Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
INTRODUCTION
1. To investigate the vegetative morphology and reproduction of one type of gymnosperm, Pinus
merkusii.
3. To investigate the reproductive morphology of two types of flowering plants, Lilium sp. and
Hibiscus sp.
PRACTICAL CONTENT
- The woody structures of gymnosperms from the slides or pictures exhibited were
- A diagram for every observation made above was drawn and all the important structures
were labeled.
b) Reproductive structures of Pinus sp.
- The male and female cones of the pines tree provided were observed.
- For the male cone, the position of the megasporangium in the megasporophyll was
observed.
2. Comparative studies of the four main groups of gymnosperms using Cycad, Ginkgo, Gnetum and
Pinus as example
- Based on the materials provided (including life specimens, pictures and diagrams),
comparisons between the four groups of gymnosperms using the following format as a
a). Morphology
b). Height
a). Microsporangium
b). Microphyll
ANGIOSPERM
4. Morphology of two examples of the flowering plants, Lilium sp. and Hibiscus sp.
Both flowers were dissected to show the sepal, petal, pistil and stigma.
- Horizontal section through the anther of the Lilium sp was made and a slide (using the
dye 'methyl green') was prepared. The pollen on the slide that I had prepared was
observed.
- A horizontal and vertical section of the pistil of the Hibiscus sp. to show the ovary and
- Developed pollen grains (by immersing them in sugar solution at 5-10% concentration
for a few hours) were provided. The developed pollen grains under a microscope were
observed and a pollen grain was drawn, with a pollen tube and three nucleus inside.
a). Funicle
b). Integument
c). Micropyle
d). Nucellas
e). Embryo
5. The characteristics of gymnosperms (that I had observed in section 1, 2 and 3 above) and
STEM,LEAFAND ROOT
(a) Bark:
All tissues outside the vascular cambium (phloem, cork cambium and cork) were composed.
(b) Wood:
i. Sapwood which is the outer layer of the wood. It is the lighter coloured wood, made up of still
functioning xylem cells for sap (water and mineral) movement and for food storage.
ii. Heartwood which is the inner layer of the wood. It is the darker coloured wood, made up of non-
1.1 (a) The section of tree trunk provide was drew and labeled:
(b) What will happen to a three when a strip of 5 cm of outer layer is remove from the
a) Stems may be adapted for functions other then the main ones namely:
i) mechanical support
b) From the examples given, stem adaptations were drew and labeled as follows:
Example:
Diagram:
Example:
Diagram:
Example:
Diagram:
Example:
Diagram:
2.2 Underground stem adaptation:
Rhizome: horizontal stems that grow below ground, often near the surface of the soil.
Example:
Diagram:
Example:
Diagram:
Corms: resemble bulbs but differ from them in being composed almost entirely of stem tissues
Example:
Diagram:
Bulb: large buds surrounded by fleshy leaves, with a small stem at the lower end.
Example:
Diagram:
B. LEAF
Morphology or the external appearance of leaf (including leaf venation, leaf shapes, apex, margin and
base of leaf), leaf arrangement on the stem (leaf phyllotaxy; for example whorled, alternate and
opposite), and many more leaf characteristics that could be identified and differentiated with regards to
the leaf form. These leaf characteristics can be used in the classification of species.
From all the leaf demonstrated in this practical, diagrams of each of the following leaf characteristic
Leaf name:
Diagram:
Leaf name:
Diagram:
Leaf name:
Diagram:
Leaf name:
Diagram:
leaf name:
Diagram:
Leaf name:
Diagram:
Leaf name:
Diagram:
Leaf name:
Diagram:
Leaf name:
Diagram:
Leaf name:
Diagram:
Generally, we can differentiate between leaf and leaflet based on its shaped. Normally, leaf's
1.2 The morphological form and anatomy of leaf is very much influenced by the environment.
Depending on their living environment, plants can be divided into three types:
a) Hydrophytes:
b) Xerophytes:
c) Mesophytes:
Aim
To study the effects of environment on the leaf anatomy, observe a cross-section of leaf from Nymphaea
sp., Oleander sp. and Lantana sp., prepared under the microscope.
Hydrophytes:
Xerophytes:
Mesophytes:
The main function of leaf is in the process of photosynthesis and transpiration. Apart from the main
c) reproduction, by having meristematic cells able to produce new shoots that will go on to become
d) food and water storage, especially found on types of plant living in dry area or areas where water
is scarce (for example succulent plants, having leaf storing food and water).
e) floatation, for plant living on the water surface, their leaf in general will have air openings on
From the materials demonstrated regarding leaf adaptation, the types of leaf to one of the many
a) Support (tendril)
Leaf name:
Diagram:
b) Catching insect
Leaf name:
Diagram:
c) Reproduction
Leaf name:
Diagram:
Leaf name:
Diagram:
e) Floatation
Leaf name:
Diagram:
f) Protection
Leaf name:
Diagram:
C. ROOT
1. Types of root
a) tap root:
thick main root (primary root from the embryo) grows straight downwards and from it, thinner
b) fibrous root:
c) adventitious root:
From the specimens provided, diagram of root parts according to type were drew and labeled.
Labeled diagram of the root provided were drew, adapted for functions as:
Diagram:
Diagram:
c) Adventitious root, example:
Diagram:
2. Root, apart from their main function for support and food absorption is adapted for other special
functions as follow:
a) Pneumatophore root:
breathing roots that facilitate the exchange of gases, grow upwards from underground.
b) Prop root:
grow from the above ground stem into the soil, usually for mechanical support.
From the specimens provided, labeled diagrams of adapted root were drawn.
Diagram:
Diagram: