 Prokaryotes- single celled, no nuclear membrane, no organelles/ no internal

membranes, single circular chromosome

- Reproduction:
+ binary fission (splitting into two)
+ conjugation(Donation of F+ pilus)
+ transformation (taking up new DNA from surroundings)
+ transduction(getting genes from bacteriophage virus)
- Conjugation, transformation, transduction: genetic recombination…also high
rate of mutation.

Domain Bacteria

~ kingdom Bacteria (Prokaryotes)

- Bacteria and blue-green “algae” (cyanobacteria)
- Oldest 3.5 BYA
- Originated in anaerobic environment

Domain Archaea

~ kingdom Archaebacteria (Prokaryotes)

- Includes extremophiles: methanogens, thermophiles, halophiles

Domain Eukaryota

~ kingdom Protista
+ Protozoa (animal-like protista)
• Phylum Sarcodina (Amoebas)
• Phylum Mastigophora (Flagellates)
• Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)
• Phylum Sporozoa (Sporozoans)
+ Unicellular Algae
• Phylum Euglenophyta (Euglenas)
• Phylum Chrysophyta (diatoms, golden-brown algae)
• Phylum Pyrrophyta (Dinoflagellates)
- Zooxanthellae: dinoflagellate algae live within tissues of coral- provide 90% energy
- Dinoflagellates responsible for red tides
• Xanthophyta (Yellow-green algae)
~ kingdom Fungi (nutrition- absorption)
 • Phylum Chytridiomycota (motile fungi)
• Phylum Zygomycota (bread molds)
• Phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi)
• Phylum Basidiomycota (club fungi, mushrooms, bracket fungi)
~ kingdom Plantae (nutrition- photosynthesis (autotrophic))
+ Multicellular Algae
• Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae)
• Phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae…kelp)
• Phylum Chlorophyta (green algae)
+ Land plants (Embryophyta- plants with embryos)
• Phylum Bryophyta (mosses, liverworts, hornworts)
∆ Vascular Plants (Tracheophyta- has xylem and Phloem)
• Phylum Lycophyta (club mosses)
• Phylum Pterophyta (ferns, horsetails, whisk ferns)

₀ Seed plants

 Gymnosperms (naked seeds)

• Phylum Gnetophyta (Welwitchia, Ephedra)
• Phylum Ginkgophyta (Gingkos)
• Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)
• Phylum Coniferophyta (Conifers: cone-bearing)
 Angiosperms (flowering plants)
• Phylum Anthophyta
- Class Monocotyledonae (monocots)
- Class Eudicotyledonae (eudicots)
~ kingdom Animalia (eukaryotic, multicellular, feeds by ingestion)
+ Subkingdom Parazoa (no organ systems)
• Phylum Porifera (sponges)
+ Subkingdom Eumetazoa (has organ systems)
◊ Branch Radiata (Radial symmetry and diploblastic)
• Phylum Cnidaria (jellyfish, sea anemones, corals)
◊ Branch Bilateria (Bilateral symmetry and triploblastic)
☼ Grade Deuterostomia- blastopore becomes anus
(RIDE= Radial cleavage, Indeterminate cleavage, Deuterostome, Enterocoelomate)
• Phylum Echinodermata (starfish, sea urchins)
₀ Subphylum Crinozoa
˅ Class Crinoidea (feather stars)
₀ Subphylum Asterozoa
˅ Class Asteroidea (sea stars/starfish)
₀ Subphylum Echinozoa
˅ Class Holothuroidea (sea cucumbers)
˅ Class Echinoidea (sea urchins, sand dollars)
˅ Class Coneatricycloidea (sea daisies)
• Phylum Chordata (fish, reptiles, mammals)

₀ Subphylum Urochordata (tunicates, sea squirts)

₀ Subphylum Cephalochordata (Amphioxus, lancelets)

₀ Subphylum Vertebrata (vertebrates)

˅ Class Agnatha (jawless fish: hagfish, lampreys)

˅ Class Placodermi (armored fish [extinct])
˅ Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish: sharks, rays)
˅ Class Osteichthyes (bony fish)
˅ Class Amphibia (amphibians)
˅ Class Reptila (reptiles)
˅ Class Aves (birds)
˅ Class Mammalia (mammals)
☼ Grade Protostomia- blastopore becomes mouth
(SDPS= Spiral cleavage, Determinate cleavage, Protostome, Schizocoelomates)
∞ Subgrade Ecdysozoa – grow by molting
 • Phylum Arthropoda (jointed appendages- arthron = joint, podos = foot)
× Subphylum Trilobitomorpha (Trilobites- extinct)
× Subphylum Chelicerata
˅ Class Merostomata = xiphosurida (horseshoe crab)
˅ Class Eurypterida (sea scorpions)
˅ Class Arachnida (spiders, scorpions, mites etc.)
˅ Class Pycnogonida (sea spiders)
× Subphylum Crustacea
˅ Class Copepoda (copepods)
˅ Class Cirripedia (barnacles)
˅ Class Malacostraca (crayfish, crabs, lobsters, shrimp etc…)
× Subphylum Uniramia
˅ Class Insecta = Hexapoda (grasshoppers, bees, fruit flies etc…)
˅ Class Chilopoda (centipedes)
˅ Class Diplopoda (millipedes)
• Phylum Nematoda (roundworms)
∞ Subgrade Lophotrochozoa- grow by adding body mass
• Phylum Annelida (segmented worms- exhibit metamerism)
• Phylum Mollusca (clams, snails, squid)
˅ Class Polyplacophora (“bearing many plates”- chitons )
˅ Class Pelecypoda (clams, oysters, mussels, scallops)
˅ Class Gastropoda (snails, slugs, limpets, whelks)
˅ Class Cephalopoda (squids, nautilus, octopus)
• Phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms)