/home/oracle/Desktop/SONEJI linux latest/WS1 MADE SIMPLES LIN!

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1# %O& ALL %ILE DESINAIONS '&EAE DI&E'O&( )PA*+ '*A& IN WO&D#
,# %O& LO-I'AL S&!'!&E O% *E D. MA/E DIA-&AM#
0# '&EAE DIA-&AM %O& O&A'LE SE&1E&#
2# '&EAE SAMPLE P%ILE WI* IS 'OMMENS O MA/E S!DEN !NDE&SAND#
3# !SIN- DO'!MENAION 4&E%E&EN'E4 %ILE -ENE&AE A LIS O% PA&AMEE&S )WS1 'O!&SE
'!&&I'!L!MN+ AND ALL I4S A&I.!ES LI/E PA&AMEE& (PE5 DE%A!L 1AL!E5 MODI%IA.LE5
.ASI' O& AD1AN'E E'#
6# !SIN- DO'!MENAION 4&E%E&EN'E4 %ILE -ENE&AE A LIS O% D(NAMI' PE&%O&MAN'E
1IEWS )WS1 'O!&SE '!&&I'!L!MN+ AND *EI& P!&POSES#
ake an example o7 8iant 9usiness5 :hich has man; $epartments5 emplo;ees# Simulate it :ith the
$ata9ase architecture5 :hen possi9le#
What is $ata< Facts and statistics collected together for reference or analysis. Data pertaining to single entity like
departments, employees, increments, items, transactions etc. are stored in a table. Collection of such tables and
other data pertaining to single business, department, event, tournament is called database.
ser=er
Instance : Company in production will keep it's raw materials in warehouse, and will move some required quantity of
raw materials to production unit as and when required. At the end the finished product will be again moved to
warehouse. Just like that all data are kept in database (permanently stored in storage media generally HDD) but the
data which is to be processed will be read from db and will be kept in memory (SGA) during the process, the memory
area which keeps the data and other related information about the data and process is technically called instance.
Oracle database :
ORACLE SERVER
ORACLE DATABASE ORACLE INSTANCE
(1) LOGICAL
STRUCTURE
(4)
PHYSICAL STRUCTURE
(2) MEMORY STRUCTURE
(MEMORY COMPONENTS)
(3) BACKGROUND
PROCESSES
TABLESPACES
SEGMENTS
EXTENTS
ORACLE BLOCKS
OS BLOCKS
(PHYSICAL)
DATA FILE (1)
ONLINE REDO LOG FILES
(2)
CONTROL FILES (1)
PASSWORD FILE
PARAMETER FILES
ARCHIVED FILES
BACKUP FILES
TRACE FILES
STREAMS POOL
JAVA POOL
LARGE POOL
DATA BASE BUFFER CACHE (DBBC)
RE DO LOG BUFFER CACHE (RDLBC)
SHARED POOL
LIBRARY CACHE
SQL AREA
PL/SQL AREA
DATA DICTIONARY CACHE
SYSTEM MONITOR (SMON)
PROCESS MONITOR (PMON)
DATA BASE WRITER (DBWn)
LOG WRITER (LGWR)
CHECK POINT (CKPT)
ARCHIEVER (ARCn)
Notes :
1. DBBC , RDLBC AND SHRED POOL ARE MANDATORY MEMORY STRUCTURES.
2. AMONG ALL MEMORY STRUCTURES ONLY RDLBC IS STATIC IN SIZE ALL OTHER MEMORY
STRUCTURES ARE DYNAMIC.
3. DATAFILES , CONTROL FILES AND REDO LOG FILES ARE MANDATORILY EXISTS WHILE INSTANCE IS
RUNNING. IF ANY ONE IS MISSING DURING RUNNING INSTANCE, INSTANCE WILL ABORT LATER OR
SOONER.
4. AMONG THE ABOVE BACKGROUND PROCESSES ONLY ARCHIVER IS OPTIONAL, ALL OTHERS ARE
MANDATORY.
Logical components
Tablespace (2)
SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME , BLOCK_SIZE , INITIAL_EXTENT , MAX_EXTENTS
FROM USER_TABLESPACES;
SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME , SUBSTR(FILE_NAME,1,50) , BYTES , BLOCKS
FROM DBA_DATA_FILES;
Segments (objects) (1)
SELECT SUBSTR(OBJECT_NAME,1,30) , SUBSTR(OBJECT_TYPE,1,30)
FROM USER_OBJECTS ORDER BY 2,1;
SELECT TABLE_NAME , TABLESPACE_NAME FROM USER_TABLES ORDER BY 1;
SELECT VIEW_NAME FROM USER_VIEWS ORDER BY 1;
Extents (3)
SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME , SEGMENT_NAME , EXTENT_ID , BLOCKS
FROM DBA_EXTENTS
WHERE TABLESPACE_NAME = 'USERS';
SELECT TABLESPACE_NAME , COUNT(*) "NO. OF EXTENTS"
FROM DBA_EXTENTS
GROUP BY TABLESPACE_NAME;
Oracle blocks (4)
Os blocks (5)
Memory Structure
Streams pool
Java pool
Large pool
DBBC (2)
RDLB (3)
Shared Pool
o Library cache
Shared Sql Area (1)
Shared Pl/sql area
o Data Dictionary Cache
Physical Components
Data files (1)
Online Redolog files
Control files
Password files
Parameter file
Archive files
Trace files
Backup files
W*EN AN( DML /DDL OPE&AION IS DONE .( AN( !SE& IS &EDO AND !NDO DAA IS -ENE&AED#
&EDO EN&( IS -ENE&AED IN &DL. AND L-W& WILL W&IE I O ONLINE &EDO LO- %ILES5 W*I'* IS
%!&*E& W&IEN O A&'*I1E %ILES .( A&'n# !NDO DAA IS -ENE&AED AND W&IEN O !NDO
SE-MENS O% *E !NDO A.LESPA'E .( SE&1E& P&O'ESS#

.( DE%A!L !NDO MANA-EMEN IS MAN!AL5 WE 'AN SE I O A!O# I% !NDO>MANA-EMEN IS SE
O A!O AND I% WE SA& D. .! !NDO A.LESPA'E IS NO SPE'I%IED *EN O&A'LE WILL !SE
S(SEM A.LESPA'E# I% SIN-LE !NDO A.LESPA'E E"ISS *EN O&A'LE WILL !SE I# I% M!LIPLE
!NDO A.LESPA'E E"ISS O&A'LE WILL !SE *E %I&S A1AILA.LE !NDO A.LESPA'E#
I% !NDO A.LESPA'E IS SPE'I%IED .! DOESN4 E"IS INSAN'E WILL NO .E SA&ED#
SR
NO.
QUESTION/
TOPIC EXPLANATION
1 W*A IS
DAA < *OW
DO WE
MAINAIN
*EM < W*A
IS *E .ES
WA( O
MAINAIN
DAA < W*A
IS *E .ES
SO%WA&E
A1AILA.LE
%O&
MAINAININ-
DAA <
I% A O!& INSI!E WE DON4 MAINAIN AN( DAA &E-A&DIN- IN?!I&(5
&E-IS&AION5 %EES &E'D5 S!.JE' 'LEA&ED5 W*I'* %A'!L( OO/ W*I'*
.A'*ES5 PA(MEN DELI1E&D O %A'!L( O& NO E'# *EN WE 'AN4
-ENE&AE AN( &EPO& O& S!MMA&(#
IN AN( .!SINESS5 DE'ISIONS A&E A/EN ON *E .ASES O% *E %A'S AND
%I-!&ES -ENE&AED IN P&OPE& &EPO& %O&MA %O& MA/IN- *E
'OMPAN( MO&E AND MO&E P&O%IA.LE#
1. I% WE MAINAIN P*(SI'AL &E-ISE& %O& *E SAME *EN MODI%I'AION
AND DELEION WILL .E DI%%I'!L5 AN( &EPO& -ENE&AION WILL A/E OO
M!'* IME5 AS WE *A1E O W&IE ALL *E DAA A-AIN IN *E &EPO&
AND SO I WILL .E *EADA'*E#
2. .ES WA( O MAINAIN DAA IN ,1S 'EN!&( IS MAINAININ- DAA IN
DI-IAL/ELE'&ONI' %O&MA# IN *IS %O&MA MODI%I'AION5 DELEION
AND &EPO& -ENE&AION WILL .E EAS(# AN( NO# O% S!MMA&( 'AN .E
-ENE&AED IN %&A'ION O% SE'OND# IN ADDIION I% WE !SE &D.MS
W*I'* %A'ILIAES !S O MAINAIN &ELAIONAL DAA IS AMA@IN-# AS (O!
ALL /NOW O&A'LE IS NO# 1 &D.MS O% *E !NI1E&SE WE ALL *A1E '*OSEN
O&A'LE AS O!& &D.MS P&O1IDE& AND O!& 'A&EE&# I WIS*5 (O! ALL
.E'OME O&A'LE D.A SOON# ALL *E .ES %O& (O!& 'A&EE& AAA
, W*E&E *E
O&A'LE
SE&1E&
SO%WA&E IS
INSALLED <
W*A IS
SE&1E& <
W*A IS
O&A'LE SE&1E& IS A MA'*INE W*E&E O&A'LE SE&1E& SO%WA&E IS
INSALLED AND MA( *A1E ONE O& M!LIPLE DAA.ASES SO&ED INO I#
O&A'LE SE&1E& IS A 'OMP!E& W*I'* -ENE&ALL( *AS *I-*E&
'ON%I-!&AION *EN 'LIEN MA'*INES# *IS IS .E'A!SE *E 1OL!ME O%
SO&A-E AND WO&/LOAD IS &EMENDO!SL( *I-* .E'A!SE ALL !SE&
'ONNE'S %&OM *EI& 'LIEN 'OMP!E& O *E SE&1E& 'OMP!E& %O&
A''ESSIN-5 MANIP!LAIN-5 SA1IN- DAA AND %O& -ENE&AIN- &EPO&S
!SIN- *E SO&ED DAA IN SE&1E& SO&A-E MEDIA )*A&DDIS/ WI*
'LIEN <
DI%%E&EN'E
.EWEEN
'LIEN AND
SE&1E&#
-IAN SO&A-E 'APA'I(+ AND SE&1E& SE&1ES %O& ALL *E 'LIEN
&E?!ESS# MEANIN- *A SE&1E& DOES ALMOS EA'* AND E1E&(
P&O'ESS O SE&1E EA'* &E?!ES %&OM EA'* 'LIEN# D.A MA( WO&/
DI&E'L( ON SE&1E& I% *E SE&1E& IS NO -I-ENI'# .! I% *E SE&1E& IS
-I-ANI' WI* *IB%I 'ON%I-!&AION I IS NO&MALL( /EP IN SEPA&AE
&OOM WI* 1E&( 'OOL &OOM EMPE&A!&E# IN *IS 'ASE D.A WILL ALSO
'ONNE' %&OM ONE O% *E 'LIEN MA'*INE ONL(# 'LIEN 'OMP!E& *AS
.ASI' *A&DWA&E 'ON%I-!&AION .E'A!SE *E 1OL!ME O% WO&/LOAD IS
1E&( LOW )LIMIED O ONL( ONE !SE&+#
0 SE&1E& IS
&ESPONSI.LE
%O& <
BC &ELIA.L( MANA-E LA&-E AMO!N O% DAA#
BC P&O1IDIN- M!LIB!SE& EN1I&ONMEN %O& 'ON'!&&EN A''ESS O
*E DAA.ASE#
BC P&O1IDIN- *I-* PE&%O&MAN'E#
BC P&O1IDE SOLID SE'!&I( %O& DAA.ASE#
BC P&O1IDE E%%I'IEN SOL!ION %O& DAA.ASE %AIL!&E#
2 *OW O
'*OOSE
SE&1E&
*A&DWA&E <
/EEPIN- IN MIND OAL 1OL!ME O% *E DAA5 NO# O% &ANSA'IONS5 NO#
O% 'ON'!&&EN !SE&S/'ONNE'IONS5 NO# O% .A'/!P 'OPIES O% *E
DAA.ASE# )&E%E& DO'!MENAION AND ADD MO&E POINS#+
O&A'LE
SE&1E& IS
'ONSIS O% <
O&A'LE SE&1E& IS 'ONSIS O% O&A'LE INSAN'E )&ESIDES IN &AM+ AND
O&A'LE DAA.ASE )&ESIDES IN SO&A-E DE1I'E I#E# *DD+#
3 W*A IS
INSAN'E <
W*A IS *E
P!&POSE O%
INSAN'E <
%O& DOIN- OPE&AIONS ON DAA O% DAA.ASE WE NEED O &EAD DAA
%&OM DAA.ASE AND P! I INO MEMO&( )&AM+ %O& %!&*E&
P&O'ESSIN-# SO WE NEED MEMO&( %O& &!NNIN- AND OPE&AIN- *E
DAA.ASE# O %!L%ILL O!& &E?!I&EMEN O&A'LE P&O1IDES !S WELL
PLANNED AND WELL MANA-ED MEMO&( S&!'!&ES W*I'* /EEPS ALL
*E &E?!I&ED IN%O# INSIDE I %O& SMOO* %!N'IONIN- O% *E
DAA.ASE A'IONS#
W*ENE1E& WE NEED O DO 'E&AIN OPE&AIONS ON DAA.ASE LI/E5 WE
WAN O W&IE *E '*AN-ES DONE ON DAA.ASE PE&MANENL( O *E
DAA%ILE 5 WE NEED O -ENE&AE !NDO DAA5 WE NEED O -ENE&AE
A&'*I1E %ILES E'# ALL *ESE AS/S A&E NO DONE ON'E A W*ILE# *ESE
P&O'ESSES A&E O .E DONE 'ONIN!O!SL( EI*E& A 'E&AIN IME
INE&1AL O& A%E& EA'* DAA.ASE A'I1I(# %O& DOIN- 'E&AIN %I"ED
AS/S WE NEED SOME P&EBASSI-NED P&O'ESSES W*I'* &!NS
A!OMAI'ALL( IN .A'/-&O!ND W*EN &E?!I&ED# SO O %!L%ILL O!&
&E?!I&EMEN O&A'LE P&O1IDES !S P&O'ESSES W*I'* &!NS
'ONIN!O!SL( IN *E .A'/-&O!ND AND IN1O/ES INELLI-ENL(
W*ENE1E& *E( &E?!I&ED5 D!&IN- DAA.ASE OPE&AIONS AND DO *EI&
P&EBASSI-NED WO&/ E%%I'IENL(#
*ESE MEMO&( S&!'!&ES AND .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES A&E
A1AILA.LE %&OM DAA.ASE SA&!P AND LAS LON- !PO DAA.ASE
S*!DOWN# *ESE .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES A&E DESI-NED !SIN-
A&I%I'AL INELLI-EN'E# AS A &ES!L I% AN( *A@A&D *APPENS WI*
DAA.ASE 5 INSAN'E 5 SO&A-E MEDIA 5 NEWO&/ E'# AND I% DAA.ASE
S*!DOWN A.NO&MALL( )WI*O! 'OMPLEIN- 'E&AIN MANDAO&(
AS/S+# W*EN WE SA& *E D. NE" IME ALL .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES
WO&/ AS(N'*&ONO!SL( AND %INIS* *EI& WO&/ W*I'* WE&E PENDIN-
D!E O P&E1IO!S A.NO&MAL S*!DOWN# *E 'OM.INAION O% *E
MEMO&( S&!'!&ES AND .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES P&O1IDED .( O&A'LE
IS /NOWN AS INSAN'E#
MEMO&( S&!'!&E *OLDS DAA / IN%O&MAION -ENE&AED D!&IN-
DAA.ASE SA&!P AND S*!DOWN# LI/E S?L SAEMENS )IN S?L A&EA+5
PL/S?L .LO'/S )PL/S?L A&EA+ 5 OLD AND NEW O&A'LE DAA.LO'/S )IN
D..'+ 5 &EDO EN&( )&DL.'+ 5 !NDO DAA )!NDO SE-MENS+ # MEA DAA
O% *E O.JE'S )DAA DI'IONA&( 'A'*E+ %O& *E SAEMENS
E"E'!ED &E'ENL( D!&IN- *E INSAN'E#
.A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES A&E *E P&EBASSI-NED JO.S %O& MANA-IN-
DAA.ASE A'I1IIES D!&IN- DAA.ASE SA&!P AND S*!DOWN#
.A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES DOES SPE'I%I' AS/S P&EBASSI-NED O *EM
LI/E L-W& W&IES ALL &EDO EN&IES %&OM &EDO LO- .!%%E& 'A'*E O
LO- %ILES 5 D.Wn W&IES ALL MODI%IED DAA )'OMMIED O&
!N'OMMIED+ %&OM D..' O DAA%ILES 5 '/P P&O'ESS /EEPS *E
'*E'/ ON W*I'* MODI%IED DAA.LO'/S D.Wn W&OE %&OM D..' O
DAA%ILES 5 A&'n MA/ES 'OP( O% EA'* &EDO LO- %ILES .E%O&E *E(
-ES O1E& W&IEN O /EEP &E'O&DS O% NO ONL( &E'EN .! ALL
&EDO EN&IES %O& DAA.ASE A'I1IIES E'#
6 W*A IS
MEMO&(
S&!'!&E <
W*( MEMO&(
S&!'!&E
&E?!I&ED <
E"PLAIN NAME
AND P!&POSE
%O& EA'*#
W*EN AN( !SE& INE&A'S WI* DAA.ASE5 O&A'LE NEEDS O &EAD
&E%E&EN'ED O.JE' IN%O&MAION5 !SE& IN%O&MAION5 P&I1ILE-ES
IN%O&MAION E' %&OM *E DAA.ASE )SO&ED IN SO&A-E MEDIA D
*A&DDIS/+ AND NEED O P! I INO &AM )1OLAILE MEMO&( O% SE&1E&+
%O& %!&*E& P&O'ESS# P*(SI'AL &AM O% *E SE&1E& MA( .E 1E&( *I-*
.! O&A'LE !SES ONL( *E PA& O% I W*I'* IS ASSI-NED O O&A'LE
INSAN'E .( SEIN- PA&AMEE&S 1AL!E# *E ALLOED MEMO&( O% *E
SE&1E& *AS MAN( S&!'!&ES/PA&S %O& DI%%E&EN P!&POSES# %O&
MANA-IN- OPE&AIONS ON DAA.ASE5 O&A'LE INSAN'E NEEDS O SO&E
WO (PES O% IN%O&MAION IN ALLOED MEMO&(# %I&S (PE IS 'OMMON
IN%O&MAION5 W*I'* IS !SE%!L O ALL SE&1E& P&O'ESSES )ALL
'ONNE'ED !SE&S+ AND .A'/-&O!D P&O'ESSES# *IS (PE O%
IN%O&MAION IS SO&ED IN S-A )S(SEM -LO.AL A&EA+# S(SEM -LO.AL
A&EA *E NAME ISEL% S!--ESS *A *IS A&EA 'AN .E A''ESSED .(
ALL P&O'ESSES O% *E INSAN'E# *E O*E& (PE O% IN%O&MAION IS
&E?!I&ED ONL( .( SIN-LE P&O'ESS# *IS P&I1AE (PE O% IN%O&MAION IS
SO&ED IN P-A# )P&I1AE -LO.AL A&EA+# *E SPE'I%I' P-A IN%O&MAION IS
ONL( A''ESSI.LE %&OM *E P&O'ESS ).A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESS O& SE&1E&
P&O'ESS+ %O& W*I'* *E P-A IS ALLOED# ALL MEMO&( S&!'!&ES
!SES L&! )LEAS &E'ENL( !SED+ AL-O&I*M# MEANIN- *A *E
IN%O&MAION O% MEMO&( S&!'!&E W*I'* IS &E%E&&ED LEAS NO# O%
IMES IS *E %I&S 'ANDIDAE O %L!S* %&OM MEMO&( S&!'!&E# %O&
E-# I% S*A&ED S?L A&EA IS %!LL O% S?L SAEMENS5 !SE& &E?!ES %O&
NEW S?L SAEMEN# O&A'LE NEEDS O P! *E NEW S?L SAEMEN IN
S*A&ED S?L A&EA# .! *E&E IS NO SPA'E A1AILA.LE5 SO O&A'LE *AS O
&EMO1E ONE O& MO&E SAEMENS %&OM S*A&ED S?L A&EA O MA/E
&OOM %O& NEWL( &E?!ESED S?L SAEMEN# AS PE& L&! )LEAS
&E'ENL( !SED+ AL-O&I*M O&A'LE MAINAINS LIS O% SAEMENS INS
S*A&ED S?L A&EA5 IN S!'* O&DE& *A ONE END O% *E LIS *AS
SAEMENS W*I'* A&E E"E'!ED MA"IM!M NO# O% IMES )M&! END E
MOS &E'ENL( !SED END+ AND ANO*E& END O% LIS *AS SAEMENS
W*I'* A&E E"E'!ED MINIM!M NO# O% IMES )L&! END E LEAS &E'ENL(
!SED END+# AS O&A'LE MAINAINS *IS LIS SMA&L( I DOESN4 *A1E O
LOO/ %O& SELE'ION %O& *E SAEMEN O .E &EMO1ED5 I WILL J!S
&EMO1E NO# O% SAEMENS &E?!I&ED O MA/E &OOM %&OM *E L&! END
%O& NEWL( &E?!ESED SAEMEN# L&! AL-O&I*M IS NO J!S !SE%!L
%O& MA/IN- &OOM %ASE& .! I PLA(S 1E&( IMPO&AN &OLE %O& *E
IMP&O1EMEN O% DAA.ASE PE&%O&MAN'E#
F W*A IS
P&O'ESS <
(PES O%
P&O'ESS <
W*I'*
P&O'ESSES
SA&S W*EN
WE D. < IN
W*I'* O&DE&
< W*EN DO
O*E& .-
P&O'ESS
INIIAE <
P!&POSE O&
EA'*
P&O'ESS#
A P&O'ESS IS ME'*ANISM IN OS *A 'AN &!N )E"E'!E+ SE&IES O%
SEPS# *E&E A&E *&EE (PES O% P&O'ESSES#
1# .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESS ,# SE&1E& P&O'ESS 0# !SE& P&O'ESS#
BACKGROUND PROCESSES A&E SA&ED W*EN O&A'LE INSAN'E -ES
SA&ED# .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES INE&A' WI* EA'* O*E& AND OS
O MANA-E MEMO&( S&!'!&E5 I/O OPE&AIONS ON DIS/S 5 &EDO LO-
-ENE&AION 5 /EEPS '*E'/ ON W*I'* DAA.LO'/S A&E W&IEN O *E
DAA%ILES 5 -ENE&AES A&'*I1E %ILES AND MAN( O*E& AS/S# *E&E
A&E MAN( .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES A1AILA.LE IN O&A'LE5 P&ESEN'E O%
.A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESS INSIDE *E INSAN'E DEPENDS ON *E %EA!&ES
*A A&E .EIN- !SED IN D.# SOME 'OMMON .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES
A&E SMON5 PMON5 D.Wn5 '/P5 L-W& AND A&'n )OPIONAL+# SOME O%
*ESE .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES *AS SIN-LE INSAN'E &!NNIN- .!
O*E&S *A1E M!LIPLE INSAN'ES &!NNIN- WI*IN SIN-LE DAA.ASE
INSAN'E#
USER PROCESS IS SA&ED W*EN A D. !SE& &E?!ESS A 'ONNE'ION
O *E O&A'LE INSAN'E# SAPE&AE !SE& P&O'ESS SA&S %O& EA'*
SESSION O% EA'* !SE&# !SE& P&O'ESS ENDS W*EN !SE& E"PLI'IL( ENDS
*E SESSION O& SESSION ENDS A.NO&MALL( D!E O SOME E&&O&# !SE&
P&O'ESS &ESIDES A *E 'LIEN MA'*INE# I SENDS *E 'LIEN &E?!ES
O IS 'O&&ESPONDIN- SE&1E& P&O'ESS W*I'* IS ALLOED O I W*EN
'ONNE'ION IS ESA.LIS*ED#
SERVER PROCESS SA&S W*EN !SE& P&O'ESS ESA.LIS*ES
'ONNE'ION O *E INSAN'E# W*EN A !SE& SENDS *E 'ONNE'ION
&E?!ES5 *E SE&1E& &E'EI1ES I AND SA&S A SE&1E& P&O'ESS O
SE&1E *E &E?!ESED !SE& P&O'ESS# *E SE&1E& P&O'ESS
A!*ENI'AE *E !SE& .( 1E&I%(IN- *E IN%O# )!SE& NAME 5 PASSWO&D
AND 'ONNE'ION S&IN-+ SENDS WI* &E?!ES# *IS IN%O&MAION IS
'ALLED 'ONNE'ION PA'/E# I% *E DEAIL O% 'ONNE'ION PA'/E IS
%O!ND 'O&&E' *E 'ONNE'ION .EWEEN *E !SE& P&O'ESS AND
SE&1E& IS ESA.LIS*ED# NOW !SE& WILL -E MESSA-E 4'ONNE'ED#4# IN
DEDI'AED SE&1E& MODE5 EA'* SE&1E& P&O'ESS SE&1ES ONL( ONE !SE&
P&O'ESS# %&OM *E SA& O% 'ONNE'ION O *E END O% !SE& SESSION
*E SAME SE&1E& P&O'ESS WILL 'ONIN!E O SE&1E *E &E?!ESED
!SE& P&O'ESS# SE&1E& P&O'ESS IS &ESPONSI.LE %O& P&O1IDIN- *E
&E?!ESED DAA5 DO DML OPE&AIONS 5 DO DDL OPE&AIONS 5 W&IE
!NDO DAA O !NDO SE-MENS E'# &E?!ESED .( I4S 'O&&ESPONDIN-
!SE& P&O'ESS#
G E"PLAIN S-A
S&!'!&ES
S-A SO&ES -LO.AL IN%O&MAION A.O! D. A'I1IIES W*I'* 'AN .E
S*A&ED/&E%E&EN'ED .( ALL SE&1E& P&O'ESSES AND .A'/-&O!ND
P&O'ESSES# S-A IS WELL DESI-NED AND MANA-ED .( O&A'LE# S-A 'AN
.E 'AE-O&I@ED IN 6 PA&S# ALL PA&S *AS MEANIN-%!L NAMES AND
SO&ES &ELAED IN%O&MAION#
1# SHARED POOL : S*A&ED POOL A&EA SO&ES S?L SAEMEN 5
PL/S?L .LO'/ AND DAA DI'IONA&( IN%O&MAION O% *E O.JE'S
&E'ENL( &E%E&&ED S?L SAEMEN AND PL/S?L .LO'/S# S*A&ED
POOL *AS WO PA&S 1I@# LI.&A&( 'A'*E AND DAA DI'IONA&(
'A'*E# *E PA&AMEE& !SED O SE *E SI@E O% S*A&ED POOL IS
SHARED_POOL_SIZE
a# LIBRARY CACHE : LI.&A&( 'A'*E SO&ES &E'ENL(
&E%E&&ED S?L SAEMNS AND PL/S?L SAEMENS# LI.&A&(
'A'*E IS DI1IDED INO WO PA&S 1I@# S*A&ED S?L AND
S*A&ED PL/S?L#
i# SHARED SQL : W*EN AN( !SE& E"E'!ES S?L
SAEMEN5 S*A&ED POOL 'A'*ES/SO&ES *E S?L
SAEMEN IN S*A&ED S?L A&EA O% S*A&ED POOL#
ii# SHARED PL/SQL : ON *E O*E& *AND5 W*EN AN(
!SE& E"E'!ES PL/S?L .LO'/ *E W*OLE .LO'/ IS
'A'*ED/SO&ED IN S*A&ED PL/S?L A&EA O% S*A&ED
POOL#
9# DATA DICTIONARY CACHE : DAA DI'IONA&( 'A'*E SO&ES
IN%O&MAION A.O! *E &E'ENL( &E%E&&ED O.JE'S IN
S?L SAEMENS O& PL/S?L .LO'/S# *IS IN%O&MAION IS
&EAD %&OM DAA DI'IONA&( )S(SEM O.JE'S+# DAA
DI'IONA&( 'A'*E *OLDS IN%O&MAION W*I'* A&E
&E?!I&ED O 1ALIDAE !SE& A''ESS ON &E%E&&ED O.JE'
AND O 1E&I%( *E SAE O% *E &E%E&&ED S'*EMA O.JE'#
1ALIDAIN- !SE& A''ESS IS NO*IN- .! '*E'/IN-
W*E*E& *E &E?!ES !SE& *AS &E?!I&ED O.JE'
P&I1ILE-E ON &E%E&&ED O.JE' O& NO# I% *E &E?!ES
!SE& *AS ONL( SELE' P&I1ILE-E ON *E &E%E&&ED O.JE'
AND I% *E &IES O E"E'!E DELEE SAEMEN ON *A
O.JE'5 O&A'LE WILL NO ALLOW AND WILL S*OW E&&O&
MESSA-E INDI'AIN- INS!%%I'IEN P&I1ILE-ES# 1E&I%(IN-
*E SAE O% S'*EMA O.JE' MEANS '*E'/IN- W*E*E&
*E O.JE' *AS 41ALID4 SA!S O& NO# %O& E"AMPLE I% *E
.ASE A.LE O% A 1IEW IS D&OPPED5 SO *E SA!S O% *E
1IEW WILL .E'OME IN1ALID AND SO 'AN4 .E &E%E&&ED#
,# DATABASE BUFFER CACHE (DBBC) : W*EN AN( !SE& E"E'!ES
D&L/DML SAEMENS *E &ELAED O&A'LE .LO'/S A&E 'A'*ED
)&EAD %&OM *E SO&A-E MEDIA AND 'OPIED O *E D..'5 I% I IS
NO AL&EAD( IN D..'+ INO D..'# I% AN( MODI%I'AION IS DONE O
*E O&A'LE .LO'/S *&! DML SAEMEN# .LO'/S WI* MODI%IED
1AL!ES )POS IMA-E+ AND WI* P&E1IO!S 1AL!ES )P&E MA-E+ A&E
/EP SAPE&AEL( *E&E IN D..'# *IS IS &E?!I&ED .E'A!SE .E%O&E
'OMMI W*EN *E SAME !SE& )W*O *AS DONE DML+ SENDS
&E?!ES %O& *E DAA *E S*O!LD .E %!&NIS*ED WI* MODI%IED
1AL!ES5 W*I'* A&E P&O1IDED %&OM D..' POS IMA-E# .! I%
O*E& !SE& &E?!ESS %O& *E DAA *E S*O!LD .E P&O1IDED
P&E1IO!S 1AL!ES AS *E &ANSA'ION IS NO 'OMMIED (E# *IS
IN%O IS %!&NIS*ED %&OM D..' P&E IMA-E#
AS A &ES!L O% D&L O& DML OPE&AION *E D..' .LO'/S MA(
'ONAIN EI*E& P&EBIMA-E )P&E1IO!S 1AL!ES+ O& POSBIMA-E
)MODI%IED 1AL!ES+ O& .O*# P&EBIMA-E DAA.LO'/S O% SELE'
SAEMENS A&E &EAD( O .E %L!S*ED AND &E!SED WI*O!
%!&*E& A'ION ON *EM# AS SELE' SAEMEN DOESN4 MODI%(
DAA.ASE DAA# .! P&EBIMA-ES O% DML SAEMEN M!S .E
'OPIED O !NDO SE-MEN .E%O&E DAA.LO'/S 'AN .E &E!SED#
.E'A!SE *ESE P&EBIMA-ES MA( .E NEEDED I% WE DO &OLL.A'/
OPE&AION O& WE &E?!I&E &E'O1E&( O% *E DAA.ASE# J!S LI/E
*A POSBIMA-E DAA.LO'/S O% DML SAEMEN S*O!LD .E
'OPIED O DAA%ILES .E%O&E DAA.LO'/S 'AN .E &E!SED#
.E'A!SE W*EN WE 'OMMI *E &ANSA'ION WE NEED POSB
IMA-ES# *E PA&AMEE& O SE *E SI@E O% DAA.ASE .!%%E&
'A'*E IS DB_CACHE_SIZE
0# RE DO LOG BUFFER CACHE (RDLBC) : EA'* !SE&4S E1E&(
A'I1IIES )E"PLI'I AND IMPLI'I+ ON DAA.ASE A&E &E'O&DED IN
&EDO LO- .!%%E& 'A'*E# *IS IN%O&MAION IS *EN W&IEN .(
LO- W&IE& )L-W&+ O &EDO LO- %ILES %O& &E'O1E&( P!&POSE#
IN 'ASE O% INSAN'E '&AS* ALL DAA.ASE %ILES MA( NO .E
S(N'*&ONI@ED A *E NEW SA&!P# DAA%ILES MA( NO *A1E ALL
'OMMIED DAA O& MA( *A1E !N'OMMIED DAA# SO O
S(N'*&ONI@E IN%O&MAION O% ALL DAA.ASE %ILES )'ON&OL %ILES
5 DAA %ILES AND ON LINE &EDO LO- %ILES+5 DAA.ASE NEEDS
INSAN'E &E'O1E&(# A *E NEW SA&!P S(SEM MONIO& )SMON+
WILL '*E'/ %O& S(NO'*&ONI@AION AND I% NO %O!ND I WILL
APPL( &E?!I&ED &EDO LO- %ILES )&EBE"E'!E *E 'OMMANDS
SO&ED IN &EDO LO- %ILES+ O S(N'*&ONI@E *E DAA.ASE# *E
PA&AMEE& O SE *E SI@E O% &EDO LO- .!%%E& 'A'*E IS
LOG_BUFFER
2# LARGE POOL : W*EN SE&1E& &E'EI1ES AN( AS/ W*I'* &E?!I&ES
LA&-E AMO!N O% MEMO&( ALLO'AION S!'* AS .A'/!P AND
&E'O1E&(5 SE&1E& ALLO'AES LA&-E AMO!N O% MEMO&( %&OM
LA&-E POOL5 I% 'ON%I-!&ED# LA&-E POOL IS 'ON%I-!&ED O
&ELIE1E .!&DEN O% S*A&ED POOL# I% LA&-E POOL IS NO
'ON%I-!&ED *E &E?!I&ED LA&-E AMO!N O% MEMO&( IS
ALLO'AED %&OM S*A&ED POOL# *E PA&AMEE& O SE *E SI@E
O% LA&-E POOL IS LARGE_POOL_SIZE
3# JAVA POOL : I% !SE& NEEDS O !SE JA1A %O& A''ESSIN- DAA.ASE
*EN JA1A POOL IS &E?!I&ED %O& PA&SIN- JA1A 'OMMANDS# *E
PA&AMEE& !SED O SE *E SI@E O% JA1A POOL IS JAVA_POOL_SIZE
6# STREAS POOL : S&EAMS POOL IS !ILISED .( SOME O% *E
O&A'LE !ILIIES# *E PA&AMEE& O SE *E SI@E O% S&EAMS
POOL IS STREAMS_POOL_SIZE
SELE'
SAEMEN
E"E'!ION
AND MEMO&(
S&!'!&ES#
W*EN WE E"E'!E SELE' SAEMEN D
I% *E SAEMEN )PA&SED &EE AND E"E'!ION PLAN+ E"ISS IN
S*A&ED S?L A&EA5 *E SAEMEN IS MO1ED O M&! )MOS
&E'ENL( !SED+ END AND %O& E"E'!IN- *E SAEMEN O&A'LE
WILL !SE I4S PA&SED &EE AND E"E'!ION PLAN# I% *E SAEMEN
IS NO %O!ND IN S*A&ED S?L A&EA5 I4S PA&SED &EE AND
E"E'!ION PLAN IS SO&ED IN S*A&ED S?L A&EA .( ALLO'AIN-
S!%%I'IEN MEMO&(# I% *E S*A&ED S?L A&EA IS %!LL5 O&A'LE WILL
&EMO1E ONE O& MO&E SAEMENS !SIN- *E L&! AL-O&I*M O
MA/E &OOM %O& *E NEW SAEMEN# *E &EMO1ED SAEMEN
WILL .E &E?!I&ED O &EPA&SED AND &EASSI-NED *E NEW
MEMO&( A&EA WI*IN S?L S*A&ED A&EA#
I% *E &E?!I&ED DAA.LO'/S %O& *E '!&&EN SELE' SAEMEN
E"ISS I WILL !SE *E SAME# .! I% I DOESN4 E"ISS SE&1E&
P&O'ESS WILL &EAD I %&OM DAA%ILES AND P! I O DAA.ASE
.!%%E& 'A'*E# I% *E D..' IS %!LL D.Wn IN1O/ES AND W&IES
DAA.LO'/S %&OM D..' O DAA%ILES O MA/E &OOM %O& NEW
.LO'/S# *E DAA.LO'/S MA( *A1E 'OMMIED O& !N'OMMIED
DAA#
*E SE&1E& P&O'ESS WILL '*E'/ %O& *E E"ISAN'E O% *E
O.JE' &E%E&&ED IN *E SELE' SAEMEN %O& *E SAID S'*EMA
WI*IN- DAA.ASE# I% %O!ND I '*E'/S %O& *E O.JE'
P&I1ILE-ES ON *E SAID O.JE' %O& *E !SE& .EIN- E"E'!IN-
*E SAEMEN# I% O.JE' IS %O!ND AND P&I1ILE-ES A&E -&ANED
I WILL P! &ELAED DAA DI'IONA&( IN%O&MAION IN DAA
DI'IONA&( 'A'*E#
!PDAE
SAEMEN
E"E'!ION
AND MEMO&(
S&!'!&ES
AS A.O1E *E PA&SED &EE AND E"E'!ION PLAN IS /EP IN
S*A&ED S?L A&EA#
*E DI'IONA&( IN%O&MAION A.O! *E O.JE' AND P&I1ILE-ES
A&E SO&ED IN DAA DI'IONA&( 'A'*E#
DAA.LO'/S 'ONAININ- *E OLD DAA )P&EBIMA-E+ AND
DAA.LO'/S 'ONAININ- *E NEW DAA )POSBIMA-E+ A&E /EP IN
D..'# P&EBIMA-E IS DAA .E%O&E !PDAE AND POSBIMA-E IS
MODI%IED DAA5 A%E& !PDAE SAEMEN E"E'!ION#
&EDO EN&( IS -ENE&AED AND SO&ED IN &DL.'# *IS
IN%O&MAION IS *EN W&IEN O &EDO LO- %ILES .( LO- W&IE&#
I% *E D. IS IN A&'*I1E MODE ANO*E& 'OP( O% &EDO LO- %ILE IS
-ENE&AED .E%O&E &EDO LO- %ILES A&E O1E&W&IEN#
I% !NDO MANA-EMEN IS SE O A!O5 !NDO DAA IS -ENE&AED
AND SE&1E& P&O'ESS WILL W&IE !NDO DAA O !NDO SE-MEN
ALLOED O *E &ANSA'ION#
H INE&A'ION
.EWEEN
SE&1E&
P&O'ESS AND
DAA.ASE
.!%%E&
'A'*E#
E"PLAIN 2
SAES O%
.!%%E&S IN
D..'#
W*EN !SE& %I&ES D&L/DML SAEMEN O &E&IE1E/MODI%( DAA5 *E
!SE& P&O'ESS &E?!ESS I4S 'O&&ESPONDIN- SE&1E& P&O'ESS# *E
SE&1E& P&O'ESS '*E'/S %O& *E DAA IN D..' I% %O!ND !SES I
)LO-I'AL &EAD+ AND I% NO %O!ND *EN I &EADS .LO'/ )P*(SI'AL &EAD+
%&OM DAA%ILE )SO&ED ON SO&A-E MEDIA+ AND 'OPIES *E O&A'LE
.LO'/S 'ONAININ- *E &E?!I&ED DAA IN D..'# W*ILE PASIN- O&A'LE
.LO'/S O D..' I% I DOES NO %IND ENO!-* .!%%E& *E OLDES
.LO'/)S+ O% *E D..' -ES A-ED O! )L&! AL-O&I*M+ O MA/E &OOM
%O& *E NEW DAA.LO'/)S+# *E 'ONENS O% *E D..' MA( *A1E
S(N'*&ONI@ED DAA )SAME AS DAA%ILE+ O& MODI%IED DAA )DI%%E&EN
*EN DAA%ILE+# *E S(N'*&ONI@ED .!%%E&S 'AN .E A-ED O!
IMMEDIAEL(5 .! MODI%IED )DI&(+ .!%%E&S NEED O .E W&IEN .(
D.Wn O DAA%ILE .E%O&E A-ED O! %&OM D..'# SOMEIMES W*EN
ENO!-* SPA'E IS NO A1AILA.LE IN D..' .( A-IN- O! *E
S(N'*&ONI@ED .!%%E&5 D.Wn WILL W&IE !N'OMMIED DAA )DI&(
.!%%E&+ O *E DAA%ILES O MA/E &OOM# SO A IMES DAA%ILE MA(
*A1E .O* 'OMMIED AND !N'OMMIED DAA# *E .!%%E&S IN *E D..'
*AS ONE O% *E %O!& SAES#
1# FREE / UNUSED : %&EE .!%%E&S A&E *E !N!SED .!%%E&S WI*IN
*E '!&&EN INSAN'E# W*EN WE SA& NEW INSAN'E ALL D..'
.!%%E&S A&E %&EE/!N!SED# ON'E *E( A&E !SED *E( MA( .E IN
ONE O% *E .ELOW 0 SAES .! WILL NE1E& .E IN %&EE SAE
A-AIN WI*IN *E '!&&EN INSAN'E#
,# DIRTY : I% *E .!%%E& *AS MODI%IED DAA I IS 'ALLED DI&(
.!%%E&# WE 'AN4 !SE I A-AIN .E%O&E I -ES %L!S*ED O
DAA%ILE5 .! WE 'AN &ESE&1E )PIN+ *EM %O& *E NEW
&E?!I&EMEN#
0# PINNED : PINNED .!%%E&S A&E *E .!%%E&S W*I'* A&E '!&&ENL(
.EIN- A''ESSED# I% %&EE/'LEAN .!%%E& A&E NO ENO!-* O
A''OMODAE NEW DAA *EN O&A'LE &ESE&1ES *E PINNED
.!%%E& %O& *E 'OMIN- &E?!I&EMEN# PINNED .!%%E& MA( *A1E
EI*E& P&EBIMA-E O& POSBIMA-E O% DAA# I% *E PINNED .!%%E&
*OLDS POSBIMA-E DAA.LO'/S5 D.Wn W&IES I O DAA%ILE# I%
*E PINNED .!%%E& *OLDS P&EBIMA-E *E SE&1E& P&O'ESS WILL
W&IE *E DAA.LO'/S O !NDO SE-MEN# SO NOW PINNED
.LO'/S WILL .E 'ON1E&ED O 'LEAN .!%%E&S AND A&E A1AILA.LE
%O& !SE#
2# CLEAN : 'LEAN .!%%E&S A&E *E .!%%E&S W*I'* WE&E O''!PIED
)*A1IN- EI*E& P&EBIMA-E O& POSBIMA-E DAA.LO'/S+ EA&LIE& 5
.! '!&&ENL( *E( A&E A1AILA.LE %O& !SE#
1I E"PLAIN P-A
S&!'!&ES
W*EN !SE& SENDS &E?!ES %O& 'ONNE'ION5 A !SE& P&O'ESS SA&S
A 'LIEN MA'*INE# O SE&1E *E !SE& P&O'ESS A SE&1E& P&O'ESS
SA&S A *E DAA.ASE SE&1E&# *IS SE&1E& P&O'ESS NEEDS SOME
P&I1AE MEMO&( A&EA ILL END O% !SE& SESSION %O& SO&IN- SESSION4S
PE&SISAN DAA# *E SE&1E& P&O'ESS %!&*E& NEEDS SOME MO&E
MEMO&( A&EA ONL( D!&IN- *E E"E'!ION O% SAEMEN )&!N IME
A&EA+ %O& SO&IN- AND MANIP!LAIN- *E DAA# *E PE&MANEN
MEMO&( A&EA )&E?!I&ED ILL *E END O% SESSION+ IS ALLO'AED W*EN
SE&1E& P&O'ESS SA&S AND DEBALLO'AED W*EN SE&1E& P&O'ESS
ENDS# .! &!N IME A&EA IS ONL( ALLO'AED D!&IN- SAEMEN
E"E'!ION# .O* A&EA IS ALLO'AED %&OM *E P-A )P&O-&AM/P&I1AE
MEMO&( A&EA+5 DE%INED .( P-A>A--&E-AE>A&EA PA&AMEE&# .(
SEIN- *E SI@E O% P-A>A--&E-AE>A&EA PA&AMEE& WE WILL -E
DO!.LE .ENE%I# *IS WILL %I" *E MA"IM!M LIMI O% P-A AND
MANA-EMEN O% P-A WILL .E A!OMAI'# O&A'LE ALWA(S ENS!&ES *A5
A AN( -I1EN IME OAL P-A ALLO'AED MEMO&( S*O!LD NO E"'EED
*E SI@E SPE'I%IED %O& P-A>A--&E-AE>A&EA PA&AMEE&#
O SO&E SOME PE&SISANW*EN SE&1E& P&O'ESS SA&S SOME MEMO&(
ALLO'AED O *E SE&1E& P&O'ESS %&OM A--&E-AE P-A A&EA# W*EN
!SE& &E?!ES IS SEN 1IA !SE& P&O'ESS I4S 'O&&ESPONDIN- SE&1E&
P&O'ESS &E'EI1ES I AND '*E'/S %O& *E DAA IN D..'# I% %O!ND
'OPIES I O P-A )P&I1AE -LO.AL A&EA+# P-A IS NO*IN- .! P&I1AE
MEMO&( S&!'!&E W*I'* 'AN .E A''ESSI.LE .( ONL( I4S
'O&&ESPONDIN- SE&1E& P&O'ESS# P-A IS ALLO'AED %&OM *E MEMO&(
A&EA DE%INED .( P-A>A--&E-AE>A&EA PA&AMEE&# WE 'AN MA/E P-A
MANA-EMEN A!OMAI' .( SEIN- 1AL!E %O& P-A>A--&E-AE>A&EA
PA&AMEE&#
%O& SELE' SAEMEN *IS A&EA IS DEBALLO'AED ONL( A%E& ALL &OWS
A&E %E'*ED O& ?!E&( IS 'AN'ELLED# %O& DML SAEMEN *IS A&EA IS
DEBALLO'AED W*EN SAEMEN *AS .EEN &!N# )MEANIN- *A *E
'*AN-ES MADE A1AILA.LE O D..' IN S-A+
*IS MEMO&( A&EA IS ONL( A''ESSI.LE .( *E 'ODE A'IN- ON .E*AL%
O% *E SE&1E& P&O'ESS %O& W*I'* I IS WO&/IN-# %O& E-# I% M!LIPLE
!SE&S *AS SEN IDENI'AL SAEMEN &E?!ES IN SIMILA& IME PE&IOD#
EA'* O% *EM WILL !SE *EI& OWN P&I1AE A&EA O *OLD DAA AND O
DO MANIP!LAION ON I5 .! ALL P&I1AE A&EA &E%E&S O *E SAME
-LO.AL A&EA )S*A&ED S?L A&EA O% S-A+ O -E DAA# MEANIN- *A
EA'* P-A &E%E&S S-A %O& !SE& &E?!ESED DAA# EA'* P-A !SE %O!&
'OMPONENS O SO&E P&I1AE DAA O% EA'* SE&1E& P&O'ESS#
1# SORT AREA : !SED %O& O&DE& .(5 DISIN'5 -&O!P .(5 SE
OPE&AO&S E'#
,# CURSOR STATE : *IS IS &!N IME A&EA %O& D&L SAEMEN# *IS
A&EA IS ALLO'AED W*EN I &E'EI1ES E"E'!ION &E?!ES AND DEB
ALLO'AED ONL( A%E& ALL &OWS A&E %E'*ED O& ?!E&( IS
'AN'ELLED#
0# SESSION INFORATION : SO&ES SESSION ID5 SESSION 1A&IA.LES5
O*E& &ELAED IN%O# AND PSE!DO'OL!MN#
2# STACK SPACE : *IS IS &!N IME A&EA %O& DML SAEMEN# *IS
A&EA IS ALLO'AED W*EN I &E'IE1ES E"E'!ION &E?!ES AND DEB
ALLO'AED W*EN *E SAEMEN *AS .EEN &!N#
11 E"PLAIN
.A'/-&O!ND
P&O'ESSES#
W*EN WE SA& INSAN'E SE1E&AL .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES A&E
SA&ED A!OMAI'ALL(# .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES INE&A' WI* EA'*
O*E& AND OS O MANA-E MEMO&( S&!'!&E5 I/O OPE&AIONS ON DIS/S
AND O*E& AS/S# O&A'LE P&O1IDES SE1E&AL .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES5
SOME O% *EM MA( .E P&ESEN)SA&ED+ DEPENDS ON *E %EA!&ES
*A A&E .EIN- !SED IN D.# SOME 'OMMON .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES
A&E SMON5 PMON5 D.Wn5 '/P5 L-W& AND A&'n# SOME O% *ESE
.A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES *AS SIN-LE INSAN'E &!NNIN- .! O*E&S
*AS M!LIPLE INSAN'ES )D.Wn AND A&'n+ &!NNIN- WI*IN SIN-LE
O&A'LE INSAN'E# .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES AS *E NAME S!--ESS
*ANDLES M!'* O% *E .E*INDB*EBS'ENES WO&/ IN1OL1ED IN &!NNIN-
*E INSAN'E# .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES AND *EI& &ESPONSI.ILIIES A&E
AS .ELOW#
1# SYSTE ONITOR (SON) : S(SEM MONIO& .A'/-&O!ND
P&O'ESS ENS!&ES *A S(SEM WO&/S AS(N'*&ONO!SL(#
MEANIN- *A W*EN WE SA&!P *E DAA.ASE5 *E IN%O&MAION
O% ALL DAA.ASE %ILES )DAA %ILES 5 &EDO LO- %ILES AND 'ON&OL
%ILES+ M!S .E S(N'*&ONI@ED# I% *E INSAN'E '&AS*ES5 %AILS O&
S*!DOWN A.NO&MALL(5 *E IN%O&MAION O% *E DAA.ASE %ILES
)DAA %ILES 5 &EDO LO- %ILES AND 'ON&OL %ILES+ MA( NO
S(N'*&ONI@ED# W*EN WE SA& NEW INSAN'E5 SMON '*E'/S %O&
*E S(N'*&ONI@AION O% DAA.ASE %ILES AND I% &E?!I&ED
INIIAES *E &E'O1E&(#
,# PROCESS ONITOR (PON) : P&O'ESS MONIO& '*E'/S IME O
IME %O& *E %AILED !SE& P&O'ESSS# I% %O!ND PMON 'LEANS !P
*E 'O&&ESPOINDIN- SE&1E& P&O'ESS AND &ELEASE S(SEM
&ESO!&'ES AND LO'/S#
WE /NOW *A W*EN AN( !SE& &IES O 'ONNE' DAA.ASE .(
P&O1IDIN- 'ONNE'ION IN%O&MAION )!SE& NAME5 PASSWO&D5
*OS S&IN- + A !SE& P&O'ESS SA&S )ON 'LIEN+ AND SENDS *E
'ONNE'ION IN%O&MAION O SE&1E&# 'ONNE'ION IN%O&MAION
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*IS SE&1E& P&O'ESS WILL SE&1E *E !SE& P&O'ESS !PO END O%
!SE& P&O'ESS# *IS SE&1E& P&O'ESS *ANDLES ALL *E &E?!ES
O% *E 'ONNE'ED !SE& P&O'ESS# IN LA&-E .!SINESS !NI MAN(
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*AN-S5 !SE& A.NO&MALL( A.O&S *E SESSION E'# I% *E !SE&
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*E SAME# )'*APE& 11+
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O&I-INAL O&A'LE .LO'/S WILL .E 'OPIED O !NDO SE-MEN .(
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DB!" INVOKES !HEN ANY ONE OF THE BELO! HAPPENS :
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'*E'/POIN#
NO %&EE .!%%E& LE% O& DI&( .!%%E& &EA'*ES *&ES*OLD
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S*!DOWN D. WI* NO&MAL5 IMMEDIAE O& &ANSA'IONAL
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&A' PIN- &E?!ES IS MADE#
2# LOG !RITER (LG!R) : LO-W&IE& IS !SED O W&IE &EDO LO-
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W&IIN- DI&( .!%%E&S O *E DAA%ILES5 .! .E%O&E I -ES
%INIS* INSAN'E '&AS*ES# AS *E !SE& *AS E"E'!ED 'OMMI
SAEMEN5 IMMEDIAEL( NEW S'N )S(SEM '*AN-E/'OMMI
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1/0 O% &EDO LO- .!%%E& 'A'*E )&DL.'+ -ES %!LL
E1E&( 0 SE'ONDS
A E1E&( E"PLI'I O& IMPLI'I 'OMMI
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3# CHECK POINT (CKPT) : E1E&( 0 SE'ONDS )O& MO&E %&E?!ENL(+5
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N!M.E& 5 S(SEM '*AN-E/'OMMI N!M.E& AND '*E'/POIN
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W*E*E& INSAN'E &E'O1E&( IS &E?!I&ED O& NO#
CKPT INVOKES :
ON E1E&( LO- SWI'*
E1E&( 0 SE'ONDS
AS &E?!ESED .( D.A .( E"E'!IN- ONE O% *E .ELOW ,
'OMMANDS#
ALE& S(SEM SWI'* LO-%ILE
ALE& S(SEM '*E'/POINK
W*ENE1E& WE A/E A.LESPA'E O%%LINE O& &EAD ONL( O& IN
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S*!DOWN D. WI* NO&MAL 5 IMMEDIAE O& &ANSA'IONAL
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6# ARCHIVER (ARC") : )OPIONAL .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESS+ A&'*I1E&S
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A&'*I1E&S W&IES A&'*I1E %ILES I% O!& DAA.ASE IS IN A&'*I1E
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O W&IE DAA O% O!& DAA.ASE %AILS AND I% NO &E'O1E&A.LE#
WE *A1E O !SE O!& .A'/!P %ILES O &ESO&E O!& DAA.ASE#
.A'/!P WILL A/E O!& DAA.ASE O *E IME W*EN WE OO/ LAS
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'*AN-ES DONE IN LAS INSAN'E W*I'* WE&E NO &E'O&DED IN
A&'*I1E %ILES WILL .E LOS#
!NDE&SANDI
N-
'*E'/POIN
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,# L-W& SA&S W&IIN- &EDO EN&( %&OM &DL.' O '!&&EN &EDO
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A&'n '&EAES NEW A&'*I1E LO- %ILE AND 'OPIES *E 'ONENS
O% %I&S LO- %ILE O I#+ O% EA'* LO- -&O!P#
0# P&EBIMA-E O% DAA.LO'/S A&E NOW &EMO1ED %&OM D..' AS I IS
NO &E?!I&ED5 .E'A!SE *E '*AN-E DONE *&! !PDAE
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SAEMEN#
W*EN '!&&EN &EDO LO- %ILE)S+ -ES %!LL WO P&O'ESS SA&S#
1# LO- SWI'* O''!&S AND LSN )LO- SE?!EN'E N!M.E&+ IS
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,# '*E'/POIN E1EN IS %I&ED W*I'* DOES WO P&O'ESS D
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N!M.E&5 S(SEM '*AN-E N!M.E&5 '*E'/ POIN N!M.E&+ IN
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W*EN '*E'/POIN E1EN -ES O1E& I SI-NALS D.Wn O W&IE ALL
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AL IMIN-S
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SE-MENS .( SE&1E& P&O'ESS
1IDI3D23 AM SELE' D..' L NEEDS MO&E 'LEAN .!%%E& *EN *E
A1AILA.LE#
SO
D.Wn L W&IES SOME O% *E DI&( .!%%E&S
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.ELON- O !SE&1 O& !SE&,+ O DAA%ILES AND
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NOW SE&1E& P&O'ESS WILL P! *E
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IN D..'#
1IDI6DII AM 'OMMI '/P L SI-NALS D.Wn O W&IE DI&( .!%%E&S
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1, W*A IS
DAA.ASE <
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DAA.ASE IS A 'OLLE'ION O% ALL *E DAA )%A'S AND %I-!&ES+
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1# DAA.ASE %ILES
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SOONE&#
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INSAN'E &E'O1E&( IS P&O'ESS# L-W& .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESS W&IES
ONLINE &EDO LO- %ILES AND SMON .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESS !SES *IS
IN%O&MAION O &EDO ALL OPE&AIONS D!&IN- &E'O1E&( P&O'ESS O%
*E DAA.ASE IN 'ASE O% INSAN'E '&AS*#
NON$DATABASE FILES : O&A'LE MAINL( &E?!I&ES 6 DI%%E&EN NONB
DAA.ASE %ILES O SO&E &ELAED IN%O&MAION A.O! *E
DAA/DAA.ASE#

1. PARAETER FILE : PA&AMEE& %ILE 'ONAINS NONBDE%A!L 1AL!ES
%O& *E PA&AMEE&S &E?!I&ED O 'ON%I-!&E INSAN'E# ALL
PA&AMEE&S *AS SOME DE%A!L 1AL!E# I% WE WAN O !SE NONBDE%A!L
1AL!E %O& *E PA&AMEE& D!&IN- INSAN'E5 I IS .ES P&A'I'E O
W&IE *A PA&AMEE& AND IS 1AL!E O PA&AMEE& %ILE# PA&AMEE&
%ILE IS &EAD W*EN WE SA& NEW INSAN'E# SO *E PA&AMEE&S W*I'*
A&E LISED IN PA&AMEE& %ILE WILL .E SE O *E 1AL!E SPE'I%IED
A-AINS PA&AMEE& NAME %O& *E '!&&EN INSAN'E# ALL O*E&
PA&AMEE&S WILL !SE I4S DE%A!L 1AL!E %O& *E INSAN'E# )WE 'AN
ALSO '*AN-E SOME O% *E PA&AMEE&S 1AL!E D!&IN- &!NNIN-
INSAN'E#+ *E&E A&E WO (PES O% PA&AMEE& %ILES# P%ILE/I%ILE)E"
%ILE+ AND SP%ILE).INA&( %ILE+# P%ILE I E" %ILE AND IS '&EAED AND
MODI%IED .( !SE&# SP%ILE IS .INA&( %ILE AND IS '&EAED AND MODI%IED
.( SE&1E&# SP%ILE IS &EAD W*EN .O* SP%ILE AND P%ILE E"ISS .E'A!SE
I *AS *I-*E& P&E'ENDEN'E IN 'OMPA&E O *E P%ILE#
2. PASS!ORD FILE : *IS %ILE 'ONAINS PASSWO&D IN%O&MAION %O&
*E !SE&S *A1IN- EI*E& S(SD.A O& S(SOPE& P&I1ILE-ES
)ADMINIS&AI1E !SE&S+# PASSWO&D %ILE IS &EAD AND '*E'/ED %O& *E
'O&&E'NESS O% *E PASSWO&D W*EN AN( !SE& WI* ADMIN P&I1ILE-ES
&IES O 'ONNE' *E DAA.ASE %&OM 'LIEN MA'*INE# ALL NONB
ADMINIS&AI1E !SE&4S PASSWO&DS A&E SO&ED IN EN'&(PED %O&M IN
S(SEM O.JE' O% *E DAA.ASE# )WE 'AN -E PASSWO&D IN%O&MAION
!SIN- DAA DI'IONA&( 1IEW 'ALLED 4D.A>!SE&S4+#
#. ARCHIVED LOG FILES : A&'*I1ED LO- %ILES A&E NO*IN- .! O%%B
LINE 'OPIES O% EA'* AND E1E&( ONLINE &EDO LO- %ILES# WE /NOW *A
ONLINE &EDO LO- %ILE -ES O1E& W&IEN IME O IME# SO OLDE& DAA
O% O1E& W&IEN ONLINE &EDO LO- %ILES A&E LOS AND SO NO
A1AILA.LE %O& &E'O1E&(# *IS OLD IN%O&MAION IS &E?!I&ED W*EN WE
%A'E MEDIA '&AS*# I% WE WAN O -ENE&AE A&'*I1E IN%O&MAION WE
M!S /EEP O!& DAA.ASE IN A&'*I1E MODE# I% A&'*I1E MODE %O& *E
DAA.ASE IS ON5 A&'n '&EAES SAPE&AE A&'*I1E %ILE %O& EA'* ONLINE
&EDO LO- %ILE AND W&IE ALL 'ONENS O% ONLINE &EDO LO- %ILES O
A&'*I1E %ILE5 .E%O&E ONLINE &EDO LO- %ILE -ES O1E& W&IEN# W*EN
MEDIA '&AS* *APPENS )MEANS O!& *DD '&AS*ES AND IS OALL(
!SELESS+ WE 'AN &ESO&E O!& DAA.ASE %&OM *E LAES .A'/!P# A
*IS POIN O!& DAA.ASE WILL *A1E DAA ONL( !PO *E LAES .A'/!P#
*E OPE&AIONS DONE ON DAA.ASE A%E& *E LAES .A'/!P WILL .E
NEEDED %O& DAA.ASE &E'O1E&(# WE WILL -E ALL IN%O&MAION A.O!
*E OPE&AIONS DONE A%E& *E IME O% LAES .A'/!P %&OM A&'*I1E
%ILES# ALL &E?!I&ED A&'*I1E %ILES 'AN .E APPLIED )ALL 'OMMANDS O%
A&'*I1ED %ILES WILL .E E"E'!ED IN *E SAME O&DE& AS WE *A1E
E"PLI'IL( O& IMPLI'IL( E"E'!ED .E%O&E MEDIA '&AS*#+ *IS P&O'ESS
WILL &E'O1E& *E DAA !PO *E LAES A&'*I1E %ILE A1AILA.LE#
%. TRACE FILES : W*EN AN INE&NAL E&&O& IS DEE'ED .( AN( O% *E
SE&1E& O& .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESS5 O&A'LE &E'O&DS E&&O& O I4S
'O&&ESPONDIN- &A'E %ILE# *E&E A&E MAN( (PES O% &A'E %ILES LI/E
!SE& &A'E %ILES5 .A'/-&O!ND &A'E %ILES 5 ALE&Msi$C#LO- %ILE E'#
*ESE %ILES A&E !SE%!L O D.A %O& DEE'IN- AND &E'I%(IN- *E
E&&O&S &ELAED O .A'/-&O!ND P&O'ESSES 5 DAAP!MP !ILI(
E&&O&S 5 OS E&&OS 5 !SE& P&O'ESS 5 A!DI E&&O&S E'#
&. BACKUP FILES : *ESE A&E *E %ILES -ENE&AED EI*E& .(
E"E'!IN- 'OMMANDS MAN!ALL( %O& .A'/!P O& .( A/IN- .A'/!P
WI* *E *ELP O% *AND( !ILI( 'ALLED 4&MAN4 P&O1IDED .( O&A'LE#
*ESE %ILES 'ONAINS ANO*E& 'OP( O% DAA.ASE DAA# IN 'ASE O%
MEDIA '&AS* )W*EN *DD '&AS*ES+5 WE 'AN &ESO&E DAA !SIN- *ESE
.A'/!P %ILES# A%E& &ESO&E P&O'ESS -ES O1E&5 O!& DAA.ASE WILL
*A1E DAA !PO *E POIN W*EN WE OO/ LAES .A'/!P# MEANIN-
*A *E OPE&AIONS DONE ON D. A%E& *E LAES .A'/!P A&E (E O
.E &E'O1E&ED O A/E O!& DAA.ASE NEA&ES O *E IME O% MEDIA
'&AS*# *IS IS DONE .( APPL(IN- A&'*I1E %ILES5 I% O!& D. WE&E IN
A&'*I1E MODE#
'. ALERT LOG FILE : ALE& LO- %ILE &E'O&DS '*&ONOLO-I'AL LO-S O%
MESSA-ES AND E&&O&S# ALE& LO- %ILE ALSO &E'O&DS A'IONS A/EN
D!&IN- SA&IN- !P AND S*!IN- DOWN *E DAA.ASE5 S&!'!&AL
'*AN-ES DONE ON DAA.ASE E'# O&A'LE &E'OMMENDS D.A O &E1IEW
*IS %ILE &E-!LA&L( AND S*O!LD A/E NE'ESSA&( A'ION O A1OID
S!'* E&&O&S IN %!!&E#
10 E"PLAIN
LO-I'AL
S&!'!&E
O% DAA.ASE#
%O& SO&A-E O&A'LE !SE .O* P*(SI'AL S&!'!&E AND LO-I'AL
S&!'!&E# P*(SI'AL S&!'!&E IS ALWA(S &E?!I&ED O SO&E AN(
DAA O AN( O% *E SO&A-E MEDIA# IN EA'* OS WE '&EAE A P*(SI'AL
S&!'!&E 'ALLED %ILE O SO&E DAA PE&MANENL( IN SO&A-E MEDIA#
O&A'LE IS NO E"'EPION O I#
ON OP O% P*(SI'AL S&!'!&E O&A'LE ALSO !SE LO-I'AL S&!'!&E
)A.LESPA'E+ O &ESE&1E A PO&ION O% SO&A-E MEDIA W*I'* 'AN *EN
ONL( .E !SED .( O&A'LE %O& SO&IN- DAA O% SIN-LE O&A'LE DAA.ASE#
W*EN WE '&EAE LO-I'AL S&!'!&E 'ALLED A.LESPA'E I MAPS O
ONE O& MO&E DAA%ILES W*I'* -ES '&EAED WI* *E SPE'I%IED SI@ES
A *E IME O% A.LESPA'E '&EAION# *E SI@E O% A.LESPA'E IS
E?!I1ALEN O S!M O% ALL DAA%ILES SI@E PE&AININ- O *E
A.LESPA'E# LO-I'AL S&!'!&E A.LESPA'E NO ONL( &ESE&1ES *E
SO&A-E SPA'E %O& DAA.ASE .! I ALSO *ELPS !S O %I" MA"IM!M
SO&A-E 'APA'I( %O& EA'* !SE& IN EA'* A.LESPA'E# EA'* !SE& *AS
ONE DE%A!L A.LESPA'E AND MA( *A1E ONE O& MO&E NONBDE%A!L
A.LESPA'ES# !SE& 'AN !SE AN( O% *E ASSI-NED A.LESPA'E O SO&E
*EI& O.JE'S# A !SE& W*EN '&EAES AN( O.JE' I IS SO&ED IN *E
DE%A!L A.LESPA'E ASSI-NED O *A !SE&# INSEAD !SE& 'AN SPE'I%(
A.LESPA'E NAME O SO&E 'ONENS O% *E O.JE' IN SPE'I%I'
A.LESPA'E# *IS IS *ELP%!L %O& PE&%O&MAN'E O% *E DAA.ASE .(
A1OIDIN- 'ONENION P&O.LEM# A.LESPA'E 'AN .E ASSI-NED O ONE
O& M!LIPLE D. !SE&S# MEANIN- *A A A.LESPA'E 'AN .E S*A&ED .(
M!LIPLE D. !SE&S#
O&A'LE SO&ES DAA PE&AININ- O M!LIPLE O.JE'S OWNED .(
M!LIPLE !SE&S IN SIN-LE OS P*(SI'AL %ILE# )SIN-LE DAA%ILE *OLDS
M!LIPLE O.JE'S OWNED .( M!LIPLE !SE&S+ *ESE %ILES A&E /NOWN
AS DAA%ILES# 'ONENS O% *ESE DAA%ILES A&E NONB&EADA.LE# OS
DOESN4 E1EN /NOW W*I'* DAA IN DAA%ILES PE&AINS O W*I'*
O.JE' O% W*I'* !SE&# O&A'LE /EEPS ALL *ESE IN%O&MAION IN S(SEM
O.JE'S )DAA DI'IONA&( 1IEWS+ O P&O1IDE SE'!&I(/A''ESS O *E
SO&ED O.JE' WI*IN O&A'LE DAA.ASE# *IS IN%O&MAION A.O!
OWNE&S*IP AND A''ESSI.ILI( IS -ENE&AED AND MAINAINED .( O&A'LE
A!OMAI'ALL(5 W*ENE1E& WE '&EAE O.JE' O& -&AN S(SEM O&
O.JE' P&I1ILE-ES#
A.LESPA'E IS '&EAED O &ESE&1E P*(SI'AL SO&A-E SPA'E O% AN(
SO&A-E MEDIA %O& *E '!&&EN DAA.ASE# *IS &ESE&1ED SO&A-E
SPA'E IS *EN ASSI-NED O AN( !SE& O% *E DAA.ASE %O& SO&IN-
*EI& S'*EMA O.JE'S LI/E A.LE 5 INDE" E'# SO A.LESPA'E O.JE'
P&O1IDES !S DO!.LE 'ON&OL O1E& *E SO&A-E SPA'E O% SO&A-E
MEDIA5 -ENE&ALL( *DD# WE 'AN &ESE&1E MA"IM!M SO&A-E SPA'E %O&
*E D. )!SIN- '&EAE A.LESPA'E O& ALE& A.LESPA'E 'OMMAND+ AS
WELL AS WE 'AN SE MA"IM!M ?!OA %O& EA'* !SE&# WE 'AN %I"
MA"IM!M SO&A-E SPA'E ON A.LESPA'E %O& EA'* D. !SE& .(
-&ANIN- ?!OA ON SPE'I%I' A.LESPA'E A *E IME O% !SE& '&EAION
O& A%E&WA&DS !SIN- ALE& !SE& 'OMMAND# A.LESPA'E IS LO-I'AL
S&!'!&E )O.JE'+ W*I'* MAPS O P*(SI'AL OS %ILE)S+ 'ALLED
DAA%ILES# *ESE DAA%ILES A'!ALL( SO&ES DAA O% *E DAA.ASE#
!SIN- A.LESPA'E WE 'AN ALSO 'ON&OL NO# O% DAA%ILES AND *EI&
SI@ES %O& EA'* A.LESPA'E# %&OM 1I- ONWA&DS WE 'AN '&EAE WO
(PES O% *E A.LESPA'ES# SMALL SI@E A.LESPA'E AND .I- SI@E
A.LESPA'E# A SMALL SI@E A.LESPA'E 'AN *A1E 1 O& MO&E DAA%ILES# A
.I- SI@E A.LESPA'E 'AN *A1E ONL( 1 DAA %ILE# MOSL( WE !SE SMALL
SI@E A.LESPA'E# .I- SI@E A.LESPA'E IS ONL( !SED W*EN *E&E IS
SPE'I%I' &E?!I&EMEN# -ENE&ALL( A.LESPA'E IS '&EAED O -&O!P ALL
O.JE'S PE&AININ- O AN APPLI'AION O& SOMEIMES %O& SAME (PE O%
O.JE'S LI/E ONE A.LESPA'E IS '&EAED %O& SO&IN- ALL A.LES AND
ANO*E& A.LESPA'E IS '&EAED %O& SO&IN- ALL INDE"ES E'#
1 A.LESPA'E E M!LIPLE SE-MENS )O.JE'S+
1 SE-MEN E M!LIPLE 'ONI-!O!S O& NONB'ONI-!O!S E"ENS
1 E"EN E M!LIPLE 'ONI-!O!S O&A'LE .LO'/S
1 O&A'LE .LO'/ E M!LIPLE OS .LO'/S
1 OS .LO'/ E 1I,2 .(ES IN WINDOWS
1 OS .LO'/ E 31, .(ES IN LIN!"
12 S(SEM AND
S(SA!"
A.LESPA'ES
%&OM 1I- 1E&SION O% O&A'LE EA'* DAA.ASE M!S *A1E ALEAS WO
A.LESPA'ES NAMED S(SEM AND S(SA!"# *E( A&E '&EAED A *E
IME O% DAA.ASE '&EAION# A A.LESPA'E *AS WO SAES ONLINE
)A''ESSI.LE+ O& O%%LINE )NO A''ESSI.LE+# S(SEM A.LESPA'E SO&ES
DAA DI'IONA&( A.LES AND IS ALWA(S ONLINE W*EN *E D. IS OPEN#
S(SA!" A.LESPA'E SO&ES DAA O% D. 'OMPONENS LI/E ENE&P&ISE
MANA-E&5 &E'O1E&( MANA-E&5 S'*ED!LA&# S(SA!" A.LESPA'E O!-*
O .E ONLINE %O& 'O&&E' %!N'IONIN- O% AN( O% *E D.
'OMPONENS#
13 EMPO&A&(
A.LESPA'E
EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E DOESN4 *A1E DAA%ILE .! INSEAD I *AS
EMPO&A&( %ILE# -ENE&ALL( D.A '&EAES ONE DE%A!L EMPO&A&(
A.LESPA'E %O& EA'* DAA.ASE SO EA'* !SE& PE&AININ- O *E D.
W*EN '&EAED WILL .E ASSI-NED *E DE%A!L EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E
%O& *EI& &E?!I&EMENS# I% DE%A!L EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E IS NO
ASSI-NED O D. WE *A1E O ASSI-N I O EA'* !SE& E"PLI'IL( W*EN
'&EAED# EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E IS !SE%!L W*EN !SE& %I&ES S?L
SAEMEN W*I'* &E?!I&ES EMPO&A&( SE-MENS O SO& LA&-E NO#
O% DAA O& %O& '&EAION O% INDE"#
16 W*A A&E
SE-MENS <
(PES O%
SE-MENS
O&A'LE '&EAES SEPA&AE LO-I'AL S&!'!&E 'ALLED 4SE-MEN4 INSIDE
*E A.LESPA'E O SO&E EA'* O.JE' W*EN NEW O.JE' -ES
'&EAED# MEANIN- *A EA'* SE-MEN *OLDS DAA O% ONE AND ONL(
ONE O.JE'# )E"'EPIONSD EA'* O% INDE" O&-ANISED A.LE5 'L!SE&ED
A.LE AND PA&IIONED A.LE &E?!I&ES M!LIPLE SE-MENS O SO&E
*EI& DAA#+# SO5 WE 'AN SA( *A SE-MEN IS A SO&A-E ALLO'AION
!NI %O& O.JE'S# *E&E A&E 2 (PES O% SE-MENS#
1# DATA SEGENTS : EA'* A.LE DAA IS SO&ED IN IS
'O&&ESPONDIN- DAA SE-MEN#
,# INDEX SEGENTS : EA'* INDE" IN%O&MAION IS SO&ED IN IS
'O&&ESPONDIN- INDE" SE-MEN#
0# UNDO SEGENTS : ONE !NDO A.LESPA'E IS '&EAED PE&
DAA.ASE .( D.A# *E !NDO A.LESPA'E *AS !NDO SE-MENS#
W*EN AN( DML OPE&AION IS DONE ON D. *E !NDO IN%O# IS
SO&ED IN !NDO SE-MENS# *IS !NDO IN%O# IS !SED %O&
MAINAININ- &EADB'ONSISAN'( O% *E D. AND D!&IN- D.
&E'O1E&(#
2# TEPORARY SEGENT : D.A '&EAE A EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E
PE& DAA.ASE# EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E *AS EMPO&A&( SE-MENS#
WE 'AN '&EAE EMPO&A&( A.LES W*I'* A&E SO&ED IN
EMPO&A&( SE-MEN# W*EN S?L SAEMEN NEEDS EMPO&A&(
WO&/ A&EA %O& EI*E& SO&IN- O& INDE"IN-5 EMPO&A&(
SE-MENS A&E '&EAED# A *E END O% SAEMEN E"E'!ION5
EMPO&A&( SE-MENS A&E &ELEASED %O& %!!&E !SE#
W*A A&E SE-MEN IS MADE!P O% 'OLLE'ION O% )'ONI-!O!S O& NONB
E"ENS < 'ONI-!O!S+ E"ENS# W*EN WE '&EAE AN O.JE'5 O&A'LE WILL
-ENE&AE AND ALLO'AE A SEPA&AE SE-MEN O SO&E DAA
PE&AININ- O *E O.JE'# *IS SE-MEN WILL SO&E W*OLE DAA
PE&AININ- O *A O.JE' ONL(# SOME E"ENS -E '&EAED INSIDE *E
SE-MEN A *E IME O% O.JE'/SE-MEN '&EAION# W*EN IN %!!&E
O.JE' &E?!I&ES MO&E SO&A-E SPA'E SOME MO&E E"ENS A&E
'&EAED !NDE& *E SAME SE-MEN# MEANIN- *A SPA'E ALLO'AION
AND DEALLO'AION INSIDE *E SE-MEN IS DONE !SIN- E"ENS# SO5 WE
'AN SA( *A E"ENS A&E *E SPA'E ALLO'AION !NI %O& SE-MEN#
, W*A A&E
O&A'LE
.LO'/S <
E"EN IS MADE!P O% M!LIPLE O&A'LE .LO'/S# ALL OPE&AIONS ON
DAA.ASE %O& &EAD AND W&IE A&E DONE A''ESSIN- SIN-LE O&
M!LIPLE O&A'LE .LO'/S# SO WE 'AN SA( *A5 O&A'LE .LO'/ IS *E
!NI %O& DAA.ASE I/O OPE&AIONS# O&A'LE MA( A''ESS ONE O&
M!LIPLE O&A'LE .LO'/S A A IME# O&A'LE WILL A''ESS M!LIPLE O&A'LE
.LO'/S5 I% &E?!I&ED DAA IS LA&-E AND IS SO&ED IN 'ONI-!O!S
O&A'LE .LO'/S# *E SI@E O% O&A'LE .LO'/ IS SE WI* *E *ELP O%
DB_BLOCK_SIZE PA&AMEE&# *E &AN-E O% *E D.>.LO'/>SI@E
PA&AMEE& IS ,
1
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# *E DE%A!L 1AL!E IS ,
0
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AN O&A'LE .LO'/ IS MADE!P O% OPE&AIN- S(SEM4S M!LIPLE .LO'/S# I
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O O&A'LE .LO'/# *E SI@E O% O&A'LE .LO'/ IS ALWA(S IN M!LIPLE O%
OS .LO'/S %O& AN( OS#
1 O&A'LE .LO'/ E G/ )DE%A!L O&A'LE .LO'/ SI@E+ E G1H, .(ES
IN WINDOWS .LO'/ SI@E IS 1I,2 .(ES# SO O&A'LE !SE G WINDOWS
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1 O&A'LE .LO'/ E G1H, .(ES E G x 1I,2 ).(ES PE& WINDOWS .LO'/+
IN LIN!" .LO'/ SI@E IS 31, .(ES# SO O&A'LE !SE 16 LIN!" .LO'/S
'OLLE'I1EL( O MA/E SIN-LE O&A'LE .LO'/#
1 O&A'LE .LO'/ E G1H, .(ES E 16 x 31, ).(ES PE& LIN!" .LO'/+

W*A A&E
DAA.ASE
S&!'!&ES
< E"PLAIN
*EI&
P!&POSES# E"PLAIN *E '*A& D&AWN ON %1 PAPE& NO# 6 ON *E .A'/SIDE#
'*APE& 2 D MANA-IN- O&A'LE INSAN'E
S&NO#
OPI'/PA&I'!LA&S
E"PLANAION / E"AMPLE
PA&AMEE& %ILE
PA&AMEE& %ILE 'ONAINS LIS O% 'ON%I-!&AION PA&AMEE&S WI* IS 1AL!ES %O& INSAN'E
AND DAA.ASE#
PA&AMEE&S A&E MAINL( SE %O& %OLLOWIN- P!&POSES D
%O& SEIN- *E LO'AIONS AND %ILENAMES# E-# %O& 'ON&OL %ILES5ALE& %ILE E'#
%O& SEIN- MA"IM!M LIMI# E-# %O& P&O'ESSES5 '!&SO&S E'#
%O& SEIN- SI@E# E-# DAA.ASE .LO'/5 S-A E'#
SPFILE P/I FILE
SE&1E& PA&AMEE& %ILE MEANIN-
*A SE&1E& 'AN &EAD AND
W&IE I#
PA&AMEE& )INILI@AION+ %ILE IS
E" %ILE AND 'AN .E &EAD .(
SE&1E& .! 'AN4 W&IE#
SP%ILE IS .INA&( %ILE AND M!S
NO .E MODI%IED MAN!ALL(#
P%ILE IS E" %ILE AND 'AN ONL(
.E MODI%IED MAN!ALL(#
SP%ILE IS PE&SISAN A'&OSS
'!&&EN S*!DOWN AND NEW
SA&!P# *E '*AN-ES DONE IN
*E '!&&EN SESSION WI* ALE&
SESSION WILL .E IN E%%E' %&OM
'!&&EN SESSION AND *E
'*AN-ES WILL .E !PDAED O
SP%ILE SO I WILL .E %O& ALL *E
NEW SESSIONS#
P%ILE IS ALSO PE&SISAN A'&OSS
'!&&EN S*!DOWN AND NEW
SA&!P# AN( '*AN-ES WE DO
WI* *E *ELP O% ALE& S(SEM
'OMMAND WILL .E IN E%%E' %O&
*E '!&&EN SESSION ONL(# O
*A1E *E '*AN-E IN ALL *E
NEW INSAN'ES WE *A1E O SE
NEW 1AL!ES O *E P%ILE
MAN!ALL(#
*E DE%A!L NAME O% *E SP%ILE
IS SP%ILEMSIDC#O&A W*E&E SID IS
S(SEM IDENI%IE&5 NO&MALL(
D.NAME#
*E DE%A!L NAME O% *E P%ILE
IS INIMSIDC#O&A W*E&E SID IS
S(SEM IDENI%IE&5 NO&MALL(
D.NAME#
SP%ILE IS D(NAMI' WI*IN
INSAN'E#
P%ILE IS SAI' WI*IN INSAN'E#
PA&AMEE&S
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2
A.LESPA'E AND DAA%ILE
TABLESPACE DATAFILE
LO-I'AL S&!'!&E O%
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M!LIPLE DAA%ILE MA/ES !P A
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A.LESPA'E SO&ES LO-I'AL
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LO-I'AL SO&A-E !NIS#
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.I--E& .( 1# .( ADDIN- NEW
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S(SEM A.LESPA'E A&E .!ILIN
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A A.LESPA'E 'AN *A1E MIN 1
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DAA%ILES#4S(SEM4 AND 4S(SA!"4
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3
O&A'LE %ILE S(SEM
WE /NOW *A O&A'LE SO&ES DAA LO-I'ALL( IN A.LESPA'ES AND P*(SI'ALL( IN DAA%ILE# SO
O&A'LE NEEDS O A''ESS OPE&AIN- S(SEM DI&E'O&(/%OLDE& S&!'!&E %O& '&EAIN- AND
DELEIN- %ILES# O&A'LE S!PPO&S WO (PES O% %ILE S(SEMS %O& MANA-IN- IS P*(SI'AL %ILE
S&!'!&E# 1I@# 4O&A'LE MANA-ED %ILES4 )OM%+ AND O&A'LE !NMANA-ED %ILES# AN O&A'LE
DAA.ASE 'AN *A1E MI"!&E O% .O* (PES O% %ILES# O&A'LE !NMANA-ED %ILE S&!'!&E
DOESN4 MANA-E P*(SI'AL S&!'!&E A!OMAI'ALL(5 MEANIN- *A D.A M!S '&EAE AND
DELEE *ESE (PES O% %ILES MAN!ALL(#
ON *E O*E& SIDE O&A'LE MANA-ED %ILE )OM%+ A!OMAI'ALL( MANA-ES *E P*(SI'AL
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PA&AMEE& &ELAED O %ILE DESINAION
DB+CREATE+FILE+DEST : DESINAION O% *E DAA %ILES )'ONAINS A'!AL DAA O% *E
DAA.ASE+ AND EMPO&A&( %ILES# )!SED %O& SO&IN- P!&POSE+
DB+CREATE+ONLINE+LOG+DEST+" : DESINAION O% *E LO- %ILES )'ONAINS ONLINE LO-S O%
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D.+
DB+RECOVERY+FILE+DEST : DESINAION O% &MAN &E'O1E&( %ILES )!SE%!L %O& &ESO&IN- *E
D. IN 'ASE O% MEDIA %AIL!&E+5 %LAS* &E'O1E&( %ILES )!SE%!L %O& -EIN- %LAS*.A'/ 1E&SION
?!E&( DAA+5 A&'*I1E &EDO LO-S )!SE%!L %O& &E'O1E&( O% D.+ AND M!LIPLE"ED 'ON&OL
%ILES AND ONLINE &EDO LO-S#)!SE%!L %O& INSAN'E &E'O1E&(+
G
LO'ALL( MANA-ED A.LESPA'ES AND DI'IONA&( MANA-ED A.LESPA'E
LOCALLY ANAGED
TABLESPACE
DICTIONARY ANAGED
TABLESPACE
A.LESPA'E ISEL% MANA-ES %&EE
E"ENS LO'ALL( )WI*IN ISEL%+#
DAA DI'IONA&( MANA-ES %&EE
E"ENS#
A .IMAP IS !SED O MAINAIN
SA!S )%&EE / !SED+ O% *E
E"ENS#
'O&&ESPONDIN- DAA
DI'IONA&( A.LES A&E !SED O
MAINAIN SA!S )%&EE / !SED+ O%
*E E"ENS#
EA'* .I 'O&&ESPONDS O A
.LO'/ O& -&O!P O% .LO'/S#
EA'* .I 1AL!E INDI'AES %&EE
O& !SED E"ENS#
O&A'LE &E'OMMENDS LO'ALL(
MANA-ED A.LESPA'ES %O&
.EE& PE&%O&MAN'E#
O&A'LE S!PPO&S DI'IONA&(
MANA-ED A.LESPA'E %O&
.A'/WA&D 'OMPAI.ILI(#
H
E"EN MANA-EMEN
W*EN WE '&EAE LO'ALL( MANA-ED A.LESPA'E WE 'AN DE'IDE *OW IS E"ENS A&E
ALLO'AED# 1I@# !NI%O&M E"EN SI@E O& 1A&IA.LE E"EN SI@E# EI*E& !NI%O&M O&
A!OALLO'AE 'LA!SE DEE&MINES *E (PE O% E"EN ALLO'AION WI*IN LO'ALL( MANA-ED
A.LESPA'E#
UNIFOR EXTENT ALLOCATION AUTOALLOCATE (SYSTE$
ANAGED) EXTENT
ALLOCATION
DE%A!L E"EN SI@E IS 1 M.# MINIM!M E"EN SI@E IS 62/.#
!SE& 'AN SPE'I%( *E E"EN
SI@E#
S(SEM WILL DE'IDE *E E"EN
SI@E#
MINIM!M E"EN SI@E S*O!LD .E
E?!I1ALEN O 3 O&A'LE .LO'/S#
I% DAA.LO'/ SI@E IS 16/ O&
*I-*E& *EN *E MINIM!M
E"EN SI@E WILL .E 1M#
EMPO&A&( SE-MENS !SES
!NI%O&M E"EN ALLO'AION#
ALL PE&MANEN SE-MENS !SES
A!OALLO'AE E"EN
ALLO'AION#
1I
AD1ANA-ES O% LO'ALL( MANA-ED A.LESPA'E
LO'ALL( MANA-ED A.LESPA'E DON4 NEED &E'!&SI1E SPA'E MANA-EMEN#
LO'ALL( MANA-ED A.LSPA'E &ED!'E A.LE 'ONENION5 AS I DOESN4 &E'O&D %&EE
SPA'E IN DAA DI'IONA&(#
LO'ALL( MANA-ED A.LESPA'E %INDS ADJA'EN %&EE SPA'E A!OMAI'ALL( AND SO
DOESN4 NEED O 'OM.INE %&EE E"ENS#
*E SI@ES O% *E E"EN IS MANA-ED A!OMAI'ALL( .( O&A'LE#
NO !NDO DAA -ENE&AED AS E"EN .IMAP DON4 !PDAE DAA IN DI'IONA&( A.LES#
)A.LESPA'E ?!OA '*AN-ES IS *E ONL( E"'EPION#+
1I
LO--IN-
WE /NOW *A AN( '*AN-ES O DAA IN *E A.LESPA'E IS W&IEN O &EDO LO- .( L-W&# IN
'ASE O% POWE& O!A-E O& AN( !NE"PE'ED E&MINAION MODI%IED DAA O% MEMO&( 'AN4 .E
W&IEN O DAA%ILE AND SO *E '*AN-ES A&E LOS# *OWE1E& *E LOS DAA 'AN .E
&E'O1E&ED .( APPL(IN- *E IN%O&MAION IN MOS &E'EN &EDO LO-S O *E DAA%ILE# O&A'LE
)SMON+ APPL( *E '*AN-ES !PO *E IME O% !NE"PE'ED E&MINAION A *E D. &ESA&#
*IS P&O'ESS IS 'ALLED &OLLIN- %O&WA&D#
I% LO--IN- IS DISA.LED *EN '*AN-ES A&E NO W&IEN O &EDO LO-5 IN S!'* 'ASES DAALOSS
O% *OSE O.JE'S A&E !N&E'O1E&A.LE#
SO AS PE& &E?!I&EMEN WE S*O!LD SELE' *E LO--IN- OPION A *E IME O% A.LESPA'E
'&EAION#
11
.LO'/ SI@E IN%O&MAION
*IS S*OWS *E .LO'/ SI@E %O& *E A.LESPA'E# .( DE%A!L *E .LO'/SI@E IS G/ AND &AN-E IS
,/ O 0,/# .! A *E IME O% A.LESPA'E/DAA.ASE '&EAION WE 'AN SE *E NONBDE%A!L
1AL!E %O& *E DAA.LO'/# AN( OPE&AION ON *E DAA%ILES O% *E '!&&EN A.LESPA'E IS
DONE !SIN- *IS .LO'/SI@E# *E .LO'/SI@E ON'E SE A *E DAA.ASE/A.LESPA'E '&EAION
'AN4 .E '*AN-ED A%E&WA&DS#
1,
A.LESPA'ES O% *E P&EB'ON%I-!&ED DAA.ASE
A *E IME O% O&A'LE INSALLAION A DAA.ASE 'AN .E '&EAED )P&E'ON%I-!&ED DAA.ASE+
OPIONALL( O& ELSE WE 'AN '&EAE AS MAN( DAA.ASES AS WE WAN AS AND W*EN &E?!I&ED#
%O& P&E'ON%I-!&ED DAA.ASE5 O&A'LE A!OMAI'ALL( '&EAES 6 A.LESPA'ES# ALL *E 6
A.LESPA'ES 'AN .E DES'&I.ED AS .ELOW D
SYSTE : S(SEM A.LESPA'E IS OWNED .( S(S !SE& AND I 'ONAINS ALL DAA DI'IONA&(
A.LES )P&IME MEADAA O% *E D.+ SO&ED IN DAA%ILE 1# S(SEM IS DE%A!L A.LESPA'E %O&
S(SEM !SE&S# )S(S AND S(SEM !SE&S+ *E IN%O&MAION SO&ED IN S(SEM A.LESPA'E IS
!SED %O& ADMINIS&AION O% *E DAA.ASE .( S(S O& AN( O*E& !SE&S WI* ADMINIS&AI1E
P&I1ILE-ES# S(SEM A.LESPA'E IS ALWA(S ONLINE W*EN *E DAA.ASE IS OPEN#
SYSAUX : S(SA!" A.LESPA'E IS DESI-NED O ASSIS S(SEM A.LESPA'E# ALL SE'ONDA&(
MEADAA A&E SO&ED AND A1AILA.LE %&OM S(SA!" A.LESPA'E5 AND *E&E%O&E O&A'LE
ELIMINAES *E NEED %O& MO&E A.LESPA'ES %O& .O* SEED DAA.ASE AND !SE& DE%INED
DAA.ASES# MAN( DAA.ASE 'OMPONENS )LO-MINE&5 O&A'LE S&EAMS E'#+ !SES S(SA!"
A.LESPA'E %O& *EI& DAA SO&A-E# !SIN- EM WE 'AN MO1E AN( O% *E O''!PAN4S
)DAA.ASE 'OMPONEN+ O AN( O*E& A1AILA.LE A.LESPA'E#
TEP : EMP IS A EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E !SED %O& SO&IN- P!&POSE# )'&EAE INDE"5 SELE'
WI* O&DE& .(5 DISIN'5 -&O!P .(5 !NION5 INE&SE'5 MIN!S 'LA!SES+ W*EN AN( !SE&
E"E'!ES AN( S!'* 'OMMAND W*I'* &E?!I&ES SO&IN- OPE&AION O&A'LE %I&S &IES O DO
I IN *E MEMO&( O& !SIN- &ELAED INDE" O.JE'# I% MEMO&( A&EA IS NO ENO!-*5 I '&EAES
EMPO&A&( SE-MENS IN *E EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E AND !SES I %O& *E SAME# O&A'LE
SEA&'*ES AND !SES EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E IN *E %OLLOWIN- P&E'EDEN'E#
1# EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E ASSI-NED O *E '!&&EN !SE&# )!SED ONL( %O& *E '!&&EN
!SE&+ ASSI-NMEN O% EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E O SIN-LE !SE& IS ONL( &E'OMMENDED
W*EN A SPE'I%I' !SE& NEEDS LA&-E A&EA %O& SO&IN- OPE&AION#
,# EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E ASSI-NED O *E '!&&EN DAA.ASE# )!SED %O& ALL !SE&S O%
DAA.ASE+ *IS ME*OD IS MO&E 'OMMONL( !SED IN *E IND!S&( AS *IS IS DE%A!L
EMPO&A&( A.LESPA'E %O& ALL !SE&S O% *E DAA.ASE#
0# S(SEM A.LESPA'E# )NO &E'OMMENDED+
UNDOTBS1 : W*EN !SE& E"E'!ES %I&S DML 'OMMAND O% NEW &ANSA'ION5 AN !NDO
SE-MEN IS '&EAED IN !NDO A.LESPA'E# !NDO SE-MEN &E'O&DS AND SO&ES !N'OMMIED
P&EBIMA-ES O% *E DAA .LO'/S# *IS IN%O&MAION IS !SE%!L %O& !NDO OPE&AIONS IN 'ASE O%
&OLL.A'/5 INSAN'E &E'O1E&( E'# W*EN !SE& E"E'!ES &OLL.A'/ 'OMMAND O&A'LE APPLIES
*E !NDO DAA %&OM !NDO SE-MEN# IN 'ASE O% INSAN'E '&AS*5 W*EN WE &ESA& *E NEW
INSAN'E SMON 'OPIES )&OLL %O&WA&DS+ ALL *E IN%O&MAION %&OM &EDO LO-S O DAA%ILES
W*I'* A&E NO W&IEN O DAA%ILES EA&LIE&# *IS *AS .O* 'OMMIED AND !N'OMMIED
DAA# O MA/E D. &EAD 'ONSISAN5 O&A'LE &OLL.A'/S *E !N'OMMIED '*AN-ES .(
APPL(IN- !NDO DAA %&OM !NDO SE-MENS O% !NDO A.LESPA'E#
!NDO A.LESPA'E IS '&EAED A *E IME O% DAA.ASE '&EAION5 SILL EA'* DAA.ASE MA(
*A1E @E&O O& MO&E !NDO A.LESPA'ES# I% NO !NDO A.LESPA'E IS ASSI-NED O DAA.ASE5
O&A'LE !SES S(SEM !NDO SE-MEN# LI/E O*E& A.LESPA'ES !NDO A.LESPA'E ALSO *AS SE
O% !NDO %ILES# !NDO A.LESPA'E IS LO'ALL( MANA-ED A.LESPA'E AND !SES .IMAP %O&
MAINAININ- *E SA!S )%&EE O& !SED+ O% IS E"EN#
USERS : IN *E P&E'ON%I-!&ED DAA.ASE5 !SE& A.LESPA'E IS *E DE%A!L A.LESPA'E %O&
EA'* NONS(SEM !SE&S# )S(SEM !SE&S A&E S(S5 S(SEM O& AN !SE& *A1IN- ADMINIS&AI1E
P&I1ILE-ES#+ W*EN AN( NONS(SEM !SE& '&EAES AN( O.JE' I IS SO&ED IN !SE&S A.LESPA'E
P&O1IDED *A *E !SE& *AS ENO!-* ?!OA5 ON !SE&S A.LESPA'E#
EXAPLE : *IS A.LESPA'E 'ONAINS ALL *E O.JE'S W*I'* A&E &E%E&&ED IN O&A'LE
DO'!MENAION AND 'O!&SE WA&E E"AMPLES#
10
ALE&IN- A.LESPA'E
A.LESPA'E 'AN .E ALE&ED AS PE& '*AN-E IN (O!& &E?!I&EMEN LAE& ON# *E %OLLOWIN-
ALE&AION IN *E A.LESPA'E 'AN .E DONE !SIN- EM#
RENAING : !SE& 'AN &ENAME *E E"ISIN- A.LESPA'E AND 'LI'/ APPL(#
CHANGING STATUS : A.LESPA'E SA!S 'AN .E '*AN-ED %&OM *E '!&&EN SA!S O ALL
APPLI'A.LE %O& DE%INIE A.LESPA'E (PE# *E SA!SES 'AN .E AN( O% *E 0 .ELOW#
READ !RITE : *IS SA!S S*OWS *A A.LESPA'E IS ONLINE AND ALLOWS .O* &EAD AND
W&IE OPE&AION ON I#
READ ONLY : W*EN WE MA/E *E A.LESPA'E &EADBONL( I WILL ALLOW ONL( &EAD OPE&AIONS
ON I# '!&&EN &ANSA'IONS A&E E"'EPIONS O I5 AND 'AN .E EI*E& 'OMMIED O&
&OLL.A'/# .! NO NEW &ANSA'IONS ALLOWED ON I# S(SEM AND S(SA!" A.LESPA'E 'AN4
.E '*AN-ED O &EAD ONL( SAE#
OFFLINE : W*EN WE MA/E A.LESPA'E O%%LINE O.JE'S SO&ED IN IS DAA%ILES A&E NO
A1AILA.LE O AN( !SE& %O& -ENE&AL P!&POSE AS DAA.ASE A/ES ALL IS DAA%ILES O%%LINE#
O*E& PA& O% *E DAA.ASE IS A''ESSI.LE# *E P!&POSE O% A/IN- A.LESPA'E O%%LINE MA(
.E O A/E O%%LINE .A'/!P O% *E A.LESPA'E5 O& O &ENAME O& &ELO'AE *E DAA%ILES E'#
W*ILE MA/IN- A.LESPA'E O%%LINE WE 'AN !SE ONE O% *E 0 .ELOW 'LA!SES D
1# NORAL : *IS IS DE%A!L OPION# *IS OPION IS ONL( A1AILA.LE W*EN *E&E IS NO
E&&O& IN AN( O% IS DAA%ILES# W*EN WE MA/E A.LESPA'E O%%LINE WI* NO&MAL OPION5
'*E'/POIN E1EN O''!&S %O& ALL 'O&&ESPONDIN- DAA%ILES AND AS A &ES!L I
W&IES ALL DAA O IS DAA%ILES# NO &E'O1E&( &E?!I&ED W*EN WE A/E A.LESPA'E
ONLINE#
,# TEPORARY : *IS OPION IS !SED O A/E *E A.LESPA'E O%%LINE E1EN I% *E&E IS
SOME E&&O& IN DAA%ILES# I% NO %ILE *AS E&&O& '*E'/POININ- IS DONE AND NO
&E'O1E&( IS &E?!I&ED W*EN WE A/E I ONLINE# .! I% *E ONE O& MO&E %ILES *AS
E&&O&S W*ILE WE MA/E A.LESPA'E O%%LINE5 &E'O1E&( IS DONE %O& ALL *E E&&O& %ILES
.E%O&E WE A/E *E A.LESPA'E ONLINE#
0# IEDIATE : *IS OPION WILL A/E *E DAA.ASE O%%LINE IMMEDIAEL( AND SO NO
'*E'/POININ- IS DONE AND AS A &ES!L MEDIA &E'O1E&( IS DONE %O& ALL DAA%ILES
.E%O&E .&IN-IN- A.LESPA'E ONLINE# *IS OPION IS ONL( A1AILA.LE I% O!& D. IS
&!NNIN- IN A&'*I1E MODE#
NOTE : D.A S*O!LD !SE *E OPIONS IN *E O&DE& O% NO&MAL5 EMPO&A&( AND IMMEDIAE O
A1OID %!LL &E'O1E&( %O& *E A.LESPA'E .E%O&E .&IN-IN- I .A'/ O ONLINE#
CHANGING THE SI4E : A.LESPA'E SO&A-E SI@E 'AN .E ALE&ED .( ADDIN- %ILES O
A.LESPA'E O& '*AN-IN- *E SI@E O% E"ISIN- %ILES O% A.LESPA'E# WE 'AN MA/E *E SI@E O%
DAA%ILE EI*E& .I--E& O& SMALLE& )NO LESS *AN *E !SED SPA'E+#
STORAGE OPTIONS : *IS OPION IS !SED O '*AN-E *E LO--IN- .E*A1IO!& O% *E
A.LESPA'E#
THRESHOLDS : O&A'LE P&O1IDES A P&OA'I1E ME'*ANISM O &E-ISE& ALE&5 W*ILE A1AILA.LE
%&EE DIS/SPA'E O% *E A.LESPA'E IS &!NNIN- LOW )WA&NIN- LE1EL+ O& &!NNIN- 1E&( LOW
)'&II'AL LE1EL+# *ESE A&E 'ALLED *&ES*OLDS# !SIN- *&ES*OLDS OPION WE 'AN SELE'
*E *&ES*OLD LE1EL %O& *E A.LESPA'E# *&ES*OLDS LIMIS 'AN .E SE .( N %!LL O& /.
LE%# .O* )WA&NIN- AND '&II'AL+ *E LIMIS S*O!LD .E SE 1E&( INELLI-ENL( SO %O&
WA&NIN- LE1EL D.A -E ENO!-* IME O &ESOL1E I .E%O&E I .E'OMES '&II'AL AND %O&
'&II'AL LE1EL DAA LOSS 'AN .E A1OIDED# W*EN *&ES*OLD LE1EL IS &EA'*ED O&A'LE
&E-ISE&S AN ALE&# )ALE& &E-IS&AION MA( A/E SOME MIN!ES#+ *E OPIONS A1AILA.LE IN
ENE&P&ISE MANA-E& DAA 'ON&OL %O& *&ES*OLDS A&E AS .ELOW D
1# USE TABLESPACE DEFAULT THRESHOLDS : I% WE SELE' *IS OPION5 A.LESPA'E WILL
ADOP *E DAA.ASE *&ES*OLDS LIMIS# )%O& LO'ALL( MANA-ED A.LESPA'ES *E D.
*&ES*OLDS LIMI %O& WA&NIN- IS G3N O% OAL SO&A-E 'APA'I( AND %O& '&II'AL IS
HFN O% OAL SO&A-E 'APA'I(+
,# SPECIFY THRESHOLDS : *IS ALLOWS D.A O SE *&ES*OLD LIMI %O& *E SPE'I%I'
A.LESPA'E# *IS LIMI WILL O1E&B&IDE *E DAA.ASE *&ES*OLD LIMIS#
0# DISABLE THRESHOLDS : *IS OPION !&NS O%% *E *&ES*OLD LIMI AND WILL NO
-ENE&AE AN( ALE&# )NO &E'OMMENDED+
12
A'IONS WI* A.LESPA'ES
!SIN- A'ION MEN! WE 'AN PE&%O&M MAN( AS/S &ELAED O A.LESPA'ES# SELE' A.LESPA'E
AND -O %O& AN( A'IONS .ELOW D
1# ADD DATAFILE : O E"PAND *E SO&A-E 'APA'I( O% *E A.LESPA'E WE 'AN ADD
DAA%ILE O I !SIN- *IS OPION#
,# CREATE LIKE : I% WE WAN O '&EAE A NEW A.LESPA'E .ASED ON *E ONE E"ISIN-
*EN WE 'AN '*OOSE '&EAE LI/E OPION# *IS WILL '&EAE *E NEW A.LESPA'E !SIN-
*E E"ISIN- AS EMPLAE#
0# GENERATE DDL : *IS OPION WILL -ENE&AE DDL )S?L SAEMEN O '&EAE
A.LESPA'E+ W*I'* 'AN .E SA1ED AND !SED %O& DO'!MENAION O& 'AN .E PASED
AN(W*E&E O '&EAE SAME (PE O% A.LESPA'E#
2# AKE LOCALLY ANAGED : I% *E '!&&ENL( SELE'ED A.LESPA'E IS DI'IONA&(
MANA-ED *EN WE 'AN 'O1E& I O LO'ALL( MANA-ED .( SELE'IN- *IS OPION#
)1I'E1E&SA IS NO POSSI.LE+
3# AKE READONLY : *IS OPION IS !SED O MA/E *E A.LESPA'E &EADONL(# &EADONL(
A.LESPA'E DOESN4 ALLOW NEW &ANSA'IONS O& O*E& W&IE A'I1IIES ON *E
A.LESPA'E .! !SE&S A&E ALLOWED O WO&/ ON &ANSA'ION IN P&O-&ESS#
6# AKE !RITABLE : *IS OPION WILL ALLOW .O* &EAD AND W&IE OPE&AIONS ON ALL
*E O.JE'S SO&ED IN *E '!&&ENL( SELE'ED A.LESPA'E# !SE& 'AN SA& NEW
&ANSA'ION O& DO O*E& W&IE A'I1IIES ON *E A.LESPA'E#
F# ONLINE : I% AN( A.LESPA'E IS O%%LINE WE 'AN A-AIN MA/E I ONLINE !SIN- *IS OPION#
G# REORGANI4E : *IS WILL SA& &EO&-ANI@AION WI@A&D W*I'* ALLOWS !S O MO1E *E
O.JE'S WI*IN A.LESPA'E O MA/E !SE O% *E EMP( SPA'E W*I'* MA( NO .E !SED
O*E&WISE# *IS AS/ S*O!LD .E DONE W*EN LESSE& OPE&AIONS A&E -OIN- ON )O%%B
PEA/ !SA-E+ *E O.JE'S PE&AININ- O *E A.LESPA'E#
H# RUN SEGENT ADVISOR : *IS OPION '&EAES AD1I'E %O& EA'* SE-MEN O% *E
A.LESPA'E5 W*E*E& SPA'E IS A1AILA.LE %O& &E'LAMAION5 ON *E .ASES O% LE1EL O%
SPA'E %&A-MENAION WI*IN *E O.JE'#
1I#SHO! DEPENDENCIES : S*OWS *E O.JE'S DEPENDEN ON *E SELE'ED A.LESPA'E#
11#SHO! TABLESPACE CONTENTS : DISPLA(S ALL *E SE-MENS IN *E A.LESPA'E WI*
-&AP*I'AL MAPPIN- O% EA'* E"ENS#
1,#TAKE OFFLINE : WE 'AN A/E *E A.LESPA'E O%%LINE )DISA.LE+ !SIN- *IS OPION# AS
DIS'!SSED EA&LIE& !SE&S A&E NO ALLOWED -ENE&AL A'I1IIES ON *E DAA%ILES
PE&AININ- O *E O%%LINE A.LESPA'E# P!&POSE O% MA/IN- *E A.LESPA'E O%%LINE MA(
.E A/IN- O%%LINE .A'/!P5 &ENAME O& &ELO'AE *E .ENEA* DAA%ILES#
13 D&OPPIN-
A.LESPA'E
AN( !SE& *A1IN- 4D&OP A.LESPA'E4 S(SEM P&I1ILE-E 'AN D&OP
)DELEE PE&MANENL(+ *E A.LESPA'E# *IS S*O!LD .E DONE W*EN
WE A&E 1E&( M!'* S!&E *A *E !NDE&L(IN- DAA IS NO LON-E&
&E?!I&ED# I% AN( A.LE PE&AININ- O *E A.LESPA'E IS .EIN- !SED
O& !NDO IS -ENE&AED )AN( DML 'OMMANDS A&E %I&ED+ %O& *E
A.LESPA'E *EN I 'AN4 .E D&OPPED# ).E'A!SE !NDO IN%O# MA( .E
NEEDED O !NDO !N'OMMIED &ANSA'IONS+ %O& D&OPPIN-
A.LESPA'E I IS &E'OMMENDED *A WE A/E I O%%LINE#
I% WE A&E !SIN- OM% )O&A'LE MANA-ED %ILES+ *EN ALL !NDE&L(IN-
DAA%ILES WILL .E A!OMAI'ALL( DELEED WI* A.LESPA'E5 .!% I% WE
A&E !SIN- NONBOM% WE 'AN !SE 4IN'L!DIN- 'ONENS AND DAA%ILES4
'LA!SE WI* 4D&OP A.LESPA'E4 'OMMAND O D&OP !NE&L(IN-
DAA%ILES O& WE 'AN DELEE *EM MAN!ALL( .( !SIN- OS 'OMMANDS
LAE&# WE 'AN ALSO ADD 4'AS'ADE 'ONS&AINS4 'LA!SE O &EMO1E
AN( &E%E&EN'ES O *E A.LES O% *E A.LESPA'E .EIN- D&OPPED#
W*EN WE D&OP A.LESPA'E ALL *E %ILE POINE&S PE&AININ- O
A.LESPA'E DAA%ILES A&E &EMO1ED %&OM *E 'ON&OL %ILES# W*EN
A.LESPA'E IS D&OPPED S!''ESS%!LL( WI* ALL IS DAA%ILES O&
WI*O! DAA%ILES P&OPE& MESSA-E IS W&IEN O *E ALE& LO- %ILE
%O& EA'* DAA%ILE#
16 IMPO&AN
DAADI'IONA&
( %O&
A.LESPA'E
1# D.A>A.LESPA'ES
,# 1QA.LESPA'E
0# D.A>DAA>%ILES
2# 1QDAA%ILE
3# D.A>EMP>%ILES
6# 1QEMP%ILE
1F ENLA&-IN- *E
DAA.ASE
DIRECTORY STRUCTURE OF ORACLE SOFT!ARE AND DATABASES :
/uI1/app/oracle
a$min 7lash>reco=er;>area ora$ata orain=entor; pro$uct/ 1I#,#I /$9>1
orcl 5 :s,cat )separate $irector; :ith $ata9ase
name 7or each $ata9ase store$ on ser=er+
orcl 5 :s,cat )separate $irector;
:ith $ata9ase name 7or each
$ata9ase store$ on ser=er+
orcl 5 :s,cat
)separate
$irector;
:ith
$ata9ase
name 7or
each
$ata9ase
store$ on
ser=er+
contents lo8s sRlplus 5 $9s 5
r$9ms 5 net:ork 5
9in
a$ump 9$ump c$ump $p$ump p7ile u$ump archi=elo8 7lash9ack
/5,1/677/896:;< D his path is calle$ O&A'LE>.ASE5 :hich contains all t;pe o7 7iles 7or each
$ata9ase create$ on this ser=er#
6=>?" D his $irector; contains in$i=i$ual 7ol$er o7 each $ata9ase create$ on this ser=er# his
hol$s all the 7iles :hich are use7ul 7or a$ministerin8 the $ata9ases#
6=5>7 D his $irector; contains all au$it 7iles create$ as a result o7 makin8 the au$itin8 4ON4 7or
the $ata9ase#
@=5>7 D his $irector; contains alertMsi$C#lo8 7ile as :ell as all lo8 7iles 7or each 9ack8roun$
processes#
:=5>7 D his $irector; contains operatin8 s;stem trace 7iles#
=7=5>7 D his $irector; is use$ as $e7ault $irector; 7or $atapump utilit;#
7A?;< D his $irector; contains p7ile5 :hich actuall; hol$s the list o7 all parameters an$ their
=alues set 7or the $ata9ase instance# We :rite onl; those parameters here in this 7ile 7or :hich
:e $on4t :ant to use $e7ault =alue#
5=5>7 D his $irector; contains user process trace 7iles#
A;6BC+9<:8D<9E+69<6 D his $irector; hol$s all the 7iles :hich are reRuire$ 7or restorin8 an$
reco=er; o7 the $ata9ase#
69:C?D<;8F D hese are the o77line copies o7 the online lo8 7iles5 :hich are use$ 7or restorin8 the
$ata9ase in case o7 me$ia 7ailure#
A;6BC@6:G D his is the $e7ault path 7or all 9ackup 7iles# When :e take 9ackup :ith &MAN or an;
other st;le all the 9ackup 7iles 8ets create$ in this $irector;# hese 7iles are reRuire$ in case o7
me$ia crash to restore the $ata9ase upto the latest 9ackup#
896=6H6 D his $irector; contains $irector; 7or each $ata9ases create$ on current ser=er# Each
$irector; in this $irector; contains $ata9ase 7iles i#e# $ata 7iles )contains the $ata o7 $ata9ase+5
control 7iles )contains the $ata a9out $ata9ase like $9name 5 $ate o7 creation 5 path an$
7ilenames 7or all $ata7iles 5 onlinere$o lo8 7iles etc#+ 5 online re$o lo8 7iles hol$ &EDO EN&(
:hich are reRuire$ to reco=er the $ata9ase in case o7 instance reco=er;# hese 7iles are :hen
8ets 7ull5 i7 the $9 is in archi=e mo$e5 another cop; o7 this 7ile is create$ :hich is calle$ archi=e
7ile# his is $one 9ecause onlinelo8 7iles are al:a;s 8ets o=er:ritten 9; the ne: &EDO EN&(#
So to keep the ol$er &EDO EN&( :e keep $9 in archi=e mo$e#
896?"D<"H89E D his 7iles hol$s in7ormation a9out all the oracle pro$uct installe$ on this ser=er#
his also hol$s the lo8 7iles o7 each oracle installe$ pro$uct#
798=5:H/1,.2.,/=@+1 D his $irector; hol$s all the so7t:are $irectories an$ 7iles 7or oracle serer
so7t:are installe$# Some o7 the 7ol$ers an$ their contents are as 7ollo:s D
BI;7;5B D his 7ol$er hol$s 7iles :ith :hich has in7ormation a9out sRlplus application# %or
example 8lo8in#sRl 7ile has all the comman$ list :hich are automaticall; execute$ :hen :e
start sRlSplus application#
=@B D his 7ol$er contains ser=er parameter 7iles )sp7iles+5 )text+ parameter 7iles )p7iles+ an$
pass:or$ 7iles#
9=@>B D his 7ol$er contains 7iles like catalo8#sRl an$ catproc#sRl :hich :e ha=e to execute
to create DD1 )Data Dictionar; 1ie:s+ an$ all 9uiltin packa8es o7 PL/S?L respecti=el;#
"<HJ89G D his 7ol$er contains net:ork 7iles like listener#ora 5 tnsnames#ora# Which hol$s
in7ormation a9out the existin8 listeners i#e# name an$ t;pe o7 the listeners5 it also hol$s the
$ata9ases names to :hich the listener pro=i$es ser=ices#
@?" D his 7ol$er hol$s the executa9le 7iles o7 oracle utiliites like rman 5 $9ca 5 $9ua 5 emca 5
emctl 5 exp 5 exp$p 5 imp 5 imp$p 5 lsnrctl 5 sRlplus etc#