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Coaxial Cables
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Coaxial Cable
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Coaxial Cable Characteristics
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Unshielded Twisted Pair
Characteristics
Typical impedance is 100 ohms.
Contains four pairs of 22 or 24 gauge solid
copper wire.
Relatively small diameter of 0.17” makes it
easy to install.
Has no physical shielding.
Uses cancellation effect to reduce crosstalk
and EMI/RFI noise.
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Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
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Typical Fiber Optic Cable
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BAB A : 2 PENGENALAN KABEL
RANGKAIAN
Copper Cables
Electrical Interference
5
Cable Impedance
Resistance
Reactance
Cable Resistance
Is measured in ohms.
7
Cable Reactance
Opposes changes in voltage or current.
Impedance
Reactance
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Electrical Interference
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Interference Protection
Techniques
Cancellation
– Twisted wire pairs create out of phase magnetic
fields which tend to cancel each other.
Shielding
– Grounded metal braid or foil surrounding a
conductor protects it from external radiation.
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Crosstalk Between Conductors
The interference generated when a magnetic
field from one wire induces current into
another wire.
Fields of opposite phase tend to cancel each
other. Insulation
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EMI/RFI
Results from the cable being placed in an
external magnetic field.
Shielding blocks external magnet
interference.
Conductor
Magnetic Field
Grounded
Shield
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PERBEZAAN KABEL
UNSHIELDED DAN
KABEL SHIELDED
KABEL KABEL
UNSHIELDED SHIELDED
KABEL UNSHIELDED
KABEL SHIELDED
KABEL COAXIAL
Invented in 1929
– Original concept consisted of a hollow pencil-
pencil-
sized copper tube with a central wire conductor
suspended in its center.
AT& T established its first cross-continental
coaxial transmission system in 1941.
Used extensively in military radar and
communications systems by the mid-1940s.
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Coax Cable Construction
Construction Details
End View
Jacket
Outer Conductor
Dielectric
Center Conductor
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Important Cable Characteristics
Nominal Impedance
– Total opposition to current flow
Velocity of Propagation
– Signal speed in cable compared to free space
Nominal Capacitance
– Cable capacitance, in pF/ft
Nominal Attenuation
– Decrease in cable signal power, in db/ft
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12
How Dielectric Constant and
Thickness Affect Capacitance
This illustrates how dielectric constant (K)
and thickness affect cable capacitance.
Air
K=1 K=2
Dielectric Increases Decreased Spacing
Capacitance Increases Capacitance
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BAB A: 3
1. Punchdown tool
2. RJ45 crimping tool
3. Coaxial crimping tool
4. Pin crimping tool
5. Coaxial cable & UTP cable stripper
3.2 KEPERLUAN PIAWAIAN DALAM
PENDAWAIAN RANGKAIAN
Alphabet Soup?
4
Sources of Networking
Standards
National and International Organizations
and Associations
Government Agencies
Organizations and
Associations
ANSI - American National Standards
Institute
EIA - Electronic Industries Association
IEEE - Institute of Electrical and Electronic
Engineers
ISO - International Standards Organization
TIA - Telecommunications Industry
Association
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Safety Standards
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health
Act
UL - Underwriters Laboratories
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Government Agencies
Department of Defense
– Military Specifications (Milspecs)
Department of Commerce
– US National Institute of Standards &
Technology
Department of Energy
NASA
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Hierarchy of Network Standards
Topology
– Software
» Network communications programs
» Communications protocols
– Hardware
» Network interface cards
» Connectors
» Cables
» Network components (Hubs, Routers, Servers, etc)
Networking Standards
Hardware
Passive Components
Active Components
Software
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Active Network Components
22
NIC Cards
Connectors
34
Protocols
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TCP/IP
IPX/SPX
NetBIOS/NetBEUI
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Popular Network Operating
Systems
Novel NetWare
Artisoft LANtastic
Banyan VINES
Microsoft NT, Windows 95/97
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15
IBM Cable Plan Types
Type 1 - Two STP, Max Data Rate 100 Mb
Type 2 - Two UTP, Two STP, Voice/Data
Type 3 - Four UTP, Voice/Data <4 Mb
Type 4 - No Current Specification
Type 5 - Two Fiber-Optic Strands
Type 6 - Shielded Cable - two twisted pairs
Type 7 - No Published Specifications
Type 8 - “Under-the-Carpet” STP
Type 9 - Plenum STP
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Performance of
EIA/TIA 568 Cable Categories
Category 1 - Not rated for performance
Category 2 - 1 MHz
Category 3 - 16 MHz
Category 4 - 20 MHz
Category 5 - 100 MHz
Category 5e - 100 MHz
Proposed Catagory 6 - 250 MHz
Proposed Catagory 7 - 600 MHz
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NEC/UL 444 Cable Levels
All levels specified to meet NEC/UL 444
safety requirements for flame and smoke.
Performance ratings, by level, are:
– Level I - Not performance rated
– Level II - EIA Cat 2 & IBM Type 3
– Level III - EIA Cat 3
– Level IV - EIA Cat 4
– Level V - EIA Cat 5
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Electrical Characteristics
Physical Characteristics
Safety Characteristics
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Cable Electrical Specifications
DC Resistance
Nominal Impedance
Nominal Capacitance
Maximum Attenuation
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Copper Cable
Physical Specifications
Cable Diameter
Conductor Wire Size and Type
Shield Material and Resistance
Insulation or Dielectric Material
Safety Characteristics
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