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Engineering Mathematics 2

INTEGRAL CALCULUS OF ONE VARIABLE

Basic Concepts of Integration

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REMARKS
ALL MATERIALS ARE PREPARED WITH MATHCAD; CERTAIN DIFFERENCES FROM WRITTEN FORM ARE
EXPECTED BUT CORRECT WITHIN THE MATHEMATICAL CONTEXT.

QA 2.1.A1(i)
Step 1 Given


 ttk
I= − 8 dx ; -8 is a constant

⌡ ⌠
0
; x is also a constant 
c dx = cx + K


I = −8⋅ x + K ;n=0

;K is a constant

QA 2.1.A1(ii)

Step 1 Given


 1
I= dx ; You must rewrite the integrand
2 1
 x −2
⌡ ; =x
2
x

 −2
I= x dx ;Consider Formula #1

⌡ n = -2
− 2+ 1
x
I= +K ;simplify
−2 + 1
−1
x
I= +K
−1
1
I=− +K ;K is a constant
x

QA 2.1.A1(iii)
Step 1 Given ; You must rewrite the integrand
1
⌠ −
 1 2
1 ; =t
I= dt t
 t

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Engineering Mathematics 2


 −1
 2
I= t dt ;Consider Formula #1
⌡ 1
n= −
1 2
− +1
2
t
I= +K ;simplify
− 1 + 1

 2 
1
2
I = 2⋅ t + K ;K is a constant

QA 2.1.A1(iv)
Step 1 Given

 −2
 5 ;Consider Formula #1
I= t dt 2
⌡ n= −
5
2
− +1
5
t ;simplify
I= +K
− 2
+ 1

 5 
3
5 5
I = ⋅t + K ;K is a constant
3

QA 2.1.A1(v)
Step 1 Given General remark:
6.x (in mathcad) means 6x
in written form.

 2
I =  x + 6 ⋅ x + 2008 dx
⌡ ;Consider Formula #1
n = 2 for 1st term
2+ 1 1+ 1 n = 1 for 2nd term
x x n=0
I= + 6⋅ + 2008⋅ x + K
2+1 1+1
;simplify
3
x 2
I= + 3 ⋅ x + 2008⋅ x + K ;K is a constant
3

QA 2.1.A1(vi)
Step 1 Given ;Rewrite integrand in linear form

 1 1
I= − dx
2 3
 x x ;Consider Formula #1
⌡ n = − 2 for 1st term
⌠ n = -3 for 2nd term
 −2 −3
I =  x − x dx

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Engineering Mathematics 2

− 2+ 1 − 3+ 1
x x
I= − +K
−2 + 1 − 3 + 1 ;simplify

−1 1
I= + +K ;K is a constant
x 2
2⋅ x

QA 2.1.A1(vii)
Step 1 Given
;Rewrite integrand in linear form
⌠ ;Consider Formula #1
 1 1
 2 3 1
I =  x − x dx n= for 1st term
⌡ 2
1
1 1 n= for 2nd term
+1 +1 3
2 3
x x
I= − +K ;simplify
1 1
+1 +1
2 3
3 4
2 2 3 3
I = ⋅x − ⋅x + K ;K is a constant
3 4

QA 2.1.A1(viii)

Step 1 Given


 2
x + 3⋅ x + 1 ;Reduce integrand
I= dx ;this technique is useful for termwise integration
 x


 2
x 3⋅ x 1
I= + + dx ;simplify
 x x x

⌠ ;Consider Formula #1
1
I =  x + 3 + dx n = 1 for 1st term
 x n = 0 for 2nd term

;Consider Formula #2
1+ 1 ⌠
x  1 dx -- common error
I= + 3 ⋅ x + ln( x) + K
1+1  x

2
x
I= + 3 ⋅ x + ln( x) + K ;where K is a constant
2

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