # bhuN9eyya) shou&! che2 ucooke! $oo! or eat cooke! $oo!W
see 0c @A+
sahatth) 2ith his o2 ha!W is+ sg+ m+ 4ee C0 7G+
"aQi!!ahet#) ha%ig accepte!W abs+ o$ paCi'a>htiW see C0 @+
"aQidesetabba?) to be acko2&e!ge!W (aother $orm o$) the $+p+p+ o$ paCideseti use! as a impersoa& passi%e
setece %erb i om+ sg+ t+W see #0 p+87, 708, a! 70H+
tena bhikkhun) by that bhikkhuW is+ see 4! coc&+
!rayha?) to be b&ame!, b&ameab&e, H) b&ame2orthy, m) cesurab&eW $+p+p+ o$ 'arahatiW see 4! coc&+
#uso) $rie!(s)W see abo%e Ci!+
dhamma?) act, case, thig, matterW acc+ sg+ m+ 4ee 0r 7+
"a99i?) # ha%e committe!W 7 sg+ aor+ o$ pa@@atiW see abo%e Ci!+
asa""ya?) 2hich is usuitab&e, H T m) ubecomigW a!E+ X eg+ pre$+ a- c saA c pa c aya (X ni c a [ ayaLe)+
"Qidesan4ya?) 2hich is to be acko2&e!ge!W a!E+ see 0! itro+
ta?) thatW acc+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
"aQidesem4 ti) # acko2&e!geW 7 sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ paCidesetiW see abo%e+ n ti) ,uotatio mark+
>Pd C3 Dutiya"Qidesan4yasikkh"ada?@
hikkh. "anGe#a kulesu nimantit bhuN9anti( tatra %e
KBR
bhikkhun4
KBK
#ossamnar." Qhit hoti( Tidha
s."a? detha( idha odana? deth ti(U tehi bhikkh.hi s bhikkhun4
KBS
a"asdetabb( Ta"asakka t#a
bha!ini(
KB7
y#a bhikkh. bhuN9ant4 ti(U ekassa "i %e
KBP
bhikkhuno na""aQibhseyya
KBB
ta? bhikkhuni?
a"asdetu?(
SDD
Ta"asakka t#a bha!ini(
SD1
y#a bhikkh. bhuN9ant4 ti(U "aQidesetabba? tehi bhikkh.hi(
T$rayha? #uso dhamma? "a99imh(
SDC
asa""ya?( "Qidesan4ya?(
SDH
ta? "aQidesem ti.U
>The se%ond trainin! "re%e"t on 8hat is to be a%kno8led!ed@
5o8( bhikkhus 8ho ha#e been in#ited are eatin! amon! families( and if a bhikkhun4 8ho is !i#in!
dire%tions is standin! there >sayin!@( T$i#e %urry here( !i#e ri%e hereLU >then@ by those bhikkhus that
bhikkhun4 is to be dismissed >sayin!@( T$o a8ay( sister( for as lon! as the bhikkhus eatL(U and if not e#en
one bhikkhu 8ould s"eak a!ainst >it( so as@ to dismiss that bhikkhun4 >sayin!@( T$o a8ay( sister( for as
lon! as the bhikkhus eatL(U >then it@ is to be a%kno8led!ed by those bhikkhus( T<riend>s@( 8e ha#e
%ommitted a blame8orthy a%t 8hi%h is unsuitable( 8hi%h is to be a%kno8led!edV 8e a%kno8led!e it.U
594
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, N, /, Lm, -m, -0, Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e, 6i 4e, .a, 0g) tatra !e s *hikkhun$+ 6i 4e %+&+, 6m 4e) tatra !e
*hikkhun$+
595
/) *hikkhuni+
596
/) *hikkhuni+
597
C, -m) *ha'in$+
598
L, /, -m, -0, Nibh 'e, 4aw) !e pi+
599
Lm, -0, Nibh 'e) na paCi*hseyya+ (0g) nappaCi*hseyya+)
600
R) appasdetuA g imme!iate&y (ike!) correcte! to appa(+
601
C, -m) *ha'in$+
602
C, L, /, -m, 4aw) pa@@imha (X a&so a &egitimate 7 p&+ a(aorist+) # R the character stroke i (imh has bee scribb&e!
through makig it (imha+
603
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e) pCidesaniyaA+
28G
bhikkh.) bhikkhusW om+ p&+ m+
"anGe#a) o2W see 4! 72+
kulesu) amog $ami&ies, i the compay o$ $ami&ies, 2ith $ami&iesW &oc+ p&+ t+ Kocati%e o$ p&ace 2hereW see
4yta5 j 7G8! T e+
nimantit) 2ho ha%e bee i%ite!, beig i%ite!W a!E+, p+p+ o$ nimanteti, see 0c 8G, agreeig 2ith *hikkh7+
bhuN9anti) are eatig, they eat, cosumeW @ p&+ pres+ i!+ o$ *huK@ati+
nimantit bhuN9anti) eat beig i%ite!+
tatra) there, the, o2W here a!%+ o$ p&ace+ 4ee 0r itro+
%e) i$, a! i$W hyp+ (or a co+) partic&e+W see C0 8+
bhikkhun4) om+ sg+ $+ 4ee 0c 27+
tatra %e bhikkhun4) a! i$ a bhikkhuJ m thereW see C0 8, here $emiie+
N+&+ tatra !e s *hikkhun$) <here is o reaso to ha%e the !emostrati%e proou s here as there is o *hikkhun$
i a prece!ig part o$ the setece or ru&e that it cou&! re$er back to+ #t might be a corruptio !ue to the s i
the e5t &ie, or Ztatra !e so *hikkhu[ i C0 8, or, more &ike&y, the e,ui%a&et C0s (8, 9, 2H) i the BhikkhuJ
0m, i+e+, tatra !e s+ # the origi(story the group o$ si5 bhikkhuJs are the cause, a! s *hikkhun$, beig
sigu&ar, caot re$er to them+ <he 0a!abhEaa $irst commets o&y o the 2or! *hikkhun$) Z*hikkhun$ nma
Q ,[ 2hi&e it commets o Zs *hikkhun$[ &ater i this ru&e) Zs *hikkhun$ ti y s 3ossanti *hikkhun$+Z <his
suggest that the origia& ru&e !i! ot ha%e s here+
4a) Ztatra !ed *hik+u>$ 3yapadiYamn sthit syd Q[W 0r6o4a p+2@G+ 6(K) Ztatra !e *hik+u>$ 3is3samnasr7p
sthit *ha3ati+[W 0r6o6(K p+29+ 6?) Ztatra !ed *hik+u>$ 3yapadiYati sthit sydW KC 70F[
#ossamnar.") 2ho is gi%ig !irectios, or!ers, comma!ig, H) as though gi%ig or!ers, m T Corma)
gi%ig !irectiosW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig *hikkhun$F BahubbJhi cp!+ X #ossamna) pr+p+ o$ 3ossati (3i c oLa3a c nss c
a)+ n (r."a) p&eoastic a!Eecti%e+
:rigi(story) Zm *hikkhuniyo Q 3ossantiyo Chit honti+[ <he 0a!abhEaa !oes ot !irect&y commet o
3ossamna but istea! commets o (the pr+p) 3ossant$ M*hikkhun$_) Z3ossant$ nma yathmittat m+[ <he
anpatti(sectio o$ the 4utta%ibhaFga has) Zm sma>er$ 3ossati m[
#t cou&! a&so be a $ossi&ise! Euctio $orm $rom 4askrit, see 0R j GG T H2,2, i+e+, a3assamna, &ike the $orm
3onata besi!es onata, 2hich correspo!s to the 4kt a3anata+ "other possibi&ity is that it is the $ossi&ise! sa!hi
%o2e& (3( n ossamna) pr+p+ o$ ossati 2hich perhaps is re&ate! to osreti (a3a c nsar ce)) propou!s, e5p&aisW
c$+ 6/ 70A) a3a c nso, a3asya) chooses or appoits (as a p&ace o$ !2e&&ig or $or a sacri$ice)+ C$+ 3oropeyya at
0r @+
Qhit) sta!igW p+p+ o$ tiCChati ,ua&i$yig *hikkhun$+
hoti) isW @ sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ *ha3ati+ Hoti is i this costructio 2ith Chit a au5i&iary %erb e5pressig geera&ityW
see #0 p+2@H+
idha) hereW a!%+
s."a?) curryW acc+ sg+ m+ 4ee 4ekh 29 a! @G+
detha) gi%eW 2 p&+ imp+ o$ dadti+
odana?) riceW acc+ sg+ m+
tehi) by thoseW @ p&+ is+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+ bhikkh.hi) is+ p&+ m+
s) thatW @ sg+ $+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+ .e$errig back to the *hikkhun$ 2ho is gi%ig or!ers+
a"asdetabb) is to be !ismisse!, m) must be aske! to !esist, H) to be rebuke!W $+p+p+ o$ apasdeti (causati%e
o$ qapa c s$dati)) !esists, !ismisses, rebukesW see L0+ C$+ origi(story to Bhi(0c G 2here a bhikkhuJ is
!isparage! o$ atte!ig to a bhikkhu+
a"asakka) go a2ay, m) &ea%e, H) sta! asi!eW 2 sg+ imp+ o$ apasakkati (apa c nsak c a), a&so at Ni #N H0, 7) Zm
titthiy apasakkanti Q+[
28H
t#a : y#a) $or as &og as, &it) Zso &og m uti& m[W see 0c H7+ X t#a) so &ogW a!%+ i corre&atio to y3a+
y#a) as &og as, uti&W corre&ati%e a!%+W c$+ 4! 70+
bha!ini) sisterW %oc+ sg+ $+ 4ee 4! 8+
bhuN9ant4 ti) they eatW @ p&+ pres+ i!+ X *huK@anti c ti+
ekassa "i %e) e%e i$ to oeW X ekassa) oe o$W a!E+ !at+ sg+ o$ um+ eka+ n "i) e%eW emph+ partW see 0r 7+ n %e)
a! i$W co+ partic&e+
bhikkhuno) by a bhikkhuW ge+ sg+ m+ #strumeta&(&ike geiti%eW see C0 8) ZaKKtakassa 'ahapatissa+[ #
'g&ish oe caDt re!er [by[ a! retai a proper setece syta5 so # !i! ot tras&ate it+
na""aQibhseyya) shou&! speak agaisteback, m T <ha) shou&! ot speak, H) it shou&! ot occur+ X
na""aQi) the proc&itic use o$ na i a Euctio, here 2ith paCiW see C0 7G) ma''appaCi-, a! 0R j H8,7 T 0'L @88+
X na) otW eg+ partic&e+ n "aQibhseyya) shou&! speak agaistW @ sg+ opt+ o$ paCi*hsati (paCi c n*hs)) Zspeaks
agaist,[ Za!!resses i retur[ 2ith a geiti%e *hikkhuno+
Horer tras&ates it as a @ sg+ opt+ o$ paCi*hti (paCi c n*h c a)) appears, occurs, comes to mi!W 2ith a !ati%e
*hikkhuno, but this, besi!es the $act that this 2ou&! ot be a proper $ormatio o$ the optati%e o$ the %erb
paCi*hti, is icorrect as is sho2 be&o2+
ekassa "i %e bhikkhuno na""aQibhseyya) "! i$ ot e%e by oe bhikkhu (it) shou&! be spoke agaist,
m) i$ ot e%e oe bhikkhu shou&! speak, H) i$ it shou&! ot occur to sig&e mok+ 4ee " #N 2A9 ZettakaA pi
no nappaCi*hseyy ti Q[) Zthis much 2ou&! ot ha%e bee sai! by usm], -! 2H) ZettakaA pi te na paCi*hseyya
Q(%+&+) nappaCi()+[ <hese other occurace o$ paCi*hsati 2ith a geiti%e ec&itic proou sho2 that ekassa
*hikkhuno here too is a istrumeta&(&ike geiti%e+
6(K) Zeka*hik+7pi !a taA *hik+u>$A ne3a 3adeya[W 0r6o6(K p+@0+ 4a) Zeka*hik+or api !e Mn_na prati*hyt tA
*hik+u>$MA_ e3aA 3aktum[W 0r6o4a 2@H+ 6? a&most i!etica&W KC 70+
ta?) thatW acc+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+ bhikkhuni?) acc+ sg+ $+
a"asdetu?) to !ismissW i$+ o$ apasdetiW see abo%e+
"aQidesetabba? : ta? "aQidesem ti) as 0! 7 but here p&ura& i umber+
>Pd H3 Tatiya"Qidesan4yasikkh"ada?@
Oni kho "ana tni sekhasammatni
SDR
kulni( yo "ana bhikkhu tathr."esu sekhasammatesu
SDK
kulesu
"ubbe animantito
SDS
a!ilno
SD7
khdan4ya? # bho9an4ya?
SDP
# sahatth "aQi!!ahet# khdeyya #
bhuN9eyya #( "aQidesetabba? tena bhikkhun( T$rayha? #uso dhamma? "a99i?( asa""ya?(
"Qidesan4ya?(
SDB
ta? "aQidesem4 ti.U
S1D
>The third trainin! "re%e"t on 8hat is to be a%kno8led!ed@
5o8( >there are@ those families 8hi%h are a!reed u"on as trainees3 if any bhikkhu 8ho has not been
in#ited beforehand( 8ho is not ill( should %he8 un%ooked food or eat %ooked food ha#in! a%%e"ted >it@
8ith his o8n hand in families 8ho are of su%h a kind( 8ho are %onsidered trainees( >then it@ is to be
a%kno8led!ed by that bhikkhu3 T<riend>s@( / ha#e %ommitted a blame8orthy a%t 8hi%h is unsuitable(
8hi%h is to be a%kno8led!edV / a%kno8led!e it.U
yni : tni :3 those m 2hichW om+ p&+ t+ Corre&ati%e costructio+
kho "ana) o2W emphatic partic&esW see Ci!+
604
Lm, 6i T 6m 4e, R, N) sekkha-F (0g) sekha()
605
Lm, 6i T 6m 4e, R, N) sekkha-F
606
C, /) apanimantito+
607
N) a'$%noF
608
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e, -m) khdaniyaA T *ho@aniyaA+
609
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e) pCidesaniyaA+
610
Bh 0m 7) itiF
288
yni kho "ana tni :3 see C0 2@ a! 29+
sekhasammatni) agree! upo as traiees, m) !ec&are! #itiate, H) as are agree! upo as &earersW a!E+ X
sekha) traiee, oe 2ho is traiigW actio(ou $rom the %erb sikkhati, see 4! 72, 0c H7+ n sammata) agree!
upo, !esigate!W p+p+, see C0 2, 29+
" sekha is a !iscip&e o$ the Bu!!ha, such as a sotpanna, 2ho is e!o2e! 2ith supermu!ae ko2&e!ge
regar!ig the $our ariyasa!!as a! is traiig to $u&&y rea&i\e these truths a! become a asekha) Zoe 2ho is
ot traiig,[ i+e+, a arahant+ Ho2e%er, i this case ay $ami&y 2hich is icreasig i $aith a! !ecreasig i
2ea&th (to the e5tet that they ha%e to go 2ithout), ca be agree! upo as traiees by a &oca& sagha through
a $orma& aoucemet a! motio+
N+&+ sekkha( is a a!Eecti%a& !eri%ati%e $rom sekha (Both the $orms, proouce! swkha (w k&og e) a! stkkha (t k
short e), are i accor!ace 2ith the &a2 o$ 6oraeW 0R j AYG+)+ 6(K) Yaik+asaAmatniW 0r6o6(K p+@0+
kulni) $ami&iesW om+ p&+ m+
tathr."esu) o$ such ki!W a!E+ see 0r 2+
sekkhasammatesu kulesu) i such $ami&ies, amog such $ami&iesW &oc+ p&+ t+ Kocati%e o$ p&ace 2hereW see
4yta5 j 7G8! T e+ C$+ ku%esu i 0! 2+
"ubbe) pre%ious&y, be$oreW a!E+, &oc+ sg+ o$ pu**a+
animantito) 2ho has ot bee i%ite!W a!E+ p+p+ o$ nimantetiW see 0c 8G+
a!ilno) ot sickW a!E+ 4ee 0c @7+ Le$ie! i the 0a!abhEaa as ot beig ab&e to go o piPapta+
khdan4ya? : "aQidesem4 ti) see 0! 7+
>Pd R3 Catuttha"Qidesan4yasikkh"ada?@
Oni kho "ana tni raNNakni sensanni ssaFkasammatni
S11
sa""aQibhayni( yo "ana bhikkhu
tathr."esu sensanesu
S1C
"ubbe a""aQisa?#idita? khdan4ya? # bho9an4ya?
S1H
# a99hrme sahatth
"aQi!!ahet# a!ilno
S1R
khdeyya # bhuN9eyya #( "aQidesetabba? tena bhikkhun3 T$rayha? #uso
dhamma? "a99i?( asa""ya?( "Qidesan4ya?(
S1K
ta? "aQidesem4 ti.U
S1S
>The fourth trainin! "re%e"t on 8hat is to be a%kno8led!ed@
5o8( >there are@ those those 8ilderness lod!in!s 8hi%h are %onsidered risky( 8hi%h are dan!erous3 if any
bhikkhu( >stayin!@ in lod!in!s 8hi%h are of su%h a kind( 8ithout ha#in! announ%ed >the dan!er@
beforehand( ha#in! a%%e"ted >the food@ 8ith his o8n hand inside the monastery( >and then@ not bein! ill(
should %he8 un%ooked food or eat %ooked food( >then it@ is to be a%kno8led!ed by that bhikkhu(
T<riend>s@( / ha#e %ommitted a blame8orthy a%t 8hi%h is unsuitable( 8hi%h is to be a%kno8led!edV /
a%kno8led!e it.U
yni kho "ana tni raNNakni sensanni ssaFkasammatni sa""aQibhayni) o2, there are those
2i&!eress(area &o!gigs 2hich are cosi!ere! risky, 2hich are $righteigW see C0 29+
yo "ana bhikkhu tathr."esu sensanesu) i$ ay bhikkhu i &o!gigs 2hich are o$ such ki!W see C0 29+
Nibh, 4p a! Kkh !o ot o$$er ay he&p regar!ig the correct rea!ig+ <he origi(story to the ear&ier ru&e
$ormu&atio a&so o$$ers o he&p, but the origi story to the &ater ru&e $ormu&atio that e5cepts sick bhikkhus
has) Zm aKKataro *hikkhu araKKakesu sensanesu 'i%no hoti+[ <his might i!icate that 3iharanto 2as ot
origia&&y i the ru&e+ <he poit o$ the ru&e is the acceptig a! eatig o$ $oo! isi!e a !2e&&ig i a $orest
611
C, /) (saAka(+
612
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, N, /, 6i T 6m 4e, Nibh Ce, .a, 4aw) [m sensanesu 3iharanto ++++[ Lm, Nibh 'e, -m, a! -0 omit
3iharanto+ (0g H7 appears ot to ha%e it) ZFFF tathr7pesu sensanesu na pu**e appaCisaA3iditaA anro!itaA khdan$yaA 3 FFF pe FFF
a'i%no yo pana *hikkhu khdeyya 3 FFF[)
613
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e, -m) khdaniyaA T *ho@aniyaA+
614
N) a'$%noF
615
C, L, /, Nibh 'e) pCidesaniyaA+
616
Bh 0m 7) itiF
289
moastery, a@@hrme, a! this makes 3iharanto super$&uous+
<he 4a 0r6o !oes ot ha%e a e,ui%a&et to 3iharanto) Zm *hik+us tathr7pe saA'hasyra>yake+u Yayysane+u
p7r3aA apratisaA3it samnom[ 0r6o4a p+2@8+ 4o 6? 0r6o6? p+8H+ <he 2or!ig o$ the 6(K ru&e is
some2hat !i$$eret) ZGo puna *hik+u ara>yake Yayansane 3iharanto p7r3e m[W 0r6o6(K p+29+
<he rea!ig 2ith 3iharanto probab&y happee! u!er i$&uece o$ C0 29 i 2hich the 2or!ig is partia&&y the
same+ <he 0a!abhEaa to C0 29 has) Ztathr7pesu *hikkhu sensanesu 3iharanto tiI e3ar7pesu *hikkhu sensanesu
3iharanto+[ <he Nibh 0a!abhEaa o 0! 8 has) Ztathr7pesu sensanesuI e3ar7pesu sensanesuF[ <his !i$$erece
sho2s that the e!itor o$ the Nibh 2or!(commetary ha! a rea!ig 2ithout 3iharanto a! that this is the
correct rea!ig+ <he 0ari%ra (Ni N 28) has) ZraKKakesu sensanesu pu**e appaCisaA3iditaA khdan$yaA Q
*huK@antassa m[
"ubbe a""aQisa?#idita?) 2hich has ot bee aouce! be$oreha!W see 0c 8@+ Here appaCisaA3iditaA is
agreeig 2ith a ue5presse! etaA, i+e+, the !agerW see 0a!abhEaa) ZetaA appaCisaA3iditaA nmaF[
a99hrme) isi!e a moastery, m) i his o2 moastery, H) 2ithi a moasteryW &oc+ sg+ m+ 4ee 0c 88+
khdan4ya? sahatth : bhuN9eyya #) see 0! 7 T @+
>PQidesan4ya %on%lusion@
6ddiQQh kho yasmanto %attro "Qidesan4y
617
dhamm.
Tatthyasmante "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Dutiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Tatiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
ParisuddhAetthyasmanto( tasm tuEh4( e#am1eta? dhraymi.
S1P
P*idesan/'
1,?
ni**hit+
175
Venerables( the four %ases that are to be a%kno8led!ed ha#e been re%ited.
Con%ernin! that / ask the Venerables3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A se%ond time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A third time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
The #enerables are "ure in this( therefore there is silen%e( thus / bear this >in mind@.
The 2cases3 which are to be ac!nowledged have .inished+
uddiQQh : niQQhit) see 0! itro+ a! Ci!+ coc&+
>&ekhiy
SC1
@
/me kho "anyasmanto sekhiy dhamm
SCC
uddesa? !a%%hanti.
617
C, L, N, /, R, Nibh 'e) pCidesaniy+
618
Lm, -0, .a, -m) dhraym$ ti+
619
C, L, N, /, R, Nibh 'e) pCidesaniy+
620
X C, R, /, Lm, -0, ! Ce, 6m 4e, Bh 0m 7 T 2, -m+ 6i 4e) Cattro pCidesan$y niCChit+ L) PCidesaniyaA niCChitaAF
621
X Lm+ # brackets i -m+ L) sekhiy dhammF 6i 4e) PaK!asattati sekhiy dhamm+
622
6i 4e, N) paK!asattati sekhiy dhamm+
2A0
>The %ases related to the trainin!@
Venerables( these %ases related to the trainin! %ome u" for re%itation.
/me kho "anyasmanto : dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti) see 4! itro+
sekhiy dhamm) cases re&ate! to the traiig, H) ru&es $or traiig, m) a ru&e o$ co!uct, Corma) a ru&e o$
traiig+
<his is the o&y sectio itro!uctio i 2hich the umber o$ ru&es is ot gi%e+ <2o 4iamese tra!itio 644,
ho2e%er, !o gi%e the umber o$ sekhiyas here a! at the coc&usio) paK!asattati sekhiy dhamm) Zse%ety(
$i%e cases re&ate! to the traiig+[ 4ee p+ *+
"ccor!ig to the /a=kh3itara>$ a! the /a=kh3itara>$-na3aC$k, the reaso $or ot ic&u!ig the umber is
because the the obser%aces (3atta) i the Nattakkha!haka o$ the C?;a%agga are sekhiyas too a! 2he
takig o the sekhiyas, oe a&so takes o the obser%aces i the Nattakkha!haka+
623

0ara&&e&s to may o$ these sekhiyas are metioe! at Ni ## 27@$+ 0ara&&e&s to sekhiyas @ to 2G are at C% N### 8,@
a! para&&e&s to sekhiyas 2HYAA at C% N### 8,A+ C$+ Hi`ber 7999 p+7@$+
# the C% the ru&es are ot ca&&e! sekhiya but 3atta, obser%aces, (*hikkh7naA *hatta''a3attaA paKKpessmi
yath *hikkh7hi *hatta''e 3attita**aAW C% N### 8,2) a! are gi%e i the passi%e %oice rather tha the acti%e
%oice, e+g+, ZsusaA3utena antara'hare 'anta**aA[I Zby 1a bhikkhu3 2ho is 2e&&(restraie! (it) is to be goe
amog the houses+[ (:r) By a restraie! oe (it) is m )
sekhiya) re&ate! to the traiig, 0'L) coecte! 2ith traiigW a!E+ X sekha) traiee, traiigW see 0! @ n co+
su$+ (iyaW see 0! @+
>ParimaEcala#a!!o
SCR
@
>&ekh 1 ] C3 ParimaEcalasikkh"ada?@
ParimaEcala? ni#sessm4
SCK
ti( sikkh karaE4y.
SCS
ParimaEcala? "ru"issm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bein! e#en all around@
T/ shall 8ear >the under1robe @ e#en all around(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
623
Kkh 78A) Sekhiyesu paChame parima>Wa%anti samantato ma>Wa%aAF Sikkh kara>$yti Xe3aA ni3sessm$Pti rmepi antara'harepi
sa**attha sikkh kta**, ettha !a yasm 3attakkhandhake 3utta3attnipi sikkhita**att sekhiyne3a honti, tasm pr@ikd$su 3iya
pari!!hedo na katoF
Kkh(I 8@G 6yamar) yath Xtatrime !attro pr@ik dhamm uddesaA 'a!!hant$Pti-din tattha tattha pari!!hedo kato,
e3ametthpi Xtatrime paK!asattati sekhiy dhamm uddesaA 'a!!hant$Pti kasm pari!!hedo na katoti ha Xettha !Pti-diF
3attakkhandhake 3utta3attni p$ti 'antuk 3sika'amiknumodana*hatta''a-pi>Wa!rikraKKasensana-@ant'hara3a!!akuCi-
upa@@h!ariyasaddhi3ihrika-ante3sika3attniF idaK!a nidassanamattaA aKKesampi khandhaka3attnaA etthe3a sa='ahassa
i!!hita**attF ayaKhettha adhippyoI sekhiya''aha>ena !ettha 3attakkhandhakd$su 'ata3attd$nampi 'aha>aAF tepi hi
sikkhita**aCChena XsekhiyPti i!!hitF tasm mtikyaA pr@ikd$naA 3iya sekhiynaA pari!!hedo na katotiF na ke3a%aA
3attakkhandhakd$su 'ata3attd$naA 'aha>atthame3ti ha X!ritta3inayadassanatthaK!PtiF etthpi pari!!hedo na katoti net3
yo@eta**aA+
Z]Herei these 8 0rEikas come up $or recitatio,^ etc+, there a measure has bee ma!e+ /hy has^t here a measure bee
ma!e here too i a &ike2ise maer) ]herei these HA 4ekhiya cases come up $or recitatio^g 2as sai!+ ]"! here m the
obser%aces that ha%e bee sai! i the :bser%ace Kha!haka (Nattakkha!haka i the 6ah%agga),^ i+e+, the %isitors,
!2e&&ig, m atte!at obser%aces, a! this is a mere e5amp&e+ :$ other kha!haka obser%aces too it is Eust the !esire o$
the 4agha i this+ For this is the itetio) by takig o the sekhiyas the takig o here is a&so o$ the obser%aces that ha%e
come !o2 i the :bser%ace Kha!haka+ For they too are !esire! as ]sekhiyas^ by the state o$ traiig, there$ore i the
6tik (i+e+, the 0timokkha) a measure has ot bee ma!e &ike i the 0rEikas+ #t 2as ot sai! ]Eust $or the purpose o$
takig o the obser%aces, etc+, that ha%e come !o2 i the 2ho&e :bser%ace Kha!haka, etc+] "! ]$or the purpose o$
sho2ig co!uct a! %iaya^ here a measure has ot bee ma!e too+[
624
:&y i 6i 4e+
625
C, 0) ni3sissm$+
626
N) kara>iy throughout the 4ekhiy sectio+
2A7
T/ shall 8ra" >the outer1robes@ e#en all around(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
"arimaEcala?) e%e a&& arou! (the 1kee(3 circ&e), rou!, m) (e%e) a&& arou!, H) ha%ig ma!e both e!ges
&e%e&, <ha) 2rappe! arou!, &e%e& 2ith the (kee() circ&eW a a!%erb o$ maer, or a a!E+ ,ua&i$yig a
ue5presse! antara3sakaA, c$+ 4ekh 80+ C$+ the C% para&&e& o$ 4ekh 80 at C% N### 8+A) Zparima>Wa%o %opo
kta**o+[ <his i!icates that parima>Wa%a is a a!Eecti%e+
X pre$+ "ari() (a)rou! n maEcala) circ&e, i+e+, a circ&e arou! the 2aist &e%e& a! especia&&y the kee &e%e&W see
Nibh a! 4ekh 80+
Nibh) ZParima>Wa%aA ni3seta**aA n*hima>Wa%aA @>uma>Wa%aA paCi!!hdentenaF Go andariyaA paCi!!a purato 3
pa!!hato 3 o%am*ento ni3seti, patti dukkaCassaF[) Z#t is to be !resse! byei the maer o$ co%erig the a%e&(
circ&e (a! the) kee(circ&e+ :e 2ho out o$ !isrespect !resses &ettig (the u!er(robe) hag !o2 i $rot or
behi!W there is a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig $or him+[
4p 889) Zm parima>Wa%an-ti samantato ma>Wa%aA+[) Zparima>Wa%aA (meas)) a&& arou! the circ&e+[
Ni ## 27@eC% N### 8,@ T A,2) ZSa!e rme k%o ro!ito hoti, tima>Wa%aA paCi!!hdentena parima>Wa%aA ni3set3,
kya*andhanaA *andhit3, sa'u>aA kat3 sa='hCiyo prupit3, 'a>ChikaA paCimuK!it3, dho3it3 pattaA 'ahet3,
sdhukaA ataramnena 'mo pa3isita**oF[) Z#$ the time is aouce! i the moastery, ha%ig !resse! e%e&y
a&& arou! byei the maer o$ co%erig the three circ&es, ha%ig bou! the bo!y(be&t, ha%ig ma!e ito
oeeha%ig &ayere! (the outer robes), ha%ig 2rappe! the !oub&e robes, ha%ig $astee! the tag, ha%ig
take the bo2& a$ter ha%ig 2ashe! it, the %i&&age is to be etere! care$u&&y a! o(hurrie!&y+[
ni#sessm4 ti) # sha&& !ress (the u!er robee2aist c&oth), 2earW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ ni3seti (ni c n3as c e) n iti) thus,
so, &ike thisW iti is a !eictic partic&e re$errig to a statemet that is Eust metioe! or that $o&&o2s, or n ti)
,uotatio mark+
14 ti sikkh karaEiy) thus the traiig is to be !oe, m) this is a ru&e to be kept, H) is a traiig to be
obser%e!, Corma) 1this is3 a traiig to be !oe+
<he -$ti sikkh kara>$y ca be reso&%e! as ($ c ti Eust i!icatig a thought o$ the oe 2ho trais) Zthis , thus the
traiig is to be !oe,[ or it ca be reso&%e! as (i c iti i!icatig that oe is to trai 2ith this itetio i
mi!) Zm thus the traiig is to be !oe+[
<he &atter %ersio is supporte! by the 4a a! 6? 0rtimok>as?tras) Zm ni3sayi+yma iti Yik+ kara>$yP:
0r6o4a p+280, Ba @0+ "! a&so by the Chiese tras&atio o$ the 4a %ersio) Huber) Zm Te%%e est %a ry'%e ?ue
nous o*ser3ons+[ (Z<hus is the ru&e 2e obser%e+[)W Fiot GH$$+ 0r6o4a p+@0A) Zdas so%%en wir %ernen+[ (Zthis 2e
sha&& &ear[) .ose, 79A9, p+227$$) Zso so%% man %ernen[ (Zso oe must trai[)+
<he me!ie%a& Ptimokkha'a>Chid$pan$ a&so seems to support this, 0g H7) Zm ni3sessmi iti e3aA rme pi
antara'hare pi sa**attha Chne sikkh kara>$y+[) Z# sha&& !ress, so, thus, i the 2i&!eress or i a ihabite! aera,
e%ery2here the traiig is to be !oe+[
"s the ru&es i geera& are ca&&e! sekhiya) Z1a ru&e3 re&ate! to the traiig,[ sikkh a&so re$ers to the traiig i
geera&W c$+ sikkhs@$3asampanno at 0r 7+
sikkh) the traiigW om+ sg+ $+W see 0r 7+
karaE4y) to be !oeW $+p+p+ o$ karoti agreeig 2ith sikkhF <he %erb Zis[ ee!s to be supp&ie! i 'g&ish+
"ru"issm4 ti) # sha&& 2rape%ei&e!ress (the outer robes)W 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ prupati (pa c c nrup c a)+ <his re$ers to
both the outer robe a! the !oub&e robeW see the Ni ## 27@ ,uotatio abo%e+
0a!abhEaa) ZParima>Wa%aA prupita**aA u*ho ka>>e samaA kat3[) Z'%e&y a&& arou! 1it3 is to be 2rappe!
ha%ig ma!e both e!gesecorers (o$ the upper robes) &e%e&ee%e+[
>&ekh H ] R3 &u""aQi%%hannasikkh"ada?@
&u"aQi%%hanno
SC7
antara!hare !amissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
627
Lm) suppaCi!!hanno+ (0g) supCi()
2A2
&u"aQi%%hanno
SCP
antara!hare nis4dissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bein! 8ell %o#ered@
T / shall !o 8ell %o#ered inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
T / shall sit 8ell %o#ered inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
su"aQi%%hanno) m) 2e&& co%ere!, H) proper&y c&a!W a!E+ X bahubbJhi cp!+ X pre$+ su() 2e&& n "aQi%%hanno)
co%ere!W p+p+ o$ paCi!!hdeti MMp_paCi cnM!_!had c e)W see 4! coc&+
SupaCi!!hanno is a pre!icati%e omiati%e a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig the ue5presse! subEect o$ the %erb 'amissmi)
the proou ahaA) Z#[W see 4yta5 j 20a+ " substati%eeau5i&iary %erb is imp&ie!) ZMahaA_ susaA3uto
Mhut3Lhonto_ Q[ <his pre!icati%e omiati%e ca sometimes be use! pre!icati%e&y 2here a a!%erb o$
maer is to be e5pecte!, as happes i the sekhiyas+
<he 2rogeopposite 2ay is gi%e i the origi story at Ni #N 78G) Zm kyaA 3i3arit3 Q[) Zha%ig e5pose!e
uco%ere! the bo!y+[
N+&+ SuppaCi!!hanno+ <he iitia& p- i paCi is &iab&e to !oub&ig !ue to the o&!er, correspo!ig 4kt $orm pratiW
see C0 7G) ma''appaCipannassa+ 6?) suprati!!hann: 0r6o6? p+88+
antara!hare) isi!e a ihabite! area, m) i ihabite! areas, H) ami!st the housesW &oc+ sg+ t+W see C0 29, 0!
7+ Cote that the $orm 'hare is sigu&ar ot the p&ura& 'haresu+
<he 4a 0r6o, has antar'VhaA, the 4kt e,ui%a&et o$ the sigu&ar accusati%e antara'haraA, 2ith, pra3ek+yma,
the 4kt e,ui%a&et o$ pa3isissm, but the has the antara'Vhe, 4kt e,ui%a&et o$ the sigu&ar &ocati%e
antara'hare, 2ith ni+atsyma, the 4kt e,ui%a&et o$ nis$dissma, i this group o$ sekhiyasW see 0r6o4a p+282$, C40
788 $+
<he 6(K %ersio has the opposite) ru&e A) ZsusaA3Vto antara'Vham-upasaAkVmi+ym$ ti,[ ru&e 78) ZsusaA3Vto
antara'Vhe ni+$di+ym$ tiF[
!amissm4 ti) # sha&& goW X 'amissmi) 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ 'a!!hati n ti) e! ,uoteW see abo%e Ci!+
nis4dissm4 ti) # sha&& sitW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ nis$datiW see "iy 7+
>&ekh K ] S3 susa?#utasikkh"ada?@
&usa?#uto antara!hare !amissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
&usa?#uto antara!hare nis4dissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bein! 8ell restrained@
T/ shall !o 8ell1restrained inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
T/ shall sit 8ell1restrained inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
susa?#uto) 2e&& restraie!, H) 2e&&(cotro&&e!W a!E+ Bb+ cp!+W see 4ekh @ abo%e+ X su() 2e&&W pre$+ n sa?#uto)
restraie!W p+p+ o$ saA3arati (saA c n3ar c a)+ <he 2rog 2ay is gi%e i the origi(story at Ni #N 78G)
ZhatthaA 3 padaA 3 k$Jpento[) Zmakig the ha! or $oot mo%e p&ay$u&&y+[
<he 6(K %ersio has the opposite i ru&e A) ZsusaA3Vto antara'Vham-upasaAkrami+ym$ ti m,[ a! ru&e 78)
ZsusaA3Vto antara'Vhe ni+$di+ym$ ti m,[ BN 29H, 0r6o6(K p+@2Y@@+
>&ekh 7 ] P3 Okkhitta%akkhusikkh"ada?@
Okkhitta%akkhu antara!hare !amissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
628
#!em+
2A@
Okkhitta%akkhu antara!hare nis4dissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the eyes %ast do8n@
T/ shall !o 8ith the eyes %ast do8n inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
T/ shall sit 8ith the eyes %ast do8n inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
okkhitta%akkhu) H) 2ith the eyes cast !o2, m) 2ith !o2cast eyes, !o2(cast(eye!W a!E+ #%erte! Bb cp!+
,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! ahaA a! $uctioig a pre!icati%e omiati%e+ X okkhitta) cast !o2W thro2
!o2W p+p+ o$ okkhipati (oLa3a c nMk_khip c a)+ n %akkhu) eye+ 4ee origi(story to 0c G) Zm yasm Anuruddho
indriyni okkhipit3 m[ C$+ 4 G@+
4p 890) Z0kkhitta!akkh7 ti heCCh khitta!akkhu hut3F[I Zm) ha%ig become oe 2hose eyes are cast !o2
be&o2+[ "ccor!ig to the 4utta%ibhaFga (Ni #N 78G) the bhikkhu is &ook a p&oughDs &egth ahea!) Zm
yu''amattaA pekkhantenaF[) Zm i the maer o$ o$ obser%ig a p&ough(&egth+[ <he commetary (4p 897)
!e$ies this as ZGu'amattaA pekkhamno ti yu'ayuttako hi danto @neyyo yu'amattaA pekkhati, purato
!atuhatthappam>aA *h7mi*h'aA: imin pi ettakaA pekkhantena 'anta**aAFZ) Z:bser%ig the p&ough(&egth)
&ike a tame 2e&&(bre! horse yoke! up obser%es a p&ough(&egth o$ the $our arm(spa measure ahea! o the
grou!+[
<he 2rog 2ay is !escribe! i the origi story at Ni #N 78G) ZtahaA tahaA o%okento[) Z&ookig here a!
there+[
>&ekh B ] 1D3 6kkhittakasikkh"ada?@
5a ukkhittakya
SCB
antara!hare !amissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
5a ukkhittakya
SHD
antara!hare nis4dissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
Parima"Ealavaggo pa*hamo+
18,
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (robes) lifted u"@
T/ shall not !o 8ith >robes@ lifted u" inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
T/ shall not sit 8ith >robes@ lifted u" inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on being even all round is .irst
na) otW eg+ partic&e+
ukkhittakya) 2ith (robes) &i$te! up, m) hitche! up, thro2 up, suspe!e!W a!E+ Bb cp!+ is+ sg+ $+ X ukkhitta,
the p+p+ o$ ukkhipati (ud c nMk_khip c a)) &i$ts up, thro2s up, raises, suspe!s n a!Eecti%a& su$+ (ka+ "ccor!ig to
L0 it ,ua&i$ies a ue5presse! sa='hC$ or sCikF 0robab&y a istrumeta& o$ atte!at circumstaces, see
4yta5 j GA, 2hich e5presses co!itios o$ bo!y a! mi! that atte! the aget egage! i a actio+ C$+ 4 ##
2H7) Zrakkhiten8e3a kyena Q 'maA Q pi>Wya pa3isissm ti[) Z2ith the bo!y guar!e! m 2e sha&& eter the
%i&&age m $or a&ms m+[ <he e5act meaig o$ this 2or! is ot certaiW see BL ### 72@ + 7+ #t might mea
Z&i$tig up robes,[ &ike oe &i$ts the robes 2he crossig a sha&&o2 stream or pu!!&e+ <he commetary (4p
897) takes it to be a $emiie istrumeta&) Zukkhittaky tiI ukkhepena, ittham*h7ta%akkha>e kara>a3a!anaA, ekato
3 u*hato 3 ukkhitta!$3aro hut3 ti atthoZ) Zukkhittakya) bye2ith &i$tig up, a istrumeta& 2or! 2ith $ema&e
characteristics, ha%ig become oe 2ith a robe that has bee &i$te! up o oe si!e or o both si!es+[
#t cou&!, rather tha beig a a!Eecti%e, a&so maybe be a actio(ou &ike u@@a''hikya i the e5t ru&e+ # this
629
L, 0) (kyaA+
630
#!em+
631
N) pathamoF Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /) PaChamo 3a''o+ Cothig i 6m 4e+
2A8
case it 2ou&! mea) Z2ith &i$tig up (o$ the robe)+[
C$+ C% N 29,@eNi ## 7@G 2here the Bu!!ha a&&o2e! a robe($asteer a$ter Ne+ Qa!aDs &ight outer robes
2ere &i$te! up by 2i!(2hir& 2hi&e goig $or a&ms i the %i&&age) Ztena kho pana samayena yasm anando
%ahuk sa='hCiyo prupit3 'maA pi>Wya p3isi, 3tama>Wa%ikya sa='hCiyo ukkhipiyiAsuF[
<he 2rog 2ay is gi%e i the origi(story (Ni #N 78H)) Zekato 3 u*hato 3 ukkhipit3 Q[ ZHa%ig &i$te! up
o oe si!e or o both si!es+[
"arimaEcala#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o beig e%e a&& arou!, e%e&y(arou!(sectioW om+
sg+ m+ X "arimaEcala) e%e&y arou!W see 4ekh 7 n #a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+
"aQhamo) is $irst, (2hich is) the $irstW or!ia&+
>&ekh 11 ] 1C3 699a!!hikasikkh"ada?@
5a u99a!!hikya
SHC
antara!hare !amissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
5a u99a!!hikya
SHH
antara!hare nis4dissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on loud lau!hter@
T/ shall not !o 8ith loud lau!hter inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
T/ shall not sit 8ith loud lau!hter inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
u99a!!hikya) &ou! &aughter, &aughig &ou!&y, H) 2ith &ou! &aughter, m) &aughig &ou!&yW is+ sg+ $+ o$ ou
u@@a''hik k u@@a''hi $rom u@@a''hati (ud c n@a''h c a)) &aughs &ou!&y, &aughs at n su$$i5 (ik+ X #s+ o$ atte!at
circumstaces i $em+ sg+W see 4ekh 9+
<he 2rog 2ay is gi%e i the origi(story at Ni #N 78H) ZmahhasitaA hasant Q[) Z&aughig a &ou!
&aughter+[ #t is a&&o2ab&e to smi&e 2he there is the occasio o$ &aughter) Zhasan$yasmiA 3atthusmiA mihita-
mattaA karoti[W Ni #N 78H+
>&ekh 1H ] 1R3 6%%asaddasikkh"ada?@
A""asaddo antara!hare !amissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
A""asaddo antara!hare nis4dissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on loud sounds@
T/ shall !o 7uiet>ly@ inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
T/ shall sit 7uiet>ly@ inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
a""asaddo) beig ,uiet, m) ,uiet&y, H) 2ith &itt&e oise, <ha) &o2ere! %oice, L0) makig &itt&e or o oise,
,uietW a!E+ Bb cp!+ X a""a) &itt&eW a!E+ n sadda) sou!, oise, %oice, 2or!+
Appasaddo is a!E+ i the pre!icati%e omiati%e caseW see 4ekh @+
4p 897 e5p&ais that it is appasaddo 2he three theras are sittig i a house three armspas apart $rom each
other a! the thir! ca ot make up the meaig o$ the 2or!s 2he the $irst t2o theras are co%ersig 2ith
each other, a&though he ca sti&& hear the sou!+ #$ he ca u!ersta!, the it is ca&&e! a Zgreat sou!+[
634
<he Nibh o(o$$ece c&auses a! the commetaries speci$y saddo as Z%oice[ here+ Ho2e%er, it seems proper
632
C, L, R, -m, N, Nibh 'e, /) u@@ha''i(+
633
#!em+
634
ZAppasaddo antara'hare ti ettha kitt3at appasaddo hoti^ "3dasahatthe 'ehe dimhi sa='hatthero, ma@@he dutiyatthero, ante tatiyatthero ti e3aA
nisinnesu sa='hatthero dutiyena saddhiA manteti, dutiyatthero tassa saddaK-!8e3a su>ti, kathaK-!a 3a3atthapetiF Tatiyatthero pana saddam-e3a su>ti,
kathaA na 3a3atthapetiF &tt3at appasaddo hotiF Sa!e pana tatiyatthero kathaA 3a3atthapeti, mahsaddo nma hotiF[
2AA
that a bhikkhu i the %i&&age shou&! try ot to make ay &ou! oise, ot Eust speakig &ou!&y, but a&so ot
makig other oises such as c&appig, burpig, s&urpig, 2hist&ig, coughig etc+
:ther cote5ts i the Cao i!icate that it meas oise i geera&W e+g+, 6 ## 8 T 722 2here oe bhikkhu
sco&!s aother bhikkhu $or c&earig his throat 2hi&e the Bu!!ha taught the Lhamma) ZAppasaddo yasm hotu,
2 yasm saddaA aksiF+[ C$+ L ## @H) ZAppasadd *hontu hontuF[
"t 6 ### 7@ a! Ni ## @0G $orests a! !2e&&igs are ca&&e! appasadda a! appani'hosa (&itt&e oise)+ XAppasadde
kat3[) Zha%ig ma!e ,uiet[ at 6 ## @H, i!icates that appasadda ca mea ,uiet&y, si&et&y+ C$+ 6 ## 779)
Zappasaddo upasankamit3+[) Zha%ig approache! beig ,uiete,uiet&y+[
<he 2rog 2ay is gi%e i the origi(story a! Nibh at Ni #N 78H) Zu!!saddaA mahsaddaA karont[)
Zmakig a &ou! sou!, a great sou!+[
>&ekh 1K ] 1S3 Iya""a%lakasikkh"ada?@
5a kya""a%laka? antara!hare !amissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
5a kya""a%laka? antara!hare nis4dissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on s8ayin! the body@
T/ shall not !o s8ayin! the body inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
T/ shall not sit s8ayin! the body inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
kya""a%laka?) shakig, H) s2ayig the bo!y, <ha) s2igigm, m) $i!getigmW a!%+ " accusati%e
tapp+ cp!+ use! as a a!%erb o$ maer i acc+ sg+ t+ X kya) bo!y n "a%laka?) s2ayigW X pa!%a $rom
pa!%eti (bpdpa c n!% c e) (see <h 200, Sa #N 7G, 4 N 2H0) n (akaA+ " amu& abso&uti%e i (akaAW see
sannidhikrakaA at C0 2@+ For !oub&ig o$ p see C0 7G) (ma''apaCipannassa+
>&ekh 17 ] 1P3 hu""a%lakasikkh"ada?@
5a bhu""a%laka? antara!hare !amissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
5a bhu""a%laka? antara!hare nis4dissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on s8ayin! the arms@
T/ shall not !o s8ayin! the arms inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
T/ shall not sit s8ayin! the arms inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
bhu) arms+ "s this is compou!e! it ca be a p&ura&
>&ekh 1B ] CD3 &4sa""a%lakasikkh"ada?@
5a s4sa""a%laka? antara!hare !amissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
5a s4sa""a%laka? antara!hare nis4dissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
F((agghi!avaggo
180
duti'o+
181
>The trainin! "re%e"t on s8ayin! the head@
T/ shall not !o s8ayin! the head inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
635
-m) u@@ha''ika(+ R, N) na(u@@ha''ika3a''oF
636
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /) "utiyo 3a''o+ Co sectio coc&usio here i 6m 4e+
2AG
T/ shall not sit s8ayin! the head inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on loud laughter is second++
s4sa) hea!+
u99a!!hika#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o &ou! &aughter, &ou!(&aughter(sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X
u99a!!hika) see 4ekh 77 n #a!!a) sectio+
dutiyo) seco!W or!ia&+
>Ihambhakata#a!!o
SH7
@
>&ekh C1 ] CC3 Ihambhakatasikkh"ada?@
5a khambhakato
SHP
antara!hare !amissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
5a khambhakato
SHB
antara!hare nis4dissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on makin! into a "ro"@
T/ shall not !o ha#in! made >the arms@ a "ro" inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
T/ shall not sit ha#in! made >the arms@ a "ro" inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
khambhakato) ha%ig ma!e 1the arms3 a prop, makig (the arms) ito a prop, m T H) 2ith arms akimbo,
&it+) ha%ig ma!e a propW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! ahaAW see 4ekh @+ Bb cp!+ X khamba) prop,
pi&&ar, supportW $rom tham*a n kata) !oe, ma!eW pp+ o$ karoti, here, $or co%eiece, re!ere! as a
abso&uti%e+ "ccor!ig to 4p 897 it meas a prop ma!e ha%ig p&ace! a ha! o a hip+ (/ham*hakato nma
kaCiyaA hatthaA Chapet3 katakham*hoF) Ho2e%er, it might a&so ic&u!e the &eaig agaist a 2a&& 2ith a
outstretche! arm, or the supportig o$ the hea! by puttig the ha! u!er the chi a! e&bo2 o a sur$ace
(&ike the Z<he <hiker[ statue o$ the scu&ptor .o!i)+ # short, it meas ay 2ay o$ proppig up the bo!y or
parts o$ the bo!y by meas o$ the arms+
<he 4kt root cstam*h meas Z$i5es $irm&y, supports, props, ho&!s up by comig ito cotact 2ith, rests o,
&eas oW see 6/+ <he 4kt ou stam*ha meas) post, pi&&ar, support, proppig+
"t Ni #N 789 the 2rog 2ay is !escribe! as) ZHa%ig ma!e a prop o oe si!e or o both si!esm[) Zm ekato
3 u*hato 3 kham*haA kat3 Q[
4a 0rtimok>as?tra) na kam*hkVtW 0r6o4a p+28@, C40 789+
>&ekh CH ] CR3 O!uEQhitasikkh"ada?@
5a o!uEQhito antara!hare !amissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
5a o!uEQhito antara!hare nis4dissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bein! (8ith the head) %o#ered@
T/ shall not !o 8ith >the head@ %o#ered inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
T/ shall not sit 8ith >the head@ %o#ered inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
o!uEQhito) m) 2ith (hea!) co%ere!, H) mu$$&e! upW p+p+ o$ o'u>Cheti (a3a c n'u>Ch c e)) co%ers o%er, %ei&s+
637
:&y i 6i 4e+
638
C, L, /) nakkham*hakato+ R) na kham*ha'atoF Correcte! to nakkham*ha'ato+
639
#!em+
2AH
<he 2rog 2ay gi%e at Ni #N 789 is Zm *hikkh7 sas$saA prupit3 Q[) Zha%ig 2rappe! themse&%es,
ic&u!ig the hea!, (2ith the outer robes)+[
>&ekh CK3 6kkuQikasikkh"ada?@
5a ukkuQikya antara!hare !amissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on %rou%hin!@
T/ shall not !o in a %rou%hin! >"osture@ inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
ukkuQikya) i a crouchig posture, H) crouchig !o2 o the hee&s, <ha) tiptoeig or 2a&kig Eust o the
hee&s, m) 2a&kig o toes or hee&sW is+ sg+ $+ o$ ukkuCik+ #s+ o$ atte!at circumstacesW see abo%e 4ekh 9+ X
pre$+ ud) up n ckuCLkuK!) be!sW thus Zbe!s up +[ #t is $ou! i the stock(phrase) Zm pde 3andit3 ukkuCikaA
nis$dit3 aK@a%iA pa''ahet3 m,[ 2hich is $ou! i the !escriptio o$ the $orma& re,uest $or the upa@@hya (Ni #
8A), the pa**a@@ ([ 82), the upasampad ([ AH), the co$essig o$ o$$eces ([ 72AY2G), etc+
# 4ri Kaka a! Burma the ukkuCik posture is u!erstoo! to be, a! practise! as, s,uattig 2ith oe
$oot(so&e $&at o the grou!, a! Eust the toes o$ the other $oot o the grou!, the buttocks touchig the hee&s,
the kees agaist the chest, a! the torso errect+ # <hai&a! this 2ay is geera&&y ot !oe (aymoreg),
istea! bhikkhus !o their co$essio, etc, 2hi&e sittig 2ith the so&es o$ the toes $&at o the grou!, the kees
o the grou! too, the buttocks touchig the hee&s, a!, a! the torso errect+ # Buddhism &xp%ained by
Bhikkhu Khatip&o, a picture o$ <hai moks !oig co$essio i the s,uattig 2ay is $ou! i the picture
sectio a$ter p+728+ <he o2 commo sty&e !escribe! abo%e is sho2 o the picture $acig p+80+ a! i the
sectio a$ter p+5i%+
:e ascetic practice re$erre! to i the Cao, e+g+ at 6 # H8, is the ukkuCikappadhna) the ukkuCika(e5ertio+
6aybe the ascetics egage! i this practice a&so mo%e! about i this posture a! this 2as $orbi!!e $or
bhikkhus+
#t is possib&e that 2hat is meat is 2a&kig i a crouchig or stoopig posture, because it 2ou&! be %ery
!i$$icu&t to go about i a s,uattig posture 2hi&e a bhikkhu might more &ike&y 2a&k i crouchig posture+ <he
Chiese tras&atio o$ the 4ar%sti%!i %ersio o$ the origi story re&ates that &aypeop&e comp&aie! that the
bhikkhus etere! a house as i$ their &egs ha! bee cut o$$W see .ose, 79A9, p+22@+
<here is o prohibitio $or sittig i the ukkuCik posture i a ihabite! area i the 0;i Niaya, but the
correspo!ig 4ar%sti%!i Yaik+a 2H is coup&e! 2ith aother ru&e, Yaik+a 28, prohibitig bhikkhus to sit i
the utk7Cuk posture+ <he correspo!ig 6(K Yaik+a 9 is ot coup&e! to a ru&e app&yig to sittig i this
posture+
Kkh 2A9e4p e5p&ais it as tip(toeig or 2a&kig o the hee&s+ ZPaK!a3$se ukkuCik 3u!!ati pa>hiyo ukkhipit3
a''apde h8e3a, a''apde83 ukkhipit3 pa>h$ hi ye3a *h7miyaA phusantassa 'amanaA, kara>a3a!anaA pan8ettha
3utta%akkha>am-e3aF[) Z# the t2ety($i$th (ru&e) ukkuCik is sai! to be the goig o$ oe touchig the grou!
2ith Eust the $rot o$ the $eet, ha%ig kept up the hee&s, or 2ith Eust the hee&s, ha%ig kept up the $rot o$ the
$eet+[
# Nism 708 ukkuCika is use! to !escribe the gait o$ a r'a!arita, Zoe o$ &ust$u& beha%iour,[ a! amo&i
re!ers it as Zsprigy+[ Z)kkuCikaK-!a !8assa padaA hoti[) Za! his step is sprigy+[ (0m 70G commets
ZasamphuCChama@@haAP) Zot touchig the mi!!&e+[)
# this cote5t it seems to mea 2a&kig by e5agerate!&y shi$tig the touchig poit to the back o$ the hee&s
2hi&e the $oot is comig !o2 a! the e5agerate!&y shi$tig it to the $rot o$ the $eet 2hi&e &i$tig up+ <his
makes oe 2a&k i a sprigy a! 2a%y 2ay a! 2ou&! be a improper !eportmet $or a bhikkhu i the
%i&&age+
2A8
>&ekh CS Pallatthikasikkh"ada?@
5a "allatthikya antara!hare nis4dissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
SRD
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (knees bein!) %las"ed around@
T/ shall not sit 8ith the >knees@ %las"ed1around inside an inhabited area(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
"allatthikya) 2ith the 1kees3 c&aspe! arou!, i the c&aspe! arou! (the kees posture), 2ith (the arms)
c&aspe! arou! (the kees), <ha) ho&!ig the kees, H T m) &o&&igW is+ sg+ $+ o$ pa%%atthik+ #s+ o$ atte!at
circumstaces+ X pre$+ pari) arou! n atta) thro2W p+p+ o$ 4kt cas) thro2s, sprea!sF :r) atta) he&!, takeW p+p+ o$
dadtiF n ik) abstr+ su$$i5+ For the maer o$ assimi&atioW see 0R j A8,A+
Pa%%attha is the assimi&ate! 0;i $orm o$ 4kt pary n asta X 0;i pari n attaF Pari- [ pa%y- [ pa%%-W see 0R j A8,A+ <he
(st( i asta has bee assimi&ate! ito (tth( istea! o$ (tt(W see 0R j A7,7+
6?) paryastikyaW KC 77+ 4a) pa%%atthikkVtW 0r6o4a p+288+
<he 4kt $orm paryasta meas) Zcast,[ Zsprea! arou!,[ a! the %erb($orm pariyasti) Zsittig o hee&s or hams[W
see 6/ G0H+ # this posture the $eet are $&at o the grou!, the buttocks, too, are o the grou!, the kees are
p&ace! agaist or c&ose to the chest, a! the arms a! ha!s are c&aspe! arou! a! huggig the kees+ # a
%ariat o$ this the &egs are crosse! i $rot o$ the ak&es a! o&y the outsi!e o$ $eet is o the grou!+ <his is
the hatthapa%%atthik, c&aspe!(arou! 2ith the arms, metioe! i the Nibh (Ni #N 789) a! ot tras&ate! by
Horer i BL ### 72G+ #t is a commo posture i "sia a! is a&so use! sometimes i the /est+
#t ca a&so be !oe 2ith a strip o$ c&oth tie! arou! the back a! kees, istea! o$ the arms, see B6C 898,
2hich is ca&&e! the dussapa%%atthik) Zc&aspe!(arou! 2ith a c&oth,[ a&so ot tras&ate! by Horer+
<o !o this 2ith a sa='hC$ is ca&&e! the sa='hCipa%%atthik) Zc&aspe! arou! 2ith a outer robe,[ a! this has
bee $orbi!!e at C% N 28,2 as it 2ears out the sa='hC$F <he yo'apa%%atthik) Zc&aspe! arou! 2ith a
yokeeba!age[ is a&&o2e! though i the C%W c$+ 4p 897 a! 89G+
N+&+ %habb4sati sru"") Z<he t2ety(si5 proper 1traiigs3+[ !ha**$sati) t2ety(si5W um+ X !haMJ_) si5 n 3$sati)
t2etyW see abo%e !ha**assni at C0 78+ srupp) proper, suitab&eW a!E+
>&ekh C73 &akka%%a"aQi!!ahaEasikkh"ada?@
&akka%%a? "iEca"ta? "aQi!!ahessm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on a%%e"tin! in a res"e%tul manner@
T/ shall a%%e"t alms1food a""re%iati#ely(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
sakka%%a?) appreciati%e&y, cosi!erate&y, respect$u&&y, ki!&y, courteous&y, m) care$u&&y, H) atteti%e&y,
thorough&yW a!%+ o$ maer+ :rigia&&y a abso&uti%e o$ sakkaroti (sabtd c nkar c o)) hoors, esteems, treats
respect$u&&y, treats ki!&y+ /a!!a is a Euctio o$ kar c ya i 2hich the cosoat(combiatio (ry( has bee
pa&ata&ise! to (!!(W see 4! 70 i!!etaA+
Sakka!!aA is use! i cote5ts o$ teachig Lhamma, e+g+, " ## 78H) Zsakka!!aA dhammaA deseti,[ a! i cote5ts
o$ gi%ig dna together 2ith !ittikat3) thought$u&&y, cosi!erab&y, e+g+ at " #N @9@+ C$+ <h 70A8 a! Lhp @92+
4p 897) Zm satiA upaCChapet3[) Zm ha%ig estab&ishe! mi!$u&ess+[
<he oppositee2rog 2ay gi%e i the Nibh (Ni #N 790) i!icates the meaig) Zasakka!!aA pi>WaptaA
paCi''a>hti !haWWetukmo 3iya[) Zm uappreciati%e&y accepts a&ms($oo!, as i$ 2ishig to thro2 it a2ay m[ C$
the 2rog 2ay gi%e i the Nibh to 4ekh @7) Zm asakka!!aA pi>WaptaA *huK@anti a*huK@itukm 3iya Q[)
Zucosi!erate&y they ate a&ms($oo! as i$ ot 2ishig to eat m+[
"iEca"ta?) a&ms($oo!W acc+ sg+ m+ see 0c 29, C0 2H+
640
6i T 6m 6m 4e ha%e sectio(coc&usios here+ 6i 4e) Cha**$sati srupp niCChit+ 6m 4e) Cha**$sati srupp+
2A9
"aQi!!ahessm4 ti) # sha&& sha&& acceptW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ paCi''a=htiW see C0 7+
>&ekh CP3 PattasaNN4"aQi!!ahaEasikkh"ada?@
PattasaNN4 "iEca"ta? "aQi!!ahessm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on "ayin! attention to the bo8l (8hile) a%%e"tin!@
T/ shall a%%e"t alms1food "ayin! attention to the bo8l(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
"attasaNN4) payig attetio to the bo2&, percei%ig the bo2&, atte!ig to the bo2&, beig a2are o$ the bo2&,
m) 2ith attetio o the bo2&, H) thikig o$ the bo2&W a!E+ "cc+ tapp+ cp!+ use! as Bb cp! i the
omiati%e pre!icati%e caseW see 4ekh @+ X "atta) bo2&W see C0 27 n saNN4) percei%ig, payig attetio to,
beig a2are o$W possessi%e a!EW see #0 p+727$+ X saKK n poss+ su$+ (in+ C$+ 4ekh @8) u@@hnasaKK$, a! " #N @A@)
Zm anattasaKK$ asmimnasamu''htaA ppu>ti+[) Zm percei%ig ot(se&$ he attais the !estructio o$ the
coceit ]# am+^[
4p 897) ZpattasaKK$ ti patte saKKaA kat3F[) Zm) ha%ig put the attetioeperceptio o the bo2&+[
/rog 2ay) Zm tahaA tahaA o%okento pi>WaptaA paCi''a>hanti kirante pi atikkante pi na @nanti[) Zm they
accepte! a&ms($oo! &ookig here a! there, they !i! ot ko2 2he it scattere! o%er (the bo2&) a! $&o2e!
o%er (the bo2&)[W Ni #N 790+
C$+ C% N### A,2eNi ## 27G) Z6a !a *hikkhdyikya mukhaA u%%oketa**aA[) Z(2hi&e a&ms is gi%e) oe shou&! ot
&ook up at the $ace o$ the $ema&e !oor o$ a&msD
<his ru&e ite!s to pre%et the bhikkhu 2ho recei%es a&ms $rom &osig his sese(restrait a! &ookig up to
the $ace o$ the ($ema&e) !oor, possib&y creatig the impressio that he might be itereste! i her, or $rom
&ookig e&se2here, possib&y creatig the impressio that he is ot itereste! i the act o$ gi%ig or ot is ot
p&ease! 2ith the $oo!+
>&ekh CB3 &amas."aka"aQi!!ahaEasikkh"ada?@
&amas."aka? "iEca"ta? "aQi!!ahessm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on a%%e"tin! %urry in the "ro"er "ro"ortion@
T/ shall a%%e"t alms1food 8hi%h has %urry in the "ro"er "ro"ortion(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
samas."aka?) 2hich has curry i proportio, m) 2ith sauces i proportio, H) 2ith e,ua& curryW a!E+ Bb
cp! ,ua&i$yig pi>WaptaA, or maybe a bb cp! use! a a!%erb o$ maerF X sama) e%e, &e%e&W a!E+ n s."aka)
ha%ig (bea() curry, soupW X s7pa) curry, sauce, soup+ n poss+ su$+ (ka+ "ccor!ig to the Nibh a! the 4p it is
curry ma!e o$ pu&ses such as &eti&s, i+e+, the #!ia dah%+ Ho2e%er, at 4 N 789 eight $&a%ours o$ s7pa are gi%e+
<he tras&atio o$ 6(a gi%e at 4ekh @G metios %arious types o$ s7pa 2hich ic&u!e $ish( a! meat(s7pa, so
it seems that s7pa is ot co$ie! to bea(curry+
"ccor!ig to the 4p 892 samas7pakaA meas oe part curry i proportio to $our parts rice (Samas7pako nma
yattha *hattassa !atuttha-*h'appam>o s7po hotiF)+ Horer, BL ## 72H + @, takes ZsmaA s7paA pi odanaA pi
3iKKpet3 *huK@anti+[ at Ni # 8A to re$er to this sekhiya ru&e, but smaA meas Z($or) oese&$[ a! there$ore it
rather re$ers to 4ekh @H+
"t C% N### 8+8YA Zsamas7pako Q samatittiko pi>Wapto paCi''aheta**oF[ samas7pako a! samatittiko are c&ear&y
a!Eecti%es ,ua&i$yig pi>WaptoF :ther cote5ts, ho2e%er, suggest that samas7pakaA a! samatittikaA cou&! be
a!%erbs o$ maerW i+e+, 6 ## H) ZahaA imin pattena samatittikaA pi *huK@mi[ a! L ## 779) Zpu>Warikni
samodakaA ChitniF[
/rog 2ay) Zpi>WaptaA paCi''a>hant s7paK-Ke3a *ahuA paCi''a>hanti[) Zacceptig a&ms($oo! they accepte! a
&ot o$ curry[W Ni #N 790+
2G0
>&ekh HD3 &amatitthikasikkh"ada?@
&amatitthika?
SR1
"iEca"ta? "aQi!!ahessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
Ghambha!atavaggo
1-7
tati'o+
1-8
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (alms1food) le#el 8ith the rim@
T/ shall a%%e"t alms1food 8hi%h is le#el 8ith the rim(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on ma!ing into a prop is third+
samatitthika?) 2hich is &e%e& 2ith the rim, m) i proportio to (ot o%er$&o2ig $rom) the capacity (o$ the
bo2&), <ha) &e%e& 2ith the e!ge, H) at a e%e &e%e&, brim$u&W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig pi>WaptaAF Bb cp!F X sama)
e%e, &e%e& n titthika) brimW X titthi) e!ge, rim c a!Eecti%a& su$$i5 (ka+
For the meaig see B6C 89G $+ a! BL 728 + @+
/rog 2ay) Zth7p$kataA pi>WaptaA paCi''a>hanti[) Zthey accepte! a&ms ma!e ito a heap+[W Ni #N 790+
N+&+ (titthi( T (tittiF C$+ i 'e L # 288) Znad$ udakassa samatittik,[ 'e Ni # 2@0) Znad$ p7r hoti samatitthika,[ Be
St+ # @99) ZsamatittikaA ana3asesakaA te%apattaA parihareyya,P (c$+ 4 N 7H0), 6 ## H) ZahaA imin pattena
samatittikaA pi *huK@mi[ 4ee 0'L @02) tittika a! titthika+ 6?) samat$rthikaAW 0r6o6? p+A0W Z6a samatittikaA
Q ZW KC 72+ C40 79G (X 4a 2ah3yutpatti)) Z6a samat$rthikaA Q [ <here is o 6(K %ersio+
BH4RL ## AG7 takes the rea!ig (tittika, 2hich e5ists both i 0;i a! 4askrit, to be a corruptio a! suggests
that the 4askrit t$rtha, X 0;i tittha, is a e5tesio $rom the ear&ier usage o$ [bathig(ghat[ to the &ater usage
o$ Ze!ge o$ a ri%er+[
4p 892) Th7p$kataA pi>WaptaA paCi''a>hti, patti dukkaCass ti ettha th7p$kato nma pattassa
antomukha3aCCi%ekhaA atikkamit3 kato: patte pakkhitto ra!ito p7rito ti atthoF &3aA kataA a'ahet3 antomukha-3aCCi-
%ekh-samappam>o 'aheta**oF[) ZHe accepts a&ms ma!e ito a heap, a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig $or him) here
]ma!e ito a heapD is ma!e ha%ig goe beyo! the mark i the ier(mouth rim+ ]0ut ito, arrage!, $i&&e!
ito the bo2&D is the meaig+ Cot ha%ig take (2hat is) ma!e thus, it is to be accepte! i accor!ace 2ith
the sta!ar! &e%e& o$ the mark i the ier(mouth(rim (o$ the bo2&)+[
Kkh 2G0) ZSamatittikaA) samapu>>aA sama*haritaA adhiCChnupa'apattassa antomukha-3aCCi%ekhaA anatikkamit3
ra!itaA+[) Z'%e&y $i&&e!, e%e&y &a!e, arrage! (i a 2ay) ot ha%ig goe beyo! the ier(mouth(rim(
mark o$ the !etermie! bo2&+[
"ccor!ig to Ne+ <hissaro, this re$ers to the 7 cm 2i!e o%er&appig rim o the isi!e o$ (<hai) iro bo2&s+
Ho2e%er, c&aybo2&s, a! iro bo2&s i 4ri Kaka a! &a,uere! bo2&s i Burma, !o ot ha%e such a rim a!
there$ore it might rather re$er to the ier e!ge+
khambhakata#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o makig ito a prop, makig(a(prop(sectioW om+
sg+ m+ X khambhakata) makig a propW see 4ekh 27 n #a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+ tatiyo) thir!W or!ia&+
>&aka%%a#a!!o
SRR
@
>&ekh H13 &akka%%abhuN9anasikkh"ada?@
&akka%%a? "iEca"ta? bhuN9issm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on eatin! in a res"e%tful manner@
T/ shall eat alms1food a""re%iati#ely(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
641
Nibh 'e) (titthi( (c$ %+&+&+ at Ni #N @G8)+ Lm, -0, 6i T 6m 4e, Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, -m, N, /, Nibh Ce, 0g, .a) (titti(+
642
R, N) nakham*haka3a''oF+
643
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /) Tatiyo 3a''oF Cothig i 6m 4e+
644
:&y i 6i 4e+
2G7
4ee 4ekh 2H+
<he 2rog 2ay o$ 4ekh @7 is Zm asakka!!aA pi>WaptaA *huK@anti a*huK@itukm 3iya Q [) Zuappreciatig&y
they ate a&ms($oo!, as i$ ot 2ishig to eat m[
bhuN9issm4 ti) # sha&& eatW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ *huK@atiW see 0c 29+
>&ekh HC3 PattasaNN4bhuN9anasikkh"ada?@
PattasaNN4
SRK
"iEca"ta? bhuN9issm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on "ayin! attention (8hile) eatin!@
T/ shall eat alms1food "ayin! attention to the bo8l(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
4ee 4ekh 28+
>&ekh HH3 &a"adnasikkh"ada?@
&a"adna?
SRS
"iEca"ta? bhuN9issm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (eatin!) systemati%ally@
T/ shall eat alms1food systemati%ally(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
sa"adna?) systematica&&y, <ha) metho!ica&&y, m) 2ithout makig e5ceptios, H) o cotiuous a&ms(
tour, Vinaya Texts) beggig straight $rom house to house, uiterrupte!, 2ithout stoppigW a!%erb ,ua&i$yig
*huK@issmi+ "bbayJbh%a cp!W see 4yta5 j A2c+
4p 89@) ZSapadnan-ti tattha tattha odhiA akat3 anupaCipCiyF[) ZSapadnaA) ot ha%ig ma!e a e5ceptio 2ith
respect to this a! that, successi%e&yei or!er (anupaCiy X a!%+)+[
/rog 2ay) tahaA tahaA omaddit3 MBeI omasit3_ pi>WaptaA *huK@antiW Ni #N 797+
(# the C% para&&e& the rea!ig Zsapadno pi>Wapto *huK@ita**o[ i 'e C% N### 8,A is a corruptio+ Be a! Ce
correct&y rea! sapadnaA+)
0robab&y it meas that oe shou&! eat 2ithout choosig $oo! $rom here a! there i the bo2&+
Dsapadna!ra]) Zcotious goig ($or a&ms($oo!)[ is the ot skippig o$ ay house 2hi&e beggig $or $oo!, i+e+,
the bhikkhu shou&! sta! sti&& i $rot o$ e%ery house that is o his route+ #t is oe o$ the dhuta='as, 2hich are
ot ob&igatory practicesW see 6 ## H $+ (sapadna!rin) a! Ni ### 7A (sapadna!riko)+ HorerDs tras&atio is
icorrectW see 0'L GH9+
>&ekh HR3 &amas."akasikkh"ada?@
&amas."aka? "iEca"ta? bhuN9issm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the "ro"er "ro"ortion@
T/ shall eat alms1food 8hi%h has %urry in the "ro"er "ro"ortion(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
4ee 4ekh 29+
>&ekh HK3 5a1th."akatasikkh"ada?@
5a th."akato
SR7
omaddit# "iEca"ta? bhuN9issm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
645
N) -saKKiF Cot so i 4ekh+ 28+
646
N) samadnaAF
647
6m 4e,

Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, .a, Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e, 6i 4e %+&+, 4aw) th7pato+ Lm, -0, 6i 4e (a! the para&&e& ru&e at 'e
Ni ## 278) rea! th7pakato (a&though i the uddna (Ni ## 2@2) Be a&so rea!s th7patoF) R, N) th7pikato+ Nibh 'e Burmese ms+
2G2
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (alms1food) not made into a hea"@
T/ shall not eat alms1food( ha#in! "ressed >it@ do8n into a shall hea"(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
na) otW eg+ partic&e+
<here are t2o rea!igs)
th."akato) ito a sma&& heapW ab&+ sg+ m+ Bb+ cp!+ X th."aka) sma&& heap, mou! (X th7pa) heap n !imiuti%e
su$$i5 (ka) c$+ origi(story to 4ekh @0) Zth7pikataA,[ Ni #N 790W (Nibh 'e Burmese ms+ %+&+&+) dh7pikataA,
thupitaA: Be) th7p$kataA,)+ n to) ito+ " ab&ati%e o$ si!e a! %ie2poit is emp&oye! here (see 4yta5 j 7@7),
2hich, as i this case, ca ha%e sese para&&e& to the &ocati%e, i+e+, Zo,[ Zi,[ or Zat+ [ (#t isDt th7pa n kata)
ma!eW p+p+ o$ karotiF)
" e5ceptio to the ru&e, gi%e i the Nibh anpatti(sectio, is) Zparittake sese ekato saAkaWWhit3 omaddit3
*huK@ati[) Zha%ig presse! together a! presse! !o2 a sma&& remai!er o oe si!e he eats+[ <his supports
the th7pakato rea!ig+
th."ato) m, H, Corma, a! Vinaya Texts) $rom the top, <ha) $rom a heapW ab&+ sg+ m+ o$ th7pa) a heap+
6eaig ot c&earW see B6C 898+
<he 4askrit Bu!!hist %ersio (6? G8, 6(K 2G, Lhg @7, 6(K AA, a! 6pt), has ot bee gi%e as a para&&e&
o$ the 0;i i the cocor!aces at B6L p+78G, a! C40 appe!i5 #N 79+
6(K) X6a st7pakrakaA pi>WaptaA pari*huK@issm$ ti Q[W BN 298, 0r6o6(K p+@2+
6?) X6a st7pakVtima3a'Vhya pi>WaptaA Q+[W 0r6o6? p+A7+
4a Yik+a C @) Z6a st7pkraA pi>WaptaA pari*hok+ymaQ[W 0r6o4a p+28H
4a Yik+a C G) Z6a st7pya3a'u>Ch$kVtaA pi>WaptaA pari*hok+ymaQ[W 0r6o4a p+28H
<he 2ah3yutpatti %ersio (gi%e i C40 A8 a! B6L p+78G) is) Z6a st7pkVtim-a3amVWyag pi>WaptaA
pari*hok+ymaO+[ (qB6L rea!s -a3amVdya)W tras&ate! by B6L p+70@ as) Z/e 2i&& ot eat a&ms $oo! seperatig
the u$orme! $oo! ito a st?pa m ,[ a! at C40 79H as) Z<o eat 2ithout scoopig a particu&ar portio+[
/rog 2ay) Zmth7pakato omaddit3 pi>WaptaA *huK@antiQ[) Zthey eat ha%ig presse! !o2 ito a heap[W Ni
#N 797+
For the commetary to) Zth7p$kataA pi>WaptaA paCi''a>hti[ (Ni #N 797) see 4ekh @0+
4p 89@ (Be)) Zth7pakato ti matthakato: 3ema@@hato ti atthoF[) Zth7pakato) $rom the top, $rom the cetre is the
meaig+[
omaddit#) m) 2orkig !o2, Vinaya Texts) ha%ig presse! !o2, H) ha%ig chose (see BL ### 729 + 2),
Corma) Zha%ig presse! it !o2 m[W abs+ o$ omaddati (oLa3a c nmad c a)) crushes, rubs !o2 ito, presses
!o2+ 4ee origi( story to 4ekh @@) ZtahaA tahaA omaddit3[ (Be) omasit3)) Zpresse! !o2 i this a! that
p&ace+[ 6aybe it has the sese o$ Zpickig+[
>&ekh HS3 Odana""aQi%%hdanasikkh"ada?@
5a s."a? # byaN9ana?
SRP
# odanena "aQi%%hdessmi
SRB
bhiyyokamyata?
SKD
u"dy ti(
SK1
sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on %o#erin! 8ith ri%e@
T/ shall not %o#er %urry or %ondiment 8ith ri%e out of likin! for more(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
s."a?) curryW acc+ sg+ m+ 4ee 4ekh 29+ #) orW !isE+ partic&e+
byaN9ana?) co!imet or curry, m) curryW acc+ sg+ t+ ByaK@ana here has ot its usua& sese o$ Zattribute[ or
%+&+&+ at Ni #N @G8) dh7pakato, thupato, dh7pato+
648
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, -m) 3yaK@anaA+
649
L, /, .a, /ae -!a0m) paCi!!hdessm$ ti+
650
Bh 0m 7 T 2) *h$yyo(+ .a) *h$yo(+
651
L) ++++ updya, sikkh ++++
2G@
Z!etai&,[ but the sese o$ Zco!imet[ or Zspice+[ 6/ 7029) 3yaK@ana) m seasoig, sauce, co!imet+ C$+ 6(
a 7A0) ZAnekas7paA aneka*yaK@anaA ti ettha s7po nma hatthahriyo 3u!!atiF ByaK@anan ti uttari-*ha='aAF Tena
ma!!ha-maAsa-mu''a-s7pd$hi anekas7paA, nnappakraka-maAsdi*yaK@anan ti 3uttaA hotiF[) ZNarious s7pa,
%arious *yaK@ana) here s7pa is 2hat ca be take by the ha! is sai!+ ByaK@ana is co!imet+ <here$ore ]$ish(,
meat(, mug(bea(s7pa, etc+, are %arious s7paF <he %arious meats, etc+, are *yaK@ana+D is sai!+[
odanena) 2ith riceW is+ sg+ m+ #s+ o$ measW 4yta5 j GG+
"aQi%%hdessmi) # sha&& co%er, hi!eW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ paCi!!hdetiW see 0c G8+
bhiyyokamyata? u"dy ti3 out o$ &ikig $or moreW X bhiyyokamyata?) &ikig $or moreW acc+ sg+ $+ Lati%e
tappurisa cp!+ X bhiyyo) moreW see 0c H@W i!ec&+ comparati%e $orm o$ c*h7) is+ n (kamyata? u"dya) out o$
&ikigW see abo%e C0 8 n iti) thusW !eictic partic&e or ti) ,uotatio mark+
>&ekh H73 &."odana#iNNattisikkh"ada?@
5a s."a? #
SKC
odana? # a!ilno
SKH
attano atthya #iNN"et# bhuN9issm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on su!!estin! ri%e or %urry@
T/ shall not eat %urry or ri%e( >8hen@ not ill ( ha#in! re7uested >it@ for his o8n benefit( thus the trainin! is
to be done.
odana?) riceW acc+ sg+ m+
a!ilno attano atthya #iNN"et#) ot sick, ha%ig re,ueste! $or his o2 bee$itW see 0c @9+
>&ekh HP3 699hnasaNN4sikkh"ada?@
5a u99hnasaNN4 "aresa? "atta? olokessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on findin! fault@
T/ shall not look at anotherAs bo8l findin! fault(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
u99hnasaNN4) percei%ig $au&t, m) &ook e%ious&y, H) captious(mi!e!&yW Bb+ cp!+ X u99hna) $i!ig $au&tW
actio(ou $r+ u@@hyati) $i!s $au&tW see 0c 7@ n saNN4) $i!ig, percei%igW poss+ a!E+W see 4ekh 28+
"aresa?) o$ othersW ge+ p&+ o$ the proomia& a!Eecti%e paraW see 0R j 77@,H+
"atta?) the bo2&W acc+ sg+ m+
"aresa? "atta?) H) otherDs bo2&s, m) aotherDs bo2&, &it+) the bo2& o$ others+
olokessm4 ti) # sha&& &ook, &ook !o2W 7 sg+ pres+ i!+ o$ o%oketiLa3a%oketi (oLa3a c n%ok c e) n ti) e! ,uoteW see
abo%e Ci!+
>&ekh HB3 Iaba*asikkh"ada?@
5timahanta? kaba*a?
SKR
karissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on morsels@
T/ shall not make an o#er1lar!e morsel >of food@(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
ntimahanta?) ot o%er(&argeW X Euctio o$ na n atimahantaA through cotractio o$ the $ia& (a o$ na a! the
iitia& a( o$ ati(W see 0R j G9,7+ na) otW eg+ partic&e+ n atimahanta) o%er(&argeW a!E+ X pre$+ ati) o%er, too,
e5cessi%e n mahanta) &arge, greatW acc+ o$ mah+
652
R a! N a!!) *yaK@anaA 3+
653
N) a'$%no+
654
6i T 6m 4e, N) ka3aJaAF C, L, /) ka*a%aA+
2G8
kaba*a?) morse&, m T H) mouth$u&, Vinaya Texts) ba&&W acc+ sg+ m+ 0'L) mouth$u& o$ so&i! or &i,ui! $oo!+
6/ 2G8) ka3a%a) a mouth$u& as o$ 2ater, etc+, mouth2ash+
4ee BL ### 7@@ + 7+ N+&+) ka#a*a? X the 4kt $ormW see 0R j 8G,7+
karissm4 ti) # sha&& makeW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ karoti+
>&ekh RD3 ^lo"asikkh"ada?@
ParimaEcala? lo"a? karissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on "ie%es (of food)@
Sa!!accavaggo catuttho+
100
T/ shall eat a round "ie%e >of food@(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on respect.ul manner is .ourth+
"arimaEcala?) rou!W a!E+ see 4ekh 7+ C$+ the C% para&&e& at C% N### 8+A) Zparima>Wa%o %opo kta**o,P this
i!icates that parima>Wa%a is a a!Eecti%e+
lo"a?) H) piece (o$ $oo!), Vinaya Texts T m) mouth$u&W acc+ sg+ m+ $r+ %umpati ( c n%ump c a)) pu&&s out,
breaks o$$, separates+
/rog 2ay) Zd$'haA %opaA[) Za &og piece o$ $oo![W Ni #N 798+
<he !i$$erece bet2ee %opa a! ka*aJa seems to be that the $ormer is a piece o$ $oo! that is i the ha! a!
has bee pu&&e! out $rom the other $oo! (see <h 70AA), ot i the mouth, 2hi&e the &atter is a piece o$ $oo! i
the mouth, a Zmouth$u&[W see 4ekh 8@+ (Ho2e%er, i 6 ## 7@8 a! e&se2here %opa is c&ear&y a piece o$ $oo! i
the mouth+ "t #t 78 they occur e5t to each other a! seem to be syoyms+)
"arimaEcala? lo"a?) rou! piece (o$ $oo!), m) a rou! mouth$u&, H) pieces (o$ $oo!) ito a rou!
sakka%%a#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o respect$u& maer, the respect$u& maer sectioW om+
sg+ m+ X sakka%%a) care$u&&yW see 4ekh @7 n #a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+ %atuttho) $ourthW or!ia&+
>Anhata#a!!o
SKS
@
>&ekh R13 AnhaQasikkh"ada?@
5a anhaQe
SK7
kaba*e
SKP
mukhad#ra? #i#arissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on 8hat has not been brou!ht to (the mouth)@
T/ shall not o"en the mouth 8hen the morsel >of food@ has not been brou!ht to >it@(U thus the trainin! is to
be done.
anhaQe) ot take to (it), m) ot brought to, H) brought c&ose take to, Corma) brought to itW a!E+
BahubbJhi cp!+ X an() eg+ pre$+n haCa) p+p+ o$ harati ( c nhar c a)W see 0c 80+
<here is o commetary o this i the Nibh+ #t cou&! re$er to opeig the mouth 2e&& be$ore the morse& o$
$oo! is brought to it+ Ho2e%er the meaig Zot s2a&&o2e![ $or anhate 2ou&! a&so make sese sice a ka*aJa
is a Zmouth$u&[W i+e+, the mouth shou&! ot be opee! 2he there is $oo! i the mouth+ <his is a&so proper i
'uropea eti,uetteW see ote to hareyya at 0c 80+
655
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /) Catuttho 3a''o+ Cothig i 6m 4e+
656
:&y i 6i 4e+
657
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, .a) nnhaCe+ /) anhateF
658
6i T 6m 4e, N) ka3aJe+ C, L, /) ka*a%e+
2GA
4a) Znn'ate %ope Q[W 0r6o4a p+288+ 6? dittoW 0r6o6? p+@0+ 6(K) nn'ate ka3aWeW BN 298, 0r6o6(K p+@2+
kaba*e) ba&& (o$ $oo!)W &oc+ sg+ m+ X Koc+ abso&ute costructio+ 4ee 4ekh @9+
mukhad#ra?) mouthW acc+ sg+ m+W see 0c 80+
#i#arissm4 ti) # sha&& opeW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ 3i3arati (3i c n3ar c a)+ 4ee Ni ## 278+
>&ekh RC3 huN9amnasikkh"ada?@
5a bhuN9amno sabba? hattha? mukhe "akkhi"issm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on eatin!@
T/ shall not "ut the 8hole hand onto the mouth 8hile eatin! (U thus the trainin! is to be done.
bhuN9amno) eatigW pr+p+ o$ *huK@atiW see 0c 29+ 0ossib&y a omiati%e abso&uteW see 4yta5 j 2G+
sabba?) a&&W a!E+ hattha?) ha!W acc+ sg+ m+
mukhe) oto the mouth, ito the mouthW &oc+ sg+ t+ <he &ocati%e here !oes ot ecessari&y mea Zito[_it ca
a&so mea Zoto[]+ <his makes better sese sice it is ot possib&e to stick oeDs ha! ito oeDs mouth,
ho2e%er, oe ca put oeDs ha! ((pa&m) agaist oeDs mouth, $or e5amp&e, a &arge amout o$ rice is put o
the pa&m, the put oto the mouth, a! the the mouth takes it $rom there+ :&y the $igers shou&! reach the
mouth ot the pa&m+ #$ oe takes the iterpretatio Zito[ the it might re$er to ot stickig the $igers ito
the mouth 2he puttig a morse&$ o$ $oo!+
"akkhi"issm4 ti) put oto, thro2 otoW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ pakkhipati (pa c nMk_khip c a)+
>&ekh RH3 &akaba*asikkh"ada?@
5a sakaba*ena
SKB
mukhena byharissm4
SSD
ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on ha#in! a morsel (of food)@
T/ shall not s"eak 8ith a mouth 8hi%h has a morsel >of food in it@(U ( thus the trainin! is to be done.
sakaba*ena) 2hich has a ba&& (o$ $oo! i it), 2hich has a mouth$u&W a!E+ Bb+ cp!+ X sa) 2ithW pre$+ (X cp! $orm
o$ saA) n kaba*a+
mukhena) 2ith a mouthW is+ sg+ m+ #s+ o$ atte!at circumstacesW see 4yta5 j GA a! 4ekh 70+
byharissm4 ti) # sha&& speak, ta&kW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ *yharati (3i c c nhar c a)+ (C% N### 8,A has 3yharita**aAF_
6(K) Z6a saka3aWena mukhena 3!a-*h+i+ym$ ti Yik+ kara>$yF[W 0r6o6(K p+@2, BN 298+
>&ekh RR3 PiEcukkhe"akasikkh"ada?@
5a "iEcukkhe"aka? bhuN9issm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the tossin! u" of bits (of food)@
T/ shall not eat tossin! u" bits >of food@(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
"iEcukkhe"aka?) tossig up bits (o$ $oo!), m) repeate!&y &i$tig up the (same piece o$) $oo!, H) tossig up
ba&&s (o$ $oo!), <ha) eat $rom &i$te! ba&&s o$ $oo!W a!%+ o$ maer+ Kamma!hraya cp!+ use! as a a!%erb o$
maer+ X "iEca) bit o$ $oo!, a&msW see C0 2H n ukkhe"aka?) ho&!ig up, tossig upW amu& abso&uti%e i
(akaAW see sannidhikrakaA at C0 2@+ From ukkhipati (ud c nkhip c a)) raises, ho&!s up, thro2s up, suspe!s+
<he apatti(sectio i the NibhaFga, Ni #N 79A, makes e5ceptio $or har!eucooke! $oo!s (kha@@aka) a!
$ruits (pha%pha%a), so it might ot mea Ztossig up], but rather Zho&!ig up] as is e5p&aie! i B6C+
659
6i T 6m 4e, N) (ka3aJena+ C, L, /) (ka*a%ena+
660
R, 0) 3yharissm$+
2GG
Ho2e%er, i$ it meas Zho&!ig up[ the it is har! to !istiguish this ru&e $rom the e5t ru&e+ # #!ia,
especia&&y amog brahmis 2ho !o ot 2at the ha! or the e!ge o$ a cup to touch the mouth i or!er to
a%oi! impurity, $oo! is sometimes ma!e ito a ba&& a! thro2 ito the mouth a! this ru&e might re$er to
this+
4p 89@) ZPi>WaA ukkhipit3 ukkhipit3F[) Z.epeate!&y tossig up a bit+[
6(K) Z6a ka3aWotk+epakaA pi>WaptaA pari*huK@i+ym$ti Yik+ kara>$yF[W BN 298, 0r6o6(K p+@2+
>&ekh RK3 Iaba*#a%%hedakasikkh"ada?@
5a kaba*#a%%hedaka?
SS1
bhuN9issm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bitin! off a morsel@
T/ shall not eat bitin! off a morsel >of food@(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
kaba*#a%%hedaka?) bitig o$$ a mouth$u&, m T H) breakig up (ito bits, m), <ha) ibb&ig at mouth$u&s
o$ $oo!W kamma!hraya cp!+ use! as a!%erb o$ maer+ X kaba*a n a#a%%hedaka) cuttig o$$ (2ith the teeth),
bite o$$W amu& abso&uti%e i (akaA $rom a3a!!hindati (a3a c nM!_!hid c >a)+ Horer i BL 7@A + 8 takes it to
mea Zbreakig up mouth$u&s[ 2ith the $igers, ot as Zibb&ig at+[ "s a ka*aJa is a mouth$u&, i+e+, $oo! i
the mouth, it must mea that oe part o$ the $oo! is i the mouth a! bitte o$$ $rom the rest that is outsi!e
the mouth+
4p 89@) Zka3a%aA a3a!!hindit3 a3a!!hindit3+[
>&ekh RS3 A#a!aEcakrakasikkh"ada?@
5a a#a!aEcakraka? bhuN9issm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on "uffin! u" the %heeks@
T/ shall not eat "uffin! u" >the %heeks@(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
a#a!aEcakraka?) stu$$ig out (the cheeks)W kamma!hraya cp!+ use! as a!%erb o$ maer+ X a#a!aEca)
makig a s2e&&ig, i+e+, pu$$ig out (the cheeks)W X pre$+ a3a-) out c 'a>Wa) a s2e&&ig n kraka) !oigW amu&
abso&uti%e i (akaA $r+ karotiF
4p 89@) ZA3a'a>Wakrakan-ti makkaCo 3iya 'a>We kat3 kat3F[) Zm) repeate!&y makig a pu$$e! up cheek &ike a
mokey (2hich stu$$s its $oo! ito it)+[
/rog 2ay) ZGo andariyaA paCi!!a ekato 3 u*hato 3 'a>WaA kat3 *huK@ati, patti dukkaCassa+[) Z/ho out o$
!isrespect, ha%ig ma!e a pu$$ig up o oe si!e or both si!es, there is a o$$ece o$ 2rog!oig $or him,[
Ni #N 79G+
>&ekh R73 =atthaniddhunakasikkh"ada?@
5a hatthaniddhunaka?
SSC
bhuN9issm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on shakin! off the hand@
T/ shall not eat shakin! >food@ off the hand(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
hatthaniddhunaka?) shakig ($oo!) o$$ the ha!W kamma!hraya cp!+ use! as a!%+ o$ maer+ X hattha)
ha! n niddhunaka?) shakig o$$W amu& abs i (akaA $rom niddhunti (niMr_ c ndhu c n)) shakes o$$+
6(K) Z6a hastanirdh7takaA m[W 0r6o6(K p+@2, BN 298+ 6?) Z6a hastasaAdh7nakaA m[W 0r6o6? p+@7+
661
6i T 6m 4e, N) ka3aJ(+ C, L) ka*a%-F
662
6i T 6m 4e, Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, N, /, 0g) (niddh7nakaA+
2GH
>&ekh RP3 &itth#akrakasikkh"ada?@
5a sitth#akraka?
SSH
bhuN9issm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on s%atterin! ri%e !rains@
T/ shall not eat s%atterin! ri%e1!rains(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
sitth#akraka?) scatterig rice(graisW kamma!hraya cp!+ use! as a!%erb o$ maer+ X sittha) C0'L) rice(
graiW 0'L T m) &ump o$ boi&e! riceW c$+ 4ekh AG n a#akraka?) !oig a2ay, scatterig, stre2igW amu&
abso&uti%e i (akaA+ X pre$+ a#a13 o$$, a2ay n kraka?) see 4ekh 8G+
6(K) sitthpakrakaAW 0r6o6(K p+@2+ 4a) fista3ikiraA: 0r6o4a p+289, BH4RL, 2ah3yutpatti)
sikthapVthakkrakaA B6L p+78G+
0erhaps a3akrakaA is a corruptio o$ a3akirakaA, $rom a3akirati (a3aLo c nkir c a)) reEects, thro2s out, stre2s+ #t
cou&! a&so be $rom a3akkra) thro2ig a2ay, re$useW $rom a3aA n karoti+
>&ekh RB3 \i#hni%%hrakasikkh"ada?@
5a 9i#hni%%hraka? bhuN9issm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on sti%kin! out the ton!ue@
T/ shall not eat sti%kin! out the ton!ue(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
9i#hni%%hraka?) stickig out the togueW kamma!hraya cp!+ use! as a!%erb o$ maer+ X 9i#h) togue n
ni%%hraka?) stickig outW amu& abs+ $rom ni!!harati (niMr_ c n!ar c a)) emits, goes out+
>&ekh KD3 Ca"u%a"ukrakasikkh"ada?@
5a %a"u%a"ukraka? bhuN9issm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
Gaba;avaggo
11-
paCcamo+
110
>The trainin! "re%e"t on makin! %hom"in! (sounds)@
T/ shall not eat makin! %hom"in! >sounds@(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on morsels o. .ood is .i.th+
%a"u%a"ukraka?) makig chompig sou!s, H) smackig the &ips, m) makig a Zcapucapu[ sou!W
kamma!hraya cp!+ use! as a!%erb o$ maer+ X %a"u%a"u) chompig, smackig sou!W a oomatopoeic
666
costructio+ n kraka?) makigW amu& abs+W see 4ekh 8G+
4p 89@) Z!apu!ap7 ti e3aA saddaA kat3[
kaba*a#a!!a) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o morse&s o$ $oo!, $oo!(ba&&(sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X kaba*a3
ba&& o$ $oo!W see 4ekh 87 n #a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+ "aN%amo) $i$thW or!ia&+
663
N) siCCh-+
664
6i 4e) anhaCa3a''o+ R) na anhaCa3a''o+ N) na anhata3a''oF
665
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /) PaK!amo 3a''oF Cothig i 6m 4e+
666
(:omatopoeic meas a 2or! that imitates the sou! o$ the actio it re$ers to, see 0R j 78G+8+)
2G8
>&urusuru#a!!o
SS7
@
>&ekh K13 &urusurukrakasikkh"ada?@
5a surusurukraka? bhuN9issm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on makin! slur"in! (sounds)@
T/ shall not eat makin! slur"in! >sounds@(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
surusurukraka?) makig s&urpig sou!s, H) makig a hissig sou!, m) makig a Zsurusuru[ sou!W
kamma!hraya cp!+ use! as a!%erb o$ maer+ X surusuru) s&urpigW a oomatopoeic 2or! n kraka)
makigW amu& abso&uti%e, see abo%e 4ekh 8G+
>&ekh KC3 =atthanillehakasikkh"ada?@
5a hatthanillehaka? bhuN9issm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on li%kin! the hand@
T/ shall not eat li%kin! the hand(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
hatthanillehaka?) &ickig the ha!W kamma!hraya cp!+ use! as a!%erb o$ maer+ X hattha) ha! n
nillehaka?) &ickigW amu& abso&uti%e i (akaA $rom ni%%ehati, the causati%e o$ ni%%ihati (niMr_ c n%ih c a)+
(0a!abhEaa o 4ekh A@) ni%%ehit3)+
>&ekh KH3 Pattanillehakasikkh"ada?@
5a "attanillehaka? bhuN9issm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on li%kin! the bo8l@
T/ shall not eat li%kin! the bo8l(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
"attanillehaka?) &ickig the bo2&W a!%+ X "atta) bo2& n nillehaka?+
>&ekh KR3 OQQhanillehakasikkh"ada?@
5a oQQhanillehaka?
SSP
bhuN9issm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on li%kin! the li"s@
T/ shall not eat li%kin! the li">s@(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
oQQhanillehaka?) &ickig the &ipsW a!%+ X oQQha) &ip(s) n nillehaka?+
>&ekh KK3 &misasikkh"ada?@
5a smisena hatthena "n4yathlaka?
SSB
"aQi!!ahessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (a hand soiled) 8ith food@
T/ shall not a%%e"t a drinkin!18ater %u" 8ith a hand 8hi%h is >soiled@ 8ith food(U thus the trainin! is to be
done.
667
:&y i 6i 4e+
668
/) uCCha( (0robab&y base! o a corruptio base! o the Khom script as the 4iha&a characters o a! u caDt be co$use!
easi&yW see ote o 7na at 4! coc&usio+)
669
N) p>iya-F
2G9
smisena) 2hich is (soi&e! 2ith) $oo!, 2hich is $oo! ((soi&e!), m) 2ith a ha! soi&e! 2ith $oo!W a!E+
,ua&i$yig hatthenaF X pre$+) sa1 (cotracte! pre$+ saha)) 2ith n misa) $oo!+
hatthena) 2ith a ha!W is+ sg+ m+ #s+ o$ atte!at circumstacesW c$+ 4ekh 8@+
"n4yathlaka?) !rikig(2ater cupW acc+ sg+ t+ Lat+ tapp+ cp!+ X "n4ya) !rikig 2ater, !rik n thlaka)
cup, beaker, pot, %esse&+
"aQi!!ahessm4 ti) # sha&& acceptW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ paCi''ahetiW see C0 @+
>&ekh KS3 &asitthakasikkh"ada?@
5a sasitthaka?
S7D
"attadho#ana? antara!hare %haccessm4
S71
ti( sikkh karaE4y.
S7C
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (bo8l18ashin! 8ater) 8ith ri%e !rains@
T/ shall not thro8 a8ay bo8l18ashin! 8ater 8hi%h has ri%e1!rains >in it@ in an inhabited area(U thus the
trainin! is to be done.
sasitthaka?) 2hich has rice(grais (i it)W a!E+ Bb cp!+ X sa() ha%ig, 2ithW pre$+ Cp! $orm o$ saAF n sitthaka)
ha%ig rice(graisW X sittha) rice(graiW see 4ekh 88 n a!Eecti%a& su$+ (ka+
"attadho#ana?) bo2&(2ashig(2ater, H) risigs o$ the bo2&W acc+ sg+ t+ Re+ tapp+ cp!+ X "atta) bo2& n
dho#ana) 2ashig ((2ater)W actio(ou $rom dho3atiW see C0 8+
antara!hare) i a ihabite! areaW &oc+ sg+ t+W see 4ekh @+
%haccessm4 ti) # sha&& thro2 a2ayW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ !haWWati (c!haWW c e)+
(samati?sa bho9ana"aQisa?yutt niQQhit) Z<he e5act&y thirty coecte! 2ith $oo! ha%e bee $iishe!+[ k
samatiAsaI e5act&y thirtyW a!E+ X sama) e%e, rightW a!E+ n tiAsa) thirtyW um+ *ho@anapaCisaAyutt) coecte! 2ith
$oo!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig ue5presse! sekhiyF X *ho@ana) $oo! n paCisaAyutta) coecte!W p+p+ o$ paCisaAyu@@ati+
niCChit) ha%e bee $iishe!W p+p+W see Ci! coc&+)
>&ekh K73 Chatta"Eisikkh"ada?@
5a %hatta"Eissa a!ilnassa
S7H
dhamma? desessm4 ti(
S7R
sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the sunshade in (his) hand@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma to one 8ho has a sunshade in >his@ hand( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the trainin!
is to be done.
%hatta"Eissa) to oe 2ho has a susha!e i (his) ha!W a!E+ ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! purisassa or the &ike+ X
%hattha) susha!e, umbre&&a n "Eissa) to oe 2ho is ha%ig i the ha!W !at+ sg+ m+ o$ poss+ a!E+ p>inW see #0
p+722+
a!ilnassa) 2ho is ot i&&W a!E+ o$ a'i%naW see 0c @9+
dhamma?) Lhamma, a teachigW acc+ sg+ m+ 4ee 0c H+
desessm4 ti) # sha&& teachW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ deseti (cdis c a)+ "esessati is the correct $uture tese $orm o$ this se%eth
coEugatio %erbW see #0 p+A8+
>&ekh KP3 DaEca"Eisikkh"ada?@
5a daEca"Eissa a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
670
N) sasiCChakaAF (C$ 4ekh 88+) R) na sitthakaA+
671
N) !haddessm$F
672
6m 4e) SamatiAsa *ho@anapaCisaAyutt+ 6i 4e) SamatiAsa *ho@anapaCisaAyutt niCChitF
673
N) a'$%nassaF
674
6m 4e,

Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, R, N, /, 6i 4e %+&+, .a) desissm$ ti throughout+ (0g) desessm$ ti+)
2H0
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the sti%k in (his) hand@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma to one 8ho has a sti%k in >his@ hand( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the trainin! is to
be done.
daEca"Eissa) to oe 2ho has a stick i (his) ha!W !at+ sg+ m+ X daEca) stick, sta$$, ro!+ <he sta$$ is a symbo&
o$ (roya&) po2er a! i the 0;i Cao it is o$te syoymous 2ith puishmet a! %io&ece+
>&ekh KB3 &attha"Eisikkh"ada?@
5a sattha"Eissa a!ilnassa
S7K
dhamma? desessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the knife in (his) hand@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma to one 8ho has a knife in >his@ hand >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the trainin! is to
be done.
sattha) ki$e, !aggerW t+
>&ekh SD3 ^#udha"Eisikkh"ada?@
5a #udha"Eissa
S7S
a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
Surusuruvaggo
1==
cha**ho+
1=<
>The trainin! "re%e"t on the 8ea"on in (his) hand@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma to one 8ho has a 8ea"on in >his@ hand( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the trainin!
is to be done.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on slurping is si6th+
#udha) 2eapo+ <he %+&+ yudha is the 4askrit $orm, as (y( i 0;i appears $or the ear&ier 4kt (3(, see 0R j
8G,7+ Corma states that this 3Ly a&teratio i 3udha is a easter $eature i his ote o Lhp 80 i Corma,
2000+ 6(K) Znyudhap>isya m ZW BN 299+
surusuru#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o s&urpig, s&urpig(sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X surusuru)
s&urpigW see 4ekh A7 n #a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+ %haQQho) si5thW or!ia&+
>Pduka#a!!o
679
@
>&ekh S13 Pdukasikkh"ada@
5a "dukr.*hassa
SPD
a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on shoes@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma to one 8ho is 8earin! shoes( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the trainin! is to be
done.
"dukr.*hassa) to oe 2ho is 2earig shoesW "!E+ !at+ sg+ m+ Bb+ cp!+ X "duka) shoeW $rom pda) $oot n
co+ su$+ (ka+ n r.*ha) p+p+ o$ ruhati ( c nruh c a)) mouts, 2ears+
675
N) a'$%nassaF
676
Bh 0m 7 T 2, -m, .a, 0g, Nibh Ce) yudhaF
677
R, N) nasurusuru3a''o+
678
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /) ChaCCho 3a''oF Cothig i 6m 4e+
679
:&y i 6i 4e+
680
Bh 0m 7 T 2, Lm, N) (ruJhassa+
2H7
>&ekh SC3 6"hanasikkh"ada?@
5a u"hanr.*hassa
SP1
a!ilnassa
SPC
dhamma? desessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on sandals@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma to one 8ho is 8earin! sandals( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the trainin! is to be
done.
u"hanr.*hassa) to (someoe) 2ho is 2earig sa!a&sW !at+ sg+ m+ X u"hana) sa!a&W t+
<he !i$$erece bet2ee pduka a! uphana is ot etire&y c&ear+ "ccor!ig to B6C ## ch @ pduka is $oot2ear
ma!e o$ o(&eather materia&s a! uphana is $oot2ear ma!e o$ &eather+ <his suggestio is base! o a
!e!uctio $rom the ru&es a! a&&o2aces regar!ig $oot2ear i the 6ah%agga, a! the 4p Commetary o
them, 2hich $orbi! pduka ma!e o$ &eather a! o&y a&&o2 pduka to be use! i toi&ets+ )phana seems to be
ay $oot2ear ma!e o$ &eather+
>&ekh SH3 Onasikkh"ada?@
5a yna!atassa a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on #ehi%les@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma to one 8ho is in a #ehi%le( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
yna!atassa) oe 2ho is i a %ehic&e, &it) to oe 2ho has goe i a %ehic&eW !at+ sg+ m+ X yna) %ehic&e n !ata)
beig i, goeW p+p+ o$ 'a!!hatiW here meaig Zgoe i a certai 2ay,[ i+e+, beig i+
>&ekh SR3 &ayanasikkh"ada?@
5a sayana!atassa a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on %ou%hes@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma to one 8ho is on a %ou%h( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
sayana!atassa) to oe 2ho is o a couch, m 2ho has goe o a couchW !at+ sg+ m+ X sayana) couch, be!W $rom
sayati (csi c a)) &ies !o2 n !ata+
>&ekh SK3 Pallatthikasikkh"ada?@
5a "allatthikya nisinnassa a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (knees bein!) %las"ed around@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma to one sittin! 8ith >the knees@ %las"ed1around( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the
trainin! is to be done.
"allatthikya) 2ith (kees) c&aspe!(arou!W a!%+ #s+ o$ pa%%athikaW see 4ekh 2G+
nisinnassa) to oe sittigW !at+ sg+ m+ o$ nisinna, the p+p+ o$ nisa@@atiW see 0c H@+
>&ekh SS3 VeQhitasikkh"ada?@
5a #eQhitas4sassa
SPH
a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
681
Bh 0m 7 T 2, Lm, N) (ruJhassa+
682
N) a'i%nassa throughout the sectio+
683
6i T 6m 4e, R, N) 3eCChita(+
2H2
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bein! 8ra""ed@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma to one 8hose head is 8ra""ed >8ith a turban@( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the
trainin! is to be done.
#eQhitas4sassa) to (someoe) 2hose hea! is 2rappe! (2ith a turba), H) to oe 2ith turba o his hea!, m)
to oe 2earig a hea!(2rappigW a!E+ i !at+ sg+ m+ Bb cp!+ X #eQhita) 2rappe!, e%e&ope!W p+p+ o$ 3eCheti
(c3eCh c e) n s4sa) hea!+
>&ekh S73 O!uEQhitasikkh"ada?@
5a o!uEQhitas4sassa a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on bein! %o#ered@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma to one 8hose head is %o#ered( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the trainin! is to be
done.
o!uEQhitas4sassa) to (someoe) 2hose hea! is co%ere!W a!E+ i !at+ sg+ m+ Bb cp!+ X o!uEQhita) co%ere!W see
4ekh 2@ n s4sa) hea!+ <he !i$$erece bet2ee this a! the prece!ig ru&e is that i the prece!ig ru&e the hea!
is 2rappe! i a strip o$ cotto, a turba, as me are 2earig i the "mara%ati stoe p&a,ues, 2hi&e here a
&arger &oose piece o$ c&oth is ite!e! such as the upper part o$ a saree, 2hich tra!itioa& #!ia 2ome
commo&y put o%er their hea!+ <his sekhiya, a! a $e2 others (4ekh G7 T G9) , are e5emp&i$ie! i the
Nerahacci 4utta (4 #N 7A2$) 2here a BrhmiJ o$ the Nerahacci c&a i%ites Ne+ -!yi $or a mea&+ /he
Ne+ -!yi has eate the BrhmiJ asks him i a $orce$u& 2ay to gi%e a Lhamma !iscourse, ho2e%er, because
she is sittig o a high seat, has co%ere! her hea!, a! is 2earig sa!a&s, he re$uses+ ()dyiA *hutt3iA
on$tapattap>iA pduk rohit3 u!!e sane nis$dit3 s$saA o'u>Chit3 yasmantaA udyiA etada3o!a<X*ha>a,
sama>a, dhammanPtiF )
>&ekh SP Chamsikkh"ada?@
5a %hamya?
SPR
nis4dit# sane nisinnassa a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on (sittin!) on the !round@
T=a#in! sat do8n on the !round( / shall not tea%h Dhamma( to one 8ho is sittin! on a seat( >and@ 8ho is
not ill(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
%hamya?) o the grou!W &oc+ sg+ $+ o$ !ham+ (N+&+ !hamyaW a&so a &oc+ sg+ $+)
nis4dit#) ha%ig sat !o2W abs+ o$ nis$datiW see "iy 7+
sane) o a seatW &oc+ sg+ t+
nisinnassa) to oe sittigW !at+ sg+ m+W see 4ekh GA+
>&ekh SB 54%sanasikkh"ada?@
5a n4%e
SPK
sane nis4dit# u%%e sane nisinnassa a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on a lo8 seat@
T=a#in! sat do8n on a lo8 seat( / shall not tea%h Dhamma to one 8ho is sittin! on a hi!h seat >and@ 8ho
is not ill(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
n4%e) &o2W a!E+
684
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, /, Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e) !hamya+
685
N) ni!eF
2H@
u%%e) highW a!E+
>&ekh 7D3 dhitasikkh"ada?@
5a Qhito nisinnassa a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
SPS
>The trainin! "re%e"t on standin!@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma >8hile@ standin!( to one 8ho is sittin!( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U thus the trainin! is
to be done.
Qhito) sta!igW p+p+ o$ tiCChati ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! ahaA, the subEect o$ dessessmi+ " pre!icati%e
omiati%eW see 4ekh @+
>&ekh 713 Pa%%hato!amanasikkh"ada?@
5a "a%%hato !a%%hanto "urato
SP7
!a%%hantassa a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on !oin! behind@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma >8hile@ 8alkin! behind( to one 8ho is !oin! in front( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U
thus the trainin! is to be done.
"a%%hato) behi!, a$terW a!%+ ab&ati%e si!e $orm o$ i!ec&+ pa!!h, see 0r coc&, 2ith ab&ati%a& su$$i5 (toW see
4yta5 7@7c+
!a%%hanto) 2a&kig, goigW pr+p+ o$ 'a!!hati, 2hich orma&&y meas Zgoes,[ but sometimes Z2a&ks[W see 0'L+
"urato) be$ore, i $rotW a!%+ ab&+ o$ i!ec&+ pura+
!a%%hantassa) to oe goigW a!E+ Lat+ sg+ m+ o$ the pr+p+ 'a!!hanto+
>&ekh 7C3 6""athena!amanasikkh"ada?@
5a u""athena
SPP
!a%%hanto "athena !a%%hantassa a!ilnassa dhamma? desessm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
SPB

>The trainin! "re%e"t on !oin! off the "ath@
T/ shall not tea%h Dhamma >8hile@ 8alkin! off the "ath to one 8alkin! on the "ath( >and@ 8ho is not ill(U
thus the trainin! is to be done.
u""athena) o$$ the path, (goig) o the o$$(pathW is+ sg+ m+ o$ uppathaF #s+ o$ measW see 4yta5 j GG,! T e+
)ppatha) si!e(path, o$$ the path, 2rog path+ X Euctio o$ pre$+ ud) out, a2ay n "atha) path+ 6(K) Zutpathena
'a!!hanto 'a!!hantasya a'i%nasya Q +[
"athena) o the path, by the pathW #s+ sg+ m+ #s+ o$ meas+
( 6i 4e) so*asa dhammadesan"aQisa?yutt niQQhit) Z<he si5tee coecte! 2ith the teachig o$ Lhamma
ha%e bee $iishe!+[ X soJasaI si5teeW um+ dhammadesanpaCisaAyutt) coecte! 2ith the teachig o$
LhammaW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig ue5presse! sekhiyF dhammadesan) the teachig o$ LhammaW ge+ tapp+ cp!+ X
dhamma n desana) e5positio, teachig n paCisaAyutta) coecte!W p+p+ o$ paCisaAyu@@ati+ niCChit) ha%e bee
$iishe!W p+p+, see Ci! coc&+)
686
C, L, /) Sattamo 3a''oF R, N) 6apduka3a''o sattamoF
687
N) p7ratoF
688
N) upathenaF
689
6m 4e) SoJasa dhammadesan-paCisaAyutt+ 6i 4e) SoJasa dhammadesanpaCisaAyutt niCChitF
2H8
>&ekh 7H3 dhito1u%%rasikkh"ada?@
5a Qhito a!ilno
SBD
u%%ra? # "ass#a? # karissm4 ti( sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on e+%retin! 8hile standin!@
T/ shall not e+%rete or urinate >8hile@ standin! >and 8hile@ not ill(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
Qhito) sta!igW p+p+ o$ tiCChatiW c$+ 0! 2+ zhito has a sese that approaches a preset particip&e+ Here it seems to
be use! as a omiati%e abso&uteW see 4yta5 j 2G+
u%%ra?) e5cremet, $aecesW acc+ sg+ m+ #) orW !isE+ partic&e+
"ass#a?) urieW acc+ sg+ m+
karissm4 ti) # sha&& pro!uce, make, !oW 7 sg+ $ut+ o$ karotiF <he 0;i has a periphrastic 2ay o$ e5pressig these
ca&&s o$ ature i 2hich karoti acti%ates the ou, Zmake e5cremet m urie+[ <his ca ot be re!ere!
&itera&&y ito 'g&ish, a&though amo&iDs Zmake 2ater[ comes c&ose to it+
>&ekh 7R3 =arite1u%%rasikkh"ada?@
5a harite a!ilno u%%ra? # "ass#a? # khe*a? # karissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
>The trainin! "re%e"t on e+%retin! on %ro"s@
T/ shall not e+%rete or urinate or s"it on %ro"s( >8hile@ not ill(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
harite) o crops, o greeeryW &oc+ sg+ t+ 4ee 0c 79) appahariteF
C$+ BhikkhuJ(0c 9, Ni #N 2GH) 0a!abhEaa) ZHaritaA nma pu**a>>aA apara>>aA yaA manussnaA
upa*ho'apari*ho'aA ropimaAF[) Z4o ca&&e! harita is cerea&s a! pu&sesebeas gro2 $or the eEoymet a!
usee$oo! o$ huma beigs+[
From the origi(story to this bhikkhuJ ru&e (a! the oe to Bhikkhu(pcittiya 79) it is c&ear that crops are
meat) ZBhikkhuniyo u!!ram-pi pass3am-pi sa=kram-pi 3i'hsam-pi khette !haWWentiF Atha kho so *rhma>o
u@@hyati khiyyati 3ip!etiI `/athaK-hi nma *hikkhuniyo amhkaA ya3akhettaA d7sessant$8 tis[) ZBhikkhuJs
!ispose! o$ e5cremet a! urie a! re$use a! scraps i a $ie&!+ <he the Brahmi &ooke! !o2 upo it,
comp&aie!, got irritate!) ZBut ho2 ca the bhikkhuJs spoi& our bar&ey($ie&!pg[
khe*a?) spitt&e, sa&i%aW acc+ sg+ t+
>&ekh 7K3 6dake1u%%rasikkh"ada?@
5a udake a!ilno u%%ra? # "ass#a? # khe*a? # karissm4ti sikkh karaE4y.
Pdu!avaggo sattamo+
1?,
>The trainin! "re%e"t on e+%retin! in 8ater@
T/ shall not e+%rete or urinate or s"it in 8ater( >8hile@ not ill(U thus the trainin! is to be done.
The section 2starting with the rule3 on shoes is seventh+
udake) i the 2ater, itoW &oc+ sg+ t+ see 0c A@+
"duka#a!!o) the sectio (startig 2ith the ru&e) o shoes, shoe(sectioW om+ sg+ m+ X "duka) shoeW see
4ekh G7 n #a!!a) sectioW see C0 70+ sattamo) se%ethW or!ia&+
(6m T 6m 4e) tayo "akiEEak) Z<he three misce&&aeous 1cases3 ha%e bee $iishe!+[ X tayoI threeW um+
690
N) a'$%no throughout the sectio+
691
Bh 0m 7 T 2) Sattamo 3a''oF R, N) 6apa!!hato3a''o aCChamoF 6m 4e) Tayo paki>>akF 6i 4e) Tayo paki>>ak niCChit+
2HA
paki>>akI misce&&aeousW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig ue5presse! dhamm) cases+)
>&ekhiya %on%lusion@
6ddiQQh kho yasmanto sekhiy
SBC
dhamm.
Tatthyasmante "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Dutiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Tatiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
ParisuddhAetthyasmanto( tasm tuEh4( e#am1eta? dhraymi.
SBH
Se!hi' ni**hit+
1?-
Venerables( ( the %ases related to the trainin! ha#e been re%ited.
Con%ernin! that / ask the Venerables3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A se%ond time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A third time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
The Venerables are "ure in this( therefore there is silen%e( thus / kee" this >in mind@.
The cases related to the training have .inished+
uddiQQh : niQQhit) see 4ekh itro+ a! Ci!+ coc&+
>AdhikaraEasamath
SBK
@
/me kho "anyasmanto satta adhikaraEasamath
SBS
dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti.
>The settlements of le!al issues@
Venerables( these se#en %ases that are settlements of le!al issues %ome u" for re%itation.
ime kho "anyasmanto : dhamm uddesa? !a%%hanti) see 4! itro+
sattdhikaraEasamath) se%e sett&emets o$ &ega& issuesW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig dhammF X Re+ tapp+ cp! use!
as Bb+ cp!+ X satta) se%eW um+ n adhikaraEa) &ega& issue, m) &itigatio, H) &ega& ,uestio, Corma) &ega&
process, <ha) issue, $orma& !isputeW a!Eecti%e ,ua&i$yig dhamm+ X !irectioa& pre$+ adhi( n kara>a) !oig,
makigW ckar n actio(ou su$$i5 (a>a+ see 4! 8+, 0c G@+ n samatha) m) sett&emet, ca&mig, H) !eci!ig,
<ha) reso&utioW a!Eecti%e $rom sammati (csam c a)) is appease!, ca&me!+
4ee BL ### 7A@ $+, a! 0'L AA8 $or re$ereces to the eumeratio o$ the se%e adhikara>asamatha e&se2here i
the CaoW see a&so <0 &i%(&%+
<here is o 0a!abhEaa commetary o the adhikara>asamathas i the 4utta%ibhaFga, 2hich cou&! i!icate
692
6i 4e, N, 0) paK!asattati sekhiy+
693
Lm, -0, .a, -m) dhraym$ ti+
694
X Lm,

Bh 0m 7 T 2, c, N, /, 6m 4e, -m+ ! Ce, 0) Sekhiy dhamm niCChit+ 6i 4e) PaK!asattati sekhiy dhamm niCChit+
(C+B+ <he /atthapaKKatti3ra chapter o$ the Pari3ra (Be, Ce, a! 'e+) has PaK!asattati sekhiy niCChit+
695
X Lm+ 6i 4e) Sattdhikara>asamath dhamm+ L) Adhikara>asamath dhammF Cothig i other e!s+
696
6i T 6m 4e, C, R, N, /,) sattdhikara>asamath+ Bh 0m 7 T 2, L, Lm, -m, -0, Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e, .a, 0g) satta
adhikaranasamathF
2HG
that they 2ere ot regar!e! as sikkhpadas 2he this commetary 2as ma!e, a! maybe 2ere a &ater
a!!itioW see p+*+
<he $our types o$ adhikara>a are gi%e i 6C 708e6 ## 28H+ 4ee Lhirasekera 727Y2H $or a !etai&e! accout o$
the adhikara>asamathas+
Adhikara>a is the Niaya para&&e& to a &a2(case i a &ay court, aCCaW see 4p 90G+ Co&ot, 799G, pp+ 92Y77A, gi%es a
!etai&e! !iscussio o$ the term+
dhamm) , m) cases, H) ru&esW om+ p&+ m+
>&ettlements of 'e!al /ssues Continued@
6""annu""annna? adhikaraEna? samathya #."asamya3 sammukh#inayo dtabbo( sati#inayo
dtabbo( am.*ha#inayo
SB7
dtabbo( "aQiNNya kretabbo(
SBP
yebhuyyasik(
SBB
tassa""iyyasik(
7DD
tiEa#atthrako ti.
<or the %almin!( for the stillin! of 8hi%he#er le!al issues ha#e arisen3 the remo#al throu!h the "resen%e
>of the bhikkhu@ is to be !i#en( the remo#al >of the a%%usation@ throu!h remembran%e is to be !i#en( the
remo#al >of the a%%usation@ throu!h not >bein!@ insane is to be !i#en( he is to be made to do >the offen%e1
"ro%edure@ throu!h admittin! >the offen%e@( the >de%ision of the@ ma9ority( >the de%ision makin! it@ 8orse
for him( >the de%ision@ %o#erin! >the offen%es as if@ 8ith !rass.
u""annu""annna?) 2hiche%er m that ha%e arise, m) 2hee%er they may arise, H) arisig $rom time to
timeW a!E+ X u""anna) ariseW p+p+ o$ uppa@@ati (ud c npad c ya) repeate! $or !istributi%e emphasisW see #0 p+7H7+
(<he 4kt cosoat(combiatio -dp( has bee pa&ata&ise! to (pp( i uppannaW see 0R j AA+)
adhikaraEna?) o$ &ega& issuesW ge+ p&+ t+
samathya) $or the ca&mig, ,uietig, m) sett&emet, H) !eci!igW !at+ (o$ purpose) sg+ m+
#."asamya) $or the sti&&ig, assuagemet, m) paci$icatio, H) sett&emetW !at+ sg+ m+ o$ %?pasama, a actio
ou $rom 37pasammati (3i c upa c nsam c a)+ C$+ BhJ 0c 8A) Z&h8ye imaA adhikara>aA 37pasameh$ ti m[)
ZCome, Ka!y, sett&e this &ega& issue+[ <here seems to be o !iscerab&e !i$$erece i meaig bet2ee
upasama a! 37pasama+ <he &atter $orm seems to be use! 2he it is easier to proouce, usua&&y a$ter a %o2e&,
tha upasamo+
<he 2or!ig a! $ormu&atio o$ the se%e cases is some2hat !i$$eret i the 4a %ersio o$ the
0rtimok>as?tra+ <he prece!ig c&ause is ot $ou! here a! the ru&es are $ormu&ate! thus)
ZsaAmMu_khaM3_inayrhaysa saAmukha3inayMaA dsymaO_Q[ ) ZFor 1a case re,uirig3 the remo%a& through the
presece 1o$ the bhikkhu3, 2e grat the the remo%a& through the presece 1o$ the bhikkhu3,[ etc+
sammukh#inayo) the remo%a& through the presece (o$ the bhikkhu), m) .emo%a& (o$ the &itigatio) by
Co$rotatio, H) a %er!ict i the presece o$, BH4RL ## A87) proce!ure i the presece o$ (a assemb&y o$ a&&
the moks i the chapter+)W om+ sg+ m+ #s+ tapp+ cp!+
Ni ## H@) ZBhikkhus, a &ega& act shou&! ot be !oe ot i the presece o$ the bhikkhusm[) Z6a *hikkha3e
asammukh$*h7tnaA *hikkh7naA kammaA kta**aA Q Z
X sammukh) through the presece (o$ the bhikkhu), $ace to $ace 2ith (the bhikkhu), i the presece (o$ the
bhikkhu)W is+ sg+ m+ i ( o$ a!Eecti%e sammukhaF k pre$+ sa?) together 2ith n mukha) $ace n #inaya) remo%a&,
ac,uitta&, !iscip&iary proce!ure, %er!ictW $rom 3ineti (3i c nni c e)) remo%es, !ispe&s+ " actio(ou+ X 3i c
697
N) amuJha-F
698
X Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, / ("&so i other o&! ms) .i!i%ihra, 4irima&2atta, 4agama .6N, etc+), .a, 4awF "&so i the Burmese
script mauscript 6'0 0a&i A2 i the co&&ectio o$ the 4{miaire !e 6issios |trageres !e 0aris+ 4ee 'F': Lata 707+
L, Lm, -m, -0, 6i 4e, R, N, Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e) paCiKKya kreta**aAF
6m 4e, 0g) paCiKKtakara>aA+
699
R) ye*huyyissikF
700
Lm, 6i T 6m 4e, -m, N, 0g) (ppiya(+ Bh 0m 2, L) (pp$yya(+ C, /) ppeyyasik ("&so i other o&! ms) .i!i%ihra,
4irima&2atta, 4agama .6N, etc+), R) ppiyyissik+
2HH
nni c a [ 3ini-y-a [ 3inaya or 3i c ne c a [ 3i c naya c a+ 4ee CL0K AHA+ Co e5p&aatio i the 4utta%ibhaFga
or the commetaries o$ e5act meaig o$ 3inaya here has bee $ou!+ mDs tras&atio Zremo%a&[ seems to
be the oe 2hich agrees most 2ith the geera& meaig o$ the 2or! 3inaya a! a&so 2ith the purpose o$ the
adhikara>asamathas+
# 4p 79 the actio(ou 3inaya i its geera& usage is e5p&aie! as) Z/yika-3!asika-a@@ha!ra>anisedhanato
!8esa kyaA 3!aK-!a 3ineti tasm 3i3idhanayatt 3isesanayatt kya3!naK-!a 3inayato 3inayo ti akkhto+Z
dtabbo) he is to be gi%eW $+p+p+ o$ dadti (nd c a) ,ua&i$yig sammukh3inayo+
sati#inayo) the remo%a& through remembrace, m) remo%a& by (estab&ishig a bhikkhus]) memory (to be
re&iab&e), H) %er!ict o$ iocece, <ha) %er!ict o$ mi!$u&essW om+ sg+ m+ #s+ tapp+ cp!+ Ni ## 80) Zm but
because #, Neerab&e 4ir, ha%e attaie! to $u&& !e%e&opmet o$ remembrace, # re,uest the remo%a& through
remembrace+[) Zm so`haA *hante sati3epu%%appatto sa='haA sati3inayaA y!m$ ti+Z
X sati) memoryW $rom sarati (csar c a)) remembers n #inaya+
am.*ha#inayo) the remo%a& 1o$ the accusatio3 through ot (beig) isae, m) remo%a& by (estab&ishig that
a bhikkhu 2as i$&uece! by) meta& !eragemet, H) %er!ict o$ past isaity, BH4RL ## G@) !iscip&iary
proce!ure $or oe ot (ay &oger) isaeW om+ sg+ m+ Ni ## 87) Zbut because # am ot isae # re,uest the
remo%a& through ot beig isae+Zm so`haA *hante am7Jho sa='haA am7Jha3inayo y!m$ ti+Z
X am.*ha) ot isae, ot ma!, saity, sae, ot a ma!maW see 0r 2 n #inaya) see abo%e
"aQiNNya kretabbo) he is to be ma!e to !o 1the o$$ece(proce!ure3 through a!mittig 1the o$$ece3, m)
(the &itigatio) ca be !ea&t 2ith by recogitio (o the part o$ a bhikkhu 2ho committe! a o$$ece a! !i!
ot see it), H) it may be carrie! out o (his) acko2&e!gemet+
"&though the meaig o$ this rea!ig a! the paCiKKtakara>aA rea!ig be&o2 is basica&&y the same, this
rea!ig 2ith the causati%e sese is more appropriate as it sigi$ies the 4aFghaDs poit o$ %ie2 &ike i the other
si5 adhikara>asamathas+ <he paCiKKtakara>aA rea!ig !eotes the o$$e!erDs poit o$ %ie2 a! 2ou&! thus be
a e5ceptio+
# Ni ## 8@) Z6a *hikkha3e appaCiKKya *hikkh7naA kammaA kta**aA m[) ZCot 2ithout a!mittig, bhikkhus, a
&ega& act is to be !oe m[ a! ZdhammikaA paCiKKtakara>aA m[ are $ou!+ C$+ Ni # @2A) ZpaCiKKya kara>$yaA
kammaA appaCiKKya karoti+[) ZHe !oes a &ega& act 2hich is to be !oe 2ith a!mittace, 2ithout a!mittace (o$
the o$$ece by the accuse! bhikkhu)+[ <he 6(K 0rtimok>as?tra has prati@K-kraka, 2hich supports the 6m
4e rea!ig+ 6(K) prati@K-krako samatho: 0r6o6(K p+@A, BN @00+ <he 4a 0r6o has Zprati@K3inayrhasya
prati@KA kraMyi_ymaMO_,[ 0r6o 4a 2AG+
X "aQiNNya) through a!mittig, 2ith a!mittigW is+ sg+ $+ o$ paCiKK, actio(ou $rom paCi@ntiF
kretabbo) he is to be ma!e to !oW $+p+p+ o$ kreti agreeig 2ith a ue5presse! so
C$+ C% #N 7@,7eNi ## 8G) ZSa!e mayaA imhi patt$hi aKKamaKKaA kreyyma, siy pi taA adhikara>aA Q *hedya
saA3atteyya+[) Z#$ 2e make each other !o (2hat is i accor!ace) 2ith these o$$eces, it might be that the &ega&
issue m 2ou&! &ea! to schism+[ <his rea!ig is i the same case as dta**o i the pre%ious three
adhikara>asamathas a! re$ers to the perso rather tha to the act a! there$ore might be the most appropriate
oe+
(N+&+ kretabba?) it is to be cause! to be !oe (by him), m carrie! out, m per$orme!, is to be !ea&t 2ithW $+p+p+
o$ kreti agreeig 2ith a ue5presse! taA re$errig to the &ega& act to make up $or the o$$ece that the
bhikkhu is accuse! o$+ 6aybe the rea!ig kreta**aA has happee! u!er i$&uece o$ the rea!ig
paCi>>Cakara>A+)
(N+&+ "aQiNNtakaraEa?) the makig up 2ith the a!mittace (o$ the o$$ece by the accuse! bhikkhu), <ha)
actig i accor!ace 2ith 2hat is a!mitte!, BH4RL ##) (proce!ure) 2hich e$$ects co$essio (o$ the errig
oe)W om+ sg+ t+ #s+ tapp+ cp!+
PaCiKKtakara>aA is a&so $ou! i 'e " # 99, #N 788, 6 ## 288, a! Be Kkh+ X "aQiNNta) a!mittace, has bee
a!mitte!W p+p+ o$ paCi@nti (paCi c nK c >), probab&y use! as a ou+ n karaEa?) actio, the act o$ !oig,
e$$ectigW t+ actio(ou $rom ckar+
2H8
yebhuyyasik) 1the !ecisio o$3 the maEority, H) the !ecisio o$ the maEority, m) by (the prooucemet o$)
a maEority, <ha) actig i accor!ace 2ith the maEorityW om+ sg+ $+ Kamma!hraya cp!+
X yebhuyya(s)) Z2hich is more[W the 6ga!hi $orm o$ yad-*hiyyo+ X ye) 2hich, 2hatW accor!ig to 0'L this is
the 6ga!hJ $orm o$ yad, the compou! $orm o$ re&+ pro+ yaW c$+ 0R j 770+ n bhuyya(s) X *hiyyo) moreW
i!ec&iab&e, comparati%e $orm o$ c*h7W see 0c H@ X 4kt) *h7yasW see 0R j 70@+ n co+ $emiie su$+ (ik+ C$+
CL0K G07+
6(K) ZGo *h7yasiko samatho[W BN @00+
tassa""iyyasik) 1the !ecisio makig it3 2orse $or him, H) the !ecisio $or speci$ic !epra%ity, or
Zobstiate&y 2rog,[ m) by (a Eu!gemet o$ ) habitua& ba! character agaist someoe, <ha) actig i
accor!ace 2ith the accuse!Ds $urther misco!uct, Naarataa <hera) a act $or makig it 2orse $or him, or)
a act $or gi%ig him a greater pea&tyW om+ sg+ $+ kamma!hraya cp!+ <his compou! is a so(ca&&e!
Zsytactica& compou!,[ i+e+, a compou! 2here some compoets retai the sytactica& $orm they 2ou&!
ha%e ha! i a o(compou!e! statemetW see C0 278, 22@ a! #0 p+708+ X tassa) $or himW !at+ sg+ o$ !em+
pro+ taMd_ X !ati%e o$ orietatioW see 4yta5 j 708+ n ""iyya(s)) 2orseW comparati%e o$ a a!Eecti%e+ C$+
ye*huyyaMs_ abo%e+ <he comparati%e (yas e!igs i *huyyas a! ppiyyas are $ossi&s $rom Ne!ic 4askritW see
0R j 700,7 a! j 70@,7+ " suttata !ea&ig 2ith this adhikara>a is at " #N @8H+
X ""a) ba! n comparati%e su$+ (iyya+ (N+&+ (ppiya() (iyya a! (iya are both comparati%e su$$i5es+) n $emiie
coecti%e su$+ 1ika+ <he comparati%e $orms o$ ppa are ppiya (ppa n comp+ su$+ (iyabsd), a! ppissika) 2orse,
ppa n comp+ su$+ (issika+ <he 4askrit $orm o$ 0;i ppiyMy_a is pp$yas+ CL0K 898 suggests as etymo&ogy tasya-
pp$yas-ik+
Naarataa <hera otes that a&& other puishig &ega& actios (kammas), e+g+ ta@@aniyakamma, are !escripti%e o$
the act a! ot o$ the perso a! that this kamma shou&! probab&y be take i the same 2ay+
6" (Be) to 6 ## 289) Ztassa pu''a%assa ppussannat ppiyasik hotim[ C$+ 4 # 7G2) ZTass`e3a tena ppiyyo yo
kuddhaA paCiku@@hati[ a! L # 788) Z!etayamnassa me ppiyoFZ
<he 4askrit $orm is) tats3a*h3ai+$ya (BH4RL ## 288, B6L p+788, 0r6o6? p+A8, 0ra6o4a p+ 2AG) 6(K) tasya
ppeyasiko samathoW 0r6o6(K p+@A, BN @00+ <he 6(K ppeyasika $orm is re$&ecte! i the 0;i $orm ppeyyasika
$ou! i some 4iha&ese mauscripts+ <he %o2e& strokes $or e a! i are ,uite !i$$eret i the 4iha&a script
a! it is !i$$icu&t to cocei%e that the (eyasika $orm is a scriba& error+
tiEa#atthrako) (the !ecisio) co%erig (the o$$eces as i$) 2ith grass, BH4LR ##) (proce!ure) 2hich co%ers
o%er (as i$) 2ith grass, m) by the co%erig o%er 2ith grass, H) co%erig up (as) 2ith grass, Naarataa
Qa!a thera) Zthe oe i the maer o$ sprea!ig grass[W om+ sg+ m+ #s+ tapp+ cp!+ <here are %arious
etymo&ogies o$ this 2or!+ <he oe supporte! by the commetaria& tra!itio is a Euctio o$ ti>a c a3atthraka,
suppose!&y through e&isio o$ the $ia& -a o$ ti>a as other2ise &egtheig 2ou&! be e5pecte!, i+e+,
ti>3atthrakaF k ti>a) grass n a3atthrako) oe 2hich co%ers upW $rom a3attharati (a3a c nMt_thar bk Skt nstVidn a)
n coecti%e or aget su$+ (aka+ "other iterpretatio is 2ith the euphoic cosoat (3( n atthrako) Zoe
2ho sprea!s[ X atthra $rom attharati ( c nthar c a)) sprea!s n co+ su$$+ (kaW see L0+ C$+ kaChin8atthrakaF
#t cou&! a&so be n q3atthraka $rom q3attharati (3i c c nthar)+
<here is o e5p&aatio o this term gi%e i the 4utta%ibhaFga or ay2here e&se i the Cao but 6(a (Be)
to 6 ## 289 states) ZGath hi '7thaA Q ti>ehi a3attharit3 Q[) ZKike e5cremet m ha%ig bee co%ere! 2ith
stra2s o$ grass+[ 4ee the anpatti(sectio i the %ibhaFga o 4ekh H8) ZMu!!raA 3 pass3aA 3_ appaharite kato
haritaA ottharati[) Zha%ig uriate (etc) o a p&ace 2ithout crops oe sprea!s crops (o%er it)[W Ni #N 20A+
Co&ot, 799G, p+99 + 2H, otes that the o&!est ko2 (Niaya) 0;i mauscript rea!s pattharaka, 2hich makes
more sese to her sice there is o %erb 3attharati i the 0;i, but there is the %erb pattharati (pa c nthar c a)+
<he Bu!!hist Hybri! 4askrit $orm is tV>aprastraka (0r6o6(K p+@A, BN @00, 0r6o6? p+A8, 0r6o4a p+2AG)+
Co&ot has o%er&ooke! the commetaria& e5p&aatio a3attharit3, a! a&so has o%er&ooke! ti>a-3-atthrako+
Neerab&e Naarataa Qa!a argues that the ite!e! meaig is Zsprea!ig grass[ or Zsprea!ig out
grass,[ i+e+, ti>a c -3-atthraka or 3atthrakaF <he purpose o$ this adhikara>asamatha is to co$ess a &arge amout
o$ %arious o$$eces i oe stroke so as to a%oi! $urther argumets &ea!ig to !i%isio possib&y occurig i$ the
2H9
o$$eces 2ere pursue! i!i%i!ua&&y+ Sust as oe 2ou&! sprea! out a buch o$ grass (2ithout pickig the
i!i%i!ua& stra2s), so 2ith this adhikara>asamatha the 2ho&e mass o$ o$$eces are cosi!ere! to ha%e bee
sett&e! a! o%er a! !oe 2ith+ : the other ha!, co%erig 2ith grass, as oe might !o 2ith e5cremet, is
a act o$ hi!ig that &ea%es the thig sme&&ig a! there$ore a iappropriate metaphor+ <here$ore this
adhikara>a cou&! be tras&ate! as Z1sett&ig3 i the maer o$ sprea!ig grass+[
<his iterpretatio might be supporte! by the other Bu!!hist tra!itios+ BH4RL ## 2AG gi%es the <ibeta
tras&atio o$ the 6%y Z$it &ike stre2 grass+[ BH4RL ##, 0rebish, etc, seem to be basig themse&%es o
Chi&!ers a! 0'L a! the tra!itioa& 4a e5p&aatio might be !i$$eret+
ti) e! ,uote+
>AdhikaraEa Con%lusion@
6ddiQQh kho yasmanto satta adhikaraEasamath
7D1
dhamm.
Tatthyasmante "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Dutiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
Tatiyam1"i "u%%hmi3 Ia%%iAttha "arisuddhJ
ParisuddhAetthyasmanto( tasm tuEh4( e#am1eta? dhraymi.
7DC
9dhi!ara"asamath ni**hit+
=58
0e%ited( Venerables( ha#e been the se#en %ases that are settlements of le!al issues.
Con%ernin! that / ask the Venerables3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A se%ond time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
A third time a!ain / ask3 >Are you@ "ure in thisJ
The #enerables are "ure in this( therefore there is silen%e( thus / kee" this >in mind@.
The cases that are settlements o. legal issues have .inished+
uddiQQh : niQQhit) see abo%e "!hik+ itro+ a! Ci!+ coc&+
:&i%e&&e, 79H8,pp+8GYH, otes that this coc&usio, anuss3ana, 2ith the ,uestios about purity seems out o$
p&ace here sice the adhikara>as are ot a c&ass o$ o$$ece but proce!ures !ea&ig 2ith &ega& issues+ Kkh 2HH
commets) Z.egar!ig these se%e sett&emets o$ &ega& issues) ("re you) pure i thisg #s there ot aythig
$or you to be sti&&e! by meas o$ the sett&emetsg # ask+ By this, the state o$ purity 2ith regar!s a&& 1types o$3
o$$eces has bee aske!+[ ) ZTatthiyasmante Q parisuddh tiI tesu sattasu adhikara>asamathesu ka!!i8ttha
parisuddhF 68atthi 3o kiK-!i samathehi 37pasameta**an-ti pu!!hmiF &tena sa**patt$hi parisuddha*h3o pu!!hito
hotiF[
<he 0timokkha s?tras a&so ha%e this coc&usio hereW 0r6o6(K p+@A, 0r6o6? p+A8, 0r6o4a p+2AH+
<he adhikara>a sectio is the &ast sectio i the 0timokkha a! it is ot a o$$ece(sectio there$ore it cou&!
be regar!e! as a appe!i5 ic&u!e! i the 0timokkha+ <he adhikara>asamathas are ot traiig precepts, see
L(a # 7@ i the ote Z<he 0timokkha a! its 6eaig,[ a! ot a c&ass o$ o$$ecesW rather they are 2ays o$
701
6i T 6m 4e, C, N, /) sattdhikara>asamath+
702
Lm, -0, .a, -m) dhraym$ ti+
703
6m 4e, N) Sattdhikara>asamath niCChitF -m) Satta adhikara>asamath niCChit+ 6i 4e) Sattdhikara>asamath dhamm niCChitF
! Ce) Adhikara>asamath dhamm niCChit+ Bh 0m 7 T 2, Nibh Ce, R, -0, Lm, C, -0, .a) Adhikara>asamath niCChit+
280
sett&ig &ega& issues ic&u!ig o$$ece(issues (apattdhikara>a)W there$ore the anuss3ana seem out o$ p&ace here+
Lhirasekera, p+72H, thiks that maybe the anuss3ana ,uestios here are to ascertai 2hether there has bee
ay irregu&arity o$ proce!ure i the sett&emet o$ &ega& issues by the 4aFgha as 2ho&e a! are thus ic&u!e!
to sa$eguar! the machiery set up $or the maiteace o$ moastic !iscip&ie+ He suggests that it cou&! a&so
be a mere mechaica& e5tesio o$ the anuss3ana(metho! as app&ie! to the ear&ier o$$ece(sectios+
>Ptimokkha Con%lusion@
6ddiQQha? kho yasmanto nidna?.
6ddiQQh %attro "r9ik dhamm.
6ddiQQh terasa saF!hdises dhamm.
6ddiQQh d#e aniyat dhamm.
6ddiQQh ti?sa nissa!!iy "%ittiy dhamm
6ddiQQh d#ena#uti "%ittiy dhamm.
6ddiQQh %attro "Qidesan4y
7DR
dhamm.
6ddiQQh sekhiy
7DK
dhamm.
6ddiQQh satta adhikaraEasamath
7DS
dhamm.
Venerables( the introdu%tion has been re%ited.
Venerables( the four %ases in#ol#in! dis7ualifi%ation ha#e been re%ited.
Venerables( the thirteen %ases >in#ol#in!@ the %ommunity in the be!innin! and in the rest ha#e been
re%ited.
Venerables( the t8o indefinite %ases ha#e been re%ited.
Venerables( the thirty %ases in#ol#in! e+"iation 8ith forfeiture ha#e been re%ited.
Venerables( the ninety1t8o %ases in#ol#in! e+"iation ha#e been re%ited.
Venerables( the four %ases that are to be a%kno8led!ed ha#e been re%ited.
Venerables( the %ases related to the trainin! ha#e been re%ited.
Venerables( the se#en %ases that are settlements of le!al issues ha#e been re%ited.
6ddiQQha? : dhamm) see abo%e o$$ece sectio coc&usios+
704
C, L, R, N, /, Nibh 'e) pCidesaniy+
705
6i 4e, N) paK!asattati sekhiy
706
6i T 6m 4e, C, R, N, /) sattdhikara>asamath+
287
>Ptimokkha Con%lusion Continued@
)ttaka? tassa
7D7
bha!a#ato sutt!ata? sutta"ariy"anna? an#acchamsa?
7DP
uddesa? !a%%hati.
7DB
Tattha
sabbehAe#a sama!!ehi sammodamnehi a#i#adamnehi sikkhitabban1ti.
71D

HIitthruddeso paCcamo+J
=,,
Bhi!!huptimo!!ha
=,7
ni**hita+
=,8
This mu%h >of the trainin!1rules@ of the <ortunate One has been handed do8n in the &utta( has been
in%luded in the &utta( >and@ %omes u" for re%itation half1monthly. =erein is to be trained by all 8ho are
united( 8ho are on friendly terms( 8ho are not dis"utin!.
HThe recitation in .ull e6tent is the .i.th one+J
The Disciplinar' #ode o. the Bhi!!hu has been .inished+
ettaka?) this much, (Eust) so much, so mayW a!E+ ,ua&i$yig a ue5presse! !hammaB (c$+ 0c H@) dhammo
sutt'ato) , or a a!%erb ,ua&i$yig 'ataA i sutt'ataA+ " comparati%e proou, here e5pressig a tota&+ X e(
(&ike i the !em+ pro+ etabdd) c -ttaka, 2hich is aa&ogica& to kittaka) ho2 muchg (N+&+ ettakan-tassaF k Euctio
o$ ettakaA c tassa through !eta&isatio o$ the $ia& -A i ettakaA+)
Kkh 2HH) Z&ttakan-ti ettakaA sikkhpadaAFP) ZHerei ettakaA) this much traiig precept+[
tassa) o$ thatW ge+ sg+ o$ !em+ pro+ taMd_+
bha!a#ato) o$ the Fortuate :e, by the Fortuate :eW ge+ sg+ m+ o$ *ha'a3ant+ " geiti%e or a
istrumeta&(&ike geiti%eW see 'ahapat$naA at C0 8, tassa at 0c H@, a! *hikkhuno at 0! 2+
sutt!ata? sutta"ariy"anna?) H) ha!e! !o2 i c&auses, cotaie! i c&auses, m) is i the
4utta%ibhaFga, ic&u!e! i the 4utta%ibhaFga, Vinaya Texts) ha!e! !o2 i the suttas, embrace! i the
suttasW see 0c H@W here om+ sg+ t agreeig 2ith ue5presse! dhammaALsikkhpadaA+
Kkh 2HH) ZSutt'atan-tiI sutte pCimokkhe 'ato+[) ZSutt'ataA) ha!e! !o2 i the Sutta, the 0timokkha+[
<he 'ataA i sutt'ataA a! pariypannaA i suttapariypannaA here act as impersoa& passi%e setece(%erbs
i the om+ sg+ t+ (agreeig 2ith a ue5presse! dhammaA)W see #0 p+82 a! du%%addhaA i 0c H@+
0ast particip&es i bahubbJhi compou!s ca $uctio as passi%e setece(%erbsW see 4! coc&+) Z!i>>amnatto
*hikkhu,[ C0 7) ZniCChita!$3arasmiA *hikkhun,[ C0 28) Zdashan'ataA kattikatemsikapu>>amaA,[ 0c 22)
Zattha='ate suriye,[ 0c G9) Z*hikkhun akaCnudhammena,[ 0c H@) Znisinnapu**aA Q *hikkhun+[ 0c 8@)
anikkhantar@ake, ani''ataratanake+
<he compou!s as a 2ho&e act as passi%e subor!iate c&ausesW see #0 p+7@HY@8 a! 7AA+ C$+ L ## 788)
ZkatapuKKo8si[ i #0 p+2@8+)+ <he tra!itioa& 0;i grammarias 2ou&! e5p&ai the cp! as) ZyaA suttaA 'ataA
taA[) Z2hich case has bee ha!e! !o2++[
ettaka? tassa bha!a#ato sutt!ata?) m) this much is i the 4utta%ibhaFga m o$ the B&esse! :e, H) so
much (o$ the sayigs) o$ the Kor! ha!e! !o2 m, Corma) so much, come !o2 i the sutta o$ the
Bhaga%at m+
an#acchamsa? uddesa? !a%%hati) comes up $or recitatio ha&$(moth&yW 4ee 0c H@+
707
6i T 6m 4e, R, N) ettakan-tassa+
708
Bh 0m 7 T 2, C, L, Lm, -m, -0, Nibh Ce, Nibh 'e, .a, 0g) an3addha(+
709
Bh0m 7, 0) 'a!!hanti+
710
Bh 0m 7 T 2) sikkhita**aA iti+
711
X Lm, ! Ce, a! 6i 4e+ "&so i SannwW see 4uguasra 777+ Cot i other e!s+ "&so $ou! i the Burmese script
Bhikkhuptimokkha 64, BCF 0a&i 8, at the Bib&ioths,ue Catioa&e !e FraceW see 'F': L"<" 707+ <he Burmese script
BhikkhuJptimokkha 64 BCF 888)@ has 3itthruddeso !atutthoF
712
6m 4e, R, N) pCi(+
713
6i 4e) *hikkhuptimokkhap%i niCChit+
282
Kkh 2HH) ZAn3addhamsaA uddesaA 'a!!hat$ ti addhamse addhamse uposatha3asena uddisita**ataA 'a!!hatiFPI
ZComes up $or recitatio ha&$(moth&y[) each ha&$(moth it is to be recite! because o$ the -posatha+
tattha) herei, i thatW a!%+ X !em+ pro+ taMd_ n su$+ o$ p&aceemo!eetime (ttha, c$+ Ci! coc&+
sabbehAe#a) by Eust a&&, by oe a! a&&W X Euctio o$ sa**ehi c e3a through e&isio o$ the $ia& (i o$ sa**ehiW see
0R H0,2b+ sabbehi) by a&&W is+ p&+ o$ sabba) a&& n e#a) EustW emph+ partic&e+ C$+ Ci!) sa**e3a+
sama!!ehi sammodamnehi a#i#adamnehi) 2ho are is uite!, 2ho are beig o $rie!&y terms, 2ho are
ot !isputigW see 4! 70+ (A3i3damnehi i 6m 4e is a mispritW see 4! 70+)
Kkh 2HH) Sama''eh$ ti kyasma''i3asena sama''ehiF Sammodamneh$ ti !ittasma''i3asena eka@@hsayatya suCChu
modamnehiF A3i3adamneh$ ti aCChrasasu 3i3da3atth7su aKKatara3asenpi a3i3adamnehiF Sikkhita**an-ti taA taA
sikkhpadaA a3$tikkamantehi adhis$%asikkh sampdeta**FP) ZSama''ehi) (by those 2ho are) uite! because o$
physica& uity+ Sammodamnehi) because o$ uite!ess o$ mi!, through a sig&e !ispositio (i+e+, commo
goa&), reEoicig 2e&&+ Cot !isputig) ot !isputig because o$ a certai (poit) i the eightee poits o$
!ispute+[
Ci!!esa ## 2AG) ZSama'' ti kyena a3iyo'F Sammodamn ti !ittena suCChu modamn tussamnF A3i3adamn ti
3!ya 3i3daA akurumnFP) ZSama''a) ot separate! by bo!y+ Sammodamna) reEoicig 2e&& a! beig (2e&&)
p&ease! by mi!+ Vi3damna) ot makig a !ispute by speech+[
sikkhitabba?) is to be traie!W $+p+p+ o$ sikkhati (see 0c H7) use! as a impersoa& passi%e setece %erb i
om+ sg+ t+ agreeig 2ith a ue5presse! taAW see #0 p+82 T 70H+
Kkh 2HH) ZSikkhita**an-ti taA taA sikkhpadaA a3$tikkamantehi adhis$%asikkh sampdeta**F MCe Kkh a!!sI tiF_F[)
Z#t is to be traie!) by those ot trasgressig ay traiig precept, the higher %irtues are to be
accomp&ishe!+[ sikkhitabban1ti i 6m 4e a! other e!s+ 4ee ote o recitatio marks i the #tro+ X
sikkhita**aA n ti) e! ,uote+
#itthruddeso "aN%amo) the recitatio i $u&& e5tet is the $i$th oe+ #itthruddeso3 recitatio i $u&& e5tet,
recitatio i ($u&&) brea!th+ #strumeta& tappurisa compou!+ X #itthra) e5tet, brea!th, !etai&W $rom
3itthreti (3i c nthar c a)W see C0 2H n uddesa+ <his marks the $u&&(recitatio, rather a icomp&ete oe+ 4ee the
Z.ecitatio o$ the 0timokkha[ sectio i the #tro!uctio a! the 0r coc&usio+
bhikkhu"timokkha?) <he Liscip&iary Co!e o$ the BhikkhuW om+ sg+ t+ X Re+ tapp+ cp!+
niQQhita?) has bee $iishe!W see Ci! coc&+
28@
A""endi+ /
6"osatha"ubbakaraEa"ubbaki%%ni
urmese #ersion
Ri%e be$ore the 0timokkha te5t ca&&e! "3emtikpJi (Zthe te5t o$ the t2o 6tiks,[ X Be) that is prece!ig
the /a=kha3itara>$ o$ the Burmese 4i5th Couci& '!itio %ersio+ #t is a&so gi%e prece!ig the 4ri Kaka
0timokkha te5t ca&&e! )*haya 2tik (Zboth 6tiks[ X -m)+ <his te5t 2as probab&y use! i the 4ri Kaka
Cikyas (moastic sects) origiatig i Burma+
Pubba!ara"a@
Samma@@an$ pad$po !a, udakaA sanena !a:
)posathassa etni, pu**akara>an-ti 3u!!atiF

Pubba!icca@
Chanda, prisuddhi, utukkhnaA, *hikkhu'a>an !a o3do:
)posathassa etni, pu**aki!!an-ti 3u!!atiF
Patta!allaKagI
)posatho y3atik !a *hikkh7 kammappatt:
Sa*h'pattiyo !a na 3i@@anti:
Va@@an$y !a pu''a% tasmiA na honti, pattaka%%an-ti 3u!!atiF
Pu**akara>apu**aki!!ni sampet3 desitpattikassa sama''assa *hikkhusa='hassa anumatiy ptimokkhaA
uddisituA rdhanaA karomaF
Z<he broom a! the &amp, the 2ater 2ith the seat
these are ca&&e!) Zthe preparatio $or the obser%ace+[
<he coset a! purity, the te&&ig o$ the seaso,
the coutig o$ the bhikkhus a! the istructio (o$ the bhikkhuJs),
these are ca&&e!) ]the pre&imiary !uty $or the obser%ace+^
<he obser%ace, 2hate%er bhikkhus are etit&e! (to carry out the &ega&) act,
commo o$$eces are ot $ou!,
there are o persos to be e5c&u!e! i there,
this is ca&&e!) ]reache! suitabi&ity+^[
ZHa%ig ma!e to u!ertake the preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties 2e make the i%itatio to recite the
Liscip&iary Co!e 2ith the appro%a& o$ the uite! commuity 2hose o$$eces ha%e bee co$esse!+
Version as used in &ri 'anka &iyam 5ikya and Amara"ura 5ikya and Thai 2ahnikya
Both i 4ri Kaka a! i <hai&a! a a&most i!etica& %ersio is use! i some tra!itios+ <he origia& source
o$ this %ersio has ot bee i!eti$ie! yet+ <his %ersio appears to be the source o$ both the mo!er %ariat
%ersios as use! by the <hai Lhammayuttika(Cikya %ersio a! by Ra&!u2a $orest(sect o$ the 4ri Kaka
288
.maMMa Cikya+
<here are some sma&& !i$$ereces bet2ee the e!itios o$ this %ersio a! these ha%e bee ote!+
Editions #onsulted
Bh0m) BhikkhuptimokkhaA, Co&ombo, 78HA+ (/o%om*a demaCa'oda padiK!i 3i%%ora'e @oronis diyasda, 4ayas7riya'e
dond3it appuhmida, 3ati'a ra!!hi'e pako%is preradeF DoRSLRjEU+)
L) LicksoDs e!itio, gi%e i Lickso H7YH2+ 4iyam Cikya+ (4ee the ZZ0;i te5t(e!itios o$ the 0timokkha[
sectio i the itro!uctio+)
6) Bhikkhu(ptimokkha(p;i+ " so(ca&&e! Zmock(o&a(&ea$[ (i+e+, a prite! paper e!itio that &ooks &ike a o&a(
&ea$ mauscript) 2ith the Bhikkhu(0timokkha, pub&ishe! by the 4ri NaEiraMa(!hammyataa (a&so ca&&e!
6ahragama Bhikkhu <raiig Cetre) i 6ahragama, 4ri Kaka+ Uear ot gi%e (79Gg)+
6i) <hai %ersio as gi%e prece!ig the Bhikkhuptimokkha-pJi o$ the <hai <ipiIaka e!itio pub&ishe! by the
6ahi!o -i%ersity (%o&+ H0, 7Y@, CL .:6)+
0g) Ptimokkha-'a>Chi-d$pan$+ 4ri Kaka+ 7889+ (4ee Bib&iography abo%e+)
0m!) "marapura Cikya e!itio as gi%e i the Niaya(maua& ca&&e! Ptimokkhad$pik by Nigo!a
Ru&aFkra stha%ira, Co&ombo, 79A9+[
.a) %ersio gi%e i the 5atanrtha-sudan$-nam3u-*hik+u-*hik+u>$-prtimok+a-3ar>an3a+ (4ee the ZZ0;i te5t(
e!itios o$ the 0timokkha[ sectio i the itro!uctio+)
bib&iography abo%e+ <his 2ork is use! i the "marapura Cikya+
R) Raoru%a 0Iimokkha+
N) NiEasu!ara .aEamah%ihra 0Iimokkha+
<he &ies that are i ,uotatio(marks are by the ,uestioig bhikkhu, pu!!haka, (k 0uc)+ <he &ies that are ot
2ithi ,uotatio(marks are by the as2erig bhikkhu, 3issa@@aka, (X Nis)+ <hese i!icatios are origia&&y ot
$ou! i the 0;i mauscripts but ha%e bee pro%i!e! by the e!itor 2ith the he&p o$ the 4iha&ese %ersio "
(X ,uotatio(marks) a! L (X 0uc a! Nis)+
Pubba!ara"aKpubba!iccniF
ERo

(0uc)) X6amo tassa *ha'a3ato arahato sammsam*uddhassaF
Su>tu me *hante sa='ho
ERU
yadi sa='hassa pattaka%%aA ahaA yasmantaA itthannmaA
ERT
3inayaA pu!!heyyaAFP
(Nis)) 6amo tassa *ha'a3ato arahato sammsam*uddhassa
ERE
F
Su>tu me *hante sa='ho yadi sa='hassa pattaka%%aA ahaA yasmat
ERj
itthannmena 3inayaA puCCho 3issa@@eyyaA
ERS
F
(0uc)) Samma@@an$ pad$po !a
udakaA sanena !a
uposathassa etni
pu**akara>an-ti 3u!!ati
EDe
F
714
Bh0m, 0g) pu**akara>apu**aki!!ni+ L) pu!!h3issa@anaA+ 6i) pu**akara>apu**aki!!aA+ .a, 0m!) )posathakammassa
pu**akara>apu**aki!!ni+ Cothig i R, 6, N, a! /+ # N namo tassa Q is prece!e! by namatthu ratanattayassa+
715
R, N, /) saA'h( throughout the te5t+
716
/) itthaAnAaA+ R) itthaAnnmaAF
717
<his &ie is ot $ou! i Bh0m, /, a! 0g+
718
/, R, .a, 0g) omit yasmat+ 6) yasmat therena+ R) itthaAnnmenaF
719
6i) 3isa@@eyyaA+
720
# L these Kkh %erses are ot i ,uotatio(marks a! thus appear to be recite! by the 3issa@@aka+
28A
(0uc)) X0ksa,
EDR
samma@@an$FP
(Nis)) Samma@@anakara>aK-!a
(0uc)) ZPad$po !aFP
(Nis)) Pad$pa-u@@a%anaK-!aF Idni suriy%okassa atthitya pad$paki!!aA n8atthi
EDD
F
(0uc)) X)dakaA sanena !aFP
(Nis)) asanena saha pn$ya-pari*ho@an$ya
ED`
-upaCChapanaK-!a
EDo
F
(0uc)) X)posathassa etni pu**akara>an-ti 3u!!atiFP
(Nis)) &tni !attri 3attni samma@@anakara>d$ni sa='hasanniptato paChamaA katta**att uposathassa
uposathakammassa pu**akara>an-ti 3u!!atiF Pu**akara>n$ ti akkhtniF
(0uc)) Chandaprisuddhi utukkhnaA
*hikkhu'a>an !a o3do
uposathassa etni
pu**aki!!an-ti 3u!!atiF
(0uc)) ZChandaprisuddhiF[
(Nis)) ChandrahnaA *hikkh7naA !handa-prisuddhi-hara>aK-!a idha natthi
EDU
F
(0uc)) X)tukkhnaAFP
(Nis)) Hemant8d$naA ti>>aA ut7naA ettakaA atikkantaA ettakaA a3asiCChan-ti e3aA utu-!ikkhanaA
EDT
F )t7n$dha
EDE
pana ssane hemanta-'imha-3assnnaA 3asena t$>i hontiF AyaA hemanta-utuF AsmiA utumhi
EDj
aCCha uposathF Imin
pakkhena eko uposatho sampatto, eko uposatho atikkanto, !ha uposath a3asiCChF
(0uc)) XBhikkhu'a>an !aFP
(Nis)) ImasmiA uposatha''e sannipatitnaA *hikkh7naA 'a>an ettak *hikkh7 honti
EDS
F
(0uc)) X03doFP
(Nis)) Bhikkhun$naA
E`e
o3do dta**oF Idni pana tsaA n8atthitya so !a o3do idha n8atthi
E`R
F
(0uc)) X)posathassa etni pu**aki!!an-ti 3u!!atiFP
(Nis)) &tni paK!a kammni !handhara>d$ni ptimokkhuddesato
E`D
paChamaA katta**att uposathassa
uposathakammassa pu**aki!!an-ti 3u!!ati pu**aki!!n$ ti akkhtni
E``
F
(0uc)) )posatho y3atik !a *hikkh7
kammappatt sa*h'pattiyo !a
na 3i@@anti 3a@@an$y
E`o
!a pu''a%
tasmiA na honti pattaka%%an-ti 3u!!atiF
721
6i, N) uksa+ R) Cothig, i+e+, o oksa+
722
<he idni m natthi setece is ot $ou! i /+
723
N) pniya-pari*ho@aniya
724
L, R, N, /, .a, 6, Bh0m, 0g) udakaCChapanaK-!a+ <he upaCChapanaK-!a rea!ig seems to be more origia& as it is i
accor!ace 2ith the ru&e i the 6%) pn$yaA pari*ho@an$yaA upaCChpeta**aA (6% ## 20,GeNi # 779)+
725
.a) m hara>aK-!a+ (omits idha natthi+), L, 6) m haranaK-!a idha natthi+ 6i) m hara>aA taK-!a idha n8atthi+
726
/) (!ikkha>aA+
727
L, N, /, .a, 6) ut7nidha+ R) utun$dha+ 0g) HemantdinaA ti>>aA utunaA MQ_ ettakaA utu-atikkantaA ettakaA utu-a3asiCChaA
iti e3aA !ikkhanaAF )tun$dha pana ssane tayo honti+
728
6i) asmiK-!a+ L) m ayaA hemanta-utumhi aCCha uposath imin m
729
.a has 1ettak *hikkh7 honti3 i brackets+ 0g has o&y 1ettak3 i brackets+ 6) [ 'a>an m *hikkh7 honti+[
6i) ImasmiA pana uposatha''e ettak *hikkh7 sannipatit ti *hikkh7naA 'a>an+ 0g states this %ersio is $ou! i the
commetary (X Kkh 78) but that [m uposatha''e sannipatitnaA *hikkh7naA 'a>an ettak *hikkh7 m[ is to be sai! at the time
o$ recitatio+
730
6) *hikkh7>inaA+
731
Bh06, .a, 0g) 1Idni Q natthi+3 i brackets+
732
R, N) pCi-
733
N) &tni pu**akamm-pu**aki!!n$ ti akkhatni+ 0robab&y etni pu**akamm is i Khom brackets+
734
R) 3a@@aniy+
28G
(0uc)) X)posathoF X
(Nis)) T$su uposathadi3asesu !tuddas$-pa>>aras$
E`U
-sma''$su, a@@8uposatho
E`T

pa>>araso
E`E
F
(0uc)) XG3atik !a *hikkh7 kammappattFP
(Nis)) Gattak *hikkh7 tassa uposathakammassa patt yutt anur7p sa**antimena pari!!hedena !attro *hikkh7
pakatatt sa='hena anukkhitt
E`j
, te !a kho
E`S
hatthapsaA a3i@@ahit3
Eoe
ekas$myaA ChitF
(0uc)) XSa*h'pattiyo !a na 3i@@antiFP
(Nis)) Vik%a*ho@andi3atthu-sa*h'pattiyo !a na 3i@@antiF
(0uc)) XVa@@an$y
EoR
!a pu''a% tasmiA na hontiFP
(Nis)) #ahaCCha-pa>Wakdayo eka3$sati 3a@@an$yapu''a%
EoD
hatthapsato *ahikara>a3asena 3a@@eta** tasmiA
Eo`
na
hontiF
(0uc)) XPattaka%%an-ti 3u!!atiFP
Eoo
(Nis)) Sa='hassa uposathakammaA imehi !at7hi
EoU
%akkha>ehi sa='ahitaA
EoT
pattaka%%an-ti 3u!!atiF
(Nis)) Pattak%a3antan-ti akkhtaAF
1'&!erDs re,uest)3 Pu**akara>apu**aki!!ni samdapet3
EoE
desitpattikassa sama''assa
Eoj
*hikkhusa='hassa
EoS
anumatiy ptimokkhaA
EUe
uddisituA rdhanaA
EUR
karomi
EUD
F
Translation
<he preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties+
1=) ,uestioig bhikkhu+ ") as2erig bhikkhu+3
1=)3 Homage to the Fortuate :e, the /orthy :e, the 0er$ect&y "2akee! :e+
Neerab&e 4ir, p&ease &et the Commuity &iste to mep #$ it is suitab&e to the commuity (the) # 2ou&! ask the
such(ame! %eerab&e about the Liscip&ie+
1")3 Homage to the Fortuate :e, the /orthy :e, the per$ect&y "2akee! :e+
Neerab&e 4ir, p&ease &et the Commuity &iste to mep #$ it is suitab&e to the commuity (the) # 2ou&! as2er
ha%ig bee aske! about the Liscip&ie by the such(ame! %eerab&e+
1=)3 Z<he broom a! the &amp, the 2ater 2ith the seat
735
.a) panna(+
736
6i) a!!s) yo ko!i di3aso+
737
6i) a@@a pan8uposatho+
738
C, R, /) anukkhit+
<he sa='hena anukkhitt part is ot $rom Kkh, but, as akitti otes i 0g 8, !eri%e! $rom a e5p&aatio i the C$k, Kkh pI
(Be p+7@G)) [pakattat ti anukkhitt pr@ikaA ana@@hpann ! ti+[
739
L) m te !a kho *hikkh7 hatthapsaA m 0g) te !a kho ti te *hikkhu bsi!d hatthapsaA ti m <his suggests that the origia& !i! ot
ha%e *hikkh7+
740
Bh0m 7 T 2, C, R, /) a3i@ahit3+
741
R) 3a@@aniy+
742
R) 3a@@aniy pu''a% tasmim+ N) 3a@@an$y !a pu''a% tasmiAF
743
# a $ootote i Bh0m 7 a! 0g it is state! that to use idha at the time o$ recitatio is proper+ 0g seems to ha%e ha! a te5t
rea!ig [tasmiA uposatha''e 'ahaCChapa>Wakdayo eka3$sati 3a@@an$yapu''a% m[
744
:mitte! i 6+
745
0g) !atu*hi+
746
L, R, /, Bh0m, 0g) sa='ah$taAF
747
"&& %ersios e5cept a 6i %+&+ ha%e sampet3, Zha%ig coc&u!e!+[ 0g states that the rea!ig samdapet3 is a&so taught (i+e+,
is a %+&+) # the 27%asikkh (the %ariat rea!ig) niCChpet3 is a&so $ou! accor!ig to 0g+ <he Vinay%a=kra-C$k (X
PJimuttaka-3inaya-3i!!haya-sa='aha-C$k) 6yamar p+800 rea!s samm niCChpet3+ <he reaso 2hy the rea!ig samdapet3
has bee chose here is because it is the e&!er 2ho istigates or causes Euior moks to u!ertake the pre&imiariesW he
!oes ot coc&u!e them himse&$+ 4ee 6% ## 20,G) " Euior bhikkhu 2ho, a&though beig re,ueste! by a seior bhikkhu to
prepare the p&ace, !oes ot carry out the re,uest commits a o$$ece o$ 2rog !oig+
748
6m 4e) imassa nisinnass+
749
0g states that (the rea!ig) mah*hikkhusa='hassa is a&so $ou! i the 27%asikkh+
750
R) pCi-F
751
6m 4e) a@@hesanaA+
752
Lm, -0) karoma+
28H
these are ca&&e! Zthe preparatio $or the obser%ace+[
1=)3 0ermit 1me to as2er3p <he broom+
1")3 "! the actio o$ s2eepig+
1=)3 "! the &amp+
1")3 "! the &ightig o$ the &amp+
1/he there is !ay&ight)3 <here is o &amp(!uty because o$ the state o$ there beig su&ight o2+
1=)3 "! the 2ater 2ith the seat+
1")3 <he pro%i!ig o$ !rikig(2ater a! 2ashig(2ater together 2ith the seat+
1=)3 <hese are ca&&e! Zthe preparatio $or the obser%ace+[
1")3 <hese $our protoco&s, the actio o$ s2eepig etc, !ue to the ha%ig to be !oe $irst be$ore the
gatherig o$ the Commuity are ca&&e! Zthe preparatio $or the 1&ega&3 act o$ -posatha o the -posatha+[
<he Zpreparatios[ ha%e bee aouce!+
1=)3 <he coset a! purity, the te&&ig o$ the seaso,
the coutig o$ the bhikkhus a! the istructio (o$ the bhikkhuJs),
these are ca&&e!) Zthe pre&imiary !uty $or the obser%ace]+
1=)3 <he coset a! purity+
1")3 <he brigig o$ coset 1a!3 purity o$ bhikkhus 2ho are !eser%ig o$ 1gi%ig3 coset+ (1:r3) 1<here3
is o 1brigig o$ coset a! purity3 here+)
1=)3 <he te&&ig o$ the seaso+
1")3 Z:$ the three seasos, the 2iter etc+, this umber 1o$ -posathas3 ha%e passe!, this umber 1o$
-posathas3 are &e$t,[ thus there is the te&&ig o$ the seaso+
# this !ispesatio there are three seasos, 1ame&y3 the 2iter, the summer, a! the rais+
<his is the (2iter(seaso), a! i this seaso there are (eight) -posathas+
/ith this $ortight (oe) -posatha has arri%e!, (t2o) -posathas ha%e past, ($i%e) -posathas are &e$t+
1=)3 <he coutig o$ the bhikkhus+
1")3 Z# this -posatha(ha&& so may bhikkhus ha%e gathere! $or the purpose o$ 1per$ormig3 the -posatha+[
is the coutig o$ the bhikkhus+
# this -posatha(ha&& so may bhikkhus ha%e gathere!+
1=)3 <he istructio+
1")3 <he istructio is to be gi%e to the bhikkhuJs+ But because o$ their o(e5istece o2 there is o
istructio here+
1=)3 <hese are ca&&e! Zthe preparatio $or the obser%ace+[
1")3 <hese $our protoco&s, the brigig o$ coset etc, !ue to the ha%ig to be !oe $irst be$ore the
gatherig o$ the Commuity are ca&&e! Zthe pre&imiary !uty $or the 1&ega&3 act o$ -posatha o the
-posatha+[
<he Zpre&imiary !uties[ ha%e bee aouce!+
1=)3 <he obser%ace,
2hate%er bhikkhus are etit&e! (to carry out the &ega&) act,
commo o$$eces are ot $ou!,
there are o persos to be e5c&u!e! i there,
this is ca&&e!) Zreache! suitabi&ity]+[
1=)3 <he -posatha+
1")3 /ith regar!s the $ourteeth 1(!ay -posathas3, the $i$teeth 1(!ay -posathas3, or the -ity 1(-posathas3,
288
to!ay is the $i$teeth !ay -posatha+
1=)3 /hate%er bhikkhus are etit&e! (to carry out the &ega&) act+
1")3 Ho2e%er may bhikkhus 2ho are etit&e! to that -posatha(act, 2ho are $it, are suite!, 2ith the
miimum amout (o$ bhikkhus), $our bhikkhus 2ho are regu&ar, ot suspe!e! by the commuity, a! they
ot ha%ig &e$t arms(&egth remai i the same bou!ary+
1=)3 "! commo o$$eces are ot $ou!+
1")3 Commo o$$eces, $ou!e! o eatig at the 2rog time a! so o, are ot $ou!+
1=)3 "! i that 1arms(&egth3 there is o perso $it to be e5c&u!e!
1")3 Househo&!ers, euuchs, etc, the t2ety oe persos $it to be e5c&u!e!, 2ho are is to be e5c&u!e! by
makig 1them go3 outsi!e $rom the arms(&egth, are ot i that 1arms(&egth+3
1=)3 #t is sai! to Zha%e reache! suitabi&ity+[
1")3 <he 1&ega&3 act o$ -posatha e!o2e! 2ith these $our characteristics is ca&&e! Z1oe that3 has reache!
suitabi&ity+[
1")3 Z1#t3 has reache! suitabi&ity[ is sai!+
'&!er) ZHa%ig ma!e to u!ertake the preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties, # make the i%itatio to recite the
Liscip&iary Co!e 2ith the appro%a& o$ the uite! commuity 2hose o$$eces ha%e bee co$esse!+[
&ri 'anka &ri Ia*yEa Oo!shrama &a?sQh#a #ersion
<he %ersio o$ the 4ri Ka;ya Uogshrama 4aBsIh%a, 2hich is the .maMMa Cikya $orest(moastery sect,
2as pub&ishe! i Bhikkhu a!assaaDs) "as Hauptre'e%werk der *uddhistis!hen Bette%m;n!he, p+28Y@2 (X !)
a! (i 4iha&ese script) i BhikkhuptimokkhapJi, 4ri Ka;ya Uogshrama 4aBsIh%a, 7987+ (X 4K)
FposathaKpubba!ara"diLvidhi
7
(Niayapucchsammuti))
Camo tassa bhaga%ato arahato samm sambu!!hassa+ (@5)
(atti))
2
4utu me, bhate, saFgho+ Ua!i saFghassa pattaka&&aB, ahaB itthamaB
bhikkhuB (i+e+, yasmataBm) %iayaB puccheyyaB+
(Niaya%issaEEaasammuti))
Camo tassa, Bhaga%ato, "rahato, samm 4ambu!!hassa+
(atti))
2
4utu me bhate saFgho+ Ua!i saFghassa pattaka&&aB, ahaB ittha(mea bhikkhu 1i+e+, yasmat m3
%iayaB puIIho %issaEEeyyaB+
(0ubbakaraa(pucch(%issaEEa))
2
(0ucchako)) 4ammaEEaJ pa!Jpo ca, u!akaB saea ca, uposathassa eti pubbakaraa]ti %uccati+
:ksa, sammaEEaJ) 4ammaEEaakaraaB kataB kiBg
(NissaEEako)) 4ammaEEaakaraaB iIIhitaB+
(0uc+)) 0a!Jpo ca) pa!JpuEEa&aaB kataB kiBg+
(Nis+)) 0a!JpuEEa&aaB iIIhitaB+ 1or)3 #!i paa suriy&okassa atthitya pa!JpakiccaB i!ha Datthi+
(0uc+)) -!akaB saea ca) Qsaea saha pJyaparibhoEaJya(u!akaIIhapaaB kataB kiBg
(Nis+)) Qsaea saha pJyaparibhoEaJya(u!akaIIhapaaB iIIhitaB+
(0uc+)) -posathassa eti pubbakaraa]ti %uccati kiBg
(Nis+)) 'ti cattri %atti sammaEEaakara!Ji saFghasaiptato paIhamaB kattabbatt, uposathassa
289
uposathakammassa pubbakaraa(ti %uccati+ 0ubbakaraJ ti akkhti+
(0ubbakicca(pucch(%issaEEa))
2
(0uc+)) Cha!aprisu!!hi utukkhaB, bhikkhugaa ca o%!o, uposathassa eti pubbakicca(ti %uccati+
Cha!aprisu!!hi) Cha!rahaB bhikkh?aB cha!aprisu!!hi(haraaB kataB kiBg
(Nis+)) Cha!aprisu!!hi(haraaB iIIhitaB+ (or)) #!ha Datthi+
(0uc+)) -tukkhaB) Hemat!JaB tiaB ut?aB ettakaB atikkataB ettakaB a%asiIIha]ti+ '%aB utu(
cikkhaaB kataB kiBg
(Nis+)) -t?J!ha paa ssae hemata(gimha(%assaB %asea tJi hoti+ "yaB
hemata(egimha(e%assa(utu+ "smiB utumhi aIIha (!asa) uposath+ #mi pakkhea eko uposatho
sampatto, m uposathoe atikkatoe, m uposath a%asiIIhoe+
(0uc+)) Bhikkhugaa ca) #masmiB uposathagge saipatitaB bhikkh?aB gaa, kittak bhikkh?
hotig
(Nis+)) "smiB uposathagge saipatitaB bhikkh?aB gaa cattroepaMca m bhikkh? hoti+
(0uc+)) :%!o) BhikkhuJaB o%!o !tabbo !io kiBg
(Nis+)) #!i paa tsaB Datthitya, so ca o%!o i!ha Datthi+
(0uc+)) -posathassa eti pubbakicca]ti %uccati kiBg+
(Nis+)) 'ti paMcakammi cha!hara!Ji ptimokkhu!!esato paIhamaB kattabbatt,
uposathassa uposathakammassa pubbakicca(ti %uccati+ 0ubbakiccJ ti akkhti+
(0attaka&&a(pucch(%issaEEa))
2
(0uc+)) -posatho y%atik ca bhikkh? kammappatt sabhgpattiyo ca a %iEEati, %aEEaJy ca pugga&
tasmiB a hoti pattaka&&a(ti %uccati+
-posatho) <Jsu uposatha!i%asesu ctu!!asJ paarasJ, smaggJsu, aEE]uposatho ko uposathog
(Nis+)) "EE]uposatho ctu!!asoepaaraso+
(0uc+)) U%atik ca bhikkh? kammappatt ti kiBg
(Nis+)) Uattak bhikkh? tassa uposathakammassa patt, yutt, aur?p, sabbatimea paricche!ea cattro
bhikkh? pakatatt, saFghea aukkhitt, te ca kho hatthapsaB a%iEahit% ekasJmyaB Ihit+
(0uc+)) 4abhgpattiyo ca a %iEEati kiBg
(Nis+)) Nik&abhoEa!i %atthu sabhgpattiyo ca a %iEEati+
(0uc+)) NaEEaJy ca pugga& tasmiB a hoti kiBg
(Nis+)) RahaIIha(paPak!ayo, eka%JsatiY%aEEaJy pugga&, hatthapsato bahikaraa%asea %aEEetabb+ <e
asmiB a hoti+
(0uc+)) 0attaka&&a(ti %uccati kiBg
(Nis+)) 4aFghassa uposathakammaB imehi cat?hi &akkhaehi saFgahitaB pattaka&&a(ti %uccati)
0attak&a%ata
@
Yti akkhtaB+
(Qr!haa))
2
(Nis+))
2
0ubbakaraapubbakicci sampet% !esitpattikassa samaggassa bhikkhusaFghassa aumatiy
ptimokkhaB u!!isituB r!haaB karomi+
7+ !) Sa='huposatha-3inayakammaAF (<he Liscip&iary actio $or the -posatha o$ the Commuity+)
2+ <hese tit&es are ot i 4K+
@+ !) pattaka%%a3antan(
290
Translation
1=) ,uestioig bhikkhu+ ") as2erig bhikkhu+3
<he metho! o$ the preparatios a! so o $or the -posatha+
(<he authorisatio $or askig about the Niaya+)
1=)3 Homage to the Fortuate :e, the /orthy :e, the 0er$ect&y "2akee! :e+ (@5)
("oucemet)
Neerab&e 4ir, p&ease &et the Commuity &iste to mep #$ it is suitab&e to the commuity, (the) # 2ou&! ask the
such(ame! %eerab&e about the Liscip&ie+
(<he authorisatio to as2er 2ith regar!s the Niaya+)
1")3 Homage to the Fortuate :e, the /orthy :e, the per$ect&y "2akee! :e+ (@5)
("oucemet)
Neerab&e 4ir, p&ease &et the Commuity &iste to mep #$ it is suitab&e to the commuity (the) # 2ou&! as2er
ha%ig bee aske! about the Liscip&ie by the such(ame! %eerab&e+
(<he ,uestioig a! as2erig 2ith regar!s the preparatios+)
1=)3 Z<he broom a! the &amp, the 2ater 2ith the seat
these are ca&&e! Zthe preparatio $or the obser%ace+[
0ermit 1me to ask3p <he broom+ Has the actio o$ s2eepig bee !oeg
1")3 <he actio o$ s2eepig has bee $iishe!+
1=)3 "! the &amp+ Has the &ightig o$ the &amp bee !oeg
1")3 <he &ightig o$ the &amp has bee $iishe!+ (:r)) <here is o &amp(!uty because o$ the state o$ there beig
su&ight o2+
1=)3 <he 2ater 2ith the seat+ Has the settig up o$ the !rikig( a! 2ashig(2ater bee !oeg
1")3 <he p&acig o$ the !rikig( a! 2ashig(2ater together 2ith the seat has bee $iishe!+
1=)3 "re these ca&&e! Zthe preparatio $or the obser%ace[g
1")3 <hese $our protoco&s, the actio o$ s2eepig etc, !ue to the ha%ig to be !oe $irst be$ore the
gatherig o$ the Commuity are ca&&e! Zthe preparatio $or the 1&ega&3 act o$ -posatha o the -posatha+[
<he Zpreparatios[ ha%e bee aouce!+
(<he ,uestioig a! a2erig 2ith regar!s the pre&imiary !uties+)
1=)3 <he coset a! purity, the te&&ig o$ the seaso, the coutig o$ the bhikkhus a! the istructio (o$
the bhikkhuJs), these are ca&&e!) Zthe pre&imiary !uty $or the obser%ace]+
1=)3 <he coset a! purity+ Has the brigig o$ coset 1a!3 purity o$ bhikkhus 2ho are !eser%ig o$
1gi%ig3 coset bee !oeg
1")3 <he brigig o$ coset 1a!3 purity o$ bhikkhus 2ho are !eser%ig o$ 1gi%ig3 coset has bee
$iishe!+ (:r)) 1<here3 is o 1brigig o$ coset a! purity3 here+
1=)3 <he te&&ig o$ the seaso+ Z:$ the three seasos, the 2iter etc+, this umber 1o$ -posathas3 ha%e passe!,
this umber 1o$ -posathas3 are &e$t,[ has the te&&ig o$ the seaso bee !oe thusg
1")3 # this !ispesatio there are three seasos, 1ame&y3 the 2iter, the summer, a! the rais+
<his is the 2iter(esummer(eraiy(seaso, a! i this seaso there are eight (te) -posathas+
/ith this $ortight (oe) -posatha has arri%e!, oeet2oe m -posatha(s) iseha%e past, oeet2oem
-posatha(s) iseare &e$t+
1=)3 <he coutig o$ the bhikkhus+ <he coutig o$ the bhikkhus 2ho ha%e gathere! i this -posatha(ha&& is
the coutig o$ the bhikkhus+ Ho2 may bhikkhus are thereg
1")3 # this -posatha(ha&& $oure$i%eem bhikkhus ha%e gathere!+
297
1=)3 <he istructio+ <he istructio to be gi%e to the bhikkhuJs) has it bee gi%eg
1")3 Because o$ their o(e5istece o2, there is o istructio here+
1=)3 "re these ca&&e! Zthe preparatio $or the obser%ace[g
1")3 <hese $our protoco&s, the brigig o$ coset etc, !ue to the ha%ig to be !oe $irst be$ore the
gatherig o$ the Commuity are ca&&e! Zthe pre&imiary !uty $or the 1&ega&3 act o$ -posatha o the
-posatha+[
<he Zpre&imiary !uties[ ha%e bee aouce!+
(<he ,uestioig a! as2erig about the reache! suitabi&ity+)
1=)3 <he obser%ace, 2hate%er bhikkhus are etit&e! (to carry out the &ega&) act, commo o$$eces are ot
$ou!, there are o persos to be e5c&u!e! i there, this is ca&&e!) Zreache! suitabi&ity]+[
1=)3 <he -posatha+ /ith regar!s the $ourteeth 1(!ay -posathas3, the $i$teeth 1(!ay -posathas3, or the -ity
1(-posathas3, the -posatha to!ay is 2hich -posathag
1")3 <o!ay is the $ourteethe$i$teeth !ay -posatha+
1=)3 /hat is Z/hate%er bhikkhus are etit&e! (to carry out the &ega&) act[g
1")3 Ho2e%er may bhikkhus 2ho are etit&e! to that -posatha(act, 2ho are $it, are suite!, 2ith the
miimum amout (o$ bhikkhus), $our bhikkhus 2ho are regu&ar, ot suspe!e! by the commuity, a! they,
ot ha%ig &e$t arms(&egth, remai i the same bou!ary+
1=)3 "re commo o$$eces ot $ou!g
1")3 Commo o$$eces, $ou!e! o eatig at the 2rog time a! so o, are ot $ou!+
1=)3 "re there i that 1arms(&egth3 o persos $it to be e5c&u!e!
1")3 Househo&!ers, euuchs, etc, the t2ety oe persos $it to be e5c&u!e!, 2ho are is to be e5c&u!e! by
makig 1them go3 outsi!e $rom the arms(&egth, they are ot i that 1arms(&egth+3
1=)3 /hat is sai! to Zha%e reache! suitabi&ity[g
1")3 <he 1&ega&3 act o$ -posatha e!o2e! 2ith these $our characteristics is ca&&e! Z1oe that3 has reache!
suitabi&ity+[
Z1#t3 has reache! the time[ is sai!+
(#%itatio)
1")3 ZHa%ig ma!e to u!ertake the preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties # make the i%itatio to recite the
Liscip&iary Co!e 2ith the appro%a& o$ the uite! commuity 2hose o$$eces ha%e bee co$esse!+[
Thai Dhammayuttika1nikya Version
Ri%e i 6m 4e o$ the 6ahamakut "ca!emy ($rom the computerise! %ersio o$ /at 0ah Caachat,
<hai&a!+)
1<he re,uest $or permissio (gi%e o p+A@ o$ the 79G9 m e!itio+ Cot $ou! i the 79GG e!itio+))3
0ksa me *hante thero dethu 3inayakathaA kathetuAF
Pu**aki!!aAF 1X Cot recite!+3
)posathakara>ato pu**e na3a-3idhaA pu**aki!!aA kta**aA hotiI
Ta>Chna-samma@@anaK-!a: tattha pad$p8u@@a%anaK-!a: sana-paKKapanaK-!a: pn$ya-pari*ho@an$y-
7paCChapanaK-!a: !handrahnaA *hikkh7naA !handhara>aK-!a: tesaK-Ke3a akatuposathnaA prisuddhiy pi
hara>aK-!a: utukkhnaK-!a: *hikkhu'a>an !a: *hikkhun$nam-o3do ! tiF
Tattha purimni cattri bhi!!h>na (.ep&ace the bo&! 0;i phrase 2ith the $o&&o2ig 0;i phrase
2he the recitatio is carrie! out !urig the !ay time) Tattha purimesu !at7su ki!!esu pad$paki!!aA idni
suriy%okassa atthitya n8atthi, aparni t$>i *hikkh7naA_ 3attaA @nantehi rmi!ehi pi bhi!!h>hi pi Msama>erehi pi
*hikkh7hi pi or *hikkh7hi: 2he appropriate rep&ace the bo&! 0;i phrase_ katni pariniCChitni hontiF
Chandhara>a prisuddhi-hara>ni pana imissaA s$myaA hatthapsaA 3i@ahit3 nisinnnaA *hikkh7naA
292
a*h3ato n8atthiF
)tukkhnaA nma ettakaA atikkantaA ettakaA a3asiCChan-ti: e3aA utu-!ikkhanaAF
)t7n$dha pana ssane hemanta-'imha-3assnnaA 3asena t$>i hontiF
AyaA hemantotu b'imhotu or 3assnotud, asmiK-!a utumhi aCCha uposath, imin pakkhenaI eko uposatho
sampatto, d3e uposath atikkant, satta uposath a3asiCCh+ 1For more e5p&aatioW see m 79GG p+72 + H+3
Iti e3aA sa**ehi yasmantehi utukkhnaA dhreta**aAF bBhikkhus @unior than the *hikkhu who is re!itin'
sayI X&3aA *hanteFP <he bhikkhus seior to the reciter sayI X&3aA 3usoFPdF
1# m 79GG p+9 it is sai! that *hante shou&! be omitte!+ <here are probab&y !i$$eret 2ays i !i$$eret
moasteries+3
Bhikkhu'a>an nma imasmiA uposatha''e uposathatthya sannipatit *hikkh7 ettak ti, *hikkh7naA 'a>anF
ImasmiA pana uposatha''e 1umber o$ bhikkhus i 0;i3 *hikkh7 sannipatit hontiF
Iti sa**ehi yasmantehi *hikkhu'a>an pi dhreta**F b&3aA *hanteL3uso as a*o3edF
Bhikkhun$namo3do pana idni tsaA n8atthitya n8atthiF
Iti sakara>oksnaA pu**aki!!naA katatt nikkara>oksnaA pu**aki!!naA pakatiy pariniCChitatt
e3antaA na3a-3idhaA pu**aki!!aA pariniCChitaA hotiF
6iCChite !a pu**aki!!eI
Sa!e so di3aso !tuddas$-pa>>aras$-sma''$nam-aKKataro yath@@a uposatho pa>>arasoL!tuddasoLsma''oF
G3atik !a *hikkh7 kammapatt sa='huposathrah !attro 3 tato 3 atirek pakatatt pr@ikaA anpann
sa='hena 3 anukkhittF
Te !a kho hatthapsaA a3i@ahit3 ekas$myaA ChitF
TesaK-!a 3ik%a*ho@andi3asena-3atthu-sa*h'pattiyo !e na 3i@@antiF
TesaK-!a hatthapse hatthapsato *ahikara>a3asena 3a@@eta**o ko-!i 3a@@an$yapu''a%o !e n8atthiF
&3an-taA uposathakammaA imehi !at7hi %akkha>ehi sa='ahitaA pattaka%%aA nma hoti, ktuA yuttar7paAF
)posathakammassa pattaka%%attaA 3idit3 idni kariyamno uposatho sa='hena anumneta**oF
1:ther more seior bhikkhus say) Sdhu, BhanteF 6ore Euior bhikkhus) Sdhu 3usoFd
'&!est bhikkhu) Pu**akara>a-pu**aki!!ni sampet3, imassa nisinnassa *hikkhusa='hassa anumatiy
pCimokkhaA uddesituA a@@hesanaA karomiF
Translation
Z6ay the 4eior p&ease gi%e me permissio to speak ta&k o Niaya+
1<he 0re&imiary Luty3
Be$ore !oig the -posatha the ie$o&! !uty shou&! be !oe)
the s2eepig o$ that p&aceW the &ightig o$ the &amp thereW the sprea!ig o$ the sittig matsW the
preparig o$ the sittig matsW the brigig o$ the coset o$ the bhikkhus 2ho are !eser%ig 1to gi%e their3
cosetW a! o$ those bhikkhus 2ho !o ot participate i the -posatha the brigig o$ the purity tooW the
te&&ig o$ the seasoW the coutig o$ the bhikkhus, a! the istructig o$ the bhikkhuJs+
Herei the $irst $our 1!uties3 ha%e bee !oe a! comp&ete! by moastery(atte!ats 2ho ko2 the
bhikkhusD protoco& a! by bhikkhus+
1:r 2he there is !ay&ight)3 Herei 2ith regar!s the $irst $our !uties there is o !uty o$ 1&ightig3 the
&amp because o$ the state o$ there beig su&ight o2, the three other oes ha%e bee !oe a! comp&ete! by
moastery(atte!ats 2ho ko2 the bhikkhusD protoco& a! by bhikkhus+
<here is o brigig o$ coset 1a!3 brigig o$ purity because o$ the absece i this bou!ary o$
seate! bhikkhus 2ho ha%e &e$t armDs &egth+
<he so(ca&&e! Zte&&ig the seaso[ is !ec&arig the seaso thus) this umber 1o$ -posathas3 ha%e
passe!, this umber 1o$ -posathas3 are &e$t+
# this !ispesatio there are three seasos, 1ame&y3 2iter, summer, a! rais+
<his is the 2iter seaso, a! i this seaso there are eight -posathas+
/ith this $ortight oe -posatha has arri%e!, t2o -posathas ha%e past, $i%e -posathas are &e$t+
<hus the te&&ig o$ the seaso is to be bore i mi! by a&& the %eerab&es+
14o it is, Neerab&e 4irp (<o be sai! by a&& bhikkhus participatig i the -posatha+ <he 2or! Zsir[
29@
shou&! be omitte! by bhikkhus more seior tha the reciter+)3
<he so(ca&&e! Zcoutig o$ the bhikkhus[ is the coutig o$ the bhikkhus 1thus3) Z# this -posatha(
ha&& so may bhikkhus ha%e gathere! $or the purpose o$ 1per$ormig3 the -posatha+[
# this -posatha(ha&& $our bhikkhus ha%e gathere!+
14o it is, Neerab&e 4irp3
<here is o istructio o$ the bhikkhuJs o2 because o$ their o(e5istece+
<hus, because o$ the state o$ ha%ig bee !oe o$ the pre&imiary !uties, 2hich ha! a opportuity o$
!oig (them), a! because o$ the atura&ess o$ the pre&imiary !uties 2hich ha! o opportuity o$ !oig
(them), the ie($o&! 0re&imiary Fuctio has bee comp&ete!+
/he the pre&imiary !uty has bee $iishe!)
#$ the !ay is a certai oe o$ the $ourteeth 1!ay -posathas3, $i$teeth 1!ay -posathas3, or the -ity 1(
-posathas3, &ike to!ay is the $i$teeth !ay -posatha+
/hate%er bhikkhus are etit&e! (to carry out the &ega&) act, 2ho are ,ua&i$ie! $or the -posatha o$ the
Commuity, $our or more tha that, regu&ar, 2ho ha%e ot committe! a o$$ece o$ prEika, 2ho ha%e ot
bee suspe!e! by the Commuity,
a! they, ot ha%ig &e$t arms(&egth, remai i oe bou!ary,
a! i$ amog them commo o$$eces, $ou!e! o eatig at the 2rog time a! so o, are ot $ou!,
a! i$ amog them 2ithi arms(&egth there is o perso $it to be e5c&u!e!, 2ho is to be e5c&u!e!
$rom arms(&egth by makig 1him go3 outsi!e,
the that 1&ega&3 act o$ -posatha e!o2e! 2ith these $our characteristics is ca&&e! Z1oe that3 has
reache! suitabi&ity,[ 1a! is3 $it to per$orm+
Ha%ig ko2 the state o$ reache! suitabi&ity o$ the 1&ega&3 act o$ -posatha, it is to be appro%e! o$ by
the Commuity 1that3 the -posatha is beig !oe o2+[
(/e&& 1!oe3, Neerab&e 4irp #$ Suior) /e&& 1!oe3, Frie!p)
'&!er) ZHa%ig ma!e to u!ertake the preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties # make the i%itatio to
recite the Liscip&iary Co!e 2ith the appro%a& o$ the seate! commuity+[
1C$+ the tras&atio o$ this Lhammayuttika Pu**aki!!a-pu**akara>a gi%e i m 79GG pp+ GY70 a!
79G9 pp+ A@YA8+3
The Ori!in of the ,uestion and Ans8er Version of the Pubba!iccaKpubba!ara"
<here is o ,uestio a! as2er %ersio o$ the pu**akara>apu**aki!!a $ou! i the commetaries, a! sub(
commetaries compose! i 0o&oaru2a+ #t is a&so ot $ou! i the me!ie%a& 4iha&ese 2or! by 2or!
tras&atio o$ the Bhikkhuptimokkha ca&&e! Bhikkhuptimokkha-padrtha or Bhik+uprtimok+a-sannaya+
HA@
<he
,uestio a! as2er %ersio is, as $ar as # ha%e bee ab&e to $i! out, $irst metioe! a! recomme!e! i
the te5t ca&&e! the Bhikkhuptimokkha-'a>Chid$pni+ <his e5p&aatio o$ !i$$icu&t a! obscure ('a>Chi) 2or!s a!
passages i the 0timokkha 2as 2ritte by the grammaria akitti thera 2ho &i%e! i Chiag 6ai, K C
Kig!om, i Corther 4iame<hai&a! i the 7A
th
cetury a! 2rote se%era& other 0;i te5ts
754
+ # his
!iscussio o$ the pu**akara>apu**aki!!a %erses o$ the /a=kh3itara>$ the thera states that the %erses a! the
e5p&aatios o$ them ha%e bee take out $rom the /a=kh3itara>$ a! its C$k by theras so that the
preparatios, etc, ca be ma!e ko2 by 2ay o$ a series o$ ,uestios a! as2ers bet2ee the oe 2ho
i%ites a! the 0timokkha reciter+ He the gi%es a e5amp&e that e5act&y correspo!s 2ith the start o$ the
,uestio a! as2er %ersio as use! i <hai&a! a! 4ri Kaka+
<he %ersio that Ne+ akitti commets upo is, a&though %ery simi&ar, ot comp&ete&y i!etica& to the
more mo!er %ersiosW see the $oototes to the 4iha&esee4iamese ,uestio a! as2er %ersio i the
appe!i5+ Further, he o&y commets upo some o$ the 2or!s a! passages o$ a ,uestio a! as2er
%ersio a! !oes ot gi%e the $u&& ,uestio a! as2er %ersio+ #$ this %ersio 2ou&! ha%e bee a comp&ete&y
e2 creatio by him, the he 2ou&! ha%e gi%e the $u&& %ersio a! it there$ore seems that the ,uestio a!
as2er %ersio 2as a&rea!y attache! to the K C 0timokkha mauscripts he ha! use!+ # $act, he states
753
4ee the sectio o mauscripts a! e!itios use!+
754
4ee Hi`ber, 799G, j @H9 a! Hi`ber 2000+
298
that it 2as ma!e by theras, presumab&y these theras 2ere K C theras
HAA
+ <he $act that Ne+ akitti 2as
primari&y a grammaria a! ot a Niaya(e5pert a&so suggests that it is u&ike&y that he 2as the composer o$
the ,uestio a! as2er %ersio+ "&though may o$ the passages use! i the ,uestio a! as2er %ersio
come $rom the /a=kh3itara>$ (see be&o2), he !oes commet upo some 2or!s a! passages, e+g+ sa='hena
anukkhitt, 2hich are o&y $ou! i the ,uestio a! as2er %ersio a! ot i the /a=kh3itara>$ or
e&se2here+
<he origi o$ the ,uestio a! as2er sessio might thus be the K C Kig!om i 2hat is o2
Corther <hai&a!+ Kater it cou&! ha%e bee itro!uce! to 4ri Kaka 2he bhikkhus $rom 4iam came to he&p
re(estab&ish the -pasampa! i the mi!(eighteeth cetury+ "s 4iha&ese script Bhikkhuptimokkha-
'a>Chid$pni mauscripts
HAG
, a! at &east oe prite! e!itio are $ou!, i 4ri Kaka
HAH
it is &ike&y that this 2ork
2as a&so itro!uce! at the same time by the bhikkhus $rom 4iam+
# the mo!er Burmese tra!itio, a! i the Burmese &ieage "marapura Cikya i 4ri Kaka, o 0;i
,uestio a! a2er %ersio is use!, a&though the /a=kh3itara>$ %erses are recite!+
<he $irst uambiguous i!icatio that the /a=kh3itara>$ %erses shou&! be recite! be$ore the 0timokkha
recitatio is i the 0o&oaru2a perio! C$k ca&&e! Vinaya3ini!!haya-C$k by Ne+ 6ah -patissa thera 2ho &i%e!
i the 72th cetury i 4ri Kaka+ (4ee be&o2) <he 72th cetury PJimuttaka-3inaya-3ini!!haya-sa='aha o$ the 4ri
Kaka Ne+ 4riputta thera (see be&o2) might i!icate a&so this recitatio o$ the %erses a! is i $act ,uote!
as support $or the %ersio o$ the ,uestio a! a2er sessio by the Burmese Ne+ <ipiIik&aFkra thera i his
7Hth cetury sub(commetary o the &ast 2ork (see be&o2)+ # the Vinaya3ini!!haya-C$k by Ne+ -patissa, it
appears to be state! that the /a=kh3itara>$ %erses shou&! be recite!, but there is o i!icatio that they
shou&! be !oe by 2ay o$ ,uestios a! as2ers+
Ne+ <ipiIik&aFkra thera recomme!s a brie$ ,uestio a! as2er %ersio i 2hich oe bhikkhu, the
0timokkha(reciter, recites the three %erses $rom the /a=kh3itara>$ a! 27%asikkh a! asks a$ter each %erse
2hether 2hether the $actors metioe! i the %erse ha%e bee accomp&ishe!, the other bhikkhu, the
ZLhamma(i%iter,[ the o&y brie$&y rep&ies ZUes, Neerab&e 4ir+[
#t is ot ko2 2hether this brie$ %ersio is sti&& use!, or has e%er bee use!, i Burma+ #t appears that it
is Ne+ <ipiIik&aFkraDs o2 $abricatio+ Ho2e%er, it might suggest that Ne+ <ipiIik&aFkra thera ke2
about the ,uestio a! as2er %ersio practise! i K C, 2hich 2as part o$ Burma $rom the mi! 7Gth
cetury $or about t2o hu!re! a! t2ety years, a! 4iyam a! might ha%e 2ate! to itro!uce a brie$
%ersio o$ it i 4outher Burma+ "t the e! o$ his e5p&aatio o$ the %erses, etc+, the thera states that this &og(
cocea&e! 2ay o$ speech shou&! be practise! by 2ise me 2ho ko2 the Niaya+ From this, a! a&so $rom his
prece!ig e5tesi%e e5p&aatios, it appears that this recitig by 2ay o$ ,uestio a! as2ers 2as a e2
thig i Burma+
HA8
Bhi!!huptimo!!haKga"*hiKd/pan/ Hp+ 8+J HM"a!itti Thera% #hiang Mai% Siam% ,0th #E+J
('!itor) Ne+ Ka&age Ruarataa 1Liscip&e o$ Ni!yo!aya 0ari%e!hipati Racriya iri 4umaFga&a3, 4ri
Kaka+ 7889e28@@+)
Samma@@an$ pad$po !a, udakaA sanena !a:
)posathassa etni, pu**akara>an-ti 3u!!at$ tiF
AyaA 'th 3a''aCChakathto harit3 2tikya kiA sa='hassa pu**aki!!an-ti 3uttatt paChamaA katta**assa
pu**akara>assa KpanatthaA dimhi por>aka-therehi Chapanato samma@@an$-ty-di-tass 'thya 3itthro, so !a
3itthro /a=kh3itara>iy !e3a taA C$kya uddharit3 rdhakassa !e3a ptimokkhuddesakassa !a 3a!ana-paCi3a!ana-
755
<here is, a&so the possibi&ity that the t2ety($i%e K C bhikkhus 2ho 2et to Cey&o i the begi o$ the 7Ath cetury $or
higher stu!ies brought it back 2ith themW see Hi`ber, 2000, pp+7@8YA+
756
4ee j 27 o$ Le 4i&%a, 79@8, a! p+A2 o$ 1anka Pusko%a Pot 6m3a%iya ##+ K+L+ 4oma!asaW Co&ombo 79G8+
757
<his appears to be the o&y 2ork o$ akitti thera $ou! i mauscript $orm outsi!e o$ <hai&a!, Kaos, or Cambo!ia+
Hi`ber states that o mauscript seems to be ko2 outsi!e o$ these three coutries, but o%er&ooke! the e5istece o$ the
Ptimokkha-'a>Chid$pan$ mauscripts i 4ri Kaka+ #t might be $ou! i Burma too as a Ptimokkha-'a>Chi has bee &iste! i
the PiCakat samuinF
758
Ne+ <ipiIak&aFkra gi%es three %ersios o$ the %erse, the $irst oe is the oe gi%e i the 27%asikkh, the e5t t2o
apparet&y are his o2 $abricatios, a&though they are base! o the 27%asikkh %erse+
29A
KpanattthaA therehi katoF Samma@@an$ ti 3a!ane rdhakena *hikkhun 3utte, samma@@ana-kara>aK-!-ti 3a!anaA
uddesakena *hikkhun 3atta**aAF Ito paresu pi es8e3a nayoF Q
Chanda -- pe -- 3u!!at$ tiF
AyaA 'th aCChakathto harit3 pu**akara>8antaraA katta*assa ki!!assa KpanatthaA ChapitF
Z<he broom a! the &amp, a! the 2ater 2ith the seat
these are ca&&e!) Zthe preparatio $or the obser%ace+[
Ha%ig take this %erse $rom the commetary o the chapter, because (it) has bee sai! i the
4ummary (2tik, i+e+, the 0timokkha)) ]/hat is the pre&imiary !uty $or the Commuity,D $or the purpose o$
the makig ko2 o$ the pre&imiary !uty to be !oe $irst at the start, !ue to the estab&ishig o$ the
e5p&aatio o$ that %erse that starts 2ith ]the broomD by the aciet e&!ers+ "! ha%ig take out that
e5p&aatio $rom the /a=kh3itara>$ a! the C$k it has bee !oe by the e&!ers $or the purpose o$ makig
ko2 by (meas o$) the ,uestioig o$ the oe 2ho i%ites a! the as2erig o$ the oe 2ho recites the
0timokkha+
/he the statemet ]<he broomD has bee sai! by the oe 2ho i%ites (the) ]"! the actio o$
s2eepigD is to be sai! by the reciter(bhikkhu+ From this o2ar!, 2ith regar!s the others (i+e+, !uties 1gi%e
i the %erses3), this is (to be sai! i) the same metho!+ m
]<he coset m etc m are ca&&e!D
Ha%ig take this %erse $rom the Commetary it has bee p&ace! $or the purpose o$ the makig
ko2 o$ the !uty to be !oe 2ithi the preparatio+[
Iina'aKsagaha HKa**ha!athJNP;imutta!aKvina'aKviniccha'aKsagaha HKva""anJ+
(4K, Ne+ 4riputta thera, 72th C'+) 6yamar 272Y278+ j 7HH+
XSamma@@an$ pad$po !a, udakaA sanena !a:
uposathassa etni, pu**akara>an-ti 3u!!at$ tiF
&3aA 3uttaA !atu**idhaA pu**akara>aA kat3 3a uposatho kta**oF Q
Chandaprisuddhi-utukkhnaA, *hikkhu'a>an !a o3do:
uposathassa etni, pu**aki!!an-ti 3u!!at$ tiF <
&3aA 3uttaA pana !atu**idham-pi pu**aki!!aA pu**akara>ato pa!!h kta**aA, tam-pi hi akat3 uposatho na
kta**oFP
Z<he broom m+[ (2he this) has bee sai! thus, the :bser%ace is to be !oe (a$ter) ha%ig !oe the $our$o&!
preparatio+ m
Z<he coset a! purity m[ (2he this) has bee sai! thus, a&so the $our($o&! pre&imiary !uty is to
be !oe a$ter the preparatio, $or ot ha%ig !oe that the :bser%ace is ot to be !oe+[
Iina'aviniccha'aK*/! $$% M'anmar p+7,5 HSO% Ien+ Mah Fpatissa thera% ,7th #EJ
Y CSHK+ Pu**aki!!aA sampet3 ti<
XSamma@@an$ pad$po !a, udakaA sanena !a:
Pa3ra>ya etni, `pu**akara>an8ti 3u!!atiF
XChandaprisuddhi-utukkhnaA, *hikkhu'a>an !a o3do:
Pa3ra>ya etni, `pu**aki!!an8ti 3u!!at$PtiF<
VuttaA na3a3idhaA pu**aki!!aA niCChpet3F
Pattaka%%e samnite ti<
XPa3ra> y3atik !a *hikkh7 kammappatt,
Sa*h'pattiyo !a na 3i@@antiF
Va@@an$y !a pu''a% tasmiA na honti,
`Pattaka%%an8ti 3u!!at$PtiF<
Vutte !atu**idhe pattaka%%e samodhnite parisampiteF
29G
ZHa%ig ma!e the pre&imiary !uty to be comp&ete![)
Z<he broom m[
(2he this) has bee sai! the ie$o&! pre&imiary !uty has bee cause! to be $iishe!+
<he suitab&e time $actors ha%e bee combie!)
Z<he #%itatio, 2hate%er bhikkhus m[
/he (this) has bee sai! the $our$o&! suitab&e time (($actors) ha%e bee combie! (a!) coc&u!e!+
Iina'la!raK*/!
(PJimuttaka-3inaya-3i!!haya-sa='aha-mah-L-na3a-C$k) (6yamar, Ne+ <ipiIik&aFkra thera, 7Hth C'+))
6yamar p+p+ @98Y808+
Idni ptimokkhuddesak%e<
Samma@@an$ pad$po !a, udakaA sanena !a:
)posathassa etni, pu**akara>anti 3u!!atiF
Chandaprisuddhi-utukkhnaA, *hikkhu'a>an !a o3do:
)posathassa etni, pu**aki!!an-ti 3u!!atiF
)posatho y3atik !a *hikkh7 kammappatt:
Sa*h'pattiyo !a na 3i@@antiF
Va@@an$y !a pu''a% tasmiA na hontiF
Pattaka%%an-ti 3u!!at$ tiF
Im 'thyo dhamma@@hesakena pChaA ye3a *ha>pet3 ptimokkhuddesako atthaA kathetiF Tato
pu**akara>apu**aki!!ni samm niCChpet3 Xdesitpattikassa sama''assa Mp'F RF`SS_ *hikkhusa='hassa anumatiy
ptimokkhaA uddisituA rdhanaA karomPti imaA 3kyaA pCham-e3a a@@hesakena *ha>pet3 atthaA a3at33a
Xsdh7Pti 3at3 ptimokkhaA uddisatiF
Pa3ra>ya pi ese3a nayoF XPa3ra>ya etn$Pti !a Xpa3ra>aA ktunPti !a imni padni ye3a 3isiCChniF
Co2 at the time o$ the 0timokkha (recitatio_Z<he broom m[ (there are) these %erses (o$ 2hich), o&y the
te5t ha%ig bee recite! by the Lhamma(i%iter, the 0timokkha reciter e5p&ais the sese+
<he, ha%ig right&y ha%ig cause! to carry oute$iish the preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties) Z/e make
the i%itatio to recite the Liscip&iary Co!e 2ith the appro%a& o$ the uite! commuity 2hose o$$eces ha%e
bee co$esse!,[ the i%iter Eust ha%ig recite! the te5t (o$) this sayig, ot ha%ig sai! the sese, ha%ig sai!
Z"&& rightp,[ he recites the 0timokkha+ <his is a&so the metho! a&so 2ith regar!s the #%itatio+ <he 2or!s
XPa3ra>ya etn$P (Z<hese are $or the #%itatio[) a! Xpa3ra>aA ktuAP(Zto !o the i%itatio[) are the
!i$$ereces+
/iA imni dhamma@@hesakassa 3a!anni, udhu ptimokkhuddesakass ti^ /iK-!8ettha< yadi
dhamma@@hesakassa 3a!anni, e3aA sati 'thttayaA 3at3 tsaA attham-pi so e3a kathet3 etni pu**akara>ni !a
etni pu**aki!!ni !a sa='hena katni, idaK-!a sa='hassa pattaka%%aA samn$taA, tasm uddisatu, *hante,
ptimokkhan-ti ten8e3a 3atta**aA siyF Atha ptimokkhuddesakassa 3a!anni, e3aK-!a sati XSa='ho, *hante, theraA
ptimokkhuddesaA a@@hesati, uddisatu, *hante, thero ptimokkhanPti dhamma@@hesakena y3atatiyaA a@@hospet3
XSamma@@an$ Q pe Q 3u!!at$Pti 'thaA 3at3 iti XaCChakath!ariyehi 3uttni etni pu**akara>ni katn$Pti pu!!hit3
dhamma@@hesakena Xama, *hantePti 3utte X!handaprisuddhi Q pe Q 3u!!at$Pti 'thaA 3at3 iti XACChakath!ariyehi
3uttni etni pu**aki!!ni katn$Pti pu!!hit3 Xama, *hanteP ti 3utte X)posatho Q pe Q 3u!!at$Pti 'thaA 3at3 iti
XACChakath!ariyehi 3uttaA idaA pattaka%%aA samn$tanPti pu!!hit3 Xama *hantePti 3utte
Xpu**akara>apu**aki!!ni samm niCChpet3 pattaka%%e samn$te sama''assa *hikkhusa='hassa anumatiy
ptimokkhaA uddisituA rdhanaA mayaA karomPti ptimokkhuddesakena 3atta**aA siy, e3aA sati a@@hesaka-
a@@hesita**naA 3a!anaA asa=karato @nita**aA *ha3eyy tiF
"re these 2or!s o$ the Lhamma(i%iter or o$ the 0timokkha(reciterg Here, i$ they are 2or!s o$ the
Lhamma(i%iter, 2he (this) is so, he, ha%ig sai! the three %erses (a!) a&so ha%ig spoke about their
sese) Z<hese preparatios, a! these pre&imiary !uties, ha%e bee !oe by the Commuity, a! this
suitab&e time $or the Commuity has bee brought about, there$ore &et the Neerab&e 4ir recite the
29H
0timokkha[ is o&y to be sai! by him+
Co2, i$ (they are) 2or!s o$ the 0timokkha(reciter, 2he (this) is so, the Lhamma(i%iter
ha%ig i%ite! three times) Z<he Commuity, Neerab&e 4ir, i%ites the thera to recite the 0timokkha, &et the
thera recite the 0timokkha+[ (the 0timokkha(reciter) ha%ig sai! the %erse Z<he broom m etc m ,[ ha%ig
aske! thus) Z<hese preparatios sai! by the commetary(teachers, ha%e they bee !oeg[ the Lhamma(
i%iter (rep&ies)) ZUes, Neerab&e 4irp[ 2he (this) has bee sai!, ha%ig sai! the %erse Z<he purity a!
coset m etc mZ ha%ig aske! (he says) Z<hese pre&imiary !uties sai! by the commetary(teachers, ha%e
they bee !oeg[) ZUes, Neerab&e 4ir,[ 2he (this) has bee sai!) Z<he :bser%ace m[ ha%ig aske! thus)
Z<his suitab&e time sai! by the Commetary teachers has it bee brought aboutg,[ 2he (this) has bee sai!)
ZHa%ig right&y ma!e $iishe! the preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties, the $actors o$ the suitab&e time ha%e
bee brought together, 2e make the i%itatio to recite the Liscip&iary Co!e 2ith the appro%a& o$ the uite!
commuity+[ is to be sai! by the 0timokkha(reciter+ /he (this) is beig so !ue to o(b&e!ig the
statemet o$ those that are to be i%ite! a! the i%iter 2ou&! be u!ersta!ab&e+[
&ttha !a 'thttayassa aCChakath!ariyehi 3utta*h3o aCChakathyam-e3a 'atoF Pa!!hima3kyaA pana n8e3a pJiyaA,
na aCChakathyaA, na C$kd$su dissatiF /huddasikkh-pakara>e pi<
XPu**aki!!e !a kara>e:
Pattaka%%e samniteF
SuttaA uddisati sa='hoF
PaK!adh so 3i*h3itoPti !aF
XPu**aki!!e !a kara>e:
Pattaka%%e samniteF
pattiA 3at3na sa='henaF
/atta**e3aA pa3ra>Pti !aF<
VuttaA, na 3uttaA tathF 27%asikkh-pakara>e ye3a tath 3uttaA, tasm !ariynaA attano mati *ha3eyyaF
Here, these three %erses !ue to the state o$ ha%ig bee state! by the commetaria& teachers ha%e come i the
commetary+ But, the &ast sayig is ot see i the <e5t, the Commetary, (a!) the 4ub(commetaries a! so
o+ '%e though it has bee state! i the /huddakasikkh(2ork)
Z/he the preparatio a! the pre&imiary !uties,
the suitab&e time has bee brought about,
the Commuity recites the 4utta+
# $i%e 2ays it has bee ma!e c&ear+[
a!)
/he the preparatio a! the pre&imiary !uties,
the suitab&e time has bee brought about,
Ha%ig state! the "oucemet,
<he #%itatio is to be !oe by the Commuity,[
(the thir! %erse) has ot bee state! i that 2ay (as gi%e abo%e)+ :&y i the 27%asikkha(2ork (the thir!
%erse) has bee state! thus, there$ore it 2ou&! be Eust the o2 i!ea o$ the Qcariyas+
Tattha Xpu**akara>apu**aki!!ni samm niCChpet3Pti imin purima'th-d3ayassa attham-e3a kathet3 tatiya-
'thya attho na kathitoF X"esitpattikassPti imin !a pattiy desita-*h3o ye3a kathito, na sa**aA pattaka%%aAF
apattiy desita*h3e !a sa*h'pattiy desita*h3o ye3a pattaka%%asmiA anto'adho, na itaroF VuttaK-hi
ka=kh3itara>iyaAI &tsu hi sa*h'patt$su a3i@@amnsu, 3isa*h'patt$su 3i@@amnsu pi pattaka%%aA hoti ye3 tiF
XPu**akara>apu**aki!!ni samm niCChpet3 desitpattikassa sama''assa *hikkhusa='hassa anumatiy
ptimokkhaA uddisituA rdhanaA karomP ti ettake ye3a 3utte a3asesni t$>i pattaka%%a='niF SeyyathidaA<
uposatho, y3atik !a *hikkh7 kammappatt, 3a@@an$y !a pu''a% tasmiA na hont$ tiF Tesu asantesu pi uposatho Mp'F
RFoeR_ kta**o ti pa@@ati, na pana kta**oF Tena 3uttaAI X6a, *hikkha3e, anuposathe uposatho kta**o, yo kareyya,
298
patti dukkaCassP ti !a, XAnu@nmi, *hikkha3e, !atunnaA ptimokkhaA uddisitun-itP !a, X6a, *hikkha3e,
sa'ahaCChya parisya ptimokkhaA uddisita**anP-ti di !a, tasm uposathadi3asesu sa='he sannipatite sa!e pu**8e3a
sammato dhamma@@hesako atthi, i!!etaA kusa%aAF 6o !e, ekaA *yattaA paCi*a%aA *hikkhuA sa='hena sammannpet3
tena dhamma@@hesakena ptimokkhuddesakaA upasa=kamit3 ekaAsaA uttarsa='aA karit3 ukkuCikaA nis$dit3
aK@a%iA pa''ahet3 e3am-assa 3a!an$yo < XSa='ho, *hante, theraA ptimokkhuddesaA a@@hesati, uddisatu thero
ptimokkhaAF "utiyam-pi, *hante, sa='ho Q pe Q tatiyam-pi, *hante, sa='ho Q pe Q uddisatu thero ptimokkhanP-ti
tikkhattuA y!pet3 tato ptimokkhuddesakena
XSamma@@an$ pad$po !a, udakaA sanena !a:
)posathassa etni, pu**akara>anti 3u!!at$P tiF <
XACChakath!ariyehi 3uttni !attri pu**akara>ni, kiA tni katn$P-ti pu!!hite dhamma@@hesakenaI Xama,
*hanteP ti 3utte puna ptimokkhuddesakena<
XChandaprisuddhi-utukkhnaA, *hikkhu'a>an !a o3do:
)posathassa etni, pu**aki!!an-ti 3u!!at$PBtiF <
XACChakath!ariyehi 3uttni paK!a pu**aki!!ni, kiA tni katn$P ti pu!!hite dhamma@@hesakena Xama
*hanteP ti 3utte puna ptimokkhuddesakena<
X)posatho, y3atik !a *hikkh7 kammappatt:
Sa*h'pattiyo !a na 3i@@antiF
Va@@an$y !a pu''a% tasmiA na hontiF
Pattaka%%an-ti 3u!!at$P tiF <
XACChakath!ariyehi 3uttni !attri pattaka%%a='ni, kiA tni samn$tn$P ti pu!!hite dhamma@@hesakena
Xama, *hantePti 3utte puna ptimokkhuddesako XPu**akara>apu**aki!!ni samm niCChpet3 pattaka%%a='e samn$te
sa='hassa anumatiy ptimokkhaA uddisissmP ti 3at3 XSdhu sdh7Pti *hikkhusa='hena sampaCi!!hite XSu>tu
me, *hante, sa='hoP ti-din ptimokkhuddesako ptimokkhaA uddisat$ ti ayam-amhkaA khantiF
<herei ZHa%ig right&y cause! to carry out the preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties[ by this (statemet) ,
Eust ha%ig state! the sese o$ the $ormer t2o %erses (abo%e), the sese o$ the thir! %erse (abo%e) has ot bee
state!+ Z/hose o$$eces ha%e bee co$esse![ a! by this the co$essio o$ the o$$eces is Eust state!, ot
comp&ete&y the suitab&e time+ :&y the co$essio o$ o$$eces a! the co$essio o$ commo o$$eces are
ic&u!e! i the suitab&e time, ot the other+ For it is state! i the KaFkha%itaraJ) ZFor 2he these commo
o$$eces are ot beig $ou!, a! (those) 2ithout commo o$$eces are $ou! it is o&y the suitab&e time+D
ZHa%ig right&y cause! to carry out the preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties 2e make the
i%itatio to recite the Liscip&iary Co!e 2ith the appro%a& o$ the uite! commuity 2hose o$$eces ha%e
bee co$esse!+[
/he o&y this much is state!, there remai three $actors o$ suitab&e time, that is to say) Z<he
:bser%ace, 2hate%er bhikkhus are etit&e! (to carry out the &ega&) act, there are o persos to be e5c&u!e! i
there+[ '%e 2he these are ot e5istet, Zthe :bser%ace is to be !oe[ is met (pa@@ati), but it is ot to be
!oe+ <here$ore it is state!) ZBhikkhus, o a o(:bser%ace !ay o :bser%ace is to be !oe, 2hoe%er
shou&! !o (it), (there is) a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig $or him[ a! Z# a&&o2, $or $our bhikkhus to recite the
0timokkha[ a! ZBhikkhus, the 0timokkha is ot to be recite! i a assemb&y 2ith househo&!ers[ etc,
there$ore o :bser%ace !ays, 2he the Commuity has assemb&e!, i$ there is a $ormer&y agree! upo
Lhamma(i%iter it is goo!+
#$ ot, oe ski&&e! capab&e bhikkhu, ha%ig bee authorise! by the 4aFgha, by that Lhamma(
i%iter, ha%ig approache! the 0timokkha(reciter, ha%ig put the robe o oe shou&!er, ha%ig sat !o2 i
the s,uattig (ukkuCika) posture, ha%ig put up re%eretia&&y the ha!s $o&!e!, it shou&! be state! thus to him)
Z<he Commuity, Neerab&e 4ir, i%ites the thera to recite the 0timokkha, &et the thera recite the
0timokkha+ " seco! time the Commuity, m etc m " thir! time m etc m Ket the thera recite the
0timokkha,[ ha%ig re,ueste! three times, the by the 0timokkha(reciter (it is sai!))
Z<he broom a! the &amp, the 2ater 2ith the seat,
these are ca&&e!) ]the preparatio $or the obser%ace+^[
Z<he $our preparatios state! by the commetary(teachers, ha%e they bee !oeg,[ 2he
299
(this) has bee aske!, the !hamma(i%iter (says)) ZUes, Neerab&e 4ir+[ 2he (this) has bee state!, agai by
the 0timokkha(reciter (it is sai!))
Z<he coset a! purity, the te&&ig o$ the seaso,
the coutig o$ the bhikkhus a! the istructio (o$ the bhikkhuis),
these are ca&&e!) ]the pre&imiary !uty $or the obser%ace+^[
Z<he $i%e pre&imiary !uties state! by the commetary(teachers, ha%e they bee !oeg,[
2he (this) has bee aske!, the !hamma(i%iter (says)) ZUes, Neerab&e 4ir,[ 2he (this) has bee state!,
agai by the 0timokkha(reciter (it is sai!))
Z<he obser%ace,
2hate%er bhikkhus are etit&e! (to carry out the &ega&) act+,
commo o$$eces are ot $ou!
+
,
there are o persos to be e5c&u!e! i there,
this is ca&&e!) ]reache! suitab&e time+D[
Z<he $our $actors o$ the suitab&e time state! by the commetary(teachers, ha%e they bee !oeg[
2he (this) has bee aske!, the !hamma(i%iter (says)) ZUes, Neerab&e 4ir+[ 2he ( this) has bee state! the
0timokkha(reciter agai (says)) ZHa%ig right&y ma!e $iishe! the preparatios a! pre&imiary !uties, the
$actors o$ the suitab&e time ha%e bee brought together, 2e recite the Liscip&iary Co!e 2ith the appro%a& o$
the commuity+[ (a!) ha%ig state! (so), 2he it has beig agree! by the Commuity (thus)) Z"&& rightp "&&
rightp,[ the 0timokkha(reciter recites the 0timokkha startig 2ith ZKiste to me m[ <his is our pre$erece+
&ttha !a X"hamma@@hesakena Q pe Q e3am-assa 3a!an$yoP ti 3uttaA, so dhamma@@hesakena 3a!an$ya*h3o kathaA
3edita**o ti^
X6a, *hikkha3e, sa='hama@@he ana@@hiCChena ptimokkhaA uddisita**aA, yo uddiseyya, patti dukkaCassP ti
3a!anato tiF XSa='hena sammannpet3Pti 3uttaA, taA kathan-ti^ XA@@hesan !8ettha sa='hena sammata-
dhamm8a@@hesakyatt 3 sa='hattheryatt 3Pti aCCha-kathyaA 3uttattF
XSa='ho, *hante, theraA ptimokkhuddesaA a@@hesati, uddisatu, *hante, thero ptimokkhanPtiF AyaA
a@@hesankro kuto %a**hat$ti^ PJitoF PJiyaKhi Mmah3aF RUU_ Xte theraA a@@hesanti, uddisatu, *hante, thero
ptimokkhanPti 'atoF
Sa!e pana dhamma@@hesako 3uWWhataro, ptimokkhuddesako na3ako, Xsa='ho, 3uso, yasmantaA
ptimokkhuddesaA a@@hesati, uddisatu yasm ptimokkhanPti 3atta**aAF TaA kuto %a**hati^ PJito ye3aF PJiyaK-hi
Mp'F RFeoe`_ Mmah3aF RUUL Vin I RRU_ X&ten8e3a upyena y3a sa='ha-na3akaA a@@hesanti uddisatu yasm
ptimokkhanPti 'atoF Tato Xptimokkhuddesakena samma@@an$ Q pe Q pu!!hite dhamma@@hesakena `ama, *hante8ti
3uttePti idaA kuto %a**hat$ ti^ PJito aCChakathto !aF 6idna-pJiyam-pi hi X/iA sa='hassa pu**aki!!anPti 'ataA,
aCChakathyam-pi Mka=khF aCChaF nidna3a>>an_ X/iA sa='hassa pu**aki!!an-ti sa='ho uposathaA kareyyP ti Q pe
Q e3aA d3$hi nmehi na3a3idhaA pu**aki!!aA dassitaA, kiA taA katan-ti pu!!hat$Pti 'atan-tiF

"! herei ZBy the Lhamma(i%iter m etc m it is to be sai! thus to him[ 1see abo%e3 is state!, that
state o$ ha%ig to be sai! ho2 is to be u!erstoo!g Lue to the statemet, ZBhikkhus, i the mi!!&e o$ the
Commuity the 0timokkha is ot to be recite! by oe 2ho has ot bee i%ite!, 2hoe%er shou&! recite,
there is a o$$ece o$ 2rog(!oig $or him+[ Lue to the statemet i the Commetary, ZHerei the i%itatio
is by a Lhamma(i%iter authorise! by the Commuity or by the Commuity(e&!er+[
Z<he Commuity, Neerab&e 4ir, i%ites the e&!er $or the 0timokkha(recitatio, Neerab&e 4ir, &et the
e&!er recite the 0timokkha+ <his actio o$ i%itig $rom 2here is it obtaie!g From the <e5t+ For i the <e5t
has come Z<hey i%ite! the e&!er) Neerab&e 4ir, &et the e&!er recite the 0timokkha+[ But i$ the Lhamma(
i%iter is more seior, (a!) the 0timokkha(reciter a Euior, Z<he Commuity, Neerab&e, i%ites the e&!er
$or the 0timokkha(recitatio, &et the Neerab&e recite the 0timokkha[ is to be sai!+ From 2here is that
obtaie!g Sust $rom the <e5t+ For i the <e5t has come) Z# Eust this 2ay they i%ite! uti& the (most) Euior i
the commuity) ]Ket the Neerab&e recite the 0timokkha+^[
<he Zby the 0timokkha(reciter ]the broom m etc m ]Ues, Neerab&e sir,D 2he (this) is sai![ 1see
abo%e3, $rom 2here is this obtaie!g From the <e5t a! the Commetary+ For a&so i the Ci!a(te5t has
@00
come, Z/hat is the pre&imiary !uty $or the Commuityg,[ a! a&so i the Commetary has come, Z]/hat is
the pre&imiary !uty $or the Commuityg <he Commuity shou&! !o the :bser%aceD m etc m thus by these
t2o ames the ie$o&! pre&imiary !uty has bee sho2+ ]Ho2 has that bee !oegD he asks+[
6anu !etaA antonidne ye3a 'ataA^ Atha kasm ptimokkhuddesakena pu**a*h'e 3atta**an-ti^ Sa!!aA, tath pi
tad-anu%omato @nita**ato 3atta**aAF ACChakathyaK-hi im 'thyo samma@@and$naA pu**akara>di*h3a-Kpaka-
*h3en8e3a 3utt, na ptimokkhram*hak%e *ha>ita**a-*h3enaF
Atha !a pana idni *ha>anti, e3aA sante kim-atthaA *ha>ant$ ti !intyaAF Antonidne XkiA sa='hassa
pu**aki!!anPti 3utta-pu!!hnu%omena pu**akara>d$naA niCCha-*h3a-pu!!han8atthaA *ha>ant$ ti @nita**aAF
VuttaK-hi X&3aA 3uttaA !atu**idhaA pu**akara>aA kat33a uposatho kta**oPti M3iF sa='aF aCChaF REE_, tasm pJi-
aCChakathnu%omato imin anukkamena kate sati dhamma@@hesako paKKyati, tassa a@@hesankro paKKyati,
ptimokkhuddesako paKKyati, tassa pu**akara>d$naA niCCha*h3apu!!hanaA paKKyati, dhamma@@hesakassa
3issa@@anaA paKKyati, tni niCChpet3 ptimokkhuddesakassa ptimokkhaA uddisituA paCiKK paKKyati, e3aA
imesaA 'th-3kynaA 3a!ane payo@anaA paKKyat$ ti kat3 pa>Witehi 3inayaKK7hi !irapaCi!!hanno ayaA
kathma''o paCipa@@ita**o tiF Pa3ra>ya pi es8e3a nayoF
But has this ot come o&y i the #tro!uctiog /hy the is it to be sai! by the 0timokkha reciter i the
ear&ier partg <rue+ Kike2ise, a&so !ue to the ha%ig to be u!erstoo! i co$ormity 2ith it, is to be sai!+ For i
the Commetary these %erses startig 2ith the broom ha%e bee state! Eust !ue to the state o$ makig ko2
the preparatio a! so o, ot !ue to the state o$ ha%ig to be recite! at the time o$ the start o$ the
0timokkha+
/ith regar!s the thought) ZBut the they recite it o2, this beig so, $or 2hat reaso !o they
recite (it)g[ #t is to be u!erstoo!) i the (0timokkha() #tro!uctio (it is sai!) ]/hat is the pre&imiary !uty
$or the Commuityg[ !ue to the co$ormity 2ith 2hat has bee sai! they recite $or the purpose o$ the askig
about the state o$ beig coc&u!e! o$ the preparatios a! so o+ For it is sai! (i the Vinayasa='aha)) Z(2he
this) has bee sai! thus the :bser%ace is to be !oe, ha%ig !oe the $our($o&! preparatio,[ there$ore 2he
!oe !ue to the co$ormity 2ith the <e5t a! Commetary i this se,uece, a e5istet Lhamma(i%iter is
e%i!et, a actio o$ i%itig o$ that is e%i!et, the 0timokkha(reciter is e%i!et, the askig o$ the state o$
beig coc&u!e! o$ the preparatios a! so o by him is e%i!et, the as2er o$ the Lhamma(i%iter is
e%i!et, ha%ig cause! them to be carrie! out the permissio to recite the 0timokkha by the 0timokkha(
reciter is e%i!et, thus 2ith regar! the 2or! o$ these %erse(sayigs a app&icatio is e%i!et[ ha%ig !oe by
2ise me 2ho ko2 the !iscip&ie this &og cocea&e! 2ay o$ speech is to be u!ertake+ /ith regar!s the
#%itatio, this is the same metho!+[
Parallels in the te6t o. the Fposatha!ammassaKpubba!ara"aKpubba!iccni
<he b&ue parts i!icate para&&e&s $rom the commetaries, etc+, to parts o$ the pu**akara>apu**aki!!ni te5t+
MPu!I_ X6amo tassa *ha'a3ato arahato sammsam*uddhassaF
Su>tu me *hante sa='ho yadi sa='hassa pattaka%%aA ahaA yasmantaA bitthannmaAd 3inayaA
pu!!heyyaAFP
MVisI_ 6amo tassa *ha'a3ato arahato sammsam*uddhassaF
Su>tu me *hante sa='ho yadi sa='hassa pattaka%%aA ahaA yasmat bitthannmenad 3inayaA puCCho
3isa@@eyyaAF
MPu!I_ Samma@@an$ pad$po !a
udakaA sanena !a
uposathassa etni
pu**akara>an-ti 3u!!atiF M/kh REF_
MPu!I_ X0ksa samma@@an$FP
MVisI_ Samma@@anakara>aK-!a
MPu!I_ XPad$po !aFP
MVisI_ Pad$pa-u@@a%anaK-!aF bIdni suriy%okassa atthitya pad$paki!!aA n8atthiFd
MPu!I_ X)dakaA sanena !aFP
@07
MVisI_ asanena saha pn$ya-pari*ho@an$ya-upaCChapanaK-!aF
Q tasm therena >attena a'i%nena *hikkhun uposath'raA samma@@ita**aA, pn/'a paribho(an/'a
upa**hpetabba, sanaA paKKpeta**aA, pad$po kta**o, akaronto dukkaCaA pa@@ati, theren pi patir7paA Kat3
>peta**aAF (Kkh 7H ,uotig 6% ## 20,GeNi # 779+ <he !uty parts, u!er&ie!, are i the 6%+)
MPu!I_ X)posathassa etni pu**akara>an-ti 3u!!atiFP
MVisI_ &tni !attri 3attni samma@@anakara>d$ni sa='hasanniptato paChamaA katta**att uposathassa
uposathakammassa pu**akara>an-ti 3u!!atiF Pu**akara>n$ ti akkhtniF
MPu!I_ Chandaprisuddhi utukkhnaA
*hikkhu'a>an !a o3do
uposathassa etni
pu**aki!!an-ti 3u!!atiF M/kh RE 9 DRF_
MPu!I_ XChandaprisuddhiFP
MVisI_ ChandrahnaA *hikkh7naA !handa-prisuddhi- hara>aK-!a bidha natthidF
MPu!I_ X)tukkhnaAFP
MVisI_ Hemant8d$naA ti>>aA ut7naA ettakaA atikkantaA ettakaA a3asiCChan-ti e3aA utu-!ikkhanaAF
)t7n$dha pana ssane hemanta-'imha-3assnnaA 3asena t$>i honti ayaA bhemanta-utud asmiA utumhi

baCChad
uposath imin pakkhena eko uposatho sampatto beko uposatho atikkanto, !ha uposath a3asiCChdF
)tukkhnan-ti Xhemantd$naA ut7naA ettakaA atikkantaA, ettakaA a3asiCChanPti e3aA ut7naA
!ikkhanaAF M/kh Rj_
MPu!I_ XBhikkhu'a>an !aFP
MVisI_ MThai 3ersionI_ ImasmiA uposatha''e ettak *hikkh7 sannipatit ti *hikkh7naA 'a>anF ImasmiA
pana uposatha''e ettak *hikkh7 sannipatit hontiF
MSri 1anka 3ersionI_ ImasmiA uposatha''e sannipatitnaA *hikkh7naA 'a>an ettak *hikkh7 hontiF
Bhikkhu'a>an ti Xettak *hikkh7 uposatha''e sannipatitP ti *hikkh7naA 'a>anF M/kh Rj_
XQ uposatha''e sannipatitnaA *hikkh7naA 'a>an ettak *hikkh7 QP MP'_F
MPu!I_ X03doFP
MVisI_ Bhikkhun$naA o3do dta**oF Idni pana tsaA n8atthitya so !a o3do idha n8atthiF
03do ti *hikkhuno3doF M/kh RjF_
MPu!I_ X)posathassa etni pu**aki!!an-ti 3u!!atiFP
MVisI_ &tni paK!a kammni !handhara>d$ni ptimokkhuddesato paChamaA katta**att uposathassa
uposathakammassa pu**aki!!an-ti 3u!!ati pu**aki!!n$ ti akkhtniF
MPu!I_ )posatho y3atik !a *hikkh7
kammappatt sa*h'pattiyo !a
na 3i@@anti 3a@@an$y !a pu''a%
tasmiA na honti pattaka%%an-ti 3u!!atiF M/kh TF_
MPu!I_ X)posathoF X
MVisI_ T$su uposathadi3asesu !tuddas$-pa>>aras$-sma''$su,

a@@8uposatho pa>>arasoF
/arontena pana sa!e !tuddasiko hoti, Xa@@8uposatho !tuddasoPti 3atta**aAF Sa!e pannarasiko hoti,
`a((&uposatho pannaraso8 ti 3atta**aAF Sa!e sma''i-uposatho hoti, Xa@@8uposatho sma''$P ti 3atta**aAF M/kh TF_
Tattha uposatho ti t/su uposathaKdivasesu aKKatara-uposatha-di3asoF M/kh TF_
MPu!I_ XG3atik !a *hikkh7 kammappattFP
MVisI_ Gattak *hikkh7 tassa uposathakammassa patt yutt anur7p sa**antimena pari!!hedena !attro
*hikkh7 pakatatt sa='hena anukkhitt te !a kho hatthapsaA a3i@@ahit3 ekas$myaA ChitF
G3atik !a *hikkh7 kammappatt ti yattak *hikkh7 tassa uposathakammassa patt yutt anur7p,
sa**antimena pari!!hedena !attro pakatatt, te !a kho hatthapsaA a3i@ahit3 ekas$myaA ChitF M/kh TF_
<he (saFghea) anukkhitt part, as akitti thera otes i 0g 8, has bee !eri%e! $rom the
e5p&aatio o$ pakatatt i the /a=kh3itara>$-pur>a-C$kI Xpakattat ti anukkhitt pr@ikaA ana@@hpann ! tiP:
Kkh(pI 6yamar p+7@G+
MPu!I_ XSa*h'pattiyo !a na 3i@@antiFP
MVisI_ Vik%a*ho@andi<3atthu-sa*h'pattiyo !a na 3i@@antiF
Sa*h'pattiyo !a na 3i@@ant$ ti ettha yaA sa**o sa='ho 3ik%a*ho@andin sa*h'a3atthun %ahukpattiA
@02
pa@@ati, e3ar7p 3atthusa*h' Xsa*h'Pti 3u!!atiF M/kh R`F_
MPu!I_ XVa@@an$y !a pu''a% tasmiA na hontiFP
MVisI_ #ahaCCha-pa>Wakdayo eka3$sati 3a@@an$yapu''a% hatthapsato *ahikara>a3asena 3a@@eta** tasmiA
na hontiF
Ime 3$sati ! ti eka3$sati pu''a% 3a@@an$y nma, te hatthapsato *ahikara>a3asena 3a@@eta**F M/kh RoF_
MPu!I_ XPattaka%%an-ti 3u!!atiFP
MVisI_ Sa='hassa uposathakammaA imehi !at7hi %akkha>ehi sa='ahitaA pattaka%%an-ti 3u!!atiF
&3aA pattaka%%aA imehi !at7hi a='ehi sa='ahitan-ti 3edita**aAF M/kh TF_
MVisI_ Pattak%a3antan-ti akkhtaAF
b&%der8s re?uestId Pu**akara>apu**aki!!ni sampet3 desitpattikassa sama''assa *hikkhusa='hassa
anumatiy ptimokkhaA uddisituA rdhanaA karomiF (27%asikkh 1S0<4 # 7293)+
@0@
A""endi+ //
The &ikkh"ada1uddna
<he $o&&o2ig summary %erses, uddna, o$ the traiig(ru&es, sikkhpada, are $ou! a$ter the 78HA T
789A 4iha&a prite! e!itios o$ the Bhikkhuptimokkha (Bh0m 7 a! 2) a! a&so i the Raoru2a
mauscript (R)+ R gi%es a tit&e to the %erses) sikkhpadassa uddnaA, Zsummary(%erse o$ the traiig(
ru&es,[ but o tit&e is gi%e to the co&&ectio o$ %erses i Bh0m 7 T 2+
<he uddna is a&so $ou! a$ter t2o 4iamese Khom script Bhikkhuptimokkha mauscripts i Frace,
BF 0a&i 70
HA9
a! 6'0 0a&i 8G
HG0
+ # 6'0 0a&i 70 it is prece!e! by the tit&e sikkhpadassa udnaA, &ike i
R+ "ccor!ig to the 1ankwe PuskoJa Pot 6ma3a%iya ## there is a Sikkhpada-uddnaya mauscript i the
Ku&agammaa .aEamah%ihra i Ka!y !istrict, but # ha%e ot bee ab&e to trace it there+
6ay o$ the %erses are a&so $ou! i the 4utta%ibhaFga a! most are $ou! i the 0ari%ra+ 4ome
%erses are !i$$eret tha the oes $ou! i the 4utta%ibhaFga a! 0ri%raF #t might be more appropriate
to ta&k about !i$$eret co&&ectios because the %ersios o$ the Raoru%a 0timokkha mauscript a!
the prite! 4iha&ese Bhikkhuptimokkha are ,uite !i$$eret+ <here are may !i$$ereces a! %ariat
rea!igs bet2ee the %erses $ou! i Bh0m, R, 0ari%ra, a! the 4utta%ibhaFga, a! a&so amog the
!i$$eret 0ari%ra a! 4utta%ibhaFga e!itios+ <hese rea!igs are gi%e i a separate !ocumet !ea&ig
o&y 2ith these %erses+
#t is uc&ear 2hether the 0timokkha uddna is a aciet part o$ the te5t a! got omitte! i most
mauscript &ieages because it 2as ot recite!, or 2hether it is a me!ie%a& 4outheast "sia a!!itio+
<he 6ahsaFghika Prtimok+as7tra has a uddna a$ter each ru&e(sectio a! this sho2s that the a!!itio
o$ uddnas to this te5t is a aciet practice+
" uddna is a ki! o$ tab&e o$ cotets or re$erece tab&e $ou! i may 0;i te5ts+ <he 0'L
!e$iitio o$ the 2or! is) Z)ddna (t+) 1$r+ ud c d, dayati to bi!) see u!er dma3 a group o$ 4uttas,
use! throughout the Niaya 0iIaka, 2ith re$+ to each Kha!haka, i the 4aByutta, the "Fguttara a!
other books (cp+ 6i& 80H) $or each group o$ about te 4uttas (cp+ Lhs(a 2H)+ <he uddna gi%es, i a sort o$
!oggere& %erse, at the e! o$ each group, the tit&es o$ the 4uttas i the group+ #t may the be rough&y
re!ere! summary+ #$ a&& the uddnas 2ere co&&ecte! together, they 2ou&! $orm a tab&e o$ cotets to the
2ho&e 2orkm[
The &ikkh"ada1uddna in the 1P7K &inhalese edition of the hikkhu"timokkha
7+ 6ethu!ia!aM(ca, maussa(%iggahottari ,
prEiki cattri, cheEEa(%atth? asaBsay ti+
2+ NisaIIhi (kyasaBsaggo , !uIIhu&&aB attakmataB ,
saFcarittaB kuIiM(ce%a , %ihro ca am?&akaB+
@+ KiMci(!esaM (ca bhe!o ca, tathDe%a au%attakaB ,
!ubbaca(ku&a!?saaB , saFgha!ises teras ti+
8+ "&aB kammaiyaM(ce%a , tathDe%a ca a he%a kho,
aiyat supaMMatt , bu!!haseIIhea t!i ti+
A+ "tireka(ekarattaM(ca, ak&a(pora(!ho%aaB,
paIiggahaM(ca taM(ce%a, %iMMatti ca ta!(uttari ,
!%e appa%rito ce%a, tikkhattuB co!aya c ti+
G+ 6issakaB su!!hakaM(ce%a , tu&aM(ca au%assakaB,
759
Cata%o'ue "es 2anus!rits P%is des Co%%e!tions (ran{aisesW Sac,ue&ie Fi&&io\at, Sia!asa Kiyaarate, /i&&iam 0ruitt, 'F': L"<"+
760
Srminaire des 2issions qtran'eres de Paris, Cata%o'ue "es!riptif des 2anus!ripts du (onds P%iW Sac,ue&ie Fi&&io\at, 0aris, 7988+ # 'F': L"<"+
@08
purasathataM(ce%a, &omi hraea ca,
!ho%aaB r?piyaM(ce%a, !%e ca appakraka (ti+
H+ "tirekaM(ca pattaM(ca, ?ea ba!haea ca ,
bhesaEEaB sIakaM(ce%a, kupitea acchi!aaB +
8+ L%e tata%y ce%a, accekacJ%area ca,
chrattaB %ippa%sea, attao parima ti+
9+ 6?s(omasa(pesuMMaB, pa!aso !%e ipaEEa,
!esaroca ce%a, !uIIhu&&aB paIha%J ti khae+
70+ .ukkhupacche!aMMa%!aB, pesuMMaEEhpaea ca,
aEEhokse %ihre ca, a?pakhaEEa ikaPPha,
%ehsakuIi &epa, sappaka(%isiMcaa(ti+
77+ "sammato ca o%!o, atthaBgataB upassayaB,
misahetu !etassa, cJ%araB sibbaea ca+
72+ 4aB%i!hya gamaea, %ya abhir?hae,
paripcitaB bhattaM(ca, raho % pi isJ!aa(ti+
7@+ Q%asatha(gaaM(ce%a, paramparaB bhoEaaM(ca,
!%e patta(pa%rit ce%a, %ik&e kh!aea ca,
sai!!hi(paJtaM(ce%a, a!iaB !%rakea c ti+
78+ "ce&aka!ea ca, bhikkhu(uyyoEaea ca,
sabhoEaaB ku&aM(ce%a, !%e ca raho isJ!a+
7A+ 4ataB bhikkhuM(ca bhesaEEaB, uyyuttaB !assaea ca,
atireka(tirattaM(ce%a, uyyo!hika(gamaea c ti+q
7G+ 4uraB aIIhagu&i(pato!e, u!ake ca a!are,
bhikkhuB bhiBspaaM(ce%a , EotiM(ca aha(!ubbaaB,
karaaB %ikappaM(ce%a , cJ%araB apai!hea c ti+
7H+ 4aMcicca(paB EJ%it, paribhoga(sapakaB ,
yath!hammaM(ca ihataB , EaB !uIIhu&&a(ch!akaB,
78+ Oa%JsatiY%assaM(ca, theyyaB mtugmea sa!!hiM(ca +
saB%i!hya saBbhuMEa, sitaB upa&paa(ti+
79+ Nuccamo saha!hammea, %iayaM(ca %i%aayJ,
moheto pahraB !eto, ta&asattikaB am?&akaB +
20+ KukkuccupassutiM(ca, !hammikaB %iicchayaB,
samagga(saFgha(!ea, pugga&assa parimae ti+
27+ "topuraM(ca uggahe, apucch pa%esae,
s?cigharaM(ca maMcaM(ca, t?&oa!!haB isJ!aaB,
kaPu(%assik(sIikaB, pamaB cJ%araB !hrayJ ti +
22+ 6us(bh?taM(ca o%!o, bhoEace;akea ca,
sur(sappak !hamm , rEa%aggea te a% ti +
2@+ "MMtikya pa%iIIhya, %ossatiB a i%rayi,
sekkha(sammata(!ea, raMMabhoEaea c ti+
28+ 0arimaPa&aB paIicchaaB, susaB%utDokkhittacakkhu ,
ukkhittoEEagghik sa!!o , tayo ce%a pac&at + (Ni N @2)
2A+ Khambha(oguIhit ce%a, kuIi(pa&&atthikya ca,
sakkaccaB pattasaMMJ ca, samas?pa (samatittikaB + (Ni N @2)
2G+ 4akkaccaB pattasaMMJ ca, sapa!B samas?pakaB,
th?pato ca paIicchaaB, %iMMattuEEha(saMMi + (Ni N @2)
@0A
2H+ Ca mahataB maPa&aB !%raB , sabbaB hatthaB a %yhare ,
ukkhepo che!a gaPo , !huaB sitth%akrakaB+ (Ni N @2)
28+ SJ%hicchrakaB ce%a , capu(suru(surea ca ,
hattho patto ca oIIho ca, smisaB sitthakea ca+ (Ni N @2)
29+ Chattapissa sa!!hammaB, a !eseti tathgat,
e%am(e%a !aPapissa, sattha(yu!ha (piaB+ (Ni N @@)
@0+ 0!ukopha ce%a, ya(sayaa (gatassa ca,
pa&&atthik(isiassa, %eIhitDoguIhitassa ca+ (Ni N @@)
@7+ Cham(JcDsae Ihe , pacchato uppathea ca,
Ihitakea a ktabbaB, harite u!akamhi c ti+ (Ni N @@)
@2+ 0arimaPa&aB uEEagghi , khambha(piP tathDe%a ca ,
kaba& surusuruM(ce%a , p!ukea ca sattam ti+ (Ni N @@)
&ikkh"ada1uddna in the $annoru8a Ptimokkha 2anus%ri"t
4ikkhpa!assa u!aB
7+ 6ethu!ia!aM(ca, maussa(%iggahottariB ,
prEiki cattri, cheEEa(%atthu asaBsay+
2+ 4ukkasaBsagga!uIIhu&&, kmaB saMcaritaB kuIi,
%ihrm?&akaM(cbhgiy bhe!u%attak+
Lubbacu!!asa(saBgh!ises terasa !hmat+
@+ "&aBkammaiyaM(ce%a, &aBkammaiyam(pi ca,
aiyat !u%e %utt, bu!!he!iccaba!hu+
8+ LasDekaratti mso ca , !ho%aaM(ca paIiggaho,
%iMMattDuttariDbhihaIIhuB , ubhiaB !?takea ca+
A+ Kosiy su!!ha(!%e(bhg, chabbassi isJ!aaB,
!u%e &omi uggaho, ubho appakrak +
G+ L%e patt paMca bhesaEE, %assik(!a(paMcamaBW
smaB %ypaDaccekaB, ssaFkaB saBghikea ca+
H+ 6us(bh?t ca o%!o, bhoEaaMce&a(paMcamaB,
sur(sappak !hamm, rEa%aggea te a% ti+
8+ 6us omasa(pesuMMaB, pa!aso saya !u%e,
aMMatra %iMMu bh?t, thu&&patti khaea ca+
9+ Bh?taB aMMya uEEhpe(!%e, saFghike ca khaEEaaB,
ikkaPPhaaM(ca hacca(!%ra(sappakea ca+
70+ "sammataIIhaFgatopaseyyaB, misa!asibbaaB,
a!!haB %aB bhuMEeyya, eko ekya te !asa+
77+ 0iPo gaam(parampu%aB, !u%e %utt pa%ra,
%ik&e sai!hikraB, paJtaB !atapoea ca+
72+ "ce&akaB uyyoEaM(ca, sabhoEae !u%e raho
imatito paccayaM(ca, uyyutaB %ase uyyo!hikaB+
7@+ 4ur aFgu&i hso ca, a!ariyabhiBsa,
Eoti(ahaM(ca(!ubbaaB, smaB apai!hea ca+
78) 4aMcicca(pak kamm, !uIIhu;; ?a%Jsati(Bg),
@0G
gamae e%a !%e !iIIhi saB%sesaya ca+
7A) 4aha!hammikaB %i&ekkh, moho pahram(uggiraB,
am?&akaM(ca saFcicca(upass?tiM(ca khJyaaB,
pakkame cJ%araB !at%, parimeyya pugga&e+
7G) .Eio rataaB sataB, suci paMMaM(ca t?&ikaB,
isJ!aaM(ca kaP? ca, %assik sugato a ca+
7H) 0aMMatt bu!!haseIIhea, u!!ak sgar?pam,
gambhJrbu!!ha%isay %iaye, a%a attak ti+
78) 4ahatth Mtik bhuMEo, appa%reyya ce bhikkhu,
sekkhasammuti araMMaB, grayha(ti pa%uccati+
79) 6aPa&aB supaIicchao, saB%utokhitacakkhu,
ukkhitakya uEEhaggi, sa!!o kyappac&akaB,
bhuppac&akaM(ce%a, e%a sJsappac&akaB+
20) KhambhaaB guIhito ce%a, a gaccheyya ukkuIikaB+
pa&&atthikya isiassa, sakkaccaB pattasaMMio,
samas?paM(ca tittikaB, sakkaccaB pattasaMMio+
27) 4apa!aB samas?po, a th?pato ca ch!ak,
%iMMattuEEhasaMMi, timah ca maPa&aB+
22) Ka%a&aM(ca ahaIaB, sabbahatthaB a byhare,
ukkhe%acche!akaB gaPo, !h?asitth%akrakaB+
2@) Si%hicchrakaB capu, surusuru ca krakaB,
tayo i&&ehak %utt, smisea sasitthakaB+
28) Chattapissa sa!!hamaB (sic), a !eseti tathgat,
tathe%a !aPapissa, sattha(%u!hapiaB+
2A) 0!ukphar?;haB yaB seyyagatassa ca,
pa&&atthikya isiassa, %eIhito guIhitea ca+
2G) ChamtJmsate Ihe, pacchato upathea ca,
Ihito uccrapass%aB, harite u!akamhi c ti+
H) 0aMMatt ati!e%ea, gotamea yasassi,
s%ake sikkhatthya paMcasattati sekhiy ti+
@0H
A""endi+ ///
Confession in the M>lasi!!h( et%.
Ghuddasi!!h HBe% #S#D ed+J
RC. Desanniddeso
"esanti<
`jDF C'o yo *hikkhu*h3assa, s pr@ikadesan:
yath3uttena 3uCChnaA, 'arukpattidesanF
`j`F )kkuCikaA nis$dit3, pa''a>hit3na aK@a%iA:
thu%%a!!aydiA deseyya, e3amekassa santikeF
`joF XAhaA, *hante, ekaA thu%%a!!aypattiA pa@@iA, taA tumham7%e paCidesem$Pti 3at3 tena Xpassasi, 3uso, taA
pattinPti 3utte Xma, *hante, passm$Pti 3at3 puna tena XyatiA, 3uso, saA3areyys$Pti 3utte Xsdhu suCChu,
*hante, saA3arissm$Pti 3atta**aAF XAhaA, *hante, d3e thu%%a!!aypattiyo pa@@iA, ahaA *hante sam*ahu%
thu%%a!!aypattiyo pa@@iA, t tumham7%e paCidesem$Pti 3atta**aAF
6issa''iyesu pana XidaA me, *hante, !$3araA dashtikkantaA nissa''iyaA, imhaA yasmato nissa@@m$PtiF XImni
me, *hante, !$3arni QpeQ etaA me, *hante, !$3araA QpeQ etni me, *hante, !$3arni dashtikkantni nissa''iyni,
etnhaA yasmato nissa@@m$PtiF
`jUF 6issa@@it3na deseyya, pattiA tena *hikkhun: paCi''ahet3 pattiA, deyyaA nissaCCha!$3araAF XImaA, imni,
etaA, etni !$3arni yasmato damm$PtiF
`jTF Mka_ idaA me, *hante, !$3araA ratti3ippa3utthaA aKKatra *hikkhusammutiy nissa''iyaAF
Mkha_ idaA me, *hante, ak%a!$3araA mstikkantaA nissa''iyaAF
M'a_ idaA me, *hante, pur>a!$3araA aKKtikya *hikkhuniy dho3pitaA nissa''iyaAF
M'ha_ idaA me, *hante, !$3araA aKKtikya *hikkhuniy hatthato paCi''ahitaA aKKatra pri3attak nissa''iyaAF
M=a_ idaA me, *hante, !$3araA aKKtakaA 'ahapatikaA aKKatra samay 3iKKpitaA nissa''iyaAF
M!a_ idaA me, *hante, !$3araA aKKtakaA 'ahapatikaA tatuttari 3iKKpitaA nissa''iyaAF
M!ha_ idaA me, *hante, !$3araA pu**e appa3rito aKKtakaA 'ahapatikaA upasa=kamit3 3ikappaA pannaA
nissa''iyaAF
M@a_ idaA me, *hante, !$3araA pu**e appa3rito aKKtake 'ahapatike upasa=kamit3 3ikappaA pannaA nissa''iyaAF
M@ha_ idaA me, *hante, !$3araA atirekatikkhattuA !odanya atireka!hakkhattuA Chnena a*hinipphditaA nissa''iyaAF
MKa_ idaA me, *hante, kosiyamissakaA santhataA krpitaA nissa''iyaAF
MCa_ idaA me, *hante, suddhakJaknaA eJaka%omnaA santhataA krpitaA nissa''iyaAF
MCha_ idaA me, *hante, santhataA andiyit3 tu%aA odtnaA tu%aA 'o!ariynaA krpitaA nissa''iyaAF
MWa_ idaA me, *hante, santhataA 7naka!ha**assni krpitaA aKKatra *hikkhusammutiy nissa''iyaAF
MWha_ idaA me, *hante, nis$danasanthataA andiyit3 pur>asanthatassa smant su'ata3idatthiA krpitaA
nissa''iyaAF
M>a_ imni me, *hante, eJaka%omni tiyo@anaparamaA atikkmitni nissa''iyniF
Mta_ imni me, *hante, eJaka%omni aKKtikya *hikkhuniy dho3pitni nissa''iyniF
Mtha_ ahaA, *hante, r7piyaA paCi''ahesiA, idaA me, *hante, nissa''iyaA, imhaA sa='hassa nissa@@miF
Mda_ ahaA, *hante, nnappakrakaA r7piyasaA3ohraA sampa@@iA, idaA me, *hante, nissa''iyaA, imhaA sa='hassa
nissa@@m$tiF
`jEF 6issa@@it3na pattiA, deseyytha 'ihiA 3ade:
X@nhimanPti imin, so 3adeyyharmi kiAF
`jjF A3at3manti te%diA, 3ade *hikkh7na kappiyaA:
yaA harati so tena, pari3attet3na kappiyaAF
`jSF 1a**haA Chapet3 d3epete, sesehi pari*huK@ituA:
tato aKKena %addhopi, *h'o tesaA na kappatiF
`SeF 5ukkha!!hypyantamaso, tanni**att na kappati:
nissaCChaA paCi%addhampi, dito santhatattayaAF
@08
`SRF 6o !e %a*hetha e3aA so, imaA !haWWehi saAsiyo:
e3ampi *hikkhu !haWWeyya, no !e %a*hetha sammatoF
`SDF &tni dutiyo patto, sa='he sesni %a**hare:
sa='hekasmiA 'a>e 3attuA, %a**haA *hsantarenapiF
`S`F Mka_ ahaA, *hante, nnappakrakaA kaya3ikkayaA sampa@@iA, idaA me, *hante, nissa''iyaAF
Mkha_ ayaA me, *hante, patto dashtikkanto nissa''iyoF
M'a_ ayaA me, *hante, patto 7napaK!a*andhanena pattena !etpito nissa''iyo, imhaA sa='hassa nissa@@m$tiF
`SoF 6issa@@it3na deseyya, pattiA patta'hakaA:
sammannit3na sa='hassa, pattantaA tassa dpayeF
`SUF Mka_ idaA me, *hante, *hesa@@aA satthtikkantaA nissa''iyaAF
Mkha_ idaA me, *hante, 3assikasCika!$3araA atirekamse sese 'imhne pariyiCChaA, atirekaWWhamse sese 'imhne
kat3 paridahitaA nissa''iyaAF
M'a_ idaA me, *hante, !$3araA *hikkhussa smaA dat3 a!!hinnaA nissa''iyaAF
M'ha_ idaA me, *hante, !$3araA smaA suttaA 3iKKpet3 tanta3yehi 3ypitaA nissa''iyaAF
M=a_ idaA me, *hante, !$3araA pu**e appa3rito aKKtakassa 'ahapatikassa tanta3ye upasa=kamit3 3ikappaA
pannaA nissa''iyaAF
M!a_ idaA me, *hante, a!!eka!$3araA !$3arak%asamayaA atikkmitaA nissa''iyaAF
M!ha_ idaA me, *hante, !$3araA atireka!hrattaA 3ippa3utthaA aKKatra *hikkhusammutiy nissa''iyaAF
M@a_ idaA me, *hante, @naA sa='hikaA %*haA pari>ataA attano pari>mitaA nissa''iyaA, imhaA yasmato
nissa@@m$tiF
`STF SesaA sa**aA yathyo'aA, dimhi 3iya yo@ayeF
`SEF Mka_ ahaA, *hante, ekaA p!ittiypattiA pa@@iAF "3e sam*ahu% p!ittiypattiyo pa@@iAF
Mkha_ 'rayhaA, *hante, dhammaA pa@@iA asappyaA pCidesan$yaA, taA paCidesem$tiF Tena Xpassasi, 3uso, taA
dhammanPti 3atta**aAF
M'a_ ahaA, *hante, ekaA dukkaCpattiA pa@@iAF "3e sam*ahu% dukkaCpattiyo pa@@iAF
M'ha_ ahaA, *hante, ekaA du**hsitpattiA pa@@iAF "3e sam*ahu% du**hsitpattiyo pa@@iAF T tumham7%e
paCidesem$tiF
M=a_ XahaA, *hante, d3e nn3atthuk thu%%a!!aypattiyo pa@@iAF Sam*ahu% nn3atthuk thu%%a!!aypattiyo
pa@@iA, t tumham7%e paCidesem$Pti 3at3 tena Xpassasi, 3uso, t pattiyoPti 3utte Xma, *hante, passm$Pti 3at3
puna tena XyatiA, 3uso, saA3areyys$Pti 3utte Xsdhu suCChu, *hante, saA3arissm$Pti 3atta**aAF
`SjF Adesan'miniyaA, anpattiK!a desitaA:
nn saA3saniss$maCChitnaA !atupaK!ahi:
manas pakatattnaA, nnekti na desayetiF
<his te5t gi%es the 2ay o$ co$essig each i!i%i!ua& o$$ece by itse&$, ho2e%er the 27%asikkh gi%es a 2ay o$
!oig them a&& together 2ithout speci$yig)
M>lasi!!h P ,75+ HBe% #S#D ed+J
apattidesakena XahaA, *hante, sam*ahu% nn3atthuk pattiyo pa@@iA, t tumham7%e paCidesem$Pti 3at3
paCi''a>hantena Xpassasi, 3uso, t pattiyoPti 3utte Xma, *hante, passm$Pti 3at3 puna paCi''a>hantena XyatiA,
3uso, saA3areyys$Pti 3utte Xsdhu, suCChu, *hante saA3arissm$P titikkhattuA 3at3 deseta**aAF
By the oe 2ho co$esses, ha%ig sai!) Z#, Neerab&e 4ir, ha%e $a&&e ito may o$$eces o$ !i$$eret c&asses, #
co$ess them to you,[ 1the3 by the oe 2ho accepts 1the o$$ece3 ZLo you see, $rie!, those o$$esesg[ is sai!+
1<he3 2he agai by the oe 2ho accepts ZLo you restrai yourse&$ i the $uture[ has bee sai!, 1the other
ha%ig sai!3) ZRoo!, %ery goo!, Neerab&e 4ir, # sha&& restrai[ it is to be co$esse!+
Bhi!!huptimo!!haga"*hid/pan/ Hp+ 8+J HBe% #S#D ed+J
(Compose! by akitti <hera, Chiag 6ai, 4iam, 7Ath C'+) (From the 4iha&ese '!itio by Ne+ Ka&age
Ruarataa, 4ri Kaka+ 7889e28@@+)
@09
"esitpattikoI PapattidesakenaI ahaA *hante sam*ahu% nn3atthuk FFF paCidesem$ti 3at3, passasiFFF 3at3 deseta**P
ti m7%asikkh pChoF
/huddasikkhyan-tuI Sdhu suCChu *hante saA3arissm$ ti 3atta*an-ti 3uttaA na tikkhattun-tiF aro!entenaI
tuyhaA santike ekaA pattiA 3ikaromi 3at3, mamaA ekaA pattiA panna*h3aA @nhi ti 3 3adatuF &kaA
'arukaA pattiA 3ikarom$ ti din nayena 3adatuF Sa**ehi !a krehi ro!it 3a hoti tiF Buddhan'attherena 3uttaAF
Sa** t pattiyo ro!em$ ti 3a!anaA pana Samu!!ayakkhandhakaCChakathyaA 3uttdhippyaA pu**attherehi ra!itaA
yadi !etaA 3at3 ro!it s3ro!it hontiF
Z]:e 2ho has co$esse! the o$$eceD
761
(meas) ]by the oe 2ho !ec&ares the o$$ece 1is to be sai!3) Z#, Bhate,
ha%e committe! may %arious o$$eces, # co$ess them to you[ m is to be co$esse!, ha%ig sai! this+D 1this3 is
the passage i the 27%asikkh+[ (4ee abo%e+)
Ho2e%er, i the /huddasikkh) ]ZNery goo!, Bhate, # 2i&& restrai[ is to be sai!^ is ot sai! three times+
By the oe 2ho !ec&ares 1the o$$ece3, ha%ig sai!, ]i your presece # re%ea& oe o$$ece,^ or oe shou&! say,
]ko2 me as oe is i the state o$ oe 2ho has $a&&e ito oe o$$ece,^ 1or3 ]# re%ea& oe hea%y o$$ece,^ i the
maer at the start 1i the /huddasikkh)+ "! 1the o$$ece3 is Eust !ec&are! i a&& maers+ <his has bee sai!
by Bu!!haga thera (the author o$ the /a=kh3itara>$-C$k)+ But the setece ]# !ec&are a&& those o$$eces^ has
bee compose! by the aciet theras i accor!ace 2ith the itetio o$ 2hat has bee sai! i the
Commetary to the Samu!!ayakkhandhaka (o$ the Niaya(piIaka)+ "! 2he this has bee sai!, the !ec&are!
1o$$eces3 are !ec&are! 2e&&+[
761
apattidesaka, a 2or! $ou! i the i%itatio to recite the 0timokkha by the thera+
@70