Cisco Routers and Switches CH 4

CHAPTER 4
INTERNET
PROTOCOL

APPLICATION SUPPORT
PROTOCOLS

OSI vs TCP/IP Model
Session
Physical
Transport
Network
Data Link
Presentation
Application
Application or
Process Layer
Transport
Data Link
Internet
TCP/IP MODEL
It Defines How Computer
Communicates
For connecting network & to route traffic.

It was first developed and Funded By
ARPA(Advanced Research Projects
Agency).

TCP/IP Model Summary
Application or Process Layer concerned with
how data at both ends is handled.
Transport Layer manages flow of data
Internet Layer consists of several protocols,
primary protocol is IP (providing hierarchical
addressing scheme
Data Link (or Network Interface) Layer manages
transmission of data within the network
Physical Layer TCP/IP leaves the physical
connection to manage itself
Importance of Protocols
Standards define how devices communicate
with each other and access media
Once a standard is implemented in software
it becomes a protocol
Protocols define how devices and
applications communicate
The protocols on a network affects the way
in which it functions and its ability to
interface with other networks
Protocol Suites
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) the most common of all network protocol
suites, is the standard in modern networks, used for
communication on the Internet
Internet Packet eXchange/Sequence Packet
eXchange (IPX/SPX) developed by Novell, ensures
communication between Netware operating systems,
provides similar functionality to TCP/IP, can be routed
but only to communicate with other Netware networks
AppleTalk popular networking protocol in American
educational establishments, used for communicating
between devices using the Mac OS
TCP/IP Suite
Developed for use on the Internet for the American
Department of Defence
Two Parts:
TCP responsible for connection oriented communication
using error checking
IP implemented in the addressing system used to identify
devices
Although designed for the Internet it is used to build
LANs, WANs and MANs
Most widely used protocol suite, used within Unix,
Windows and Macintosh platforms
OSI
S
e
s
s
i
o
n

P
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
o
n

A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n
Telnet
FTP
(File
Transfer
Protocol)
TFTP
(Trivial
File
Transfer
Protocol)
SMTP
(Simple
Mail
Transfer
Protocol)
LPD
(Line
Printer
Daemon)
NFS
(Network
File
System)
SNMP
(Simple
Network
Managem
ent
Protocol)
X
Window
Others
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
N
e
t
w
o
r
k
P
h
y
s
i
c
a
l

D
a
t
a

L
i
n
k
TCP/IP Protocol Suite
UDP
(User Datagram Protocol)
Ethernet Token Ring
FDDI
(Fibre Distributed
Data Interface)
Frame Relay
TCP
(Transmission Control Protocol)
ICMP
(Internet Control
Message Protocol)
BootP
(Bootstrap Protocol)
ARP
(Address Resolution
Protocol)
IP
(Internet Protocol)
RARP
(Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol)
Others

IP(INTERNET PROTOCOL
IP IS A INTERNET PROTOCOL USED FOR
COMMUNICATION DATA ACROSS A
PACKET SWATCHED INTERNETWORK
USING THE INTERNET PROTOCOL ALSO
REFERRED TO AS TCP/1P

INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 4
THE FIRST MAJOR VERSION OF ADDRESSING
STRUCTURE, NOW REFERRED TO AS IPV4.

IPV4 CURRENTLY USED BY MOST NETWORK
DEVICES.
IP IS A NETWORK LAYER PROTOCOL THAT
CONTAIN S ADDRESSING INFORMACTION AND
SOME CONTROL INFORMACTION THAT
ENABELES PACKETS TO BE ROUTED.

IP ADDRESSING OF IP VERSION 4
IPV4 ADDRESSING USES 32-
Bit(4byte) ADDRESSES.
IPV4 RESERVES SOME ADDRESSES
FOR SPECIAL PURPOSES SUCH AS
PRIVATE NETWORK OR MULTICAST.
IPV4 ADDRESSES ARE USUALLY
REPRESENTED IN DOT-DECIMAL
NOTATION SUCH AS 192.168.1.1

EACH PART REPRESENTS 8 BIT OF THE ADDRESS, AND IS
THERFORE CALLED AN OCTET.
IPV4 ADDRESSES MAY BE PRESENTED IN
HEXADECIMAL.OCTAL OR BINARY REPRESENTATIONS.
IPV4 ADDRESSES USED 32BIT ADDRESSES AND THESE
32 BIT DEVIDED INTO 4 OCTAT. AND EACH OCTAT USE
8BIT .SUCH AS 0 AND 1. O IA A ON BIT AND 1 IS A OFF BIT.
___8___ ___8____ ___8___ ___8____
11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
12345678.111213141516.1718192021222324.2526272829303132
Class Addresses
There are five classes of IP address
The class of address is identified by the
first bits of the address
Three classes are used for networks. The
last two are reserved for special purposes
(Class D is for multicast, and Class E is for
experimentation and future use)
IPV4 ADDRESSES ARE DIVIDED IN A DIFFERENT
CLASSES . SUCH AS
CLASS A,B,C,D,E.
EACH CLASS USES DIFFERENT ADDRESS
RANGE.
DIFFERENT HOST BITS OR OFF BITS.
DIFFERENT NETWORK BITS OR ON BITS.
DIFFERENT TOTAL OFF BITS AND ON BITS.
DIFFERENT EACH CLASS HOST IP.
DIFFERENT SUBNETMASK.

HISTORICAL CLASSFUL NETWORK
ARCHITECTURE
CLASS A.
FIRST OCTET IN BINARY IS 0XXXXXXX.
RANGE OF FIRST OCTATE 0 TO 127.
NUMBER OF NETWORK IS 128.
NUMBER OF ADDRESSES IS 16,777,216.
DEFAULT SUBNETMASK IS 255.0.0.0.
DEFAULT NETWORK BITS AND ON BITS IS 8.
DEFAULT HOST BITS OR OFF BITS IS 24.
TOTAL ON BITS 09 TO 32 AND OFF BIT 32 TO 09.
USED FOR SUBNETING.
ARCHITECTURE
CLASS B.
FIRST OCTET IN BINARY IS 10XXXXXX.
NUMBER OF NETWORK IS 16,384
NUMBER OF ADDRESSES IS 65,536.
USED FOR SUBNETING.
ARCHITECTURE
CLASS C.
FIRST OCTET IN BINARY IS 110XXXXX
NUMBER OF NETWORK IS 2,097,152
NUMBER OF ADDRESSES IS 256
USED FOR SUBNETING.
ARCHITECTURE
CLASS D.
FIRST OCTET IN BINARY IS
1110XXXX
RANGE OF FIRST OCTATE 224 TO
239.
DEFAULT SUBNETMASK IS
255.255.255.255
ARCHITECTURE
CLASS E.
FIRST OCTET IN BINARY IS
1111XXXX
RANGE OF FIRST OCTATE 240 TO
254.
.
IANA RESERVED PRIVATE IPV4 NETWORK RANGE
CLASS :- A
RANGE :-10.0.0.0 TO 10.255.255.255
NUMBER OF ADDRESSES :- 16,777,216
CLASS :- B
RANGE :- 172.16.0.0 TO 172.31.255.255
NUMBER OF ADDRESSES :- 1,048,576
CLASS :- B
RANGE :- 192.168.0.0 TO 192.168.255.255
NUMBER OF ADDRESSES :- 65536
SUBNETTING OF CLASS A,B,C RULL
ONE BIT ON :- 10000000 = 128
TWO BIT ON :- 11000000 = 192
THREE BIT ON :- 11100000 = 224
FOUR BIT ON :- 11110000 = 240
FIVE BIT ON :- 11111000 = 248
SIX BIT ON :- 11111100 = 252
SEVEN BIT ON :- 11111110 = 254
EIGHT BIT ON :- 11111111 = 255

SUBNETTING OF CLASS C

ALL BITS VALUE USED IN SUBNETTING.
EACH BIT VALUE USED IN OCTATE ON
BIT
EACH BIT VALUE DIFINE NEW
SUBNETMASK AND NUMBER OF
NETWORK.
CLASS C USE SUBNETING AND
NETWORK VALU 25 BIT TO 30 BIT 31,32
BIT NOT USED. BECAUSE HOST IP NOT
ACCESSABLE


192.168.1.0/25
255.255.255.00000000
255.255.255.10000000(ONE BIT ONE
255.255.255.128(NEWSUBNETMASK)
NUMBER OF NETWORK 2
1
(EXTRA
0N BIT = 2
NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST
(OFF BIT) 2
7
= 128 -2 126

Example of 192.168.1.0/25 sub network
First network
Network ID 192.168.1.0
First IP 192.168.1.1
Last IP 192.168.1.126
Broadcast 192.168.1.127
Second network
Network ID 192.168.1.128
First IP 192.168.1.129
Last IP 192.168.1.254
Broadcast ip 192.168.1.255


192.168.1.0/26
255.255.255.00000000
255.255.255.11000000(TWO BIT ONE
255.255.255.192 (NEW SUBNETMASK)
NUMBER OF N/W :-2
2
(EXTRA 0N BIT = 4
(OFF BIT) 2
6
= 64 -2 = 62

192.168.1.0/27
255.255.255.00000000
255.255.255.11100000(THREE BIT ONE
NUMBER OF NETWORK :-2
3
(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 8
NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF
BIT) 2
5
= 32 -2 = 30

192.168.1.0/28
255.255.255.00000000
255.255.255.11110000(FOUR BIT ON )
NUMBER OF NETWORK:2
4
(EXTRA 0N BIT)
= 16
(OFF BIT) 2
4
= 16 -2 = 14

192.168.1.0/29
255.255.255.00000000
255.255.255.11111000(FIVE BIT ON )
NUMBER OF NETWORK
2
5
(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 32
(OFF BIT) 2
3
= 8 -2 = 6

192.168.1.0/30
255.255.255.00000000
255.255.255.11111100(SIX BIT ON )
NUMBER OF NETWORK
:2
6
(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 64
(OFF BIT) 2
2
= 4 -2 = 2
SUBNETTING OF CLASS B

172.168.0.0/17
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.10000000.00000000(ONE BIT ON )
NUMBER OF NETWORK :-
2
1
(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 2
(OFF BIT) 2
15
= 32768 -2 = 32766

172.168.0.0/18
255.255.0000000.00000000
255.255.11000000.00000000(TWO BIT ON )
2
2
(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 4
(OFF BIT) 2
14
= 16384 -2 = 16382

172.168.0.0/19
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.1110000.00000000(ONE BIT ON )
2
3
(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 8
(OFF BIT) 2
13
= 8192 -2 = 8190

172.168.0.0/20
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.1111000.00000000(ONE BIT ON )
2
4
(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 16
(OFF BIT) 2
12
= 4096 -2 = 4094

172.168.0.0/21
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.11111000.00000000(FIVE BIT ON )
2
5
(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 32
NUMBER OF EACH N/W HOST (OFF BIT)
2
11
= 2048 -2 = 2046

172.168.0.0/22
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.11111600.00000000(SIX BIT ON )
2
6
(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 64
2
10
= 1024 -2 = 1022

172.168.0.0/23
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.11111110.00000000(SEVEN BIT
ON )
2
7
(EXTRA 0N BIT) = 128
2
9
= 512 -2 = 510

172.168.0.0/24
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.11111111.00000000(EIGHT BIT ON
)
NUMBER OF NETWORK
:- 2
8
2
8
= 256 -2 = 254

172.168.0.0/25
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.10000000(ONE BIT ONE
2
9
(EXTRA 0N BIT = 512
(OFF BIT) 2
7
= 128 -2 126
172.168.0.0/26
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.11000000(TWO BIT ONE
2
10
(OFF BIT) 2
6
= 64 -2 = 62
172.168.0.0/27
255.255.255.11100000(THREE BIT ONE
2
11
(OFF BIT) 2
5
= 32 -2 = 30
172.168.0.0/28
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.11110000(FOUR BIT ON )
NUMBER OF NETWORK
:2
12
(OFF BIT) 2
4
= 16 -2 = 14

172.168.0.0/29
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.11111000(FIVE BIT ON )
NUMBER OF NETWORK :2
13
(EXTRA 0N
BIT) = 8192
(OFF BIT) 2
3
= 8 -2 = 6

172.168.0.0/30
255.255.00000000.00000000
255.255.255.11111100(SIX BIT ON )
NUMBER OF NETWORK :2
14

(OFF BIT) 2
2
= 4 -2 = 2
Subnetting of class a

10.0.0.0/9 (one bit on)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.10000000.00000000.00000000
NEW SUBNET MASK 255.128.0.0
NEMDER OF N/W :- 2
1
(EXTRA ON BIT) = 2
NUMBER OF HOST IN EACH NETWORK
2
23
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =8388608-2 =8388606

10.0.0.0/10 (TWO BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.12000000.00000000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :- 2
2
(EXTRA ON BIT) = 4
2
22
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =4194304-2 = 4194302

10.0.0.0/11 (THREE BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11100000.00000000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :- 2
3
(EXTRA ON BIT) = 8
2
21
(NUMBER OFF BITS) =2097152-2 = 2097150

10.0.0.0/12 (FOUR BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11110000.00000000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :- 2
4
(EXTRA ON BIT) = 16
2
20
(NUMBER OFF BITS) =1048576-2 =1048574

10.0.0.0/13 (FIVE BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111000.00000000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :- 2
5
(EXTRA ON BIT) = 32
2
19
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =524288-2 = 524286

10.0.0.0/14 (SIX BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111100.00000000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :- 2
6
(EXTRA ON BIT) = 64
2
18
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =262144-2 = 262142

10.0.0.0/15 (SEVEN BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111110.00000000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :- 2
7
(EXTRA ON BIT) = 128
2
17
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =131072-2 = 131070

10.0.0.0/16 (EIGHT BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.00000000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :- 2
8
2
16
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =65536-2 = 65534

10.0.0.0/17 (ONE BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.10000000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :- 2
9
2
15
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =32768-2 =32766

10.0.0.0/18 (TWO BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11000000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :-2
10
2
14
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =16384-2 =16382

10.0.0.0/19 (THREE BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11100000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :-2
11
2
13
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =8192-2 =8190

10.0.0.0/20 (FOUR BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11110000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :-2
12
2
12
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) =4096-2 = 4094

10.0.0.0/21 (FIVE BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11111000.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W :-2
13
2
11
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 2048-2 = 2046

10.0.0.0/22 (SIX BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11111100.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W:-2
14
(EXTRA ON BIT)=16384
2
10
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 1024-2 = 1022

10.0.0.0/23 (SEVEN BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11111110.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W:-2
15
2
9
(NUMBER OFF BITS ) = 512-2 =510

10.0.0.0/24 (EIGHT BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11111111.00000000
NEMDER OF N/W:-2
16
2
8

10.0.0.0/25 (ONE BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11111111.10000000
NEMDER OF N/W:-2
17
(EXTRA ON BIT)= 131072
2
7

10.0.0.0/26 (TWO BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11111111.11000000
NEMDER OF N/W:-2
18
2
6

10.0.0.0/27 (THREE BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11111111.11100000
NEMDER OF N/W:-2
19
2
5

10.0.0.0/28 (FOUR BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11111111.11110000
NEMDER OF N/W:-2
20
2
4

10.0.0.0/29 (FIVE BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11111111.11111000
NEMDER OF N/W:-2
21
2
3

10.0.0.0/30 (SIX BIT ON)
SUBNETMASK
255.00000000.00000000.00000000
255.11111111.11111111.11111100
NEMDER OF N/W:-2
22
2
2
VARIABLE LENGTH SUBNET MASKING
SUBNETTING & VLSM ARE TWO WAY OF
DEVIDING AN ASSIGNED NETWORK
ADDRESS INTO MULTIPLE,CMALLER
NETWORK FOR USE WITHIN AN
ORGANIZATION.
THEASE SMALLER NETWORK ARE
REFERRED TO AS SUBNETWORKS.
VLSM GREATLY IMPROVES BOTH THE
FLEXIBILTY AND THE EFFICIENCY OF
SUBNETTING
EXAMPAL OF VLSM FOR CLASS C IP
REQURRED OF IP 100PC,50PC,30PC,10PC, 6PC,4PC
FIRST REQUEMENT IS 100PC USED CLASS C DEFAULT
NETWORK
192.168.1.0/25
NEW SUBNETMASK 255.255.255.128
NUMBER OF NETWORK :- 2
1
=2
EACH NETWORK HOST :- 2
7
= 128-2 = 126
FIRST NETWORK IS :- 192.168.1.0 TO 192.168.1.127
SECOUND NETWORK IS 192.168.1.128 TO 192.168.1.255
FIRST NETWORK USE IN 100PC

REQUREMENT OF 50PC
USED IN 128PC SECOUND SUBNETWORK OF CLASSC
192.168.1.128/26
1
=2
7
= 64 = 62

REQUREMENT OF 30PC
192.168.1./27
1
=2
5
= 32 = 30

REQUREMENT OF 10PC
192.168.1./28
1
=2
4
= 16 = 14

REQUREMENT OF 4PC
192.168.1./29
1
=2
3
= 8 = 6

REQUREMENT OF 4PC
USED IN 8PC SECOUND SUBNETWORK OF CLASS C
192.168.1./29
1
=2
3
= 8 = 6
SECOUND NETWORK USE IN 4PC

CLASSLESS INTER DOMAIN ROUTING
CIDR IS A METHOD FOR ASSIGING IP
ADDRESSES WITHOUT USING THE
STANDARD IP ADDRESS CLASSES LIKE
CLASS A,CLASS B,CLASS C.
CIDR METHOD USE IN ONLY CLASS C.
CIDR IS NOW THE ROUTING SYSTEM
USED BY VIRTUALLY ALL GATWAY
HOSTS ON THE INTERNET BACKBONE
NETWORK.

EXAMPLE OF CIDR
NOTE:- BY DEFAULT CLASS C USED IN 256 IP BUT AFTER CIDR
WE CAN CONVERT TO TWO NETWORK OF CLASS C
192.168.1.0 AND 192.168.2.0 . USED IN 1024 IPS
IP RANGE OF CLASS C
192.168.1.0 AND 192.168.2.0 THIS RANGE CONVERT TO BINARY
11000000.10101000.00000001.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000010.00000000
11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000
SELECT THE FIRST COMMON BITS .COMMON BITS USED IN
NETWORK AND NEW SUBNETMASK UNCOMMON BITS USED
HOST IP .
NEW NETWORK IS
11000000.10101000.00000000.00000000
192.168.0.0/22
NUMBER OF HOST :- 2
10
=1024-2 1022

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CHAPTER 4

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