Ain Shams University

Faculty of Engineering
3
rd
Production Department
Manufacturing Technology

REPRT !
"apstan and Turret #athe
Presented to:
DR. Wael El Akl
Prepared by:
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TaQle of contents$
75 Rntroduction 555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555553
%5 "onventional lathe555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555553
%575 The "onstruction of "onventional #athe5555555555555555555555555553
2.1.1. Headstock...........................................................................4
2.1.2. Bed......................................................................................5
2.1.3. Feed and lead screws..........................................................6
2.1.4. Carriage...............................................................................
2.1.4.1. Cross!slide.............................................................................."
2.1.4.2. Co#$o%nd rest........................................................................"
2.1.4.3. &ool $ost................................................................................. "
2.1.5. &ailstock.............................................................................'
35 Types of lathes5555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555557S
3.1. Center lat(e............................................................................1)
3.2. Ca$stan *ra#!t+$e, lat(e........................................................1)
3.3. &%rret *saddle!t+$e, lat(e......................................................11
3.4. -%ltis$indle lat(e .................................................................12
3.5. Co#.ination lat(e .................................................................12
3.6. C/C lat(e 0 C/C t%rning center............................................12
3. co#$aring .et. &%rret and Con1entional 2at(es....................14
3." co#$aring .et. Ca$stan and Con1entional 2at(es.................15
G5 TRU V#DR!W55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555557P
K5 peration on lathe555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555557X
P5 Reference55555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555555%7
2
75 Rntroduction$
"onventional lathe is generic term for any of a large class of lathes designed5
The design of other lathes such Turret lathe and "apstan lathe are the same of
"onventional lathe design Qut have some suQstitution for some parts5
A Turret lathe has the YheZagon[ tool head mounted on a saddle sliding
directly on the Qed instead of the tailstoc\ in "onventional lathe5
A "apstan lathe is usually a small or medium si]e machine ^ith the tool head
carried upon a slide mounted in a saddle Qolted to the Qed of the lathe and
doesn_t has a tailstoc\ ` ^hile the conventional lathe saddle can slide on Qed
length and the "onventional has a tailstoc\5
Turret and "apstan` Qoth` are production machines and are usually of
semiautomatic` type5 aoth turret and capstan lathes are provide ^ith tool head`
usually heZagon` to carry a set of tools and to supplement this Qy an additional
slide carrying tools for cutting off and forming operations5 Thile the
"onventional lathe is usually manual operate5
The capstan lathe` having a relatively short stro\e of the tool head and
automatic indeZing` results in a rapid presentation of the tools to the ^or\5 The
turret lathe` on the other Qand` is suitaQle for long and heavy ^or\` the larger
si]e of machines having a capacity for Qar ^or\ up to %SS mm diameter b 7KSS
mm long or for chuc\ ^or\ up to cKS mm diameter5 "apstan lathes ale limited to
a maZimum of 3SS mm diameter chuc\s5
%5 "onventional lathe
"onventional lathe is generic term for any of a large class of lathes designed
for precisely machining relatively hard materials5 They ^ere originally designed
to machine metalsd ho^ever` ^ith the advent of plastics and other materials` and
^ith their inherent versatility` they are used in a ^ide range of applications` and
a Qroad range of materials5
Rn machining eargon` ^here the larger conteZt is already understood` they are
usually simply called lathes` or else referred to Qy more6specific suQtype names
Ytoolroom lathe` turret lathe` etc5[5 These rigid machine tools remove material
from a rotating ^or\piece via the Ytypically linear[ movements of various cutting
tools` such as tool Qits and drill Qits5 Ysho^n in Fig %[
3
%575 The "onstruction of "onventional #athe
%57575 Veadstoc\
Fig %5757 sho^ the components of The headstoc\ YV7[ houses the main spindle
YVG[` speed change mechanism YV%`V3[` and change gears YV7S[5 The headstoc\
is refuired to Qe made as roQust as possiQle due to the cutting forces involved`
4
Fig 2 s(ow t(e Con1entional lat(e
Fig %5757 s(ow t(e co#$onents o3 (eadstock
^hich can distort a lightly Quilt housing` and induce harmonic viQrations that
^ill transfer through to the ^or\piece` reducing the fuality of the finished
^or\piece5 The main spindle is generally hollo^ to allo^ long Qars to eZtend
through to the ^or\ area` this reduces preparation and ^aste of material5
The spindle then runs in precision Qearings and is fitted ^ith some means of
attaching ^or\ holding devices such as chuc\s or faceplates5 This end of the
spindle ^ill also have an included taper` usually morse` to allo^ the insertion of
tapers and centers5 n older machines the spindle ^as directly driven Qy a flat
Qelt pulley ^ith the lo^er speeds availaQle Qy manipulating the Qull gear` later
machines use a gear QoZ driven Qy a dedicated electric motor5 The fully geared
head allo^s the speed selection to Qe done entirely through the gearQoZ
Veadstoc\ ^ith legend` numQers and teZt ^ithin the description refer to those
in the image Vighlighted headstoc\ of centre lathe` V7$Weared head stoc\
housing` V%$Rntermediate gears lever` V3$Vigh #o^ gear lever` VG$DP cam loc\
spindle` VK$TumQler gears 6 for^ardgreverse and engagegdisengage` VP$huic\
change gear QoZ ^ith G selectors Y3 levers[` Vc$#ead scre^` VX$Feed scre^`
Vi$For^ard reverse s^itch` V7S$"hange gear cover
%575%5 aed
The Qed is a roQust Qase that connects to the headstoc\ and permits the
carriage and tailstoc\ to Qe aligned parallel ^ith the aZis of the spindle5 This is
facilitated Qy hardened and ground ^ays ^hich restrain the carriage and
tailstoc\ in a set trac\5 The carriage travels Qy means of a rac\ and pinion
system` leadscre^ of accurate pitch` or feedscre^5
%57535 Feed and lead scre^s
5
Fig %5753 sho^ the The feed scre^ YVX[ is a long driveshaft that allo^s a series
of gears to drive the carriage mechanisms5 These gears are located in the apron of
the carriage5 aoth the feedscre^ and leadscre^ YVi[ are driven Qy either the
change gears Yon the fuadrant[ or an intermediate gearQoZ \no^n as a quick
change gearbox YVP[ or Norton gearbox5 These intermediate gears allo^ the
correct ratio and direction to Qe set for cutting threads or ^orm gears5
TumQler gears Yoperated Qy VK[ are provided Qet^een the spindle and gear
train along ^ith a quadrant plate that enaQles a gear train of the correct ratio
and direction to Qe introduced5 This provides a constant relationship Qet^een the
numQer of turns the spindle ma\es` to the numQer of turns the leadscre^ ma\es5
This ratio allo^s scre^threads to Qe cut on the ^or\piece ^ithout the aid of a
die5
6
Fig. %5753. Feed and lead screws
The leadscre^ ^ill Qe manufactured to either imperial or metric standards
and ^ill refuire a conversion ratio to Qe introduced to create thread forms from
a different family5 To accurately convert from one thread form to the other
refuires a 7%c6tooth gear` or on lathes not large enough to mount one` an
approZimation may Qe used5 Multiples of 3 and c giving a ratio of P3$7 can Qe
used to cut fairly loose threads5 This conversion ratio is often Quilt into the quick
change gearboxes5
%575G5 "arriage
Fig %575G sho^ its simplest form the _carriage_ holds the tool Qit and moves it
longitudinally Yturning[ or perpendicularly Yfacing[ under the control of the
operator5 The operator moves the carriage manually via the hand^heel YKa[ or
automatically Qy engaging the feedscre^ ^ith the carriage feed mechanism YKc[`
this provides some relief for the operator as the movement of the carriage
Qecomes po^er assisted5 The hand^heels Y%a` 3Q`Ka[ on the carriage and its
related slides are usually caliQrated` Qoth for ease of use and to assist in ma\ing
reproduciQle cuts5
7
Fig. %575G. Feed and lead screws
Vighlighted carriage and components 7$Toolpost` %$top6slide` %a$top6slide feed
scre^ and dial` %Q$"ompound portion of top6slide Yprotractor[` 3$cross6slide`
3a$cross6slide DR scale` 3Q$cross6slide feed scre^ and dial` G$saddle` K$apron`
Ka$carriage hand ^heel` KQ$half6nuts lever` Kc$feed lever5
%575G575 "ross6slide
The cross6slide stands atop the carriage and has a leadscre^ that travels
perpendicular to the main spindle aZis` this permits facing operations to Qe
performed5 This leadscre^ can Qe engaged ^ith the feedscre^ Ymentioned
previously[ to provide automated movement to the cross6slide` only one direction
can Qe engaged at a time as an interloc\ mechanism ^ill shut out the second gear
train5
%575G5%5 "ompound rest
The "ompound rest Yor top slide[ is the part of the machine ^here the tool
post is mounted5 Rt provides a smaller amount of movement along its aZis via
another leadscre^5 The compound rest aZis can Qe adeusted independently of the
carriage or cross6slide5 Rt is utili]ed ^hen turning tapers` ^hen scre^cutting or to
oQtain finer feeds than the leadscre^ normally permits5

The slide rest can Qe traced to the fifteenth century5 The fifteenth century
slide rest model had many errors5 These errors vanished gradual until the
eighteenth century` ^hitch unmas\ed on slide rest ^ith no errors5 This model
continues to no^5

%575G535 Toolpost
The tool Qit is mounted in the toolpost ^hich may Qe of the American lantern
style` traditional G sided sfuare style` or in a fuic\ change style such as the
multifiZ arrangement pictured5
The advantage of a fuic\ change set6up is to allo^ an unlimited numQer of
tools to Qe used Yup to the numQer of holders availaQle[ rather than Qeing limited
to 7 tool ^ith the lantern style` or 3 to G tools ^ith the G sided type5
8
RnterchangeaQle tool holders allo^ the all the tools to Qe preset to a center height
that ^ill not change` even if the holder is removed from the machine5
%575K5 Tailstoc\
Fig %575G sho^ the tailstoc\ is a toolholder directly mounted on the spindle
aZis` opposite the headstoc\5 The spindle YTK[ does not rotate Qut does travel
longitudinally under the action of a leadscre^ and hand^heel YT7[5 The spindle
includes a taper to hold drill Qits` centers and other tooling5
The tailstoc\ can Qe positioned along the Qed and clamped YTP[ in position as
refuired5 There is also provision to offset the tailstoc\ YTG[ from the spindles
aZis` this is useful for turning small tapers5
The image sho^s a reduction gear QoZ YT%[ Qet^een the hand^heel and
spindle` this is a feature found only in the larger center lathes` ^here large drills
may necessitate the eZtra leverage5
9
Fig %575G s(ow t(e tailstock
Tailstoc\ ^ith legend` numQers and teZt ^ithin the description refer to those
in the image5
Vighlighted tailstoc\ of V^acheon centre lathe5 T7$ feed scre^` T%$ reduction
gear QoZ Yoptional[` T3$ Qody` TG$ adeustaQle Qase` TK$ spindle` TP$ loc\ing lever
35 Types of lathes
3575 "enter lathe
"enter lathe or engine lathe may Qe considered the Qasis for the lathe and is
the type most often used Qy the general machinist or hoQQyist5
The construction of a center lathe is the same of conventional lathe Qut it is
the first type of lathes5 The engine lathe is the name applied to a traditional %Sth
century lathe5
35%5 "apstan Yram6type[ lathe
The modern name for a capstan lathe used in industry is a ram6style turret
lathe5 A capstan lathe is a production machine that comQines the features of the
Qasic lathe along ^ith a capstan style tailstoc\5 This tailstoc\ has a short slide
upon ^hich sits the heZagonal capstan head and a set of depth stops` one for each
turret face5
The main Qody is fiZed to the Qed in the refuired position and all longitudinal
movement is via the short slide5 The stro\e of the capstan is short Qut the
sefuence can Qe rapid as the tooling indeZes automatically at the end of the
stro\e5 This indeZing and movement is performed Qy turning a large levered
hand^heel5 This type of #athe is ideal to perform multiple machining operations
^ith high accuracy and superior surface finish5 Modern capstan lathes are
referred to as ram6style turret lathes5 They have a short spindle6to6turret
distance` usually in the range of t^enty to thirty inches5
Rt is rare to find a capstan lathe ^ith a lead scre^ or a taper attachment` as
lead scre^ threading is usually far too slo^ for production5 A die head is used
instead5
The capstan lathe is fundamentally similar to the turret lathe5 Used mainly for
smaller Qar ^or\ the main differences to the turret lathe are that the turret
10
A - Turret Locking Handle C : Capstan Slide E 6 "apstan Slide aloc\
a j Turret D 6 "apstan Rest F 6 Sliding aridge
Fig 35%
indeZes automatically at the end of its traveld Qars are usually held in a collets
rather than a chuc\ and the turret moves on a separate slide Qolted to the Qed5

"apstan lathes are designed for chuc\ ^or\ as ^ell as collets ^or\5 "apstan
lathe is ideal to perform multiple matching operations ^ith high accuracy and
superior surface finish5 This simple design allo^s fuic\ and easy setting of the
machines5 "apstan lathes are used in many industries for mass production of
identical components Yas sho^n in Fig 35%[
3535
Turret Ysaddle6type[ lathe$
11
Rn a turret lathe` a longitudinally feed aQle` heZagon turret replaces the
tailstoc\5 The turret` on ^hich siZ tools can Qe mounted` can Qe rotated aQout a
vertical aZis to Qring each tool into operating position` and the entire unit can Qe
moved longitudinally` either annually or Qy po^er` to provide feed for the tools5
Then the turret assemQly is Qac\ed a^ay from the spindle Qy means of a
capstan ^heel` the turret indeZes automatically at the end of its movement thus
Qringing each of the siZ tools into operating position5
The sfuare turret on the cross slide can Qe rotated manually aQout a vertical
aZis to Qring each of the four tools into operating position5 n most machines` the
turret can Qe moved transversely` either manually or Qy po^er` Qy means of the
cross slide` and longitudinally through po^er or manual operation of the
carriage5 Rn most cased` a fiZed tool holder also is added to the Qac\ end of the
cross slided this often carries a parting tool5
Through these Qasic features of a turret lathe` a numQer of tools can Qe set on
the machine and then fuic\ly Qe Qrought successively into ^or\ing position so
that a complete part can Qe machined ^ithout the necessity for further adeusting`
changing tools` or ma\ing measurements5 Yas sho^n in Fig 353[
A 6 Veadstoc\ F 6 "ross slide U 6 Star Vandle for Turret peration
a 6 Spindle W 6 Rntermediate saddle # 6 Turret Apron
" 6 Pilot aar V 6 Turret M 6 Turret saddle
D 6 Tool post R 6 Turret "lamp #ever ! 6 Rntermediate saddle Apron
E 6 Rear Tool post k 6 Saddle #oo\ing #ever 6 Feed WearQoZ
35G5 Multispindle lathe
A multispindle lathe` commonly called a scre^ machine` is another production
machine that is used for high production5 Typicial minimum profitaQle
production on a scre^ machine is in the thousands of parts due to the large setup
time5
12
Fig 353
35K5 "omQination lathe
A comQination lathe may introduce drilling or milling operations into the
design of the lathe5 These machines utili]e the carriage and topslide as the Z and
y aZis of the machine5 These are eZclusive to the home mar\et` as the machines
are not rigid` accurate` or large enough to Qe useful in a machine shop5
35P5 "!" lathe g "!" turning center
"!" lathes are rapidly replacing the older production lathes Ymultispindle`
etc[ due to their ease of setting and operation5 They are designed to use modern
carQide tooling and fully utili]e modern processes5 The part may Qe designed Qy
the "omputer6aided manufacturing Y"AM[ process` the resulting file uploaded
to the machine` and once set and trialled the machine ^ill continue to turn out
parts under the occasional supervision of an operator5 The machine is controlled
electronically via a computer menu style interfaced the program may Qe modified
and displayed at the machine` along ^ith a simulated vie^ of the process5 The
settergoperator needs a high level of s\ill to perform the process Yas sho^n in Fig
35P[5
Yas sho^n in Fig 35P[ sho^ the "!" lathe
13
35c comparing Qet^een Turret and "onventional #athes
Turret #athe "onventional #athe
Tailstoc\
4 Re$laced wit( a t%rret .
4 &(is t%rret is #o%nted on
saddle w(ic( slides directl+ on
t(e .ed.
4 Can #o1e on all lat(e .ed
lengt( .
4&(e sa#e t(at s(owed
4 Can #o1e on all lat(e .ed
"utting speed
2aw range Wide range
Production Rate Designed 3or #ass
$rod%ction
Designed 3or single
$rod%ction
Rigidity Rigid &(e (ig(est
Po^er Hig( Horse$ower 2aw Horse$ower
Tool post 4 Holds 3o%r tool inde5ed
.+ ') 6
4 &(e 3o%r can %sed
4 Holds 3o%r tool
inde5ed .+ ') 6
4 7nl+ one is %sed
Feed movement B+ sto$s and 3eed tri$s
3or eac( tool
-an%all+
perating S\ills Hig( 2ow
Si]e 8$ to 2)) ## dia#eter 8$ to 4)) ##
14
35X comparing Qet^een "apstan and "onventional #athes
"apstan #athe "onventional #athe
Tailstoc\
4 Re$laced wit( a t%rret .
4 &(is t%rret is #o%nted on
saddle w(ic( slides directl+
on t(e .ed .
4 Can #o1e on all lat(e .ed
lengt( .
4 &(e sa#e t(at
s(owed
4 Can #o1e on all
lat(e .ed
"utting speed
2ow range Wide range
Production
Rate
Designed 3or #ass $rod%ction Designed 3or single
$rod%ction
Rigidity Hig( 2ess rigid
Po^er Hig( Horse$ower 2aw Horse$ower
Tool post 4 Holds 3o%r tool inde5ed .+
') 6
4 &(e 3o%r can %sed
4 Holds 3o%r tool
inde5ed .+ ') 6
4 7nl+ one is %sed
Feed
movement
B+ sto$s and 3eed tri$s 3or
eac( tool
-an%all+
perating
S\ills
&(e (ig(est 2ow
Si]e 8$ to 6) ## dia#eter 8$ to 4)) ##
15
G5 TRU V#DR!W 9
&(e standard $ractice o3 (olding work .etween two centers in an engine lat(e 3inds no
$lace in a ca$stan or t%rret lat(e as t(ere is dead centre to s%$$ort t(e work at t(e ot(er end.
Work is: t(ere3ore s%$$orted at t(e s$indle end .+ t(e (el$ o3 c(%cks and 3i5t%res. &(e %s%al
#et(ods o3 (olding work in a ca$stan or t%rret lat(e are
G57ka^ chuc\s
G5%"#ET "VU"US$
&(e collet c(%cks are %sed 3or gri$$ing .ars introd%ced t(ro%g( t(e (ead stick s$indle o3
a ca$stan or t%rret lat(e and is one o3 t(e #ost co##on #et(od o3 (olding work. Di33erent si;es
o3 s$ring collets (a1ing s<%are: (e5agonal: ro%nd or an+ ot(er s(a$ed .ore are 3itted in t(e c(%ck
.od+ 3or (olding di33erent si;es o3 .ar (a1ing di33erent sections9
G53 PUSV UT TlPE$
&o gri$ t(e work: t(e ta$$ed $ortion o3 t(e s$ring collet is $%s(ed in to
t(e #ating ta$er o3 t(e c(%ck. &(ere is a tendenc+ o3 t(e .ar to .e $%s(ed
slig(tl+ o%tward w(en t(e collet is $%s(ed in to t(e c(%ck .od+ 3or gri$$ing.
=3 t(e .ar is 3ed against a sto$ .ar 3itted on t(e t%rret (ead: t(is slig(t
o%tward #o1e#ent o3 t(e .ar ens%res acc%rate setting o3 t(e lengt( 3or
#ac(ining.*as s(own in Fig. 2.'.3,
G5G DRAT R! TlPE$
&o gri$ t(e work: t(e ta$ered $ortion o3 t(e s$ring collet is $%lled .ack
in to t(e #ating ta$er o3 t(e c(%ck w(ic( ca%ses t(e s$lit end o3 t(e collet
to close in and gri$ t(e .ar. &(e #ac(ining lengt( o3 t(e .ar in t(is t+$e o3
c(%ck cannot .e acc%ratel+ set as t(e collet w(ile closing will draw t(e .ar
slig(tl+ o%tward towards t(e s$indle. *as s(own in Fig. 3.'.4,.
G5K DEAD #E!WTV TlPE$
16

Fig. 3.9.3
Fig.3.9.4
For acc%rate $ositioning o3 t(e .ar: .ot( t(e $%s( o%t and draw in t+$e
collet $resent so#e error d%e to t(e #o1e#ent o3 t(e .ar along wit( t(e
collet w(ile gri$$ing. &(is di33ic%lt+ is re#o1ed .+ %sing a stationar+ collet
on t(e .ar. A sliding slee1e closes %$ on t(e ta$ered collet w(ic( is
$re1ented 3ro# an+ end #o1e#ent .+ t(e s(o%lder sto$. *as s(own in Fig.
3.9.5,
G5P FRbTURE$
A 3i5t%re #a+ .e descri.ed as a s$ecial c(%ck .%ilt 3or t(e $%r$ose o3 (olding: locating
and #ac(ining a large n%#.er o3 identical $ieces w(ic( cannot .e easil+ (eld .+ con1entional
gri$$ing de1ices. Fi5t%res also ser1e t(e $%r$ose o3 acc%ratel+ locating t(e #ac(ining s%r3ace.
&(e #ain 3%nctions o3 a 3i5t%re are as 3ollows
1. &(e+ acc%ratel+ locate t(e work
2. &(e+ gri$ t(e work $ro$erl+: $re1enting it 3ro# .ending or sli$$ing d%ring #ac(ining o$erations.
3. &(e+ $er#it ra$id loading and %nloading o3 work $ieces.
17
Fig.3.9.5
Fig3.10 show the fixture parts and its fixation on lathe
K5 operations of lathes
peration s\etch
Turning $
A single!$oint t%rning tool #o1es a5iall+:
along t(e side o3 t(e work $iece: re#o1ing
#aterial to 3or# di33erent 3eat%res: incl%ding
ste$s: ta$ers: c(a#3ers: and conto%rs. &(ese
3eat%res are t+$icall+ #ac(ined at a s#all radial
de$t( o3 c%t and #%lti$le $asses are #ade %ntil
t(e end dia#eter is reac(ed.
Facing $
A single!$oint t%rning tool #o1es radicall+:
along t(e end o3 t(e work$iece: re#o1ing a t(in
la+er o3 #aterial to $ro1ide a s#oot( 3lat s%r3ace.
&(e de$t( o3 t(e 3ace: t+$icall+ 1er+ s#all: #a+
.e #ac(ined in a single $ass or #a+ .e reac(ed
.+ #ac(ining at a s#aller a5ial de$t( o3 c%t and
#aking #%lti$le $asses.
Wrooving $
A single!$oint t%rning tool #o1es radiall+:
into t(e side o3 t(e work$iece: c%tting a groo1e
e<%al in widt( to t(e c%tting tool. -%lti$le c%ts
can .e #ade to 3or# groo1es larger t(an t(e tool
widt( and s$ecial 3or# tools can .e %sed to
create groo1es o3 1ar+ing geo#etries.
"ut6off$
*$arting, ! >i#ilar to groo1ing: a single!
$oint c%t!o33 tool #o1es radiall+: into t(e side o3
t(e work $iece: and contin%es %ntil t(e center or
inner dia#eter o3 t(e work$iece is reac(ed: t(%s
$arting or c%tting o33 a section o3 t(e work $iece.
18
peration S\etch
Thread cutting $
A single!$oint t(reading tool: t+$icall+ wit( a
6) degree $ointed nose: #o1es a5iall+: along t(e
side o3 t(e work$iece: c%tting t(reads into t(e o%ter
s%r3ace. &(e t(reads can .e c%t to a s$eci3ied lengt(
and $itc( and #a+ re<%ire #%lti$le $asses to .e
3or#ed.
Rnternal operations$
Drilling$
A drill enters t(e work$iece a5iall+ t(ro%g( t(e
end and c%ts a (ole wit( a dia#eter e<%al to t(at
o3 t(e tool.
aoring $
A .oring tool enters t(e work$iece a5iall+ and
c%ts along an internal s%r3ace to 3or# di33erent
3eat%res: s%c( as ste$s: ta$ers: c(a#3ers: and
conto%rs. &(e .oring tool is a single!$oint c%tting
tool: w(ic( can .e set to c%t t(e desired dia#eter
.+ %sing an ad?%sta.le .oring (ead. Boring is
co##onl+ $er3or#ed a3ter drilling a (ole in
order to enlarge t(e dia#eter or o.tain #ore
$recise di#ensions5
19
peration S\etch
Reaming $
A rea#er enters t(e work$iece a5iall+
t(ro%g( t(e end and enlarges an e5isting (ole to
t(e dia#eter o3 t(e tool. Rea#ing re#o1es a
#ini#al a#o%nt o3 #aterial and is o3ten
$er3or#ed a3ter drilling to o.tain .ot( a #ore
acc%rate dia#eter and a s#oot(er internal 3inis(5
Tapping 9
A ta$ enters t(e work$iece a5iall+ t(ro%g( t(e
end and c%ts internal t(reads into an e5isting (ole.
&(e e5isting (ole is t+$icall+ drilled .+ t(e
re<%ired ta$ drill si;e t(at will acco##odate t(e
desired ta$.
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P5Reference
76 en5^i\ipedia5org
%6 ^^^5mfg5mtu5edu
36 machine6tools5netfirms5com
G6 ^^^5e]inearticles5com
K6 ^eQ5mit5edu
P6 #atest Trends in Machining 5 pdf
c6http$gg^^^5custompartnet5comg^ugturning
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