Establishment and Study of a Photovoltaic System with the MPPT Function

Establishment and Study of a Photovoltaic System with the

MPPT Function
Ting-Chung Yu Yu-Cheng Lin
Department of Electrical Engineering
Lunghwa University of Science and Technology
Abstract
The main purpose of this paper is to develop a photovoltaic simulation system with
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) function using Matlab/Simulink software in order to
simulate and evaluate the behaviors of the real photovoltaic systems. A model of the most
important component in the photovoltaic system, the solar module, is the first to have been
established. The characteristics of the established solar module model were simulated and
compared with those of the original field test data under different weather conditions. After
that, a model of a photovoltaic system with maximum power point tracker, which was
developed by DC-DC buck-boost converter with two different MPPT algorithms respectively,
was then established and simulated. According to the comparisons of the simulation results,
the I-V curves of the established solar module model could closely match those of the original
field test data, and the model of the photovoltaic system that was built in this paper can track
the maximum power point of the system successfully and accurately using two different
MPPT algorithms respectively under arbitrary temperature and irradiance conditions. The
accuracy and practicability of the proposed photovoltaic simulation system are, therefore,
validated.
Keywords: Photovoltaic simulation system, solar module, maximum power point tracking
(MPPT), DC-DC buck-boost converter.
1. Introduction
As reported in the literature, the
amount of traditional energy such as
petroleum and coal has been gradually
becoming insufficient to meet demands.
The problem of a looming energy crisis has
stimulated rapid development of the
renewable energy to accommodate
requirements worldwide as economies
continue to grow and develop. In all kinds
of renewable energy technologies,
photovoltaic technology is one of the best
renewable energy technologies because it
wont produce noise, air pollution or
greenhouse gases.
Most of the photovoltaic simulation
systems proposed in literature [1][4] were
established using hardware and software to
perform and simulate the operation of
equipment in the system such as solar
modules, maximum power point trackers,
PWM controllers, DC-DC converters, and
so on. Y. Yusof, S. Sayuti and M. Wanik [1]
proposed a solar cell model that simulated
the maximum power and I-V curve
diagram of the proposed model using C
language. However, it is hard to connect
the proposed solar cell model to the other
equipment in the photovoltaic system
model. C. Hua, J . Lin and C. Shen [3] used
DSP to implement their proposed MPPT
controller, which controls the DC/DC
converter in the photovoltaic system. K.H.
Hussein, I. Muta, T. Hoshino and M.
Osakada [4] also used hardware to
implement an incremental conductance
algorithm to track the maximum power.
The main distinguishing feature of this
73
,2011.12

paper is to establish a model for the
photovoltaic system with maximum power
point tracking function that solely uses
software simulation. This simulation
system could predict and evaluate the
behaviors of a real photovoltaic system
without using any hardware equipment.
Two commonly used algorithms are used to
implement the MPPT function of the
system, and are discussed later.
This paper includes 6 sections. The rest
of this paper is organized as follows. Section
2 introduces the characteristics of solar
modules and shows the relationship of
current and voltage for the solar modules
along with the variations of irradiance and
temperature. Section 3 interprets the
modeling of the DC-DC buck-boost
converter. Sections 4 introduces and
explains two MPPT algorithms used in the
paper, section 5 shows the simulation results
of the proposed photovoltaic simulation
system, and the last section is the conclusion
of this paper.

2. Characteristics of a Solar
Module
The basic structure of solar cells is to
use a p-type semiconductor with a small
quantity of boron atoms as the substrate.
Phosphorous atoms are then added to the
substrate using high-temperature diffusion
method in order to form the p-n junction.
In the p-n junction, holes and electrons will
be rearranged to form a potential barrier in
order to prevent the motion of electrical
charges.
When the p-n structure is irradiated by
sunlight, the energy supplied by photons
will excite the electrons in the structure to
produce mobile hole-electron pairs. These
electrical charges are separated by the
potential barrier at the p-n junction. The
electrons will move towards the n-type
semiconductor and the holes will move
towards the p-type semiconductor at the
same time. If the n-type and p-type
semiconductors of a solar cell are
connected with an external circuit at this
moment, the electrons in the n-type
semiconductor will move to the other side
through the external circuit to recombine
with the holes in the p-type semiconductor.
The above phenomenon shows how
currents of the external circuit generate.
Because the output voltage of a solar
cell is extremely low (about 0.50.7V),
solar cells have to be connected in series
and in parallel in practical applications first
in order to obtain a higher terminal voltage.
After connection, solar cells have to be
strengthened by a supported substrate and
covered by tempered glass to comprise the
solar module (Fig. 1). After this, solar
modules can be connected in series and in
parallel to create a solar array according to
capacity demands. At present solar
modules are combined with architecture,
such as walls and rooftops, in order to
achieve the broadest development.
Each solar cell can be represented as a
structure consisting of a photocurrent
source, diode and resistors. Therefore, the
equivalent circuit of a solar module [5], [6]
can be shown in Fig. 2.
From the equivalent circuit shown in
Fig. 2, the relationship between output
voltage and output current of the solar
module is as follows [5], [6]:
PM
SM PVB PVB kT nN
R I V q
o P ph PVB
R
R I V
e I N I I
S
SM PVB PVB
+
=
+
) 1 (
) (
(1)
with
I
PVB
: output current of the solar module
(A).
V
PVB
: output voltage of the solar module
(V).
I
ph
: current source of the solar module by
solar irradiance (A).
I
o
: reverse saturation current of a diode (A).
N
P
: parallel connection number of the solar
module.
N
S
: series connection number of the solar
module.
n: ideality factor of the diode (n =1~2).
q: electric charge of an electron
(
19
10 6 . 1

C).
k: Boltzmann's constant ( J /K 10 38 . 1
23
).
T: absolute temperature of the solar cell
(K).
R
SM
and R
PM
are the internal series
resistance and parallel resistance,
74
Establishment and Study of a Photovoltaic System with the MPPT Function

respectively, of the solar module. Since the
value of R
SM
is usually small and the value
of R
PM
is usually very large, R
SM
and R
PM

are negligible under ideal conditions. In
order to make the simulation results more
realistic in this paper, R
SM
and R
PM
are
considered to be included in an equivalent
circuit. The equation of the photocurrent
source can be expressed as
PM
SM SCM kT nN
R qI
o P SCM ph
R
R I
e I N I I
S
SM SCM
+ + = ) 1 ( (2)
With I
SCM
being the short-circuit current of
a solar module.

Fig. 1. Diagram of a solar module


Fig. 2. The equivalent circuit of a solar
module
Since the open-circuit voltage and
short-circuit current of the solar module are
dependent on the variation of irradiance
and temperature, the equation of
open-circuit voltage and short-circuit
current of the solar module can be derived
from the following expressions:
) (
1000
ref C
SCB
SCM
T T
I
S I + = o (3)
) (
ref C OCB OCM
T T V V + = | (4)
with
I
SCM
: short-circuit current of the solar
module
I
SCB
: short-circuit current of the solar
module under the conditions of
reference temperature and
1000W/m
2
.
V
OCM
: open-circuit voltage of the solar
module.
V
OCB
: open-circuit voltage of the solar
module under the conditions of
reference temperature and
1000W/m
2
.
S: solar irradiance (W/m
2
).
T
ref
: reference temperature of the solar
module (25
o
C).
T
C
: temperature of the solar module.
o: temperature coefficient of the
short-circuit current for the solar
module (mA/
o
C).
|: temperature coefficient of the
open-circuit current for the solar
module (V/
o
C).
The output power of the solar module can
be expressed as follows:
PM
SM PVB PVB PVB kT nN
R I V q
o PVB P ph PVB PVB PVB PVB
R
R I V V
e I V N I V I V P
S
SM PVB PVB
) (
) 1 (
) (
+
= =
+
(5)
In the following section,
Matlab/Simulink is used to set up the solar
module model as well as to simulate the
I-V curve and the output power of the solar
module according to the equations derived
above. The test solar module used in this
paper is HIP-200NHE1 (Heterojunction
with Intrinsic Thin Layer), manufactured
by Sanyo Electric Company. The electrical
parameters of the test solar module were
measured by Sanyo Electric Company
under the reference conditions (AM1.5,
irradiance of 1000W/m
2
and temperature of
25
o
C) as shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Electrical Parameters of the Sanyo
HIP-200NHE1 Solar Module
Parameter Value
Maximum power (P
max
) 200 (W)
Max. power voltage (V
mp
) 40.0 (V)
Max. power current (I
mp
) 5.00 (A)
Open-circuit voltage (V
OC
) 49.6 (V)
Short-circuit current (I
SC
) 5.50 (A)
Temperature coefficient of I
SC
1.65 (mA/
o
C)
Temperature coefficient of V
OC
-0.129 (V/
o
C)

Fig. 3 shows the comparisons of I-V
curves for simulation results and original
field test data of the test solar module
under fixed temperature of 25
o
C and the
75
,2011.12

variation of solar irradiances. Fig. 4 shows
the comparisons of I-V curves for
simulation results and original field test
data of the test solar module under fixed
irradiance of 1000W/m
2
and a variety of
temperatures. According to Fig. 3 and Fig.
4, the simulated I-V curves of the proposed
solar module model in this paper match
very closely the measured I-V curves of
Sanyos field test data under different
irradiance and temperature conditions. The
proposed solar module is, therefore,
validated to be accurate and practicable.
Fig. 3 Comparisons of the I-V curves of the
test solar module under fixed temperature
and different irradiance conditions
Fig. 4. Comparisons of the I-V curves of
the test solar module under fixed irradiance
and different temperature conditions

3. Modeling of the DC-DC Buck-
Boost Converter
Generally speaking, the output voltage
of a typical photovoltaic system is usually
less than that of its load. Therefore, a
DC-DC boost converter is used as the
maximum power point tracker in most
photovoltaic systems. In order to extend
the applicability of the proposed
photovoltaic simulation system, a DC-DC
buck-boost converter is used as the
maximum power point tracker in the
proposed photovoltaic system model.
A DC-DC buck-boost converter is a
switched-mode device that periodically
cycles the operation of an electrical switch
on and off. The output voltage of this
converter can be greater or less than the
input voltage of the converter. A DC-DC
buck-boost converter with a maximum
power point tracking algorithm can adjust
the output voltage of the solar module in
order to operate on maximum power point
in the photovoltaic system.
The circuit diagram of the DC-DC
buck-boost converter is shown in Fig. 5 [7],
[8]. The r
L
and r
C
shown in Fig. 5 represent
the parasitic resistors of inductor L and
capacitor C respectively. The DC-DC
buck-boost converter used in this paper is
operated in continuous current mode
(CCM), and the parasitic components are
also included in the converter model to
conform realistic circuit operation.
The power switch Q is an electronic
switch, usually a field effect transistor
(MOSFET) or, at higher power levels, an
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT).
This switch is able to switch on and off at
high speed, with low resistance when on
and very high resistance when off. The
power switch operation can be divided into
two states:
A. The power switch Q is turned on
When the power switch Q is turned on,
the diode is cutoff due to reverse-biased
voltage. The equivalent circuit of the
converter is shown in Fig. 6.
The state-space equation of DC-DC
buck-boost converter can be derived in the
following section. According to Kirchhoff's
voltage law, the voltage across the inductor
L can be expressed as
L L in L
r i V v = (6)
76
Establishment and Study of a Photovoltaic System with the MPPT Function

Since
dt
di
L v
L
L
= , (2) can be modified to
( )
L L in
L
r i V
L dt
di
=
1
(7)
According to Kirchhoff's current law,
the current of the capacitor C can be
expressed as
C
C
R C
r R
v
i i
+
= = (8)
Equation (8) can be modified to
C
C C
r R
v
C dt
dv
+
=
1
(9)
The output voltage of the converter can be
expressed as
C
C
o
v
r R
R
V
+
= (10)

Fig. 5. The circuit of the DC-DC
buck-boost converter

Fig. 6. The equivalent circuit of the
DC-DC buck-boost converter when the
power switch is closed

B. The power switch Q is turned off
When the power switch Q is turned
off, the diode is conducted due to
forward-biased voltage. The equivalent
circuit of the converter is shown in Fig. 7.
According to Kirchhoff's current law, the
current of the inductor L can be expressed
as
R
r
dt
dv
C v
dt
dv
C i i i
C
C
C
C
R C L
+
+ = + = (11)
Equation (11) can be modified to
|
|
.
|

\
|
+

+
=
C
C
L
C
C
v
r R
i
r R
R
C dt
dv 1 1
(12)
According to Kirchhoff's voltage law,
the loop voltage of the inductor L and
capacitor C can be expressed as
0 = + + +
C C C
L
L L
r i v
dt
di
L r i (13)
Equation (13) can be rearranged to
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
+
+
+ +
=
C
C
L
C
C L C L L
v
r R
R
i
r R
Rr r r Rr
L dt
di 1
(14)
The output voltage of the converter can be
expressed as
C
C
L
C
C
o
v
r R
R
i
r R
Rr
V
+
+
+
= (15)

Fig. 7. The equivalent circuit of the
DC-DC buck-boost converter when the
power switch is opened
By mixing in switching control
parameter u and rearranging (7), (9), (12)
and (14), the derivative of i
L
and v
C
can be
expressed as
( )
( )
C L L
C
C
v u Ri Ri
r R C dt
dv

+
=
1
(16)
]} ) ( [
1
{
1
u Rv Rv i Rr r r Rr u i Rr
r R
u V
L dt
di
C C L C L C L L C
C
i
L
+ + +
+
+ =
(17)
When the DC-DC buck-boost
converter operates in steady-state, the net
change of the inductor current over one
period should be zero; that is,
( ) ( ) 0 = A + A
off L on L
i i (18)
( )
0
1 ) (
=

+
L
T D V
L
DT V
o in
(19)
The output voltage of the converter can be
derived from (19) and is expressed as
77
,2011.12

in o
V
D
D
V

=
1
(20)
with
T
t
t t
t
D
on
off on
on
=
+
= ; 1 0 < < D ; D is the
duty ratio.
The V
in
and V
o
in (20) indicate
magnitudes of input and output voltage,
respectively, of the converter. According to
Figs. 5 to 7, the output voltage V
o
has
opposite polarity of the input voltage V
in
.
Output voltage magnitude of the
buck-boost converter could be greater or
less than the source voltage, depending on
the duty ratio of the switch. If D >0.5, V
o

is greater than V
in
. If D <0.5, V
o
is less
than V
in
.
The operation of the DC-DC
buck-boost converter used in this paper is
in CCM, the minimum inductance and
capacitance designed to generate
continuous current can be expressed as [8]
( )
f
R D
L
2
1
2
min

= (21)
) / (
min
o o
V V Rf
D
C
A
= (22)
with
o
o
V
V A
: output voltage ripple
In order to verify the correctness of
the DC-DC buck-boost converter model
proposed in this paper, a test case is
performed in the following section. The
input voltage of the test case is 40V, and
the output voltages are set to be 60V and
20V respectively. The load resistance,
switching frequency and output voltage
ripple are set to be 50O, 25Hz and 1%
respectively. The minimum value of
inductance and capacitance of the
converter can be calculated by (21) and
(22).
The appropriate parameters chosen for
the DC-DC buck-boost converter in the test
case are listed in Table 2. The converter
simulation results for voltage step-up and
voltage step-down are shown in Fig. 8.
According to Fig. 8, it can be observed that
the buck-boost converter can transform the
source voltage to 60V (voltage step-up)
and 20V (voltage step-down) successfully.
The correctness of the DC-DC buck-boost
converter model is therefore validated.

Table 2 Parameters of the DC-DC
Buck-Boost Converter
Parameter Value
Input voltage (V
in
) 40.0 (V)
Load resistance (R) 50 (O)
Inductance (L) 0.16 (mH)
Capacitance (C) 48 (F)
Switching frequency (f) 25 (kHz)

Fig. 8. Output voltage of the DC-DC
buck-boost converter

4. The Algorithms of Maximum
Power Point Tracking
Perturbation and observation (P&O)
and incremental conductance (INC)
algorithms are used in this paper
respectively to implement the maximum
power point tracking function [3], [9], [10],
[11]-[15]. The advantages of these two
power-feedback type MPPT algorithms
include simple structure, less measured
parameters and no need of measurement in
advance.
A. Perturbation and observation algorithm
By continuously perturbing the output
power of the solar module, the P&O
algorithm could find the location of
maximum power point and send a control
signal to the DC-DC buck-boost converter
through a PWM controller to modulate the
operating point of the solar modules. The
basic theory of the P&O algorithm is to
periodically vary the duty ratio in order to
adjust the voltage across the solar module,
78
Establishment and Study of a Photovoltaic System with the MPPT Function

and hence the module current and power.
The magnitudes of output voltage and
power before and after the variations are
observed and compared in order to
determine that the output voltage of the
solar module should be increased or
decreased for the following perturbation
step. By using the procedures of
perturbation, observation and comparison
again and again, the output power of the
solar modules can then reach its maximum
working point gradually. The power
tracked by the P&O algorithm will oscillate
and perturb up and down near the
maximum power point. The magnitude of
oscillations is determined by the magnitude
of variations of the output voltage. The
flow chart of the P&O algorithm is shown
in Fig. 9.
Fig. 9. Flow chart of the P&O algorithm

B. Incremental conductance algorithm
The theory of the incremental
conductance method [11]-[14] is to
determine the variation direction of the
terminal voltage for PV modules by
measuring and comparing the incremental
conductance and instantaneous
conductance of PV modules. If the value of
incremental conductance is equal to that of
instantaneous conductance, it represents
that the maximum power point is found.
When the operating point of PV
modules is exactly on the maximum power
point, the slope of the power curve is zero
(dP/dV =0) and can be further expressed
as,
dV
dI
V I
dV
dI
V
dV
dV
I
dV
VI d
dV
dP
+ = + = =
) (

(23)
By the relationship of dP/dV =0, (23) can
be rearranged as follows,
V
I
dV
dI
= (24)
dI and dV represent the current and voltage
variations before and after the increment
respectively. The static conductance (G
s
)
and the dynamic conductance (G
d
,
incremental conductance) of PV modules
are defined as follows,
V
I
G
s
= (25)
dV
dI
G
d
= (26)
The maximum power point (operating
voltage is V
m
) can be found when
m m
V V s V V d
G G
= =
= (27)
When the equation in (24) comes into
existence, the maximum power point is
tracked by MPPT system. However, the
following situations will happen while the
operating point is not on the maximum
power point:
) 0 , ( ; > > >
dV
dP
G G
V
I
dV
dI
s d
(28)
) 0 , ( ; < < <
dV
dP
G G
V
I
dV
dI
s d
(29)
Equations (28) and (29) are used to
determine the direction of voltage
perturbation when the operating point
moves toward to the maximum power point.
In the process of tracking, the terminal
voltage of PV modules will continuously
perturb until the condition of (24) comes
into existence. Fig. 10 is the operating flow
diagram of the incremental conductance
algorithm.
In theory, INC algorithm can
calculate and find the exact perturbation
direction for the operating voltage of PV
modules. However, the perturbation
phenomenon is still happened near the
maximum power point due to the less
probability of meeting condition dI/dV =
I/V.
79
,2011.12


Fig. 10 Flow chart of the INC algorithm
5. Simulations of the Photovoltaic
Systems
In order to verify and compare the
effects of the two MPPT algorithms for
the photovoltaic simulation system, some
test cases are implemented under
different irradiance, temperature and load
conditions to observe whether the output
power (load power) of the photovoltaic
simulation system can reach the
maximum power of the solar modules or
not. The solar module used in the
following test cases is the same as that
used in Section 2. The schematic diagram
of the photovoltaic simulation system is
shown in Fig. 11.
Fig. 11 The schematic diagram of the
photovoltaic simulation system
The weather conditions and load
resistances used in the test cases are
shown in Table 3. The simulation results
of the test cases are shown in Fig. 12-20.
Table 3 Weather conditions and load
resistances of the test cases
Weather condition
Case
irradiance temperature
Load
1 1000W/m
2
25
o
C 10O
2 700W/m
2
30
o
C 15O
3 400W/m
2
20
o
C 25O

A. Perturbation and observation algorithm
(a) Case 1

Fig. 12 Comparison of the output power
with and without MPPT

Fig. 13 P-V curve of a solar module
(b) Case 2

Fig. 14 Comparison of the output power
with and without MPPT

Fig. 15 P-V curve of a solar module

80
Establishment and Study of a Photovoltaic System with the MPPT Function

(c) Case 3

Fig. 16 Comparison of the output power
with and without MPPT

Fig. 17 P-V curve of a solar module
B. Incremental conductance algorithm
(a) Case 1

Fig. 18 Comparison of the output power
with and without MPPT
(b) Case 2

Fig. 19 Comparison of the output power
with and without MPPT

(c) Case 3

Fig. 20 Comparison of the output power
with and without MPPT
Figs. 12, 14, 16 and 18-20 are
comparison diagrams of output powers for
the PV system with the two MPPT
algorithms under different test conditions.
Fig. 13, 15 and 17 are the P-V curve
diagram of PV modules under each test
condition, which are used to collate the
tracking results simulated by the PV
system. From Figs. 12, 14, 16 and 18-20, it
can be observed that the output powers
with MPPT algorithms are obviously
greater than those without MPPT
algorithms. After cross matching
procedures, the output tracking powers of
two MPPT algorithms can all approach the
ideal maximum powers. They are very
close to each other. It indirectly indicates
and validates that the two MPPT
algorithms used in this paper have
considerable accuracy.
Figs. 21-23 illustrated the
comparisons of output power of the PV
system with P&O and INC algorithms
under different test cases. Table 4 is the
computer elapsed time when the PV
simulation system is executed with the two
MPPT algorithms under three different test
conditions. According to the results of Figs.
21-23 and Table 4, it can be found that the
tracking speed of the P&O algorithm is
faster than that of the INC algorithm under
all test cases. The tracking speed of the
MPPT simulation systems is dependent not
only on computer specifications, but also
on perturbation sizes of MPPT algorithms.
For P&O and INC algorithms, since both
algorithms use voltage perturbations of PV
modules to track the maximum power point,
the tracking number will be close to each
81
,2011.12

other based on the condition of the same
perturbations. However, INC algorithm
spends more time to track the maximum
power point because of its complicated
judgment procedure.

Fig. 21 Comparison of P&O and INC
algorithms under case 1

Fig. 22 Comparison of P&O and INC
algorithms under case 2

Fig. 23 Comparison of P&O and INC
algorithms under case 3

Table 4 Comparison of the elapsed time for
different MPPT systems
Computer elapsed time (s)
Case 1 2 3
P & Q 0.0399 0.0396 0.0414
INC 0.0532 0.0528 0.0552
6. Conclusion
The main purpose of this paper is to
establish a model for a photovoltaic
system with maximum power point
tracking function completely through the
use of software techniques. A model of a
solar module was first established and
then combined with an MPPT algorithm,
as well as models of a PWM controller
and a DC-DC converter, in order to set up
a complete photovoltaic simulation
system. In order to extend the operation
range of the photovoltaic simulation
system, a DC-DC buck-boost converter
with P&O and INC algorithms is used in
this paper to implement the MPPT task.
The simulation results shown in the
paper not only verify the accuracy of the
characteristics for the established solar
module model, but also prove that the
photovoltaic simulation system can
accurately track the maximum power
point rapidly and successfully using two
different MPPT algorithms respectively
under different test conditions. The
correctness and practicability of the pure
software photovoltaic simulation system
established in this paper are then
validated.
By comparing the simulation results
of P&O and INC algorithms, it can be
found that P&O algorithm possesses faster
dynamic response than INC algorithm
owing to its simple judgment procedure in
every perturbing period. However, INC
algorithm has advantages of exact
perturbing (ideal) and tracking direction, it
is suitable for rapid changing weather
conditions.

References
[1] Y. Yusof, S. Sayuti, M. Latif, and M.
Wanik, Modeling and simulation of
maximum power point tracker for
photovoltaic system, in Proceedings
of Power and Energy Conference, pp.
8893, Nov. 2004.
[2] H.-L. Tsai, C.-S. Tu, and Y.-J . Su,
Development of Generalized
Photovoltaic Model Using
MATLAB/SIMULINK,in Proceedings
82
Establishment and Study of a Photovoltaic System with the MPPT Function

of the World Congress on Engineering
and Computer Science, pp. 846854,
Oct. 2008.
[3] C. Hua, J . Lin, and C. Shen,
"Implementation of a DSP-controlled
photovoltaic system with peakpower
tracking," IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Electronics, Vol. 45, no. 1,
pp. 99107, Feb. 1998.
[4] K.H. Hussein, I. Muta, T. Hoshino,
and M. Osakada, "Maximum
photovoltaic power tracking: an
algorithm for rapidlychanging
atmospheric conditions," IEE
Proceedings-Generation,
Transmission and Distribution, Vol.
142, no. 1, pp. 5964, J an. 1995.
[5] F. Lasnier, T. G. Ang, Photovoltaic
Engineering Handbook, New York:
IOP Publishing Ltd, 1990.
[6] L. Castaner and S. Silvestre,
Modelling Photovoltaic Systems
Using PSpice, West Sussex, England:
J ohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, 2002.
[7] M.H. Rashid, Power Electronics
Circuits: Devices and Applications,
3rd edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ :
Prentice-Hall, 2004.
[8] D.W. Hart, Introduction to Power
Electronics, Upper Saddle River, NJ :
Prentice-Hall, 1997.
[9] Y.-T. Hsiao and C.-H. Chen,
Maximum Power Tracking for
Photovoltaic Power Systems, in
Proceedings of the IEEE 37th IAS
Annual Meeting, vol. 2, pp.
10351040, Oct. 2002.
[10] M. El-Shibini and H. Rakha,
Maximum Power Point Tracking
Technique, in Proceedings of
Electrotechnical Conference, pp.
2124, Apr. 1989.
[11] J ia-Chen Zhuang, Photovoltaic
Engineering-Solar Cells, Chuan
Hwa Book CO., LTD, Taipei, 1997.
[12] D. P. Hohm, M. E. Ropp,
Comparative study of maximum
power point tracking algorithms,
Progress in Photovoltaics: Research
and Applications, vol. 11, no. 1, pp.
4762, J anuary 2003.
[13] T. Esram, P. L. Chapman,
Comparison of Photovoltaic Array
Maximum Power Point Tracking
Techniques, IEEE Transactions on
Energy Conversion, vol. 22, no. 2,
J une 2007.
[14] J ae-Ho Lee, HyunSu Bae,
Bo-Hyung Cho, Advanced
incremental conductance MPPT
algorithm with a variable step size,
12th International Conference on
Power Electronics and Motion
Control, 2006 (EPE-PEMC 2006),
pp.603-607, Aug. 30-Sept. 1, 2006.
83
,2011.12





Matlab/Simulink

I-V

(MPPT)-


84