Chapter7

Determination of Natural DeterminationofNatural

FrequenciesandModeShape
NaturalFrequencyandmodeShapes
h d Approximatemethods
Dunkerleys Formula
DerivationofDunkerleys formulaisbasedonthefactthat
highernaturalfrequenciesofmostsystemsarelargecompared
totheirfundamentalfrequencies
A i t l ll th th t l Approximatevalues smallerthantheexactvalues
RayleighFormula
Rayleigh Approximate LargerthanexactvaluesBasedupon
St ti d fl ti Staticdeflectioncurve.
Rayleighquotientislowerthanfirsteigenvalue andneverhigher
thanhighesteigenvalue.
H l Holzers
basedonatrialanderrorscheme,ispresentedtofindthe
naturalfrequenciesofundamped,damped,semidefinite,or
branched translational and torsional systems branchedtranslationalandtorsional systems.
Dunkerleys Formula Dunkerley s Formula
Considerageneralndegreeoffreedomsystemwhoseeigenvalues canbe
determinedbysolvingthefrequencyequation,
Freevibration nodamping
Ifgivensmallenergyintheformofdisplacementitvibratesindefinitely.Xiis
constant.
ConfigurationofSystem ModeShape
Dunkerley Formulation Dunkerley Formulation
SincetheleftsideofEq.(6.59)isindependentoftheindexi,andtherightsideis
independentoft,bothsidesmustbeequaltoaconstant.Byassumingthisconstantaswe
it E (6 59) canwriteEq.(6.59)as
Dunkerley Formulation Dunkerley Formulation
Dunkerley Formulation Dunkerley Formulation
hi i i k k l ThisequationisknownasDunkerley s
formula.Thefundamentalfrequencygivenby
E (7 6) ill l b ll h h Eq.(7.6)willalwaysbesmallerthantheexact
value.
Example Example
Rayleighs Method Rayleigh sMethod
Thefrequencyofvibrationofaconservativesystemvibratingaboutanequilibriumpositionhasa
stationary value in the neighborhood of a natural mode This stationary value in fact is a minimum value stationaryvalueintheneighborhoodofanaturalmode.Thisstationaryvalue,infact,isaminimumvalue
intheneighborhoodofthefundamentalnaturalmode.
KineticandPotentialenergy
wheredenotesthevectorofamplitudes(modeshape)andrepresentsthenaturalfrequency
ofvibration
Ifthesystemisconservative,themaximumkineticenergyisequaltothemaximumpotential
energy
[ ] [ ]X X X k X
T T
r r r r
2
[ ] [ ]X m X X k X
T T 2
=
Beams and Shafts BeamsandShafts
Holzers Method Holzer s Method
Trial and Error TrialandError
NaturalFrequenciesofUndamped,damped,
Semi definite, Fixed or Branched Vibrating Semidefinite,FixedorBranchedVibrating
Systemsinvolvinglinearandangular
displacements.
Programmedforcomputerapplications
Fundamental as well as higher frequencies can Fundamentalaswellashigherfrequenciescan
bedetermined
Mode shapes can also be determined Modeshapescanalsobedetermined
Torsional Systems (Undamped) Torsional Systems(Undamped)
statesthatthesumoftheinertiatorquesofthesemidefinitesystem
mustbezero.Thisequationcanbetreatedasanotherformofthe q f f
frequencyequation,andthetrialfrequencymustsatisfythis
requirement.
Holzers Method Holzer s Method
Computedfrom
previous
(Arrowed2eqs)
Holzers Method Holzer s Method
Holzers Method Holzer s Method
Dunkerleys Formulations Dunkerley s Formulations