Giao Trinh Dien Tu Co Ban Day Du

Cng ty My tnh - Mng - Truyn Thng OSC.
Gio trnh in t c bn
Phng o to Cng ty my tnh OSC Tel: 04-37101466 - 301
Chng I : Ngun in mt chiu
1. Cu trc nguyn t :
hiu v bn cht dng in ta bit rng ( kin thc PTTH ) tt ccc nguyn tu c cu to ln t
cc nguyn t v mi nguyn t ca mt cht c cu to bi hai phn l
-Mt ht nhn gia cc ht mang in tch dng gi l Proton v cc ht trung ho in gi l
Neutron.
-Cc Electron (in t ) mang in tch m chuyn ng xung quanh ht nhn .
-Bnh thng cc nguyn t c trng thi trung ho vin ngha l s Proton ht nhn bng s electron
bn ngoi nhng khi c tc nhn bn ngoi nh p xut, nhit , ma st tnh in, tc ng ca t
trng .. th cc in t electron lp ngoi cng c th tch khi quo trqr thnh cc in t t do.
-Khi mt nguyn t b mt i mt hay nhiu in t, chng bthiu in t v tr thnh ion dng v
ngc li khi mt nguyn tnhn thm mt hay nhiu in t th chng tr thnh ion m.
2 . Bn cht dng in v chiu dng in .
Khi cc in t tp trung vi mt cao chng to ln hiu ng tch in
-Dng in chnh l dng chuyn ng ca cc ht mang in nhin t , ion.
-Chiu dng in c quy c i t dng sang m ( ngc vi chiu chuyn ng ca cc in t -i
t m sang dng )
3. Tc dng ca dng in :
Khi c mt dng in chy qua dy dn in nh th nghim sau :

Ta thy rng dng in to ra mt t trng xung quanh lm lch hng ca nam chm, khi i
chiu dng in th t trng cng i hng => lm nam chm lch theo hng ngc li.
-Dng in chy qua bng n lm bng n pht sng v sing nhit nng
-Dng in chy qua ng c lm quay ng c quay sinh ra cnng

-Khi ta np c quy cc cc ca c quy b bin i v dng in c tc dng ho nng..
Nh vy dng in c cc tc dng l tc dng v nhit , tc dng vc nng , tc dng v t trng v tc
dng v ho nng.
4. Cng dng in :
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca dng in hay c trng cho s lng cc in ti qua tit
Cng ty My tnh - Mng - Truyn Thng OSC. Gio trnh in t c bn
din ca vt dn trong mt n v thi gian - K hiu l I
-Dng in mt chiu l dng chuyn ng theo mt hng nht nh t dng sang m theo quy c hay
l dng chuyn ng theo mt hng ca cc in t t do.

n v ca cng dng in l Ampe v c cc bi s :
z Kilo Ampe = 1000 Ampe
z Mega Ampe = 1000.000 Ampe
z Mili Ampe = 1/1000 Ampe
z Micro Ampe = 1/1000.000 Ampe
5. in p :
Khi mt cc in t tp trung khng u ti hai im A v B nu ta ni mt dy dn t A sang B s
xut hin dng chuyn ng ca cc in tch t ni c mt cao sang ni c mt thp, nh vy ngi
ta gi hai im A v B c chnh lch vin p v p chnh lch chnh l hiu in th.
-in p ti im A gi l UA
-in p ti im B gi l UB.

-Chnh lch in p gia hai im A v B gi l hiu in th UAB UAB = UA - UB
-n v ca in p l Vol k hiu l U hoc E, n vin p c cc bi s l
z Kilo Vol ( KV) = 1000 Vol
z Mini Vol (mV) = 1/1000 Vol
z Micro Vol = 1/1000.000 Vol

in p c th v nh cao ca mt bnh nc, nu hai bnh nc c cao khc nhau th khi ni mt
ng dn s c dng nc chy qua t bnh cao sang bnh thp hn, khi hai bnh nc c cao bng nhau
th khng c dng nc chy qua ng dn. Dng in cng nhvy nu hai im c in p chn lch s
sinh ra dng in chy qua dy dn ni vi hai im tin p cao sang in p thp v nu hai im c
in p bng nhau th dng in trong dy dn s = 0
6. Ngun in
Ngun in l ngun sinh ra in nng t cc ngun nng lng khc nh My pht in, c quy, Pin
v.v ... c hai ngun in chnh l
Ngun in xoay chiu ( AC) l cc ngun in sinh ra tcc nh my in.
Ngun in mt chiu ( DC) l ngun in sinh ra t c quy hoc pin.
Cc mch in thng s dng ngun mt chiu hot ng do khi chy ngun xoay chiu
chng phi c i thnh mt chiu trc khi a vo my hot ng.
Ngun mt chiu song song v ni tip :

Khi u ni tip cc ngun in li ta c mt ngun in mi c in p bng tng cc in p thnh
phn.
Khi u song song cc ngun in ( cng in p ) ta c ngun in mi c p khng i nhng kh
nng cho dng bng tng cc dng in thnh phn .
V d : nu ta c pin 1,5V vi kh nng cho dng l 0,1A, khi ta cn mt ngun in 3V vi dng in l
1A th ta phi u ti thiu l 10 cp pin song song v mi cp c hai pin u ni tip.
7. nh lut m
nh lut m l nh lut quan trng m ta cn phi nghi nh
Cng dng in trong mt on mch t l thun vi in p hai u on mch v t l nghch vi
in tr ca on mch .
Cng thc : I = U / R trong
I l cng dng in , tnh bng Ampe (A)
U l in p hai u on mch , tnh bng Vol (V)
R l in tr ca on mch , tnh bng m
8. nh lut m cho on mch
on mch mc ni tip:
Trong mt on mch c nhiu in tr mc ni tip th in p hai u on mch bng tng st p trn
cc in tr .

Nh s trn th U = U1 + U2 + U3
Theo nh lut m ta li c U1 =I1 x R1 , U2 = I2 x R2, U3 = I3 x R3 nhng on mch mc ni tip th
I1 = I2 = I3
St p trn cc in tr => t l thun vi cc in tr .
on mch mc song song
Trong on mch c nhiu in tr mc song song th cng dng in chnh bng tng cc dng
in i qua cc in trv st p trn cc in tr l nh nhau:

Mch trn c U1 = U2 = U3 = E I = I1 + I2 + I3 v U1 = I1 x R1 = I2 x R2 = I3 x R3 Cng
dng in t l nghch vi in tr .
9. in nng v cng xut :
* in nng.
Khi dng in chy qua cc thit b nh bng n => lm bng n sng, chy qua ng c => lm ng
c quay nh vy dng in sinh ra cng. Cng ca dng in gi l in nng, k hiu l W, trong thc
t ta thng dng Wh, KWh ( Kilo wat gi)
Cng thc tnh in nng l :
W = U x I x t Trong W l in nng tnh bng June (J) U l in p tnh
bng Vol (V) I l dng in tnh bng Ampe (A) t l thi gian tnh bng giy (s)
* Cng xut .
Cng xut ca dng in l in nng tiu th trong mt giy , cng xut c tnh bi cng thc
P = W / t = (U. I .t ) / t = U .I
Theo nh lut m ta c P = U.I = U
2
/ R = R.I
2

Chng II -in t trng
1. Khi nim v t trng.
* Nam chm v t tnh .
Trong t nhin c mt s cht c th ht c st gi l nam chm t nhin.
Trong cng nghim ngi ta luyn thp hoc hp cht thp to thnh nam chm nhn to.
Nam chm lun lun c hai cc l cc bc North (N) v cc nam South (S) , nu cht thanh nam chm ra
lm 2 th ta li c hai nam chm mi cng c hai cc N v S - l nam chm c tnh cht khng phn
chia..
Nam chm thng c ng dng sn xut loa in ng, micro hoc m t DC.
* T trng
T trng l vng khng gian xung quanh nam chm c tnh cht truyn lc t ln cc vt liu c t tnh,
t trng l tp hp ca cc ng sc i t Bc n cc nam.

* Cng t trng
L i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca t trng, k hiu l H n v l A/m
* t cm
L i lng c trng cho vt c t tnh chu tc ng ca ttrng, t cm ph thuc vo vt
liu . VD St c t cm mnh hn ng nhiu ln . t cm c tnh bi cng thc
B = .H
Trong B : l t cm : l t thm H : l cng t trng
* T thng
L sng sc i qua mt n v din tch, t thng t l thut vi cng t trng.

* ng dng ca Nam chm vnh cu.
Nam chm vnh cu c ng dng nhiu trong thit bin t, chng c dng sn xut Loa, Micro
v cc loi M t DC.

2. T trng ca dng in i qua dy dn thng.

Th nghim trn cho thy, khi cng tc bn ngoi ng, dng in i qua bng n lm bng n sng
ng thi dng in i qua dy dn sinh ra t trng lm lch hng kim nam chm .
Khi i chiu dng in, ta thy kim nam chm lch theo hng ngc li , nh vy dng in i chiu
s to ra t trng cng i chiu.
3. T trng ca dng in i qua cun dy.

Khi ta cho dng in chy qua cun dy, trong lng cun dy xut hin t trng l cc ng sc song
song, nu li cun dy c thay bng li thp th t trng tp trung trn li thp v li thp tr thnh
mt chic nam chm in, nu ta i chiu dng in th t trng cng i hng
Dng in mt chiu cnh i qua cun dy s to ra ttrng cnh, dng in bin i i qua cun
dy s to ra ttrng bin thin.
T trng bin thin c c im l s to ra in p cm ng trn cc cun dy t trong vng nh
hng ca t trng , ttrng cnh khng c c im trn.
ng dng: T trng do cun dy sinh ra c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t, mt ng dng m ta
thng gp trong thit bin t l R le in t.

R le in t
Khi cho dng in chy qua cun dy, li cun dy tr thnh mt nam chm in ht thanh st v cng
tc oc ng li, tc dng ca r le l dng mt dng in nhiu khin ng mch cho dng in ln
gp nhiu ln.
4. Lc in t
Nu c mt dy dn t trong mt t trng, khi cho dng in chy qua th dy dn c mt lc y =>
l lc in t, nu dy dn t do chng s chuyn ng trong t trng, nguyn l ny c ng dng
khi sn xut loa in ng.

Nguyn l hot ng ca Loa ( Speaker )
Cun dy c gn vi mng loa v t trong t trng mnh gia 2 cc ca nam chm , cc S l li , cc
N l phn xung quanh, khi cho dng in xoay chiu chy qua cun dy , di tc dng ca lc in t
cun dy s chuyn ng, tc ng chuyn ng ca cun dy phthuc vo tn s ca dng in xoay
chiu, cun dy chuyn ng c gng vo mng loa lm mng loa chuyn ng theo, nu chuyn ng
tn s > 20 Hz chng s to ra sng m tn trong di tn s tai ngi nghe c.
5. Cm ng in t .
Cm ng in t l hin tng xut hin in p cm ng ca cun dy c t trong mt t trng
bin thin.
V d : mt cun dy qun quanh mt li thp , khi cho dng in xoay chiu chay qua, trn li thp
xut hin mt t trng bin thin, nu ta qun mt cun dy khc ln cng li thp th hai u cun dy
mi s xut hin in p cm ng. Bn thn cun dy c dng in chy qua cng sinh ra in p cm ng
v c chiu ngc vi chiu dng in i vo.
Chng III - Dng in xoay chiu
1. Dng in xoay chiu :
Dng in xoay chiu l dng in c chiu v gi tr bin i theo thi gian, nhng thay i ny thng
tun hon theo mt chu knht nh.

trn l cc dng in xoay chiu hnh sin, xung vung v xung nhn.
Chu k v tn s ca dng in xoay chiu.
Chu k ca dng in xoay chiu k hiu l T l khong thi gian m in xoay chiu lp li v tr c ,
chu kc tnh bng giy (s)
Tn sin xoay chiu : l s ln lp li trang thi c ca dng in xoay chiu trong mt giy k hiu l F
n v l Hz
F = 1 / T
Pha ca dng in xoay chiu :
Ni n pha ca dng xoay chiu ta thng ni ti s so snh gia 2 dng in xoay chiu c cng tn s .
* Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha l hai dng in c cc thi im in p cng tng v cng gim
nh nhau:

Hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha
* Hai dng in xoay chiu lch pha : l hai dng in c cc thi im in p tng gim lch nhau .

Hai dng in xoay chiu lch pha
* Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha : l hai dng in lch pha 180 , khi dng in ny tng th dng
in kia gim v ngc li.

Hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha
Bin ca dng in xoay chiu
Bin ca dng xoay chiu l gi trin p nh ca dng in.xoay chiu, bin ny thng cao
hn in p m ta o c t cc ng h
Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in xoay chiu
Thng l gi tro c t cc ng h v cng l gi trin p c ghi trn zc cm ngun ca cc
thit bin t., V d ngun 220V AC m ta ang s dng chnh l ch gi tr hiu dng, thc tbin
nh ca in p 220V AC khong 220V x 1,4 ln = khong 300V
Cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu .
Cng xut dng in xoay chiu ph thuc vo cng , in p v lch pha gia hai i lng trn ,
cng xut c tnh bi cng thc :
P = U.I.cos
Trong U : l in p
I l dng in l gc lch pha gia U v I
=> Nu dng xoay chiu i qua in tr th lch pha ga U v I l = 0 khi cos = 1 v P = U.I
=> Nu dng xoay chiu i qua cun dy hoc tin th lch pha gia U v I l +90 hoc -90,
khi cos = 0 v P = 0 ( cng xut ca dng in xoay chiu khi i qua tin hoc cun dy l = 0 )
2. Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr
Dng in xoay chiu i qua in tr th dng in v in p cng pha vi nhau , ngha l khi in p
tng cc i th dng in qua trcng tng cc i. nh vy dng xoay chiu c tnh cht nh dng mt
chiu khi i qua tr thun.do c th p dng cc cng thc ca dng mt chiu cho dng xoay chiu i
qua in tr
I = U / R hay R = U/I Cng thc nh lut ohm
P = U.I Cng thc tnh cng xut
3 . Dng in xoay chiu i qua tin .
Dng in xoay chiu i qua tin th dng in s sm pha hn in p 90

Dng xoay chiu c dng in sm pha hn in p 90 khi i qua t
* Dng xoay chiu i qua t s b t cn li vi mt tr khng gi l Zc, v Zc c tnh bi cng thc
Zc = 1/ ( 2 x 3,14 x F x C )
Trong Zc l dung khng ( n v l Ohm )F l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( n v l Hz) C l
in dung ca tin ( n v l Fara)
Cng thc trn cho thy dung khng ca tin t l nghch vi tn s dng xoay chiu (ngha l tn s
cng cao cng i qua t ddng) v t l nghc vi in dung ca t ( ngha l t c in dung cng ln
th dng xoay chiu i qua cng d dng)
=> Dng mt chiu l dng c tn s F = 0 do Zc = v vy dng mt chiu khng i qua c t.
4. Dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy.
Khi dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy s to ra t trng bin thin v t trng bin thin ny li
cm ng ln chnh cun dy mt in p cm ng c chiu ngc li , do cun dy c xu hng
chng li dng in xoay chiu khi i qua n, s chng li ny chnh l cm khng ca cun dy k hiu l
ZL
ZL = 2 x 3,14 x F x L
Trong ZL l cm khng ( n v l Ohm)
L l h s t cm ca cun dy ( n v l Henry) L ph thuc vo s vng dy qun v cht liu li .
F l tn s dng in xoay chiu ( n v l Hz)
T cng thc trn ta thy, cm khng ca cun dy t l thun vi tn s v h s t cm ca cun dy,
tn s cng cao th i qua cun dy cng kh khn => tnh cht ny ca cun dy ngc vi tin.
=> Vi dng mt chiu th ZL ca cun dy = 0 ohm, d dng mt chiu i qua cun dy ch chu tc
dng ca in tr thun R m thi ( tr thun ca cun dy l in tro c bng ng h vn nng ),
nu tr thun ca cun dy kh nh th dng mt chiu qua cun dy s bon mch.
* Dng in xoay chiu i qua cun dy th dng in b chm pha so vi in p 90 ngha l in p
tng nhanh hn dng in khi qua cun dy .

Dng xoay chiu c dng in chm pha hn in p 90 khi i qua cun dy
=>> Do tnh cht lch pha gia dng in v in p khi i qua t
in v cun dy, nn ta khng p dng c nh lut Ohm vo mch in xoay chiu khi c s tham
gia ca L v C c.
=>> V cng xut th dng xoay chiu khng sinh cng khi chng i qua L v C mc d c U > 0 v I >0.
5. Tng hp hai dng in xoay chiu trn cng mt mch in
* Trn cng mt mch in , nu xut hin hai dng in xoay chiu cng pha th bin in p s
bng tng hai in p thnh phn.

Hai dng in cng pha bin s tng.
* Nu trn cng mt mch in , nu xut hin hai dng in xoay chiu ngc pha th bin in p s
bng hiu hai in p thnh phn.

Hai dng in ngc pha, bin gim
Chng IV - Gii thiu ng h vn nng
1. Gii thiu vng h vn nng ( VOM)

ng h vn nng ( VOM ) l thit bo khng th thiu c vi bt k mt k thut vin in t no,
ng h vn nng c 4 chc nng chnh l o in tr, o in p DC, o in p AC v o dng in.
u im ca ng h l o nhanh, kim tra c nhiu loi linh kin, thy c s phng np ca tin
, tuy nhin ng h ny c hn ch v chnh xc v c tr khng thp khong 20K/Vol do vy khi o vo
cc mch cho dng thp chng b st p.
2. Hng dn o in p xoay chiu.

S dng ng h vn nng o p AC
Khi o in p xoay chiu ta chuyn thang o v cc thang AC, thang AC cao hn in p cn o
mt nc, V d nu o in p AC220V ta thang AC 250V, nu ta thang thp hn in p cn o th
ng h bo kch kim, nu thanh qu cao th kim bo thiu chnh xc.
* Ch -ch :

Tuyt i khng thang o in tr hay thang o dng in khi o vo in p xoay chiu => Nu
nhm ng h s b hng ngay lp tc !

nhm thang o dng in, o vo ngun AC => s hng ng h

nhm thang o in tr, o vo ngun AC => s hng cc in tr trong ng h
* Nu thang o p DC m o vo ngun AC th kim ng hkhng bo , nhng ng h khng nh
hng .

thang DC o p AC ng h khng ln kim tuy nhin ng h khng hng

3. Hng dn o in p mt chiu DC bng ng h vn nng.
Khi o in p mt chiu DC, ta nh chuyn thang o v thang DC, khi o ta t que vo cc dng
(+) ngun, que en vo cc m (-) ngun, thang o cao hn in p cn o mt nc. V d nu o p DC
110V ta thang DC 250V, trng hp thang o thp hn in p cn o => kim bo kch kim, trng
hp thang qu cao => kim bo thiu chnh xc.

Dng ng h vn nng o in p mt chiu DC

* Trng hp sai thang o :
Nu ta sai thang o, o p mt chiu nhng ta ng h thang xoay chiu th ng h s bo sai, thng
thng gi tr bo sai cao gp 2 ln gi tr thc ca in p DC, tuy nhin ng h cng khng b hng .

sai thang o khi o in p mt chiu => bo sai gi tr.
* Trng hp nhm thang o
Ch -ch : Tuyt i khng nhm ng h vo thang o dng in hoc thang o in tr khi ta o
in p mt chiu (DC) , nu nhm ng h s b hng ngay !!

Trng hp nhm thang o dng in khi o in p DC => ng h s b hng !

Trng hp nhm thang o in tr khi o in p DC => ng h s b hng cc in tr bn trong!
4. Hng dn o in tr v tr khng.
Vi thang o in tr ca ng h vn nng ta c tho c rt nhiu th.
o kim tra gi tr ca in tr
o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on dy dn
o kim tra s thng mch ca mt on mch in
o kim tra cc cun dy bin p c thng mch khng
o kim tra s phng np ca tin
o kim tra xem t c b d, b chp khng.
o kim tra tr khng ca mt mch in
o kim tra i t v bng bn dn.
* s dng c cc thang o ny ng h phi c lp 2 Pn tiu 1,5V bn trong, x dng cc
thang o 1Kohm hoc 10Kohm ta phi lp Pin 9V.
o in tr :

o kim tra in tr bng ng h vn nng
o tri sin tr ta thc hin theo cc bc sau :
Bc 1 : thang ng h v cc thang o tr, nu in trnh th thang x1 ohm hoc x10 ohm, nu
in tr ln th thang x1Kohm hoc 10Kohm. => sau chp hai que o v chnh trit o kim
ng h bo v tr 0 ohm.
Bc 2 : Chun bo .
Bc 3 : t que o vo hai u in tr, c tr s trn thang o , Gi tro c = ch s thang o X
thang o V d : nu thang x 100 ohm v ch s bo l 27 th gi tr l = 100 x 27 = 2700 ohm = 2,7
K ohm
Bc 4 : Nu ta thang o qu cao th kim ch ln mt cht , nh vy c tr s s khng chnh xc.
Bc 5 : Nu ta thang o qu thp , kim ln qu nhiu, v c tr s cng khng chnh xc.
Khi o in tr ta chn thang o sao cho kim bo gn v tr gia vch ch s s cho chnh xc
cao nht.
Dng thang in tro kim tra tin
Ta c th dng thang in tr kim tra phng np v hhng ca tin , khi o tin , nu l t
gm ta dng thang o x1K ohm hoc 10K ohm, nu l t ho ta dng thang x 1 ohm hoc x 10 ohm.

Dng thang x 1K ohm kim tra t gm
Php o t gm trn cho ta bit : T C1 cn tt => kim phng np khi ta o T C2 b d => ln kim
nhng khng tr v v tr cT C3 b chp => kim ng h ln = 0 ohm v khng tr v.

Dng thang x 10 ohm kim tra t ho
trn l php o kim tra cc t ho, t ho rt t khi b d hoc chp m ch yu l b kh ( gim in
dung) khi o t ho bit chnh xc mc hng ca t ta cn o so snh vi mt t mi c cng in
dung.
trn l php o so snh hai t ho cng in dung, trong t C1 l t mi cn C2 l t c, ta thy t
C2 c phng np yu hn t C1 => chng t t C2 b kh ( gim in dung )
Ch khi o t phng np, ta phi o chiu que o vi ln xem phng np.
5. Hng dn o dng in bng ng h vn nng.
Cch 1 : Dng thang o dng
o dng in bng ng h vn nng, ta o ng h ni tip vi ti tiu th v ch l cho c
dng in nh hn gi tr ca thang o cho php, ta thc hin theo cc bc sau
Bc 1 : t ng h vo thang o dng cao nht . Bc 2: t que ng h ni tip vi ti, que
v chiu
dng, que en v chiu m . Nu kim ln thp qu th gim thang o Nu kim ln kch kim th
tng thang o, nu thang o
thang cao nht th ng h khng o c dng in ny. Ch s kim bo s cho ta bit gi tr
dng in .
Cch 2 : Dng thang o p DC
Ta c tho dng in qua ti bng cch o st p trn in trhn dng mc ni vi ti, in p o c
chia cho gi tr tr hn dng s cho bit gi tr dng in, phng php ny c tho c cc dng in ln
hn kh nng cho php ca ng h v ng hcmg an ton hn.
Cch c tr s dng in v in p khi o nh th no ?

* c gi tr in p AC v DC
Khi o in p DC th ta c gi tr trn vch ch s DCV.A
Nu ta thang o 250V th ta c trn vch c gi tr cao nht l 250, tng t thang 10V th c trn
vch c gi tr cao nht l 10. trng hp thang 1000V nhng khng c vch no ghi cho gi tr
1000 th c trn vch gi tr Max = 10, gi tro c nhn vi 100 ln
Khi o in p AC th c gi tr cng tng t. c trn vch AC.10V, nu o thang c gi tr khc th
ta tnh theo t l. V d nu thang 250V th mi ch s ca vch 10 s tng ng vi 25V.
Khi o dng in th c gi tr tng tc gi tr khi o in p .
6. Gii thiu v ng h s DIGITAL
ng h s Digital c mt su im so vi ng h c kh, l chnh xc cao hn, tr khng ca
ng h cao hn do khng gy st p khi o vo dng in yu, o c tn sin xoay chiu, tuy
nhin ng h ny c mt s nhc im l chy bng mch in t ln hay hng, kh nhn kt qu trong
trng hp cn o nhanh, khng o c phng np ca t.

ng h vn nng s Digital
Hng dn s dng :
* o in p mt chiu ( hoc xoay chiu )

t ng h vo thang o in p DC hoc AC
que ng h vo l cm " V mA" que en vo l cm "COM"
Bm nt DC/AC chn thang o l DC nu o p mt chiu hoc AC nu o p xoay chiu.
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "V" hy thang o cao nht nu cha bit r in p, nu gi tr bo dng
thp phn th ta gim thang o sau.
t thang o vo in p cn o v c gi tr trn mn hnh LCD ca ng h.
Nu t ngc que o(vi in mt chiu) ng h s bo gi tr m (-)
* o dng in DC (AC)
Chuyn que ng h v thang mA nu o dng nh, hoc 20A nu o dng
ln. Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "A" Bm nt DC/AC chn o dng mt
chiu DC hay xoay chiu AC t que o ni tip vi mch cn o c gi
tr hin th trn mn hnh.
* o in tr
Tr li v tr dy cm nh khi o in p .
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr o " ", nu cha bit gi trin tr th chn thang o cao nht , nu kt
qu l s thp phn th ta gim xung.
t que o vo hai u in tr.
c gi tr trn mn hnh.
Chc nng o in tr cn c tho s thng mch, gi so mt on dy dn bng thang o tr, nu
thng mch th ng h pht ra tin ku
* o tn s
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "FREQ" hoc " Hz" thang o nh khi o in p . t que o vo cc
im cn o c tr s trn mn hnh.
* o Logic
o Logic l o vo cc mch s ( Digital) hoc o cc chn ln ca vi x l, o Logic thc cht l o
trng thi c in - K hiu "1" hay khng c in "0", cch o nh sau:
Xoay chuyn mch v v tr "LOGIC"
t que vo v tr cn o que en vo mass
Mn hnh ch "" l bo mc logic mc cao, ch "" lbo logic mc thp
* o cc chc nng khc
ng h vn nng s Digital cn mt s chc nng o khc nho i t, o tin, o Transistor
nhng nu ta o cc linh kin trn, ta ln dng ng h c kh s cho kt qu tt hn v o nhanh hn.
Chng V -in tr
1. Khi nim vin tr.
in tr l g ? Ta hiu mt cch n gin -in tr l s cn tr dng in ca mt vt dn in, nu
mt vt dn in tt th in tr nh, vt dn in km th in tr ln, vt cch in th in tr l v cng
ln.
in tr ca dy dn :
in tr ca dy dn ph thc vo cht liu, di v tit din ca dy. c tnh theo cng thc sau: R =
.L / S Trong l in tr xut ph thuc vo cht liu L l chiu di dy dn S l tit din dy dn
R l in trn v l Ohm
2. in tr trong thit bin t.
a) Hnh dng v k hiu : Trong thit bin tin tr l mt linh kin quan trng, chng c lm
t hp cht cacbon v kim loi tu theo t l pha trn m ngi ta to ra c cc loi in trc tr s khc
nhau.

Hnh dng ca in tr trong thit bin t.

K hiu ca in tr trn cc s nguyn l.
b) n v ca in tr
n vin tr l (Ohm) , K , M1K = 1000
1M = 1000 K = 1000.000
b) Cch ghi tr s ca in tr
Cc in tr c kch thc nhc ghi tr s bng cc vch mu theo mt quy c chung ca th gii.(
xem hnh trn )
Cc in tr c kch thc ln hn t 2W tr ln thng c ghi tr s trc tip trn thn. V d nh cc
in tr cng xut, in tr s.

Tr s cng xut ln , tr sc ghi trc tip.
3. Cch c tr s in tr .
Quy c mu Quc t
Mu sc Gi tr Mu sc Gi
tr
en 0 Xanh l 5
Nu 1 Xanh l 6
2 Tm 7
Cam 3 Xm 8
Vng 4 Trng 9
Nh vng -1
Nh bc -2


in tr thng c k hiu bng 4 vng mu , in tr chnh xc th k hiu bng 5 vng mu.
* Cch c tr sin tr 4 vng mu :

Cch c in tr 4 vng mu
Vng s 4 l vng cui lun lun c mu nh vng hay nhbc, y l vng ch sai s ca in tr,
khi c tr s ta b qua vng ny.
i din vi vng cui l vng s 1, tip theo n vng s 2, s3
Vng s 1 v vng s 2 l hng chc v hng n v
Vng s 3 l bi s ca c s 10.
Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2) x 10
( m vng 3)
C th tnh vng s 3 l s con s khng "0" thm vo Mu nh
ch c vng sai s hoc vng s 3, nu vng s 3 l nh th s m ca c s 10 l s m.
* Cch c tr sin tr 5 vng mu : ( in tr chnh xc )

Vng s 5 l vng cui cng , l vng ghi sai s, tr 5 vng mu th mu sai s c nhiu mu, do
gy kh khn cho ta khi xc inh u l vng cui cng, tuy nhin vng cui lun c khong cch
xa hn mt cht.
i din vng cui l vng s 1
Tng t cch c tr s ca tr 4 vng mu nhng y vng s 4 l bi s ca c s 10, vng s 1, s
2, s 3 ln lt l hng trm, hng chc v hng n v.
Tr s = (vng 1)(vng 2)(vng 3) x 10
( m vng 4)

C th tnh vng s 4 l s con s khng "0" thm vo

4. Thc hnh c tr sin tr.

Cc in tr khc nhau vng mu th 3
Khi cc in tr khc nhau vng mu th 3, th ta thy vng mu bi s ny thng thay i t mu nh
bc cho n mu xanh l , tng ng vi in tr < 1 n hng M.

Cc in tr c vng mu s 1 v s 2 thay i .
hnh trn l cc gi trin tr ta thng gp trong thc t, khi vng mu s 3 thay i th cc gi
trin tr trn tng gim 10 ln.
Bi tp - Bn hy on nhanh tr s trc khi p n xut hin, khi no tt c cc tr s m bn on
ng trc khi kt qu xut hin l kin thc ca bn phn ny n ri !

Bi tp -on nhanh kt qu tr sin tr.
5. Cc tr sin tr thng dng.
Ta khng th kim c mt in tr c tr s bt k, cc nh sn xut cha ra khong 150 loi tr
sin tr thng dng , bng di y l mu sc v tr s ca cc in tr thng dng.

Cc gi trin tr thng dng.
6. Phn loi in tr.
in tr thng : in tr thng l cc in tr c cng xut nh t 0,125W n 0,5W
in tr cng xut : L cc in tr c cng xut ln hn t1W, 2W, 5W, 10W.
in tr s, in tr nhit : L cch gi khc ca cc in trcng xut , in tr ny c v bc s, khi
hot ng chng tonhit.

Cc in tr : 2W - 1W -0,5W - 0,25W

in tr s hay tr nhit
7. Cng xut ca in tr.
Khi mc in tr vo mt on mch, bn thn in tr tiu thmt cng xut P tnh c theo cng
thc
P = U . I = U
2
/ R = I
2
.R
Theo cng thc trn ta thy, cng xut tiu th ca in tr phthuc vo dng in i qua in tr
hoc ph thuc vo in p trn hai u in tr.
Cng xut tiu th ca in tr l hon ton tnh c trc khi lp in tr vo mch.
Nu em mt in tr c cng xut danh nh nh hn cng xut n s tiu th th in tr s b
chy.
Thng thng ngi ta lp in tr vo mch c cng xut danh nh > = 2 ln cng xut m n
s tiu th.

in tr chy do qu cng xut
s trn cho ta thy : Ngun Vcc l 12V, cc in tru c tr s l 120 nhng c cng xut
khc nhau, khi cc cng tc K1 v K2 ng, cc in tru tiu th mt cng xut l
P = U
2
/ R = (12 x 12) / 120 = 1,2W
Khi K1 ng, do in tr c cng xut ln hn cng xut tiu th , nn in tr khng chy.
Khi K2 ng, in tr c cng xut nh hn cng xut tiu th , nn in tr b chy .
8. Bin tr, trit p :
Bin tr L in tr c th chnh thay i gi tr, c k hiu l VR chng c hnh dng nh sau :

Hnh dng bin tr K hiu trn s
Bin tr thng rp trong my phc v cho qu trnh sa cha, cn chnh ca k thut vin, bin tr c
cu to nh hnh bn di.

Cu to ca bin tr
Trit p : Trit p cng tng t bin tr nhng c thm cn chnh v thng b tr pha trc mt my
cho ngi s dng iu chnh. V d nh - Trit p Volume, trit p Bass, Treec v.v.. , trit p ngha l trit
ra mt phn in p tu vo tu theo mc chnh.

K hiu trit p trn s nguyn l.

Hnh dng trit p Cu to trong trit p
hj
Trong thc t , khi ta cn mt in tr c tr s bt k ta khng thc c , v in tr chc sn xut
khong trn 100 loi c cc gi tr thng dng, do c mt in tr bt k ta phi u in tr song
song hoc ni tip.
9. in tr mc ni tip .

in tr mc ni tip.
Cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr tng ng bng tng cc in tr thnh phn cng li. Rtd = R1
+ R2 + R3
Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc ni tip c gi tr bng nhau v bng I I = ( U1 / R1) = ( U2 /
R2) = ( U3 / R3 )
T cng thc trn ta thy rng , st p trn cc in tr mc ni tip t l thun vi gi trint tr .
10. in tr mc song song.

in tr mc song song
Cc in tr mc song song c gi tr tng ng Rtd c tnh bi cng thc (1 / Rtd) = (1 / R1) + (1 /
R2) + (1 / R3)
Nu mch ch c 2 in tr song song th Rtd = R1.R2 / ( R1 + R2)
Dng in chy qua cc in tr mc song song t l nghch
vi gi trin tr .
I1 = ( U / R1) , I2 = ( U / R2) , I3 =( U / R3 ) in p trn cc in tr mc song song lun bng nhau
11. in tr mc hn hp

in tr mc hn hp.
Mc hn hp cc in tr to ra in tr ti u hn .
V d: nu ta cn mt in tr 9K ta c th mc 2 in tr 15K song song sau mc ni tip vi in
tr 1,5K .
12 . ng dng ca in tr :
in tr c mt mi ni trong thit bin t v nh vy in trl linh kin quan trng khng th thiu
c , trong mch in , in tr c nhng tc dng sau :
Khng ch dng in qua ti cho ph hp, V d c mt bng n 9V, nhng ta ch c ngun 12V,
ta c thu ni tip bng n vi in tr st p bt 3V trn in tr.

u ni tip vi bng n mt in tr.
-Nh hnh trn ta c th tnh c tr s v cng xut ca in tr cho ph hp nh sau: Bng n c
in p 9V v cng xut 2W vy dng tiu th l I = P / U = (2 / 9 ) = Ampe cng chnh l dng in i
qua in tr.
-V ngun l 12V, bng n 9V nn cn st p trn R l 3V vy ta suy ra in tr cn tm l R = U/ I =
3 / (2/9) = 27 / 2 = 13,5
-Cng xut tiu th trn in tr l : P = U.I = 3.(2/9) = 6/9 W v vy ta phi dng in tr c cng
xut P > 6/9 W Mc in tr thnh cu phn p c c mt in p theo mun t mt in p
cho trc.

Cu phn p ly ra p U1 tu .
T ngun 12V trn thng qua cu phn p R1 v R2 ta ly ra in p U1, p U1 ph thuc vo gi tr
hai in tr R1 v R2.theo cng thc .
U1 / U = R1 / (R1 + R2) => U1 = U.R1(R1 + R2)
Thay i gi tr R1 hoc R2 ta s thu c in p U1 theo mun.
Phn cc cho bng bn dn hot ng .

Mch phn cc cho Transistor
Tham gia vo cc mch to dao ng R C

Mch to dao ng s dng IC 555

Chng VI - T in
Tin : Tin l linh kin in t thng c s dng rt rng ri trong cc mch in t, chng
c s dng trong cc mch lc ngun, lc nhiu, mch truyn tn hiu xoay chiu, mch to dao ng
.vv...
1. Cu to ca tin .
Cu to ca tin gm hai bn cc t song song, gia c mt lp cch in gi l in mi.
Ngi ta thng dng giy, gm , mica, giy tm ho cht lm cht in mi v tin cng c phn
loi theo tn gi ca cc cht in mi ny nh T giy, T gm, T ho.

Cu to tgm Cu to t ho
2. Hnh dng thc t ca tin.

Hnh dng ca t gm.

Hnh dng ca t ho
3. in dung , n v v k hiu ca tin.
* in dung : L i lng ni ln kh nng tch in trn hai bn cc ca tin, in dung ca tin
ph thuc vo din tch bn cc, vt liu lm cht in mi v khong cch gi hai bn cc theo cng thc
C = . S / d
Trong C : l in dung tin , n v l Fara (F) : L hng sin mi ca lp cch in. d : l
chiu dy ca lp cch in. S : l din tch bn cc ca tin.
* n vin dung ca t : n v l Fara (F) , 1Fara l rt ln do trong thc t thng dng cc
n v nh hn nhMicroFara (F) , NanoFara (nF), PicoFara (pF).
z 1 Fara = 1000 Fara = 1000.000 n F = 1000.000.000 p F z 1 Fara = 1000 n Fara z 1 n Fara = 1000 p
Fara
* K hiu : Tin c k hiu l C (Capacitor)

K hiu ca t in trn s nguyn l.
4. S phng np ca tin .
Mt tnh cht quan trng ca tin l tnh cht phng np ca t , nh tnh cht ny m t c kh nng
dn in xoay chiu.

Minh hov tnh cht phng np ca tin.
* T np in : Nh hnh nh trn ta thy rng , khi cng tc K1 ng, dng in t ngun U i qua
bng n np vo t, dng np ny lm bng n lo sng, khi t np y th dng np gim bng 0 v
vy bng n tt.
* T phng in : Khi t np y, nu cng tc K1 m, cng tc K2 ng th dng in t cc
dng (+) ca t phng qua bng n v cc m (-) lm bng n lo sng, khi t phng ht in th bng
n tt.

=> Nu in dung t cng ln th bng n lo sng cng lu hay thi gian phng np cng lu.
5 . Cch c gi trin dung trn tin.
* Vi t ho : Gi trin dung ca t ho c ghi trc tip trn thn t
=> T ho l t c phn cc (-) , (+) v lun lun c hnh tr .

T ho ghi in dung l 185 F / 320 V
* Vi t giy , t gm : T giy v t gm c tr s ghi bng k hiu

T gm ghi tr s bng k hiu.
Cch c :Ly hai ch su nhn vi 10
(M s th 3 )
V d t gm bn phi hnh nh trn ghi 474K ngha
l
Gi tr = 47 x 10
4
= 470000p ( Ly n v l pic Fara) = 470 n Fara = 0,47 F
Ch K hoc J cui l ch sai s 5% hay 10% ca tin .
* Thc hnh c tr s ca tin.

Cch c tr s t git v t gm .
Ch : ch K l sai s ca t . 50V l in p cc i m t chu c.
* T giy v t gm cn c mt cch ghi tr s khc l ghi theo sthp phn v ly n v l MicroFara

Mt cch ghi tr s khc ca t giy v t gm.
6. ngh ca gi trin p ghi trn thn t :
Ta thy rng bt k tin no cng c ghi tr sin p ngay sau gi trin dung, y chnh l
gi trin p cc i m t chu c, qu in p ny t s b n.
Khi lp t vo trong mt mch in c in p l U th bao gingi ta cng lp tin c gi trin
p Max cao gp khong 1,4 ln.
V d mch 12V phi lp t 16V, mch 24V phi lp t 35V. vv...
Tin c nhiu loi nh T giy, T gm, T mi ca , T ho nhng v tnh cht th ta phn t l hai
loi chnh l t khng phn cc v t phn cc
7. T giy, T gm, T mica. (T khng phn cc )
Cc loi t ny khng phn bit m dng v thng c in dung nh t 0,47 F tr xung, cc t ny
thng c s dng trong cc mch in c tn s cao hoc mch lc nhiu.

T gm - l t khng phn cc.
8. T ho ( T c phn cc )
T ho l t c phn cc m dng , t ho c tr s ln hn v gi tr t 0,47F n khong 4.700 F ,
t ho thng c s dng trong cc mch c tn s thp hoc dng lc ngun, t ho lun lun c hnh
tr..

T ho - L t c phn cc m dng.
9. T xoay .
T xoay l t c th xoay thay i gi trin dung, t ny thng c lp trong Radio thay i
tn s cng hng khi ta d i.

T xoay s dng trong Radio
10. o kim tra t giy v t gm.
T giy v t gm thng hng dng b d r hoc b chp, pht hin t d r hoc b chp ta quan st
hnh nh sau y .

o kim tra t giy hoc t gm .
hnh nh trn l php o kim tra t gm, c ba t C1 , C2 v C3 c in dung bng nhau, trong C1 l
t tt, C2 l t b d v C3 l t b chp.
Khi o t C1 ( T tt ) kim phng ln 1 cht ri tr v v tr c.
( Lu cc t nh qu < 1nF th kim s khng phng np )
Khi o t C2 ( T b d ) ta thy kim ln lng chng thang o v dng li khng tr v v tr c.
Khi o t C3 ( T b chp ) ta thy kim ln = 0 v khng trv.
Lu : Khi o kim tra t giy hoc t gm ta phi ng h thang x1K hoc x10K, v phi o
chiu kim ng hvi ln khi o.
11. o kim tra t ho
T ho t khi b d hay b chp nh t giy, nhng chng li hay hng dng b kh ( kh ho cht bn
trong lp in mi ) lm in dung ca t b gim , kim tra t ho , ta thng so snh phng np ca
t vi mt t cn tt c cng in dung, hnh nh di y minh ho cc bc kim tra t ho.

o kim tra t ho
kim tra t ho C2 c tr s 100F c b gim in dung hay khng, ta dng t C1 cn mi c cng
in dung v o so snh.
ng h thang t x1n x100 ( in dung cng ln th thang cng thp )
o vo hai t v so snh phng np , khi o ta o chiu que o vi ln.
Nu hai t phng np bng nhau l t cn kim tra cn tt, trn ta thy t C2 phng np km hn do
t C2 trn bkh.
Trng hp kim ln m khng tr v l t b d.
Ch : Nu kim tra tin trc tip trn mch , ta cn phi ht rng mt chn t khi mch in, sau
kim tra nh trn.
12 . Tin mc ni tip .
Cc tin mc ni tip c in dung tng ng C tc tnh bi cng thc : 1 / C t = (1 / C1 )
+ ( 1 / C2 ) + ( 1 / C3 ) Trng hp ch c 2 t mc ni tip th C t = C1.C2 / ( C1 +
C2 )
Khi mc ni tip th in p chu ng ca t tng ng bng tng in p ca cc t cng li.
U t = U1 + U2 + U3
Khi mc ni tip cc tin, nu l cc t ho ta cn ch chiu ca tin, cc m t trc phi
ni vi cc dng tsau:

Tin mc ni tip Tin mc song song
13 . Tin mc song song.
Cc tin mc song song th c in dung tng ng bng tng in dung ca cc t cng li . C =
C1 + C2 + C3
in p chu ng ca tin tng tng bng in p ca tc in p thp nht.
Nu l t ho th cc tphi c u cng chiu m dng.
14. ng dng ca tin .
Tin c s dng rt nhiu trong k thut in v in t, trong cc thit bin t, tin l mt linh
kin khng th thiu c, mi mch in tu c mt cng dng nht nh nh truyn dn tn hiu , lc
nhiu, lc in ngun, to dao ng ..vv...
Di y l mt s nhng hnh nh minh ho vng dng ca tin.
* Tin trong mch lc ngun.

T ho trong mch lc ngun.
Trong mch lc ngun nh hnh trn , t ho c tc dng lc cho in p mt chiu sau khi chnh lu
c bng phng cung cp cho ti tiu th, ta thy nu khng c t th p DC sau i t l in p
nhp nh, khi c tin p ny c lc tng i phng, tin cng ln th in p DC ny cng
phng.
* Tin trong mch dao ng a hi to xung vung.

Mch dao ng a hi s dng 2 TransistorBn c th lp mch trn vi cc thng s cho trn s.
Hai n bo sng s dng n Led du song song vi cc CE ca hai Transistor, ch u ng chiu m
dng.
Chng VII - Cun dy & Bin p
1. Cu to ca cun cm.
Cun cm gm mt s vng dy qun li thnh nhiu vng, dy qun c sn emay cch in, li cun
dy c th l khng kh, hoc l vt liu dn t nh Ferrite hay li thp k thut .

Cun dy li khng kh Cun dy li Ferit

K hiu cun dy trn s : L1 l cun dy li khng kh, L2 l cun dy li ferit, L3 l cun dy c li
chnh, L4 l cun dy li thp k thut
2. Cc i lng c trng ca cun cm.
a) H s t cm ( nh lut Faraday) H s t cm l i lng c trng cho sc in ng
cm ng ca cun dy khi c dng in bin thin chy qua.
L = ( r.4.3,14.n
2
.S.10
-7
) / l
L : l h s t cm ca cun dy, n v l Henrry (H)
{ n : l s vng dy ca cun dy.
{ l : l chiu di ca cun dy tnh bng mt (m)
{ S : l tit din ca li, tnh bng m
2
r : l h s t thm ca vt liu lm li .

b) Cm khng
Cm khng ca cun dy l i lng c trng cho s cn tr dng in ca cun dy i vi dng in
xoay chiu .
ZL = 2.3,14.f.L
Trong : ZL l cm khng, n v l
{ f : l tn sn v l Hz
{ L : l h s t cm , n v l Henry


Th nghim v cm khng ca cun dy vi dng in xoay chiu
* Th nghim trn minh ho : Cun dy ni tip vi bng n sau c u vo cc ngun in
12V nhng c tn s khc nhau thng qua cc cng tc K1, K2 , K3 , khi K1 ng dng in mt chiu i
qua cun dy mnh nht ( V ZL= 0 ) => do bng n sng nht, khi K2 ng dng in xoay chu
50Hz i qua cun dy yy hn ( do ZL tng ) => bng n sng yu i, khi K3 ng , dng in xoay chiu
200Hz i qua cun dy yu nht ( do ZL tng cao nht) => bng n sng yu nht.
=> Kt lun : Cm khng ca cun dy t l vi h s t cm ca cun dy v t l vi tn s dng in
xoay chiu, ngha l dng in xoay chiu c tn s cng cao th i qua cun dy cng kh, dng in mt
chiu c tn s f = 0 Hz v vy vi dng mt chiu cun dy c cm khng ZL = 0
c) in tr thun ca cun dy.
in tr thun ca cun dy l in tr m ta c tho c bng ng h vn nng, thng thng cun
dy c phm cht tt th in tr thun phi tng i nh so vi cm khng, in tr thun cn gi l in
tr tn hao v chnh in tr ny sinh ra nhit khi cun dy hot ng.
3. Tnh cht np , x ca cun cm
* Cun dy np nng lng : Khi cho mt dng in chy qua cun dy, cun dy np mt nng
lng di dng t trng c tnh theo cng thc
W = L.I
2
/ 2
W : nng lng ( June ) L : H s t cm ( H ) I dng in.

Th nghim v tnh np x ca cun dy.
th nghim trn : Khi K1 ng, dng in qua cun dy tng dn ( do cun dy sinh ra cm khng
chng li dng in tng t ngt ) v vy bng n sng t t, khi K1 va ngt v K2 ng , nng lng
np trong cun dy to thnh in p cm ng phng ngc li qua bng n lm bng n lo sng =>
l hin tng cun dy xin.
4. Loa ( Speaker )
Loa l mt ng dng ca cun dy v t trng.

Loa 4 -20W ( Speaker ) Cu to v hot ng ca Loa ( Speaker )

Cu to ca loa : Loa gm mt nam chm hnh tr c hai cc lng vo nhau , cc N gia v cc S
xung quanh, gia hai cc to thnh mt khe t c t trng kh mnh, mt cun dy c gn vi mng loa
v c t trong khe t, mng loa c bng gn cao su mm gip cho mng loa c th d dng dao
ng ra vo.
Hot ng : Khi ta cho dng in m tn ( in xoay chiu t 20 Hz => 20.000Hz ) chy qua cun dy,
cun dy to ra t trng bin thin v b t trng cnh ca nam chm y ra, y vo lm cun dy dao
ng => mng loa dao ng theo v pht ra m thanh.
Ch : Tuyt i ta khng c a dng in mt chiu vo loa , v dng in mt chiu ch to ra t
trng cnh v cun dy ca loa ch lch v mt hng ri dng li, khi dng mt chiu qua cun dy
tng mnh ( do khng c in p cm ng theo chiu ngc lai ) v vy cun dy s b chy .
5 . Micro

Micro
Thc cht cu to Micro l mt chic loa thu nh, v cu to Micro ging loa nhng Micro c s vng
qun trn cun dy ln hn loa rt nhiu v vy tr khng ca cun dy micro l rt ln khong 600( tr
khng loa t 4 - 16 ) ngoi ra mng micro cng c cu to rt mng d dng dao ng khi c m
thanh tc ng vo. Loa l thit b chuyn dng in thnh m thanh cn micro th ngc li , Micro i
m thanh thnh dng in m tn.
6.R le ( Relay)

R le
R le cng l mt ng dng ca cun dy trong sn xut thit bin t, nguyn l hot ng ca Rle l
bin i dng in thnh ttrng thng qua qun dy, t trng li to thnh lc c hc thng qua lc ht
thc hin mt ng tc v c kh nhng m cng tc, ng m cc hnh trnh ca mt thit b tng
vv...

Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca R le
7. Bin p.
Bin p l thit b bin i in p xoay chiu, cu to bao gm mt cun s cp ( a in p vo ) v
mt hay nhiu cun th cp ( ly in p ra s dng) cng qun trn mt li t c th l l thp hoc li
ferit .

K hiu ca bin p
* T s vng / vol ca bin p .
Gi n1 v n2 l s vng ca qun s cp v th cp.
U1 v I1 l in p v dng in i vo cun s cp
U2 v I2 l in p v dng in i ra t cun th cp.
Ta c cc h thc nh sau :
U1 / U2 = n1 / n2 in p trn hai cun dy s cp v thcp t l thun vi s vng dy qun.
U1 / U2 = I2 / I1 Dng in trn hai u cun dy t lnghch vi in p, ngha l nu ta ly ra
in p cng cao th cho dng cng nh.
* Cng xut ca bin p .
Cng xut ca bin p ph thuc tit din ca li t, v ph thuc vo tn s ca dng in xoay chiu,
bin p hot ng tn s cng cao th cho cng xut cng ln.
* Phn loi bin p .
* Bin p ngun v bin p m tn:

Bin p ngun Bin p ngun hnh xuyn
Bin p ngun thng gp trong Cassete, mply .. , bin p ny hot ng tn sin li 50Hz , li
bin p s dng cc l Tnsilic hnh ch E v I ghp li, bin p ny c t s vng / vol ln.
Bin p m tn s dng lm bin p o pha v bin p ra loa trong cc mch khuych i cng xut m
tn,bin p cng s dng l Tnsilic lm li t nh bin p ngun, nhng l tnsilic trong bin p m tn
mng hn trnh tn hao, bin p m tn hot ng tn scao hn , v vy c s vng vol thp hn, khi
thit k bin p m tn ngi ta thng ly gi tr tn s trung bnh khong 1KHz -n 3KHz.
* Bin p xung & Cao p .

Bin p xung Cao p
Bin p xung l bin p hot ng tn s cao khong vi chc KHz nh bin p trong cc b ngun xung
, bin p cao p . li bin p xung lm bng ferit , do hot ng tn s cao nn bin p xung cho cng xut
rt mnh, so vi bin p ngun thng thng c cng trng lng th bin p xung c th cho cng xut
mnh gp hng chc ln.

Chng VIII - Cht bn dn & Diode .
1. Cht bn dn.
Cht bn dn l nguyn liu sn xut ra cc loi linh kin bn dn nh Diode, Transistor, IC m ta
thy trong cc thit bin tngy nay.
Cht bn dn l nhng cht c c im trung gian gia cht dn in v cht cch in, v phng din
ho hc th bn dn l nhng cht c 4 in t lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t. l cc cht Germanium (
Ge) v Silicium (Si)
T cc cht bn dn ban u ( tinh khit) ngi ta phi to ra hai loi bn dn l bn dn loi N v bn
dn loi P, sau ghp cc ming bn dn loi N v P li ta thu c Diode hay Transistor.
Si v Ge u c ho tr 4, tc l lp ngoi cng c 4 in t, thtinh khit cc nguyn t Si (Ge) lin
kt vi nhau theo lin kt cng ho tr nh hnh di.

Cht bn dn tinh khit .
2. Cht bn dn loi N
* Khi ta pha mt lng nh cht c ho tr 5 nh Phospho (P) vo cht bn dn Si th mt nguyn t P
lin kt vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin kt cng ho tr, nguyn t Phospho ch c 4 in t tham gia lin kt
v cn d mt in t v tr thnh in t t do => Cht bn dn lc ny tr thnh tha in t ( mang in
m) v c gi l bn dn N ( Negative : m ).


Ngc li khi ta pha thm mt lng nh cht c ho tr 3 nhIndium (In) vo cht bn dn Si th 1
nguyn t Indium s lin kt vi 4 nguyn t Si theo lin kt cng ho tr v lin kt b thiu mt in t =>
tr thnh l trng ( mang in dng) v c gi l cht bn dn P.

Cht bn dn P
4. Tip gip P - N v Cu to ca Diode bn dn.
Khi c c hai cht bn dn l P v N , nu ghp hai cht bn dn theo mt tip gip P - N ta c
mt Diode, tip gip P -N c c im : Ti b mt tip xc, cc in t d tha trong bn dn N khuych
tn sang vng bn dn P lp vo cc l trng => to thnh mt lp Ion trung ho vin => lp Ion ny
to thnh min cch in gia hai cht bn dn.

Mi tip xc P - N => Cu to ca Diode .
* hnh trn l mi tip xc P - N v cng chnh l cu to ca Diode bn dn.


K hiu v hnh dng ca Diode bn dn.
5. Phn cc thun cho Diode.
Khi ta cp in p dng (+) vo Ant ( vng bn dn P ) v in p m (-) vo Katt ( vng bn dn N
) , khi di tc dng tng tc ca in p, min cch in thu hp li, khi in p chnh lch gihai cc
t 0,6V ( vi Diode loi Si ) hoc 0,2V ( vi Diode loi Ge ) th din tch min cch in gim bng khng
=> Diode bt u dn in. Nu tip tc tng in p ngun th dng qua Diode tng nhanh nhng chnh
lch in p gia hai cc ca Diode khng tng (vn gi mc 0,6V )

Diode (Si) phn cc thun - Khi Dode dn in p thun c gim mc 0,6V

ng c tuyn ca in p thun qua Diode
* Kt lun : Khi Diode (loi Si) c phn cc thun, nu in p phn cc thun < 0,6V th cha c
dng i qua Diode, Nu p phn cc thun t = 0,6V th c dng i qua Diode sau dng in qua
Diode tng nhanh nhng st p thun vn gi gi tr 0,6V .
6. Phn cc ngc cho Diode.
Khi phn cc ngc cho Diode tc l cp ngun (+) vo Katt (bn dn N), ngun (-) vo Ant (bn dn
P), di s tng tc ca in p ngc, min cch in cng rng ra v ngn cn dng in i qua mi tip
gip, Diode c th chiu c in p ngc rt ln khong 1000V th diode mi bnh thng.

Diode ch b chy khi p phn cc ngc tng > = 1000V
7. Phng php o kim tra Diode

o kim tra Diode
t ng h thang x 1 , t hai que o vo hai u Diode, nu :
o chiu thun que en vo Ant, que vo Katt => kim ln, o chiu o kim khng ln l => Diode
tt
Nu o c hai chiu kim ln = 0 => l Diode b chp.
Nu o thun chiu m kim khng ln => l Diode bt.
php o trn th Diode D1 tt , Diode D2 b chp v D3 bt
Nu thang 1K m o ngc vo Diode kim vn ln mt cht l Diode b d.
8. ng dng ca Diode bn dn .
* Do tnh cht dn in mt chiu nn Diode thng c s dng trong cc mch chnh lu ngun xoay
chiu thnh mt chiu, cc mch tch sng, mch gim p phn cc cho transistor hot ng . trong mch
chnh lu Diode c thc tch hp thnh Diode cu c dng .

Diode cu trong mch chnh lu in xoay chiu .
9. Diode Zener
* Cu to : Diode Zener c cu to tng t Diode thng nhng c hai lp bn dn P - N ghp vi nhau,
Diode Zener c ng dng trong ch phn cc ngc, khi phn cc thun Diode zener nhdiode thng
nhng khi phn cc ngc Diode zener s gim li mt mc in p cnh bng gi tr ghi trn diode.

Hnh dng Diode Zener ( Dz )

K hiu v ng dng ca Diode zener trong mch.
S trn minh hong dng ca Dz, ngun U1 l ngun c
in p thay i, Dz l diode n p, R1 l tr hn dng.
Ta thy rng khi ngun U1 > Dz th p trn Dz lun lun cnh cho d ngun U1 thay i.
Khi ngun U1 thay i th dng ngc qua Dz thay i, dng ngc qua Dz c gi tr gii hn khong
30mA.
Thng thng ngi ta s dng ngun U1 > 1,5 => 2 ln Dz v lp tr hn dng R1 sao cho dng ngc
ln nht qua Dz < 30mA.

10. Diode Thu quang. ( Photo Diode )
Diode thu quang hot ng ch phn cc nghch, v diode c mt ming thu tinh nh sng chiu
vo mi P - N , dng in ngc qua diode t l thun vi cng nh sng chiu vo diode.

K hiu ca Photo Diode

Minh ho s hot ng ca Photo Diode
11. Diode Pht quang ( Light Emiting Diode : LED )
Diode pht phang l Diode pht ra nh sng khi c phn cc thun, in p lm vic ca LED khong
1,7 => 2,2V dng qua Led khong t 5mA n 20mA
Led c s dng lm n bo ngun, n nhy trang tr, bo trng thi c in . vv...

Diode pht quang LED
12. Diode Varicap ( Diode bin dung )
Diode bin dung l Diode c in dung nh tin, v in dung bin i khi ta thay i in p ngc
t vo Diode.

n dng ca Diode bin dung Varicap ( VD ) trong mch cng hng
hnh trn khi ta chnh trit p VR, in p ngc t vo Diode Varicap thay i , in dung ca
diode thay i => lm thay i tn s cng hng ca mch.
Diode bin dung c s dng trong cc b knh Ti vi mu, trong cc mch iu chnh tn s cng
hng bng in p.
13. Diode xung
Trong cc b ngun xung th u ra ca bin p xung , ta phi dng Diode xung chnh lu. diode
xung l diode lm vic tn scao khong vi chc KHz , diode nn in thng thng khng ththay th
vo v tr diode xung c, nhng ngc li diode xung c th thay th cho v tr diode thng, diode xung
c gi thnh cao hn diode thng nhiu ln.
Vc im , hnh dng th Diode xung khng c g khc bit vi Diode thng, tuy nhin Diode xung
thng c vng dnh du t nt hoc nh du bng hai vng

K hiu ca Diode xung
14. Diode tch sng.
L loi Diode nh v bng thu tinh v cn gi l diode tip im v mt tip xc gia hai cht bn dn P
- N ti mt im trnh in dung k sinh, diode tch sng thng dng trong cc mch cao tn dng
tch sng tn hiu.
15. Diode nn in.
L Diode tip mt dng nn in trong cc b chnh lu ngun AC 50Hz , Diode ny thng c 3
loi l 1A, 2A v 5A.

Diode nn in 5A

Chng IX - Transistor
1. Cu to ca Transistor. ( Bng bn dn )
Transistor gm ba lp bn dn ghp vi nhau hnh thnh hai mi tip gip P-N , nu ghp theo th t
PNP ta c Transistor thun , nu ghp theo th t NPN ta c Transistor ngc. v phng din cu to
Transistor tng ng vi hai Diode u ngc chiu nhau .

Cu to Transistor
Ba lp bn dn c ni ra thnh ba cc , lp gia gi l cc gc k hiu l B ( Base ), lp bn dn B
rt mng v c nng tp cht thp.
Hai lp bn dn bn ngoi c ni ra thnh cc pht ( Emitter ) vit tt l E, v cc thu hay cc gp (
Collector ) vit tt l C, vng bn dn E v C c cng loi bn dn (loi N hay P ) nhng c kch thc
v nng tp cht khc nhau nn khng hon v cho nhau c.
2. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Transistor.
* Xt hot ng ca Transistor NPN .

Mch kho st v nguyn tc hot ng ca transistor NPN
Ta cp mt ngun mt chiu UCE vo hai cc C v E trong (+) ngun vo cc C v (-) ngun vo cc
E.
Cp ngun mt chiu UBE i qua cng tc v tr hn dng vo hai cc B v E , trong cc (+) vo chn
B, cc (-) vo chn
E.
Khi cng tc m , ta thy rng, mc d hai cc C v E c cp in nhng vn khng c dng in
chy qua mi C E ( lc ny dng IC = 0 )
Khi cng tc ng, mi P-N c phn cc thun do c mt dng in chy t (+) ngun UBE qua cng
tc => qua R hn dng => qua mi BE v cc (-) to thnh dng IB
Ngay khi dng IB xut hin => lp tc cng c dng IC chy qua mi CE lm bng n pht sng, v
dng IC mnh gp nhiu ln dng IB
Nh vy r rng dng IC hon ton ph thuc vo dng IB v ph thuc theo mt cng thc .
IC = .IB
Trong IC l dng chy qua mi CE
IB l dng chy qua mi BE
l h s khuych i ca Transistor
Gii thch : Khi c in p UCE nhng cc in t v l trng khng th vt qua mi tip gip P-N
to thnh dng in, khi xut hin dng IBE do lp bn dn P ti cc B rt mng v nng pha tp thp,
v vy sin t t do t lp bn dn N ( cc E ) vt qua tip gip sang lp bn dn P( cc B ) ln hn
s lng l trng rt nhiu, mt phn nh trong s cc in t th vo l trng to thnh dng IB cn
phn ln sin t b ht v pha cc C di tc dng ca in p UCE=> to thnh dng ICE chy qua
Transistor.
* Xt hot ng ca Transistor PNP .
S hot ng ca Transistor PNP hon ton tng t Transistor NPN nhng cc tnh ca cc ngun in
UCE v UBE ngc li . Dng IC i t E sang C cn dng IB i t E sang B.
3. K hiu & hnh dng Transistor .

K hiu ca Transistor

Transistor cng xut nh Transistor cng xut ln
K hiu ( trn thn Transistor )
* Hin nay trn th trng c nhiu loi Transistor ca nhiu nc sn xut nhng thng dng nht l cc
transistor ca Nht bn, M v Trung quc.
Transistor Nht bn : thng k hiu l A..., B..., C..., D... V dA564, B733, C828, D1555 trong
cc Transistor k hiu l A v B l Transistor thun PNP cn k hiu l C v D l Transistor ngc
NPN. cc Transistor A v C thng c cng xut nh v tn s lm vic cao cn cc Transistor B v
D thng c cng xut ln v tn s lm vic thp hn.
Transistor do M sn xut. thng k hiu l 2N... v d2N3055, 2N4073 vv...
Transistor do Trung quc sn xut : Bt u bng s 3, tip theo l hai ch ci. Ch ci thc nht cho
bit loi bng : ChA v B l bng thun , ch C v D l bng ngc, ch th hai cho bit c im : X
v P l bng m tn, A v G l bng cao tn. Cc ch s sau ch th t sn phm. Th d : 3CP25 ,
3AP20 vv..
4. Cch xc nh chn E, B, C ca Transistor.
Vi cc loi Transistor cng xut nh th th t chn C v B tu theo bng ca nc no s xut ,
nhng chn E lun bn tri nu ta Transistor nh hnh di
Nu l Transistor do Nht sn xut : th d Transistor C828, A564 th chn C gia , chn B bn
phi.
Nu l Transistor Trung quc sn xut th chn B gia , chn C bn phi.
Tuy nhin mt s Transistor c sn xut nhi th khng theo th t ny => bit chnh xc ta dng
phng php o bng ng h vn nng.

Transistor cng xut nh.
Vi loi Transistor cng xut ln (nh hnh di ) th hu ht u c chung th t chn l : Bn tri l
cc B, gia l cc C v bn phi l cc E.

Transistor cng xut ln thng c th t chn nh trn.
* o xc nh chn B v C
Vi Transistor cng xut nh th thng thng chn E bn tri nh vy ta ch xc nh chn B v
suy ra chn C l chn cn li.
ng h thang x1 , t cnh mt que o vo tng chn , que kia chuyn sang hai chn cn li,
nu kim ln = nhau th chn c que t cnh l chn B, nu que ng h cnh l que en th l
Transistor ngc, l que th l Transistor thun..
5. Phng php kim tra Transistor .
Transistor khi hot ng c th h hng do nhiu nguyn nhn, nh hng do nhit , m, do in p
ngun tng cao hoc do cht lng ca bn thn Transistor, kim tra Transistor bn hy nh cu to ca
chng.

Cu to ca Transistor
Kim tra Transistor ngc NPN tng t kim tra hai Diode u chung cc Ant, im chung l cc B,
nu o t B sang C v B sang E ( que en vo B ) th tng ng nho hai diode thun chiu => kim
ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc
kim khng ln.
Kim tra Transistor thun PNP tng t kim tra hai Diode u chung cc Katt, im chung l cc B
ca Transistor, nu o t B sang C v B sang E ( que vo B ) th tng ng nho hai diode thun
chiu => kim ln , tt c cc trng hp o khc kim khng ln.
Tri vi cc iu trn l Transistor b hng.
Transistor c th b hng cc trng hp .
* o thun chiu t B sang E hoc t B sang C => kim khng ln l transistor t BE hoc t BC
* o t B sang E hoc t B sang C kim ln c hai chiu l chp hay d BE hoc BC.
* o gia C v E kim ln l b chp CE.
* Cc hnh nh minh ho khi o kim tra Transistor.


Php o cho bit Transistor cn tt .
Minh ho php o trn : Trc ht nhn vo k hiu ta bit c Transistor trn l bng ngc, v cc
chn ca Transistor ln lt l ECB ( da vo tn Transistor ). < xem li phn xc nh chn Transistor >
Bc 1 : Chun bo ng h thang x1Bc 2 v bc 3 : o thun chiu BE v BC => kim ln .
Bc 4 v bc 5 : o ngc chiu BE v BC => kim khng
ln. Bc 6 : o gia C v E kim khng ln => Bng tt.

Php o cho bit Transistor b chp BE
Bc 1 : Chun b . Bc 2 : o thun gia B v E kim ln = 0 Bc 3: o ngc gia B v E kim
ln = 0 => Bng chp BE

Php o cho bit bng bt BE
Bc 1 : Chun b . Bc 2 v 3 : o c hai chiu gia B v E kim khng ln. => Bng t BE

Php o cho thy bng b chp CE
Bc 1 : Chun b .
Bc 2 v 4 : o c hai chiu gia C v E kim ln = 0
=> Bng chp CE
Trng hp o gia C v E kim ln mt cht l b d CE.

Phn cc cho Transsistor
1. Cc thng s k thut ca Transistor
Dng in cc i : L dng in gii hn ca transistor, vt qua dng gii hn ny
Transistor s b hng.
in p cc i : L in p gii hn ca transistor t vo cc CE , vt qua in p
gii hn ny Transistor s bnh thng.
Tn s ct : L tn s gii hn m Transistor lm vic bnh thng, vt qu tn s ny
th khuych i ca Transistor b gim .
H s khuych i : L t l bin i ca dng ICE ln gp bao nhiu ln dng IBE
Cng xut cc i : Khi hoat ng Transistor tiu tn mt cng xut P = UCE . ICE nu
cng xut ny vt qu cng xut cc i ca Transistor th Transistor sb hng .
2. Mt s Transistor c bit .
* Transistor s ( Digital Transistor ) : Transistor s c cu to nh Transistor thng
nhng chn B c u thm mt in tr vi chc K

Transistor s thng c s dng trong cc mch cng tc , mch logic, mch iu
khin , khi hot ng ngi ta c tha trc tip p lnh 5V vo chn B iu khin n
ngt m.

Minh hong dng ca Transistor Digital
* K hiu : Transistor Digital thng c cc k hiu l DTA... ( dn thun ), DTC...(
n ngc ) , KRC...( n ngc ) KRA... ( n thun), RN12...( n ngc ), RN22...(n
thun ), UN...., KSR... . Th d : DTA132 , DTC 124 vv...
* Transistor cng xut dng ( cng xut ngang )

Transistor cng xut ln thng c gi l s. S dng, S ngun vv..cc s ny c
thit kiu khin b cao p hoc bin p ngun xung hot ng , Chng thng c in
p hot ng cao v cho dng chu ng ln. Cc s cng xut dng( Ti vi mu) thng c
u thm cc diode m trong song song vi cc CE.

S cng xut dng trong Ti vi mu
3. ng dng ca Transistor.
Thc ra mt thit b khng c Transistor th cha phi l thit bin t, v vy Transistor
c th xem l mt linh kin quan trng nht trong cc thit bin t, cc loi IC thc cht l
cc mch tch hp nhiu Transistor trong mt linh kin duy nht, trong mch in , Transistor
c dng khuych i tn hiu Analog, chuyn trng thi ca mch Digital, s dng lm
cc cng tc in t, lm cc bto dao ng v v...
4. Cp in cho Transistor ( Vcc -in p cung cp )
s dng Transistor trong mch ta cn phi cp cho n mt ngun in, tu theo mc
ch s dng m ngun in c cp trc tip vo Transistor hay i qua in tr, cun dy v
v... ngun in Vcc cho Transistor c quy c l ngun cp cho cc CE.

Cp ngun Vcc cho Transistor ngc v thun
Ta thy rng : Nu Transistor l ngc NPN th Vcc phi l ngun dng (+), nu
Transistor l thun PNP th Vcc l ngun m (-)
Chng X - Mch khuch i ( Hc Vin tham kho thm )
1. Khi nim v mch khuyh i .
Mch khuych i c s dng trong hu ht cc thit bin t, nh mch khuych i m tn trong
Cassete, mply, Khuych i tn hiu video trong Ti vi mu v.v ...
C ba loi mch khuych i chnh l :
Khuych i vin p : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c bin nh vo, u ra ta s thu c
mt tn hiu c bin ln hn nhiu ln.
Mch khuych i v dng in : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c cng yu vo, u ra ta s
thu c mt tn hiu cho cng dng in mnh hn nhiu ln.
Mch khuych i cng xut : L mch khi ta a mt tn hiu c cng xut yu vo , u ra ta thu
c tn hiu c cng xut mnh hn nhiu ln, thc ra mch khuych i cng xut l kt hp c hai
mch khuych i in p v khuych i dng in lm mt.
2. Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i.
Cc ch hot ng ca mch khuych i l ph thuc vo ch phn cc cho Transistor, tu theo
mc ch s dng m mch khuych i c phn cc K ch A, ch B , ch AB hoc ch
C
a) Mch khuych i ch A.
L cc mch khuych i cn ly ra tn hiu hon ton gin vi tn hiu ng vo.

Mch khuych i ch A khuych i c hai bn chu k tn hiu ng vo
* Transistor hot ng ch A, ta phi nh thin sao cho in p UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc.
* Mch khuych i ch A c s dng trong cc mch trung gian nh khuych i cao tn,
khuych i trung tn, tin khuych i v v..
b) Mach khuych i ch B.
Mch khuych i ch B l mch ch khuych i mt na chu k ca tn hiu, nu khuych i bn k
dng ta dng transistor NPN, nu khuych i bn k m ta dng transistor PNP, mch khuych i
ch B khng c nh thin.

Mch khuych i ch B ch khuych i mt bn chu k ca tn hiu ng vo.
* Mch khuych i ch B thng c s dng trong cc mch khuch i cng xut y ko
nh cng xut m tn, cng xut mnh ca Ti vi, trong cc mch cng xut y ko , ngi ta dng hai n
NPN v PNP mc ni tip , mi n s khuych i mt bn chu k ca tn hiu, hai n trong mch
khuych i y ko phi c cc thng s k thut nh nhau :
* Mch khuych i cng xut kt hp c hai ch A v B .

Mch khuych i cng xut mply c : Q1 khuych i ch A, Q2 v Q3 khuych i ch B, Q2
khuych i cho bn chu k dng, Q3 khuych i cho bn chu k m.
c) Mch khuych i ch AB.
Mch khuych i ch AB l mch tng t khuych i ch B , nhng c nh thin sao cho
in p UBE sp s 0,6 V, mch cng ch khuych i mt na chu k tn hiu v khc phc hin tng mo
giao im ca mch khuych i ch B, mch ny cng c s dng trong cc mch cng xut y ko .
d) Mch khuych i ch C
L mch khuych i c in p UBE c phn c ngc vi mc ch ch ly tn hiu u ra l mt phn
nh ca tn hiu u vo, mch ny thng s dng trong cc mch tch tn hiu : Th d mch tch xung
ng b trong ti vi mu.

ng dng mch khuych i ch C trong mch tch xung ng b Ti vi mu.
3. Transistor mc theo kiu E chung.
Mch mc theo kiu E chung c cc E u trc tip xung mass hoc u qua t xung mass thot
thnh phn xoay chiu, tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C, mch c s nh sau :

Mch khuych i in p mc kiu E chung , Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc C
Rg : l in tr ghnh , Rt : L in trnh thin, Rpa : L in tr phn p .
c im ca mch khuych i E chung.
Mch khuych i E chung thng c nh thin sao cho in p UCE khong 60% 70 % Vcc.
Bin tn hiu ra thu c ln hn bin tn hiu vo nhiu ln, nh vy mch khuych i vin
p.
Dng in tn hiu ra ln hn dng tn hiu vo nhng khng ng k.
Tn hiu u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo : v khi in p tn hiu vo tng => dng IBE tng =>
dng ICE tng => st p trn Rg tng => kt qu l in p chn C gim , v ngc li khi in p u
vo gim th in p chn C li tng => v vy in p u ra ngc pha vi tn hiu u vo.
Mch mc theo kiu E chung nh trn c ng dng nhiu nht trong thit bin t.
4. Transistor mc theo kiu C chung.
Mch mc theo kiu C chung c chn C u vo mass hoc dng ngun ( Lu : v phng din xoay
chiu th dng ngun tng ng vi mass ) , Tn hiu c a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E , mch c
s nh sau :

Mch mc kiu C chung , tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E
c im ca mch khuych i C chung .
Tn hiu a vo cc B v ly ra trn cc E
Bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn hiu vo : V mi BE lun lun c gi tr khong 0,6V do khi in
p chn B tng bao nhiu th p chn C cng tng by nhiu => v vy bin tn hiu ra bng bin tn
hiu vo .
Tn hiu ra cng pha vi tn hiu vo : V khi in p vo tng => th in p ra cng tng, in p vo
gim th in p ra cng gim.
Cng ca tn hiu ra mnh hn cng ca tn hiu vo nhiu ln : V khi tn hiu vo c bin
tng => dng IBE stng => dng ICE cng tng gp ln dng IBE v
ICE = .IBE gi s Transistor c h s khuych i = 50 ln th khi dng IBE tng 1mA => dng ICE
s tng 50mA, dng ICE chnh l dng ca tn hiu u ra, nh vy tn hiu u ra c cng dng
in mnh hn nhiu ln so vi tn hiu vo.
Mch trn c ng dng nhiu trong cc mch khuych i m (Damper), trc khi chia tn hiu lm
nhiu nhnh , ngi ta thng dng mch Damper khuych i cho tn hiu khohn . Ngoi ra
mch cn c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc mch n p ngun ( ta s tm hiu trong phn sau )
5. Transistor mc theo kiu B chung.
Mch mc theo kiu B chung c tn hiu a vo chn E v ly ra trn chn C , chn B c thot mass
thng qua t.
Mach mc kiu B chung rt t khi c s dng trong thc t.

Mch khuych i kiu B chung , khuych i vin p v khng khuych i v dng in.
Khi nim v ghp tng : Mt thit bin t gm c nhiu khi kt hp li, mi khi li c nhiu tng
khuych i c mc ni tip vi nhau v khi mc ni tip thng s dng mt trong cc kiu ghp sau :
Ghp tng qua tin. Ghp tng qua bin p . Ghp tng trc tip.
Ta hy xt cc trng hp c th :
6. Ghp tng qua tin.
* S mch ghp tng qua tin

Mch khuych i u t - c hai tng khuych i c ghp vi nhau qua tin.
trn l s mch khuych i u t trong i Cassette, mch gm hai tng khuych i mc theo
kiu E chung, cc tng c ghp tn hiu thng qua tin, ngi ta s dng cc tC1 , C3 , C5 lm t
ni tng cho tn hiu xoay chiu i qua v ngn p mt chiu li, cc t C2 v C4 c tc dng thot
thnh phn xoay chiu t chn E xung mass, C6 l t lc ngun.
u im ca mch l n gin, d lp do mch c sdng rt nhiu trong thit bin t, nhc
im l khng khai thc c ht kh nng khuych i ca Transistor do h skhuych i khng
ln.
trn l mch khuych i m tn, do cc t ni tng thng dng t ho c tr s t 1F 10F.
Trong cc mch khuych i cao tn th t ni tng c tr snh khong vi nan Fara.
7.Ghp tng qua bin p .
* S mch trung tn ting trong Radio s dng bin p ghp tng

Tng Trung tn ting ca Radio s dng bin p ghp tng.
trn l s mch trung tn Radio s dng cc bin p ghp tng, tn hiu u ra ca tng ny c
ghp qua bin p i vo tng pha sau.
u im ca mch l phi hp c tr khng gia cc tng do khai thc c ti u h s
khuych i , hn na cun scp bin p c thu song song vi t cng hng khi mch
khuych i mt tn s cnh.
Nhc im : nu mch hot ng di tn s rng th gy mo tn s, mch ch to phc tp v
chim nhiu din tch.
8.Ghp tng trc tip .
* Kiu ghp tng trc tip thng c dng trong cc mch khuych i cng xut m tn.

Mch khuych i cng xut m tn c n o pha Q1 c ghp trc tip vi hai n cng xut Q2 v
Q3.
9. Trong cc mch khuych i ( ch A ) th phn cc nhth no l ng.

Mch khuych i c phn cc ng.
Mch khuych i ( ch A) c phn cc ng l mch c
UBE ~ 0,6V ; UCE ~ 60% 70% Vcc
Khi mch c phn cc ng ta thy , tn hiu ra c bin
ln nht v khng b mo tn hiu .
10. Mch khuych i ( ch A ) b phn cc sai.

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu thp .

Mch khuych i b phn cc sai, in p UCE qu cao .
Khi mch b phn cc sai ( tc l UCE qu thp hoc qu cao ) ta thy rng tn hiu ra b mo dng, h s
khuych i ca mch b gim mnh.
Hin tng mo dng trn s gy hin tng m thanh b r hay b nght cc mch khuych i m tn.
Phng php kim tra mt tng khuych i.
Mt tng khuych i nu ta kim tra thy UCE qu thp so vi ngun hoc qu cao sp s bng ngun =>
th tng khuych i c vn .
Nu UCE qu thp th c th do chp CE( hng Transistor) , hoc t Rg.
Nu UCE qu cao ~ Vcc th c tht Rt hoc hng Transistor.
Mt tng khuych i cn tt thng thng c :
UBE ~ 0,6V ; UCE~ 60% 70% Vcc
Chng XI - Mch ngun
1. B ngun trong cc mch in t .
Trong cc mch in t ca cc thit b nh Radio -Cassette,mlpy, Ti vi mu, u VCD v v... chng
s dng ngun mt chiu DC cc mc in p khc nhau, nhng ngoi zc cm ca cc thit b ny li
cm trc tip vo ngun in AC 220V 50Hz , nhvy cc thit bin t cn c mt b phn chuyn
i t ngun xoay chiu ra in p mt chiu , cung cp cho cc mch trn, bphn chuyn i bao gm :
Bin p ngun : H th t 220V xung cc in p thp hn
nh 6V, 9V, 12V, 24V v v ...
Mch chnh lu : i in AC thnh DC.
Mch lc Lc gn xoay chiu sau chnh lu cho ngun DC
phng hn.
Mch n p : Gi mt in p cnh cung cp cho ti tiu th

S tng qut ca mch cp ngun.
2. Mch chnh lu bn chu k .
Mch chnh lu bn chu k s dng mt Diode mc ni tip vi ti tiu th, chu k dng => Diode
c phn cc thun do c dng in i qua diode v i qua ti, chu k m , Diode b phn cc ngc
do khng c dng qua ti.

Dng in p u ra ca mch chnh lu bn chu k.
3. Mch chnh lu c chu k
Mch chnh lu c chu k thng dng 4 Diode mc theo hnh cu (cn gi l mch chnh lu cu) nh
hnh di.

Mch chnh lu c chu k .
chu k dng ( u dy pha trn dng, pha di m) dng in i qua diode D1 => qua Rti =>
qua diode D4 vu dy m
chu k m, in p trn cun th cp o chiu ( u dy trn m, di dng) dng in i
qua D2 => qua Rti => qua D3 vu dy m.
Nh vy c hai chu ku c dng in chy qua ti.
4. Mch lc dng tin.
Sau khi chnh lu ta thu c in p mt chiu nhp nh, nu khng c t lc th in p nhp nh ny
cha th dng c vo cc mch in t , do trong cc mch ngun, ta phi lp thm cc tlc c tr s
t vi trm F n vi ngn F vo sau cu Diode chnh lu.

Dng in p DC ca mch chnh lu trong hai trng hp c tv khng c t
S trn minh ho cc trng hp mch ngun c t lc v khng c t lc.
Khi cng tc K m, mch chnh lu khng c t lc tham gia , v vy in p thu c c dng nhp nh.
Khi cng tc K ng, mch chnh lu c t C1 tham gia lc ngun , kt qu l in p u ra c lc
tng i phng, nu t C1 c in dung cng ln th in p u ra cng bng phng, t C1 trong cc
b ngun thng c tr s khong vi ngn F .

Minh ho : in dng ca t lc cng ln th in p u ra cng bng phng.
Trong cc mch chnh lu, nu c t lc m khng c ti hoc ti tiu th mt cng xut khng ng k
so vi cng xut ca bin p th in p DC thu c l DC = 1,4.AC
5. Mch chnh lu nhn 2 .

S mch ngun chnh lu nhn 2
tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2 ta phi dng hai t ho cng tr s mc ni tip, sau u 1 u
ca in p xoau chiu vo im gia hai t => ta s thu c in p tng gp 2 ln.
mch trn, khi cng tc K m, mch tr v dng chnh lu thng thng .
Khi cng tc K ng, mch tr thnh mch chnh lu nhn 2, v kt qu l ta thu c in p ra tng
gp 2 ln.
6. Mch n p cnh dng Diode Zener.

Mch n p to p 33V cnh cung cp cho mch d knh trong Ti vi mu
T ngun 110V khng cnh thng qua in tr hn dng R1 v gim trn Dz 33V ly ra mt in
p cnh cung cp cho mch d knh
Khi thit k mt mch n p nh trn ta cn tnh ton in trhn dng sao cho dng in ngc cc
i qua Dz phi nh hn dng m Dz chu c, dng cc i qua Dz l khi dng qua R2 = 0
Nh s trn th dng cc i qua Dz bng st p trn R1 chia cho gi tr R1 , gi dng in ny l I1
ta c
I1 = (110 - 33 ) / 7500 = 77 / 7500 ~ 10mA
Thng thng ta nn dng ngc qua Dz 25 mA
7. Mch n p cnh dng Transistor, IC n p .
Mch n p dng Diode Zener nh trn c u im l n gin nhng nhc im l cho dng in nh
( 20mA ) . c th to ra mt in p cnh nhng cho dng in mnh hn nhiu ln ngi ta mc
thm Transistor khuych i v dng nh s di y.

Mch n p c Transistor khuych i
mch trn in p ti im A c th thay i v cn gn xoay chiu nhng in p ti im B khng
thay i v tng i phng.
Nguyn l n p : Thng qua in tr R1 v Dz gim cnh in p chn B ca Transistor Q1, gi s khi
in p chn E n Q1 gim => khi in p UBE tng => dng qua n Q1 tng => lm in p chn E
ca n tng , v ngc li ...
Mch n p trn n gin v hiu qu nn c s dng rt rng di v ngi ta sn xut cc loi IC h
LA78.. thay thcho mch n p trn, IC LA78.. c s mch nh phn mch c mu xanh ca s
trn.

IC n p h LA78.. IC n p LA7805
z LA7805 IC n p 5V

z LA7808 IC n p 8V

LA7809 IC n p 9V
LA7812 IC n p 12V
Lu : H IC78.. ch cho dng tiu th khong 1A tr xung, khi rp IC trong mch th U in > Uout t 3
n 5V khi IC mi pht huy tc dng.
8. ng dng ca IC n p h 78..
IC n p h 78.. c dng rng ri trong cc b ngun , nh Bngun ca u VCD, trong Ti vi mu,
trong my tnh v v...

ng dng ca IC n p LA7805 v LA7808 trong b ngun u VCD
9. S khi ca mch n p c hi tip .

S khi ca mch n p c hi tip .
* Mt sc im ca mch n p c hi tip :
Cung cp in p mt chiu u ra khng i trong hai trng hp in p u vo thay i hoc
dng tiu th ca ti thay i , tuy nhin s thay i ny phi c gii hn.
Cho in p mt chiu u ra c cht lng cao, gim thiu c hin tng gn xoay chiu.
* Nguyn tc hot ng ca mch.
Mch ly mu s theo di in p u ra thng qua mt cu phn p to ra ( Ulm : p ly mu)
Mch to p chun => gim ly mt mc in p cnh (Uc : p chun )
Mch so snh s so snh hai in p ly mu Ulm v p chun Uc to thnh in p iu khin.
Mch khuch i sa sai s khuch i p iu khin, sau a viu chnh s hot ng ca n
cng xut theo hng ngc li, nu in p ra tng => thng qua mch hi tip iu chnh => n
cng xut dn gim =>in p ra gim xung . Ngc li nu in p ra gim => thng qua mch hi
tip iu chnh => n cng xut li dn tng => v in p ra tng ln =>> kt quin p u ra
khng thay i.
S mch ngun n p tuyn tnh trong Ti vi mu ni a Nht .
R3 lin lc gia Q3 v Q2, R1 nh thin cho n cng xut Q1 R6 l in tr phn dng, l in tr cng
xut ln . Q3 l n so snh v khuch i p d sai Khuch i in p d sai Q1 n cng xut ngun
=> Ngun lm vic trong di in p vo c th thay i 10%,
in p ra lun lun cnh .
Bi tp : Bn c hy phn tch nguyn l hot ng ca mch ngun trn.
Chng XII - Mch dao ng
1. Khi nim v mch dao ng.
Mch dao ng c ng dng rt nhiu trong cc thit bin t, nh mch dao ng ni trong khi RF
Radio, trong b knh Ti vi mu, Mch dao ng to xung dng , xung mnh trong Ti vi , to sng hnh sin
cho IC Vi x l hot ng v v...
Mch dao ng hnh Sin
Mch dao ng a hi
Mch dao ng nght
Mch dao ng dng IC
2. Mch dao ng hnh Sin
Ngi ta c th to dao ng hnh Sin t cc linh kin L - C hoc t thch anh.
* Mch dao ng hnh Sin dng L -C

Mch dao ng hnh Sin dng L - C
Mach dao ng trn c t C1 // L1 to thnh mch dao ng L -C duy tr s dao ng ny th tn hiu
dao ng c a vo chn B ca Transistor, R1 l trnh thin cho Transistor, R2 l tr gnh ly
ra tn hiu dao ng ra , cun dy u t chn E Transistor xung mass c tc dng ly hi tip duy
tr dao ng. Tn s dao ng ca mch ph thuc vo C1 v L1 theo cng thc
f = 1 / 2..( L1.C1 )
1/2

* Mch dao ng hnh sin dng thch anh.

Mch to dao ng bng thch anh .
X1 : l thch anh to dao ng , tn s dao ng c ghi trn thn ca thach anh, khi thch anh c cp
in th n t dao ng ra sng hnh sin.thch anh thng c tn s dao ng t vi trm KHz n vi
chc MHz.
n Q1 khuych i tn hiu dao ng t thch anh v cui cng tn hiu c ly ra chn C.
R1 va l in tr cp ngun cho thch anh va nh thin cho n Q1

Thch anh dao ng trong Tivi mu, my tnh
3. Mch dao ng a hi.

Mch dao ng a hi to xung vung
* Bn c th t lp s trn vi cc thng s nh sau :
R1 = R4 = 1 KR2 = R3 = 100KC1 = C2 = 10F/16V Q1 = Q2 = n C828
Hai n Led
Ngun Vcc l 6V DC
Tng gi thnh lnh kin ht khong 4.000 VN
* Gii thch nguyn l hot ng : Khi cp ngun , gi sn Q1 dn trc, p Uc n Q1 gim =>
thng qua C1 lm p Ub n Q2 gim => Q2 tt => p Uc n Q2 tng => thng qua C2 lm p Ub n Q1
tng => xc lp trng thi Q1 dn bo ho v Q2 tt , sau khong thi gian t , dng np qua R3 vo t C1
khi in p ny > 0,6V th n Q2 dn => p Uc n Q2 gim => tip tc nh vy cho n khi Q2 dn bo
ho v Q1 tt, trng thi lp i lp li v to thnh dao ng, chu k dao ng ph thuc vo C1, C2 v R2,
R3.
4. IC to dao ng XX555 ; XX c th l TA hoc LA v v ...

Mch dao ng to xung bng IC 555
Bn hy mua mt IC h 555 v t lp cho mnh mt mch to dao ng theo s nguyn l nh trn.
Vcc cung cp cho IC c th s dng t 4,5V n 15V , ng mch mu l dng ngun, mch mu
en di cng l m ngun.
T 103 (10nF) t chn 5 xung mass l cnh v bn c thb qua ( khng lp cng c )
Khi thay i cc in tr R1, R2 v gi tr t C1 bn s thu c dao ng c tn s v rng xung
theo mun theo cng thc.
1.4
T = 0.7 (R1 + 2R2) C1 v f = (R1 + 2R2) C1
T = Thi gian ca mt chu k ton phn tnh bng (s) f = Tn s dao ng tnh bng (Hz) R1 = in tr tnh
bng ohm ( ) R2 = in tr tnh bng ohm ( ) C1 = Tin tnh bng Fara ( )
T = Tm + Ts T : chu k ton phn Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 ) x C1 Tm : thi gian in mc cao Ts = 0,7 x R2
x C1 Ts : thi gian in mc thp

Chu k ton phn T bao gm thi gian c in mc cao Tm v thi gian c in mc thp Ts
T cc cng thc trn ta c th to ra mt dao ng xung vung c rng Tm v Ts bt k.
Sau khi to ra xung c Tm v Ts ta c T = Tm + Ts v f = 1/ T
* Th d bn thit k mch to xung nh hnh di y.

C1 = 10F = 10 x 10
-6
= 10
-5
F
R1 = R2 = 100K = 100 x 10
3
Tnh Ts v Tm = ? Tnh tn s f = ? Bi
lm :
Ta c Ts = 0,7 x R2 x C1 = 0,7 x 100.10
3
x 10
-5
= 0,7 s Tm = 0,7 x ( R1 + R2 )
x C1 = = 0,7 x 200.10
3
x 10
5
= 1,4 s
z => T = Tm + Ts = 1,4s + 0,7s = 2,1s
z => f =1 / T = 1/2,1 ~ 0,5 Hz.
Chng XIII - Mosfet
1. Gii thiu v Mosfet
Mosfet l Transistor hiu ng trng ( Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor ) l mt
Transistor c bit c cu to v hot ng khc vi Transistor thng thng m ta bit, Mosfet c
nguyn tc hot ng da trn hiu ng t trng to ra dng in, l linh kin c tr khng u vo ln
thch hn cho khuych i cc ngun tn hiu yu, Mosfet c s dng nhiu trong cc mch ngun
Monitor, ngun my tnh .

Transistor hiu ng trng Mosfet
2. Cu to v k hiu ca Mosfet.

K hiu v s chn tng ng gia Mosfet v Transistor
* Cu to ca Mosfet.

Cu to ca Mosfet ngc Knh N
G : Gate gi l cc cng S : Source gi l cc ngun D : Drain gi l cc mng Mosfet kn N c hai
ming bn dn loi P t trn nn bn dn
N, gia hai lp P-N c cch in bi lp SiO2 hai ming bn dn P c ni ra thnh cc D v cc S,
nn bn dn N c
ni vi lp mng mng trn sau c du ra thnh cc G.
Mosfet c in tr gia cc G vi cc S v gia cc G vi cc D l v cng ln , cn in tr gia cc
D v cc S ph thuc vo in p chnh lch gia cc G v cc S ( UGS )
Khi in p UGS = 0 th in tr RDS rt ln, khi in p UGS > 0 => do hiu ng t trng lm cho in
tr RDS gim, in p UGS cng ln th in tr RDS cng nh.
3. Nguyn tc hot ng ca Mosfet
Mch in th nghim.

Mch th nghim s hot ng ca Mosfet
Th nghim : Cp ngun mt chiu UD qua mt bng n D vo hai cc D v S ca Mosfet Q (Phn cc
thun cho Mosfet ngc) ta thy bng n khng sng ngha l khng c dng in i qua cc DS khi
chn G khng c cp in.
Khi cng tc K1 ng, ngun UG cp vo hai cc GS lm in p UGS > 0V => n Q1 dn => bng n D
sng.
Khi cng tc K1 ngt, in p tch trn t C1 (t gm) vn duy tr cho n Q dn => chng t khng c
dng in i qua cc GS.
Khi cng tc K2 ng, in p tch trn t C1 gim bng 0 => UGS= 0V => n tt
=> T thc nghim trn ta thy rng : in p t vo chn G khng to ra dng GS nh trong Transistor
thng thng m in p ny ch to ra t trng => lm cho in tr RDS gim xung .
4. o kim tra Mosfet
Mt Mosfet cn tt : L khi o tr khng gia G vi S v gia G vi D c in tr bng v cng ( kim
khng ln c hai chiu o) v khi G c thot in th tr khng gia D v S phi l v cng.
Cc bc kim tra nh sau :

o kim tra Mosfet ngc thy cn tt.
Bc 1 : Chun b thang x1K
Bc 2 : Np cho G mt in tch ( que en vo G que vo S hoc D )
Bc 3 : Sau khi np cho G mt in tch ta o gia D v S
( que en vo D que vo S ) => kim s ln.
Bc 4 : Chp G vo D hoc G vo S thot in chn G.
Bc 5 : Sau khi thot in chn G o li DS nh bc 3
kim khng ln.
=> Kt qu nh vy l Mosfet tt.

o kim tra Mosfet ngc thy b chp
Bc 1 : ng h thang x 1K o gia G v S hoc gia G v D nu kim ln = 0 l chp o
gia D v S m c hai chiu o kim ln = 0 l chp D
S
5. ng dung ca Mosfet trong thc t
Mosfet trong ngun xung ca Monitor

Mosfet c s dng lm n cng xut ngun Monitor
Trong b ngun xung ca Monitor hoc my vi tnh, ngi ta thng dng cp linh kin l IC to dao
ng v n Mosfet, dao ng to ra t IC c dng xung vung c a n chn G ca Mosfet, ti thi
im xung c in p > 0V => n Mosfet dn, khi xung dao ng = 0V Mosfet ngt => nh vy dao ng
to ra siu khin cho Mosfet lin tc ng ngt to thnh dng in bin thin lin tc chy qua cun s
cp => sinh ra t trng bin thin cm ng ln cc cun th cp => cho ta in p ra.
* o kim tra Mosfet trong mch .
Khi kim tra Mosfet trong mch , ta ch cn thang x1 v o gia D v S => Nu 1 chiu kim ln
o chiu o kim khng ln => l Mosfet bnh thng, Nu c hai chiu kim ln = 0 l Mosfet bchp
DS.
6. Bng tra cu Mosfet thng dng
Hng dn :
Loi knh dn : P-Channel : l Mosfet thun , N-Channel
l Mosfet ngc.
c im k thut : Th d: 3A, 25W : l dng D-S cc i
v cng xut cc i.

9 2SK1794 N-Channel 6A,100W
10 5A,125W
11 5A,150W
12 13A,70W
13 20A,75W
14 6A,35W
15 9A,25W
16 6A,50W
17 8A,100W
18 10A,40W
19 10A,40W
20 10A,40W
21 7A,60W
22 2SK556 N-Channel 12A,100W
23 12A,100W
24 5A,125W
25 3A,100W
26 3A,100W
27 5A,150W
28 5A,150W
29 5A,70W
30 4A,70W
31 8A,150W
32 8A,150W
33 3A,80W
34 3A,80W
35 BUZ 94 N-Channel 8A,125W
36 5A,43W
37 9A,60W
38 14A,88W
39 28A,150W
40 3A,26W
41 5A,50W
42 9A,74W
43 8A,74W
44 18A,125W
45 2A,36W
46 3A,50W
47 5A,74W
48 IRF 740 N-Channel 10A,125W
49 2A,50W
50 4A,74W
51 8A,125W
52 8A,125W
53 7A,125W
54 7A,125W
55 2A,20W
56 3A,40W
57 IRF 9630 P-Channel 6A,74W 58 11A,125W 59 4A,27W 60 7A,37W 61 10A,42W 62 17A,48W
63 4A,30W 64 6A,35W 65 6A,35W 66 10A,40W 67 3A,30W 68 4A,35W 69 5A,40W 70 2A,30W
71 IRFI 830G N-Channel 3A,35W 72 4A,40W 73 2A,30W 74 4A,30W 75 6A,40W 76 7A,30W 77
9A,35W 78 15A,40W 79 4A,30W 80 6A,35W 81 5A,35W 82 10A,40W 83 2A,30W 84 3A,35W 85
IRFS 740 N-Channel 3A,40W 86 2A-30W 87 3A-35W 88 4A-40W 89 3A-30W 90 4A-35W 91 6A-
40W 92 0.5A-30W 93 20mA,0.2W 94 10A-100W 95 8A-100W 96 8A 97 7A-100W 98 25A-40W
99
K30A/2SK304/
N-Channel 10mA,1W
2SK30R
100 0.5A,1W101 20mA,1W102 10-100103 8A


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