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The document summarizes several major theories of human growth and development from infancy through adolescence. It outlines Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages, Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages, and Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development. For each age group - infant, toddler, preschool, school age, and adolescence - it lists the key stages and processes according to each theorist's perspective.
The document summarizes several major theories of human growth and development from infancy through adolescence. It outlines Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages, Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages, and Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development. For each age group - infant, toddler, preschool, school age, and adolescence - it lists the key stages and processes according to each theorist's perspective.
The document summarizes several major theories of human growth and development from infancy through adolescence. It outlines Erik Erikson's psychosocial stages, Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Sigmund Freud's psychosexual stages, and Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development. For each age group - infant, toddler, preschool, school age, and adolescence - it lists the key stages and processes according to each theorist's perspective.
Psychosocial Theory Piaget: Cognitive Theory Freud: Psychosexual Theory Kohlberg: Moral Reasoning Infant Ages 0 to 18 mos Trust vs. mistrust (consistency of needs being met allows infant to predict responses) Ages 0 to 2 Sensorimotor (can't learn without doing; reflexive behavior) Ages 0 to 6 mos Oral passive (id develops; biological pleasure principle) Ages 7 to 18 mos Oral aggressive (teething begins; everything is put into mouth; oral satisfaction decreases anxiety) N/A Toddler Ages 18 mos to 3 yrs Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (desire to do things independently) N/A Ages 18 mos to 3 yrs Anal (bowel & bladder training occur; child projects feelings onto others; elimination & retention are used to control & inhibit) N/A Preschool Age Ages 3 to 6 Initiative vs. sense of guilt (mimics; more purposeful & active in goal setting) Ages 2 to 4 Preoperational- preconceptual(egocentric, magical thinking; no cause-effect reasoning; uses symbols) Ages 4 to 5 Phallic (ego develops objective conscious reality; Opedipal complex - love of opposite-sex parent) Ages 4 to 10 Preconventional Morality (based on external control; observe standards of others to avoid punishment or receive rewards) School Age Ages 6 to 13 Industry vs. inferiority (using hands to make things; being helpful; mastering tasks) Ages 4 to 7 Intuitive-preoperational (begin cause-effect) Ages 7 to 11 Concrete operations(collecting; mastering facts) Ages 6 to 12 Latent (superego develops morality; repressed sexual drive) Ages 10 to 13 Conventional Morality (observe and internalize the standards of other; want to please others) Adolescence Ages 13 to 18 Identity vs. confusion (defining self in relation to others) Ages 11 to 15 Formal operations (abstract ideas; reality based) N/A Age 13, later or never. Postconventional Morality (attainment of true morality - conduct control is internal)