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BAB A PENGENALAN PERALATAN RANGKAIAN

BAB A – 1 Pengenalan kepada pemasangan rangkaian

1.1 Senarai dan kenalpasti jenis-jenis kabel rangkaian

Types of Copper Network Cables

 Coaxial Cables

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)

 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP )

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Coaxial Cable

Coaxial cable is comprised of :


 Central conductor
 Dielectric material
 Copper braid
 PVC jacket. Braided Shield Conductor

PVC Jacket Dielectric

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Coaxial Cable Characteristics

 The center conductor and the braided shield


make up the two paths of a signal circuit.

 Two types of coaxial cable used in networks


are:
– RG-
RG-6 (10Base5) Thicknet cable.
– RG-
RG-58 (10Base2) Thinnet cable.

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Unshielded Twisted Pair

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Unshielded Twisted Pair
Characteristics
 Typical impedance is 100 ohms.
 Contains four pairs of 22 or 24 gauge solid
copper wire.
 Relatively small diameter of 0.17” makes it
easy to install.
 Has no physical shielding.
 Uses cancellation effect to reduce crosstalk
and EMI/RFI noise.
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Categories of UTP Cables

 Category 1 - Not Rated


 Category 2 - Telephone Wiring
 Category 3 - 10Base-T Ethernet
 Category 4 - 16 Mbs Token Ring
 Category 5 - 100Base-T Ethernet

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Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

Shield Drain Wire

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Shielded Twisted Pair


Characteristics
 Available for:
– 100 ohm 10Base-
10Base-T
– 150 ohm Token Ring

 Utilize both shielding and cancellation


interference techniques.

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Typical Fiber Optic Cable

Jacket Buffer Cladding Core

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Fiber Optic Cable Characteristics


 Immune to electrical interference
 Extremely secure
 Very low loss
 Very expensive to install and maintain
 Requires electrical-optical-electrical signal
conversion

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BAB A : 2 PENGENALAN KABEL
RANGKAIAN

Types of Cables Used In Networks

 Copper Cables

 Fiber Optic Cable

Factors Affecting Copper Cable


Performance
 Impedance

 Electrical Interference

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Cable Impedance

 Resistance

 Reactance

Cable Resistance

 Opposes current flow.

 Is measured in ohms.

 Can be measured with an ohmmeter.

 Is directly proportional to cable length.

7
Cable Reactance
 Opposes changes in voltage or current.

 Is rated in ohms but cannot be measured


with an ohmmeter.

 Is the result of capacitance and inductance


between conductors.

 Determined by their diameter and spacing.


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Impedance

 Impedance is the vector sum of


resistance and reactance.
Resistance
Im
ped
anc
e

Reactance

9
Electrical Interference

 Degrades data signals.

 Can result in data errors.

 Types of electrical interference:


– Crosstalk
– EMI/RFI

10

Interference Protection
Techniques
 Cancellation
– Twisted wire pairs create out of phase magnetic
fields which tend to cancel each other.

 Shielding
– Grounded metal braid or foil surrounding a
conductor protects it from external radiation.

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Crosstalk Between Conductors
 The interference generated when a magnetic
field from one wire induces current into
another wire.
 Fields of opposite phase tend to cancel each
other. Insulation

Electromagnetic Copper Conductor


Fields
+
-

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EMI/RFI
 Results from the cable being placed in an
external magnetic field.
 Shielding blocks external magnet
interference.

Conductor
Magnetic Field
Grounded
Shield
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PERBEZAAN KABEL
UNSHIELDED DAN
KABEL SHIELDED

KABEL KABEL
UNSHIELDED SHIELDED

Kos lebih rendah dan


1.Apakah fungsi pin crimping tool?
Kos lebih tinggi dan
murah mahal
Penghantaraan sehingga Penghantaraan yang
100Mbps laju
cepat untuk dipasang Lambat untuk
dipasang
sensetif terhadap KURANG Sensetif
gangguan elektrikal terhadap gangguan
elektrikal
Kurang keselamatan Selamat
Cepat rosak Lambat rosak
CONTOH – CONTOH
KABEL UNS HIELDED
DAN KABEL S HIELDED

KABEL UNSHIELDED

KABEL SHIELDED
KABEL COAXIAL

•Namakan peralatan di bawah:

History Of Coaxial Cables

 Invented in 1929
– Original concept consisted of a hollow pencil-
pencil-
sized copper tube with a central wire conductor
suspended in its center.
 AT& T established its first cross-continental
coaxial transmission system in 1941.
 Used extensively in military radar and
communications systems by the mid-1940s.

4
Coax Cable Construction

 Consists of two conductors that share a


common axis. Hence the name “coaxial.”
 These two conductors are separated by a
sheath of insulating dielectric material.
 The outer conductor, made of copper braid
or mesh, is in turn covered by a tough
plastic jacket which forms the outer cover.

Construction Details
End View

Jacket
Outer Conductor
Dielectric

Center Conductor

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Important Cable Characteristics

 Nominal Impedance
– Total opposition to current flow
 Velocity of Propagation
– Signal speed in cable compared to free space
 Nominal Capacitance
– Cable capacitance, in pF/ft
 Nominal Attenuation
– Decrease in cable signal power, in db/ft
7

How Dielectric Material and


Thickness Affect Capacitance
 Air or a vacuum is considered to have a
dielectric constant of 1 while common coax
dielectrics range from 2 to 2.4. The lower
this number, the lower the capacitance.

 The greater the thickness of the dielectric,


the greater the spacing between the
conductors and the lower the capacitance.

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How Dielectric Constant and
Thickness Affect Capacitance
 This illustrates how dielectric constant (K)
and thickness affect cable capacitance.

Air

K=1 K=2
Dielectric Increases Decreased Spacing
Capacitance Increases Capacitance
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PERBEZAAN ANTARA KABEL KUPRUM DENGAN GENTIAN


OPTIK

KABEL KUPRUM KABEL GENTIAN


OPTIK
Kos lebih rendah dan Kos lebih tinggi dan
murah mahal
1.Apakah fungsi pin crimping tool?

Lebih bising Tiada kebisingan


Mudah untuk dipasang Sukar untuk dipasang
Terdapat gangguan Tiada gangguan
elektrik elektrikal
Isyarat dalam bentuk Isyarat dalam bentuk
elektromagnetik cahaya atau laser
Kurang selamat Keselamatan yang tinggi

Data kurang laju Data sangat laju


Panjang maksimum kabel Lebih panjang
kurang
BAB A : 3
PENGENALAN PERALATAN DAN PIAWAIAN

BAB A: 3

Tools Identification and


Standards

3.1 PERALATAN-PERALATAN DALAM


PENDAWAIAN KABEL KUPRUM

1. Punchdown tool
2. RJ45 crimping tool
3. Coaxial crimping tool
4. Pin crimping tool
5. Coaxial cable & UTP cable stripper
3.2 KEPERLUAN PIAWAIAN DALAM
PENDAWAIAN RANGKAIAN

Alphabet Soup?

The Need For Standards

 To Increase The Predictability of:


– Operation
– Reliability
– Quality
– Safety
 To Avoid Problems Associated with Sole-
Source Procurement

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Sources of Networking
Standards
 National and International Organizations
and Associations

 Communication and Computer


Manufacturers

 Government Agencies

Organizations and
Associations
 ANSI - American National Standards
Institute
 EIA - Electronic Industries Association
 IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers
 ISO - International Standards Organization
 TIA - Telecommunications Industry
Association
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Safety Standards
 OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health
Act

 NEC - National Electrical Code

 UL - Underwriters Laboratories

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Government Agencies

 Department of Defense
– Military Specifications (Milspecs)
 Department of Commerce
– US National Institute of Standards &
Technology
 Department of Energy
 NASA

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Hierarchy of Network Standards

 Topology
– Software
» Network communications programs
» Communications protocols
– Hardware
» Network interface cards
» Connectors
» Cables
» Network components (Hubs, Routers, Servers, etc)

Standards Applicable to Networks

Networking Standards

Hardware

Passive Components
Active Components

Software

Network Operating Systems


Communication Protocols

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Active Network Components

 Network Interface Cards (NICs)


 Hubs/Repeaters
 Servers
 Bridges/Routers
 Switches

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Basic Network Hardware


Standards

NIC Cards
Connectors

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Cable Network Cable


Components
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Standardized Network Software

 Protocols

 Network Operating Systems

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Standard Network Protocols

 TCP/IP
 IPX/SPX
 NetBIOS/NetBEUI

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Popular Network Operating
Systems

 Novel NetWare
 Artisoft LANtastic
 Banyan VINES
 Microsoft NT, Windows 95/97

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Cable Types, Categories and


Levels
 IBM Cable Types
– Cable types 1 - 9

 EIA/TIA Cable Categories


– Cable categories 1 - 5

 UL Cable Levels (Underwrites Laboratories)


– Levels I - V

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IBM Cable Plan Types
 Type 1 - Two STP, Max Data Rate 100 Mb
 Type 2 - Two UTP, Two STP, Voice/Data
 Type 3 - Four UTP, Voice/Data <4 Mb
 Type 4 - No Current Specification
 Type 5 - Two Fiber-Optic Strands
 Type 6 - Shielded Cable - two twisted pairs
 Type 7 - No Published Specifications
 Type 8 - “Under-the-Carpet” STP
 Type 9 - Plenum STP
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Performance of
EIA/TIA 568 Cable Categories
 Category 1 - Not rated for performance
 Category 2 - 1 MHz
 Category 3 - 16 MHz
 Category 4 - 20 MHz
 Category 5 - 100 MHz
 Category 5e - 100 MHz
 Proposed Catagory 6 - 250 MHz
 Proposed Catagory 7 - 600 MHz
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NEC/UL 444 Cable Levels
 All levels specified to meet NEC/UL 444
safety requirements for flame and smoke.
 Performance ratings, by level, are:
– Level I - Not performance rated
– Level II - EIA Cat 2 & IBM Type 3
– Level III - EIA Cat 3
– Level IV - EIA Cat 4
– Level V - EIA Cat 5

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Cable Descriptions Include:

 Electrical Characteristics

 Physical Characteristics

 Safety Characteristics

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Cable Electrical Specifications
 DC Resistance

 Nominal Impedance

 Nominal Capacitance

 Maximum Attenuation

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Copper Cable
Physical Specifications

 Cable Diameter
 Conductor Wire Size and Type
 Shield Material and Resistance
 Insulation or Dielectric Material
 Safety Characteristics

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