7

113
114
7
a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ . . . + a
n
+ . . . =

n=1
a
n
.
1 +
1
2
+
1
3
+
1
4
+ . . . ,
1 +
1
2
+
1
4
+
1
9
+
1
16
+ . . . ,
3 +
1
10
+
4
100
+
1
1000
+
5
10000
+ . . . ,

b
1
, b
2
, b
3
, . . . , b
n
, . . . .
1
2
,
1
4
,
1
8
,
1
16
, . . .
1/2
1, 1 +
1
2
, 1 +
1
2
+
1
3
, 1 +
1
2
+
1
3
+
1
4
, . . .
lim
N
N

n=1
a
n
= A <
lim
N
N

n=1
a
n
=
115

lim
n
a
n
;

n=1
n
2
2n + 1
lim
n
n
2
2n + 1
=
lim
n
a
n+1
a
n
;

n=1
2
n
+ 1
3
n
+ n
116
7
lim
n
a
n+1
a
n
= lim
n
(2
n+1
+ 1)(3
n
+ n)
(3
n+1
+ n + 1)((2
n
+ 1)
= lim
n
2.2
n
+ 1
2
n
+ 1

3
n
+ n
3.3
n
+ n + 1
= 2 lim
n
2
n
+ 1/2
2
n
+ 1

1
3
lim
n
3
n
+ n
3
n
+ n/3 + 1/3
=
2
3
< 1 .
lim
n
n

a
n

n=1
e
3n
n
2n
lim
n
n

a
n
= lim
n
_
e
3n
n
2n
_
1/n
= lim
n
e
3
n
2
= 0 < 1 .

n
a
n

n
u
n
a
n
u
n
n

n
a
n

n
u
n
a
n
u
n
n

n=1
1
n
3

n=1
1
n
2
117

n=1
n
0,98

n=1
1
n
1 +
1
2
+
_
1
3
+
1
4
_
+
_
1
5
+ . . . +
1
8
_
+
_
1
9
+ . . . +
1
16
_
+ . . .
1
p + 1
+
1
p + 2
+ . . . +
1
p + p
p/2p 1/2
p = 2 4 8 1/2
f(x)
f(1) = a
1
, f(2) = a
2
, f(3) = a
3
, . . .
i

n=1
a
n
=
i

n=1
f(n).1 < a
1
+
_
i
1
f(x)dx
i

n=1
a
n
>
_
i
1
f(x)dx.
i
_

1
f(x)dx <

n=1
a
n
<
_

1
f(x)dx + a
1
,
118
7

n=2
1
nln
2
n
f(x) =
1
xln
2
x
_

2
dx
xln
2
x
=
..
x=e
t
_

ln2
e
t
dt
e
t
t
2
=
_

ln2
dt
t
2
=
_

1
t
_

ln2
=
1
ln2
< .
lim
n
n
_
a
n
a
n+1
1
_
;
119
a
n
> 0

a
n
a
n+1

= 1 +
h
n
+
L(n)
n
2
L(n) n n
h > 1 h 1

1
(1)
n+1
a
n
a
n
lim
n
a
n
= 0
a
n
a
n+1
< a
n
n
1
1
2
+
1
3

1
4
+
1
5
. . .

n
|a
n
|
1
1
2
+
1
3

1
4
+ . . .

n
|a
n
| = 1 +
1
2
+
1
3
+
1
4
+ . . .

m
a
m
= A;

m
b
m
= B ;

m,n
a
m
b
n
= AB ;

m
(a
m
+ b
m
) = A + B ;

m
k a
m
= k A.
120
7

n=1
u
n
(x)
x
x
|x x
0
| < r
x = x
0
r

n=1
x
n
= 1 + x + x
2
+ x
3
+ . . . =
1
1 x
x
1/(1 x)
(1 x)
|x| < 1 |x| 1

n=1
cos nx
n
2
x

n=1
cos nx
n
2

n=1
1
n
2
=
x
cos 1
121

n=1
f
n
(x)
f(x) [a, b]
> 0 N

n=1
f
n
(x) f(x)

<
x [a, b]
f
n
(x)
f(x) x [a, b]

n=1
f
n
(x)
[a, b]
M
n
|f
n
(x)| M
n
, x [a, b] .
122
7

n=1
x
n
n
2
[1, +1]

x
n
n
2

1
n
2
= M
n
,

n=1
M
n
=

n=1
1
n
2
< .

n=1
cos nx
2
n
(, +)

cos nx
2
n

1
2
n
= M
n
,
x (, +)

n=1
1
2
n
< .
f
n
(x) =
a
n

n
(x)

n
a
n

n

n
(x)
n1
(x) , x I = [a, b]
0
n
(x) M , x I, n

n
f
n
(x)
[a, b]

n=1
(1)
n
n + x
2
(, +)
(1)
n
/n
123

n
f
n
(x) f
n
(x)
I f(x)

n
f
n
(x) f
n
(x)

n=1
_
I
f
n
(x) =
_
I
f(x) ;

n
f
n
(x) f
n
(x)
df
n
(x)/dx

n
df
n
(x)/dx
df(x)
dx
=

n=1
df
n
(x)
dx
.

n=1
x
n
, 1 < x < +1 .

m=2
1
n
2
1

m=1
n
10
n

m=1
n!
2
n
124
7
F(, , ; x) = 1 +

1!
x +
( + 1)( + 1)
2!( + 1)
x
2
+ . . .
(1, +1) x = 1
> +

n
a
n

n
b
n

n=1
(a
n
senx + b
n
cos x)
(, +)
x

n=0
a
n
x
n
.
(x a)

n=0
b
n
(x a)
n
.
125
x
c
0
+
c
1
x
+
c
2
x
2
+ . . . =

n=0
c
n
x
n
.
x
0
f(x)
f(x) = f(x
0
) +
f

(x
0
)
1!
(x x
0
) +
f

(x
0
)
2!
(x x
0
)
2
+ . . .
=

n=0
f
(n)
(x
0
)
n!
(x x
0
)
n
x
0
= 0
m
0
E = mc
2
=
m
0
_
1
v
2
c
2
c
2
= m
0
c
2
1
_
1
v
2
c
2
.
x
0
= 0 x = v
2
/c
2
x = v
2
/c
2
, f(x) =
1
1 + x
f(x) = f(0) +
f

(0)
1!
x +
f

(0)
2!
x
2
+ . . .
= 1 +
(1/2)
1!
x +
(+3/4)
2!
x
2
+ . . .
1
_
1
v
2
c
2
= 1 +
v
2
2c
2
+
3
8
v
4
c
4
+ . . .
126
7
E = m
o
c
2
+
1
2
m
0
v
2
_
1 +
3
4
v
2
c
2
+ . . .
_
mv
2
/2
v
2
/c
2
P x a x
a
E
P
=
1
4
0
+q
(x a)
2
+
1
4
0
+q
(x + a)
2
+
1
4
0
2q
(x)
2
.
1
(x a)
2
=
1
x
2
1
_
1
a
x
_
2
127
y = a/x 1
f(y) =
1
(1 + y)
2
, f

(y) =
2
(1 + y)
3
, f

(y) =
+6
(1 + y)
4
, . . .
f(y)
y
0
= 0
f(y) = 1
2
1!
y +
6
2!
y
2
. . .
1
(x + a)
2

=
1
x
2

2a
x
3
+
3a
2
x
4
,
1
(x a)
2

=
1
x
2
+
2a
x
3
+
3a
2
x
4
.
P
E
P

=
q
4
0
_
1
x
2
+
2a
x
3
+
3a
2
x
4
+
1
x
2

2a
x
3
+
3a
2
x
4
2
1
x
2
_
=
q
4
0
6a
2
x
4
=
1
4
0
3Q
x
4
Q = 2a
2
q
x
x
0
= 0
e
ix
= cos x + i senx
128
7
E
c
F =
_
2mc
2
(E
c
+ 2mc
2
) 2mc
2
E
c
E
c
mc
2
F

= 1/2
cos x = 1
x
2
2!
+
x
4
4!
. . .
129
130