CM NANG

K THUT CCTV


Quyn 1





Bn quyn thuc v Cng ty c phn thng mi Vn Xun.






Thng 8, 2012


Cm nang k thut CCTV R&D Vantech
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Quyn 1 Trang 2


Li ni u

Sau hn 70 nm pht trin, h thng CCTV ngy nay c s dng rng ri
trong nhiu lnh vc. Bn cnh chc nng quan st an ninh, h thng CCTV cn
c s dng x l tnh hung (phn tch hnh nh) gp phn quan trng trong
vic thu thp d liu v gi vng an ninh.
Cun cNm nang CCTV c bin son nhm gip cc qu khch hng hiu
thm vi h thng CCTV, cng nh cung cp mt s cc kin thc k thut cho
cc k thut vin trong ngnh. Nhng thng tin trong cun cNm nang ny c thu
thp t nhiu ngun khc nhau: nhng bi vit t internet, s tm hiu ca chng
ti v nhng kinh nghim trong qu trnh thi cng cng trnh.
Trong ln u xut bn ny chc chn chng ti khng trnh khi nhng
thiu st, rt mong qu khch hng, qu i l lng th. Qu khch c gp
hoc phn hi v cun s tay ny, vui lng email n nguyenvo@vantech.pro hoc
hainguyen@vantech.pro.
Chn thnh cm n cc bn c, qu i l v khch hng.
Ban bin son, nhm R&D Vantech
Quyn 1 Trang 3


Mc lc
I. Thng tin tng qut.5
A. Camera....5
1. Thng tin c bn.....5
2. Phn loi camera.....5
3. Cc thng s cn bit..8
4. La chn camera ph hp.....11
5. Mt s cng ngh cao ng dng trong camera.....14
6. Cc cu hi thng gp.....20
B. u ghi hnh k thut s (DVR Digital Video Recorder)......23
1. Thng tin c bn...23
2. Cc chc nng quan trng.....23
3. Mt s chuNn nn nh...23
C. H thng camera quan st (CCTV)...26
1. H thng CCTV Analog...26
2. H thng CCTV IP........................31
3. H thng CCTV Hybrid........................34
II. Cc bc trin khai mt h thng CCTV..36
III. Cc vn thng gp..37



Cm nang k thut CCTV R&D Vantech
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Mc lc hnh
Hnh 1: Dome camera v IR-Dome camera....11
Hnh 2: IR-Dome camera trong vn phng.......12
Hnh 3: Dome camera ti nh....12
Hnh 4: Box camera...13
Hnh 5: WeatherProof IR Camera .....13
Hnh 6: Camera hnh lang, nh xng ..13
Hnh 7: Camera Speed Dome........................13
Hnh 8: Camera Speed Dome cho h thng giao thng cng cng.......................14
Hnh 9: Hnh nh khi cha s dng chc nng BLC.........................15
Hnh 10: nh c chp khi sau khi s dng chc nng BLC.15
Hnh 11: nh c chp khi sau khi s dng chc nng WDR.16
Hnh 12: So snh cht lng hnh nh khi s dng cc ch ...16
Hnh 13: nh c chp khi cha s dng chc nng HLC..17
Hnh 14: nh c chp sau khi s dng chc nng HLC...17
Hnh 15: Bt tt chc nng IR Cut ca camera true day/night...18
Hnh 16: nh chp li ca camera not true day/night...19
Hnh 17: Camera pht hng ngoi vo ban m....20
Hnh 18: So snh cc chuNn nn s dng trong DVR.25
Hnh 19: H thng CCTV Analog n gin..28
Hnh 20: H thng CCTV dng card Video......................28
Hnh 21: H thng CCTV tch hp nhiu loi camera Analog...29
Hnh 22: H thng CCTV Analog vi nhiu chc nng....30
Hnh 23: H thng CCTV IP thng thng...33
Hnh 24: H thng camera IP c s dng PoE..34
Hnh 25: M hnh h thng camera Hybrid....35

Quyn 1 Trang 5

I. Thng tin tng qut
A. Camera
1. Thng tin c bn
Hiu mt cch n gin, mt camera hot ng ging nh mt con
mt, nhn hnh nh v truyn hnh nh n thit b hin th hoc lu
tr. Cu to ca camera bao gm cm bin quang hc (cm bin
bin i tn hiu nh sng thnh tn hiu in), b x l nh v
ngun cung cp.
2. Phn loi camera
a) Phn loi theo k thut hnh nh:
(1) Camera Analog:
Ghi hnh bng t x l tn hiu analog, x l tn hiu
mu vector mu, loi camera ny hin nay t dng.
(2) Camera CCD (Charge Couple Device):
Camera CCD s dng k thut CCD nhn bit hnh
nh. CCD l tp hp nhng tch in c th cm nhn
nh sng sau chuyn tn hiu nh sng sang tn hiu
s a vo cc b x l.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca CCD:
CCD thu nhn nhng hnh nh thng qua cc h
thng thu knh ca camera. CCD c hng ngn
nhng im nh s chuyn i nh sng thnh
nhng ht in tch v c s ho. y l mt
qu trnh chuyn i tng t s.
Cc thng s k thut ca camera CCD l ng cho
cm bin (tnh bng inch). Kch thc cm bin cng
ln th cht lng cng tt (1/3 inch Sony CCD s c
cht lng tt hn 1/4 inch CCD). Hin nay ch c 2
hng sn xut cm bin l Sony v Sharp.
Camera CMOS (complementary metal oxide
semiconductor).
CMOS c ngha l cht bn dn c b sung oxit kim
loi. Cc loi camera s s dng cng ngh CMOS.
Cc camera s thng mi s dng cng ngh CMOS
cha kh nng cung cp trong thi im ny khi so

Cm nang k thut CCTV R&D Vantech
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snh cht lng hnh nh vi camera CCD. Cc c
thng mi dng cng ngh CMOS c gi thnh
khong 500 USD n 50000 USD.
Cc camera s s dng cng ngh CMOS v CCD c
u im rt r rt so vi camera analog v
cht lng hnh nh.
b) Phn loi theo k thut ng truyn:
(1) Camera c dy.
Camera c dy c u im l kh n
tnh bo mt tt c s dng, truyn tn hi
cp ng trc khong 75 Ohm -1 Vpp, dy C5.
gii php c nh gi l an ton. Ch
vi khong cch xa 300 m th cn c b
trnh vic tn hiu ng truyn suy hao, d
lng hnh nh khng tt.



(2) Camera khng dy.
Ging nh tn gi, cc Camera ny
Tuy nhin, cc camera ny vn cn thi
ngun. Cc loi camera khng dy c
cng lp t do khng cn i dy, tuy nhin camera c
h s an ton khng cao.
Mt vn cn quan tm i vi thi
tn s s dng. Camera khng dy s
tuyn RF truyn tn hiu thng c
t 1.2 n 2.4 MHz. Camera khng dy
khi lp t ti cc khu vc a hnh ph
t camera n cc thit b quan st, v d
nh c nhiu tng chn.
i vi khong cch xa hng ngn mt chng ta c
phi s dng nhng thit b c bit ho
cao v gi thnh kh t.
VT 6200W
VT 3224A, B, H
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i camera CCD. Cc camera
CMOS c gi thnh
CMOS v CCD c
i camera analog v nt v
nng an ton cao,
n tn hiu trn dy
Vpp, dy C5. y l
nh gi l an ton. Ch : khi truyn
n c b khuch i
n suy hao, dn n cht
i, cc Camera ny u khng c dy.
n thit phi c dy
i camera khng dy c u im l d thi
i dy, tuy nhin camera c
t b khng dy l
Camera khng dy s dng sng v
c tn s dao ng
. Camera khng dy c s dng
a hnh phc tp kh i dy
quan st, v d nh cc ngi
ng cch xa hng ngn mt chng ta cn
t hot ng tn s
Quyn 1

Vic s dng Camera khng dy
khng an ton d b bt sng hoc b
trc cc ngun sng khc nh sng c
ng.
(3) IP Camera (Camera mng)
IP Camera c kt ni trc tip vo m
hnh nh v iu khin c truy
Camera IP ngi dng c th iu khi
bt c u thng qua mng internet.
c) Phn loi theo tnh nng s dng
(1) Dome Camera (Camera p trn).
Camera c nhiu hnh dng v kch th
y l loi camera thng c t trong nh, ki
dng rt trang nh. Camera ny c tnh n
cao do t gy s ch .
(2) Camera Nn.
Camera ny kh c th nhn bit
hnh dng v kch thc khc nhau, c th
v trnh b pht hin. Tuy nhin khi s
camera ny bn cn phi m bo tnh h
dng. mt s ni vic s dng camera
bt hp php. Cc camera ny c th
nh mt thit b pht hin khi. Mt s
nay cng bt u xy dng nhng h
tr thnh cc thit b pht hin khi.
(3) Box Camera.
y l loi camera truyn thng th
trong cc vn phng siu th. y l lo
thnh r tuy nhin thi im ny t dng.
bo v trong hp bo v trc tc
iu kin mi trng.
(4) Camera PTZ
Pan: qut ngang; Tilt: qut dc; Zoom: phng to.
Pan/Tilt/Zoom hay nhng h tng t
vi ci tn thng mi l PTZ Camera l lo
VP 110 HD
VT 3113 A, B, H
VT 1004 v VT 1005H
VP 120 HD
Trang 7
ng Camera khng dy c nh gi l
nh hng nhiu
ng ca in thoi di
p vo mng, tn hiu
n qua mng.Vi
u khin v gim st
ng v kch thc khc nhau.
t trong nh, kiu
t trang nh. Camera ny c tnh nng bo mt
c. N c nhiu
c khc nhau, c th ngy trang
n. Tuy nhin khi s dng loi
o tnh hp php khi s
amera Nn c coi l
hot ng ging
cc cng ty hin
ng h thng camera
ng thng c dng
y l loi camera gi
m ny t dng. Camera c
c tc ng ph hoi hay
c; Zoom: phng to.
ng t c bit n
i l PTZ Camera l loi camera h

Cm nang k thut CCTV R&D Vantech
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Quyn 1

tr kh nng qut dc, qut ngang, phng to thu nh
camera ny cn cho php kt ni vi h
v cnh bo pht hin i tng di chuy
vng hot ng ca n. Hn na camera PTZ c th
c lp trnh hot ng theo mu
(5) Camera IR v EXview (Camera c kh
m)
Khong cch quan st ca camera ph
sut ca n hng ngoi. Khong cch quan st c
camera dao ng khong 10m n 300m.
th quan st c trong iu kin ti 100%
Camera EXview (Day/Night): t ng khu
sng lm r hnh nh khi nh sng t
ti hon ton s khng nhn thy c.
3. Cc thng s cn bit:
a) Camera Indoor, Outdoor.
Indoor: camera t trong nh.
Outdoor: camera t ngoi tri, c kh nng ch
cc tc ng bn ngoi nh Nm, thi ti
cc tc nhn ph hoi khc.
b) Tnh nng hng ngoi, IR (InfraRed)
Camera hng ngoi c th ghi hnh vo ban
kin thiu nh sng m cc camera thng th
hin c. Trong iu kin nh sng camera ny ho
ng khng khc nhng camera bnh th
ti, n hng ngoi c t ng bt, v camera b
ng vi tnh nng hng ngoi. Hnh nh
khi hot ng ch hng ngoi lun l en tr
Cc thng s hng ngoi:
+IR LED: s lng n LED hng ngo
+VISIBLE DISTANCE AT: khong cch quan st.
+POWER CONSUMPTION: cng su
+LED ANGLE: gc pht hng ngoi.
VP 4561
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Trang 8
phng to thu nh
h thng cm bin
ng di chuyn trong
a camera PTZ c th
n.
view (Camera c kh nng quan st
thuc vo cng
ng cch quan st ca
n 300m. Camera IR c
i 100%.
ng khuch i nh
i, tuy nhin vng
c.
ng chu ng c
t, nc, bi, hay
ghi hnh vo ban m, trong iu
u nh sng m cc camera thng thng khng thc
nh sng camera ny hot
ng, ch khi m
t, v camera bt u hot
c camera ghi li
i lun l en trng.
ng ngoi.
ng cch quan st.
t tiu th.

Quyn 1 Trang 9

Mt vi iu lu khi s dng hng ngoi l gc pht ca
hng ngoi phi cng hoc ln gc quan st, nu khng s b
hin tng n pin nh hnh bn cnh v s lng hng
ngoi cng loi hng ngoi s quyt nh n tm xa. Hin
ti c 3 loi hng ngoi sau y:
+LED thng: cng sut pht sng thp, tiu th nng lng
nhiu, tm xa km.
+LED cng sut ln (High Power LED): cng sut pht sng
ln, tiu th nng lng nhiu, c kh nng pht sng tm
xa.
+LED th h 3 (3
rd
generation LED): cng sut pht sng
ln, tit kim nng lng.
Khi hot ng ch hng ngoi, cc n LED s c bt
ln i hi cng sut kh ln do ngun cp cho cc
camera hng ngoi thng l ln hn nhiu vi cc camera
khng c hng ngoi.
c) Cht lng hnh nh.
Cht lng hnh nh ca mt camera ph thuc vo nhiu
thng s.
(1) Image Sensor: Cm bin hnh
Hin ti, ch c 2 hng sn xut cm bin hnh trn th
gii l Sony v Sharp. Tuy nhin cng c s khc nhau
v cht lng dn n khc nhau v gi c. Cm bin
hnh ca Sony thng c gi thnh cao hn v cho cht
lng nh tt hn.
Kch thc cm bin cng ln th cht lng cng tt.
(2) Resolution: phn gii
phn gii cng ln th cht lng hnh nh cng nt.
Trong cc ng dng khng cn thit phi quan st tht
r nt th phn gii 480 TV Lines l c th chp
nhn c.
(3) CCD Total Pixels: S im nh.
Thng s ny ni ln cht lng hnh nh, s im nh
cng ln th cht lng hnh nh cng tt. Tuy nhin,
cht lng hnh nh cng tt ng ngha vi dung

Cm nang k thut CCTV R&D Vantech
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lng nh cng ln, v s tn b nh lu tr cng nh
nh hng n tc ng truyn. Thng thng vi
NTSC: 811(H) x 508(V) v vi PAL: 795(H) x 596(V).
d) iu kin hot ng.
(1) Minimum Illumination: Cng nh sng nh nht.
Thng c tnh bng Lux. Thng s ny ni ln
rng, camera ch c th hot ng cng nh sng
ln hn cng nh sng nh nht. Trong iu kin
qu ti, nu khng phi l camera c chc nng hng
ngoi th s khng hot ng c.
+nh nng mt tri: 32000 Lux 130000 Lux
+Bu tri c my: 1000 Lux
+nh sng vn phng: 320 Lux 500 Lux
+nh sng hnh lang: 80 Lux
+m khng trng: 0.0001 Lux
Mt s loi camera cn c chc nng Auto Iris (t ng
hiu chnh nh sng). c im ca camera loi ny l
c th iu chnh lng nh sng quan st c
cho camera.
(2) Power Supply: Ngun cung cp
Hin nay a s cc camera u dng loi ngun
12VDC, ch mt s t cc camera dng ngun khc v
phn ln cc camera u i km vi b chuyn i
ngun, c th s dng trc tip ngun 220VAC.
(3) Operation Temperature: Di nhit hot ng.
Phn ln cc Camera u cho php hot ng trong di
nhit -10
o
C 50
o
C. Nn s dng cc camera chuyn
dng trong nhng khu vc c iu kin khc nghit nh
mi trng cng nghip, cc khu vc c nhit cao.
(4) Operation Humidity: Nm cho php.
Thng thng, Nm cho php l 85% RH ( Nm
tng i).
Quyn 1

e) Gc quan st.
Trong ti liu k thut thng khng ghi gc m
thng s tiu c (f) thay cho gc m. C th
quy i sau:







4. La chn camera ph hp
a) Camera dng bn cu (Dome):
Ph hp lp t trong nh, vn phng, hnh lang
la mu camera ny nhm tit kim din tch
thNm m.


Dome Camera IR Dome Camera
Hnh 1: Dome camera v IR-Dome camera
Tiu c Gc m ngang Gc m
2.8 mm 81
o
12 65
3.6 mm 61
o
55 48
4 mm 43
o
36 33
6 mm 33
o
23 25
8 mm 21
o
04 16
16 mm 17
o
03 12
Trang 11
ng khng ghi gc m, m ghi
. C th s dng bng
nh lang, v.v Chn
v nng cao tnh

IR Dome Camera

Gc m dc
65
o
28
48
o
25
33
o
23
25
o
21
16
o
23
12
o
50

Cm nang k thut CCTV R&D Vantech
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Hnh 2: IR Dome camera trong vn phng

Hnh 3: Dome camera ti nh
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b) Camera dng thn:
Ph hp lp t trong nh, ngoi tri, vn phng
v.v
Hnh 4: Box camera Hnh 5: WeatherProof IR Camera
Hnh 6: Camera hnh lang, nh xng
c) Camera xoay, zoom (P/T/Z):
Ph hp lp t ngoi tri, phm vi quan st rng
cao tt nht lp t 3m 4m.
Hnh 5: Camera Speed Dome
Trang 13
vn phng, nh xng,

: WeatherProof IR Camera

phm vi quan st rng, v.v Chiu

Cm nang k thut CCTV R&D Vantech
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Hnh 6: Camera speed dome cho h thng giao thng cng cng
5. Mt s cng ngh cao ng dng trong camera
a) Cng ngh iu chnh nh sng trn camera
Khi bn ang c mt nh xy dng mt h thng camera
gim st hay ch n thun lp t camera gim st cho gia
nh hoc cng ty, vic la chn camera ph hp vi ng
mc ch l vic cn thit v i hi nhiu thi gian tm
hiu.
Vi nhng v tr t camera quan st b thiu nh sng th
hnh nh s ti, khng c r nt chnh v vy cng ngh
iu chnh nh sng cho camera s p ng c yu cu
ny. Sau y l mt vi tnh nng camera hin i s dng
x l hnh nh thiu sng:
(1) Chc nng AGC (Auto Gain Control)
Chc nng ny s dng mt b iu khin khuch i
gn trong chip camera c tc dng tng tn hiu hnh
nh v tng nhy ca cm bin camera, khi camera
t trong mi trng thiu nh sng hoc nh sng
yu. Trong mt s mi trng c nh sng mnh, b
khuch i c th b qu ti v c th bp mo cc tn
hiu hnh nh, lm cho hnh nh khng c hin th
Quyn 1 Trang 15

chnh xc. V vy s dng chc nng AGC cn phi
thc hin hp l ty vo mi trng.
(2) Chc nng BLC (Black Light Compensation)
Cm bin ca camera s o cng nh sng trung
bnh trn tt c cc khung nh, nu bc nh c mt nn
sng nhng hnh nh li hin th ti. BLC cho php cm
bin ca camera iu chnh sng ca ton b hnh
nh nhng im ti trong bc nh s sng ln.

Hnh 7: Hnh nh khi cha s dng chc nng BLC.

Hnh 8: nh c chp khi sau khi s dng chc nng BLC.

Cm nang k thut CCTV R&D Vantech
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(3) Chc nng WDR (Wide Dynamic Range)
Cho php chp v hin th c hai khu vc sng v khu
vc ti trn cng mt khung hnh. Vi chc nng ny,
bc nh hin th r rng cc chi tit trong c hai khu
vc, tc l khu vc sng khng qu sng, khu vc ti
khng qu ti. nh sng lc ny c cn bng v phn
phi ng u to nn mt bc nh r nt, trung
thc.

Hnh 9: nh c chp khi sau khi s dng chc nng WDR.

Hnh 10: So snh hnh nh cc chc nng khc nhau.
Hai chc nng BLCv WDR thng c la s dng
nhng ni gim st ca ra vo, cc ta nh cao tng
c gc nhn ra ngoi ca knh, hoc nhng ni c
ngun sng mnh lm cho hnh nh hin th nhng
im sng v im ti ring bit.
Quyn 1 Trang 17

b) Cng ngh chng ngc sng trn camera
Camera gim st c nh sng chiu thng vo s lm cho
hnh nh camera b la, hnh nh nhn s khng r hoc m.
Ngun sng chiu vo camera c th l nh sng mt tri,
n in cao p, LED siu sng, hay cc vt dng pht sng
khc Chc nng HLC (chng ngc sng) c s dng
trn camera s p ng c yu cu v chng ngc sng.

Hnh 11: nh c chp khi cha s dng chc nng HLC.
Chc nng ny c cng dng che i phn nh sng hay
ngun nh sng ri vo camera v phn li mt phn nh
sng tr li. Khi hnh nh camera cn quan st s nhn
thy r nt, khng cn b la hay m.

Hnh 12: nh c chp sau khi s dng chc nng HLC.
Trong Hnh 11, ngun sng pht ra n pha t lm cho
hnh b la v khng nhn c bin s xe.

Cm nang k thut CCTV R&D Vantech
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Trong Hnh 12 sau khi s dng chc nng HLC, ngun pht
sng pht ra t n pha t b che li, phn nh sng t n
pha t phn ngc li gip nhn r bin s xe.
c) Cng ngh gim st ban m
(1) Camera True Day/Night:
Camera Day/Night c kh nng quan st c c ban
ngy v ban m. Thng s "Minimum Illumination" -
Cng ri sng ti thiu (Min Lux) ch c mu
(Color) v en trng (B/W) khc nhau kh xa. S d c
iu ny v trc thu knh ca camera c mt tm IR
Cut Filter (lc hng ngoi), tm lc gip mu sc chn
thc hn. Vi camera Day/Night th khi iu kin sng
tt chuyn sang km th tm IR Cut Filter t ng
chuyn ra khi v tr chn trc thu knh, v khi
camera c th bt c cc sng IR (hng ngoi) nn
c kh nng nhn c vo ban m (Hnh 15).

Hnh 13: Bt tt chc nng IR Cut ca camera true day/night.
(2) Camera NOT True Day/Night:
Khc vi camera True Day/Night, Not True Day/Night
c thng s cng sng ti thiu (Minimum
Illumination) cho ch mu (Color) v trng-en
(B/W) kh ging nhau. Not True Day/Night cng c
mt tm IR Cut Filter trc thu knh, nhng khi iu
kin sng tt chuyn sang km th tm IR Cut Filter ny
khng c chuyn ra khi v tr chn trc thu knh
Quyn 1 Trang 19

v n vn cn ht cc bc sng ngn hng ngoi IR.
Do cng sng ti thiu (Min Lux) ca Not True
Day/Night cao hn so vi True Day/Night.
Vi loi Not True Day/Night th c dng ngun IR
chiu sng cng v ngha v n lc ht. Trong m ti
vi iu kin sng vn trn "Min Lux" th n vn cho
hnh en trng, v n gin ch nh ca n chuyn
sang B/W. Cht lng hnh nh ca Not True
Day/Night km hnTrue Day/Night v c nhiu nhiu
ht trong nh (Hnh 16).

Hnh 14: nh chp li ca camera not true day/night.
(3) Camera s dng LED hng ngoi:
L nhng camera c gn km cc n LED hng
ngoi xung quanh ng knh. Cc n LED hng ngoi
ny s pht ra nh sng chiu sng mt khu vc
(Hnh 17). y l nhng camera l tng cho cc khu
vc thiu nh sng hoc nhng khu vc cn quan st
ban m. Tuy nhin ty vo s lng LED c gn
trn board hng ngoi m khong cch pht sng ca
chm hng ngoi gn hay xa. Cc chm sng hng
ngoi c th nm trong khong t 20 m n 70 m v c
th cao hn. Vo ban ngy, cc camera LED hng
ngoi hot ng khng khc g cc camera khng c
LED hng ngoi, khi cm bin ca camera nhn thy
nh sng chuyn sang ti dn th camera s kch hot

Cm nang k thut CCTV R&D Vantech
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ch gim st ban m. Vo ban m cc n LED
hng ngoi pht sng vi mu nht.

Hnh 15: Camera pht hng ngoi vo ban m.
6. Cc cu hi thng gp
a) Chi ph u t cho loi camera no thp hn?
Ti thi im hin nay, lp t h thng camera quan st
analog (c DVR) s c chi ph thp hn lp t h thng
camera IP (cho qui m t 4 camera tr ln). Tuy nhin, cng
vi s pht trin cng ngh, IP camera ngy cng tr nn r
hn. Hy vng n lc bn c th s hu h thng camera
IP gi ch r nh h thng camera analog hin nay.
Mt camera analog (loi bn cu, cht lng hnh nh trung
bnh) c gi vo khong t 40 USD-70 USD (ty tng
thng hiu), th khi mua mt camera IP c cng cht lng,
bn s phi tr gp i, tc l vo khong 120 USD ti 160
USD.
Ngoi ra, mt camera analog thng c thm cc tnh nng
nh: ng knh tu chnh tiu c, chng la, hng ngoi c
khong cch quan st xa mt IP camera c cng cc tnh
nng k thut nh vy cng c gi kh t. Trong trng hp
ny, gii php dng camera analog kt hp vi b Video
Server l gii php thay th em li chi ph u t tit kim
hn rt nhiu (Video Server l b chuyn i tn hiu t
analog sang tn hiu s).
Quyn 1 Trang 21

Trong trng hp bn khng c nhu cu quan st qua mng
internet, bn vn nn trang b DVR, xem, ghi v pht li
hnh nh nhn c t cc camera analog.
Nu nh hoc vn phng ca bn sn c h thng mng
my tnh th vic lp t camera IP s gip bn c phn
no khi khng phi tr chi ph lp t cp mng v cc
camera s hot ng trn nn tng mng c sn. Cn vi cc
camera analog th bn phi lp t cp mng mi v cc
camera analog ch hot ng vi mng cp ng trc.
iu cui cng cn lu , bng thng cho truyn dn tn hiu
cng l iu phi cn nhc khi lp t h thng camera IP.
Tn hiu hnh nh t camera IP i hi bng thng kh ln.
Bng thng dnh cho camera IP ph thuc vo nhiu yu t
nh: phn gii hnh nh, chuNn nn hnh nh, v tn sut
cc vt chuyn ng xut hin trn hnh nh Nhn chung,
mt camera hin th khung hnh vi phn gii CIF
(352x288), chuNn nn MPEG4, 30 hnh/s, yu cu bng
thng c 720Kbps. Theo , nu ta lp t 100 camera trn
mt mng LAN, bng thng theo yu cu l 72Mbps. Khi
xy dng h thng camera IP cng chung mng vi h thng
my tnh, ta cn phi tnh ton sao cho bng thng ca mng
sao cho p ng tt yu cu ca ton h thng.
Trn th trng, hin cn c cc camera IP c phn gii
c vi Megapixel. Cc camera ny c cht lng hnh nh rt
cao, tuy nhin, i hi bng thng v dung lng cng lu
tr hnh nh rt ln. iu ny c ngha l bn cng phi tn
chi ph nhiu hn cho bng thng ng truyn v dung
lng ln cho cng lu tr.
Lu rng, vi h thng camera analog c DVR, khi cn
xem t xa qua mng IP, cng yu cu lng bng thng
tng ng. iu khc y khi so snh vi camera IP l:
hnh nh t cc camera analog, qua DVR, s ch truyn trn 1
lung d liu hnh nh, ch khng phi ring r tng lung
d liu cho tng camera nh IP camera.
b) Loi camera no c cht lng tt hn?
Mt iu chc chn, camera IP hn hn camera analog v
cht lng hnh nh v kh nng truyn dn khng dy.

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Camera analog khng th c c phn gii hnh nh ln
hn phn gii ca Tivi, ch c khong 0.4 Megapixel.
Trong khi , camera IP hin nay t ti 5 Megapixel, ln
hn nhiu ln camera analog, em li ng dng c bit tt
cho nhng mi trng lp t nh Ngn hng, To n, ,
nhng ni cn bng chng c gi tr php l cao.
Vi nhng h thng camera hot ng theo phng thc
khng dy, camera IP cng tt hn v tnh bo mt v khng
b nhiu bi mi trng xung quanh.
c) V lp t, loi no n gin hn?
V lp t, i dy cho camera: c 2 loi tng ng nhau.
V thit lp, cu hnh h thng: lp t h thng camera
analog n gin hn, ch cn cm cp tn hiu vo b DVR l
hot ng. Vi camera IP, bn phi gn a ch IP, m port
cho router Khi thit lp xem qua mng internet, bn
cng tn t thi gian hn cho camera analog v ch cn thit
lp cho mt b DVR, cn vi IP camera bn phi thit lp
cho tng camera.
d) V kh nng hot ng theo phng thc khng dy
H thng camera analog khng dy (truyn bng sng) hot
ng khng c tt v: d b nhiu t mi trng xung
quanh (cc thit b in, in thoi di ng) lm cho hnh
nh thu c khng c cht lng tt. H thng camera IP
khng dy c cht lng tt nh vic cc tn hiu s khng
b nh hng bi cc thit b in xung quanh.
ng thi, cc camera IP s dng chuNn truyn dn khng
dy 802.11x cng c kh nng bo mt cao hn camera
analog.
e) Khi no nn s dng camera IP?
Khi bn sn c mng cp my tnh v c nhu cu quan st
qua mng IP vi nhiu a im cn lp t camera, hoc ni
bn cn lp t h thng camera khng dy.
Khi lp t h thng camera c qui m ln v cho nhiu
im, bn cng c th s dng h thng camera analog vi
Quyn 1 Trang 23

gii php kt ni nhiu DVR, vi chi ph r hn h thng IP
camera. Tuy nhin, bn phi chp nhn c mt s tnh nng
khng bng h thng IP camera.
Mt gii php khc, l kt hp camera analog v camera
IP trn cng mt h thng, gip bn tn dng c u im
ca tng loi camera, sao cho bn c kt qu u t l ti u
nht.
B. u ghi hnh k thut s (DVR Digital Video
Recorder).
1. Thng tin c bn
u ghi hnh k thut s (DVR) c s dng vi nhim v chnh
l lu tr hnh nh t camera. Ngoi ra, u ghi cn c th c thm
mt vi chc nng khc.
2. Cc chc nng quan trng
+ Kt ni internet: ngi s dng c th truy cp u ghi thng
qua mng internet.
+ Audio: ngi s dng c th dng u ghi nh l cng c truyn
m thanh.
+ Cng RS 485: h tr iu khin PTZ.
+ H thng bo ng: ngi s dng c th t to mt h thng
bo ng nh bng cch s dng u ghi. Tn hiu bo ng c th
t cc cm bin hoc t camera.
3. Mt s chun nn nh
Hin nay hu ht cc sn phNm DVR trn th trng u h tr
chuNn nn hnh nh H.264. ChuNn H.264 gip cho DVR s ghi li
cc video cht lng cao v gim khng gian lu tr trn a
cng (HDD). tm hiu v bit c cch thc hot ng ca
chuNn H.264 nh th no, chng ta hy cng tm hiu v so snh
vi cc chuNn ra i trc H.264.
C hai nh dng ph bin cho video DVR trc khi H.264 c
pht trin l Motion JPEG hay cn c gi l M-JPEG (Joint
Photographic Experts Group), v MPEG-4 (Moving Picture
Experts Group).

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a) Chun M-JPEG:
ChuNn M-JPEG s bin son cc tp tin hnh nh c nh
dng JPEG to thnh cc chui ring bit, sau s dng
cc thut ton nn cc chui ny thnh cc tp tin
video. ChuNn ny ch tp trung vo cht lng hin th v u
tin cho phn gii hnh nh m khng quan tm n s
lng hnh nh, tc l s lng khung hnh mi giy c
chp li. Chnh v ch tp trung vo cht lng ca hnh nh
nn chuNn ny hin ti ang c s dng hu ht trn cc
camera IP nt cao (camera megapixel), v c s dng
ph bin trn rt nhiu camera hin nay.
V u im ca chuNn M-JPEG l: h tr gii nn tt khi
s dng trn my tnh, cho hnh nh hin th ch xem
thi gian thc p v cht lng. ChuNn ny c cung cp
min ph.
V nhc im th M-JPEG khng h tr ng b ha m
thanh v hnh nh. Do phn gii ca hnh nh cao nn rt
tn dung lng ca cng v cn nhiu bng thng
truyn ti qua mng.
b) Chun MPEG-4:
ChuNn MPEG-4 s dng cc k thut tng t nh chuNn M-
JPEG, l son cc tp tin hnh nh c nh dng MPEG-4 v
s dng cc thut ton nn to video. gim dung lng
nn ca tp tin video, chuNn MPEG-4 s gim s lng
khung hnh xung bng cch so snh 2 hnh nh lin tip,
nu c s khc bit gia 2 hnh nh ny v chuyn ng n
s t sp xp thnh chui v tin hnh nn. Do lm gim
dung lng lu tr trn cng.
ChuNn MPEG-4 cho php hnh nh c nn tt hn, h tr
nn ng b m thanh v hnh nh, h tr hin th tt khi
xem ch hin th thi gian thc. MPEG-4 c thit k
h tr cc ng dng c bng thng thp.
Nhc im ca MPEG-4 l cht lng hnh nh s gim
ng k v thp hn so vi chuNn M-JPEG. Ch h tr mt
Quyn 1 Trang 25

s t camera v khng c cp min ph nh chuNn M-
JPEG.
c) Chun H.264:
ChuNn H.264 l tn gi khc ca MPEG 10 Part-4, v cn
c gi l AVC (Advanced Video Coding). Ging nh
MPEG-4, H.264 tit kim hnh nh v s dng nn cho cc
khung hnh tip theo, v ch ghi li cc chuyn ng, nhng
linh hot hn. N nn hnh nh v lm gim khng gian cn
trn cng m vn bo m c cht lng ca hnh nh.
V vy m dung lng lu tr ca cng t hn nhiu so vi
MPEG-4 v M-JPEG. H.264 h tr ng b ha m thanh v
hnh nh v c thit k cho vic gim st thi gian thc.
Di y l cc hnh nh c chp so snh cht lng
hnh nh khi s dng cc chuNn nn khc nhau. Bn tri l
hnh nh ban u, gia l hnh nh sau khi nn bng chuNn
MPEG4, v hnh nh bn phi s dng chuNn H.264. V c
bn khng c nhiu s khc bit trong cht lng hnh
nh. iu khc bit nht gia cc chuNn l cc tp tin c
nn ti u nht nhng vn m bo c cht lng hin th
hnh nh v gim dung lng lu tr ca cng cng nh
gim ti c lng bng thng khi s dng qua mng.
M-JPEG MPEG4 H.264

Hnh 16: So snh cc chun nn s dng trong DVR

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C. H thng camera quan st (CCTV Closed-circuit
Television)
1. H thng CCTV Analog
a) Thnh phn
Camera: l thit b c bn cho mt h thng CCTV. S la
chn camera analog rt a dng t cc loi camera c nh
gim st tp trung mt khu vc cho n cc loi camera gim
st ngy/m hay camera PTZ dome gim st khu vc
rng.
Mn hnh hin th (monitor): Thit b c s dng rt tng
t mn hnh Tivi nhng c phn gii cao hn cho ra
hnh nh sc nt. Mt mn hnh c th hin th hnh nh t
mt hay nhiu camera cng mt lc.
Dy cp: trong h thng CCTV analog, cp ng trc c
dng truyn hnh nh t camera. y l mt trong nhng
hn ch ca CCTV analog v gi cp c th mc v kh lp
t, c bit trong mng camera ln hoc nhng v tr khng
thun li.
u ghi hnh k thut s (DVR): phn ln h thng CCTV
analog hin nay s dng DVR tn dng cc li ch ca
vic ci t h thng trn mng. DVR chuyn tn hiu analog
sang tn hiu s tin cho vic lu tr, truy xut cng nh
cho php ngi s dng xem hnh nh t xa.
b) Nguyn l hot ng
Trong ng dng h thng camera quan st analog, tn hiu
hnh nh thu c t camera l tn hiu analog, c truyn
t camera analog, qua ng cp ng trc ti u ghi hnh
k thut s (DVR).
Mi camera analog c cp ngun in ti ch hoc cp
ngun bng cp tn hiu ng trc RG59 (loi c km cp
ngun). u ghi hnh k thut s (DVR) c chc nng
chuyn i tn hiu analog sang dng tn hiu s (s ho), sau
tn hiu c nn li, ghi vo cng xem li khi cn
thit. Hin nay, cc u ghi hnh thng c tch hp thm
Quyn 1 Trang 27

mt vi tnh nng thng minh nh: ghi hnh theo lch t
trc, cnh bo chuyn ng, phng to thu nh hnh nh
bng phng php nh s (khng phi bng ng knh quang
hc). Mn hin th c u ni trc tip vi DVR hin
th hnh nh t DVR hoc cng c th xem hnh nh qua
mng IP bng my tnh, nu DVR c u ni ti mng IP
qua cng RJ45 Ethernet. Nu mng IP ni b (LAN) c
kt ni vi mng internet, bn c th xem c hnh nh t
xa thng qua mng internet. Khi truyn hnh nh qua mng
internet, tn hiu hnh nh (video) ca tt c cc camera, c
u ni ti 1 DVR, s c truyn trn mt lung video (1
a ch IP) m thi. Do vy chi ph s gim i.
c) u im Analog/IP
Chi ph khi to thp: trong hu nh mi trng hp, h
thng CCTV analog c gi thnh r hn h thng CCTV IP.
Kh nng tng thch rng: c kh nng kt hp nhiu mu
m camera v thit b quan st ca nhiu hng sn xut.
Camera analog c kh nng x l cc tnh hung nh sng
yu tt hn camera IP.
d) Nhc im Analog/IP
Chi ph cp cao: trong ng dng gim st din rng, camera
analog cn mt h thng cp phc tp c th dn n vic
tng cao gi thnh v kh trin khai.
Tnh nng hn ch: khng tch hp sn nhiu tnh nng tin
tin hin c trong camera IP (v d nh: phn gii
Megapixel, zoom k thut s, v phn tch d liu hnh nh)
e) Mt s s h thng CCTV analog
(1) H thng camera analog s dng u ghi hnh DVR.
Bao gm thit b camera, u ghi hnh (c gn cng),
ngun cp cho camera v mn hnh hin th hnh nh
(Hnh 19).
Hnh nh s c truyn t camera v u ghi hnh
lu tr v c hin th ln mn hnh Tivi (s dng
cng AV) hoc mn hnh monitor my tnh thng qua
cng VGA.

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Quyn 1 Trang 28


Hnh 17: H thng CCTV Analog n gin
(2) H thng camera analog s dng card ghi hnh (gn
trc tip vo my tnh)
Bao gm thit b camera, card ghi hnh, ngun cp cho
camera v my vi tnh (computer) (Hnh 20).
Hnh nh s c truyn t camera v card ghi hnh gn
trn my tnh, phn mm ci t vo my tnh s hin
th hnh nh ca camera cho ngi xem quan st.

Hnh 18: H thng CCTV dng card Video
Quyn 1 Trang 29


(3) H thng s dng nhiu camera
Bao gm nhiu loi thit b camera (camera dng thn,
dome, hng ngoi, v.v) c kt ni v mt h thng
chung qua trung tm x l u ghi hnh hoc card ghi
hnh (Hnh 21).
u ghi hnh k thut s bao gm nhng loi: u ghi
4, 8, 16 v 32 knh (4 knh tng ng vi 4 camera).
Card ghi hnh gm c: card 1, 4, 8, 16 knh (c th kt
hp 2 hoc 3 card li vi nhau c 24 hoc 32
knh).


Hnh 19: H thng CCTV tch hp nhiu loi camera analog


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Quyn 1 Trang 30

(4) H Thng Camera Analog Tch hp Nhiu Chc Nng:
H thng khng ch s dng nhng camera n gin m
cn c th kt ni c vi nhng camera cao cp hn
(camera c chc nng xoay, zoom, v.v) v nhng
thit b khc nh chn xoay c s dng chung vi
bn iu khin. Ngoi ra h thng c th tch hp vi
nhng thit b bo ng (alarm) nh: cng tc t, u
d hng ngoi, n, ci, v.v (Hnh 22)
H thng s dng u ghi hnh k thut s hoc card
ghi hnh c kt ni vi h thng mng internet gip
ngi dng c th quan st trc tip trn my vi tnh
hoc qua in thoi di ng khi ngoi.


Hnh 20: H thng CCTV analog vi nhiu chc nng

Quyn 1 Trang 31

2. H thng CCTV IP
a) Thnh phn:
Cc thnh phn chnh ca mt h thng camera IP bao gm
camera IP, cc b m ha video c s dng kt ni vi
my nh analog, h thng mng, my ch v thit b lu tr,
v phn mm qun l video. Khi camera IP v b m ha
video l thit b ph thuc vo my tnh, chng khng th
thch hp cho camera CCTV analog. Camera IP, b m ha
video v phn mm qun l video c coi l nn tng ca
mt gii php IP gim st.
Mng, my ch v cc thnh phn lu tr l tt c thit b
CNTT tiu chuNn. Kh nng s dng chung thit b l mt
trong nhng li ch chnh ca h thng gim st mng. Cc
thnh phn khc ca mt h thng video mng bao gm cc
ph kin, chng hn nh v my nh, thit b cp ngun PoE
(Power Over Ethernet)...
b) Nguyn l hot ng
Trong mi trng mng, tng camera IP s chuyn i hnh
nh thu c sang dng tn hiu s ngay trong bn thn
camera . Vic x l hnh nh nh: nn hnh nh, tch hp
tnh nng cnh bo chuyn ng cng c thc hin ngay
trong camera IP. Tn hiu ra ca camera IP l tn hiu s,
c truyn qua mng IP theo tiu chuNn Ethernet bng cp
mng Cat 5. Ngun in cho camera IP c cp ti ch
hoc cp qua cp mng Cat 5 bng b chuyn i PoE
(Power Over Ethernet). Cc camera IP, thng qua cp mng
Cat 5, c u ni ti thit b mng trung tm (Hub,
Switch, Router) ca mng LAN. Cc thit b mng s c
thit lp cc tham s sao cho ph hp vi hot ng ca
camera IP nh: thit lp a ch IP, nh tuyn
Vic qun l cc camera IP thng c thc hin bng
phn mm qun l hnh nh, c ci t ti my tnh (my
ch qun l hnh nh), gip quan st v qun l hnh nh thu
nhn c t cc camera IP nh: xem, ghi hoc pht li
Phn mm thng c bn km theo camera ca hng sn
xut, hoc cng c th mua ca hng chuyn pht trin phn
mm qun l hnh nh cho cng ngh camera IP.

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Quyn 1 Trang 32

Tn hiu t camera IP c truyn qua mng internet theo
cch ging nh DVR. Tuy nhin, mi camera IP s truyn
mt lung d liu hnh nh ring v c a ch IP ring. Khi
xem qua mng internet, ta c th xem hnh nh ca mt
camera IP (nhn v truyn hnh nh ch ca mt camera IP)
hoc cng c th xem hnh nh ca nhiu camera IP trn mt
mn hnh nh phn mm qun l hnh nh. y l tnh nng
kh mm do, linh hot ca camera IP v cng l mt trong
s cc khc bit gia camera IP v camera analog trn gc
xem hnh nh qua mng internet.
c) u im
Vi tnh nng pht hin xm nhp, h thng s t ng thng
bo ti ngi qun l v chp hnh lu li, ng thi cho
php lp lch ghi hnh hoc tm kim cc on video c
ghi hnh theo thi gian hoc theo s kin mt cch nhanh
chng.
c trang b n hng ngoi cho php camera gim st
c trong iu kin bng ti hon ton.
Cc cng I/O chuNn RS-485 tch hp sn cho php kt ni ti
cc thit b cnh bo khc nh chung bo ng, bo chy.
H thng dy dn n gin, gn ch cn mt dy Cat 5 hoc
6 thng qua ngun PoE.
Cht lng hnh nh hin th SD, HD v Full HD chuNn 720p
v 1080p.
d) Nhc im:
Chi ph thit b qu cao.
Cu hnh thit b phc tp, i hi kin thc v IT.
e) Mt s s h thng CCTV IP
(1) H thng CCTV IP thng thng
H thng s dng cc u ghi hnh network k thut s
(NVR) lu tr hnh nh thu c t cc camera.
Ngi s dng truy cp t my tnh cng c th iu
khin cc camera, t ch ghi hnh v lu tr nhng
Quyn 1 Trang 33

hnh nh thu c trn a cng ca my tnh gim
st.
H thng cn c th cho php nhiu ngi dng truy
cp vo cc a ch IP tng ng. Mi ngi s dng s
c cp mt user name v password, ng thi c
phn quyn s dng bi ngi qun l cao nht
(Admin) (Hnh 23).


Hnh 21: H thng CCTV IP thng thng
(2) H thng CCTV IP c tch hp chc nng PoE (Power
Over Ethernet)
H thng camera IP ny s dng dy cp RJ45 cung
cp in trn ng dy m bn khng cn phi s
dng thm adaptor cp ngun cho Camera.
S dng h thng ny gip gim chi ph nhng bn phi
dng Switch hoc Hub c h tr PoE (Hnh 24).

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Quyn 1 Trang 34


Hnh 22: H thng camera IP c s dng PoE
3. H thng CCTV Hybrid
H thng Hybrid l s pha trn gia h thng IP v Analog.
H thng Hybrid c nhng u im sau:
+ Kh nng m rng h thng
+ D dng lp t cho h thng ln
+ Kh nng s dng wireless
C th s dng u ghi Hybrid DVR thit lp h thng ny
(Hnh 25).

Quyn 1 Trang 35


Hnh 23: M hnh h thng camera Hybrid


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II. Cc bc trin khai mt h thng CCTV:
C nhiu cch xy dng mt h thng CCTV. Vic chn la phng php
no ty thuc vo:
- Vn u t.
- Hin trng h thng.
- Yu cu ca khch hng.
Trong phn ny, chng ti ch trnh by cc bc c bn, chung nht trong
vic ln phng n, thit k v lp t mt h thng camera quan st.
Bc 1: Tng quan v thit k h thng Camera quan st
Tm hiu v thit b v nguyn l hot ng ca h thng camera
quan st, chc nng ca tng thit b v cch s dng thit b.
Bc 2: Tin trnh xy dng h thng Camera quan st.
Kho st hin trng:
- V tr v mi trng lp t h thng.
- Yu cu v h thng.
- Phn tch v nh gi.
- Nhng kh khn cn gii quyt.
xut phng n:
- Chn la phng n thit k: da trn chi ph, yu cu ca ch
u t, mi trng v hin trng ca h thng chn la m
hnh ph hp.
- Thit k s h thng: xy dng s tng th m hnh kt
ni ca h thng camera (h thng dy cp tn hiu video, dy
in ngun cho thit b, .v.v).
- La chn nhng thit b ph hp cho tng v tr quan st (v tr
quan st ngoi tri, trong nh, .v.v).
- La chn dy cp truyn tn hiu camera v dy in cho ph
hp vi khong cch v mi trng.
- Tnh ton chi ph d n.
- a ra cc phng n v gi thnh (2 phng n: so snh gia
cc phng n, la chn phng n ph hp vi yu cu ca
nh u t).
- Cc thnh phn khc ca h thng: h thng chng st, h
thng cung cp ngun d phng khi mt in, .v.v...
Quyn 1 Trang 37

Bc 3: K hoch thc hin
- ChuNn b cc thit b ca h thng v cc thit b cho phng
quan st.
- Trin khai thi cng ng dy tn hiu camera v dy in
ngun.
- Gn thit b quan st v kt ni v phng quan st.
- Ci t cn thit cho h thng hot ng.
Bc 4: Kim tra h thng
- Kim tra hot ng ca h thng quan st.
- Kim tra s n nh ca thit b.
- Bn giao v hng dn s dng h thng (Ti liu hng dn
s dng).
Bc 5: Bo tr h thng
- K hoch bo tr h thng.
- Gii quyt cc s c trong qu trnh h thng hot ng.
- Hng pht trin v nng cp h thng.
III. Cc vn thng gp
Trong qu trnh thi cng v lp t cc h thng camera quan st chng ta
thng gp mt s s c nh sau:
A. Hin tng mt tn hiu
1. Hin tng: trn mn hnh hin th mt i tn hiu hnh nh
camera, mn hnh en hoc tn hiu lc c lc khng.
2. Nguyn nhn:
- Ngun camera h hng hay c mt s c trn ngun h thng
lm mt tn hiu.
- Si dy tn hiu b h hng, t gy khng truyn dn tn
hiu Camera n thit b x l v hin th.
- Cc u ni tip xc gia dy truyn dn v dy tn hiu t
camera km c th lm hnh nh tn hiu chp chn.
- Li trn phn cng thit b camera (camera hng) hoc thit
b x l (u ghi).
3. Cch gii quyt:
- Kim tra li ngun bng VOM kim tra li thng s ngun
c ph hp v p ng yu cu hay khng.

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- Kim tra li dy dn tn hiu bng cch thay th camera mi
hoc bng VOM chc chn vic truyn dn tn hiu tt.
Cc ch t gy do li thi cng hoc do cht lng cp cng
cn kim tra v c x l tt.
- X l chc chn cc mi ni, thay th camera mi khng li
vo v tr nghi ng xc nh s chp chn do u ni hay
dy tn hiu ca camera.
- Nu tt c cc vn trn u c x l tt nhng camera
vn khng c tn hiu th li s nm trn thit b camera hay
thit b hin th nh u ghi, tivi Khi cn kim tra li
cc cng ca thit b hin th v tip tc x l theo cc li hay
gp trn thit b hin th.
B. Li trn u ghi v cc kt ni mng
1. Hin tng: u ghi khng ln hnh, khng hin th y cc
knh ghi hnh, khng lu tr d liu, khng kt ni mng
2. Nguyn nhn:
- Ngun li v c cc s c bt thng trn ngun.
- Cc kt ni tn hiu n u ghi cha chc chn v b li.
- Cc li trn HDD nh hng ti hot ng ca u ghi (treo,
khng lu tr, bo ng bt thng).
- H hi cc thit b phn cng do lm vic trong mi trng
bi bNn, ngun khng n nh, nhit qu nng hoc nh
hng t cc thit b khc
- Cc s c trn dy mng, cc hub hay router nh hng n
vic quan st h thng qua ng internet hay mng ni b.
- Cc vn ci t v s dng ca ngi dng khi thao tc
trn thit b, hoc firmware b li
3. Cch gii quyt:
- Kim tra ngun bng VOM v m bo ngun dng n nh
v ng thng s.
- Kim tra cc kt ni n u ghi v t u ghi n thit b
hin th.
Quyn 1 Trang 39

- Xem xt cc khuyn co tng thch ca HDD vi u ghi
ang s dng. Cn m bo format HDD trong ln s dng
u tin v chc chc cc kt ni ca HDD vi thit b.
- t thit b vo mt khu vc thng thong, sch s v t b
nh hng trng in v trng t t cc thit b khc.
- Kim tra k tn hiu mng khi kt ni thit b vo h thng
mng ni b v internet bng cc thao tc k nng mng c
bn, cn xem xt cc hub hay router hot ng tt hay
cha v c bin php x l mng ph hp.
- Xem xt li cc ch ci t v s dng c gi km u
ghi, xem xt firmware c vn hay khng bng cch thay
th mt u ghi tt mi vo h thng khi cc thao tc kim
tra trn c thc hin xong.
Cc li trn u ghi v s c xem xt qua mng xy ra rt phc tp
v di nhiu cch khc nhau, do yu cu s dng tht tt theo
hng dn s dng nh km s gii quyt c rt nhiu li c
bn.
C. Hin tng nhiu:
1. Hin tng: Hnh nh khng r nt, b ht m, b la trng, b
dn sng
2. Nguyn nhn:
- Tn hiu video u u v u cui c truyn khong
cch xa, ng cp c chng nhiu thp, cht lng thp
v c nhiu on chp ni.
- B nhiu tn hiu bi t trng v cc in trng cm ng
ca h thng in gn k, ca cc sng mang xung quanh khu
vc truyn dn.
- Ngun in khng n nh, st p v cc hin tng qu
in p ca b ngun gy nh hng ti tn hiu ca camera.
- Mt s nh hng khc ca mi trng xung quanh nh
ting n, rung, cc nh hng t iu kin thi tit nh
gi ma, cc im ni tip xc, v cc nguyn nhn do thi
cng khng cNn thn.

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3. Cch gii quyt:
- Tnh ton ti u khong cch truyn dn tn hiu ph hp vi
cht lng cp truyn dn hoc phi dng cc b khuych i
tn hiu nu bt buc phi truyn tn hiu mt khong cch
qu xa.
- Nn i ring r h thng camera hoc ch i chung dy vi h
thng dy iu khin tn hiu trong h thng in v iu
khin, khng nn thi cng h thng camera chung trn cc
ng dy mch ng lc hoc cc ngun cng sut.
- Tnh ton st p trn ng dy m bo s n nh
in p tt trn ngun h thng. Nhiu do ngun l nguyn
nhn quan trng lm gim tui th v cht lng ca camera.
- C cch thi cng chc chn v b tr ph hp hn ch cc
nh hng t mi trng xung quanh n h thng camera,
c bit yu t thi cng k lng ca ngi k thut s hn
ch cc li lt vt do nhiu tn hiu rt kh d tm khi thi
cng xong h thng.