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≤âyhs˝ Ó˚yÎ˚

ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°l ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õˆÏÌ

!ÓŸª!çÍ •yçÓ˚y

ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy≠

xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛_¥àï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ =Ó˚&c G fl∫Ó˚*˛õ
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lï%˛l §ÙÎ˚ñ lï%˛l xy¢yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚

Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛ ˛õ!eܲy xˆÏlܲ!òl ˛õÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ– ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ìy ӈϰ ˆlGÎ˚y çÓ˚&!Ó˚– çß√°ˆÏ@¿ ~•z ˛õ!eܲyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%_´
ܲÙ≈#ÈüȧÇàë˛ˆÏܲÓ˚y !ܲS%È ÓyhflÏÓÈüÈÓ!ç≈ï˛ ÷ܲˆÏly ï˛_¥ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ fl∫≤¿ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ ܲyç ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ~ܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ÚÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ≤ÃÎ˚y§Û !•§yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚y
ï˛_¥ã˛ã≈˛yˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓ Ü˛Ù≈ܲy[˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# !ò¢y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– Óï≈˛Ùyl Úܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚Û ÓyhflÏÓ
!ò¢y•#lï˛yñ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ˆ°!llÓyòÈüÈ~ !ÓŸªy§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ lyˆÏÙ !láyò Úx¶˛cÛñ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ §%°Ë˛ xyò¢≈ÈüÈ!l¤˛y G í˛zß¨ï˛ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÓyô ˆÌˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ñ !ÓŸªˆÏçyí˛¸y ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥ G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ x≤Ãy§!Dܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸yÈüüüÈ ~§Ó !ܲS%ÈÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y !ÓˆÏoy• ˆây£Ïîy
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛y•z Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãܲy¢lyÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl !e´Î˚y¢#° !SÈ°–
xƒyܲyˆÏí˛!Ùܲ§‰ÈüÈ~ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ã˛ã≈˛y •Î˚– ï˛y ˆÎ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ Óò°yˆÏlyÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyˆÏç xyˆÏ§ lyñ ï˛y lÎ˚– ܲáˆÏly ï˛y
ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ ܲáˆÏly Óy •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ÈüÈ˲yˆÏÓ•z ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ï˛_¥ã˛ã≈˛yñ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !Ó≤’Ó# ï˛_¥ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲv ï˛y ܲál•z §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ §Ùyç ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ò¢y !lÙ≈yîܲyÓ˚# ò!°° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ÓyhflÏÓ ç#Ól xyÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ ÊÑ˛yܲñ
ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏÎyàñ §!¡ø°lñ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ xhs˝•#l ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏï˛•z ï˛y ÷ô% !Ó≤’Ó# ï˛_¥ñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •zhflÏy•yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖
Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛ ˛õ!eܲyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆây£ÏîyÎ˚ ~ܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ xˆÏß∫£Ïî ≤ÃÎ˚y§ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î!ò ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z !Ó≤’Ó# ï˛_¥ !lÙ≈yˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ ܲy[˛y!Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y
ï˛_¥ã˛ã≈˛yˆÏܲ Î!ò ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ ï˛_¥ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ !ò¢yÓ˚# xyÓ˚ ˜òl!®l ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•ï˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚ܲÈüÈÓy•Ü˛ •ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ
ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ°áܲñ §¡õyòܲñ ≤Ãܲy¢Ü˛ñ §¡õyòܲÙ[˛°#Ó˚ §ò§ƒ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §D#ÈüȧyÌ#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lSÈܲ•z ≤ÃÓ¶˛Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ly– 150 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ xl%¢#!°ï˛
ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛õ%lÙ)≈°ƒyÎ˚lÈüÈ!l/§,ï˛ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ï˛_¥ !lÙ≈yîˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓñ lï%˛l ˲yÓlyÓ˚ çlƒ òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ° ˆòˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ ¢ï˛ §•flÀ ˛õ)Ó≈§)Ó˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏly ˛õˆÏÌ xyÓ˚G xyò¢≈!l¤˛ñ lï%˛lï˛Ó˚ ˛õÌã˛°y–
àï˛ 160 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°l ≤çˆÏDñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yÊ˛°ƒÈüÈÓƒÌ≈ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ñ Ù•yl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛_¥ G ï˛yÓ˚ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ !ÓŸªç%ˆÏí˛¸ «˛#î
•ˆÏ°Gñ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly çy!Ó˚ xyˆÏSÈÉ !ÓŸª!Óòƒy°ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Üœ˛y§Ó˚&ˆÏÙñ §Ùyç!ÓK˛yl àˆÏÓ£ÏîyˆÏܲˆÏwñ Úܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ §Çàë˛l§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚Û x®Ó˚Ù•ˆÏ° xÌÓy
ˆây£ÏîyÎ˚È– ܲálG ܲálG ï˛y §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛Ù xy˛õyï˛ÈüÈxôÓ˚y ˆÜ˛w=!°ˆÏܲG S%ÈшÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲvñ ~•z àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÈüÈ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛lyÈüÈã˛ã≈˛y xyçˆÏܲÓ˚
˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏï˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãy§!Dܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ lï%˛lï˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yˆÏܲ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ú°ƒyÓˆÏÓ˚ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛Û !lÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏ°ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ í˛z˛õyòylÈüȧ•ñ ÎÌyÎÌ ï˛#Ó ï˛yÎ˚ñ ÙyeyÎ˚ G ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó˚§yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ °ƒyÓê˛!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛y ã˛y°yˆÏï˛
ˆàˆÏ° ˆÎÙl ã˛y˛õñ ï˛y˛õÙyeyñ §ÙÎ˚ñ !Ó!ܲÓ˚ܲ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ly •GÎ˚yê˛yñ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!ê˛Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ Îy ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ç!Ÿ’‹T ï˛_¥!ê˛Ó˚
!lË%≈˛°ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôyÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ lyñ ˆï˛Ùl•z §Ùyç!ÓK˛yˆÏlG Ù)° ܲÌyê˛y ~ܲ•z Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚– ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l !ã˛hs˝y ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
Ó‡ ˛õÌ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚#!«˛ï˛ ï˛_¥ !•§yˆÏÓñ !Ó≤’Ó# ï˛_¥ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !Ó≤’Ó# ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈l#!ï˛ÈüÈܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ fliyl ˛õyÎ˚– xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
çlƒ•zñ !ã˛hs˝y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ñ xl%¢#!°ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛õ%lÙ)≈°ƒyÎ˚l ˆÌˆÏܲ lï%˛lï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ç%ˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏSÈ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÈüÈxl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˛õÓ≈– xyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õÓ≈ ˆ°!ll#Î˚ Úˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚cÛ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒ !ܲS%ȈÏï˛ Ê˛°òyÎ˚ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚c !Ù!SÈ°ÈüÈ~ñ
!Ù!ê˛ÇÈüÈ~ñ çl§ÙyˆÏӈϢñ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈ñ xydÓ!°òyˆÏlñ §¢flf ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôñ ˆ˛õ¢òy!Ó˚c ÙlˆÏlñ ˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚c Îy !ܲS%È ˛õã˛l¢#°ñ xÓ«˛Î˚#ÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ !lÙ≈Ù
x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîñ ˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚c Îy !ܲS%È lï%˛l !ã˛hs˝yÈüüüÈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÈüÈ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ ÓˆÏ° !ÓˆÏÓ!ã˛ï˛ÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ñ ܲ!ë˛lñ §%!l˛õ%î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàÈüÈÓ˚*˛õyÎ˚ˆÏlñ ˆ˛õ¢òy!Ó˚c
!lˆÏÙ≈y• Ê˛°ÈüÈ!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîñ xydÈüÈ!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîG–
Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ =Ó˚&c ly ˆòGÎ˚y ˆÎÙl xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛
ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl ~ܲ =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ Óyôy •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!l !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ÎyÓ˚y ~Ó˚ =Ó˚&cˆÏܲ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ !òˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛ÈüüüÈ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà ~ÓÇ ÙlˆÏlÈüüüÈ ˆ˛õ¢yòy!Ó˚ˆÏcÓ˚ x˲yÓ ~ܲ ܲ!ë˛l ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O !•§yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛG ~•z ¢!_´¢y°#
x˜ÏÓ≤’!Óܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z xܲ˛õê˛ fl∫#ܲyˆÏÓ˚y!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚•zñ ~ˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢˛õÌ !lˆÏÎ˚•z lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãܲy¢ly–
~•z ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ lï%˛l ÎyeyÎ˚ñ ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ fliyl ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ï˛l!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛– §Ùܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xyÓ˚G Ó‡ !ܲS%È x!ï˛
=Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲÈüüüÈ ÎÌyÎÌ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ x˲yˆÏÓ fliyl ˆòGÎ˚y ˆà° ly– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°l !ӣψÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ê˛
ˆ°áyñ Úxçyly ˛õÓ≈ï˛!¢áˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•§ÛÛ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏà Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ñ Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÙÈüÈÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ ˛õ!eܲy
ÚÙyÜ≈˛!§fiê˛ •zˆÏrê˛ˆÏ°Ü˛¢lÛÈüÈ~ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˆ°áyÓ˚ ÓyÇ°y xl%Óyò– x˛õÓ˚ ˆ°áy!ê˛ñ ÚÚˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°l ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õˆÏÌ⁄ÛÛÈüȈï˛ñ CPN(M)
[Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl UCPN(M)]ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ï˛y ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !lÓ≈yã˛l ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xl%§,ï˛ ÚÓ˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Û
å≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ä ˆÎ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ ò!«˛î˛õsi# ≤ÃÓîï˛y °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ UCPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚
x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ §Ó≈hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈#Óy!•l#ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ !ÓˆÏoy•# Ùyl!§Ü˛ï˛yñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ%˛!ï˛ G §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ !Ó≤’Ó# Ó˚îl#!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°
á%шÏç ˆÓÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲG fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÓyhflÏÓï˛ ˆl˛õyˆÏ° !Ó≤’ÓÈ xô≈ÈüȧÙyÆ xÓfliyÎ˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ~ܲ ç!ê˛° §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 55%
ˆây!£Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ≤Ãçyï˛sf ã˛yÎ˚ÈüüüÈ xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛yG ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ܲyÎ˚òyÎ˚ lÎ˚ñ ô#Ó˚ à!ï˛ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚– 45% UCPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚
§ò§ƒ– ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ ¢!_´ Î!ò Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ •!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ñ Óy!ܲ ܲyçê˛y §yÙhs˝ÈüÈ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôñ ˆò¢#Î˚ ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôñ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò#
~ˆÏçrê˛ ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏçrê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ §•yÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ã˛ylñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÎ ˆl˛õy° xï˛hs˝ ô#Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢
•ˆÏ° ~ܲ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ åxyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆl˛õy° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ xyôÈüȧyÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ xyôy Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛äÈüüüÈ ~ˆÏï˛
§ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 75% ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚ xyܲyA«˛y Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆï˛Ùl•z ÙˆÏl •ˆÏFSÈ– Î!òG âê˛lye´Ù ~˲yˆÏÓ•z
àí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓÈüüüÈ ~ê˛y ôˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y Ó˚y!ç l•z– 7 •yçyÓ˚ ¢!•ˆÏòÓ˚ flø,!ï˛ §yÓ˚y ˆò¢ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ÓˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓí˛¸yˆÏFSÈl ˆÎ Ó#Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚yñ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ï˛ §•ˆÏç
xyd§Ù˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓlñ ~ê˛y ˆË˛ˆÏÓ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~álG xyˆÏ§!l– UCP(N)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ùï˛!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ï˛y•z ˆàyê˛y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛
ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ §Çàë˛l §Ù)• G Óƒ!_´ÓˆÏà≈Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ à˲#Ó˚ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ G x!fliÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– UPRC å•zí˛zly•zˆÏê˛í˛ !˛õ˛õ°§
!Ó˚˲!°í˛z¢ly!Ó˚ ܲyí˛z!™°äÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ xˆÏܲˆÏçy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yñ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˙ܲƒÓk˛ Ú!˛õ˛õ°§‰ !Ó˚˛õyÓ!°ˆÏܲÛÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl à,•#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z
Ú!˛õ˛õ°§ !°ÓyˆÏÓ˚¢l xy!Ù≈ÛÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Úˆl˛õy° xy!Ù≈ÛÓ˚ ~ܲ#ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ≤Ãã˛[˛ÈüÈÓ˚ x˲yÓl#Î˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyàÈüüüÈ !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ºyhs˝ !ò¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ç¢Î˚ ˆl•z–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚ã˛ly!ê˛ñ ÚÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyÛñ ÚÙyÜ≈˛!§fiê˛ •zˆÏrê˛ˆÏ°Ü˛¢ˆÏlÛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ù)° Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ÓDyl%Óyò– ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚
ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛õ%lÙ)≈°ƒyÎ˚lÈüÈ ˛õ%l/§)eyÎ˚ˆÏl ˆÎ !ò¢y !lˆÏÎ˚ Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛ Ü˛yç ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ï˛yÓ˚•z xÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !˲!_ÈüÈÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ!ê˛
ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y°yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ñ Ù•yl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÎ§Ó !˲ߨ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚
ò,!‹T˲!DÈüȧÙ)• ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ !Óºy!hs˝ §,!‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚G xyˆÏ°yܲ˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˆ«˛e=!°ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªò,!‹T˲!DÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~•z !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ ˆáÑyçyÓ˚
ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆÎ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Çáƒy!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛ál xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ G çyï˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ âê˛ly Óy ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚
í˛zqÓ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ âê˛ly •° xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ~ܲ ï˛#Ó  §B˛ê˛ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ÷ô% 1930ÈüÈÓ˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ §B˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ•z ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ°–
§B˛ê˛ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Îál ~Ù!lˆÏï˛•z xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ GDP Ó,!k˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ 2·4%ñ çy˛õyˆÏlÓ˚ 1·9%ñ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ Ó,•Í ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò#
Ó˚y‹T…=!°Ó˚ àí˛¸ GDP Ó,!k˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ 3%ÈüÈ~Ó˚ l#ˆÏã˛– !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ xÓfliy ܲyÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ áyÓ˚y˛õ •ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ly !Ó ˆÏê˛ˆÏlÓ˚– !ÓŸªÈüÈ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚
ˆÜ˛w ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆÎÔÌ ˆây£Ïîy ˆ¢yly ÎyˆÏFSÈÈüüüÈ ÚÚ~•z §B˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y o&ï˛•z ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§Ó–ÛÛ Úí˛zò#Î˚ÙylÛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# Ó˚y‹T… ã˛#lÈüÈ~Ó˚ GDP
Ó,!k˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚ 9·5% ˆÌˆÏܲ 7·5%ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ 7·1%ñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ 5·8 •ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ å§Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˛õ)Ó≈yl%Ùyl xl%ÎyÎ˚#ä– IMFÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆây£Ïîy xl%ÎyÎ˚#
2009ÈüÈ10 xy!Ì≈ܲ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ~•z •yÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆlˆÏÙ òÑyí˛¸yˆÏÓ 5·25%– Ê ˛yˆÏ™ñ !Ó ˆÏê˛ˆÏlñ çy˛õyˆÏlñ çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ ~ܲê%˛ ~ܲê%˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ xyˆÏ®y°l
òyly ÓÑyôˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl G ˲!Ó£ÏƒÍ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ ã˛ã≈˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ x˲ˆÏÓ ~ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ú!ã˛hs˝ÏlÛÈüÈ~ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyˆÏܲ
fliyl ˆòGÎ˚y ˆà° ly–
xlƒ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z çyï˛#Î˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •ˆÏ°G ~Ó˚G ~ܲê˛y xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§!ê˛ •°ñ !§!˛õxy•zå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈yD ÚÓ%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y
˛õy!ê≈˛ÛˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚– Óyl≈fiê˛y•zlÓyòñ ܲyí˛zê˛!flÒÓyò ~ÓÇ e%´ˆÏÿ˛Ë˛ÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ú§,çl¢#°Û ï˛_¥yÎ˚lÈüȧ)eyÎ˚l âê˛yˆÏï˛ âê˛yˆÏï˛ 1990ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏ§
˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ lÎ˚yÈüÈí˛zòyÓ˚l#!ï˛Ó˚ ôyE˛yÎ˚ Îál ˆ§ ÙylÓÈüÈòÓ˚ò#ñ çlÙ%á#ñ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# í˛zߨÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ú§,çl¢#° ï˛_¥Û xyÙòy!l ܲÓ˚°ñ ï˛álG ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓyÙ˛õsi#
ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yà•z ˆË˛ˆÏÓ!SȈϰl ~ê˛y•z ÚxyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyòÛ– !ܲv !§!˛õxy•zå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢!_´¢y°# ò%à≈
˛õ!ÿ˛ÙÓˆÏDÓ˚ !§D%Ó˚ñ l®#@˝ÃyÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ l,¢Ç§ •ï˛ƒy°#°yñ ܲƒyí˛yÓ˚ñ ˲yí˛¸y ܲÓ˚y ˆ˛õ¢yòyÓ˚ •ï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚# G §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚ ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÚxË)˛ï˛˛õ)Ó≈Û ï˛y[˛Ó ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚G
Îál çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô ˲y.y ˆà° lyñ ï˛ál ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ xLjϢÓ˚ ÓyÙ˛õsi# ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ˆÎñ ~ê˛y ˆÜ˛yl
ÚÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyòÛ lÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y !lç≈°y ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò ÓÓ˚ÓyÓ˚•z !lÙ≈Ùñ !l¤%˛Ó˚– ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !l¤%˛Ó˚ï˛y ܲˆÏÙ!lñ ÓÓ˚Ç ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ Ó‡=î– xyÓ˚
!ÓŸªÈüÈ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ˆ≤ç!e´˛õ¢l •yˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ñ xy•z~Ù~Ê˛ÈüÈGÎ˚y”≈˛ ÓƒyˆÏB˛Ó˚ Úçlܲ°ƒyîÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ Ó˚*˛õyÎ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyÓ˚y Îï˛ê˛y ò,ì˛¸ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ lyÙˆÏÓlñ
lyÙ ï˛yÓ˚ Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ܲÙ≈§)!ã˛ˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Îy•z ˆ°áy ˆ•yܲñ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z o&ï˛ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !§!˛õxy•zå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚
x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚y ï˛y•z ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ¢!_´¢y°# Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ò°=!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛– SEZ xy•zl ~Ó˚y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SÈ° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚G xyˆÏà– SEZ xM˛°ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏò!¢ÈüÈË)˛!Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛y !°áˆÏï˛ å2003 §yˆÏ°•zä ~ˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛ ÜÑ˛yˆÏ˛õ!lñ
ˆÎÙl l®#@˝ÃyˆÏÙ l,¢Ç§ •ï˛ƒy°#°y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚G !ÓÓ,!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÊ˛yÎ˚yÓ˚y ˆSÈyê˛yˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó%ܲ ÜÑ˛yˆÏ˛õ ly– ~•z •° Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ˆ˛õ¢òy!Ó˚c–
!§!˛õxy•zå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ~áyˆÏl•z ˆÎ !ÓŸª˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ¢!_´¢y°# ˆÜ˛w!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎ §Ó ˛õy!ê≈˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z ÚÓ¶%˛cÛ
fliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ 1990ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆòˆÏ¢ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ Ó¶%˛ˆÏcÓ˚Û Ù%ˆÏáy¢!ê˛ á%ˆÏ° ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛•z •ˆÏÓ– !§!˛õxy•zå~Ùäñ
!§!˛õxy•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°Ó˚ ~•z Ù%ˆÏáy¢ ÷ô% çyï˛#Î˚ hflψÏÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ÓyÙ˛õsi# Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xˆÏlܲê˛y í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚
ˆàˆÏSÈ–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!ÿ˛ÙÓˆÏD !§!˛õxy•zå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z fl∫Ó˚*˛õ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ ÓyÙ˛õsi# xyˆÏ®y°lñ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆÎ ¢)lƒï˛y ÓçyÎ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ï,˛îÙ)° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ÈüÈÜ˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ í˛zaylÈüüüÈ ~ܲ Ú˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •yGÎ˚yÛÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ !lˆÏÎ˚ •y!çÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– lÎ˚y í˛zòyÓ˚l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
≤Èϟ¿ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙˆÏï˛•z !§!˛õxy•zå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%Ó≈° ¢!_´ lÎ˚ñ ~•z §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ xyí˛¸y° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï,˛îÙ)° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y
ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ §ˆÏçyˆÏÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– !§D%Ó˚ñ l®#@˝ÃyÙ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl §Ç@˝ÃyÙ# Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ Ìyܲyñ SEZ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ# xÓfliyl
ˆlGÎ˚yñ ï,˛îÙ)ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÎ ~ܲ ÚˆË˛yê˛ Óyí˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢°Û !SÈ°ñ ï˛y Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆçyê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
§yˆÏÌ Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ xLjϢÓ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ˆçyˆÏê˛ ˆÎyàòyl ˛õ!ÿ˛ÙÓˆÏD àî xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ~ܲ Óí˛¸ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
!Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~•z ç!ê˛° ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ# ÓyÙ˛õsi#Ó˚ V˛yu˛y ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy !SÈí˛¸ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ òy!Î˚c !SÈ° ~ܲ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ# ÓyÙ ˙ܲƒÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛õ!ÿ˛ÙÓˆÏDÓ˚
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§ ܲyˆÏç ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !ò¢y•#lï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z ÓyhflÏÓï˛ ï,˛îÙ)°
Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°ç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛í˛z ˆÜ˛í˛z Ù%§!°Ù ˆÙÔ°Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ê ˛rê˛ àë˛l ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ú!í˛!Ê˛ê˛ !§!˛õ~ÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚
ˆfl‘yàyl §• §Ó ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛y x“ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– SUCI ~Ù!˛õ ˆçï˛yÓ˚ xy¢yÎ˚ ï,˛îÙ)ˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD
~ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈñ CPI(ML) !°ÓyˆÏÓ˚¢l §yÓ˚y ˆòˆÏ¢ ÓyÙ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆlï,˛c CPI(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚
!Ó•yÓ˚ñ í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢ !lÓ≈yã˛l# ˆçyê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ˛õ!ÿ˛ÙÓˆÏDÓ˚ ÓyÙ G !Ó≤’Ó# ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
!ÓŸªy§ˆÏÎyàƒï˛y ï˛°y!lˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˆë˛ˆÏܲˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!ÿ˛ÙÓˆÏD fl∫yô#l §Ç@˝ÃyÙ# ÓyÙÈüÈxyˆÏ®y°l ~•z !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
 ~Ùl ~ܲ lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ Îál Úܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !Ó≤’Ó#Û ¢!_´=!°Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ G Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆÙ•l!ï˛ çlï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ xLjϢÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y §Ω˛Óñ Ó°y Óy‡°ƒñ ï˛y •ˆÏFSÈ ly– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲyñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xyÓ˚G Óí˛¸ ÙyeyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ ˆ«˛ï˛Ùç%Ó˚ñ à!Ó˚Ó Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚G Óí˛¸ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ò°=!°Ó˚ å!§!˛õ~Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ ï,˛îÙ)°ä fl∫Ó˚*˛õˆÏܲ lï%˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚y
G ˆÙ•l!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z xLjϢÓ˚ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó≤’Ó# xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ =îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– ~•z âê˛ly ÓyhflψÏÓ âê˛ˆÏÓ
!ܲlyñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ Óy ~ܲy!ôܲ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ §Çàë˛l ~Ó˚ §Ê˛° ܲy!Ó˚àÓ˚ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏë˛ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲlyñ !Ó≤’Ó#ÈüÈÓyÙ˛õsi# ÙˆÏly˲yÓy˛õߨ
Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆ§ê˛y•z ~ܲ ܲ!ë˛l ≤ß¿ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÓ˚G !Ó£ÏÎ˚– Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛG ˆ§•z xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ܲ– Ú!ã˛hs˝lÛ ï˛yÓ˚ §yôƒ G
§#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚G ˆ§•z ܲy!A«˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xylyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ܲ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚–
 xçyly ˛õÓ≈ï˛!¢áˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•§
≤âyhs˝ Ó˚yÎ˚

!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ò¢Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò¢Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ!°Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# çlàˆÏîÓ˚ G
ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ lçÓ˚ !lÓk˛– !lç !lç ˆòˆÏ¢ !Ó≤’Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ í˛zͧ%ܲ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ã˛°Ùyl
!Ó≤’Ó# §Ç@˝ÃyÙ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ xyˆÏ°yܲÓ!ï≈˛Ü˛yñ ˆ≤ÃÓ˚îyÓ˚ ~ܲÙye í˛zͧ– ò#â≈ 10 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲlyàyˆÏí˛¸ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚
ÎyGÎ˚yê˛y•z ~•z ˛õy!ê≈˛!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ◊k˛y G !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲÙye ܲyÓ˚î ӈϰ ˲yӈϰ ï˛y •ˆÏÓ x!ï˛§Ó˚°#ܲÓ˚î– !ӈϟªÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ !Ó!˲ߨ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ lylyl
ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛•z ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ò#â≈ñ ~Ùl!ܲ ò#â≈ï˛Ó˚ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù à˲#Ó˚ í˛zͧy• ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚!l–
~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ˆÎñ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÎ !ÓÓ˚° ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §,çl¢#°ï˛y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y G•z ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚!l– ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò
ˆÎ ~Ùl!ܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛G §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ ÙˆÏly˲yÓ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ ˆ¢áyÎ˚ñ ~ܲÌy ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆË˛y°y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ
ˆÜ˛í˛z ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ ly xlƒ ˛õˆÏÌñ !Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°l•z ˆÎ ˆ§ê˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z à˲#Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§ñ G ˆ§•z !ÓŸªy§ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §y•§# G !ÓÓ˚yÙ•#l ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ~•z ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §Ó ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y §ç#Óï˛y G ≤ÃyîÙÎ˚ï˛y §M˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ §¢flf
§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏܲ ¢_´Ë˛yˆÏÓ ôˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáy xyÓ˚ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ≤Èϟ¿ òyÓ˚&l lÙl#Î˚ï˛y ˆòáyˆÏlyÈüüüÈ ~ ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ !ÓÓ˚° §ÇˆÏÎyà
ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä–
ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó ˆÌˆÏܲñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îy§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ˆlGÎ˚y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°l ܲáˆÏly ò!«˛î˛õsiy ܲáˆÏly Óy ÓyÙ˛õsiyÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˲Î˚ylܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòyò%°ƒÙyl ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏSÈ– ~•z ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚
•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛– ~!ê˛Ó˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸ ï˛y•z xˆÏlܲ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ °í˛¸y•zG ܲ!ë˛l– ~•z §B˛ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ˚•y•z ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy!ê˛ !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ– ˆ§Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏîñ ˆÎ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xl%ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ °y•zl
xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆ§!ê˛ •*òÎ˚DÙ Ü˛Ó˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚–
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ò!«˛î˛õsi# !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ á%Ó â,!îï˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §ÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛– ÚÓyÙÛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ xˆÏlܲ
xydï˛ƒyà G xyd!lˆÏÓòl !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ï˛y•z ~!ê˛ ÓÓ˚Ç ~ܲôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §æÙ çyàyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ~•z °y•zl xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ܲÙÓ˚ˆÏí˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Åk˛ï˛ƒ Ó,!k˛
˛õyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë%˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° Ë%˛° ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛y ˆlGÎ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ÙyGÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛_¥ G xl%¢#°l ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ¢áyê˛y á%Ó =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~•z lÎ˚ ˆÎ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È
Ü˛Ù ˆ¢áÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ– !Ó≤’Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ xlƒˆÏòÓ˚ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ !ܲS%È•z ˆ¢áyÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈ–
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ•z !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ °y•zˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˆçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– ~!ê˛ •° Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏܲ §Ó≈òy !lÎ˚sfܲ
Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ Ó˚yáy– §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Î!òG §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !§k˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ï˛y•z ~!ê˛ G•z Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ xô#lñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl !ܲv §Ó§ÙˆÏÎ˚•z ~ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ §Ù§ƒy ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ– ≤Ãôyl ˆVÑ˛yܲ!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏSÈ
~•z ò%!ê˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲÙye !òܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ •Î˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚Óyò lÎ˚ˆÏï˛y §ÙÓ˚Óyò– ~ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚
xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfܲ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚yê˛y !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï Ü,˛!ï˛c–
~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ x!˲Ù%á !lˆÏÎ˚ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˆò¢!ê˛ˆÏï˛ •z!ï˛•y§ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆ§!ê˛ Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
Óî≈ÙÎ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Óy xôÓ˚yñ !ܲv ˆÎ òyÓ˚&l ÙˆÏly@˝Ãy•# ï˛yˆÏï˛ §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z– ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò!«˛î˛õsi#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÓyÙ˛õsi# ˜lÓ˚yçƒÓyò# ӈϰ xÓK˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆàÑyí˛¸y!Ù˛õsi#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È Úò!«˛î˛õsi#Û ˆVÑ˛yܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ò%/á ˛õyÎ˚– !ܲv !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä Îál
~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !§k˛yhs˝ ˆlÎ˚ ˆÎ!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ál xyÓyÓ˚ ~Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyl ˛õyŒê˛yˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚– xyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl•z !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)°
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§Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚y «˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§§Ó ˆòˆÏ¢ «˛Ùï˛y òáˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° Ó˚y‹T… !lˆÏÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î §Ù§ƒy– ≤ÃÌÙ !òܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ò¢
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§ÙyÆ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ê˛y §Ó≈!l¡¨ ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ùyôylñ xyÓ˚ ~•z ˛õˆÏÌ ~ˆÏàyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy°y˛õÈüÈxyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ =Ó˚&c ÌyܲˆÏÓ á%Ó ˆÓ!¢–
˛õy!ê≈˛ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆÎñ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y §Ç§òÓyò ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ lÎ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ •ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ lÎ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
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Ó˚îl#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xy§ˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ my!®μܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l G ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD §%ã˛yÓ˚&˲yˆÏÓ Ùy!lˆÏÎ˚
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Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲˆÏçyê˛ •GÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ !SÈ°– ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y §ÙÎ˚ Îál Ó˚yçï˛sf ã˛Ó˚Ù «˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚y §Ç!Óôyl ôÁǧ
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ˆÎñ 1991 §yˆÏ° !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ˆÎ ÷ô% !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏl xÇ¢ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° G §Ç§ˆÏò 9!ê˛ xy§l !çˆÏï˛!SÈ° ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓ ~áˆÏly
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎñ ÚÚ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ §Ç§ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚G §Ç§ò#Î˚ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ x§yÓ˚ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xye´ÙˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%ˆÏÎyà•z xyÙÓ˚y §yÙylƒ
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒG SÈy!í˛¸!l– ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ó Ê ˛ˆÏrê˛•z xyÙÓ˚y çlÎ%ˆÏk˛' ≤Û!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ ÉÉÉ–ÛÛ å!ò GÎ˚yÜ≈˛yÓ˚ñ §Çáƒy 11ñ ˛õ,É 19ä Ó_´Óƒ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚– ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
§yôyÓ˚î x!˲Ù%á Î!ò !ë˛Ü˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ç§ò#Î˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈G §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ xÇ¢ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÓ˚ xhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛#ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
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xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yÓ˚ §Óê˛y çy!l lyñ !ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ x!ï˛ÈüÈÓyÙ˛õsi# Ó¶%˛Ó˚y ˆÎ xylˆÏ® í˛ˆÏàyÙˆÏày •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°l ï˛yˆÏï˛ §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ !ܲv §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyà ˆòGÎ˚y xyÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸yñ ò%ˆÏê˛y !§k˛yˆÏhs˝Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î•z çˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ !SÈ°– 2007 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 3 ˆÌˆÏܲ 8 xyàfiê˛
!§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õM˛Ù Ó!ô≈ï˛ §Ë˛yÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ !SȈϰl 2174 çl Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ñ ò#â≈ xy°y˛õÈüÈxyˆÏ°yã˛ly ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ SÈyí˛¸yÓ˚ !§k˛yhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚– G•z §Ë˛yÎ˚ ˆÎ !§k˛yhs˝ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ ~áyˆÏl í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– ÚÚxhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛#ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛
ã%˛!_´ÙˆÏï˛y å12 òÊ˛y ã%˛!_´ä ã˛ˆÏ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ àƒyÓ˚y!rê˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfliy Î!ò ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ §sfy§ G ˛õÿ˛yÍÙ%á# §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ
£Ïí˛¸Îsf Î!ò ≤Ãçyï˛sf ˆây£Ïîy ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚y ly ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl lyÙy SÈyí˛¸y !§!˛õ~låÙyGÓyò#äÈüÈÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ
ly ÉÉÉ–ÛÛ ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎyà ܲÓ˚&l ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˆ≤ç !ÓK˛!ƈÏï˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ xyd§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÈüüüÈ Úڧǧò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~•z ã%˛!_´Ó˚
ܲÌy çlàîˆÏܲ çylyˆÏly í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Îï˛ ò)Ó˚ §Ω˛Ó §yˆÏÌ ˆlGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ°ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ Îál Óy°%GÎ˚yê˛yÓ˚ Ó˚&ˆÏÙ ˆ¢£Ï Ù%•)ï≈˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝
ˆÊ˛í˛yˆÏÓ˚° Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliy G §Ùyl%˛õy!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc !lˆÏÎ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ܲÌy çlàîˆÏܲ çylyˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ÙyGÓyò#Ó˚y ÙˆÏô¢
≤Èϟ¿ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆây!£Ïï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§)!ã˛ ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° =çÓ Ó˚!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Óºy!hs˝ ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆà° ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° G §%!ÓôyÓyò#Ó˚y–ÛÛ
≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ §%ˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ•z !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ ~•z §yôyÓ˚î x!˲Ù%á xl%§yˆÏÓ˚•z ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyGÓyò#Ó˚y xy°y˛õÈüÈxyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ xflf!ê˛ˆÏܲ
˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲl– 22 lˆÏ˲¡∫Ó˚ 2005ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 12 òÊ˛y ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yñ 16 ç%l 2006ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 8 òÊ˛y ã%˛!_´ñ 8 lˆÏ˲¡∫Ó˚ 2006ÈüÈ~Ó˚
6 òÊ˛y ã%˛!_´ÈüüüÈ ~=ˆÏ°y §Ó•z !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ Ê˛§°– ~•z ˛õy!ê≈˛!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xy°y˛õÈüÈxyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÷ô%Ùye ˆ¢£Ï xye´Ùî •ylyÓ˚ xyˆÏà
!ܲS%Èê˛y §ÙÎ˚ ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ ~=!° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ =îàï˛ í˛zÕ‘¡≥˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õyÎ˚– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛
xy°y˛õÈüÈxyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏܲ•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ Ú=îàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÓ˚G í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚Û !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ¢!_´ §Ç@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l
ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y–
lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y Ó˚y‹T… ålÎ˚y àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T…G ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ä §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !§!Ó˚Î˚y§ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ Ó˚yáˆÏSÈ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä–
~•z §Ó Ó˚y‹T…=!°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y Ó˚yˆÏ‹T… xô/˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y á%Ñ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˛õƒy!Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛zˆÏlÓ˚ !¢«˛y G ÚÚfliyÎ˚# §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ Óy!•l#
!Ó•#lñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˛õ%!°¢ Óy!•l# !Ó•#lñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyÌyÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲï,≈˛˛õ«˛ !Ó•#l Ó˚y‹T…ÛÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ Ó_´ÓƒˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢
ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y ~•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï í˛z_Ó˚ á%шÏç ˛õyˆÏFSÈ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
§Ó≈•yÓ˚y Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ xÓòyl ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ÙyG– Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õy!ê≈˛ÈüÈÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛ çlàî !òˆÏÎ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
!Ó≤’Ó# ܲ!Ù!ê˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ á%Ó =Ó˚&c ˆòl ïÑ˛yÓ˚y– 2003 §yˆÏ° ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !§k˛yhs˝ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yáy •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ
ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°≠ ÚÚ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T fliylñ ܲy° G xÓfliyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˛õy!ê≈˛ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y !Ó≤’Ó#ñ Óy ˆÎ Ó˚y‹T… àîï˛y!sfܲ Óy §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲñ xlƒ ~ܲ fliylñ
ܲy° Óy xÓfliyÎ˚ ï˛y •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÈüÈ!Ó≤’Ó#– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !¢«˛yñ xÌ≈yÍ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲê˛y xÓfliyÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ !ÓˆÏoy•
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§!ê˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z §¡õ)î≈ §!ë˛Ü˛– !ܲv ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˛õy!ê≈˛•z ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ§ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
ˆlï,˛ˆÏc Î!ò lÎ˚yàîï˛y!sfܲ Óy §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T… ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Ù%_´ àîï˛y!sfܲ Óy §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §%ˆÏÎyà ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ ÌyˆÜ˛ lyñ Óy ï˛y ܲÓ˚y !l!£Ïk˛ •Î˚–ÛÛ
G•z ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓ•z ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §yÙhs˝ï˛sfÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §y¡ÀyçƒÓyòÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfliyÓ˚ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ e´Ùyàï˛ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yܲÓ˚î G !Ó≤’Ó#ܲÓ˚î âˆÏê˛•z
ã˛ˆÏ°– ˛õy!ê≈˛ Î!ò e´Ùyàï˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó#ܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •Î˚ñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ~Ùl «˛Ùï˛y ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óܲ“ !Ó≤’Ó# ˛õy!ê≈˛ Óy
ˆlï,˛cˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc Ó§yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z§Ó ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îy!sfܲ Óy xyl%¤˛y!lܲ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ˆÎÙlê˛y !SÈ° ã˛#ˆÏl–
çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ§ÓyÎ˚ ~=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏ̃ Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y– ~•z ≤Èϟ¿ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y ~ï˛ ˙ܲy!hs˝Ü˛ ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y
~ܲÈüÈ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ˆÙˆÏl ˆlÓyÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ÓÓ˚Ç !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÓ˚ !Ó˛õòˆÏܲG ˆÙˆÏl ˆlˆÏÓl– 2006 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 26
!í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ§!ÙlyˆÏÓ˚ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲÓ˚y ≤Ãӈ϶˛ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ !ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ≠
ÚÚ~ï˛!òl ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •hflψϫ˛˛õ lÎ˚ñ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ xô/˛õï˛l•z ˆÓ!¢Ó˚ ˲yà §Ó≈•yÓ˚y !Ó≤’ˆÏÓ xhs˝â≈yï˛ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z
!Ó˛õòG xÓ¢ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚•z ˆàˆÏSÈ– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyˆÏò ˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ~!ê˛ å§y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ •hflψϫ˛˛õä
Ü˛Ù !Ó˛õIlܲ–ÛÛ
ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc G ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ï lçÓ˚ ˆòlñ Ó˚y‹T… !lˆÏÎ˚
!§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~ܲ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ xlƒ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ú•zFSÈyÛ Óy Ú~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcÛ ˆçyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y˛õyˆÏly•z ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ xÌ≈ñ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï ˆ◊î# xÌ≈yÍ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc SÈyí˛¸y ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Úlï%˛l
Ó˚y‹T…Û ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ܲv ˆ◊î#!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ùl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏÓ⁄ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ xÌ≈
˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Óy ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc lÎ˚ñ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !lÓ≈y!ã˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏlÓ˚ åˆÎÙlñ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ Óy !˛õ˛õ°§
ܲyí˛z!™°ä ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ G §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ê˛yÓ˚yܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ â%!ã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛
ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl §Ó≈e ˲Î˚ylܲ Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z Ë%˛° ˆ¢yôÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y•z §y•§ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xˆÏQyÓÓ˚
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ°!ll e´Ùyàï˛ ˆÎ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà âê˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛=!°Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙÈüüüÈ
ˆ§•z !¢«˛yˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~!ê˛ Ë˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛G ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl !¢«˛y •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
˛õy!ê≈˛ ≤Èϟ¿
ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°ñ ~Ùl!ܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊¤˛ ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°G ˆÎ §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò# ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈñ
~•z ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y!ê˛ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÙÓ˚ˆÏí˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ ò%!ÿ˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ӈϢ£Ï ˆlï˛yÓ˚ !ÓŸªy§âï˛yܲï˛y Óy xô/
˛õï˛lˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ x!ï˛§Ó˚°#ܲÓ˚îñ ˆÎ!ê˛ xyÙÓ˚yñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛Ó˚y ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ìy!ܲñ ˆ§!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ly
ïÑ˛yÓ˚y– ~•z xô/˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ÓÓ˚Ç ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòl àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yˆÏܲ Ë%˛° Óy ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢ ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ñ
çlàî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙÎ˚ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ú≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÛ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ~•z ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlˆÏܲ §Ó≈çl#l l#!ï˛ ÓylyˆÏlyê˛y Ë%˛°– ܲ!Ùlê˛yˆÏl≈Ó˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~!ê˛•z âˆÏê˛!SÈ°ñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° àîï˛sf G
ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ xy!ô!ÓòƒÜ˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l §!ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛y xç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zFã˛ÙyeyÓ˚ àîï˛sf ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÈüüüÈ Îy SÈyí˛¸y
§Ùyçï˛sf fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆÎ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ó!ô≈ï˛ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ §Ë˛y xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ–
~•z §Ë˛y=!°ˆÏï˛ •yçyˆÏÓ˚ •yçyˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ ÌyˆÏܲl– !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ å!Ó!˲ߨ ˆòˆÏ¢ä àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛y xl%¢#°ˆÏl Óí˛¸
ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë%˛° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ°•z çlàî ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛y ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ !¢«˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y
ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎñ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ù ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ !ÓˆÏoy• ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ܲÙ≈# G çlàˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zòƒÙ
Ó,!k˛Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲï˛y !òˆÏÎ˚ lï%˛l ˛õy!ê≈˛ àë˛l ܲÓ˚y– ~•z !ÓˆÏoy• ~ï˛ò)Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ˆÏàyˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Èüȧò§ƒˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ó!•‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~•z ≤çˆÏD Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÚˆË˛ï˛Ó˚Û xyÓ˚ ÚÓy!•Ó˚ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ Ê˛yÓ˚yܲ â%!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z
!ÓŸªyˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆÏl ÙyGˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÚÚ˛ÚˆË˛ï˛Ó˚Û xyÓ˚ ÚÓy!•Ó˚ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ê˛yÓ˚yˆÏܲÓ˚ xç%•yï˛ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ˲Î˚
˛õyGÎ˚y–ÛÛ åfiê%˛Î˚yê≈˛ ◊yÙñ ÙyG ˆ§ ï%˛. xyl!Ó˚•y§≈í˛ñ ˛õ,É 254ä Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ e´Ùyàï˛ lçÓ˚òy!Ó˚ñ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly G !lÎ˚sfî
§Ω˛Ó •Î˚ ï˛ál•z Îál ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y «˛Ùï˛y ˆË˛yà ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó‡ò°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •Î˚– ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ Î!ò §Ó≈•yÓ˚y
ã˛!Ó˚e •yÓ˚yÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆ§•z ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ «˛Ùï˛yã%˛ƒï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy Ìyܲy í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
~§Ó ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ÓƒÓfliy SÈyí˛¸yGñ ~•z lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ Ó,!k˛Ó˚ çlƒ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆçyÓ˚
ˆòÎ˚ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä– ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ Úx!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÛˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y G e´Ùyàï˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ Úfl∫yô#lï˛yÛÎ˚
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y•z •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈– ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y xyly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– G˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçl
Ùye Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!e´Î˚ xyÓ˚ Óy!Ü Ü˛Ù≈#Ó˚y x§•yÎ˚ ò¢≈ܲÙyeñ fl∫yô#l˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x«˛ÙÈüüüÈ Ü˛!Ùlê˛yl≈ ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°Ó˚ ~•z
xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓ§yl âê˛yˆÏly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– lï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ùl xÓfliy §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ܲÙ≈#•z !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ÎyˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y my!®μܲ˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ G ˆ§ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l–
çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ °y•zl!ê˛Ó˚ §,!‹T¢#° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ G çyï˛#Î˚ !l!ò≈‹T xÓfliy !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ~ܲ!ê˛ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ °y•zl !lÙ≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ!ê˛ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ò#â≈yÎ˚ï˛ çlÎ%k˛ Óy Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚
xË%˛ƒaylñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD•z !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÙˆÏ° ly– ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ˆÏܲ ӈϰˆÏSÈ ò%!ê˛Ó˚ §Ç!Ù◊î– !ܲv §Ç!Ù◊ˆÏîÓ˚ xÌ≈ ~•z ò%!ê˛ !˲ߨ Ó˚îl#!ï˛àï˛ G Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛
°y•zˆÏlÓ˚ Îy!sfܲ !Ù◊î lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° !l!ò≈‹T ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# Îál ˆÎ °y•zl!ê˛ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y– ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆÎñ ~•z çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° xË%˛ƒayl !òˆÏÎ˚ñÎál ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD 5 •yçyÓ˚ xƒyܲ¢l âê˛yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ï˛Íܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ ã˛y!•òy
!SÈ° ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ !ç!l§ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆã˛•yÓ˚y ˆlÎ˚ xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚– ~Ó˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ ˆà!Ó˚°y Î%k˛ñ ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
§ˆÏD ÎyÓ˚ !Ù° xyˆÏSÈ– ÚÚxË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏl §)ã˛ly !ܲv ò#â≈fliyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ïc–ÛÛ å!ò GÎ˚yÜ≈˛yÓ˚ñ §Çáƒy 11ä
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ÙˆÏí˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÎ˚ xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ìyܲy lÎ˚ñ e´Ùyàï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚yñ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly ôÓ˚l!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õyˆÏŒê˛ ˆÊ˛°y ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD
§¡õ)î≈ §D!ï˛˛õ)î≈– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyGÓyò#Ó˚y ïÑ˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyçܲˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~•z ˛õÌ xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ xyÓ˚ ~ê˛y•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢!_´ñ §ç#Óï˛y G
«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ í˛zͧ–
§#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y
ˆÎ ˛õy!ê≈˛!ê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÓyhflÓÏ ï˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ùl à˲#Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ Ó›!l¤˛ñ ˆ§ ˛õy!ê≈˛!ê˛•z Îál òyÓ˚&l xydÙ%!álï˛yÎ˚ !lÙ@¿ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆây£Ïîy
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xyôyÈüȧyÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ xyôyÈüÈÅ˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆò¢•z å˲yÓ˚ï˛ §•ä §¢flf !Ó≤’Ó ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤Ûï˛ñ ï˛ál ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÎl fl∫!ÓˆÏÓy˚ ô# ÙˆÏl
•Î˚– ˲yÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˛õ%!Ñ çÓyò# !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ hflÓÏ ˚ G ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ §Ç§ò §• ¢!_´¢y°# ˛õ%!Ñ çÓyò# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl §Ù)ˆ•Ï Ó˚ çß√ !òˆÏΈ˚ SÏ È– xÌã˛ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆòˆÏ¢
!Ó≤’Ó# !ò¢yÎ˚ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊î#ˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyçê˛y ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÷Ó˚&G •Î˚!l– Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ܲÌy Óyò•z !ò°yÙñ ã˛#ˆÏlG §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ •yˆÏï˛
ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SÈ°– ˛õ%ˆÓÏ y˚ ò!«˛î ~!¢Î˚yˆÏܲ•z çlÎ%ˆkÏ ˛Ó˚ Ó˚îË)˛!Ù ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙˆÏl
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ò!«˛î ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ˆÎÈüÈˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆò¢ Óy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲyLjϢÓ˚ Ù%!_´ ~•z ~°yܲyÓ˚ xlƒ ˆò¢=!°ˆÏï˛ çlÎ%k˛ ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe âÑy!ê˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç
ܲÓ˚ˆÓÏ – •Î˚ˆïÏ ˛y ˆ§Ü˛yÓ˚ˆîÏ •z Ü˛ÙˆÏ˛õy§y (CCOMPOSA) Óy §yí˛zÌ ~!¢Î˚yl ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎï˚ ˛ ˆÊ˛í˛yˆÏÓ¢˚ ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ï˛ =Ó˚&c ˆòÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y– !Ó!˲ߨ
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xÓfliyˆÏܲ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yê˛y ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆlÏ Ó˚ Îy!sfܲï˛y– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ~ê˛y Îál xyˆÏ§ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲñ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ܲÓ˚îˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÌyê˛y ~ܲê˛y =Ó˚&c ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° xlƒ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚
Ü˛ÙˆÏÓí˚ ˛Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛•z ܲÙ≈§!) ã˛ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓl˚ ñ Î!òG ï˛y ÓyhflÓÏ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §D!ï˛˛õ)î≈ lyG •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚ ~Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° òyÓ˚&l
«˛!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ–˚
ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ò%Ó≈°ï˛y !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ !¢“ ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ xl%˛õ!fli!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚
x˲yÓê˛y•z ~•z ò%!ÿ˛hs˝yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ◊Ùç#Ó# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ùye 1·25 ¢ï˛yÇ¢ !¢“ ◊!Ùܲ– §yÓ˚y !ӈϟª ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓ•z ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò
xy!Ó‹ÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ !˲!_ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ G ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆÎ xhs˝ï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ !òˆÏܲ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚
ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !lÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ x!˲Ù%á Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ˆ§Ü˛Ìy ~ál •z!ï˛•y§– ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï §ÙyˆÏç ~•z ˆ◊î#!ê˛Ó˚ á%Ó ò%Ó≈°
í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ï˛y•z ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓlyÓ˚ í˛zqÓ G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xÓ¢ƒ ˆ§ §Ó ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓ
ly Óy !Ó≤’Ó §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏÓ lyñ ï˛y lÎ˚– !ܲv ~•z §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ~•z ò%Ó≈° ÓyhflÏÓ !˲!_Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ Ùï˛yò¢≈ !lÙ≈yî ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôylܲˆÏ“ !Ó!˲ߨ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ í˛zqyÓl ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ê˛y ~ál ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ÓyÓ˚•z
çyly ˆÎñ ˛õ)Ó≈ï˛l §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ˆò¢=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚yÓ˚y ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z «˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î
§Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˆ◊î# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛y– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ë%˛° l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z ˛õy!ê≈˛=!° §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˆ◊î#ˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚
Ê˛ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ◊î# ˆÌˆÏܲ !ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ó˚§ò §Ç@˝Ã• ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– G•z ˛õy!ê≈˛=!° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ §)!ï˛Ü˛yàyÓ˚– ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
§!ë˛Ü˛ Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊î#Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy á%Ó =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– ˆ§Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏîñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊î# §ÇáƒyÓ˚ !òܲ !òˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó Ü˛Ù •GÎ˚yÓ˚
Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y à˲#Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ñ !ܲv ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆï˛Ùl =Ó˚&c ˆòl ly–
Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ˲Î˚ylܲ ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢– ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ §ÙyˆÏç ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚&ayl
xyê˛Ü˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ù•yl ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty !•§yˆÏÓ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ~Ó˚ lyÙ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~!ê˛ ˆÎ ˆ§•z ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÎ˚ §Ê˛° •Î˚!l ˆ§•z ò%/áçlܲ
ÓyhflÏÓï˛y!ê˛ˆÏܲG !ܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ xyly òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ lÎ˚⁄ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲ ~•z ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
˲!ӣσˆÏï˛Ó˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y !¢«˛y ˆ˛õˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚⁄ ~•z §Ó ≤Èϟ¿ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y í˛zòy§#l– ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y=!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÎbÓyl ly
•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !¢«˛y ˛õyÓ ly xyÙÓ˚y–
Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ܲS%È =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y !SÈ° ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˛õÌÎye#Ó˚y !ӈϢ£Ï ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô SÈyí˛¸y•z ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
«˛Ùï˛y òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚– ~ê˛y !ܲ §!ï˛ƒ lÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˛õÌÎye#ˆÏòÓ˚ !Óï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ܲ!Ù!ê˛ ÓƒÓfliy ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° ˆò¢
ç%ˆÏí˛¸ òyÓ˚&l ˜lÓ˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ §,!‹T •Î˚⁄ ˆÎ xÓ˚yçܲï˛y ˆòáy ˆòÎ˚ ï˛y §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y §Ç•ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ G !°l !ÓGÎ˚yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
x!ï˛Èüȧ%!ÓôyÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ £Ïí˛¸Îsf ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚⁄ ~•z xÓfliy !§!˛õ!§ÈüÈÓ˚ lÓÙ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§ Úlï%˛l Î%àÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥ G Úí˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚#Û !fliÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ÙˆÏï˛y !ÓÓ˚yê˛ !ÓÓ˚yê˛ Ë%˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÌ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˛õÌÎye#Ó˚y Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÓòlyÙ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ~•z=!°ˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
~ÓÇ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ xyˆÏ§– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’Ó lyÙ!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z Ó°y xyˆÏSÈ á%Ó à˲#Ó˚ ~ܲ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !˲!_Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ §Ó≈yD#l !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy !l!•ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ~•z lyÙ!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– á%Ó Ü˛Ù §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ˛õÌÎye#Ó˚y ˆÎ §•ç !ÓçÎ˚
xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°y ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Ù•yl §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’Ó ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~•z ܲ!ë˛l §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’Ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó≈ˆÏÓ˚yà•Ó˚ G£Ï%ô lÎ˚ñ Î!òG ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ Ù•yl !¢«˛y xyÙÓ˚y !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– !ܲv
!§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly SÈyí˛¸y•z ~Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲ– ÙyG ˆ§ï%˛. !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ÚÙyGÓyòÛ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Î%!_´G á%Ó ò%Ó≈°–
ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# ï˛ˆÏ_¥ ÙyG ˆÎ =îàï˛ !Óܲy¢ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§ê˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˆÎ ܲÌy=!° ï˛yÓ˚y ӈϰ ÌyˆÏܲl ˆ§=ˆÏ°y á%Ó ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y lÎ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
òy¢≈!lܲ ˆ°áy˛õeG ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y ˛õ)Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
˛õyë˛Ü˛ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏÓl ˆÎ !§!˛õ~lå~ÙäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚!SÈ ˆ§ê˛y ܲÓ˚!SÈ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ òyÓ˚&l í˛zÑã%˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §yÌ≈ܲ– ˆ§ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y=ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲ
ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ~•z !ã˛hs˝y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyÙÓ˚y xy¢y ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# Îy !ܲS%È ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ¢£Ï xÓ!ô §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓl–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !≤ÃÎ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛Ó˚y xçyly ˛õÓ≈ï˛!¢áˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•ˆÏîÓ˚ §y•§ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÓ˚y !lÿ˛Î˚ Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ G ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ
!òˆÏܲ•z ~•z §y•§ ˆòáyˆÏÓl–
 ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°l ˆÜ˛yl‰ ˛õˆÏÌ
!ÓŸª!çÍ •yçÓ˚y

ˆàyê˛y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°lÈüÈ•z xyç Îál ~ܲ Ók˛ ò¢yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛álñ lylyl ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•zñ CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚
§y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õê˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §ÇÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !¢ˆÏÓ˚ylyˆÏÙ– ~•z ˛õê˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ~álG ã˛°Ùyl– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!òl•z ˆ§ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~Ùl §Ó ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏFSÈñ Îy
xyˆÏàÓ˚ !òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ– xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ã˛y!°Ü˛y¢!_´ñ CPN(M)üÈG å§òƒ§ÙyÆ ˙ܲƒ §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÎyÓ˚ lï%˛l lyÙܲÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
UCPN(M)ä Óyôƒ •ˆÏFSÈ x!ï˛ o&ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ó lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ lï%˛l xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛–
~Ùï˛yÓfliyÎ˚ñ á%Ó fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ §yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ˆl˛õy°– í˛zFã˛hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚
ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Óhs˝ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yàyÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ Ü˛Ù•z xyˆÏ§– ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Îy•z âê%˛Ü˛ ly ˆÜ˛lñ !Óàï˛
~ܲ ò¢Ü˛ˆÏܲ ôˆÏÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙÎ˚ܲy° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ CPN(M)üà,•#ï˛ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ G !lÎ˚ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l¢#° Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z !ò¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •GÎ˚y
ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ lylyl xÑyܲÈüÈÓyÑܲ G ˆÙyí˛¸ñ !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!l‹T §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù)°ƒÓyl x!˲K˛ï˛y
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ ï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ Ù)°ï˛/ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ˆÏî– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ñ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ≤ÃyÎ˚ xyí˛¸y•zˆÏ¢y ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ¢!_´¢y°# Ó˚yçï˛sf ï˛Ìy §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyñ
xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ Ó,•ÍÈüÈ˛õ%Ñ!ç ~ÓÇ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~ܲl¡∫Ó˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ¢!_´ Ùy!Ü≈˛l §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î Ù,àÎ˚yˆÏ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î Óï≈˛Ùyl
!ӈϟª Ü˛Ù•z xyˆÏSÈ– ï˛ò%˛õ!Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛#l G ò!«˛ˆÏî ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ò%•z Ù•y¢!_´ôÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §¡±§yÓ˚îÓyò# í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ôÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆï˛y ~Ùl
í˛zòy•Ó˚î !ÓÓ˚°ï˛Ù– Ê˛ˆÏ° Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙ•l!ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ï˛!òˆÏlÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Ù)°ï˛/ ÚÓ˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#Û ï˛Ìy Ú§yÙhs˝ï˛sf
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#Û •ˆÏ°Gñ xhs˝Ó≈›ˆÏï˛ ï˛y ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD Ó˚yç˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ%Ñ!ç G ï˛yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# åÙ)°ï˛/ Ùy!Ü≈˛lä ˛õ%Ñ!ç
~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓ˚ï˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ o&ï˛ !Óܲy¢Ùyl xy@˝Ãy§# Ó,•Í ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ §ˆÏD §Çâ£Ï≈Ó˚ï˛– ~•z !ï˛l Ù•y¢!_´ôÓ˚ ¢e&Ó˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎÙl fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ܲS%È
m®μ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!lñ ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ Î%àÈüÈÎ%àyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ¢y£ÏîˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ï˛#Ó ï˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ~ÓÇ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl í˛zaylˆÏܲ
!lÙ≈Ù˲yˆÏÓ òÙl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ~Ó˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏçyê˛G ÓˆÏê˛– CPN(M) xl%§,ï˛ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ñ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z ¢e&eˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ m®μ=!°ˆÏܲ
ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z Óy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ G §yôyÓ˚î fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆl˛õy°# ˆÙ•l!ï˛ çlï˛yÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ!l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ à˲#Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛/ñ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ x˛õ§yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ åÎ!òG ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÌ≈§yÙy!çܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÎ˚
§yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ í˛z˛õyòyl ~álG Ó‡°yLjϢ•z Óï≈˛Ùyläñ ≤Ãçyï˛y!sfܲ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°ñ §yÙhs˝ÓyòÈüÈÓ,•Í˛õ%Ñ!ç G §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD
ˆl˛õy°# ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ï˛Ìy ˆÙ•lï˛# çlï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚y !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ xy§#l ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÈüÈG !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛
!lÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›– 1917 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÎ˚ñ Ú§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛y xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆfl‘yàyl Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲÓ˚y •y!çÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ã˛!Ó˚eàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ– xyÓyÓ˚ ã˛#l ˆòˆÏ¢ CPCüÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc Ú◊!ÙܲÈüÈÜ,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcÛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y
•GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÎ ÚlÎ˚yàîï˛y!sfܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û àë˛l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏDG ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆì˛Ó˚ x!Ù°– CPN(M) ˆlï,˛c ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ Ó_´Óƒñ
ˆ°áyˆÏ°!áˆÏï˛G ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õÎy≈Î˚ˆÏܲ˛ lÎ˚yàîï˛sfÈüÈ˛õ)Ó≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#lÛ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ !•§yˆÏÓ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ñ ˆây!£Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˛õ!ÌܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD åˆÎÙl ˆl˛õy° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ Óy •zí˛zÉ~ÙÉ~°Éó §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ˛õ%Ñ!çˆÏܲ §yòÓ˚ xyÙsfî
çylyˆÏï˛G ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ !môy ˆl•zñ xyÓyÓ˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ˆÏD ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G xy˛õ!_ ˆl•zä Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y xy˛õyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ë˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ñ
~ÓÇ lÎ˚yàîï˛sf ï˛Ìy ï˛Í˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá ï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG ≤ÃÎ˚y§ñ x!˲K˛ï˛y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚•z ˆÓ¢ lï˛%ló !ÓŸª˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚
Ó˚ÙÓ˚ÙyÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà Îy Ó˚#!ï˛ÙˆÏï˛y ã˛ƒyˆÏ°!OÇÈüÈG ÓˆÏê˛– !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˆ◊!îxÓfliylˆÏܲ ~•z Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#lÛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ï˛Ìy
Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ò#â≈!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ °y°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏÓ lyó !çï˛ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ÈüÈ•z– ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ !çï˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓÈüüüȈ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyàyÙ Ë˛!ӣσï˛Óyî#
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÎyGÎ˚yê˛y xÌ≈•#l– Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° ~•z ò#â≈ Îyey˛õˆÏÌ ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ CPN(M) à,•#ï˛ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ G Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛
xÓfliyl=!°ˆÏܲ á%Ñ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓyñ ˆò¢ !ÓˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ xï˛#ï˛ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒÈüȘӧyò,ˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ !òܲ=!°ˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓyñ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ñ xò)Ó˚ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛ ˆÎ m®μ=!° ˆl˛õy°# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ï˛#Ó  •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyàyÙ
Ó˚*˛õˆÏÓ˚áy •y!çÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy–
xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §%!ÓôyˆÏÌ≈ xyÙÓ˚y Û90 ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˆl˛õyˆÏ° àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y G ï˛yˆÏï˛ ÙyGÓyò# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˲)!ÙܲyˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ˲yà
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlˆÏÓyÈüüüÈ1ä §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ó ~ÓÇ 2ä !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈Î˚– lylyl í˛zayl ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎy≈Î˚!ê˛
ò¢ÈüÈÓyˆÏÓ˚y˛ Ùy§ xyˆÏà ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎy≈Î˚!ê˛ §ˆÏÓ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ°– §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò)Ó˚c §yÙylƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ
ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ •ˆÏ°G ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ !•§yˆÏÓ CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ G Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ=!°ˆÏܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ~•z ò%!ê˛
˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ÓƒÓôyl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ˆÎyçˆÏlÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢– ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ÚÓ˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§ylÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆfl‘yàylˆÏܲ Ù%რxƒyˆÏç[˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) Ó˚y‹T…!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙ•lï˛# çlï˛yˆÏܲ ˆlï,˛c !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó !mï˛#Î˚ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ Úlï%˛l àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆl˛õy°Û àí˛¸yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá !lˆÏç•z
Ó˚y‹T…ΈÏsfÓ˚ ¢!Ó˚ܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ !•§yˆÏÓ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚ Ù)° xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›–
!lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈Î˚≠
!Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ Û90 ò¢Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ 2008 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 10 ~!≤ð ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%Ûò¢Ü˛ Óƒy˛õ# !Óhfl,Ïï˛ ~•z §ÙÎ˚˛õˆÏÓ≈ lylyl xyÑܲÈüÈÓyшÏܲÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyÙ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó CPN(M)üG ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈¢!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~•z ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ x!˲Ù%áˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfliyl ï˛Ìy ܲÙ≈ܲy[˛=!°ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Ù)°ï˛/ !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ Ü˛ä Û90ÈüÈÛ91
ˆÌˆÏܲ Û96 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ù)°ï˛/ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈ñ ~ܲܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÎ˚ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
≤ÃÎ˚y§Èü˛õÓ≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD•z ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ @˝Ã•îó áä Û96 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2006 §y° ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ñ
ˆÎ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ¢!_´ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚yçï˛sf G ï˛yÓ˚ xl%§yÓ˚# @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ §¢flf
§Ç@˝ÃyÙ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ï˛Ìy ˆò¢Óƒy˛õ# !Óܲ“ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒó àä 2006 ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆlï,˛còyl ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ §yï˛˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD !l!ò≈‹T ¢ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛
xhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î– =Ó˚&ˆÏcÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛•z ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ òy!Ó Ó˚yˆÏá– Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛
ˆ§•z ˛õ%Cyl%˛õ%C !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈=!°Ó˚ Ù)° Ù)° ã˛!Ó˚eàï˛ ˜Ó!¢‹T=!°ˆÏܲ•z ~ܲÓyÓ˚ S%Ñ˛ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ–
≤ÃÌÙ í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈!ê˛ !SÈ° ã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛ˆÏ° xy§y ˆl˛õy°# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò#â≈ܲy°Óƒy˛õ# fli!ÓÓ˚ï˛yˆÏܲ §ˆÏçyˆÏÓ˚ ôyE˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈ó
Ú≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹TÛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l ôÓ˚yÈüÈÓyÑôyñ Ó˚&!ê˛lÙy!Ê˛Ü˛ñ ≤ÃÌyàï˛ Ü˛yˆÏçÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ l§ƒyÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó≤’ÓܲyÙ# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹TˆÏòÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ xyôyˆÏÓ˚ ˙ܲƒÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó#˛ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˛õÓ≈– Û90 ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ §)ã˛ly˛õˆÏÓ≈ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ~ܲ ï%˛Ù%°
àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ ˆ§•z ≤ÃÌÙ ˆòˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ x˲yÓ xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˆÎ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙ•lï˛# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚yçï˛sf
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ ˆlï,˛c !òˆÏï˛ §«˛Ùñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈‹T ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ x!˲Ù%ˆÏá ï˛yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– §Ùyç !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ¢ï˛y≈Ó°#
≤ÃyÎ˚ ≤Ûï˛ñ xÌã˛ §yÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ≤Û!ï˛ !lï˛yhs˝•z x≤Ãï%˛°ÈüüüÈ~Ùl•z ~ܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲyÇ¢ ˆl˛õy°#
ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ ˆì˛ˆÏ° §yçyˆÏlyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚l– §%!ÓôyÓyò#ñ §ÇflÒyÓ˚˛õsi# G xy˛õ£ÏܲyÙ# ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆlï,˛c ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!FSÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ x@˝Ãî# xÇ¢!ê˛ Û91 §yˆÏ° ˙ܲƒÓk˛ •Î˚ CPN(UC) lyÙܲ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÈüüüÈÎy ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ lylyl âyï˛
≤Ã!ï˛âyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ CPN(M) [xô%ly UCPN(M)] §Çàë˛ˆÏl– Û91ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˙ܲƒ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§•z ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ xyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚
ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÚÙyGÓyòÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ˛õÌ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛ṏÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ¢˛õÌ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚–
!ܲv §¢flf çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛ṏÏܲ •yˆÏï˛ Ü˛°ˆÏÙ xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ≤Û!ï˛ G çl§ÙÌ≈l ˆÎ ï˛á!l x!ç≈ï˛ •Î˚!lñ ï˛Íܲy°#l ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆlï,˛c
ˆ§ ܲÌyG §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Ê˛ˆÏ° Û91 ˆÌˆÏܲ Û96ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÷Ó˚&Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ñ ˛õy!ê≈˛ Ù)°ï˛/ ˆçyÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ xy•zl# G ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚
Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚– ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl §Ω˛yÓƒ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ¢!_´ˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î
~ÓÇ §Ç§ˆÏò ˆÎyàòylñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲyhs˝ !lçfl∫ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# !•§yˆÏÓ xy§ß¨ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛ @˝Ã•îÈüüüÈ~•z ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yçˆÏܲ•z xï˛ƒhs˝ ˜l˛õ)ˆÏîƒÓ˚
§ˆÏD ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈ §Ù!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ï˛Íܲy°#l ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆlï,˛c–
!mï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈!ê˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& 1996 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 13 •z ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ñ xyl%¤˛y!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎ!òl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆò¢ˆÏçyí˛¸y §¢flf çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ í˛yܲ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚– Û96
ˆÌˆÏܲ 2006ñ ò#â≈ ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ Óƒy˛õ# ~•z §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˆl˛õy° ç%ˆÏí˛¸•z !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚
CPN(M)– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ 75!ê˛ ˆç°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ¢# 68!ê˛ ˆç°yÎ˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyˆÏܲ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O çy!lˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÑÓ˚y §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ≤ây§l àˆÏí˛¸
ˆï˛yˆÏ°l– àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l ≤ÃyÎ˚ 20 •yçyÓ˚ §¢flf §ò§ƒ !Ó!¢‹T ~ܲ !Ó¢y° Ú!˛õ˛õ°‰§ !°ÓyˆÏÓ˚¢yl xy!Ù≈ÛÈüüüÈÓ˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xyK˛yÓy•# ÚÓ˚Î˚ƒy° ˆl˛õy°
xy!Ù≈ÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ Îy ≤Ã!ï˛!òl•z ܲ!ë˛lï˛Ó˚ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~•z í˛z˛õ˛õˆÏÓ≈ñ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ï˛Ìy §yÙhs˝ï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ !lSÈܲ
ܲy=ˆÏç ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏï˛ xyÓk˛ ly ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ܲ!ë˛l ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ Ùy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛– 10 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚
•yçyÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# ܲÙ#≈ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ ç#Ól òyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˲yÓÙ)!ï≈˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ x§yôyÓ˚î í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚ó ˆl˛õy° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ Óy UMLÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyl%¤˛y!lܲ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚
ˆÎ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ï˛Ü˛y≈ï˛#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z §ï˛ƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ˛õyÎ˚– ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ñ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆ¢yôlÓyòñ
§ÇflÒyÓ˚Óyò G §Ç§ò§Ó≈fl∫ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ÙÓ˚ÙyÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà §yÓ˚y!ӈϟªÓ˚ !Ó≤’ÓܲyÙ# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈG CPN(M) xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ÈüȈ°!llÓyò# §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ §ˆÏçyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ ˆÎñ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ hflψÏÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆ◊!î §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ §¢flf Ó˚*˛õ ˛õ!Ó˚@˝Ã• ly ܲˆÏÓ˚
xlƒ ˆÜ˛ylG í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•zÈüüüÈ≤Ãܲy¢ƒñ xy•zl# xÌÓy §Ç§ò#Î˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)Ó˚ܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ܲáˆÏly•z ï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲ“ lÎ˚–
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õ˛õÓ≈!ê˛Ó˚ ÷Ó˚& 2005ÈüÈ06 §yˆÏ°– §¢flf çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛•z CPN(M) e´Ù¢/ ~•z ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§–
Ó˚y‹T… ~ÓÇ !Ó!˲ߨ §Ç§ò#Î˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˛õÓ≈– ~•z ˛˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏFSÈò G ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆây£ÏîyÓ˚
òy!ÓˆÏï˛ñ !l!ò≈‹T ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ §yï˛!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÎÔÌ˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ Óƒy˛õܲ G˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl
xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M)ñ Îy ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°lÈüÈ2 lyˆÏÙ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ fliyÎ˚#˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlÎ˚– ≤ÃÓ° àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚
ã˛yˆÏ˛õ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï !˛õS%È •ˆÏê˛ Ó˚yçï˛sf– Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ˆlï˛y !à!Ó˚çy≤çyò ˜Ü˛Ó˚y°yÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚ xhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– CPN(M) ˆ§•z §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚
¢ï≈˛§yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆÎyàòylG ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv xy˛õ§Ü˛yÙ# ~•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ òÓ˚çy !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ !êÑ˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ x˛õˆÏã˛‹Ty e´Ùyàï˛ çyÓ˚# ˆÓ˚ˆÏá
ÎyGÎ˚yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛l!fiê˛!ê˛í˛zˆÏÎ˚rê˛ xƒyˆÏ§¡∫!° !lÓy≈ã˛l !lˆÏÎ˚ e´Ùyàï˛ ê˛y°Óy•yly ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ÌyܲyÎ˚ ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ CPN(M) §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§–
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ !lÓy≈ã˛l xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚y §• xlƒylƒ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛◊&!ï˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyà ˆòÎ˚ CPN(M)– 10•z ~!≤ð
ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ §¡õߨ •Î˚ Ó‡≤Ã!ï˛!«˛ï˛ xƒyˆÏ§¡∫!° !lÓy≈ã˛l– ˆË˛yê˛ àîlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲܲ Ó,•_Ù ò° !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓy≈!ã˛ï˛ •Î˚ CPN(M)ó !lܲê˛ï˛Ù
≤Ã!ï˛m®μ# Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ G UMLÈüÈ~Ó˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ xy§l§ÇáƒyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !m=l xy§ˆÏl !çˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓÓ˚ ~ܲ §%flõ‹T ≤ÃÙyî ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚
Ó%ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ ÙyGÓyò# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛–
~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ í˛z˛õ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò%!ê˛ˆÏï˛ CPN(M) ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ G xyò¢≈àï˛ ≤Èϟ¿ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È lï%˛lï˛Ó˚ xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÚÙyGÓyòÛñ Ú≤Ãã˛[˛˛õÌÛ
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ à,•#ï˛ xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Ú§yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ÓÛñ Ú§Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §B˛ê˛Û ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È˛
!ӈϟ’£Ïî §Ùܲy°#l ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# Ù•ˆÏ° lyly !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚– !ܲv ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ í˛z˛õ˛õˆÏÓ≈ñ ~•z §ÙhflÏ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ˆÏܲ SÈy!˛õˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚ §yÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° xyˆÏ§
ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y xÌÓy ly ÎyGÎ˚y §Çe´yhs˝ !Óï˛Ü≈˛!ê˛– 1996 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2006ñ ò#â≈ ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚
§yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# çlÎ%k˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ CPN(M) ˆ§•z ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ Îál ï˛yÑÓ˚y•z Ù)°ï˛/ ã˛y°ˆÏܲÓ˚
xy§ˆÏl– Ê˛ˆÏ° fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ §yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛!Ó≤’Ó# !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ùï˛yÙï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ GˆÏë˛ÈüüüÈ~ܲ!ê˛
Ùï˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ ï˛Ìy §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ÙyGÓyò# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ xÓfliyl•z @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈó xlƒ Ùï˛!ê˛ •°ñ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õÌ ˆÏ̈Ïܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yê˛y CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ ò!«˛î˛õsi#
!Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚•z lyÙyhs˝Ó˚– í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyl !ܲS%Èê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Gñ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙyGÓyò# ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛ G §ÙÙˆÏly˲yÓ˛õߨ ˆÓ¢
!ܲS%È §Çàë˛l ˆ§Û§ÙÎ˚ Ù)°ï˛/ !mï˛#Î˚ xÓfliyl!ê˛Ó˚ÈüÈ•z ˛õˆÏ«˛ òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ùï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyôyÈüȧyÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲñ xyôyÈüÈÅ˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛ ˆòˆÏ¢
Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y òáˆÏ°Ó˚ ò)Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ °«˛ƒˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ G ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õܲ≈ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛
!l!ò≈‹T˲yˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ•z lÎ˚ñ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ò!«˛î ~!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ ã˛!Ó˚e §¡õߨ xlƒylƒ ˆò¢=!°Ó˚ çlƒG ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚– ܲyˆÏç•z
~•z ≤çˆÏD ˜ï˛Ó˚# •GÎ˚y !Óï˛Ü≈˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚§ˆÏÓ˚ Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó !Óhfl,Ïï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy–
çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ!ê˛ˆÏܲ CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ò!«˛î˛õsi# !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáyÓ˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl Ù)° Î%!_´=!° !SÈ° §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ
~•zÓ˚ܲÙó ܲä Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ lçÓ˚òy!Ó˚Ó˚ xô#ˆÏl !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xflf §Ù˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ Ù)° ã˛y!Ó!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z •yï˛SÈyí˛¸y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈó áä çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ òy˛õˆÏê˛ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ˆ§lyÓy!•l# Îál e´Ù¢/ !˛õS%È •ê˛ˆÏSÈñ ï˛ál ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛
Ó˚«˛îydܲ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° lÎ˚ñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ° xyÓ˚G xye´Ùîydܲ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ñ çlÎ%k˛ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ï˛#Ó ï˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚•z Îy ~ܲÙye
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛yó àä ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl °«˛ °«˛ Ùyl%£Ï Îál Ó˚yçôyl# ܲyë˛Ùy[%˛Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ Ó˚yç≤Ãy§yòˆÏܲ !âˆÏÓ˚ !ӈϫ˛y˲ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ lyÙˆÏSÈñ
ï˛ál xy˛õ§Ü˛yÙ# Ú§yï˛˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆçyê˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl Î%_´ ly ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z!ã˛ï˛ !SÈ° §¢flf xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ í˛yܲ ˆòGÎ˚yñ Îy ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M)
Ù)°ï˛/ §Ç§ò#Î˚ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ˆã˛yÓ˚yÓy!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˛õy Óyí˛¸yˆÏ°y–
ܲä Î%!_´!ê˛ !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• flõ¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚– !ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# ò,!‹TˆÏܲyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ Ó˚y‹T… ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ ˆ◊!î ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ xlƒ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚
òÙlÈüÈ˛õ#í˛¸l ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¢flf §Çàë˛lñ ܲyˆÏç•z ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏflfÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl §ˆÏ®•yï˛#ï˛– !ܲv ò#â≈ ò¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛°
!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y ~•z §¢flf ≤Û!ï˛CPN(M) !ܲ ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ñ ~ܲ˛õy!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ú§Ù˛õ≈îÛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ°y⁄ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y ~ï˛ê˛y §Ó˚° lÎ˚–
§yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ §Ω˛Óï˛/ ~•z ≤ÃÌÙ Ó˚y‹T… ~ܲ˛õy!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç !Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚yG ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ¢ï≈˛§yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ xflf §Ù˛õ≈î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ– ¢y!hs˝ã%˛!_´Ó˚ ¢ï≈˛˛xl%ÎyÎ˚# Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ lçÓ˚òyÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ §Ù˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî xflf çÙy ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ ò%Û˛õ«˛•zÈüüüÈÓ˚y‹T… ~ÓÇ
Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xyˆÏ®y°lܲyÓ˚# !Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚y– ˆ§•z xflfyàyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã˛y!ÓG xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yáy Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ üüüÈÓy˚ ‹T…˛õ«˛ñ !Ó≤’Ó# ˛õ«˛ ~ÓÇ
Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛Ü˛ ò°– ~ï˛ê˛y Ú¢ï˛y≈ô#l xflf §Ù˛õ≈îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ xï˛#ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z !ÓÓ˚° lÎ˚ !ܲ⁄ Ó›ï˛ñ ~•z âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ˆÜ˛Ó° !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ Úxflf §Ù˛õ≈îÛ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛ lç#Ó˚ÈüÈ!Ó•#l âê˛lyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãy˛õƒ ÙÎy≈òy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° Ó!M˛ï˛•z ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– âê˛ly!ê˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c
ˆÎ ˆl˛õy° Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈG ΈÏÌ‹Tñ ï˛y ~Ùl!ܲ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛G lylyl xyˆÏ˛õy§˛õsi# ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛
˜ï˛Ó˚# •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ܲÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒG CPN(M) ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚!l ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÚàîÙ%!_´ ˆÊ˛ÔçÛˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏFSÈ– í˛z˛õÓ˚vñ ¢y!hs˝ ã%˛!_´Ó˚
¢ï≈˛ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ÚàîÙ%!_´ ˆÊ˛ÔçÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ 20 •yçyÓ˚ ˆÎyk˛y Îál ܲƒyrê˛lˆÏÙˆÏrê˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xyÓk˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈñ !ë˛Ü˛ ï˛ál•z xï˛ƒhs˝ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ CPN(M)
àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ YCL lyˆÏÙ Ü˛ˆÏÎ˚ܲ °«˛ §ò§ƒ !Ó!¢‹T lï%˛l ~ܲ!ê˛ çD# Î%Ó §Çàë˛lñ ã˛!Ó˚eàï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Îy àî!Ù!°!¢Î˚yÈüÈÓ˚ á%Ó•z ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ– ~•z
YCLüˆÜ˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ Óï˛≈Ùyl ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyˆÏ˛õy§˛õsi# ¢!_´=!°Ó˚ ˆÎ í˛zˆÏmˆÏàÓ˚ §#Ùy ˆl•zñ ï˛y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z flõ‹T– §Ó !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ âê˛lyê˛y
ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ òyÑí˛¸yˆÏ°y⁄ ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ lçÓ˚òyÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ xflf çÙy Ó˚yáˆÏ°G ˆ§•z xˆÏflfÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfî ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyGÎ˚y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆáyò
Ó˚y‹T…ÈüÈ•z ~álG í˛z!m@¿ó !mï˛#Î˚ï˛/ xflf ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚ §«˛Ù ~Ùl ˆÎyk˛yÓ˚ §Çáƒy ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÙ ˆï˛y !l•zÈüÈ•zñ í˛zˆÏŒê˛ CPN(M) ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~•z
§ÇáƒyˆÏܲ e´Ù¢È/ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈó ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛/ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ x!ï˛e´yhs˝ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚G Ó˚y‹T…ñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ˆ§lyÓy!•l#Ó˚ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ !Ó≤’Ó#
~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÊ˛ÔˆÏçÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛•z Óyôƒ •ˆÏFSÈ lyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ Ó˚§òG Î%!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏFSÈú §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z
!Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°Ó˚ ܲÌy !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÎ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏlyê˛y Î%!_´Î%_´ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛y •°ñ xˆÏflfÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ Ó¶˛ ܲÓ˚y xyÓ˚ xˆÏflfÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÎ˚sfî
ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆlGÎ˚yÈüüüÈò%!ê˛ ~ܲ !ç!l§ lÎ˚– CPN(M) ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ lÎ˚– Ó˚y‹T…§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ Óܲ°ˆÏÙ Ùy!Ü≈˛l §y¡ÀyçƒÓyòñ ˲yÓ˚ï˛
Ó˚y‹T… ~ÓÇ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ˆ◊!î §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ~Û!ӣψÏÎ˚ ΈÏÌ‹T GÎ˚y!ܲӕy°– ~ÓÇ ˆ§ÛܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ã˛!hs˝ï˛G–
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ò,È!‹TˆÏܲyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° áä Î%!_´!ê˛G ΈÏÌ‹T =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– ò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%k˛ Îál
Ó˚#!ï˛ÙˆÏï˛y !ÓçÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ~ܲê˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xye´ÙˆÏî e´Ùyàï˛ ˛õÎ%≈òhflÏ •ˆÏÎ˚ !˛õS%È •ê˛ˆÏSÈ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Óy!•l#ñ §Ù@˝Ã ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ 75!ê˛
ˆç°yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ¢# 68!ê˛ ˆç°yÎ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl xyÇ!¢Ü˛ Óy §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ¢y§lÓƒÓfliy àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ ï˛álñ ˆ§•z x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ñ xyˆÏ˛õy£ÏÈüÈÙ#ÙyǧyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ly ˆ•ÑˆÏê˛ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ¢!_´¢y°# ܲÓ˚yê˛y•z !ܲ Î%!_´Î%_´ !SÈ° ly⁄ Îy!sfܲ˲yˆÏÓ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°
~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeG ˆÓ!ë˛Ü˛ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §Ω˛yÓly ≤ÃÓ°– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆÎ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ≤ÃÌÙ ò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ lylyl ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyÓ˚G xye´Ùîydܲ •ˆÏ° ï˛y xyÓ˚G §Ê˛° •ï˛ñ ~Ùlê˛y ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ° ly– ò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¢flf °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚ CPN(M) Ù)°ï˛/
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ§•z §Ó xLjϢ•z °y° âyÑ!ê˛ ~°yܲy àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎ=!° ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒhs˝ñ ò%à≈Ù– Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ !lÎ˚sfî
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ~•z xM˛°=!°ˆÏï˛ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ò%Ó≈° !SÈ°– ï˛ò%˛õ!Ó˚ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆÓï˛lË)˛Ü˛ ˆ§lyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚y Îï˛•z ≤Ã!¢«˛î≤ÃyÆ ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ
˛õy•yí˛¸ çDˆÏ°Ó˚ ò)à≈Ù ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ fliyl#Î˚ ˆà!Ó˚°yÓy!•l#Ó˚ §ˆÏD °yàyï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛yÓ˚yˆÏàyÆy °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚ §Ê˛° •GÎ˚yê˛yG ΈÏÌ‹T §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !SÈ°– ܲyˆÏç•zñ
≤Ãï˛ƒhs˝ xM˛°=!° ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Óy!•l# ≤Ã!ï˛!òl !˛õS%È •ˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈñ ~ܲÌy §!ï˛ƒ– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~ê˛yG §!ï˛ƒñ ˆÎñ ˆ§•z Óy!•l# e´Ù¢ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚yçôyl# §• ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ¢•Ó˚ G Óy!î烈Ïܲw=!°ˆÏï˛– §Çáƒy G xˆÏflfÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ=î ˆÓ¢# ¢!_´¢y°# Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Óy!•l#
Îál ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ¢•Ó˚yM˛°=!°ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ ¢!_´ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°yñ ï˛ál !Ó≤’Ó# ¢!_´È G Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ ¢!_´Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ
˲yÓ˚§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛ˆÏ°yÈüüüÈï˛y !Óã˛yÓ˚ ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° Ë%˛° •ˆÏÓ– ¢•Ó˚yM˛ˆÏ° ò%Ó≈° àî!˲!_ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ù!°ê˛y!Ó˚ Óy!•l#ˆÏܲñ
ÎyÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲˆÏ¢y ¢ï˛yÇ¢ xl%àï˛ñ §¡ø%á §ÙˆÏÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ §yÙÌ≈ƒ flõ‹Tï˛•z CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ !SÈ° ly– ï˛yÓ˚y ˆ§•z ˆã˛‹TyG
ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ÓÓ˚Ç ÷ô%Ùye §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ °y•zˆÏlÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !l˲≈Ó˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y !Óܲ“ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ܲï˛ê˛y !ë˛Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
!ܲ •Î˚!lñ ï˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy– !ܲv ÷ô%Ùye §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ °y•zlˆÏܲ•z xyÑܲˆÏí˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ° CPN(M) !ܲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛y⁄ •Î˚ˆÏï˛y
ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒhs˝ xM˛°=!°ˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚G !ܲS%È ÓSÈÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî çy!Ó˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏï˛y– !ܲv ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã ˆò¢ ˆï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•zñ ~Ùl!ܲ
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓyô#l xM˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙ•lï˛# Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ°#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ylG fliyÎ˚# §Ùyôyl âê˛yˆÏly CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏï˛y ly–
Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´ˆÏï˛ !lÎ˚sfîܲyÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° ï˛y §Ω˛Ó •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌyG lÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏ° xlƒ!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˚çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §yÊ˛°ƒñ
2006 §yˆÏ° ≤ÃyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ !Ó®%ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyÎ˚ó ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ~ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ §¡õ,_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ÷ô%Ùye §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ °y•zlˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° xyÓ˚G ò,ì˛¸Ë˛yˆÏÓ
xyÑܲˆÏí˛¸ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §¡õ,!_´ ܲy!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ω˛Ó !SÈ° ly– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛/ñ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ !Ó®%ñ ~ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ñ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §ˆÏD
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ÚàîÙ%!_´ ˆÊ˛ÔçÛ e´Ùyàï˛ ˆ•ˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ âyÑ!ê˛ ~°yܲy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yï˛SÈyí˛¸y •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ï˛ál !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ˆÏï˛≈ Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÜ˛ylG
§ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §Ω˛Ó•z •ˆÏï˛y ly– §!¶˛Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒ §Ó§ÙˆÏÎ˚•z V%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ÌyˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏçï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ܲyˆÏç•zñ çˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù%•)ï≈˛
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Óy CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ §ˆÏD •ë˛yÍ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yç# •ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛l⁄ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áƒñ ò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ 2001 §yˆÏ° ~ܲÓyÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ 2003
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≤Ã˲yÓˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°y §Ω˛Ó– 2005ÈüÈ2006 §yˆÏ° ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛!ê˛ !SÈ° !˲ߨ– Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´ G ~Û§ÙÎ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸
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xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ V%Ñ˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ fl∫˲yÓï˛•z ˆl˛õyˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!îÈüȺyï˛yˆÏòÓ˚G ˆ§•z xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ≤ÃÌÙ!òˆÏܲ
˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ~Û!lˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆòyò%°ƒÙylï˛y !SÈ°– ~Ùl!ܲñ CPN(M)üˆÜ !lÙ)≈° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ˲yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ˆ§lyÓy!•l#ˆÏܲ ˛õyë˛yˆÏly
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flõ‹TyÈüÈflõ!‹T Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ xÓfliyl !lˆÏFSÈñ ï˛ál ˆáy°yá%!°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yçyÓ˚ ˛õyˆÏ¢ òyÑí˛¸yˆÏlyê˛y Ü)˛ê˛˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ á%Ó ò)Ó˚ò,!‹T§¡õߨ ܲyç
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˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ≤ÃÓ° xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ã˛y˛õñ ~•z ò%•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !Ù!°ï˛ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÎ˚ ly ~ˆÏ§ ˆl˛õy°# ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚G ܲyÎ≈ï˛
ˆÜ˛ylG í˛z˛õyÎ˚yhs˝Ó˚ !SÈ° ly– CPN(M)üG xï˛ƒhs˝ !Óã˛«˛îï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD !Ó˛õˆÏ«˛Ó˚ ~•z ò%Ó≈°ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏç °y!àˆÏÎ˚ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y §)ˆÏeÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚§yÙƒˆÏܲ Îï˛ê˛y
§Ω˛Ó !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ V%Ñ˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ˆlÎ˚ÈüüüÈï˛Íܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Îy §!ë˛Ü˛ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚•z ÙÎy≈òy ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ–
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ÚÚ1917 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 18•z ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ å3Ó˚y Ùyã≈˛ä ï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏá ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Δy@˝ÃyˆÏí˛ ˛õ%!°ê˛Ë˛ ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ôÙ≈âê˛ ÷Ó˚& ••z°– 22 ˆ¢ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ x!ôܲyÇ¢
Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ ܲyÓ˚áylyÎ˚ ◊!ÙܲÓ˚y ôÙ≈âê˛ Ü˛!Ó˚°ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
24ˆ¢ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ å9•z Ùyã≈˛ä !ӈϫ˛y˲ ≤Ãò!¢≈ï˛ ••z° xyÓ˚G ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ– ˛≤ÃyÎ˚ ò%•z °«˛ ◊!Ùܲ ôÙ≈âˆÏê˛ ï˛ál•z Óƒy˛õ,ï˛ !SÈ°–
25ˆ¢ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Δy@˝ÃyˆÏí˛Ó˚ ˆàyê˛y ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î•z !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl §y!Ù° ••z°– ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
26 ˆ¢ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ å11•z Ùyã≈˛ä ˛õyˉ˛°Ë‰˛!flÒ ˆÓ˚!çˆÏÙˆÏrê˛Ó˚ Ùç%ï˛ ÓƒyˆÏê˛!°Î˚yˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˆÜ˛y¡õyl# =!° ã˛y°yÎ˚– !ܲv ï˛y•yÓ˚y
◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ =!° ã˛y°yÎ˚ ly•zñ ã˛y°yÎ˚ ˆ§•z ˆâyí˛¸§GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ%!°¢ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ Îy•yÓ˚y ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈ !°Æ !SÈ°– ÉÉÉÉ
 27ˆ¢ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ å12•z Ùyã≈˛ä ˆ˛õˆÏê˛Δy@˝ÃyˆÏí˛ ˜§!lܲÓ˚y ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ =!° ã˛y°y•zˆÏï˛ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– 27 ˆ¢ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ §Ü˛yˆÏ°
!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ• ˆÎyàòylܲyÓ˚# ˜§!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ §Çáƒy ò¢ •yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÓ!¢ ly ••zˆÏ°G §¶˛ƒyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §Çáƒy £Ïyê˛ •yçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z!ë˛ÏÎ˚y!SÈ°–
!ÓˆÏoy•# ◊!Ùܲ G ˜§!lܲÓ˚y çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùsf# G ˆ§ly˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ@˝ÃÆyÓ˚ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ G ˆç° ˆÌˆÏÜ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ SÈy!í˛¸Î˚y !òˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚Ω˛ ܲ!Ó˚°–
Ù%_´ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ó®#Ó˚y !Ó≤’Ó# §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˆÎyà !ò°–
Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ Ó˚yhflÏyÎ˚ ˛õ%!°ˆÏ¢' §ˆÏD ï˛álG =!° !Ó!lÙÎ˚ ã˛!°ˆÏï˛!SÈ°– ˛õ%!°¢ G !§˛õy•#Ó˚y Óyí˛¸#Ó˚ ˆã˛yÓ˚Ü%˛ë%˛Ó˚#ˆÏï˛ ˆÙ!¢làyl °•zÎ˚y
ˆÙyï˛yˆÏÎ˚l !SÈ°– !ܲv ¢#â •z ˜§!lܲÓ˚y ◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ã˛!°Î˚y ˆà°ñ ~ÓÇ çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˜fl∫Ó˚ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˲yàƒ ~•z âê˛lyÎ˚ !lî#≈ï˛ ••zÎ˚y ˆà°–
ÉÉÉÉÉÛÛ2
xÌy≈Íñ §yÙ!Ó˚ܲ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl xlƒï˛Ù !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy!ê˛ ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° !ÓˆÏoy•#
ˆ§lyÓ˚y– ï˛Íܲy°#l Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÎ˚ lylyl ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆ§lyÓy!•l#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ çyÓ˚¢y§ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ï˛#Ó  x§ˆÏhs˝y£Ï ly ÌyܲˆÏ°ñ xË%˛ƒaylܲy°#l ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛
ˆ§lyÓy!•l#ˆÏï˛ Ë˛y.l ˆòáy ly !òˆÏ°ñ !ÓˆÏoy•# ˆ§lyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ xÇ¢ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚
˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ xlƒ áyˆÏï˛ Ó•zˆÏï˛y– ˆ§•z !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ !SÈ° ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z xy°yòy–
Ó˚yçܲ#Î˚ ˆ§lyÓy!•l#ˆÏï˛ Óí˛¸ÈüÈ§í˛¸ ˆÜ˛ylG ˲y.l ˆï˛y âˆÏê˛•z!lñ ÓÓ˚Ç 1996 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ò#â≈ ~ܲ ò¢Ü˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛
e´Ù¢•z xyÓ˚G ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛° •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°G ~ܲÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒG ˆ§lyÓy!•l# Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ xyl%àï˛ƒ ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!lñ ˆSyê˛ÈüÈáyê˛ ˆÜ˛ylG
x§ˆÏhs˝y£Ï Óy !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ Ùï˛G ˆÜ˛ylG ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •Î˚!l– xï˛ƒyô%!lܲ xflfÈüÈ¢ˆÏflf §!Iï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ 1 °«˛ ˆ§lyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ Óy!•l#
§Ó§ÙÎ˚•z Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ !ÓŸªhflÏ ≤ÕÓ˚# !•§yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ñ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ly ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚
!˛õSȈÏl ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ ܲyÓ˚î– ~ÓÇ §Ω˛Óï˛ñ !lîy≈Î˚ܲG– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ˆÎ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ Ùyl%£Ï fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
!ӈϫ˛yˆÏ˲ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚y Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ •ˆÏ°Gñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ˆÎ CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲ !SÈ°ñ ~Ùlê˛yG lÎ˚– !Óàï˛ §òƒ §ÙyÆ
Úܲl!fiê˛!ê˛í˛zˆÏÎ˚rê˛ xƒyˆÏ§¡∫!°Û !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛m!®μï˛yÎ˚ CPN(M)È ˆÎáyˆÏl 240!ê˛ xy§ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ 120!ê˛ˆÏï˛ çÎ˚°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ åˆl˛õy° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ 37 ~ÓÇ •zí˛z ~Ù ~° 33!ê˛ xy§ˆÏläñ ˆ§áyˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcÙ)°Ü˛ ˆË˛yˆÏê˛Ó˚ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆl˛õy°
Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ å≤ÃyÆ ˆË˛yê˛ §Çáƒy 22ñ 69ñ 883ä ~ÓÇ •zí˛z ~Ù ~°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ å≤ÃyÆ ˆË˛yê˛ §Çáƒy 21ñ83ñ370ä ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ê˛yÓ˚yܲ å≤ÃyÆ ˆË˛yê˛ §Çáƒy
31ñ44ñ209ä ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛Ùó ÓÓ˚Ç Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ~ÓÇ •zí˛z ~Ù ~°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ ˆË˛yê˛§Çáƒy CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲê˛y•z ˆÓ!¢– ܲyˆÏç•z
xˆÏB˛Ó˚ !•§yˆÏÓ•zñ ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ Ó˚y¢ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ ÌyܲyÓ˚ ܲÌy lÎ˚ó §Ω˛Óï˛/ ï˛y !SÈ°G ly– ≤ß¿ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˛Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲÓ˚yG §ÙyˆÏç §Çáƒy°â% !SÈ°ó ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚Ó˚ §¢flf xË%˛ƒayl âˆÏê˛!SÈ° ~ÓÇ Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ xˆÏQyÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
§Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ˆl˛õyˆÏ° ˆ§Ó˚ܲÙê˛y âê˛ˆÏ°y ly ˆÜ˛l⁄ âê˛ˆÏ°y lyñ ܲyÓ˚î Ó›àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚
˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ï˛ï˛ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ !SÈ° ly– ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ §Çáƒy=Ó˚& Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !SÈ° ˆÙlˆÏ¢!˲ܲ ~ÓÇ
ˆ§y§y!°fiê˛Ó˚y– ~Ùl!ܲ çyÓ˚ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛=!°Ó˚ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlG ï˛yÓ˚y•z §Çáƒy=Ó˚& xy§ˆÏl ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô !•§yˆÏÓ !lÓy≈!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó ˆÎ âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ í˛zòƒÙˆÏܲ xl%ˆÏÙyòl ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ !SÈ° ly– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚
˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛y•z ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÜ˛ylG Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §!òFSÈy lÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ
ˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ˆÏܲ•z ˛≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÙlˆÏ¢!˲ܲ G ˆ§y§y!°fiê˛Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲï,≈˛c •yï˛SÈyí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆ§•z ˆflÀyï˛ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛ áyˆÏï˛ Ó•zˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ã˛y!°Ü˛y ¢!_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲÓ˚y ÈüüüÈ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•Î˚ xˆÏQyÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !˲!_Ë)˛!Ù–
1917 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÎ˚ §¢flf àîxË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÙyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó ˆÜ˛l §Ê˛°
•ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§ ≤çˆÏD Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏîˆÏܲ ~•z ≤çˆÏD xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xyly ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚≠
ÚÚÓ˚&¢ˆÏòˆÏ¢ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ §•ˆÏç §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’Ó !ÓçÎ˚# •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î !SÈ°– !l¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤Ãôyl ܲyÓ˚î=!° °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
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å1ä Ó˚&¢ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xˆÏ˛õ«˛yÜ,˛ï˛ ò%Ó≈°ñ §Çàë˛l Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ G Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xl!˲K˛ ¢e&Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l
••zÎ˚y!SÈ° xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó– xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ !òܲ ••zˆÏï˛ ï˛álG ò%Ó≈° ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# !ë˛Ü˛yòy!Ó˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#° Ó!°Î˚y Ó˚&¢
Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ly !SÈ° ΈÏÌ‹T Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyd≤Ãï˛ƒÎ˚ñ ly !SÈ° !Ó˛õIlܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ••zˆÏï˛ ˛õÌ á%Ñ!çÎ˚y Óy!•Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y í˛zˆÏòƒyà–
ò,‹Tyhs˝ !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ Ê˛Ó˚y§# ˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆçyê˛ ˛ÓyÑ!ôÓyÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y Óy !Ó !ê˛¢ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
Óƒy˛õܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ §%ã˛ï%˛Ó˚ xy˛õ§ÈüÈ!l‹õ!_Ó˚ !¢«˛yÈüüüÈˆÜ˛ylê˛y•z ï˛y•yˆÏòÓ˚ !SÈ° ly– ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
å2ä xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˲yˆÏà !SÈ° Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ˆ◊!î– §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÎ˚ ~•z ˆ◊!î
•zflõyˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ò,ì˛¸ ••zÎ˚y í˛z!ë˛Î˚y!SÈ°ó x“ܲyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%•z!ê˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yG •z•yÓ˚ !SÈ°ó ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏ° ~•z ˆ◊!î•z
¢y!hs˝ñ Ë)˛!Ùñ fl∫yô#lï˛y G §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ çlƒ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆlï˛y Ó!°Î˚y fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ ••zÎ˚y!SÈ°– Ó˚&¢ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆlï,˛c Î!ò
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓ ly Ìy!ܲï˛ñ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xyfliy xç≈l ܲ!Ó˚Î˚yˆÏSÈ ~Ùl ˆlï˛y Î!ò ly !Ù!°ï˛ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î G Ü,˛£Ïܲ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜Ùe#
â!ê˛ï˛ lyñ ~ÓÇ ˙ ˜Ùe# ly â!ê˛ˆÏ° !ÓçÎ˚G §Ω˛Ó ••zï˛ ly–
å3ä Ü,˛£Ïܲ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îy•yÓ˚y §%!Ó˛õ%° §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ xÇ¢ñ !Ó≤’Ó§yôˆÏl ˆ§•z ò!Ó˚o Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y Ó!°¤˛ ~ܲ !Ùe Ó˚&¢
◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ˛õy•zÎ˚y!SÈ°– ÉÉÉ ˆÎ ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ ã˛y!£ÏÓ˚y Ó‡!òl ˆòyò%°ƒÙyl xÓfliyÎ˚ !SÈ° ~ÓÇ Ùye xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÃyE˛yˆÏ° §Óy≈hs˝/ܲÓ˚ˆÏî
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ,˛‹T ••zÎ˚y ò!Ó˚o Ü,˛£ÏܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD •yï˛ !Ù°y•z°ñ ˆ§•z ÙyV˛y!Ó˚ ã˛y!£ÏÓ˚y ˆÎ !ܲ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÓñ ï˛y•yG !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ ••zÎ˚y ˆà° ~•z
◊!ÙܲÈüÈÜ,˛£Ïܲ ˜Ùe#Ó˚ myÓ˚y– ~•z ˜Ùe# SÈyí˛¸y xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó ˆÎ çÎ˚Î%_´ ••zï˛ ly ï˛y Ó°y•z Óy‡°ƒ–
å4ä Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#!«˛ï˛ G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢y!ôï˛ Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §y•§ G °«˛ƒfliˆÏ° ˆ˛õÔÑ!SÈÓyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆÎ lyly
≤ÃFSÈߨ Óyôy ÌyˆÏܲ ˆ§=!° ܲyê˛y•zÎ˚y Îy•zÓyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §ï˛Ü≈˛ï˛y !SÈ° Ó!°Î˚y•z ÷ô% Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˛õy!ê˛≈˛ ~Ùl !l˛õ%l˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛
 Óƒy˛õܲ !Ó≤’Ó# ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ Î%k˛ÈüÈ¢y!hs˝Ó˚ òyÓ#ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚î àîï˛y!sfܲ xyˆÏ®y°lñ çyï˛#Î˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y G §Ùyly!ôܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òyÓ#ˆÏï˛
xï˛ƒyã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ çy!ï˛§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ xyˆÏ®y°lñ ~ÓÇ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ í˛zˆÏFSÈò G §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc fliy˛õˆÏlÓ˚ òy!ÓˆÏï˛ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚
§Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó≤’Ó# ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ !Ù¢y•zÎ˚y !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚°–
~•z !Ó!˲ߨ !Ó≤’Ó# ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒy˛õܲ G ¢!_´¢y°# !Ó≤’Ó# ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ ܲÓ˚y•z ˆÎ Ó˚&¢ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ˛õ%Ñ!çï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˲yàƒ !lÎ˚!sfï˛
ܲ!Ó˚°ñ ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl §ˆÏ®• ly•z–
å5ä xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó Îál xyÓ˚Ω˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ál §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# Î%k˛ ã˛!°ˆÏï˛ˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÓ° ˆÓˆÏàñ ï˛ál ≤Ãôyl Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y Ó˚y‹T…=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢e&ï˛y
ï˛y•y!òàˆÏܲ ò%•z !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˲_´ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y Ó˚y!áÎ˚yˆÏSÈñ ï˛ál ï˛y•yÓ˚y ˛˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Î%k˛ !Ó@˝ÃˆÏ• ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §Ó≈ly¢ §yôˆÏl Óƒy˛õ,ï˛
Ó˚!•ÏÎ˚yˆÏSÈñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•zçlƒ ï˛y•yÓ˚y ÚÓ˚&¢ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚Û •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y í˛z!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly•z ~ÓÇ §!e´Î˚˲yˆÏÓ xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚
!ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly•z–
xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ÓçˆÏÎ˚ •z•y ˆÎ xˆÏlܲê˛y §y•y΃ ܲ!Ó˚Î˚y!SÈ° ï˛y•yˆÏï˛ §ˆÏ®• ly•z–ÛÛ5
Ó˚&¢ˆÏòˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ !Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ !ÓçÎ˚ ï˛Ìy ˛õ)î≈ï˛y ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•§yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!° ~áyˆÏl í˛zˆÏÕ‘á
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§=!° ˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ xÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ¢ï˛y≈Ó°# G §yÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛ ≤Û!ï˛Ó˚ x˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲê˛y
ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó– ò¢ ˛ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlÎ%k˛ ˆÎ í˛zFã˛ï˛yˆÏï˛•z í˛zë%˛Ü˛ ly ˆÜ˛lñ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ V˛ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ ~ï˛=!° ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y
ï˛Ìy ≤Ã!ï˛Ü)˛°ï˛yˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yê˛y §Ω˛Ó !SÈ° ly– å1ä lÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ܲÌy•z ôÓ˚y Îyܲ– Ó˚&¢ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!î ˆÎáyˆÏl !SÈ° Úò%Ó≈°Ûñ
Úx˛õ!Ó˚îï˛Ûñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÌ≈§yÙy!çܲ ï˛Ìy Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ˆ§áyˆÏl xˆÏlܲê˛y•z xy°yòy– ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ÓhflÏ#î≈ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ í˛zͲõyòl
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏ°G ~ÓÇ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ≤ây§!lܲ Ó˚*˛õ !•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏ°G ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ≤Ãôyl ¢•Ó˚ G Óy!î烈Ïܲw=!°ˆÏï˛
˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# í˛z˛õyòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ÙÓ˚ÙyG !ܲS%È Ü˛Ù lÎ˚– Ó˚yçy ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆ§•z ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ây§!lܲ ܲï˛y≈•z lÎ˚ñ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ó≈Ó,•Í ˆê˛!°Ü˛Ù !¢“ñ §Ó≈Ó,•Í
!§àyˆÏÓ˚ê˛ !¢“ñ ˆ•yˆÏê˛° !¢“ •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ Ùy!°Ü˛G ÓˆÏê˛– Ó˚yç˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ%Ñ!ç•z ˆÜ˛Ó° lÎ˚ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ e´ÙÓô≈Ùyl ÓyçyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ù%lyÊ˛y ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ¢hflÏy ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆáyшÏç •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õÈüÈxyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ˚ï˛ Óy ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ¢!_´¢y°# Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚G ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ê˛yܲyÓ˚
˛õ%Ñ!ç ˆÎáyˆÏl °@¿#Ü,˛ï˛– §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆò¢# G !ÓˆÏò¢# ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ °!@¿Ü˛yÓ˚# ï˛Ìy Ó˚«˛yܲï˛y≈Ó˚yñ xÌy≈Í ˆ§yçy ܲÌyÎ˚ ˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!îñ
1917 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ò%Ó≈° ˆï˛y lÎ˚•zñ ÓÓ˚Ç ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ó Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´ˆÏï˛G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ !lôy≈Ó˚ܲ–
xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚«˛yܲï˛y≈ˆÏòÓ˚ ӈϰ Ó°#Î˚yl •ˆÏÎ˚ §Ç§ò ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ§lyÓy!•l#Ó˚ Ü˛Ùƒyu˛ñ §Ó≈e•z ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃË)˛ï˛ !lÎ˚sfî– ÷ô%Ùye Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
çlˆÏçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ §yÙhs˝ï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ Ù)°ôl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ¢!_´¢y°# ~•z Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏ◊!î ï˛Ìy ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲ!ê˛
x!hs˝Ù G !lî≈yÎ˚ܲ °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚ xÓï˛#î≈ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚y ˛õyÎ˚!lñ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ï˛ï˛ê˛y
˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ !l– å2ä lÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îG ï˛ï˛ê˛y ¢!_´¢y°# •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛!lñ Îï˛ê˛y ¢!_´ ÌyܲˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ùyç !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ ˆlï,˛c ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó– å4ä lÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ 1917 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° çyÓ˚ï˛sf
!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !ӈϫ˛y˲ˆÏܲ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%k˛ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# àîï˛y!sfܲ xyˆÏ®y°lñ ç!ÙòyÓ˚# !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# Ü,˛£Ïܲ xyˆÏ®y°lñ ˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˙ܲƒÓk˛
◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°l ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ Ú!Ó!˲ߨ !Ó≤’Ó# ôyÓ˚yˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒy˛õܲ G ¢!_´¢y°# !Ó≤’Ó# ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´Û ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §%ˆÏÎyàˆÏܲ
ܲyˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ !SÈ° ˆ§•z ï%˛°lyÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ x˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ñ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ~ܲÙy!eܲ– Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏFSÈòÈüÈ•z !SÈ°
ˆ§áyˆÏl Ù)° §yÙy!çܲ xƒyˆÏçu˛yñ Ú!Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛Û àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §¡øï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˆl˛õy°# ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏ◊!î ˆÎ §yÙy!çܲ òy!ÓˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲyLjϢ•z
Ù#Ùyǧy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛°ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù lÎ˚– §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ñ å5ä lÇ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ !lÓ˚#ˆÏá !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ !SÈ° ï˛Íܲy°#l Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– ò%!lÎ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲl¡∫Ó˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# Ó˚y‹T… xyˆÏÙ!Ó˚ܲy ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó,•Í ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢# ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ ¢!_´¢y°# G ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°# Ó˚y‹T…
˛≤Ã!ï˛!lÎ˚ï˛ ˆl˛õy°# ¢y§Ü˛ˆÏ◊!îˆÏܲ Ùòï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏï˛ ˆÎyàyˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏSÈó ≤Ã!ï˛Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ §ï˛Ü≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛ylÙˆÏï˛•z ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚
!Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ)î≈ ܲï,≈˛c ܲyˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ •hflψϫ˛˛õG ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óí˛¸ xhs˝Ó˚yÎ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈñ ~álG ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ã˛#l !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyòˆÏ° Úò#â≈fliyÎ˚# çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌÛ •yÑê˛ˆÏ°Gñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z Î%ˆÏk˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°Gñ ï˛Íܲy°#l ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ
˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ï%˛°lyˆÏï˛G ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛Óï˛≈Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ x!Ù° !SÈ° xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢– ÚÓ˚y‹T…Û !•§yˆÏÓ•z !Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ã˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÎ˚
Óï≈ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl˛õy° xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §Ç•ï˛ñ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛– ˛õÿ˛yò˛õò §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ í˛zͲõyòl ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ~ÓÇ §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Ó˚*˛õ
!•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ §ˆÏ_¥Gñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…Îsf xˆÏlܲyLjϢ•z !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úxyô%!lܲ Ó˚y‹T…ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ≤ây§!lܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ
§yÙ!Ó˚ܲ «˛Ùï˛y ˆ§áyˆÏl xˆÏlܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ñ Ó‡°yLjϢ ¢•Ó˚ˆÏܲw#ܲ– ܲyˆÏç•z ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ñ !ÓhflÏ#î≈ @˝ÃyÙyM˛ˆÏ° ò#â≈!òl ôˆÏÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y òá°
ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáyê˛yñ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈ ܲï,≈˛c ܲyˆÏÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÚxyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ ¢ï≈˛Û •ˆÏ°G ÚΈÏÌ‹T ¢ï≈˛Û !SÈ° ly– ï˛Í§• ã˛#lˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l ˆò¢#Î˚ G xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛
˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ xlƒylƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆï˛y !SÈ°•z– ÈüüüÈxÌy≈Íñ !Ó!˲ߨ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã˛yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~Ùl !§k˛yˆÏhs˝
ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly•z Î%!_´ÈüÈÎ%_´ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛•z âê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛•z Ú˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Û ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Îï˛ê˛y âê˛y §Ω˛Ó !SÈ°– !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ•ñ xhs˝ï˛/ ~•z ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çlƒñ ~•z !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆlï,˛còyÎ˚#
Ë)˛!Ùܲy xlfl∫#ܲyÎ≈– !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÎ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚!ê˛ xôÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ òyÎ˚ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ lÎ˚– Ó›ï˛
àîxyˆÏ®y°lˆÏܲ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ !ò¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !ë˛Ü˛•zñ !ܲv ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáy
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ˆÜ˛ylG Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ Ú÷˲ xyܲyA«˛yÛ !òˆÏÎ˚•z ˆÜ˛Ó° xyÓyÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ à!ï˛ !lk≈˛y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ lyó ˆ§ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
!lî≈yÎ˚ܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ •° !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ~ÓÇ §yÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ¢ï≈˛yÓ°#Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyeyÈüüüÈ ˆÎ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z
ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ xò)Ó˚ ˲!ӣσˆÏï˛G ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ Úܲl!fiê˛!ê˛í˛zˆÏÎ˚rê˛ xƒyˆÏ§¡∫!°Û !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ~•z ܲy°˛õÓ≈!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚
§ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y G ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï≈˛#ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û~ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢ï≈˛§yˆÏ˛õ«˛ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚– Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#lÛ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ •ˆÏ°G
ï˛Íܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z ˛õòˆÏ«˛Ï˛õˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚G !ܲSÈ ˛≤Ãy§!Dܲ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ çß√ •Î˚– !Óï˛Ü≈˛!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%!hflÏܲyÎ˚
ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ •y!çÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ ê˛Δê˛!flÒÈüÈ˛õsi# Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢– ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ Ù)° Î%!_´ñ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚
˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ñ ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚Û ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y Ú§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚•zÛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!lfiê˛ !Ó≤’Ó#Ó˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° ˆÎyàòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ
xlƒÌyÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò!«˛î˛õsi# !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛– !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆÏl ï˛yÑÓ˚y Ó˚&¢ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ܲÙ/ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ°áy !ܲS% ≤ÃÓ¶˛ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ 1917 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ¢!˲ܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ú§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆfl‘yàylÛÈüÈ~Ó˚
§ˆÏD ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÈÏ˲ò ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï˛ê%˛Ü%˛– ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ xË%˛ƒaylÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛•z ~≤Èϟ¿ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚
Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ Ù)° ˆçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çyÎ˚ày– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ xË%˛ƒaylÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°y lyñ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zë˛ˆÏ°y ò#â≈
xy°y˛õÈüÈxyˆÏ°yã˛ly G §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §•yl%Ë)˛!ï˛§¡õߨ ò° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ •zí˛z ~Ù ~°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
§%!ÓôyÓyò# G §ÇflÒyÓ˚˛õsi# ò° §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z Îál ˆ§•z §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyà !ò°ñ ï˛ál ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyàòyl ܲÓ˚yê˛y •ˆÏ°y Ó›ï˛
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §ˆÏD !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ §y!Ù°ÈüüüÈ~Ùlê˛y•z ~•z ˛õ%!hflÏܲy!ê˛Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛– !ë˛Ü˛ ~•z !flõ!Ó˚ˆÏê˛ ly •ˆÏ°Gñ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ÛÈüÈ~
CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎyàòyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˲yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# Ù•ˆÏ°G ˆÜ˛ylG ≤ß¿!ã˛•´ !SÈ° lyñ ~Ùlê˛y lÎ˚– Úܲl!fiê˛!ê˛í˛zˆÏÎ˚rê˛
xƒyˆÏ§¡∫!°Û !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ≤Ãôyl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò° !•§yˆÏÓ !çˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§ñ CPN(M)È Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl xyÓ˚G ˛õyܲy˛õy!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xÇ¢ó
≤ÃôylÙsf#c §• =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢Ó˚˲yàê˛y•z ~ál ï˛yшÏòÓ˚•z òáˆÏ°– ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈ñ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ï˛yÑÓ˚y Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚–
2006ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÈüÈ˛õÓ≈ñ ~Ùl!ܲ 2007ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ åˆÎ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ¢ï˛y≈ô#ˆÏl ܲálG CPN(M)È ˆÎyà !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
xyÓyÓ˚ ܲáˆÏly ¢ï≈˛Ë˛ˆÏDÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyà ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚G ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈä §ˆÏDG Óï≈˛Ùyl ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ =îàï˛ ˛˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T… !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
ˆÎ xyˆÏ®y°lˆÏܲ CPN(M)È ~ï˛!òl ˆlï,˛c !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§•z Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚•z ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ xÇ¢#òyÓ˚ ~ál CPN(M)È !lˆÏç– Ü˛yˆÏç•z Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õˆÏÓ≈
CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y à,•#ï˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ °y•zlñ ˆ§•z °y•zˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !˲!_ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãy§!Dܲ !Óï˛Ü≈˛=!° xyÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈñ
ˆ§=!°ˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ =Ó˚&c !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ,Ìܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ xLjϢ xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§!ê˛•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy–
2– xhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ G !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ /
2007ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û ~ÓÇ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ fliyÎ˚# §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyàòyˆÏlÓ˚ Ó‡ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•zñ ~Ùl!ܲñ 2006ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ˛≤ÈÏÓ¢
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚G ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%Èê˛y xyˆÏàñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T… ÓƒÓfliy ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ï˛yÑÓ˚y ܲyˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈlñ !ܲ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒñ ˆÜ˛yl‰
í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ•z Óy ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§•z Ó˚y‹T…ÎsfÈüüüȈ§ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ CPN(M)È ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ¢#£Ï≈ˆÏlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ°áy
!Ó!˲ߨ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ñ lylyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚y ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyˆÏSÈ– xÌy≈Í ~ܲê˛y Óƒy˛õyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ÈüüüÈò¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ §¢flf çlÎ%k˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ °y•zl ˛õyˆÏŒê˛ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÈüÈ˛õˆÏÓ≈ ï˛yÑÓ˚y
≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!ló §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyàòyˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ï˛Ìy Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ¢!Ó˚ܲ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛G xhs˝ï˛/ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ylG xyܲ!fløܲ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ
!SÈ° ly– Îy ï˛yÑÓ˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈï˛yÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !ӈϟ’£ÏîG ï˛yÑÓ˚y xyàyÙ •y!çÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏSÈl– ܲÙ/ ÓyÓ%Ó˚yÙ Ë˛RÓ˚y•z Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Úlï%˛l ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚
Ó˚y‹T… àí˛¸yÓ˚ ≤ß¿Û ¢#£Ï≈ܲ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ xÓï˛yÓ˚îy ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– í˛z_´ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ !ï˛!l ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚçlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ Ó˚îl#!ï˛àï˛ Ë˛yÓ˚§yˆÏÙƒÓ˚ xÓfliyñ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Ó≤’Ó# àîï˛y!sfܲñ §Ç§ò#Î˚ G Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ¢!_´=!°Ó˚ !eÙ%á# °í˛¸y•zñ ò%•z
˜òï˛ƒyܲyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ¢#Ó˚ ÙyV˛áyˆÏl ~ˆÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ãÖ˛ˆÏí˛¸ã˛ƒy≤Wzy xÓfliy G fl∫¢≈ܲyï˛Ó˚ Ë)˛ÈüÈÓ˚îl#!ï˛àï˛ xÓfliylÈüüüÈ~§Ó !ӈϢ£Ï xÓfliyÓ˚ ܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚
ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~SÈyí˛¸yG ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y àîï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’Ó §ÙyôylܲˆÏ“ l)ƒlï˛Ù ≤Ãà!ï˛¢#° Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
§ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓG !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õy!ê≈˛ 2003 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 27 ~!≤ð xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï Ó˚yí˛zˆÏu˛ ˆÎ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ó˚yˆÏáÈüüüÈxyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ çlƒ ˆòGÎ˚y
CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ§yÓ˚ÈüüüÈï˛yˆÏï˛ lÎ˚yàîï˛y!sfܲ Óy çlàîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚G ~ܲôy˛õ l#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÍe´Ùîܲy°#l Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚
ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#l Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…ñ ÎyÓ˚ xÓfliyl •ˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv lÎ˚y
àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛ñ ï˛y ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ xÓfliyÓ˚ §ˆÏD ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ G ≤ÈÏÎ˚yààï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ùylyl§•z •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ4
xÌy≈Í §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õñ ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•z åÜ˛ä ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï˛%l ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T… àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ åáä ˆÎ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚
ã˛!Ó˚e •ˆÏÓ í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#lñ ˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv lÎ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛–
¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ ˛õˆÏÌ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– Rê˛!flÒ ˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ˛õ%!hflÏܲy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z ˛ṏÏܲ ï˛#Ó  §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
ÚÚxÌy≈Í ~•z !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ òyÑí˛¸yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ˆ§ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ •ˆÏÓ– ~•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚•z
ˆï˛y §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sf àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ– ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•z ˆÎ Ú¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
!òˆÏÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y àîï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §ÙyôylÛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !ܲ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò àë˛l §Ω˛Óñ ly !ܲ §Ω˛Ó àîï˛y!sfÜ
≤Ãçyï˛sf⁄ÛÛ
!lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈ˆÏlñ í˛z_´ ˛õ%!hflÏܲy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
ÚÚ~ܲê˛y ≤Ãçyï˛sf fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ Îy ~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ •ˆÏÓ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ å§yÓ≈çl#l ~ÓÇ
§Ùyl ˆË˛yê˛y!ôܲyÓ˚ñ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ !lÓy≈ã˛l ~ÓÇ ˆày˛õl Óƒy°ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lÓy≈!ã˛ï˛ä ~ÓÇ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïòñ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓ Îy xyÓyˆÏÓ˚y
fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˆ§áyˆÏl•z ˆÌˆÏÙ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ •zFSÈyˆÏܲ §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓÛ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y lï%˛l
ÓƒÓfliy àí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~ܲê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôcÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏòˆÏܲ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò lyÙ ˆòGÎ˚yê˛y•z ΈÏÌ‹T lÎ˚– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È Ú˜Ïï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
çlƒÛ «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï,≈˛c Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– ~ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ xyl%¤˛y!lܲ ˆfl‘yàyˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §#ÙyÓk˛ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ÓÓ˚M˛ ˆÎ §Ó Ó›àï˛ ¢ï≈˛§Ù)• ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏòˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
§ÙÌ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ï˛y Î%_´ ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚– §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ lyÙܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÌ≈ܲï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§•zçlƒ ~•z
 ¢ï≈˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ !l!ò≈‹TܲÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛lly §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ Ó˚yçï˛sf# ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÎyÓ˚y !ܲly í˛zòyÓ˚ ˜l!ï˛Ü˛ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôc ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y
ˆÎ §%!ã˛!hs˝ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆfl‘yàylˆÏܲ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲê˛y ˛Ê˛yÑܲy Ó%!°ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y xyÙÓ˚y
ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ӈϰ!SÈ–
Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ó°ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ~ܲÙye ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ Îy !ܲly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓçÎ˚# çl!≤ÃÎ˚ xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ •ˆÏÓñ !lÓy≈ã˛l#
≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈ fl∫yô#lï˛yˆÏܲ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ •zFSÈyˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò xy•¥yl
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z ï˛_¥ !ܲ §!ë˛Ü˛⁄ ˆÎ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ çyÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚
˛õˆÏ«˛ ly òyÑí˛¸yˆÏly §Ω˛Óó !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ Ìyܲy §Ω˛Óñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ê˛y ˆòáyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ •zFSÈy §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ•z ≤Ãܲy¢
˛õyˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yê˛y ~ï˛ê˛y•z x§Ω˛Ó ˆÎ ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢ƒ ~ê˛yˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ V%Ñ˛!ܲ ˆlˆÏÓ lyñ !ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ G˲ÓçˆÏò!lˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
x!˲çyï˛Ó˚y í˛zòyÓ˚˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ xyí˛¸yˆÏ° ˆày˛õˆÏl ~ˆÏܲ ˆã˛yÓ˚yã˛y°yl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛í˛z ly ˆÜ˛í˛z xÓ¢ƒ•z §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ
ˆÜ˛í˛z ly ˆÜ˛í˛z !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫yô#lï˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫FSÈï˛y !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛í˛z ly ˆÜ˛í˛z ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏòˆÏܲ ˛õ)î≈ «˛Ùï˛y ~ÓÇ Ü˛ï≈,˛c
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ñ ~ܲÙye ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~•z §Ó xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ Îy Îy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– çyÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ x!ï˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲê˛y
§ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSȈÏSÈ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y í˛zòyÓ˚˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆÎ !ܲly ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ àîxË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~§Ó
ã˛y•zˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ~Ùl!ܲ Î!ò §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§ ã˛yÎ˚G ï˛y •ˆÏ°G ï˛y ˆ§ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– 到!ll §Çà,•#ï˛ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ°#ñ
á[˛ÈüÈ9ñ ˛õ,/ 25ÈüÈ26äÛÛ
xï˛/˛õÓ˚ñ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zk,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆçÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏl ˛õ%!hflÏܲy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~•z !§k˛yhs˝ ê˛yly •ˆÏFSÈÈüüüÈ
ÚÚï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ê˛y !ܲ òyÑí˛¸y°⁄ ~ܲÙye xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚•z §Ç!Óôyl
˛õ!Ó˚£Ïòñ xÓyô G §%¤%˛ !lÓy≈ã˛l ~ÓÇ àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfˆÏܲ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xlƒÌyÎ˚ ï˛y ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õÎ≈Ó!§ï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ÉÉÉÉÛ
xy˛õyï˛ò,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆòáˆÏ°ñ ˛õ%!hflÏܲy!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ Î%!_´Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙy!ê˛ §yçyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y Ù%¢!ܲ°– xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ
§¢flf çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ ˛õˆÏÌ xy°y˛õÈüÈxyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˆÎ
ˆÜ˛ylG !Óºy!hs˝ ˆl•zñ ~Ùlê˛y lÎ˚– ܲï˛Ü˛=!° ≤ß¿ˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §y!çˆÏÎ˚ ˆòáy Îyܲ– ˆl˛õyˆÏ° 1È0ÈüÈ•z ~!≤ð 2008ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò
!lÓy≈ã˛l ˆÜ˛ xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°y⁄ xhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– ˆ§•z §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# ܲyÓ˚y⁄ ˆl˛õy° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛ Ó˚yçï˛sf#
Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚yñ •zí˛z ~Ù ~°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y §%!ÓôyÓyò#ñ §Ç§ò§Ó≈fl∫ §ÇflÒyÓ˚˛õsi#Ó˚yú ˆ§•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !ܲ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ⁄ ly– àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ G •zí˛z ~Ù ~° §• ڈϧˆÏ˲l ˛õy!ê≈˛ xƒy°yˆÏÎ˚™ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈
xy°y˛õÈüÈxyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ú ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆ§•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ˆÏܲ !ܲ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ°⁄ ly– ~Ùl!ܲ CPN(M) !lˆÏçG ~Ùlê˛y òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ
lyú ˆÙyˆÏê˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ï˛y•ˆÏ° !ܲ òyÑí˛¸y°⁄ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ˛õÌ Óç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ àîxË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Ó˚yçï˛sf# Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚
§ˆÏD xyˆÏ˛õy£Ï Ó˚Ê˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ CPN(M)È ~ܲ x!Ó≤’Ó# xhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyà !ò°ñ ˆÎ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚•z !ܲly Ú§Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚Û
xy•¥yÎ˚ܲú xyÓ˚ ˆ°!ll ˆï˛y ӈϰ•zˆÏSÈl ~ÛôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ~Ùl!ܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ã˛y•zˆÏ°Gñ àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfˆÏܲ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyúú
!ܲv ÓyhflÏÓï˛/ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ~ï˛ê˛y §Ó˚°˜ÏÓ˚!áܲ lÎ˚– ~ܲÙy!eܲG lÎ˚– §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xy•¥yÎ˚ܲ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û àë˛l ~ÓÇ
ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¢flf §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Óy àîxË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ ôˆÏÓ˚•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y Îyܲ– àîxË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ Ó˚yçyˆÏܲ Ó°˛õ)Ó≈ܲ
!§Ç•y§l ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆê˛ˆÏl ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û ˆÎ àë˛l •Î˚!l ˆ§Ü˛Ìy !ë˛Ü˛– ~Ùl!ܲ ≤ÃÌÙ !òˆÏܲ ~•z Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛≈#ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û
Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏFSÈò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ˆòÓyÓ˚•z ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§ê˛yG ܲyÓ˚G xçyly lÎ˚– !ܲv xhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù Óí˛¸
¢!Ó˚ܲ Ó˚yçï˛sf# Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô ˆl˛õy° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ G ï˛yÓ˚ §yD˛õyDˆÏòÓ˚ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚G ˆ§•z í˛zˆÏòƒyà ÓƒÌ≈ •° ˆÜ˛l⁄
Ó˚yçyˆÏܲ Ú!lÎ˚Ùï˛y!sfܲ ≤ÃôylÛ !•§yˆÏÓ !êÖ˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ x˛õˆÏã˛‹Ty ÓƒÌ≈ •° ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ ã˛yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ l!ï˛fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ ê˛y°Óy•ylyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚
xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ~•z xhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xyl%¤˛y!lܲ !Ó°%!Æ ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãçyï˛sf ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •°⁄ §Ç!Óôyl ˛õ!Ó˚£Ïò !lÓ≈yã˛l
!lˆÏÎ˚G !ÓhflÏÓ˚ ê˛y°Óy•yly ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ~Ùl!ܲ ò%ÈüÈò%ÓyÓ˚ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !òl«˛î ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚G ï˛y Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ˆÜ˛yl‰
ÓyôƒÓyôܲï˛yÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày ˆÌˆÏܲ !lÓy≈ã˛l xy•)ï˛ •°⁄ ˆÜ˛yl‰ çyò%ӈϰ•z Óy ˆ§•z !lÓy≈ã˛l ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xÓyô G ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ !lÓ≈yã˛l
!•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆ˛õ°⁄ Ó›ï˛ñ ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ï%˛Ù%° x!˲âyï˛ˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ~§ÙhflÏ !ܲS%È•z §Ω˛Ó !SÈ° ly– ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚
xÇ¢@˝Ã•îܲyÓ˚# !SÈ° xy˛õyÙÓ˚ çl§yôyÓ˚î– !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !¢!ÓˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ xyl%àï˛ƒ ÌyܲˆÏ°G òy!Ó !SÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛•zÈüüüÈÓ˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§yl
~ÓÇ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆây£Ïîy– ~•z òy!Ó ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óã%˛ƒï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ §Ù!Ì≈ï˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°ˆÏܲG ï˛yÑÓ˚y «˛Ùy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l lyú ܲyÓ˚îñ Úˆày˛õl xƒyˆÏçu˛yÛ
ÎyÓ˚ Îy•z Ìyܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆ§ˆÏ˲l ˛õy!ê≈˛ xƒy°yˆÏÎ˚ˆÏ™Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê ò°•z çlï˛yÓ˚ òy!ÓˆÏܲ ˆÙÔ!áܲ §ÙÌ≈l çylyˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ÛÈüÈG à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° Ù)°ï˛/ ~•z òy!ÓˆÏܲ•z §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– ~ܲê˛y ò)Ó˚˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ ï˛°yÎ˚ ï˛°yÎ˚ §%Ó˚«˛y
òyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ~ܲê˛y §ÙÎ˚ ~•z §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ã˛e´ •yˆÏí˛¸ •yˆÏí˛¸ ˆê˛Ó˚ ˛õyÎ˚ñ ˆÓ!¢ ê˛y°Óy•yly ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° e´Ù¢/ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢
çlÙï˛ CPN(M)È üÈ~Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ ì˛°ˆÏÓñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y•z Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§yFã˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– 2007 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 12ÈüÈ•z xày‹T ã%˛!_´ ˲ˆÏDÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyà
ï%˛ˆÏ° Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û ˆÌˆÏܲ CPN(M)È ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z ã˛e´ §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ•z ≤ÃÙyò ˆàyˆÏlú xyÓ˚G Óí˛¸ !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚ܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ ˆ§ê˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M)È üˆÜ˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ !Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xylyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏòƒyà ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ñ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ÷Ó˚& •Î˚ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !òl ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆï˛yí˛¸ˆÏçyí˛¸– xï˛/˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ~ܲòÊ˛y ê˛y°Óy•ylyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï 2008ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 10•z ~!≤ð xl%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚ !lÓy≈ã˛l– !lÓy≈ã˛lˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÓ° §Çâ£Ï≈ G Ó˚_´˛õyˆÏï˛Ó˚ xy¢B˛y ÌyܲˆÏ°G ÓyhflÏÓï˛/ ˆï˛Ùlê˛y âê˛ˆÏ°y ly ˆÜ˛l⁄ ܲyÓ˚îñ ~!≤ð
àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ í˛zI#!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y ˆl˛õy°# çlàî §Óy≈hs˝/ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ~•z !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏl xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!SȈϰló §y@˝ÃˆÏ• ò%ÛÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚
ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ xˆÏ˛õ«˛yG ܲÓ˚!SȈϰl– !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏܲ Óƒy•ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛ylG x˛õˆÏã˛‹Tyñ ï˛y ˆ§ ˆÎ ˛õy!ê≈˛•z ܲÓ˚&ܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ˆl˛õy°#
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§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ Îy Îy •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Óy !lˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl Ù)° ≤Ã˲yÓ!ê˛ !SÈ° ~!≤ð
àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ˆ«˛e!ӈϢˆÏ£Ï ï˛y !lî≈yÎ˚ܲG– ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°l !lˆÏç xË%˛ƒayˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zߨ#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçyˆÏܲ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ˲yˆÏÓ
!§Ç•y§lã%˛ƒï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l !ë˛Ü˛•zñ !Üv ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ò%ÛÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ x!˲âyï˛ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛
ˆàˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲG xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•z–
xyÓyÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ~•z ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°lñ 2006ÈüÈ~•z ˆÊ˛ˆÏê˛ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ°y ˆÜ˛l⁄ ï˛yÓ˚ 10 xÌÓy 20 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà lÎ˚ ˆÜ˛l⁄ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ˆï˛y Ó‡!òˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly– •z!ï˛•y§ âyÑê˛ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ !Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ lÓÁ•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ÷Ó˚&ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z
ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl í˛z_y° •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛y– ÎyÓ˚ ˆçˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ !lÓy≈ã˛l í˛yܲˆÏï˛G Óyôƒ •l ï˛Íܲy°#l Ó˚yçy– !ܲv
ˆ§!òˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§•z xyˆÏ®y°lñ ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l ˆÜ˛l⁄ ˆÜ˛l ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Ó˚yçyÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfîyô#l ~ܲê˛y ˆSȈϰ Ë%˛°yˆÏly
§Ç§ò !lˆÏÎ˚•z ï˛álܲyÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yˆÏܲ §v‹T ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ lÓÁ•z ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙyô≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ 2006ÈüüüÈ~•z ܲy°˛õˆÏÓ≈ !ܲ ~Ùl
âê˛ˆÏ°yñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•z òy!ÓˆÏï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyˆÏ®y°l Ú~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°y⁄ !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ•ñ ˆ§•z
âê˛ly!ê˛ •° 1996 ˆÌˆÏܲ 2006ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §¢flf çlÎ%k˛– 10 ÓSÈÓ˚ Óƒy˛õ# ~•z Ó˚_´«˛Î˚# §Ç@˝ÃyÙñ •yçyÓ˚ •yçyÓ˚ ¢•#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃyˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!lÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚
250 ˛ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´ˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ôÓ˚y¢yÎ˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l §!ï˛ƒñ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ó‡°yLjϢ ˛õD% ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˆÎ §«˛Ù
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ylG xÓܲy¢ ˆl•z– lˆÏã˛Í Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´G !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛yÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ xy@˝Ã•# •ï˛ lyñ ˆÎ ܲÌy ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚
≤ÃÌÙyLjϢ•z xyÙÓ˚y ӈϰ!SÈ– §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚G ~ܲê˛y ܲÌy fløÓ˚ˆÏî Ó˚yáy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ CPN(M)È ~álG ~ܲÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÚàîÙ%!_´
ˆÊ˛ÔçÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ï%˛ˆÏ° ˆòÓyÓ˚ ܲÌy í˛zFã˛yÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– ÓÓ˚Ç í˛zˆÏŒê˛ñ Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´ˆÏܲ Óyôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ 20 •yçyÓ˚ §òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ ~•z !Ó¢y° Óy!•l#Ó˚ çlƒ
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ áÓ˚ã˛ ÓÓ˚yj ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ Îál ˆ≤Èϧ ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ï˛álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~ÓÇ ÚàîÙ%!_´ ˆÊ˛ÔçÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ §Ó˚ܲy!Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ òyl
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚§ò ç%!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°y §Çe´yhs˝ ˆàyê˛y âê˛ly!ê˛•z ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° xLjϢÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ à°yÓ˚ ܲyÑê˛yÓ˚
Ùï˛ !ÓÖˆÏô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xÌy≈Íñ §y!Ó≈ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏ°ñ Úxhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚Û ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ fliyÎ˚# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ° àï˛ ò%ÛÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
˛õê˛˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y•z §¢flf !Ó≤’Ó# í˛z˛õyòyl Óƒy!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ xy°y˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~Û˲yˆÏÓ ˆÏòáyê˛y ˆÜ˛Ó°
x!ï˛§Ó˚°#ܲÓ˚îÈüÈ•z lÎ˚ñ ÙyÓ˚ydܲ Ë)˛°G •ˆÏÓ– ܲyÓ˚îñ xˆÏlˆÏܲ ~•z Ë%˛°!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏSó ˆÎÙl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ !§ !˛õ ~Ù–
ò°#Î˚ Ù%á˛õe Úàî¢!_´ÛˆÏï˛ ï˛yÑÓ˚y Ú~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ çÎ˚àyl ày•zˆÏSÈl !ë˛Ü˛•zñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ ôye# ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ò¢ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚
≤çD!ê˛ˆÏܲ §ÎˆÏb Óyò ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– ˆÎl ~Ùl ˆÜ˛ylG âê˛ly ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ylG!òl âˆÏê˛•z!lú ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y•z ˆÎl §Ó≈ò°#Î˚ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
§Ê˛° ˛˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ú ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ ~•z •z!ï˛•y§ !ÓÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §ï˛Ü≈˛ Ìyܲy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl–
ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ≤çD!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓyÓ˚ xy§y Îyܲ– Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl˛õy° Ó˚y‹T…ñ CPN(M)È ˆÎ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ¢!Ó˚ܲñ ˆ§•z
Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !ܲ⁄ CPN(M)È üÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥yÎ˚l xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~•z Ó˚yˆ‹T…Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#lñ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ܲv lÎ˚yàîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛–
ÚlÎ˚yàîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Û ˆÜ˛lñ ï˛y ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ ˆl˛õy° Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ùß∫Î˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ CPN(M)È üÈ~Ó˚ à,•#ï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§)ã˛# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚–
ÚlÎ˚yàîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ܲÙ/ ÙyG ˆ§ ï%˛Ç !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!îñ Ü,˛£Ïܲñ Ó%!k˛ç#Ó# G xlƒylƒ ˛õy!ï˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yÓ˚y•z •ˆÏFSÈ Ù)°¢!_´ Îy ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˲yàƒ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ~•z ˆ◊!î=ˆÏ°yÓ˚
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ê˛ •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆçˆÏà í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈñ Óy!ܲÓ˚y çyàˆÏSÈó x!lÓyÎ≈˲yˆÏÓ•z ~Ó˚y •ˆÏÓ ã˛#ly àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ G §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚#
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòylñ xyÓ˚ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!î •ˆÏÓ ˆlï,˛cܲyÓ˚# ¢!_´– ˆÎ ã˛#ly àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sf xyç xyÙÓ˚y àë˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z
ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ•z •ˆÏÓ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc §Ü˛° §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# G §yÙhs˝Óyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# çlàˆÏîÓ˚ Î%_´ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcyô#l àîï˛y!sfܲ
≤Ãçyï˛sf– ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y•z •ˆÏÓ lÎ˚yÈüÈàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfñ áyÑ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# Ú!ï˛l!ê˛ Ù•yl ܲÙ≈l#!ï˛Û §• lï%˛l !ï˛lÈüÈàîl#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãçyï˛sf–ÛÛ5
flõ‹Tï˛/•zñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ~ï˛ê˛y !Óܲ!¢ï˛ G ¢!_´¢y°# xÓfliyÎ˚ ˆl•z– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ áyï˛yÎ˚ ܲ°ˆÏÙ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§yl ~ÓÇ
≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ˆây£Ïîy •ˆÏ°G ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ Ó‡ à˲#ˆÏÓ˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !¢Ü˛í˛¸ ~álG ΈÏÌ‹T ¢_´ˆÏ˛õy_´– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ ܲÌy •°ñ
ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~Ùl §ÙhflÏ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°ˆÏܲ §ˆÏD !lˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚y ܲyÎ≈ï˛ §yÙhs˝Óyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˆï˛y lÎ˚•zñ ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ,¤˛ˆÏ˛õy£Ïܲ–
§y¡ÀyçƒÓyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeG Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ¢# ~ܲ•z ܲÌy ≤ÈÏÎy烖
ÚlÎ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Û ≤çˆÏD ܲÙ/ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy !SÈ°ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~•z ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsf Óí˛¸ ÓƒyB˛ñ Óí˛¸ Óí˛¸ !¢“≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl G ÓƒÓ§y≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#ˆÏl ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
ÚÙy!°Ü˛yly ã˛#l ˆò¢#Î˚•z ˆ•yܲ xÌÓy !ÓˆÏò¢# ˆ•yܲÈüüüȈΠ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl=!° ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ xÌÓy Óƒ!_´àï˛ ÓƒÓfliy˛õlyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
xï˛ƒhs˝ Óí˛¸ÈüüüȈÎÙl ÓƒyB˛ñ ˆÓ˚°˛õÌñ !ÓÙyl˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ Ùï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl §Ù)•ÈüüüȈ§=!° Ó˚y‹T… ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ G ¢y!§ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Óƒ!_´àï˛
˛õ%Ñ!ç çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ó ~ê˛y•z •ˆÏFSÈ ˛õ%Ñ!ç !lÎ˚sfˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ l#!ï˛–Û
~ê˛yG •° Ü%˛G!Ùlï˛yˆÏ.Ó˚ §ˆÏD ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà Ü%˛G!Ùlï˛yˆÏ.Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝ÃˆÏ§ à,•#ï˛ •zhflÏy•yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛zk,˛ï˛ Ù•yl !ÓÓ,!ï˛– ~ê˛y•z •° àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !lË%≈˛° ܲÙ≈l#!ï˛– §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛
lÎ˚yÈüÈàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#l xÌ≈l#!ï˛ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ã˛!Ó˚e §¡õߨ •ˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y•z •ˆÏÓ §Ù@˝Ã çyï˛#Î˚ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°Ü˛ ¢!_´–ÉÉÉÉÉÉÛÛ6
˛õ«˛yhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§)ã˛#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#l xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy ˆÎÙl Ó°y xyˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!l Óƒ!_´àï˛ G ˆÎÔÌ í˛zˆÏòƒyˆÏà Ó,•Í
!¢“ àë˛lˆÏܲ í˛zͧy• ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲÌyG Ó°y xyˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ Ùï˛ Óí˛¸ ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ çlƒ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒ ¢ˆÏï≈˛ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl !ÓˆÏò¢#
˛õ%Ñ!çˆÏܲ xyÙsfî çylyˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲÌyG ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏï˛ Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Óí˛¸ ÓƒyB˛ñ !¢“≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ§y ˛≤Ã!ï˛¤˛ylˆÏܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyô#ˆÏl xylˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ
~Ùl ˆÜ˛ylG ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# CPN(M) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆl•z–
 xÌy≈Í !Ó≤’ˆÏÓy_Ó˚ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ lÎ˚yàîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl˛õy° Ó˚y‹T… ã˛!Ó˚eàï˛ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚ñ ï˛y ˆÓ¢
ò,!‹T@˝Ãy•ƒ Ó˚ܲˆÏÙÓ˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚– !ܲv Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z Ó˚y‹T… !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚⁄ ܲï˛ê%˛Ü%˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚⁄
!Ó!˲ߨ ˆ°áy˛õeñ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ CPN(M) ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ¢#£Ï≈ˆÏlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ §y«˛yÍܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~Û≤çˆÏD Ù)° Ù)° ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ï˛y •ˆÏ°yÈüüüÈ å1ä Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó˚y‹T…ñ §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ xӈϢ£ÏˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏFSÈò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §ˆÏÓy≈¢!_´ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñÓ%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y
§Ç§òÓyò ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ˆÎáyˆÏl §yÙhs˝ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyˆÏ˛õy£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ó å2ä ~•z Ó˚y‹T…ñ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# xÓfliylˆÏܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xl%¢#°l
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyò ˆÎáyˆÏl §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ SÈeSÈyÎ˚yÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ˆáyшÏçó å3ä ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚lñ
!¢«˛yÈüÈfl∫yˆÏfliƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ñ ܲÙ≈§Çfliyl •zï˛ƒy!ò !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó˚y‹T… !lÓ˚y˛õ_y ˆòˆÏÓñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà ÌyˆÏܲ
Óƒ!_´˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ◊#Ó,!k˛Ó˚ !òˆÏܲó ~ÓÇ å4ä Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó˚y‹T…ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ §Çáƒy=Ó˚& !l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ çlï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚lˆÏܲ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xÌy≈Í
ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏÓ l#ã%˛ï˛°yÓ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ òy!Ó G ã˛y!•òy ˆÙyï˛yˆÏÓܲñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyò Ù%ˆÏá àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏ°G ܲyÎ≈ï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°
G˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ çlàîÈüÈ!Ó!FSÈߨ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ–
~ál ܲÌy •°ñ ~•z §ÙhflÏ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°•z Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl CPN(M) ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ú≤Ãܲ“ §Ù)•Ûó xyàyÙ# ò%ÛÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl Îy xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚y §Ç§ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆË˛ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ G Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ °í˛¸y•z ã˛y°yˆÏÓ– ~•z xhs˝Ë)≈˛!_´Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ܲyç!ê˛ ˆÎÙl §•ç •ˆÏÓ lyñ ˆï˛Ù!l ˆÎê%˛Ü%˛ ˆòˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏl
xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚yê˛y •ˆÏÓ xyÓ˚G ܲ!ë˛l– ܲyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ï˛Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛•z ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe CPN(M) ÈüÈˆÜ˛ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ˆ◊!î=!°Ó˚
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ ¢_´ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ÎyÓ˚y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl˛õy° Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ˆÏçyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛Ô•!jˆÏï˛•z
xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ §¡øï˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÓ!¢ !ܲS%È lÎ˚–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ˆ§•z !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ í˛z!Õ‘!áï˛ xƒyˆÏçu˛y=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §Ω˛Óï˛ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈!ê˛•z xyàyÙ#!òˆÏl §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ l#ã%˛ï˛°yÓ˚
§Çáƒy=Ó˚& G !l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚l– ~•z «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛≤Ã!e´Î˚y ˆÎ ˆÎ ÙyeyÎ˚ cÓ˚y!ß∫ï˛ G ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÓñ §Ç§òÈüÈG ˆ§•z ˆ§•z
ÙyeyÎ˚ ÚÓyôƒÛ •ˆÏÓ !ë˛Ü˛ °y•zˆÏl •yÑê˛ˆÏï˛ñ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚eG !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z ÙyeyÎ˚ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Úí˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛Û §«˛Ù •ˆÏÓ– xlƒÌyÎ˚ lÎ˚– ~Û≤çˆÏD
xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ !òܲG xyˆÏSÈ– í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÌÙ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ xÌy≈Í §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙñ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
§Ç@˝ÃyÙ ~ÓÇ ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ ç#ÓlÎyeyÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ í˛zߨÎ˚lÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿ !l!ò≈‹T ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ=!° !ܲ •ˆÏÓñ CPN(M) ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ Ü˛Ù≈§)ã˛#ˆÏï˛ !ܲS%Èê˛y
˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛y !l!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î !•§yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙ)° Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ñ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
l#!ï˛ñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe !¢«˛y G fl∫yˆÏfliƒÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ£ÏÓyˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛/ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty •zï˛ƒy!ò •zï˛ƒy!òÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ~•z !l!ò≈‹TܲÓ˚î=!° ΈÏÌ‹T lÎ˚– !Üv ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛Ó˚ Ù)ï≈˛ xl%¢#°l Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÎ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛yl
§%!l!ò≈‹T SÈ!Ó ~álG CPN(M) ˜ï˛Ó˚#•z ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!lÈüüüÈÎy !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• á%Ó•z ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y– §¡±!ï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•zˆÏܲ
≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ÚÚl#ã%˛ï˛°y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùyl%£Ï ÎyˆÏï˛ ã˛y˛õ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xy˛õlyÓ˚y !ܲ !ܲ ÓƒÓfliy !lˆÏFSÈl⁄ÛÛ Ü˛Ù/ ˲RÓ˚y•zÈüÈ~Ó˚
í˛z_Ó˚!ê˛ ~Û≤çˆÏD =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ê˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎñ Óï≈˛Ùyl §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ~•z §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚
lÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ xlƒylƒ ˆ◊!î=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ˛õy§ (compromise) ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
!ܲv xyÙÓ˚y ã˛y•zÓ ˆlï,˛c !òˆÏï˛– Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ ˆË˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÓòˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚yê˛y•z •ˆÏÓ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ °«˛ƒ– ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ•z Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y˛õ ˆòGÎ˚yê˛y
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ !§k˛yhs˝ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ° §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyà ˆòˆÏÓ ly– ~ܲê˛y
xÇ¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyà ˆòˆÏÓñ xlƒ ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ çlàîˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ §ÙyˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ÎyˆÏï˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ !ë˛Ü˛ Ó˚yhflÏyê˛y ôˆÏÓ˚ ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xˆÏlˆÏܲ•z §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓy– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ Ù)° Ó˚*˛õê˛y •ˆÏÓ
§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲñ ~ܲê˛y lï%˛l §Ç!Óôyl ˜ï˛Ó˚#Ó˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ– !ܲv ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y xÇ¢ xyÓyÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚G
ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ° !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏl òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚!l– xyÙÓ˚y çlàîˆÏܲ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏÓ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ
ÎyˆÏï˛ ï˛yÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ã˛y˛õ ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y !òܲ– ~ÓÇ ~ê˛yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ≤Ã!ï¤˛ylG xyÙÓ˚y ˜ï˛Ó˚#
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z– Î!òG ~•z ˛≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ Ó˚*˛õê˛yˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ~álG !l!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!lñ !ܲS%È l#!ï˛àï˛ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !§k˛yhs˝ @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– Îál xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl Ó˚y!áñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆfl‘yàyl !SÈ°ñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ
§Ó§ÙÎ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ lçÓ˚òyÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl çlàî ÎyˆÏï˛ å§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ G ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ä •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚
ÓƒÓfliyG ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ê˛y•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ l#!ï˛– !ܲv ~ê˛yÓ˚ Ù)ï≈˛ÈüÈÓ˚*˛õˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ~álG !l!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚!l– §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ Î!ò !Óã%˛ƒï˛
•Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° çlàî ˆ§áyˆÏl !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ≤Ãܲy¢ƒ !Ù!ê˛ÇÈüÈ!Ù!SÈ° ܲÓ˚y SÈyí˛¸yñ ã˛y˛õ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ˚ !ܲ !ܲ ï˛yÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyˆÏï˛•z Óy çlàî •hflψϫ˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ ˆ§•z ˛õk˛!ï˛=ˆÏ°y•z xyÙÓ˚y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹TyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ–ÛÛ7
xÌy≈Íñ ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚lÛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÜ˛ylG §%!l!ò≈‹T SÈ!ÏÓñ ˆÜ˛ylG Ù)ï≈˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈG flõ‹T lÎ˚ñ xÌã˛
Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…ã˛!Ó˚e !lÙy≈ˆÏî ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛•z ˆÎ xlƒï˛Ù !lôy≈Ó˚ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆ§ ܲÌy xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z ӈϰ!SÈ– ~Û≤çˆÏD
xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ §ÙÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# çlï˛yÓ˚ !Óܲ“ «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ xyôyÓ˚ !•§yˆÏÓ URPC å•zí˛zly•zˆÏê˛í˛
!Ó˚˲!°í˛z¢ly!Ó˚ !˛õ˛õ‰°‰§ ܲyí˛z!™°ä lyÙܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Çàë˛l àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ Îy Ó›ï˛ §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ¢y§lÓƒÓfliy ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç çlàîˆÏܲ
§!e´Î˚ ˲yˆÏÓ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÙyôƒÙ !•§yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛y– Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD 12 òÊ˛y ã%˛!_´Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl
§Ë˛y !lÓ≈yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z í˛zˆÏòƒyà!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ CPN(M) §ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§– !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚•z ~•z §Ùyhs˝Ó˚y° ¢y§lÈüÈÓƒÓfliy ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚
ÙyôƒÙ!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ê˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° CPN(M) •Î˚ˆÏï˛y §Ù§ƒyÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛y– !ܲv lï%˛l §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ¢y§l ÓƒÓfliy ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç çlï˛yÓ˚
§!e´Î˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ Î!ò URPCÈüÈÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#ã%˛ ÙyeyÎ˚ •Î˚ å~ÓÇ ˆ§!ê˛•z ˆÎ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏï˛ §ˆÏ®• ˆl•zäñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xhs˝ï˛ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe CPN(M) myÓ˚y
à,•#ï˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ!ê˛ ˛õÿ˛yò‰à!ï˛ˆÏܲ•z !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly !ܲ⁄ xhs˝ï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §!e´Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ï˛Ìy e´Ùyàï˛ ï˛yˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚
≤Èϟ¿⁄ ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚lÛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ ˛õy!ê≈˛ §çyàñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿ l#Ó˚Óï˛y §!ï˛ƒ•z ˆÓ¢ ˛õ#í˛¸yòyÎ˚ܲ–
 xÌy≈Íñ §Ù@˝Ã xyˆÏ°yã˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏ° ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ Ù)° Î%!_´@˝Ãy•ƒ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ xyÙÓ˚y í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ï˛y •° 1– !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õ)Ó≈Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚
§¢flf çlÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˛õÌ ˆÌˆÏܲ àîxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÌ CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ xy§yÓ˚ âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl ~ܲ ܲÌyÎ˚ Ú!Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Û ӈϰ fiê˛ƒy¡õ ˆÙˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ lyñ xhs˝ï˛/ Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xflf G àîÙ%!_´ ˆÊ˛ÔˆÏçÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ •yï˛SÈyí˛¸y ly •ˆÏFSÈñ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆï˛Ù!l 2– 2007ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Úxhs˝Óï≈˛#ܲy°#l
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ÛÈüÈ~ ~ÓÇ 2008ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ !l!ò≈‹T ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÓy≈!ã˛ï˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎyàòyl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ âê˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲG ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
ڧLjϢyôlÓyò# ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õÛ ÓˆÏ° Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ã˛ˆÏ° lyñ xhs˝ï˛ Îï˛«˛î ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliy §!ï˛ƒ §!ï˛ƒ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ù)°Ü˛Û xÓfliyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏSÈ– ò¢
ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%k˛ñ ~!≤ð àîxyˆÏ®y°lñ Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˛õï˛l ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏl CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õ%° ˆË˛yˆÏê˛ çÎ˚°y˲ÈüüüÈ˛õÓ˚˛õÓ˚
~ï˛=!° ôyE˛yÎ˚ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÓ!ܲ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliy ˆÎ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%Èê˛y lí˛¸ÓˆÏí˛¸ xÓfliyÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛ylG §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z– Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚
˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ˆÜ˛ylG ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛!l ~ÛܲÌy ˆÎÙl !ë˛Ü˛ñ xyÓyÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ §yÙhs˝≤ÃË%˛ G xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ%Ñ!ç˛õ!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ˆÎ !ë˛Ü˛ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ Ùï˛•z xyˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÈüÈG lÎ˚– ~Ùï˛yÓfliyÎ˚ xˆÏflfÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî !lˆÏçÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•îñ CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°G •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xÓ¢ƒ•z Î!ò ˆÜ˛Ó° ÚlÎ˚yàîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Û lÎ˚ñ ÚÓ%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Û ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
í˛zˆÏòƒyà ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ çy!Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ÓÇ ˆÎê˛y ÷ô% ܲÌyÎ˚ lÎ˚ñ ܲyˆÏçG ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎê˛y ˆáÎ˚y° Ó˚yáy
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛ !ܲv CPN(M) ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˆÜ˛ylG §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !l– xyÙ)° Ë)˛!Ù §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆfl‘yàyl
˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ò!°ˆÏ° ÌyܲˆÏ°G §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ§•z ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# ~álG à,•#ï˛ •Î˚!l– ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÚܲˆÏë˛yÓ˚Û •GÎ˚yÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°ˆÏ°G
§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~Û≤Èϟ¿ ˆÜ˛ylG flõ‹T xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– Ó›ï˛ ˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ ˛õ%Ñ!ç ˆlGÎ˚yñ ly ˆlGÎ˚y xÌÓy ¢ï˛y≈ô#ˆÏl
ˆlGÎ˚yÈüüüÈ•zï˛ƒy!ò ≤Èϟ¿ ˆáyò ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ•z ÓÓ˚Ç ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe !ò¢y•#l ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏFSÈ– Óƒ!_´˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ !lÎ˚sfîˆÏܲñ xhs˝ï˛ !ܲS%È !ܲS%È
ˆ«˛ˆÏe •ˆÏ°Gñ !lk˛y≈Ó˚ܲ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ~álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ò,!‹T@˝Ãy•ƒ ˆÜ˛ylG §yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ïñ ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚
«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ló !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yê˛y ˆï˛y xˆÏlܲ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyñ ~Û!ӣψÏÎ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ày•zí˛°y•zl!ê˛•z ~álG
flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ !lÙy≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– §Ó !Ù!°ˆÏÎ˚ñ ÚÓ%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Û ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliy ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !ܲv
~álG ˆôyÑÎ˚y¢yFSÈߨ xÓfliyˆÏï˛•z Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ Ü˛álG ˆÜ˛ylG ˆòˆÏ¢
ò#â≈!Î˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– o&ï˛•z ˛õyÕ‘y V%Ñ˛ˆÏܲ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ ˆÜ˛ylG ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ •Î˚ !Ó≤’Óñ lÎ˚ˆÏï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó≤’Ó–
lï%˛l ˆl˛õy° ï˛Ìy Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ù)°Ü˛ Ó˚y‹T…Û≠ !ܲS%È ≤Ãy§!Dܲ ≤ß¿
!lÓy≈ã˛l í˛z_Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ CPN(M)ñ Úlï%˛l ˆl˛õy°Û àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏܲ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl •y!çÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛y!_¥Ü˛
!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ°ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ù)°Ü˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚Û Îy ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ӈϰ ï˛yшÏòÓ˚ x!˲Ùï˛ñ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ï˛yÑÓ˚y çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏSÈl Úlï%˛l
ˆl˛õy°Û àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆfl‘yàyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚– ~Û!ӣψÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È ≤Ãy§!Dܲ ≤ß¿ G ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ~ÓyÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy–
•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏ° Úí˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ü˛y°#lÛ ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ hflÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ hflψÏÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyV˛yÙy!V˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ñ
ÎyÓ˚ à!ï˛ §yÙˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ˆl˛õy° Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !ܲ !SÈ°⁄ CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî xl%ÎyÎ˚# xyôy §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲñ xyôy Å˛õ!lˆÏÓ!¢Ü˛– ˆl˛õy°
Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e !ܲ •ˆÏÓ⁄ CPN(M) ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy xl%ÎyÎ˚# çlàîï˛y!sfܲ Óy lÎ˚yàîï˛y!sfܲñ ÎyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •ˆÏÓ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsf– ~Û!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÓyÓ˚G
ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ !ܲS%È Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ xyÙÓ˚y ˆã˛yá Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÉÉÉÉÉxyÙÓ˚y ã˛y•z ¢y!hs˝ñ §%!fli!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤Ãà!ï˛ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ xӈϢ£Ïñ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ í˛zͲõyòl §¡õܲ≈ˆÏܲ !lÙ)≈°
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˛◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ˆlï,˛c ˆòˆÏÓÈüüüÈ~ÓÇñ xyÙÓ˚y §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ò¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ !¢“§¡õÜ≈˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚Óñ Îy ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚
ò)Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ òy!Ó=!°Ó˚ Ù#Ùyǧy ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ8
xlƒeñ ~•z ≤çˆÏD !ï˛!l Ó°ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
Úڕуyñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y Úlï%˛l ˆl˛õy°Û ˆfl‘yàylê˛y !lÓy≈ã˛l ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ á%Ó•z ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Úlï˛%l ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ lï%˛l !ã˛hs˝y
G lï%˛l ˆlï,˛cÛÈüüüÈ~•z !SÈ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ˆfl‘yàylñ ~ÓÇ xyÙyÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ Ùyl%£Ï ~ê˛yˆÏܲ ˆÓ¢ ˲yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆË˛yê˛G !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ lï%˛l ˆl˛õy° Ó°ˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎê˛y ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!SÈñ §ÙhflÏ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲñ
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ §yÙy!çܲ G §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ xyÙÓ˚y xÓ§yl âê˛yˆÏÓy– lï%˛l ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y !òܲ– xlƒ !òܲ!ê˛
•° ≤Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ xyÌ≈§yÙy!çܲ xÓfliyÓ˚ xyÙ)° Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ âê˛yˆÏly– ~ܲ!ê˛ !òܲ •° ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏlyˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚yñ xlƒ !òܲ!ê˛
•ˆÏ°y lï%˛lˆÏܲ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°y– ò%ˆÏê˛y !òܲ xyˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ˆçyÓ˚ê˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õ≠ Ü,˛!£ÏÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ xyÙ)°
Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ñ xï˛/˛õÓ˚ í˛zͲõy!òܲy ¢!_´Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ñ !¢“ §¡õÜ≈˛ÈüüüÈÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ◊!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ ÎÌyÎÌ Ü˛Ù≈§Çfliyl •Î˚– ~ÓÇ Ë˛!ӣσˆÏï˛
ˆ§ê˛y•z §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !˲!_Ë)˛!Ù Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆfl‘yàyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y Úlï%˛l í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ù)°Ü˛ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!°!§ÛÓ˚ ܲÌy
ӈϰ!SÈ– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl •ˆÏ°y !¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyòÈüüüÈ!¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ÈüüüÈÎyÓ˚ !ò¢y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– xhs˝Óï˛#≈ܲy°#l ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚
~ê˛y•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç–ÛÛ9
xÌy≈Íñ Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏFSÈò ܲˆÏÓ˚•z ˆl˛õy° ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ lyó ï˛yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ §Ùyçï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y– ˆ§•z §Ùyçï˛sf ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚
çlƒ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ í˛zˆÏFSÈò ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆï˛Ùl•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !¢“˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏly– ~˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Óƒ!_´
˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !ܲ •ˆÏÓ⁄ ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•z Ó°ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y Îál Ó°!SÈ §yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏFSÈò ã˛y•zñ ï˛ál ï˛yÓ˚ ÙyˆÏl ~ê˛y lÎ˚ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y Óƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_Ó˚G í˛zˆÏFSÈò ã˛y•z!SÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
˲y£ÏyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ê˛y •ˆÏÓ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y àîï˛y!sfܲ !Ó≤’ÓÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ– xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ°ñ ˆÎÔÌܲÓ˚îñ
§yÙy!ç!ܲܲÓ˚îñ Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ܲÓ˚î ~«%˛!l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xƒyˆÏçu˛y lÎ˚– Îy xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!SÈñ ï˛y •ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ò)Ó≈° G !˛õ!SȈÏÎ˚
˛õí˛¸y xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆòˆÏ¢ Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G §y•yÎƒÜ˛yÓ˚# G !lÎ˚sfîܲyÓ˚# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– §!ë˛Ü˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ G ܲÓ˚ÓƒÓfliy ly ÌyܲˆÏ°
˜ÓˆÏò!¢Ü˛ fl∫yÌ≈ ≤ÃyôylƒÜ˛yÓ˚# çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ° ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ §%ï˛Ó˚yÇ âˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚y ˆÓ§Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ˆ«˛e G Ù%_´ ÓyçyÓ˚ˆÏܲ §%Ó˚«˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç
 Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ10
xÌy≈Íñ ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ !¢“ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe Ó,•Í ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~•z Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î ÌyܲˆÏÓ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ Ó,•Í ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏDG ˆ§•z ˆÙyï˛yˆÏÓܲ ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚îG •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ú xÌÓy Óí˛¸ˆÏçyÓ˚ Ó¶%˛c˛õ)î≈
≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ú ~•z §yôyÓ˚î#ܲÓ˚î !ܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò §¡øï˛⁄ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ÚlÎ˚yàîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ l#ˆÏã˛Û
ˆï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•zñ !ܲv ÚÓ%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§òÓyˆÏòÓ˚ G˛õˆÏÓ˚Û Ü˛ï˛ê˛yñ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ §ˆÏ®ˆÏ•Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ñ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆÜ˛ylG
˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ñ ≤ÃÓ° çl§ÙÌ≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆçyÎ˚yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ñ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ≤Û!ï˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ xˆÏflfÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî
!lˆÏçÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò%ÛÓSÈÓ˚ ˆÙÎ˚yò# ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛G ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ
ˆÎê˛y !l!ò≈‹T •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ï˛y •°ñ ~•z §ÙÎ˚˛õˆÏÓ≈ xlƒylƒ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ !ë˛Ü˛ !ܲÓ˚Ü˛Ù •ˆÏÓ– ÷ô%•z
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛⁄ xÌÓy Ó¶%˛c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛⁄ ly !ܲñ ~•z ˛õˆÏÓ≈•z ÓÓ˚Ç !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ §ˆÏD Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yÈüȧǧò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚
m®μˆÏܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛ xyÓ˚G ï˛#«¯˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÜ˛ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ⁄ ܲÙ/ ˲RÓ˚y•z Ó°ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÑÓ˚y !¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ !¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ !ò¢y ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ– ~ál ≤ß¿ •°ñ !¢“˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ !ò¢y §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yò›Ó˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲG ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛yl‰!òˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆ§ê˛y ˆ¢£Ïï˛/ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ܲyÓ˚y
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈÓ%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y ly ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÈüüüÈï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚– ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y ~álG Ù)°ï˛/ ˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚yÈüȧyÙhs˝≤ÃË%˛ˆÏòÓ˚•z •yˆÏï˛ñ CPN(M) !lˆÏç•z ˆ§ê˛y
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ áy!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ê˛yG ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚
í˛z˲ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚•z !ܲS%È !ܲS%È !lÎ˚sfî çy!Ó˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Ú˜Ïmï˛ «˛Ùï˛yÛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ å~Ùlê˛y ˆÎ •GÎ˚y x§Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ñ ï˛y 1917 §yˆÏ°Ó˚
ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Ó˚y!¢Î˚yÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙ/ ˆ°!ll ï˛yÑÓ˚ Ú~!≤ð !Ì!§§Û Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áG ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰläñ
ï˛y•ˆÏ°G ˆï˛y Ú!¢“ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ !Óܲy¢Û ˆÜ˛ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ò¢yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y°ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ~Ùl !ܲS%È Ü˛Ù≈§)ã˛# ÌyܲˆÏÓñ Îy Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y ò°=!°Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ,Ìܲú ˆ§•z ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄ flõ‹T ˆ§•z ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ xl%˛õ!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ §Ç§ò#Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ñ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD §•yÓfliylñ
xlƒ ˆÜ˛ylG ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ˆÏܲ §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ly ˆï˛y⁄ ~!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ àë˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ 2006ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 26 !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚ñ ÙyGÓyò# ˛õy!ê≈˛
G §Çàë˛l=!°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ§!ÙlyˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l CPN(M)üÈ~Ó˚ !ܲS%È Ó_´ÓƒˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zˆÏÓy– Ú~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛
§y¡ÀyçƒÓyò G §Ó≈•yÓ˚y !Ó≤’ÓÛ ¢#£≈ܲ ~•z ˆ§!ÙlyÓ˚ ˆ˛õ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ CPN(M) !°ˆÏá!SÈ°≠
ÚÚˆÜ˛ylG Ó˚y‹T… «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ¢e&˲yÓy˛õߨ ˆ◊!î=!° §Ùyl x!ôܲyÓ˚ ˆË˛yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚yê˛y
x˜ÏÓK˛y!lܲ ~ÓÇ !lÓ%≈!k˛ï˛y– Ó›ï˛ñ «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ Ìyܲy ˆ◊!î!ê˛ àîï˛sf ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˆ◊!î!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc ã˛y°yÎ˚– ï˛y•z
Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y •ˆÏFSÈ ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ñ xÌy≈Í ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc G àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˙ܲƒ– ˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˆÎ ˆ◊!î•z «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ ÌyÜ%˛Ü˛ ly ˆÜ˛lñ
ˆÜ˛ylG ˆ◊!î§ÙyˆÏç•z ã˛Ó˚Ù àîï˛sf Óy ã˛Ó˚Ù ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲï˛sf ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Îál ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc G àîï˛sf ò%ˆÏê˛y•z ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ï˛ál
Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ x!hflÏc ÌyܲˆÏÓ ly ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° §Ù@˝Ã ÙylÓ§Ùyç ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ܲ ˆ◊!î•#l §ÙyˆÏç– ï˛y•z «˛Ùï˛y§#l §Ó≈•yÓ˚yˆÏܲ
~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ àîï˛sf G ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ò%ˆÏê˛y•z ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ¢£Ï˛õÎ≈hs˝ !ÓŸªÓƒy˛õ# ~ܲ ˆ◊!î•#l §Ùyç
fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÚÚ!l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ◊!î «˛Ùï˛yÎ˚ x!ô!¤˛ï˛ •ˆÏ° !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ¢e&Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcˆÏܲ ¢!_´¢y°# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏï˛ §yÙƒÓyò xç≈l ܲÓ˚y
˛õÎ≈hs˝ !Ó≤’Ó ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ˆ§•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ =Ó˚&ˆÏcÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà !òˆÏFSÈ– xyÙÓ˚y !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ñ ˆÎ
!l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏܲ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ àîï˛sf ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y ˙ܲƒ ï˛ï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ¢!_´¢y°# •ˆÏÓ– Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ~ê˛y §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚
~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcˆÏܲ ¢!_´¢y°# ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y •ˆÏFSÈ ~•z ˆÎ xï˛#ˆÏï˛ ◊Ùç#Ó# çlàˆÏîÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ
àîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ x˲yÓ ÌyܲyÓ˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° «˛Ùï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zq)ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ Ìyܲy xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˆV˛yшÏܲÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎÔÌ °í˛¸y•z
ò%Ó≈° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸– ~ê˛y Ó›ï˛ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y G çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ê˛yˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SÈ° xyl%¤˛y!lܲñ ˆÎê˛y §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛
«˛Ùï˛yòáˆÏ°Ó˚ §%ˆÏÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚–ÉÉÉÉÉÉÉ
ÚÚÉÉÉÉ!ܲv xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ◊!î xï˛#ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xl%¢#°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§ê˛y §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcˆÏܲ ¢!_´¢y°# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ°
xyÙ°yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÓˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛yÓ˚ •y!ï˛Î˚yˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ù•yl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õï˛yܲyï˛ˆÏ° Óƒy˛õܲ çlàîˆÏܲ çÙyˆÏÎ˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚
Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ÙyG ~•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏܲ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ù%á# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ܲv ï˛ï˛!òl ï˛yÑÓ˚ !Ó°¡∫ âˆÏê˛ !àˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xyÙÓ˚y Îy ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛y
•ˆÏFSÈ xï˛#ˆÏï˛ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl ˆÎ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xl%¢#°l •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆ§ê˛y ~Ùl ~ܲ xÓfliy §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
ˆÎáyˆÏl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ~ÓÇ !l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ◊!î §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ àîÈüÈܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ï˛– ~ÛܲÌy ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ~ܲ lï%˛l ôyÓ˚îy àˆÏí˛¸ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ •yÓ˚yˆÏly
§)eê˛yˆÏܲ Î%_´ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–
ÚÚ§Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ ˆò¢=!°ˆÏï˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ lylyl ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y xï˛#ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– §Ó≈ˆÏ¢ˆÏ£Ï •ˆÏFSÈ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yñ
ˆÎáyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ˆò!á xyê˛!ê˛ !˲ߨ !˲ߨ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÙ)°Ü˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛y– ~ˆÏòÓ˚
ˆÜ˛ylê˛y•z ¢e&ˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ !SÈ° ly– ~•z §¡õÜ≈˛ê˛yˆÏܲ ç#Óhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÎê˛y ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛Ó˚!SÈ ï˛y •ˆÏFSÈ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ
§•ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ê˛yˆÏܲ Ó‡ò°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°y– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ flõ‹T ôyÓ˚îy Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛m!®μï˛yÓ˚
xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ~Ùl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!_´=!°ˆÏܲ•z ÎyÓ˚y §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÎyˆÏÓ ly– Ó‡ò°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl=!°ˆÏï˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛òyÓ˚!ܲñ !lÎ˚sfî G •hflψϫ˛˛õ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôˆÏòÓ˚
!Ê˛!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xylyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏlÓ˚ xhs˝Ë%˛≈_´ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ê˛y ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÙl çlàîˆÏܲ §!e´Î˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ˆÏï˛ xyÜ,˛‹T
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛Ù!l xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˆlï˛yÓ˚y çlàˆÏîÓ˚
˛≤Ã!ï˛ òyÎ˚Ók˛ ÌyܲˆÏÓl– Ó›ï˛ ~ê˛y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y§Ü˛ G ¢y!§ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ §%°Ë˛ §¡õÜ≈˛
 àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ åˆçyÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ä11
xÌy≈Íñ !l˛õ#!í˛¸ï˛ ˆ◊!î «˛Ùï˛y òáˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl‰ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏí˛° xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ñ
ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛Íܲy°#l CPN(M) ï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ˆÏܲ ~áyˆÏl flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ xyÙ°yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zaylˆÏܲ ˆë˛Ü˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚
~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚•z xlƒylƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!_´=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD åÎyÓ˚y §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈä ~ܲ!ê˛ ÚÓ‡ò°#Î˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÛÎ˚
ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ lyÙy í˛z!ã˛ï˛– Ó›ï˛ñ Ú§Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §Çܲê˛ÛˆÏܲ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ xyÓ˚G !l!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó°ˆÏ°ñ Ú§Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z í˛zq$ï˛ xyÙ°yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ˆÏÜ˛Û !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ§ ≤Èϟ¿ 2003 §y° ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆl˛õy° ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~Ûçyï˛#Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥yÎ˚ˆÏl
ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ Îy xÓ¢ƒ•z ÙlˆÏÎyà xyܲ£Ï≈ˆÏîÓ˚ òy!Ó Ó˚yˆÏá– 2003 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÙÈüÈç%l ÙyˆÏ§ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !§ !§ñ ÚÓï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲï≈˛ÓƒÛ
¢#£Ï≈ܲ ò!°ˆÏ° Ú~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ àîï˛sfÛ ≤çˆÏD !°ˆÏá!SÈ°ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ ˆ◊!î¢e&Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc ܲyˆÏÎ˚Ù Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àîï˛sf xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙO§ƒ
ÓçyÎ˚ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ù)° Óyôy !ܲ⁄ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl çlàîï˛sf Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚y
àîï˛sf ÙÙ≈Ó›Ó˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyã˛Ó˚î §Ó≈fl∫ñ Îy!sfܲ ~ÓÇ Ó˚«˛î¢#° •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛l⁄ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ çlàîï˛y!sfܲ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc
Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcˆÏܲ !l®y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !Ó!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Óy §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ
xy.%° ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆl•z– ÓÓ˚Ç ≤ß¿!ê˛ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ §•ç§yôƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ §Çàë˛l !•§yˆÏÓ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛yˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ §ˆÏD Î%_´– ˆ¢£Ï !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ •° Óƒy˛õܲï˛Ù G §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §!e´Î˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ#ܲÓ˚î ˛õk˛!ï˛ Îy Ù)°àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çlàˆÏîÓ˚
~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚y ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcˆÏܲ §Ç•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~SÈyí˛¸y Ù•yl ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛_¥ñ àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl xÌ≈ •Î˚ ly– ˆÎ
§Ü˛° ˛õy!ê≈˛ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y òáˆÏ°Ó˚ xyˆÏà àîï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§•z ˛õy!ê≈˛=!°•z Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y òáˆÏ°
§Ê˛° •ÓyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛l xyã˛yÓ˚§Ó≈fl∫ àîï˛sf ~ÓÇ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸⁄ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãyôylƒ
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ê˛y xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ í˛z_Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ m®μÙ)°Ü˛ Óhfl%ÏÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏà
ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò%Ó≈°ï˛y•z ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ òyÎ˚#–
ÚڈΈϕï%˛ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!•ï˛ xlƒ ˆÜ˛yl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ¢y§Ü˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ÌyˆÏܲ
lyñ ¢y§Ü˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ e´Ù¢ !ӈϢ£Ï §%!ÓôyˆÏ˲yà# x!ôÎy!sfܲ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆlï,˛cyô#l Ó˚y‹T…G x!ôÎy!sfܲ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…
˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ çlàî xyl%¤˛y!lܲ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !¢Ü˛yÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ x§#Ù §,çl¢#°ï˛y G §!e´Î˚ï˛y !lÈ/ˆ¢£Ï
•ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ~•z !Ó˛õò ˛õ!Ó˚°!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z §Ù§ƒy §ÙyôyˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ l#!ï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ó˚y‹T…ˆÏܲ
ç#Óhs˝ G ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Çà!ë˛ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îñ !lÎ˚sfî G •hflψϫ˛˛õ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
my!®μܲ ò,!‹T˲D# xl%ÎyÎ˚# ~ÓÇ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˆ˛õÔÑSÈyˆÏly ˆà° ï˛y ~•z ˆÎñ ¢e&Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#
«˛Ùï˛y çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àîï˛sf xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲy!Ó˚ï˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚¢#°–
ÚÚ~Ó˚ çlƒ•z §yÙhs˝Óyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#üȧy¡ÀyçƒÓyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
˛≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy˛õly ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §Ó≈•yÓ˚yܲÓ˚î G !Ó≤’Ó#ܲÓ˚î xÓƒy•ï˛ Ó˚yáyÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# Ó˚yáy
!l!ÿ˛ï˛ •Î˚– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Î!ò ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ˛õy!ê≈˛ Óy ˆlï,˛c fliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚ lƒhflÏ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚
≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ˲yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ•z ˛õy!ê≈˛ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ e´Ùyß∫ˆÏÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó#ܲÓ˚ˆÏî ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏ°G ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚#˲yˆÏÓ Ó˚&ˆÏá ˆòGÎ˚y
ÎyˆÏÓ–ÉÉÉÛÛ åˆçyÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ä
xÌy≈Íñ flõ‹Tï˛/•zñ CPN(M) ~áyˆÏl ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl çlàîï˛sf Óy §Ó≈•yÓ˚ àîï˛sfÛ
≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T Ó˚y‹T…ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÈüüüÈÚˆ◊!î¢e&Ó˚y ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ÛÈüüüÈxlƒylƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy˛õlyÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰ!SÈ°– Ú§yÙhs˝Óyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#Èüȧy¡ÀyçƒÓyò !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# àîï˛y!sfܲ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛yÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓfliy˛õly ܲÓ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ÛÈüüüÈ~•z ÓyܲƒyLjϢÓ˚ xyˆÏà Ú!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyˆÏàÛ ly Ú!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Û ï˛yÓ˚ §%!l!ò≈‹T í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ly
ÌyܲˆÏ°G Î%!_´!ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó%ˆÏV˛ !lˆÏï˛ x§%!Óôy •Î˚ ly ˆÎ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcyô#l ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T… ≤çˆÏD•z ܲÌy=ˆÏ°y Ó°y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ~ÓÇ !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ xÓܲy¢ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ñ ܲÌy=!° §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒG ÓˆÏê˛–
!ܲv 2003ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z ï˛_¥yÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !Ó˛õIlܲ Óƒyáƒy •ë˛yÍ•z xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õ°yÙ 2006ÈüÈ~ ~ˆÏ§ú 2006ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÙ ÙyˆÏ§ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛
Úòƒ GÎ˚yÜ≈˛yÓ˚Û [CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù%á˛õe]ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ Ë˛RÓ˚y•z Ó°ˆÏ°l≠
ÚÚÉÉÉ ~•z ≤çˆÏD 2003ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÙÈüÈç%ˆÏl ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl ≤Ãã˛[˛ ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ≤ÃhflÏy!Óï˛ ~ÓÇ §Ó≈§¡øï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ à,•#ï˛
Ú˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ x!˲K˛ï˛y ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ò!°°!ê˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙ°ï˛y!sfܲ
!ÓÜ,˛!ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ~ÓÇ !lÓ˚hs˝Ó˚ ≤ÈϰÎ˚yÓ˚#Î˚ܲÓ˚î ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ˛õy!ê≈˛ñ §¢flf Óy!•l# ~ÓÇ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ï˛òyÓ˚!ܲñ
•hflψϫ˛˛õ ~ÓÇ !lÎ˚sfî !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˆÎ ˛õk˛!ï˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ à,•#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚
í˛z˲Î˚ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe•zñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ çlƒ !ӈϢ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ Ó‡ò°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÓ˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛y !l/
§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• ≤ÃÌyàï˛ ôƒylÈüÈôyÓ˚îy ~ÓÇ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆË˛ˆÏ. !òˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù•yl !ã˛hs˝y– ÉÉÉÛ åˆçyÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ä13
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛z˲Î˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•zú⁄ ܲ•zñ Ù)° ò!°ˆÏ° ˆï˛y ~Ùl ˆÜ˛ylG !l!ò≈‹TܲÓ˚î !SÈ° lyú ÓÓ˚Ç Î%!_´!Ólƒy§ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲÓ˚!SÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛
!Ó≤’ÓÈüÈ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛•zú ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yGñ ˆÎ !ӈϢ£Ï §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ܲÌy ˆ§áyˆÏl Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§áyˆÏlG flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ Ú~Û!ӣψÏÎ˚ flõ‹T ôyÓ˚îy Ìyܲy òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛m!®μï˛yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ~Ùl Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ¢!_´=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ÎyÓ˚y §Ó≈•yÓ˚y
~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÎyˆÏÓ ly–Û ˆl˛õy!° Ü˛ÇˆÏ@˝Ã§ñ •zí˛z~Ù~° ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ ò°=!° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲ ~•z Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ≤ÈÏÎyçƒ⁄ ~áyˆÏl•z ˆ¢£Ï lÎ˚– 13
ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ñ 2006ÈüÈ~ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ !Ó!Ó!§ ˆlê˛GÎ˚yÜ≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ ã˛y°≈§ •ƒy!˲°ƒyu˛ G ܲÙ/ ≤Ãã˛[˛ÛÓ˚ ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌlÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãy§!Dܲ ~ܲ!ê˛
xÇ¢ xyÙÓ˚y ~ÛÓyÓ˚ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚!SÈ≠
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í˛z≠ ~Û≤ß¿!ê˛ xy!Ù á%Ó =Ó˚&c §•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z!SÈ– !ï˛l ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆ§rê˛Δy° ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ §Ë˛yÎ˚ñ !ÓÇ¢
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ Ó˚y‹T…=!°Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚§Çܲ°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÙÓ˚y àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ çlƒ ~ܲê˛y ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SÈ°yÙ–
~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ Ùï˛ Ó˚y‹T… xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyÓ˚ ˆl•z– ï˛y•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§rê˛Δy° ܲ!Ù!ê˛ §Ó≈§¡ø!ï˛e´ˆÏÙ ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛
àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~•z ˆ°áy!ê˛ ˛õy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z ˆ°áy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xÌ≈ •° §yÙhs˝ï˛sf ~ÓÇ !ÓˆÏò¢# §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ¢!_´=!°Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛
§ÙhflÏ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z Ó‡ò°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ӈϰ xy§!SÈ ˆÎ Îï˛!òl ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲñ !ÓˆÏò¢# §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ •hflψϫ˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T §yÇ!Óôy!lܲ
ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ӈϰ Ó‡ò°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ÌyܲˆÏÓñ §ÙhflÏ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°=!° ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!ï˛l ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~•z ò!°°!ê˛ á%Ó flõ‹TÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ §Ó≈§¡ø!ï˛e´ˆÏÙ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚– §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛Ü˛yˆÏ° Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ã%˛!_´ˆÏï˛ xyÙÓ˚y
˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚˲yˆÏÓ ÓˆÏ°!SÈ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y Ó‡ò°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÎ˚ §¡øï˛ xy!SÈ– !Ó¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y Îy ˆòˆÏá!SÈ ~ÓÇ !Ó¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ
xyÙÓ˚y !¢ˆÏá!SÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y Óí˛¸ ≤ß¿ •° àîï˛sf ~ÓÇ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲï˛sfˆÏܲ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~Û!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ lï%˛l ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛yˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚yñ ~ˆÏï˛ í˛z_#î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ–ÛÛ14
flõ‹Tï˛•zñ 2003ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò!°ˆÏ° ÚÓ‡ò°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Îy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~ÓÇ 2006 §yˆÏ° ܲÙ/ ≤Ãã˛[˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ !ӈϟ’£Ïî •y!çÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°lñ ˆ§Ûò%!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §yÙOˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ x˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈú 2003ÈüÈ~ ÚÓ‡ò°#Î˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÛÓ˚ ≤çD!ê˛ í˛zay!˛õï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ܲï,≈˛Ü˛
«˛Ùï˛yòá° ï˛Ìy !Ó≤’ÓÈüÈí˛z_Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyÙ°yï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zaylˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛•ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ó xyÓ˚
2006ÈüÈ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •° §¡õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ï˛!Ó•#l ˲yˆÏÓñ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ú 2006ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÊ˛Ó &Î˚y!Ó˚ ÙyˆÏ§•z
Úòƒ !•®%Û ˛õ!eܲyˆÏܲ ˆòGÎ˚y ܲÙ/ ≤Ãã˛[˛ÛÓ˚ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚G ~ܲ•z x§D!ï˛ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸≠
ÚÚ≤Ã≠ xyçܲy° xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲê˛y ≤ÃÓyò ÷!lñ ÚÙyGÓyò#Ó˚y ≤Ã̈ÏÙ âyˆÏí˛¸ ˆã˛ˆÏ˛õ Ó§ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ÙyÌyÎ˚ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏÓÛ– ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl !ܲ ~Ûê˛yñ ˆÎ xlƒylƒ
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ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ •ˆÏ°G xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ x!ç≈ï˛ ÓyhflÏÓ– x§Çრˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yñ Ó˚yçï˛sf !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ ˆÎÙl ≤Ãyî !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆï˛Ù!l xyÓyÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÓ° ≤Ãï˛ƒy¢y
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ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç ˛õy!ê≈˛ Ùl!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ⁄ ly!ܲñ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ˆfl‘yàylˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G í˛zß¨ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ xyÓ˚G í˛zÑã%˛ hflψÏÓ˚ çlàîˆÏܲ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
§Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ lï%˛l ~ܲ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# •yˆÏï˛ ˆlˆÏÓ⁄ ç!ê˛° ≤ß¿ !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ•– çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly G ã˛y!•òyÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl hflÏÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ Î!ò !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ
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§Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ÈüÈ•z §Ó≈Ó,•Í Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ò°– ~ÓÇ ˆ§ê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° ï˛yˆÏܲ xlƒylƒ §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~ܲê˛y ¢y!hs˛õ)î≈ §•yÓfliylÈüÈG ã˛y°yˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓñ ܲyÓ˚î §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲܲ §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ï˛y ˆ˛õˆÏ°G !lÓ˚B%˛¢ §Çáƒyà!Ó˚¤˛ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ˆl•z– !ܲv xyÓyÓ˚ñ Îï˛ ˆÓ!¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆ§•z Ú!Ó˚!°Ê˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚
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x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏ° xyÓyÓ˚ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy=!°Ó˚ §Ùyôyl ˆÜ˛ylGÙˆÏï˛•z §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ~Û~ܲ xq(ï˛ í˛z˲Î˚§B˛ê˛ú xy÷ §Ù§ƒy
!lÓ˚§ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyˆÏç Ùl!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ÈüüüÈ ÎyÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ã˛y˛õG xyܲy¢ˆÏSÈyÑÎ˚yÈüüüȈÙÔ!°Ü˛ §Ù§ƒy=!°Ó˚ §Ùyôyl e´Ù¢/ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÎyˆÏÓó xyÓyÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛
§Ù§ƒyÓ°# Ù#ÙyǧyÓ˚ ò)Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ °«˛ƒˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá çlàîˆÏܲ ˙ܲƒÓk˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓ ~á%!l ï˛yÑÓ˚y ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ˆ§•z hflψÏÓ˚ ˆl•z– xï˛ƒhs˝
ç#Óhs˝ ~•z Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ê˛ylyˆÏ˛õyˆÏí˛¸lÈüÈ•z xyÙÓ˚y ~Û˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲÓ˚°yÙ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ– ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚î xyÙÓ˚y
~ÓyÓ˚ •y!çÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy–
2008ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 4ÈüÈ6 xˆÏQyÓÓ˚ñ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ §Ë˛yÎ˚ñ ܲÙ/ ≤Ãã˛[˛ñ Óï≈˛Ùyl Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛÈüÈˆÜ˛•z åˆí˛ˆÏÙyˆÏe´!ê˛Ü˛ !Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ä xyÓ˚G
§Ç•ï˛ ܲÓ˚y G !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ܲ ˆÙÔ!áܲ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÑÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ Î%!_´ !SÈ°ñ Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ˆfl‘yàyl!ê˛ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ñ ~ÓÇ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ÈüÈ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛G ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˆÜ˛ylG ˆfl‘yàyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÎyà# lÎ˚ñ ܲyˆÏç•z
Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛÈüÈˆÜ˛•z xyÓ˚G §Ç•ï˛ G !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– ˆ§•z ˆÙyï˛yˆÏÓܲñ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ G §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z
˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ù)° °í˛¸y•zˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yñ !Ó!˲ߨ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# •yˆÏï˛ ˆlGÎ˚y •zï˛ƒy!ò !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l Ù)° =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
~•z ≤ÃhflÏyÓˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲÙ/ !ܲÓ˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óܲ“ !°!áï˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ÎyÓ˚ Ù)° Ó_´Óƒ !SÈ°ñ Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛÈÓ˚ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛
ˆfl‘yàyˆÏl xyê˛ˆÏܲ ly ˆÌˆÏܲ Úàî≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ å!˛õ˛õ°‰§ !Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ä àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zß¨ï˛ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÙhflÏ xy÷ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#
ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ÈüÈ•z !˲!_ˆÏï˛– ï˛yÑÓ˚ Î%!_´ !SÈ°ñ Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ Îál x!ç≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ≤Ãy!ï˛¤˛y!lܲ ˜Óôï˛yG °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛ál
§Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G í˛zß¨ï˛ hflψÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ° xyÓ˚G í˛zߨï˛ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ˆfl‘yàylˆÏܲ•z ˛õy!ê˛≈Ó˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ Úàî≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
xy•¥yl çylyˆÏly•z •° ˆ§•z í˛zߨï˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆfl‘yàyl–
flõ‹Tï˛/•zñ ~•z ò%•z ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ≤ÃhflÏyˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ≤ÃÓ°– Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÛÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒG §%à˲#Ó˚–
Ú§Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛y xy•¥ylÛÈüÈ•z !SÈ° !Óàï˛ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ù)° ˆfl‘yàyl– ˆ§•z §Ë˛y ~ál xy•)ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒylƒ ˛Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD
ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈ G ˆ§áyˆÏl ~ܲy§ˆÏl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ùï˛yÓfliyÎ˚ñ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲyÇ¢ Îál ~ܲÙye §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yˆÏܲ•z °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲw ܲˆÏÓ˚
ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚#ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤ß¿ ï%˛°ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ˆ§!ê˛Ó˚ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ §Ó˚Ó •ˆÏFSÈlñ ܲÙ/ ≤Ãã˛[˛ ï˛ál §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛
~ܲ!ê˛ §y«˛yÍܲyˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰˆÏSÈlñÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÉÉɧÇ!Óôyl §Ë˛yÎ˚ xy§° °í˛¸y•zê˛y §ˆÏÓ ÷Ó˚& •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~Ûê˛y•z ˆï˛y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ çyï˛#Î˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏl à,•#ï˛ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙÙ≈Ó› !SÈ°–
ˆ§•z Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈñ ~ÛܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •ˆÏ°y Ùyl!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ !lÓ˚flf ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛y°yñ ¢)lƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚y–
Îy ˆÜ˛Ó° fl∫≤¿Ü˛“•z ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ≤Ãçyï˛sf ˆây£ÏîyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xhs˝Ó≈ï˛#≈ܲy°#l §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ !lÓy≈!ã˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛y•z •° xy§°
çyÎ˚ày–ÉÉÉÛÛ18
!l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ•ñ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ à˲#Ó˚ Ùï˛˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ– Îy x!ç≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ•z §Ó≈¢!_´ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓñ ly !ܲñ Îy ~álG x!ç≈ï˛
•Î˚!ló ï˛y xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °ˆÏ«˛ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl x!ç≈ï˛ §yÊ˛°ƒˆÏܲG Óyç# ôˆÏÓ˚˛ ~àˆÏly •ˆÏÓú !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ Ù)° ˆÜ˛w!Ó®% ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ñ ~áyˆÏl•z– Îy•z ˆ•yܲñ
xyhs˝/˛õy!ê≈˛ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ~•z ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈñ CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ˆlï,˛c xï˛ƒhs˝ !Óã˛«˛îï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ ˆòl– ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ ˜Óë˛ˆÏܲ•z !Óï˛Ü≈˛!ê˛Ó˚
ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !l‹õ!_ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ çyï˛#Î˚ ܲlˆÏ˲l¢l xy•¥yl ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– 2008Û~Ó˚ 21ÈüÈ27 lˆÏ˲¡∫Ó˚ñ §•flÀy!ôܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ôÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ §Çà!ë˛ï˛
•Î˚ áy!Ó˚˛õy!ï˛ Ü˛lˆÏ˲l¢l– ~•z ܲlˆÏ˲l¢ˆÏlñ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õ«˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ò%!ê˛ ≤ÃhflÏyÓˆÏܲ•z ˆ˛õ¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚– ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ §Æy• Óƒy˛õ# ï˛#Ó 
Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó≈§¡øï˛ xÓfliyˆÏl ˆ˛õÔÑSȈÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •Î˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛– Ù)° ˆÎ ò%!ê˛ !§k˛yhs˝ à,•#ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y •°ñ 1ä Óï≈˛Ùyl
˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ñ ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ å!˛õ˛õ°‰§ ˆÊ˛ˆÏí˛Ó˚y° ˆí˛ˆÏÙyˆÏe´!ê˛Ü˛ lƒy¢ly° !Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ä àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆfl‘yàylˆÏܲ
Ù)° Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ˆfl‘yàyl !•§yˆÏÓ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛°ˆÏÓñ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ÎyˆÏܲ Úàî≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ å!˛õ˛õ°‰§ !Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ä Ó°y •ˆÏÓó ~ÓÇ 2ä
~•z ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˛õy!ê≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛w#Ë)˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓÈüüüÈÓ˚yç˛õˆÏÌñ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó˚ܲyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ñ xÌ≈yÍ
Ó˚yç˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zñ Ù)° =Ó˚&ˆÏc ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
áy!Ó˚˛õy!ï˛ Ü˛lˆÏ˲l¢ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z !§k˛yhs˝§Ù)• !ܲ ˆÜ˛ylG Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÙÓ˚&ܲÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ •z!Dï˛Óy•#⁄ ly !ܲñ !lSÈܲ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙˆÏV˛yï˛y §)e⁄
Ü˛ÙˆÏ≤ÃyÙy•zç Ê˛Ù%≈°y⁄ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ ~álG ˆ¢£Ï ܲÌy Ó°yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ xyˆÏ§!l– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~Ûê%˛Ü%˛ xhs˝ï˛ Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ°ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ˆÏÓy≈Fã˛
ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲyLjϢÓ˚ ò!«˛î˛õsi# ˆV˛yшÏܲÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ•z Óï≈˛Ùylñ Îy ܲ!ë˛l •ˆÏ°Gñ !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• xy¢yÓ˚ §M˛yÓ˚#– ~Û≤çˆÏDñ
CPN(M)ü~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆlï,˛cñ ܲÙ/ !§É!˛õÉ àyç%ˆÏÓ˚°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §y¡±!ï˛Ü˛ï˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Óï≈˛Ùyl
≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ ê˛ylˆÏÓyÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÓƒ!ï˛e´Ù•#l˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z Ó˚îl#!ï˛ G Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝
§yÊ˛°ƒ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ §yÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ~ÓÇ xÓˆÏçܲ!ê˛Ë˛ ¢ï˛y≈Ó°#ñ ò%!ê˛Ó˚•z ˛õ!Ó˚˛õE˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– !ܲv ~•z ò%!ê˛ ¢ï≈˛
xy˛õlyxy˛õ!l !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ lyñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ •yˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§G ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ë)˛!Ùܲy•z ˆÜ˛Ó° ~•z ¢ï˛y≈Ó°#ˆÏܲ
!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– §!ë˛Ü˛ l#!ï˛ G ˆÜ˛Ô¢° !lî≈Î˚ ܲÓ˚yê˛y•z xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ ã˛y!Óܲy!벖
~ܲ!ê˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˛õÎy≈Î˚ ç%ˆÏí˛¸ Ó˚îl#!ï˛àï˛ xÓfliyl x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ˆ§•z Ó˚îl#!ï˛àï˛ !ÓçÏÎ˚ xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°
xyÓyÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ ˆÜ˛yl‰ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ~ܲê˛y ˛õy!ê≈˛ xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆ§ê˛y !òˆÏÎ˚•z ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# ã˛!Ó˚eˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y
ÎyÎ˚– Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §yÊ˛°ƒÈüÈÓƒÌ≈ï˛y•z Ó˚îl#!ï˛Ó˚ §yÊ˛°ƒÈüÈÓƒÌ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# G ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò#ÈüüüÈò%ÛôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° xyˆÏSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ §yÙylƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒG fl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# ˆÜ˛Ô¢°
˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ˆ°!ll Îál ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛Ô¢° ܲálG ܲálG 24 â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒG ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ál !ï˛!l
§Ω˛Óï˛/ ~Ûçyï˛#Î˚ ˆÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÌy•z ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– !Ó≤’ÓܲyÙ# ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Ó≤’Ó# ò°ˆÏܲ•z ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ˆSÈyê˛ÈüÈáyê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚
lçÓ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓó ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ !lï˛ƒ lï%˛l ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ ˆ§ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
24 â^˝ê˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ùl Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° SÈyí˛¸yGñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# !ܲS%È Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°G @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
 •ˆÏÓñ ÎyˆÏܲ Ù)° Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° åˆÙçÓ˚ ê˛ƒy܉˛!ê˛Ü‰˛§ä Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~•z Ù)° Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓyÓ˚ x§Çáƒ
fl∫“ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ çyï˛#Î˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏl ˜fl∫Ó˚yã˛yÓ˚# Ó˚yçï˛sfˆÏܲ S%ÈшÏí˛¸ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°
≤Ãçyï˛sf àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ˆlGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎê˛y•z xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ xÇ¢ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G !Ó!˲ߨ
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ ˆçyê˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ !lÙy≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– 2005 §yˆÏ° §yï˛!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛
òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ú12 ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ~!@˝ÃˆÏÙrê˛Û ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚•z ~ܲ !l!ò≈‹T í˛zòy•Ó˚î–
~!≤ð 2008ÈüÈ~ §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛y !lÓy≈ã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ÓÇ 8 ˆÙ ˆ§•z §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˜Óë˛ˆÏܲ ˆl˛õy°ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ
≤Ãçyï˛sf !•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆ§•z ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆ¢£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ˆ§•z
ò#â≈ˆÏÙÎ˚yò# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°!ê˛ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàG ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§yˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ ˆl˛õy°# çlï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §yÙhs˝ï˛sfñ Ù%ͧ%j# Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y G xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ m®μÈüÈ•z !SÈ° ˆl˛õy°#
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl m®μ– 240 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãyã˛#l Ó˚yçï˛sf•z !SÈ° Ù)° ¢e&– Ó˚yçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ xÓ§yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ≤Ãôyl m®μ!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ–
§yÙhs˝ï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ñ Îy !ܲly !SÈ° xyˆÏàܲyÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl mˆÏ®μÓ˚ Ù)° !òܲñ ~ál Ù%ͧ%j# Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y ~ÓÇ xyÙ°yï˛y!sfܲ ˛õ%Ñ!ç•z Ù)° !òܲ
!•§yˆÏÓ §yÙˆÏl ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ãôyl mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çlƒñ ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ˆÏܲG xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆ§•z ˆÙyï˛yˆÏÓܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y
í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
Óï˛≈ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl˛õy°# §Ùyç ~ܲê˛y í˛zÍe´y!hs˝Ù)°Ü˛ xÓfliyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈ– ˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~•z §Ùyç
ÎyÎ˚!l– ~ܲ ò¢Ü˛ Óƒy˛õ# ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ çlÎ%k˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚•z G˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xò,‹T˛õ)Ó≈ ~ܲ àîxyˆÏ®y°l ˆl˛õyˆÏ° ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%È =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xylˆÏ°G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ÓÇ §y!Ó≈ܲ ˆÜ˛ylG ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l xyˆÏ§!lñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§ê˛y xyˆÏ§!l ~•z §Ç@˝ÃyÙ=!°Ó˚ !ܲS%È
§#ÙyÓk˛ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z– ~•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l=!°Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ˆlï,˛còyÎ˚# Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÌyܲˆÏ°G ï˛y ˆl˛õy°#
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲyÓ˚ ˆçyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ~ê˛y §Ω˛Ó !SÈ° ly– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆçyê˛ àí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ~Ùl !ܲS%˛ §Ç§ò#Î˚ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏDñ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– ˆ§•z !•§yˆÏÓñ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ñ
ÙyV˛˛õˆÏÌ ~ˆÏ§ xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ x!Ó°ˆÏ¡∫ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y lï%˛l ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– 2008ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï xyˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ çyï˛#Î˚
ܲlˆÏ˲l¢ˆÏlñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Æy•Óƒy˛õ# !Óï˛Ü≈˛ G xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ xӈϢˆÏ£Ï xyÙÓ˚y ÚçlàˆÏîÓ˚ Î%_´Ó˚y‹T…#Î˚ àîï˛y!sfܲ çyï˛#Î˚ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛñ
§ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ Úàî≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#ˆÏܲ ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° !•§yˆÏÓ §Ó≈§¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !fliÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚!SÈ–ÛÛ19
áy!Ó˚˛õ!ï˛ Ü˛lˆÏ˲l¢lÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ≤çˆÏD ܲÙ/ àyç%ˆÏÓ˚°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z Ó˚ã˛ly!ê˛ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ à˲#Ó˚ •z!Dï˛Óy•#– •z!ï˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z !Óhfl,Ïï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ 2001ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ çyï˛#Î˚ §ˆÏ¡ø°ˆÏl CPN(M), ÚÓ˚yçï˛sfˆÏÜ˛Û í˛zˆÏFSÈò ܲˆÏÓ˚ Úàîï˛y!sfܲ
≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ ˆfl‘yàylˆÏܲ §Ó≈§¡øï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G ˆ§•z Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛ˆÏsfÛ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !ܲ •ˆÏÓñ
xlƒylƒ §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ !ܲ •ˆÏÓñ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ °ˆÏ«˛ƒÓ˚ §ˆÏD ~•z ˛õòˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ÈüÈ•z Óy
!ܲ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §Ó≈hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ylG §Ù§_¥ï˛y !SÈ° ly– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Óí˛¸ ܲÌy •°ñ Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛
ˆfl‘yàyˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD ÚÓ‡ò°#Î˚ àîï˛sfÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ §)eyÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛ !ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ ï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚G !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ !SÈ°– 2001 §yˆÏ° ˛õy!ê≈˛
§Ó≈§¡øï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ Úàîï˛y!sfܲ ≤Ãçyï˛sfÛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲÙ/ àyç%ˆÏÓ˚° ~Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî xl%ÎyÎ˚# ÚÚˆÎê˛y•z xyÓyÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚yˆÏly Ó˚y‹T…
ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ xÇ¢ •GÎ˚y §ˆÏ_¥G !Ó!˲ߨ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ G §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD åxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ä §yÙ!Î˚ܲ ˆçyê˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ !lÙ≈yî ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰy–ÛÛ ~ál
≤ß¿ •°ñ ~•z ˆçyê˛ !ܲ §!ï˛ƒ•z ˆÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛⁄ ï˛Ìyñ §yÙ!Î˚ܲ⁄ CPN(M)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ~ܲyÇ¢ ~≤Èϟ¿ ï˛ál !ë˛Ü˛ !ܲ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ!SȈϰl⁄
2003ÈüÈ~ ~ˆÏ§ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòá°yÙñ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z í˛zq(ï˛ xyÙ°yï˛sfˆÏܲ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÚÓ‡ò°#Î˚ àîï˛sfÛÈüÈÓ˚ ܲÌy
Ó°ˆÏ°yñ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl xlƒylƒ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ˆÏD ÚÓ˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛yÛ ã˛y°yˆÏÓ– Ú!Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyˆÏàñ ly ˛õˆÏÓ˚ÛÈüüüÈ ~•z ≤ß¿!ê˛ ˆ§áyˆÏl
ˆôÑyÎ˚y¢yFSÈߨ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆà°ñ Î!òG Î%!_´!Ólƒy§!ê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~!ê˛•z ÙˆÏl •GÎ˚y fl∫y˲y!Óܲñ !Ó≤’Ó í˛z_Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛•z ï˛_¥yÎ˚l!ê˛ Ü˛Ó˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xyÓyÓ˚ 2006 §yˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ñ ܲÙ/ ÓyÓ%Ó˚yÙ Ë˛RÓ˚y•z ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù/ ≤Ãã˛u˛ÛÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ ÚÓ‡ò°#Î˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚Û ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î
ܲÙ≈§)ã˛#Ó˚ Ùï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚•z •y!çÓ˚ •°ñ ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏà•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– 2001 ~ÓÇ 2003ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥yÎ˚l ~ÓÇ 2006 ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ˆÏï˛ ˆ§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ܲÙ/ ÓyÓ%Ó˚yÙ Ë˛RÓ˚y•z Óy ܲÙ/ ≤Ãã˛u˛ ˆÎ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏ°lñ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ Î!ò §yÎ%΃˛õ)î≈ ï˛Ìy §!ë˛Ü˛ ӈϰ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
~•z !§k˛yhs˝•z ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ˆÎ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãçyï˛sfˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ڧǕï˛Û ܲÓ˚yê˛y•z ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)° ܲyç– §Ç!Óôyl §Ë˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ °í˛¸y•z
ã˛y°yˆÏlyê˛y•z §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ Ù)° Ó˚*˛õ– ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù/ ≤Ãã˛u˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒÓ˚ ˆVÑ˛yܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ˆ§•z !òˆÏܲ•zñ Îy !l/§ˆÏ®ˆÏ• í˛zˆÏmàçlܲ– xyÓyÓ˚ áy!Ó˚˛õy!ï˛
ܲlˆÏ˲l¢lÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ≤çˆÏD ܲÙ/ àyç%ˆÏÓ˚°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´ˆÏÓƒ ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏŒê˛y ˆVÑ˛yܲ!ê˛•z ˛õ!Ó˚fl≥%˛ê˛– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ 2001 §yˆÏ° ≤Ãçyï˛sf àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚
ˆfl‘yàylˆÏܲ §yÙˆÏl ˆÓ˚ˆÏá §Ç§ò#Î˚ ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD §yÙ!Î˚ܲ ˆçyê˛ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° ˛õy!ê≈˛ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§•z Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyç ˆ¢£Ï
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ– x!Ó°ˆÏ¡∫ ~ál ~ܲê˛y lï%˛l ò#â≈fliyÎ˚# Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– flõ‹Tï˛/•z ܲÙ/ àyç%ˆÏÓ˚°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z Ó_´Óƒ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y
ò°=!°Ó˚ §ˆÏD x!l!ò≈‹T ܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ ÚÓ‡ò°#Î˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚Û ÙˆÏôƒ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈ ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ lyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ– òy!Ó Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈ ~ܲ!ê˛
lï%˛l Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°ñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ §yÊ˛°ƒˆÏܲ xç≈l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ ÎyˆÏï˛ xyÓ˚G ¢!_´¢y°# •ˆÏÓ–
ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ Óï≈˛Ùyl ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÎ˚ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ G Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢ˆÏ°Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ xyhs/˝§¡õÜ≈˛ !lÙ≈yˆÏî áy!Ó˚˛õy!ï˛ Ü˛lˆÏ˲l¢l xÓ¢ƒ•z ~ܲê˛y
Ùy•z°ˆÏfiê˛yl– xhs˝ï˛ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyGÓyò# ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ §ˆÏÓ≈yFã˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò!«˛î˛õsi# G ÓyÙ˛õsi# ˆVÑ˛yܲ=!°ˆÏܲ !l!ò≈‹T ˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲÓ˚y G ~ܲê˛y ò)Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ù#Ùyǧy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆï˛y ÓˆÏê˛•z– lï%˛l ˆÎ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢°àï˛ °y•zl ܲlˆÏ˲l¢l ˆÌˆÏܲ §Ó≈§¡ø!ï˛e´ˆÏÙ à,•#ï˛
•°ñ xyàyÙ# !òˆÏl ï˛y ܲï˛ê˛y ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÓñ ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛•z ˆ§ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ çÓyÓ ˆòˆÏÓ–
ï˛Ìƒ§)e≠
 1– “Hoist the Revolutionary Flag on Mount Everest in the 21st Century”; The Worker, 10th. issue, Pg 27–
2– ˆ§y!˲ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ •zí˛z!lÎ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ åÓ°ˆÏ¢!Ë˛Ü˛ä ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ó [ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ ܲ!Ù!ê˛ Ü˛ï,≈˛Ü˛ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛!Ù¢l myÓ˚y §¡õy!òï˛]ñ ˛õ,É 161ÈüÈ162–
3– ˙ñ ˛õ,É 193ÈüÈ194–
4– The Question of Building a New Type of State; The Worker, 9th issue, Pg. 24–
5– lÎ˚y àîï˛sf ≤çˆÏDó ÙyG ˆ§ ï%˛Ç–
6– ˙–
7– The Next Step in Nepal: An Interview with Dr. Baburam Bhattarai; by Stephen Mikesell and Mary Des Chene, 10-16 issue
of the Economic and Political Weekly (2008)–
8– ˙–
9– ˙–
10– Inverview with the Nepali Times, April 16, 2008–
11– ÙyGÓyò ~ÓÇ §Ó≈•yÓ˚y !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ÈüüüÈ !§!˛õxy•zåÙyGÓyò#ä G !§!˛õ~l åÙyGÓyò#äÈüÈÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î G Ùï˛yÙï˛ó Ó˚ƒy!í˛Ü˛ƒy° ≤Ãܲy¢lñ ˛õ,É 15ÈüÈ16–
12– ˙ñ ˛õ,É 68ÈüÈ69–
13– Epochal Ten Years of Application and Development of Revolutionary Ideas; The Worker, 10th issue, pg. 60–
14– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ Ó˚ƒy!í˛Ü˛ƒy° ≤Ãܲy¢ló ˛õ,É 84–
15– www.hindu.com/thehindue/nic/maoist.htm
16– ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ Ó˚ƒy!í˛Ü˛ƒy° ≤Ãܲy¢ló ˛õ,É 84–
17– ˙ñ ˛õ,É 100ÈüÈ101–
18– People’s Republic will be Federal and Competitive; Inverview of Com. Prachanda, The Red Star, Vol. 1, No. 17–
19– The Role of Major Tactical Line in making a New Constitution; C.P. Gajurel, The Red Star, Vol. 2, No. 2–

ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ åÙyGÓyò#äÈüÈÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛≠ ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛Δê˛!flÒÓyò# Ù)°ƒyÎ˚ló ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !°à
åã˛ï%˛Ì≈ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ä ܲï,≈˛Ü˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ñ 7 ç%l 2008–
 ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy≠
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ï˛_¥àï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ =Ó˚&c G fl∫Ó˚*˛õ
ò#˛õܲ Ó:È#

ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ ~ˆÏDˆÏ°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §)ey!Î˚ï˛ ò¢≈l G Ùï˛yò¢≈ xyç ~ܲ ܲ!ë˛l §B˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õyÓ˚ •ˆÏFSÈ– ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ Ëœ˛y!ò!ÙÓ˚
ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˛˛õ%‹T G ˛õÓ˚#!«˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y ˆÎÙl ~ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ xˆÏlܲ
lï˛%l G ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ≤ß¿ G ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl òyÑí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ~ܲ =îàï˛ í˛zÕ‘¡≥˛l
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ G xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ–
!ÓŸªÓ#«˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ≤ÃÌÙ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ çß√°y˲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ fiê˛ƒy!°ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥yÓôyˆÏl
ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ xÓ§yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z ~ܲ Úxyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õÌ ˛õ!Ó˚e´ÙyÛ §ÙyÆ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ §ï˛ƒ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•z ˆÎ
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ xyç ~ܲê˛y Úfl∫#Ü,˛ï˛Û xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ ï˛_¥ÓôyˆÏl !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ly– ÷ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙ Úxyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ã˛!Ó˚eÛ !lˆÏÎ˚
ˆÜ˛yl ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ !e´Î˚y¢#° ÌyܲˆÏSÈ ly– ~Ùl!ܲ ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆòˆÏ¢ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w=!° xl%¢#!°ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ñ §Ùܲy°#l åàï˛
100 ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ä Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ xye´Ùî=!°Ó˚ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°yÎ˚ ~ܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z ¡‘ylñ ˛õD% G Ó˚&à‰î xÓfliyÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ xyˆÏSÈ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚–
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ~ܲ §B˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈüüüÈ~•z xÓfliyl G í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ˆÏï˛ ÎÑyÓ˚y ˆ˛õÔSÈylñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xÓ¢ƒ•z ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚
í˛zqÓ G ˛õ)î≈ï˛yÈüÈ≤Ãy!ÆÓ˚ G ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ xl%ôyÓlñ xl%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty çß√ ˆlˆÏÓ– xyÙÓ˚y ÚÙyÜ≈˛!§fiê˛ •zˆÏrê˛ˆÏ°Ü˛¢lÛ
˛õ!eܲy ~•z ÙˆÏï˛Ó˚ xl%àyÙ#– ˆ§•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y ˆòˆÏá ˆlÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ §)eyÎ˚l=!° !ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛
ã˛ƒyˆÏ°ˆÏOÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ÎyˆÏFSÈ–
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ !ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l ò¢≈l⁄
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ •° ~ ï˛yÓÍ Ü˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !òܲ– 1923ÈüÈ~ ˆ°áy
ܲy°≈ ܲ§≈üÈ~Ó˚ ÚÙyÜ≈˛!§çÙ xƒyu˛ !Ê˛ˆÏ°yç!Ê˛ÛÈüÈÓ˚ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ °y•zl í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ù)° xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ≤ÃyÎ˚ àˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ˆÎ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çyÙy≈l ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°l ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ
§Ùyçï˛ˆÏsf Üœ˛ƒy!§Ü˛y° çyÙy≈l ò¢≈l í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚ §)ˆÏe °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰy– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ÙyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚y ܲáˆÏly ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l ˆÎ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ
§Ùyçï˛sf Óy §yÙƒÓyò ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÷ô%Ùye Úò¢≈lÛ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ï˛yÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛l ˆÎ
ï˛y ÷ô%Ùye ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y ˲yÓÓyò# ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xhs≈˝!l!•ï˛ xÌ≈ˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ lyñ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥ÈüÈˆÜ˛
x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÉÉÉÛÛ
ÚÚÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ˆÎ ˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿!ê˛ ˆÙyܲy!Ó°y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §%®Ó˚ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ
~ˆÏD°§‰ ~ܲòy Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl Úˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D#Û≠ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye xlyí˛¸¡∫Ó˚˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏܲ
~ܲ˛õyˆÏ¢ ÚˆÏë˛ˆÏ° !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlÛ– ÓyhflÏ!Óܲñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ñ Óy!•ƒÜ˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏò≈ˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛≤Ã!ï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ Ú!l¤˛yÛ
§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ xyl%àï˛ƒ ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ÷ô%Ùye ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈l lÎ˚ñ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈l ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ•z xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlÉÉÉÉÛÛ˛
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ò¢≈l lÎ˚ ~ê˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty!ê˛ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y •°ñ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ˆÊ ˛í˛!Ó˚ܲ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D#
G Ùï˛yÙï˛ˆÏܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ Ù%ˆÏáyÙ%!á òyÑí˛¸ ܲ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y– ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Úxƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÛ G Úí˛yÎ˚ˆÏ°Ü˛!ê˛Ü˛§‰ xÊ˛ ˆlã˛yÓ˚Û ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò¢≈lÈüȧÇe´yhs˝
˲yÓlyÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ÈüüüÈ ~•z •ˆÏFSÈ Ù)° ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ– ÙyÜ≈˛§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Úmy!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÷ô%Ùye §Ùyç !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
ˆã˛ï˛ly G §Ùyç §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî•z ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈló ˆ§áyˆÏl ~ˆÏD°§‰ Úmy!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚
ˆÎ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l Naturalist MaterialistÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ xy§ˆÏ° !ï˛!l Metaphysical MaterialistÈüÈ~ xô/
˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ~•z •ˆÏFSÈ Ù)° Ó_´Óƒ–
!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ˆàyí˛¸yÎ˚ •zï˛y°#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲÈmÎ˚ Giovanni Gentile ~ÓÇ Rudolfo Mondolfo ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õy!°¢ òy¢≈!lܲ Stanislow
Berozowski ≤ÃÌÙ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~Ó˚
§)e˛õyï˛ âˆÏê˛ ≤ÃÌÙ Erwin BanüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚– 1920 §yˆÏ° ò!«˛î˛õ)Ó≈ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ˛õÓ˚˚ ܲ!Ùlê˛yˆÏl≈Ó˚ Ù%á˛õe ‘Koummunismus’ÈüÈ~ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
≤ÃÓ¶˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– ˆ§áyˆÏl Ó°y •Î˚ ˆÎ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ºyhs˝ G «˛!ï˛Ü˛yÓ˚ܲ– BanÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ •°ñ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§
•ˆÏ°l !ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ çyÙ≈yl ò¢ˆÏl≈Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚§)Ó˚#ñ xyÓ˚ ~ˆÏD°§ •ˆÏ°l È˛õ!ç!ê˛!˲fiê˛ ~ÓÇ lƒyã˛yÓ˚y!°fiê˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ_´y– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÎ˚ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ~ÓÇ Ó˚ã˛ly§Ù)• ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z áy˛õ áyÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ !Óçyï˛#Î˚– ~•z ôyÓ˚îy ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚ •y!çÓ˚ •Î˚
çç≈ °%ܲyã˛üÈ~Ó˚ •yï˛ ôˆÏÓ˚– 1923 §yˆÏ° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ú•z!ï˛•y§ G ˆ◊î#ˆÏã˛ï˛lyÛÈÈüÈÎ˚ !ï˛!l ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ï˛yÓ˚ï˛Ùƒ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚
≤ÃË)˛ï˛ =Ó˚&c xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Úí˛yÎ˚yˆÏ°Ü‰˛!ê˛Ü˛§‰ xÊ˛ ˆlã˛yÓ˚ÛÈüÈ ˆÜ˛•z xye´ÙˆÏîÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ó˚yáy •Î˚– °%ܲyã˛üÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ åÚ•z!ï˛•y§
~ÓÇ ˆ◊!î ˆã˛ï˛lyÛÈüȈ̈Ïܲ í˛zk,˛ï˛ä≠
ÚÚxyÙyÎ˚ ~ܲê%˛ Ó›§_yüÈÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎ ò,!‹T˲D#ñ ï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó¢ò xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ˆ•yܲ– ~ܲ!òܲ !òˆÏÎñ˚ ˆ§=!°
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ~á!l ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyˆÏàÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ lÎ˚ó !ܲvñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~•z xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚ ÙÙy≈Ì≈ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ Ó‡ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ ˆÎ !Ó¢y° ≤Ã˲yÓ Ó˚ˆÎÏ ˆ˚ SÏ Èñ ˆ§ê˛yˆÏܲ !ë˛Ü˛ ܲÓ˚ˆïÏ ˛ ˆàˆÏ° §•ˆÏç•z Ë%˛° ˆÓyV˛yÓ%!V˛Ó˚ çß√ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ÉÉÉÛÛ
˛ÚÚ!ܲvñ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ à˲#Ó˚ ºy!hs˝ !SÈ° ~•z !ÓŸªyˆÏ§ ˆÎ !¢“ ~ÓÇ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y=!°Ó˚ xyã˛Ó˚î à!ë˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓ my!®μܲ G òy¢≈!lܲ
 xˆÏÌ≈ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ myÓ˚y– §•ç ܲÌyÎ˚ñ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y •° à˲#Ó˚ ~ÓÇ !Ó÷k˛ ôƒyˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ– ˛õÓ˚#«˛y=!° ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü,˛!eÙñ !ÓÙ)ï˛≈ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÓÏ ¢
§,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎáyˆÏl !Óly ≤Ã!ï˛Ó¶˛Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ñ !Óly !Ó¢,C°yÎ˚ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚ˆÙÏ Ó˚ ܲyçܲÙ≈ !lÓ˚#«˛î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl Ú§yÓˆÏçQÛ ~ÓÇ ÚxÓˆÏçQÛ
ò%çˆÏlÓ˚•z xˆÏÎÔ!_´Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl=!°ˆÏܲ Óyò ˆòGÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚– ˆ§ ÎÌy§yôƒ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈ˆÓÏ «˛ˆÏîÓ˚ Ó›àï˛ !˲!_ˆÏܲ !Ó÷k˛ñ Î%!_´§¡øï˛
!ӣψÎÏ ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛ñ à!îˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÚˆÓyôàÙƒ !Ó£ÏÎÛ˚ ÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆïÏ ˛–
Karl Korsch å1923äñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Marxism and Philosophy’ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˲yˆÏ°y ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ˆÏD°§ í%˛ƒ!Ó˚LjÏܲ xye´Ùî ܲˆÏÓ˚ló ~áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~•z !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •GÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ Ó‡ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆ˛õy£Ïî ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏD°§ xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl !ӈϟªÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Óyò#ÈüÈçí˛¸Óyò# ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ !Î!l !SȈϰl ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ò¢≈làï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢ !¢!«˛ï˛ ÉÉÉÛÛ
1920ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛ly§Ù)• G ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~•z ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ í˛zͧ !SÈ° !mï˛#Î˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢yôlÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚
fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ x˛õÓƒyáƒy– ܲyí˛zê˛!flÒñ !•°Ü˛yÓ˚ !í˛ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •° ˆÎÈüüüÈ~ˆÏD°§ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lˆÏç•z
!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò# ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏàyÎ˚– ï˛y•z §ÙyçÈüÈ!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# §Ë˛ƒï˛y !lˆÏçÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ•z ˆË˛ˆÏD ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò#
§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ôÁǧ G ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ çÎ˚°y˲ÈüÈ~ ï˛y•z ÙylÓÈüȈã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lôy≈Ó˚ܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÌyܲyÓ˚ òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z– ܲyí˛zê‰˛!flÒ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# §Ùyç xyçˆÏܲ x§Ê˛°≠ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õï˛l §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y Ùyeó ò%!l≈ÓyÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl
˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# í˛zͲõyòl ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ ôÁLjϧÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ àë˛l xyç ÷ô%Ùye
ܲy!A«˛ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛y ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x!lÓyÎ≈–ÛÛ
~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ xy!Ó˲y≈Ó ÷ô%Ùye ܲy!A«˛ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ï˛y ~ܲ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ x!lÓyÎ≈G ÓˆÏê˛–
!ܲvñ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏDñ lï%˛l §ÙyçÈüÈ~Ó˚ xy!Ó˲y≈ÓÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ñ ~ê˛yG x!lÓyÎ≈ ˆÎ ˆ◊!îÓk˛ §ÙyˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ÈüÈÓ˚ xy!Ó˲y≈Ó âê˛ˆÏÓñ ˆ§•z
˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ xyò¢≈àï˛ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ◊!îˆÏã˛ï˛ly §¡õߨ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ âê˛ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ myÓ˚y lï%˛l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •GÎ˚yÓ˚
Ó˚yhflÏy í˛zˆÏß√yã˛l •ˆÏÓ– !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ°ál#Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛yí˛zê‰˛!flÒ Ü˛Ù%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ñ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!î ~ÓÇ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ˲)!ÙܲyˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ï˛ •zFSÈyÜ,˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z áy!Ó˚ç ܲˆÏÓ˚
!òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ˆ§•z ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ lï%˛l §ÙyçÈüÈ~Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÎyeyÎ˚ ܲÙ%ƒ!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ÷ô%Ùye ò)Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ӈϧ Ìyܲy ò¢≈ܲ Óƒï˛#ï˛ xyÓ˚
!ܲS%È•z lÎ˚– xï˛~Óñ ܲyí˛zê‰˛!flÒÈüÈÓ˚ ~•z ºyhs˝ ò¢≈lÈüÈí˛z˛õ°!∏˛ !mï˛#Î˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò# Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–
!•°Ê˛yÓ˚!í˛Ç !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÎ%!_´àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓñ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ≤Ãîy°# Óy Ó˚#!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò •ˆÏ°y ÷ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ à!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ°#Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛_¥–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xܲyê˛ƒï˛yˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÙˆÏï˛•z Ù)°ƒÈüÈ!Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyç lÎ˚– ÈÓyhflÏÓ xyã˛Ó˚î!Ó!ôÓ˚ !ò¢y ˆï˛y ˆÙyˆÏê˛•z lÎ˚–
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlˆÏܲ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ñ !ܲv ˆ§•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y §¡õ)î≈ xlƒ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚–ÛÛ
!•°Ê˛yÓ˚!í˛Ç ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ Ú≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÛˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˜ï˛Ó˚# Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !ܲv ˆ§•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆl•z– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò¢≈làï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÓfliyl á%Ó flõ‹T– ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ x!˲ˆÏÎyà ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò¢≈lÈüÈí˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲyí˛zê‰˛!flÒ
~ÓÇ !•°Ê˛yÓ˚!í˛ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôlÓyò# Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚–
1930ÈüÈ~ Sidney Hook xyÓyÓ˚ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Úí˛yÎ˚yˆÏ°Ü˛!ê˛Ü˛§ xʉ˛ ˆlã˛yÓ˚ÛüÈˆÜ˛ xye´Ùî ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏ°l ˆÎ ~ˆÏD°§ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ú˜Ó≤’!Óܲ
ï˛_¥ˆÏÜ˛Û Positivist Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘Critical Historicism’ÈüÈˆÜ˛ fli(° Ó›ÓyˆÏò xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
1950ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ Ê ˛yˆÏ™Ó˚ ˛ÓyÙ˛õsi# òy¢≈!lܲ Jean Paul Sartre– Maurcos Merlean ~ÓÇ Henri Lefebore ~ÓÇ 1960ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ
AlthusserÈüÈ~Ó˚G §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ~ˆÏD°§–
George Lichtheim ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Marxism: A Historical and Critical Study’ @˝ÃˆÏsi !°áˆÏ°l ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ‘Critical Vision of a Critical
Theory’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ “dull science of causal evolution”ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥ñ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ “drastic transvaluation of
values”ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xlÓòƒ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ §,!‹TˆÏܲ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ܲ “cast iron system of laws”ÈüÈ~– ÙyÜ≈˛§ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˆÎáyˆÏl
§ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ã˛ã≈˛y ~!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈlñ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆ§áyˆÏl e´Ùyàï˛ Îyey ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl positivism ~ÓÇ scientismüÈ~Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ–
Z. A. JordanÈüÈ~Ó˚ “The Evolution of Dialectical Materialism” @˝ÃˆÏsi ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ˆÎ MarxÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈
•° ‘naturalistic activism’ Óy ‘anthropological realism’, ÎyˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ܲál•z dialectical materialismÈüÈ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏD°§ ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ dialectical materialismÈüÈ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl Îy ÓyhflÏÓï˛/
~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ˲yÓlyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~ܲ ‘metaphysical materialism’ÈüÈ~ xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ The Evolution of Dialectical Materialism @˝ÃˆÏsi Z.A. Jordan ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛_yܲ£Ï≈ܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl
!ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ çß√ÈüÈÓ,_yhs˝ G ˛õy!Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ܲ §yÇfl,Ò!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÓ¢ ò%çˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ˆÙÓ˚&ˆÏï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ– ÙyÜ≈˛§
çˆÏß√!SȈϰl ~ܲ §æyhs˝ñ !¢!«˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ñ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl !Ó£ÏÎ˚•z !SÈ° ò¢≈lñ ï˛y•z ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y !ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ Ó›Óyò ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓÓyò ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎÌyÎÌ
K˛ylï˛y!_¥Ü˛ §yÓ˚Ó›ê%˛Ü%˛ @˝Ã•ˆÏî §«˛Ù •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ AvineriÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~ˆÏD°§ ~ܲ ÓƒÓ§yÎ˚# ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyˆÏÓ˚ çß√@˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ
˜òl!®lï˛y ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ Úfli(° Ó›ÓyÏò#ÛÈüÈˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ Îy ˛õ)î≈Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ xyd≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ‘Dialectics of Nature’
@˝ÃˆÏsi– ò¢≈l !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ã˛ã˛y≈Î˚ ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò«˛ï˛y ly ÌyܲyÎ˚ HegelÈüÈ~Ó˚ terminologyÈüÈ=!° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ !lSÈܲ•z ܲï˛=!° ÚÓy!•ƒÜ˛Û ~ÓÇ xà˲#Ó˚
¢ˆÏ∑ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏD°§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yl methodologyÈüÈˆï˛ ÙylÓ §ÙyçˆÏܲ áy˛õ áyGÎ˚yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– AvineryÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ
ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆ§ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xyÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ~ˆÏD°§ xyòˆÏï˛•z §ÙyçÈüÈ•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò# !SȈϰl
ly–
Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ¢# ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Leszek KolakowskiÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘Main currents of Marxism’ÈüÈ~ó Jeff Coulter
‘Marxism and Engels’ Paradox’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘The Concept of Nature in Marx’ÈüÈ~ Îy ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚–
ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ïy_´ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ°áܲ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüȧÇe´yhs˝ flõ‹T ôyÓ˚îy !SÈ° ~ÓÇ ‘sociohistoric character’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ
◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyˆÏï˛•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤çD ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ÷ô%Ùye Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §Ùyç §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ ˆòáyˆÏï˛•z ÙyÜ≈˛§ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛
!ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– Schmidt !°ÏáˆÏSÈlñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ Ú≤Ãy܉˛ÈüÈmy!®μÜ˛Û ~ÓÇ ÷ô%Ùye Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l §!e´Î˚ ˛!ӣψÏÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õy!hs˝Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ my!®μܲ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ çylyÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yê˛y•z ÷ô% my!®μܲñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lˆÏç my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ ã˛ˆÏ° lyñ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ï˛y ˆl•z– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ÷ô% Ùyl%£Ï G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ÈüÈ•z my!®μܲ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z Ó›Óy!òï˛yÓ˚ xmy!®μܲ •GÎ˚yê˛y•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
ÙyÜ≈§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ xy§ˆÏ°ñ SchmidtÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ xÈüȧ_yï˛_¥#Î˚ Ó›Óyò– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyòˆÏܲ naturalised Hegelianism !•§yˆÏÓ ˆòáy !ë˛Ü˛ lÎ˚ñ
ˆÎáyˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ §_yï˛_¥#Î˚ !˲!_ê˛y•z ÷ô% ÓòˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈspirit ~Ó˚ ÓòˆÏ° matter–
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲñ Lucio Coletti, ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ‘Marxism and Hegal’ @˝ÃˆÏsi ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~•z ӈϰ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ !ï˛!l !ÓÓ˚yçÙyl
speculative bonds ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ Ù%_´ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ÓòˆÏ°ñ !lˆÏç•z ï˛y xyÓ˚G Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ ~ˆÏD°§
HegelÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘philosophy of nature’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ natural scienceÈüÈ~Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ~•z ò#â≈ ï˛y!°Ü˛y ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓy AlthusserÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y ˆSÈyê˛ Ùhs˝Óƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ xÓòyˆÏlÓ˚ lï%˛lc •° ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l xl%¢#°l G ≤Ãã˛°l– ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ålï%˛lä xl%¢#°lÈüÈ~Ó˚
ò¢≈l lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ï˛y ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ålï%˛lä xl%¢#°l–ÛÛ åˆ°!ll G ò¢≈lä
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l
ÚÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚Û ÙˆÏôƒ•z xˆÏlˆÏܲ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ ~ܲ lï%˛l ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲly ~•z !Óï˛Ü≈˛ x≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ G
xÌ≈•#l– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏl my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ˆ•yܲ ly ˆ•yܲ ≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚Î˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc àí˛¸yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ Î!ò !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ly ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° xÎÌy ˆ§
≤Èϟ¿ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ Óy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ Óy !l‹õ!_ ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ Óy !ӈϢ£Ïc ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚⁄
ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ ܲyí˛zê˛!flÒÈüÈ!•°Ê˛yÓ˚!í˛Çñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Karl Korsch, Lukacs, Gramsci, Althusser §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z ܲy°≈
ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚Î˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˛õˆÏÓ≈ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù•yl §,!‹T
CAPITAL ˆÜ˛ §yÙy!çܲÈüÈ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !ÓÓï≈˛lˆÏܲ ˆòáyÓ˚ !ò¢y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ß¿ Óy !môy ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ï˛Ó% ~•z ò%•z ôyÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚•z çyly– ~•z ò%•z ôyÓ˚yÈüÈˆÜ˛ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ôyÓ˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ°!llÈüÈfiê˛ƒy!°lÈüÈÙyGÈüȈ§ÈüÈï%˛ÇÈüÈˆÜ˛ @˝Ã•î
ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° ˆòáy ÎyˆÏÓñ ˆÎ ~•z xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓÓyòÈüÈ!Óï˛Ü≈˛ ~•z Ù•yl ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹TˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÈüÈ≤Ã!e´Î˚yˆÏܲG ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚yˆÏ«˛ ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ ˛≤Ã˲y!Óï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !mï˛#Î˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ˆ°!ll ≤ÃӰ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ G Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ܲv °%ܲyã˛ñ ܲy°≈ ܲ§≈ÈüÈ~Ó˚
!ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ‹Tƒy!°l Óy ÙyG ˆ§ ï%˛ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚ã˛ly ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !l– ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛õ)î≈ï˛y ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÎ òy!Î˚c ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õÓ˚yÙ¢≈ e´ˆÏÙ
~ˆÏD°§ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ !ܲS%È xyÇ!¢Ü˛ ≤ÈÏã˛‹TyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ !l–
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ù[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z Ù%‡Ù%≈‡ xye´Ùî •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ lyly Ó˚ˆÏ.Ó˚ !Ó!ã˛e x˛õÓƒyáƒy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚
ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ñÈüüüÈMaterialism and Emperio-criticismÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚G Ó˚yáy •Î˚!l– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl !lˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ã˛ã˛y≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ
ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#Ó˚y ˆÎl !˛õS%È •ˆÏê˛ ˆàˆÏSÈl–
~•z !Óï˛Ü≈˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎñ §yÙy!çܲÈüÈ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !ܲ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y ~•z !Óï˛ˆÏܲ≈Ó˚
ˆÜ˛wfliˆÏ° ã˛ˆÏ° ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò¢≈l !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ xÌ≈ Î!ò ~•z òyÑí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ §ÙyçÈüÈ§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛lG !lˆÏçÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙ•z
˛õ%Ñ!çÓyòÈüÈˆÜ˛ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓñ ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcÈüÈˆÜ˛ x!lÓyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆã˛ï˛ly Óy ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy x≤Ãôyl •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îˆÏܲ class-in-itself ˆÌˆÏܲ class-for-itself hflψÏÓ˚ §Çà!ë˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÚÓy•zˆÏÓ˚Û ˆÌˆÏܲ Úx@˝Ãî# ˆã˛ï˛lyÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl
˛õˆÏí˛¸ ly– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# Úˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚Û Ë)˛!Ùܲy ܲálGÈüÈ•z !ÓÓ˚yçÙyl §ÙyçÈüÈ§Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ §ÙyçˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ܲy°≈
ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˛õ%щ!çÓyò# ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ !Óly¢ G ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc §,!‹TˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ my!®μܲ ˙ܲƒˆÏï˛˛ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚
my!®μܲ •hflψϫ˛˛õ•z ~•z =îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !lôy≈Ó˚ܲ ¢!_´– §yÙy!çܲÈüÈ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏl x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛yÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ §!ë˛Ü˛
my!®μܲÈüȧ¡õˆÏܲ≈ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ~ê˛y xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤ß¿ lÎ˚ñ §!ë˛Ü˛ xˆÏÌ≈ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ Óy •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ß¿G lÎ˚ÈüüüÈò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ß¿– ÚÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lÛ
ӈϰ Î!ò ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ x!hflÏc•z ly ÌyˆÏܲñ ï˛ˆÏÓ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛y ~ÓÇ fl∫yô#lï˛y ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚ ÌyܲˆÏÓñ xÌÓy ò%ˆÏê˛y•z ÌyܲˆÏÓñ !ܲv
ÌyܲˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ x˛õ§Ó˚îܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòyl !•§yˆÏÓ– §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ Úˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚Û §!ë˛Ü˛ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !lô≈yÓ˚î ï˛y•z ~ܲ!ê˛
òy¢≈!lܲ ≤ß¿ñ ˲yÓÓyò# ~ÓÇ xy!ô!ÓòƒÜ˛ Ó›Óyò# ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙÈüÈ•z ÷ô% lï%˛l lï%˛l ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ü˛!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛
˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏܲ ~•z xÓfliyl @˝Ã•ˆÏî §«˛Ù •ˆÏï˛ §•yÎ˚ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ ˛≤Èϟ¿ x§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y §!ë˛Ü˛ xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î x§Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ÷ô% ~•z lÎ˚ñ
!l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓÈüÈ•z ºyhs˝ xÓfliyl @˝Ã•î xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ˆ°!llñ ‹Tƒy!°lñ ÙyGÈüȈ§ÈüÈï%˛Ç ~ÓÇ ï˛Í˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈
ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ñ Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !§k˛yhs˝=!°Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈yD ˛õÎy≈ˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ï˛y•z òy¢≈!lܲ ≤ß¿•z ≤Ãôyl ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç
ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ˛õy!ê≈˛ G ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyàï˛ Ê˛yÓ˚yܲ È◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc fliy˛õˆÏlñ Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ ÷!ܲˆÏÎ˚ ÙÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ G !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛
•ˆÏÓñ ˆ§áyˆÏl subject å~áyˆÏl ˛õy!ê≈˛ä G object å~áyˆÏl ˆàyê˛y ◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îäÈüÈ~Ó˚ xhs˝ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ñ object åˆ◊!îäÈüÈ!lˆÏç ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛l !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ
ܲï˛ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈l §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ subject å˛õy!ê≈˛äÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛y ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ !lô≈≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚yê˛y•z
ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹T ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ xyhs˝çy≈!ï˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˛õÓ≈ Óy Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ òy!Î˚c– ~ ≤çˆÏD ï˛y•z xyÙÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§Ó–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§ G Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚ ï˛_¥
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ !Óï˛Ü≈˛=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ÙyÌyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá•z ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Óƒ!_´ç#ÓˆÏl my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛zqÓ G !Óܲy¢ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ•z xyÙÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃÌÙ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ã˛ã˛y≈ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚Ó– ~•z ã˛ã˛y≈=ˆÏ°y Ó‡° ≤Ãã˛y!Ó˚ï˛ lÎ˚ñ §Óê˛y ܲ!Ùí˛z!l‹T xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãy§!Dܲ !Óï˛Ü˛≈=!°Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛G lÎ˚– ï˛y•z ~•z ã˛ã˛y≈ !ܲS%ê˛y Üœ˛y!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚ •ˆÏÓ– !ܲv í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%!l!ò≈‹T xÓfliyl @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ
ï˛y xÓ¢ƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ ~ˆÏD°§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ç#ÓˆÏlñ Îál ò%çˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ •Î˚!lñ ò%Û!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Doctoral DissertationÈüÈ~Ó˚ çlƒ ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ“The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philoso-
phy of Nature”– ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ‘Schelling on Hegel’– âê˛lye´ˆÏÙ ò%ÛˆÏê˛y•z ~ܲ•z ÓSȈÏÓ˚ñ 1841 §yˆÏ°ñ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛
•Î˚– ò%çˆÏlÓ˚•z ÓÎ˚§ 21ÈüÈ22 ÓSÈÓ˚– ò%ÈüÈ!ê˛ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› !Ó÷k˛ ò¢≈l– !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §%ˆÏÎyà Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛ ˆl•z– ï˛Ó% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚
˛≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ à!ï˛ÈüÈ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ §Ç!«˛Æ xˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ‘The Difference Between the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ÈüüüÈ
Chapter One:
ˆ°áy!ê˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl xÇ¢=!°Ó˚ lyÙܲÓ˚î •°ñ 1. Opinions on the Relationship between Democritean and Epicurean physics.
2. Difficulties concerning the Identity of the Democritean and Epicurean Philosophy of Nature. 3. The Declination of
the Atom from the Straight Line.
Chapter Two:
The Qualities of the Atom. ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Democritean ‰~ÓÇ Epicurean physics ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !˛õSȈÏl !e´Î˚y¢#°
ò¢≈lüÈ≤çˆÏD– ÙyÜ≈˛§ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~•z˲yˆÏÓÈüüüÈ
@˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~Ùl ~ܲê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ Ë˛y° !ÓˆÏÎ˚yàyhs˝Ü˛ ܲy!•l#ˆÏï˛ §ã˛Ó˚yã˛Ó˚ •Î˚ lyó ï˛y •°ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l‹±Ë˛ §Ùy!Æ–
@˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó›àï˛ •z!ï˛•y§ ˆÌˆÏÙ ÎyÎ˚ xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌñ ÎyˆÏܲ @˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùƒy!ϧí˛lÈüÈÓy§# xyˆÏ°Ü˛çy[˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– ~Ùl!ܲ Ó#Ó˚ Úˆfiê˛y•z܉˛Ó˚yÛ å@˝Ã#ܲ òy¢≈!lܲ ˆçˆÏlyÈüÈÓ˚ Ùï˛yÓ°¡∫#ä x§ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ÚxƒyˆÏÌlyÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ڈϕÓ˚y!Üœ˛§ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆÓшÏô Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ˛õy°yˆÏï˛ ly ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ Îy §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Úflõyê≈˛ylÛÈüÈÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!®ˆÏÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §ÙÌ≈ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl–ÛÛ
Epicurean philosophyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !ã˛!eï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl Democritean PhysicsÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD Cyrenaic moralityÈüÈÓ˚ ~ܲ Ú§Ùß∫Î˚ܲyÓ˚# í˛z˛õyòylÛ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– Stoicism •° ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ•Ó˚y!Üœ˛!ê˛Î˚yܲ ˲yÓlyñ çàÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˜ÓÓ˚yàƒÙÎ˚ l#!ï˛¢yflf §¡øï˛ ò,!‹T˲D# ~ÓÇ xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛°#Î˚
Î%!_´¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆÎÔà ~ÓÇ Scepticism •° ~•z§Ó ˆàÖyí˛¸y!ÙÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §Çâ£Ï≈ܲyÓ˚# Ú≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ xflfÛ– ≤Ãyã˛#l @˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%•z!ê˛ !˲ߨ
!Ó!Óô@˝Ãy!•ï˛yÎ˚˛ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ §¶˛yˆÏl•z Ùyܲ≈ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z ≤ÃÓ¶˛ Ó˚ã˛ly– ò%Û!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ •° Epicurean Stoic ~ÓÇ Sceptic philosophy,
x˛õÓ˚!ê˛ •° ‘Alexandrian Speculation.’ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ í˛zͧyˆÏ•Ó˚ x!ï˛!Ó˚_´ ܲyÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚÉÉÉ xyÓ˚G Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ°ñ ~ê˛y !ܲ
í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ lÎ˚ ˆÎ Óƒy˛õܲ !Óhfl,Ï!ï˛ §¡õߨ ˆ≤’ˆÏê˛yl#Î˚ ~ÓÇ xƒy!Ó˚fiê˛ê˛°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~Ùl §Ó !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ˆÎ=!° ~•z §Ó
ˆÓÔ!k˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚G !˛õSȈÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ò,!‹T˛õyï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy◊Î˚ !lˆÏFSÈ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ó˚°ï˛Ù
âÓ˚ylyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ñ xyÓ˚ l#!ï˛¢yˆÏflfÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ˆÏe´ê˛#Î˚ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ÉÉÉ–ÛÛ
‘The Qualities of Atom’ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ xLjϢ ÙyÜ≈˛§ atomÈüÈ~Ó˚ àë˛l !lˆÏÎ˚ Democritean ~ÓÇ Epicurean Physics !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl≠ ÚÚ=î §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ x!hflÏc xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy ~!ê˛ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ•z !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ àîƒ Ü˛Ó˚y •Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
xhs˝Ó˚#Ë)˛ï˛ §_y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Îy ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ– ~•z m®μ!ê˛•z EpicurusÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ xyÜ,˛‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ Democritus ܲál•z ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
§ˆÏD §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ =î=!°ˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚ xyˆÏll ly– ôyÓ˚îy G x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝°≈#l !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ܲál•z Ó›Ó˚*˛õ ˆòÓyÓ˚
ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l–ÛÛ
‘De placitis philosophorum’ @˝ÃˆÏsi ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎÈüüüÈDemocritusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ atomÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ≠ xyܲyÓ˚ G àë˛l–
Epicurus ˆ§áyˆÏl ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚l≠ Gçl– Î!òG AristotleÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ DemocritusÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~
Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚ flõ‹T Óƒyáƒy ˛õyGÎ˚y ˆà° ly– !ï˛!l ӈϰlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxï˛~Óñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ •yÕÒy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ Î!ò §Ü˛° Ó›Ó˚ Gçl Óy ˲Ó˚ ÌyˆÏܲñ !ܲv Î!ò §Ü˛ˆÏ°•z •yÕÒy •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛í˛z
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˲yÓ˚# •ˆÏÓ lyÉÉÉÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õí˛¸yñ ‘Eighth book of Metaphysics’ÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ DemocritusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ §Ü˛° ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚fli Ó›Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ܲ•zñ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ,Ìܲ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ àë˛lñ xÓfliyl G !ÓlƒyˆÏ§– ~•z Ó•zˆÏï˛ Democritean ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÚGçlÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ~•z Ó•zˆÏï˛ AristotleÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲG ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Levcippus ~ÓÇ DemocritusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ àë˛lñ !Ólƒy§ ~ÓÇ xÓfliyˆÏl–
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ê˛y flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ Óy•ƒ xÓfliy Óy Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ôÙ≈ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰló ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !lçfl∫ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ lÎ˚ÉÉÉÛÛ
ÚÚ÷ô%Ùye Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ í˛zͧy!•ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ° ܲyÓ˚î àë˛lñ xyܲyÓ˚ñ xÓfliyl ~ÓÇ !ÓlƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ã˛y•zˆÏï˛
x!ôܲ !ܲS%È ˆl•zÛÛ–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ EpicurusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ xyܲyÓ˚ñ àë˛l ~ÓÇ Gçl •ˆÏFSÈ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ !lçfl∫ fl∫yï˛sfƒ §,!‹TܲyÓ˚# ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ–
~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ =î=!°Ó˚ !lô≈yÓ˚î !ӣψÏÎ˚ Epicurus-~Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ ≤çˆÏD xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ Epicurus ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚
˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyܲyÓ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ï˛y xyÓyÓ˚ lyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ xyܲyÓ˚ lÎ˚ñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyܲˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
!ܲS%È ï˛yÓ˚ï˛ÙƒˆÏܲ•z Ùylƒï˛y ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ !°áˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~ál xy!Ù xyÓ˚ ~•z !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚Ó ly ˆÎ •zí˛zˆÏ§!ÓÏÎ˚y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ •ˆÏ°l ≤ÃÌÙ Óƒ!_´ !Î!l ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏܲ «%˛oy!ï˛«%˛o
 ӈϰ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ó,•Í xyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl åˆfiê˛y!ÓÎ˚y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y
Óí˛¸ä– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ xƒy!Ó˚Ïfiê˛ê˛°ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÙy!îܲ §y«˛ƒˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ •zí˛zˆÏ§!ÓÎ˚y§ xÌÓy xyˆÏ°Ü˛çywyÓ˚ ˛õyo#
í˛yÎ˚!l!§Î˚y§ñ åˆÎáyl ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!l í˛zk,˛!ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lä !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈló ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲ•z Ó•z ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ
ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Î%!_´Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ôyÓ˚îy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl x!Ó˲yçƒ Ü˛îyÓ˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛– ~•z Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ xhs˝ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÎ
ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ !lˆÏç mˆÏ®μÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xÓ!•ï˛ !SȈϰl lyó !ï˛!l ˆ§•z !òˆÏܲ lçÓ˚ ˆòl!lñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ~!ê˛ÈüÈ•z !SÈ° ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)°
xy@˝Ã•ÉÉÉÛÛ
Epicurean ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ •° àë˛l– !ܲv ~•z ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ!ê˛G ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ÈܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ê˛yˆÏܲ•z Ùylƒï˛y !òˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ!ÓÙ)ï≈˛ fl∫yï˛sfƒ •° !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !lçfl∫ ~ܲÓ˚*˛õï˛yó ˆ§•z çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly àë˛l Óy xyܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z–ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ EpicurusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥– ï˛y•zñ atomÈüÈ=!°Ó˚ ÙôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨï˛y Ú!lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyÛñ Î!òG ï˛yÓ˚y Úã)˛í˛¸yhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ x§#ÙÛG
lÎ˚– ÓÓ˚Çñ ~•z ï˛Ê˛yÍ Ú!l!ò≈‹T ~ÓÇ §§#Ù §ÇáƒyÛÓ˚– EpicurusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ï˛y•z ~ê˛y !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ˆÎñ Îï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% xyˆÏSÈñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ï˛ï˛=!°
˛õ,Ìܲ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ ˆl•zÈüüüÈ
ÚÚfl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ~!ê˛ xyÓyÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ !lôy≈Óˆ˚ îÏ Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°°ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ܲ!ê˛ xyܲyÓ˚ Îálñ xlƒ xyܲyˆÏÓÓ˚ ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ,Ìܲ ÌyˆÏܲ lyñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
ܲáˆÏly xyܲyÓ˚ Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ° ly–ÛÛ
Democritus ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ x§#Ù §ÇáƒyÓ˚ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ÓˆÏ° ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Epicurus ˆÎ GçlˆÏܲ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~Ó˚ !ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ܲyÓ˚î Ú˲Ó˚ˆÏܲwÛÈüÈˆï˛•z Ó› xyò¢≈ fl∫yï˛sfƒ xç≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
Îy ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ~ܲ ≤Ãôyl !lô≈yÓ˚ܲ– !ܲv Gçl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îÈüüüÈ
Úˆ§!ê˛ •° Ó›Ó˚ fl∫yï˛sfƒñ Îy Ó›Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ xÓ!fliï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xyò¢≈˛ ˆÜ˛w– !ܲvñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî% •° !lˆÏç•z ~•z fl∫yï˛sfƒ ˆÎl ˆ§!ê˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛
˲Ó˚ˆÏܲÏw ˆÎ!ê˛ !lçfl∫ x!hflÏc !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–Û
§%ï˛Ó˚yÇ ÚGçlÛ •° Ú!Ó!˲ߨ GçlÛ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%=!° !lˆÏçÓ˚y•z ˆçƒy!ï˛‹Ò=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˲Ó˚ˆÏܲw– ~ÓÇ Îál ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%ˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ú¢)ˆÏlƒÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛Û !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ÚGçl !lô≈yÓ˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!hflÏc ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ï˛y•zñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%È=!°
˲Ó˚ ~ÓÇ àë˛ˆÏl Îï˛•z xy°yòy ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ¢)lƒ §Ùyl à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ È~ move ܲˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚˆ§•zçlƒñ ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ GçlˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲ£Ï≈î ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Ê˛°fl∫Ó˚*˛õ àë˛lÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe–ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛§ ӈϰlñ
ÚÚàƒyˆÏ§l!hs˝ ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤âǧy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ܲyÓ˚îñ ÷ô%Ùye Î%!_´ˆÏܲ xÓ°¡∫l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ï˛!l ˛õ)Ó≈yˆÏ•´•z í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ ~•z ˛˛õÓ˚#!«˛ï˛
§ï˛ƒ ˆÎ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ Ó›ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˲Ó˚ G Gçl !Ó!˲ߨ •ˆÏ°Gñ ~ܲ•z à!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#ˆÏã˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸–ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~•z xLjϢÓ˚ í˛z˛õ§Ç•yÓ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏlˆÏSÈl ~•z˲yˆÏÓ≠
ÚÚ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ =î§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ï˛y•z xÓlÙˆÏlÓ˚ (declination) !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ•z Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆÎÙl
~!˛õ!ܲí˛zÓ˚y§ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ §yÓ˚ G x!hflψÏcÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ m®μˆÏܲ Ó›Ó˚*˛õ ˆòl– ~•z ˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õ•yÓ˚ ˆòl ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%
§Çe´yhs˝ !ÓK˛yl– x˛õÓ˚˛õˆÏ«˛ñ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yl ÓyhflÏÓ Ó˚*˛õ ˆòÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ˆl•z– !ï˛!l ˆÜ˛Ó° Ó›àï˛ !òܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÓçyÎ˚
Ó˚yˆÏál ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §%!ÓôyÓ˚ çlƒ xl%Ùyl=!°ˆÏܲ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l–ÛÛ
≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ xLjϢ•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ò%Û!ê˛ òy¢≈!lܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛y !ӣψÏÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ ~ÓÇ ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ x!˲ߨï˛y !lˆÏÎ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ°#–ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !Óºyhs˝ G !ÓÓ˚_´ •GÎ˚yÎ˚ Democritus ï˛y!í˛¸ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ â%ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÓ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛îÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ!ï˛!l !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ §òÌ≈ܲ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ S%ÑȈÏí˛¸ ˆòl–ÛÛ
Democritus ˛õy![˛ï˛ƒ !SÈ° ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyñ l#!ï˛¢yflfñ à!îï˛ ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓ˚G Ó‡!Óô ¢yáyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~•z ˆ§•z Óƒ!_´ !Î!lñ !§ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xˆÏô≈ܲ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ•#l˲yˆÏÓ â%ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲvñ !ï˛!l ÎyˆÏܲ áÑ%ˆÏç!SȈϰl ï˛yˆÏܲ !ï˛!l
˛õyl!l–ÛÛ
EpicurusÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D# !SÈ° !ë˛Ü˛ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ !SȈϰl ò¢≈ˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛Æ ~ÓÇ ˛õÓ˚Ù §%á#– !ï˛!l ӈϰl Úï%˛!Ù ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ˆ§Óy ~ÓÇ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ÎyˆÏï˛ ï%˛!Ù §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚
fl∫yô#lï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚– ˆÎ Óƒ!_´ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSlÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xyd§Ù˛õ≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏܲ
xyÓ˚ xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ly– !ï˛!l ï˛Í«˛îyÍ Ù%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ Îyl– ܲyÓ˚î ò¢≈lÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆ§Óy ܲÓ˚y Ù%!_´Ó˚ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ–ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~•z ˛Ë˛yÓlyˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáÓ Îy !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §_yÓ˚˛§¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ܲ òy¢≈!lܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# ~ÓÇ
!ã˛hs˝lÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §yôyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ °«˛ƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !ï˛!l ïÖ˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !Ó!¢‹T ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó!•!Ó≈ˆÏŸªÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ °«˛ƒÓ›
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l–ÛÛ
ÚÚ~!òˆÏܲ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ӈϡ∫Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚*˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– xƒ!Ó˚Ïfiê˛ê˛° ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ӈϰl
ˆÎ !ï˛!l ˛≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !ç!l£ÏˆÏܲ ˛õÿ˛yˆÏò xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ Îyl–ÛÛ
ÚÚxyÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏï˛y£Ïçlܲ Óƒyáƒy !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl Ú!í˛ ˛≤’ƒy!§!ê˛§‰ !Ê˛ˆÏ°yˆÏ§yˆÏÊ˛yÓ˚yÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ°áܲ– ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛yˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛y •°
!Óôyï˛y ~ÓÇ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §,!‹Tܲï≈˛y–
EpicurusÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲÓ˚&lÈüüüÈ
 ÚÚ!ܲS%È Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÎ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ ã˛Ó˚Ù !lÎ˚hs˝y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáyˆÏly •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÓyhflÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ˆl•z– !ܲvñ !ܲS%È
âê˛ly âˆÏê˛ xyܲ!fløܲ˲yˆÏÓñ !ܲS%È âê˛ly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó!ôÓ!•Ë)≈˛ï˛ •zFSÈyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲvñ xy˛õyï˛l Óy xyܲ!fløܲï˛yˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓñ Îy x!ôܲyÇ¢ !ÓŸªy§ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z {ŸªÓ˚ˆÏܲ lÎ˚–ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxï˛~Óñ ~•z!ê˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎ ˆí˛ˆÏÙy!e´ê˛y§ x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ~!˛õÜ%˛ƒÏÓ˚y§ xy˛õyï˛lÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲܲçl xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏܲ !Óï˛Ü≈˛Ù)°Ü˛ í˛zflÒy!lÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ áy!Ó˚ç ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~•z !˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyl ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛
xyˆÏ§ ~ܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ âê˛lyÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ !˲ߨï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z Ó˚ã˛ly ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ ~ÓÇ @˝Ã#ܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ í˛zÂâyê˛l !ӣψÏÎ˚– xy@˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ ~§ÙˆÏÎ˚
ˆÎ 22 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüüüÈ å1ä ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ܲï˛ê˛y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ !SȈϰlñ å2ä ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚
ܲyˆÏSÈ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •!FSÈ°–
≤Ã̈ÏÙ xyÙÓ˚y çylyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚Óñ 1841 §yˆÏ° ~•z ˆ°áy ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ܲ# !SÈ°–
~•z ˆ°áy ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ å1841ä 4 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏà 1837ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÓyÓyˆÏܲ ˆ°áy ~ܲê˛y !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ [Letter from Karl to his father
in Trier (1837) !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~•z ˲yÓÓyòñ ÎyˆÏܲ xy!Ù Ü˛yrê‰˛ ~ÓÇ !Ê˛á‰ˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ xy!Ù xyçˆÏܲ ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ•z ~•z ˲yÓ á%ÑçˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– xyˆÏà Î!ò ˆòÓï˛yàî ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ x!ô!¤˛ï˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛lñ ~ál ï˛yÓ˚y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw ã˛ˆÏ°
~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈlÛÛ–
ÚÚxy!Ù ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ á![˛ï˛ xÇ¢ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SÈñ ÎyÓ˚ ò%Ó˚yˆÏÓ˚y• xq(ï˛ Óî≈ly xyÙyÎ˚ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚!l– xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ xy!Ù §Ù%ˆÏo
V˛yÑ˛õyˆÏï˛ ã˛y•zñ !ܲv ~•z !l!ò≈‹T í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ xy!Ù ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚Ó ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ôÙ≈ G =î ˆò•ÈüÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ñ Ù)ï≈˛ ~ÓÇ ÓyhflÏÓ
!˲!_ §¡õߨ– xyÙyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚Óy!Ó˚ ˆá°yÓ˚ ò«˛ï˛y xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚y í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ lÎ˚ñ xyÙyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !òˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏ_´yÓ˚
xl%≤ÈÏÓ¢–ÛÛ
ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ÓˆÏFSÈò §%flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ•z ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ í˛zk,˛!ï˛È!ê˛ˆÏï˛– !ï˛!l !ܲ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ xy!ô!ÓòƒÜ˛ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚
myÓ˚y ˆ§ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸!SȈϰl⁄ !ï˛!l !ܲ ï˛álG ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Úmy!®μܲï˛yÛÈüÈÓ˚ ï˛_¥ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l⁄ ~ܲÌy xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛z˛õyÎ˚ ˆl•z ˆÎñ 1841ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ ˛õ)î≈ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚!l– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yÓ
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xfl∫y˲y!Óܲc ˆl•z– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Úmy!®μܲï˛yÛÈüÈÓ˚ l#!ï˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚G ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓÓyò# !˲!_Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– m®μï˛ˆÏ_¥ÈüÈÓ˚ ÚflÀ‹TyÛ åÎ!òG ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà•z xô≈ÈüÈ!Óܲ!¢ï˛ xÓfliyÎ˚ Úmy!®μܲï˛yÛÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°äÈüÈ~Ó˚ •yï˛
ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó›Óyò# ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§y §•ç •Î˚!l ܲál•z– !ܲv 1841ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ Ó˚ã˛ly!ê˛ ˆ°áÓyÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ˆÌˆÏܲG ˆÎ Ù%_´ •!FSȈϰl ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÙyî í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘!áï˛ !ã˛!ë˛!ê˛ÈüÈˆï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxy!Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ 24 ˛õ,¤˛yÎ%_´ Ó_´Óƒ !°ˆÏá!SÈ≠ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ≤çyÓ˚– ~áyˆÏlñ ܲ°y ~ÓÇ !ÓK˛ylñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚
~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ !ÓˆÏFSÈò âˆÏê˛!SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !ܲS%È ò)Ó˚ xÓ!ô ~ܲ!eï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ ~ܲçl í˛zͧy•# Îye# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
xy!Ù !lˆÏç•z ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– ˆòÓcÈüÈÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ òy¢≈!lܲÈüÈmy!®μܲ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚lñ Îy !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˲yÓ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ôÙ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ •z!ï˛•y§ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
ˆòÓˆÏcÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲÈüÈmy!®μܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá#Î˚ ≤ÈÏã‹Ty •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– Ù)° Ó˚ã˛ly!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáy Îyܲ–
≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ§_y ~ÓÇ !lÎy≈§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎ m®μñ Ó› ~ÓÇ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÎ m®μ Îy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §•çyï˛ñ ï˛y ~ܲ!ê˛ ~ܲܲ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ó!•/≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îál ˆ§ ˆÜ˛yl =îy!òÓ˚ myÓ˚y §Ù,k˛ •Î˚–ÛÛ
ÚÚxÓyô xyܲyÓ˚ ~ál xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÓyô Ó›ˆÏï˛ñ xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ò,¢ƒÙyl çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚!Ó•#l xô/hflψÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ~áyˆÏl my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– xÌy≈Í ~!˛õ!ܲí˛zÓ˚#Î˚ ~ÓÇ ˆí˛ˆÏÙyˆÏe´ê˛#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÈÓ˚
Ó›Óyò# !˲!_ê˛yˆÏܲ xê%˛ê˛ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Úx!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÛ ~ÓÇ Úxy˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚Û í˛z˛õÓ˚ xy!ô!ÓòƒÜ˛ ˆVÑ˛yܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ lyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ my!®μܲ ˙ܲƒ fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~•z ï˛_¥ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ˆï˛y lÎ˚•zñ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá#Î˚ÈüÈG lÎ˚– ~ •° º*îyÓ!fliï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l– ÚxlˆÏ˛õ«˛ xyܲyÓ˚ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ xlˆÏ˛õ«˛ Ó›ˆÏï˛ xô/
˛õ!ï˛ï˛ •GÎ˚yñ §_y ~ÓÇ !lÎ≈yˆÏ§Ó˚ m®μñ Ó› ~ÓÇ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ m®μñ fl∫ï˛sf ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zq(ï˛ •GÎ˚yˆÏܲ §)ey!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yˆÏܲ x˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyôyˆÏÓ˚ fliyl ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ˆÎÈüÈê˛y flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚ àë˛l Ó˚•ˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ «%˛oï˛Ù fl∫yô#l x!hflψÏcÓ˚ §¶˛yˆÏl ~•z ò¢≈l ã˛ã˛y≈ñ ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ §_y ~ÓÇ
!lÎ≈yˆÏ§Ó˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z í˛zqÓ ~ê˛y flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ñ ˆã˛ï˛ly, ÙylÓ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ Ó›àï˛ §!e´Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ˛Ê˛°ñ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚
Ó› çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù=!°ˆÏܲ•z (laws) !ã˛hs˝y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚&Ͳõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ÙylÓ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !ÓÓï≈˛l my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ
~ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lˆÏç ˙ !lÎ˚Ù xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚ xÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ùyl%£Ï ~ÓÇ §ç#Ó Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ !e´Î˚y ~ܲ•z !lÎ˚Ù xl%§Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛ylÈüÈˆÜ˛ñ ˛õòyÌ≈ÈüÈ!ÓòƒyˆÏܲ my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò# ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÎ˚ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ•z ܲˆÏÓ˚!SˆÏ°l– ï˛y !SÈ° ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
≤ÈÏã˛‹Tyñ º*îyÓ!fliï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l–
ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛_¥yÓôyˆÏl ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÈüÈ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚
!ÓÓï≈˛l!ê˛G xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆçˆÏl !lˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
1831 §yˆÏ° ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •Î˚– ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ 10 ÓSÈÓ˚ xÌy≈Í 1841 ˛õÎ≈hs˝ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ çyÙ≈y!lˆÏï˛ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈l ~ܲ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
ÙÎy≈òy•z ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ– 1841 §yˆÏ°ñ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ 21 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ñ !ï˛!l Îál ‘Schelling on Hegel’ lyÙܲ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ òy¢≈!lܲ
≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ Ó˚ã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ï˛álG !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°˛õsi# x!hflÏc ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ Ù%_´ •l!l– ï˛ˆÏÓ 21 ÓSÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ≤ÃÓ¶˛ñ
~•z fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ SÈyeyÓfliy ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ò¢≈l ¢yˆÏflf ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õy![˛ï˛ƒ xï˛ƒhs˝ í˛zß¨ï˛ ÙyˆÏà≈Ó˚ !SÈ°– ï˛ˆÏÓ 1830ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ•z
ˆÎ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ Úï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°˛õsi#ÛÈÓ˚y ï˛Íܲy°#l Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ≤ë˛y˛õê˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ڈϕˆÏà°#Î˚Û ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ã˛ˆÏ° Îy!FSˆÏ°l
1880ÈüÈˆï˛ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy. Part I, Engels ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ï˛y ˛õyGÎ˚y
ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ!eˆÏ¢Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !òˆÏܲñ ~•z ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !Ó˲y!çܲy e´Ù¢/ flõ‹T •ˆÏï˛ í˛zë˛ˆÏï˛ °yà°– ÓyÙ˛õsi# xÇ¢!ê˛ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ ï˛Ó˚&î
ˆ•ˆÏà°˛õsi#Ó˚y ˆàyÑí˛¸y ~ÓÇ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲñ ˛≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#°ˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ °í˛¸y•zÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ ï˛álܲyÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ çμ°hs˝ ≤ß¿=!°Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ§•z òy¢≈!lܲ ˆ¢y˲lï˛y xyˆÏhflÏ xyˆÏhflÏ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚° Îálñ 1840 á,‹TyˆÏ∑ñ ˆàyÑí˛¸y Ùï˛Óyò ~ÓÇ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ §yÙhs˝ï˛y!sfܲ
≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ¢!_´ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ ˆÊ ˛í˛y!Ó˚ܲ í˛z•z°ˆÏ•°‰ÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ó˚yç!§Ç•y§ˆÏl í˛z벰– ~ál ˆáy°yá%!° ˛õ«˛yÓ°¡∫l xyÓ˚ ~í˛¸yˆÏly ˆà°
ly– ï˛áˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ °í˛¸y•z çy!Ó˚ !SÈ° òy¢≈!lܲ xˆÏflfÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ !ܲv ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ òy¢≈!lܲ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒÓ˚ çlƒ lÎ˚–ÛÛ
ÚÚˆ§ê˛y ï˛ál ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˙!ï˛•ƒÓy•# ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛Íܲy°#l Ó˚y‹T…ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ x@˝Ã§Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ‘Deutsche Jahrbucher’ÈüÈ~
ÓyhflÏÓ ˛≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ~ÓÇ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ï˛áˆÏly ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤Ãôylï˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ SÈpˆÏӈϢ ˆ˛õ¢ ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– ‘Rheinische Zeitung of 1842’ÈüȈï˛ñ Ú•zÎ˚yÇ
ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚yl fl%Ò°Û !lˆÏçˆÏܲ §Ó˚y§!Ó˚ í˛zFã˛yܲyA«˛# Ó˚ƒy!í˛Ü˛ƒy° ˛Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚yÈüȈòÓ˚ ò¢≈l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õyï˛°y ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
xyÓÓ˚î ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l !Ó!ô!lˆÏ£Ïô ~í˛¸yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ–ÛÛ
ï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ ˙ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ñ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§G ÎyÓ˚ ~ܲçl §ò§ƒ !SȈϰlñ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˆlï˛y !SȈϰl Bruno Bauer, ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§
ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Bruno G Strauss ò%çˆÏl•z 8ÈüÈ9 ÓSÈÓ˚ Óí˛¸ !SȈϰl– !ܲv ~§ÙˆÏÎ˚•z å1838ÈüÈ1843ä ÙyÜ≈˛§È ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§ÈÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
~ˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏFSÈò âˆÏê˛– ï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲÌyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚï˛álܲyÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yçl#!ï˛ !SÈ° ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ ܲ^˝ê˛Ü˛yܲ#î≈ fliyló ˆ§•zçlƒñ ≤Ãôyl °í˛¸y•z !SÈ° ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛≠ ~•z °í˛¸y•zñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛
1840 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚y«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛G !SÈ°– fiê˛Δ§ !°!áï˛ ÚÎ#÷Ó˚ ç#Ól#Û Îy 1835 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ≤ÃÌÙ
xyâyï˛!ê˛ ˆòÎ˚– ~Ó˚˛õˆÏÓ˚ !á ˆÏfiê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õˆÏò¢yÓ°# !l!Ù≈ï˛ ˛õ%Ó˚yî=!° myÓ˚y ˆÎ ï˛_¥ àë˛l ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§•z ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ Ó &ˆÏly ÓÎ˚yÓ˚ xye´Ùî
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~•z ≤ÃÙyî §• ˆÎ !á fiê˛yl ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ü˛y!•l#=!° ˆ°áܲˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“lyÓ˚ ˛Óî≈ly Ùye– ~•z ò%•z ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ã˛y°yˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
ÚxydˆÏã˛ï˛lyÛ ~ÓÇ Ú!Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›ÛÈüÈÓ˚ °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ SÈpˆÏӈϢ–ÛÛ
˲yDˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Îál ã˛°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛ál ˆ•ˆÏà°Óyò# ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yl !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛SÈlSÈ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ
1841ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫ˆÏÓ˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l §òƒ !lˆÏÎ˚y!çï˛ §Çfl,Ò!ï˛ Ùsf# ≤Ã&¢#Î˚ Î%ÓܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ùl ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ §ˆÏÓ≈ŸªÓ˚ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ó≈ly¢y Ó#ç í˛zÍáyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚
çlƒ Friedrick SchellingÈüÈˆÜ˛ Óy!°≈ˆÏl !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§l–
Friedrick Schelling ~ܲ§ÙÎ˚ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲçl â!l¤˛ Ó¶%˛ !SˆÏ°l å˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ç#ÓˆÏl !ï˛!l ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÓ° !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
•ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlä ~ÓÇ FichteÈüÈ~Ó˚ ã˛yܲ!Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Óï˛yí˛¸ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ !ï˛!l JenaÈüÈˆï˛ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xôƒy˛õܲ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– 1841ÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l !SȈϰl !ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛
çyÙ≈yl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲÙye ç#!Óï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!l!ô– 1841ÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%Ó˚ˆÏly Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ò¢≈lÛ (Philosophy of Nature) ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ lï%˛l
òy¢≈!lܲ ï˛_¥ Úí˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò¢≈lÛ (Philosophy of Revelation)üÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°áy ‘Schelling on Hegel’ •°
1841ÈüÈ~ Óy!°≈ˆÏl ˆòGÎ˚y SchellingüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ§•z Ú!Óáƒyï˛Û ˆ•ˆÏà°ÈüÈ!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ˲y£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÈüÈÙ)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÓ¶˛–
≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Engels SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛#Ó  §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ~ÓÇ HegelÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˲y£Ïî!ê˛Ó˚ ˆÎ ò#â≈ í˛zk,˛!ï˛ ~ˆÏD°§ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ fliyl !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)° ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ •° ~•z ˆÎÈüüüÈ SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆ•ˆÏà°
Ú!lÎ≈y§Û ~ÓÇ Ú§_yÛüÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ =!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ xy§ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ°ñ ÚÚ§_yÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ≤Ãï˛ƒyÓï≈˛l–ÛÛ ~SÈyí˛¸y ˆ•ˆÏà° Î%!_´ (reason)ÈüÈ~Ó˚
Úˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛Û ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ §GÎ˚y° ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !ܲv xy§ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ° Ú•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛Û í˛zˆÏß√yã˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚–
~ˆÏD°§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y Ú•z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ ò¢≈l (positive philosophy) !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy ÷!l!l– Úˆl!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛Û ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ (Negative philosophy) xy!Ó˲y≈Ó
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ã˛!Õ‘¢ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ x§¡õ)î≈ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆ¢!°Ç !lˆÏç•z ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ~ál ï˛yˆÏܲ !ï˛!l !Óܲ!¢ï˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚ §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ)î≈ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ– ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ •° Î%!_´ñ K˛yl ~ÓÇ ˆÓyˆÏôÓ˚ !Ó÷k˛ ¢!_´ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÍ«˛!îܲ í˛z˛õyòyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ §_yÓ˚ !Ó÷k˛ ¢!_´ §_yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ x§#Ù ¢!_´– ˆÎ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ ˆÙÔ° ~áyˆÏl Î%_´ •ˆÏÓ ï˛y •° §_yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛yñ
ˆÎ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly≠ ~•z •° ˛õÓ˚Ù ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ xydyñ ˆÎê˛y §_yÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ˆÌˆÏܲ
Ù%!_´ ˛õyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ §_yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ã˛Ó˚hs˝l Ù%!_´ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ˛õÓ˚ÙˆÏܲ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ~•z §Ü˛° ¢!_´Ó˚ ÚxÓ˚Ê˛#Î˚Û ˙ܲƒ–
~ˆÏD°§ ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl lÎ˚y !¢!°ÇÓyò (neo Scellingianism)–
~ˆÏD°§ ≤ß¿ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ Úx!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ò¢≈lÛ (philosophy of identity)ÈüÈÓ˚ lï%˛l §ÇflÒÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !ܲ òyÑí˛¸y°⁄ Kant Î%!_´Óyò# !ã˛hs˝yˆÏܲ space
~ÓÇ line ˆÌˆÏܲ Ù%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰló Schelling §_yˆÏܲ˛ Ù%_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ xyÓ˚ !ܲ Ó˚•z°– ~ˆÏD°§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚx!hflÏc
•ˆÏFSÈ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚Ë%˛_´ §_y ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xhs˝Ó˚#Ë)˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ xyô%!lܲ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ÈüüüÈ The cogito ergo SumÈüüüÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ V˛ê˛Ü˛yÎ˚ í˛z!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚
ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~ê˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çyÎ˚ày ~!ê˛ lÎ˚– !ܲv xyÙyˆÏܲ !ܲ ~!ê˛ !çK˛y§y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xl%Ù!ï˛ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ ¢!_´ñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl
§_y ˆl•zñ ˆ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ §_yÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ !ܲlyñ ¢!_´ ˆÎ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !Ó!SÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ˆ§ ï˛Ó%G ¢!_´ !ܲlyñ ¢!_´Ó˚ !e!Ó˲yçl
(trichotomy) ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Ú!ÓŸªˆÏܲy£ÏÛÈüí˛zq(ï˛ Ë˛yÓñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ùlñ ~•z eÎ˚#Ó˚ §ˆÏD í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒË˛yˆÏÓ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ !ܲly⁄
SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚ Úx!hflÏcÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ •z!ï˛•y§ ~ ≤çˆÏD !ܲS%Èê˛y ӈϰ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚Ó– Óy!°≈ˆÏl SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ§•z
Ú!Óáƒyï˛Û ˲y£ÏˆÏî ˆ◊yï˛yÓ˚ xy§ˆÏl !SȈϰl Soren Kierkegaard– !ï˛!l x!hflÏcÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲçl !Óáƒyï˛ ≤ÃÓ_´y– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ SchellingÈüÈ~Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ Kierkegaard Úx!hflÏcÓyˆÏòÛÈüÈÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˆll– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤Ãôyl ôyÓ˚y !SȈϰl Friedrich
Nietzsche, Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger ~ÓÇ Jean-Paul Satre– Martin Heidegger !SȈϰl !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ~ܲçl §!e´Î˚
§ÙÌ≈ܲ G Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ü˛– !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛ !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚yçˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ÷ô% ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– çyÑܲ ˆò!Ó˚òy çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl !ï˛!l
•y•zˆÏí˛àyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲyˆÏçÓ˚ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛y•z Ó•l ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ !وϢ° Ê%˛ˆÏܲyG ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ˆ•ˆÏà°ñ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l
1842ÈüÈ1843ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎÔÌ àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ Ê˛§°ñ Îy ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ•ˆÏà° G Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ò¢≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãfliyl ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y •°ñ ‘The Holy
Family’– ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ 1844ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ§ˆÏ≤Wz¡∫ˆÏÓ˚– ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ¢# ˛õ)î≈ï˛y G fl∫ï˛sfƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚ ò¢≈l ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚– Engels Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
Anti-Duhring ~ÓÇ Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German philosophy.
xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ°áy ‘Economic and Philosophical Manuscript of 1844’ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚Ó– Critique
of Hegel’s Philosophy in General lyÙܲ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ @˝Ã&ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ò%•z ÓˆÏÎ˚yˆÏ烤˛ Ó¶%˛ Bruno
Bauer ~ÓÇ StraussÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Úm®μï˛_¥Û (dialectic) §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ò,!‹T˲D# !ܲ •ˆÏÓñ ~ ≤çˆÏD ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
§yÙ!@˝Ãܲ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈l È~ÓÇ !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ m®μï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ xyô%!lܲ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !ܲñ ~ ≤Èϟ¿ Strauss ~ÓÇ Bruno
Bauer ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ Î%!_´!ÓK˛yl (logic)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyê˛ˆÏܲ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– Strauss ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Bruno ≤ÃFSÈߨ˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ Î%!_´ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ•z !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏFSÈl– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚*˛õñ StraussÈüÈˆÜ˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ Bruno Bauer Ú!ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÛÈüÈÓ˚ §yÓ˚Ó›ˆÏܲ Ú!ÓÙ)≈ï˛
Ùyl%£ÏÛüÈ~Ó˚ Úxydã˛ˆÏï˛lyÛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛fliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl åBauer Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Synoptiker ~ÓÇ Das entdeckte Christenthum @˝ÃˆÏsiä–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ~ˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ÛçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛í˛z•z ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ m®μï˛_¥ñ Îy ï˛Ó˚&î ˆ•ˆÏà°ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ çll#ñ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ Ê˛Î˚§y°y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã›ï˛ lÎ˚–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲ FeuerbachÈüÈ•z ~ܲÙye ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ m®μï˛_¥ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÙ)°Ü˛ xÓfliyl !lˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~•z ˆ«˛ˆÏe áÑy!ê˛
xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ §Ù)• ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ!ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l §!ï˛ƒ•z ~ܲçl ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !ÓçÎ˚# !Î!l ˛õ%Ó˚yï˛l ò¢≈lÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–ÛÛ
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ Ù)° Ü,˛!ï˛c •°≠
å1ä ~ê˛y ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲÓ˚y ˆÎ ò¢≈l •° Ú!ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y ôÙ≈ ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝ymyÓ˚y Óƒyáƒyï˛–Û
å2ä Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏD Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §yÙy!Ïçܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ l#!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó›Óyò ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y–
å3ä ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ܲÓ˚îˆÏܲ ˛õÓ˚Ù •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ï˛yñ fl∫Î˚Ω˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ï˛yñ xyd!lË≈˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáyÓ˚ ºy!hs˝ˆÏܲ §)!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÊ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ÚˆÏl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ܲ“ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ÷ô%Ùe ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ m®μ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÎ!ê˛
{ŸªÓ˚ï˛_¥ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÎÌyÌ≈ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ï˛yˆÏܲ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xï˛~Ó ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛–
ÚڈΈϕï%˛ ˆ•ˆÏà° Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ åï˛yÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ §•çyï˛ ôlydܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏÜ˛ä §!ï˛ƒ ~ÓÇ
~ܲÙye •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓó ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲ï˛Ó˚ §•çyï˛ }îydܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲñ ï˛yˆÏܲ ܲ“ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ܲÙye §!ï˛ƒ
~ÓÇ fl∫ï˛/fl≥)˛ï≈˛ !e´Î˚y!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓó ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ñ !ï˛!l •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ à!ï˛˛õÌ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ñ Î%!_´§Dï˛ñ §%ò)Ó˚ܲ!“ï˛ Óî≈ly ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ
Îy xy§ˆÏ° ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ xy§° !lçfl∫ •z!ï˛•y§ lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ÷ô%Ùye ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ §,!‹TÓ˚ !e´Î˚yñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §,!‹TÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§–ÛÛ
ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ‘Phenomenology’ @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ˆ•ˆÏà° Ú˜mï˛ ºy!hs˝Û â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– í˛zòy•Ó˚îfl∫Ó˚*˛õñ ≤ÃÌÙï˛/
§¡õòñ Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y •zï˛ƒy!ò ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ §_y– ~=!° §Ó !ã˛hs˝y §_y ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z ~=!° !lSÈܲ•z ~ܲ !Ó÷k˛ñ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛
ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó!FSÈߨ Ó˚*˛õ– §Ù@˝Ã ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚ ã˛Ó˚Ùñ xlˆÏ˛õ«˛ K˛yˆÏl– §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏ°ñ ~=!° !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ã˛hs˝y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •GÎ˚yñ !Ó!FSÈߨ •GÎ˚y
åestrangedä Ó› Îyñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ xl%ÙyˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §ÇâˆÏ£Ï≈ !°Æ •Î˚– òy¢≈!lܲ !lˆÏç•z !Ó!FSÈߨ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ xyܲyÓ˚ñ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚l !Ó!FSÈߨ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– §%ï˛Ó˚yÇñ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÈüÈ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ §Ù@˝Ã •z!ï˛•y§ÈüÈ!ê˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒy•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ •ˆÏFSÈ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ñ
xlˆÏ˛õ«˛Ü˛üÈ~Ó˚ çß√òylÈüÈ~Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§– ~•z !Ó!FSÈߨï˛y •ˆÏFSÈ ˆã˛ï˛ly !lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l Ó›§_yÓ˚ñ ˆã˛ï˛ly ~ÓÇ xydˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ñ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô– xy§ˆÏ° ~•z !ÓˆÏÓ˚yôÈüÈê˛y ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yê˛y•z •ˆÏFSÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô !lˆÏÎ˚– ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~•z !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xlƒylƒ xyˆÏÓ˚y !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô=!° xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚ñ ÷ô%Ùye xyˆÏÓ˚y x˛õ!Óe !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô=!°Ó˚ Óy!•ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õ ~ÓÇ xyܲyÓ˚ÛÛ
“The human character of nature and of the nature created by history– man’s products.”
!mï˛#Î˚ï˛/ ˆ•ˆÏàˆ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÷ô% Ùl•z •ˆÏFSÈ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §_yñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ÙˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xyÜ,˛!ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ï˛ Ùlñ ôÙ≈ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ Ùlñ §%ò)Ó˚ܲ“# Ùl–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÓyhflÏÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ# xlƒË˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ lÎ˚– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy •Î˚ ˆÎñ •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly xy§ˆÏ° !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly lÎ˚ñ
ÓÓ˚Ç Ùyl!Óܲ •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly– ï˛y•z ôÙ≈ñ §¡õòˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚y @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ Ùyl!Óܲ ӛ˲Ól !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !e´Î˚y¢#° Ù)°àï˛ ¢!_´Ó˚ ÷ô%Ùye !Ó!FSÈߨ
çàï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ ï˛y•z ˆ§ê˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ùyl!Óܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ~ܲÙye àhs˝ÏÓƒ– ~•z í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ Óy Úxhs˝ò≈,!‹TÛ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ ~•z Ó˚*˛õ ˆlÎ˚
ˆÎÈÈüüüÈ •z!wÎ˚ñ ôÙ≈ñ Ó˚y‹T…¢!_´ •zï˛ƒy!ò •ˆÏFSÈ Úxyôƒy!dܲ §_yÛ–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ùyl!Óܲ =î ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §,!‹T •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚ ˆÎl ï˛yÓ˚y !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ÙˆÏlÓ˚•z §,!‹T– ˆ§•z çlƒ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
ÙlÈüÈ!ã˛hs˝yÈüȧ_yÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õÎ≈yÏÎ˚§Ù)• ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Phenomenology ï˛y•z ~ܲ!ê˛ =Æñ Ó˚•§ƒyÓ,ï˛ ~ÓÇ x!lÿ˛Î˚ï˛y˛õ)î≈
!Óã˛yÓ˚ôyÓ˚y– !ܲv ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî ï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yˆÏܲ (estrangement) Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!òG Ùyl%£Ï ÷ô%Ùye Ùl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛
•Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ í˛z˛õyòyl °%E˛y!Î˚ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲñ ˆÎ=!° xyÓyÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚¢•z ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ |ˆÏôÁ≈ í˛zˆÏë˛ •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y
~ÓÇ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– Úx§%á# ˆã˛ï˛lyÛñ Ú§Í ˆã˛ï˛lyÛñ ÚÙ•Í ~ÓÇ •#lˆÏã˛ï˛lyÛÓ˚ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ •zï˛ƒy!ò ˛õ,Ìܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ xÇ¢=!° ôÙ≈ñ Ó˚y‹T…ñ
 lyà!Ó˚ܲ ç#Ól ≤ÃË,˛!ï˛ §ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚Ù)°Ü˛ í˛z˛õyòyl=!°ˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ Î!òG ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!FSÈߨ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ (in an estranged
form)– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl §_yñ Ó› •zï˛ƒy!ò xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ !ã˛hs˝yÈüȧ_y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ˆï˛Ù!l !Ó£ÏÎ˚# (subject) •ˆÏFSÈ §Ó §ÙÎ˚•z ˆã˛ï˛ly xÌÓy
xydÈüȈã˛ï˛lyñ ÓÓ˚Ç Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ Ùyl%£Ï xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° xydÈüȈã˛ï˛ly !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– !Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÓ˚ §%flõ‹T xyܲyÓ˚=!° Îy ò,¢ƒÙyl •Î˚ñ ï˛y•z
ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆã˛ï˛ly ~ÓÇ xydˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ xyܲyÓ˚– !ë˛Ü˛ ˆÎÙl !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ ˆã˛ï˛ly !lˆÏç•z [ˆÎ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ (object) à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚]
xydˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏ˲ò§)ã˛Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%•)ï≈˛ñ Îy ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚e´ÙyÓ˚ Ê˛° !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xy!ÓË)≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xydˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ x!˲ߨï˛yÈüüüÈ
xlˆÏ˛õ«˛ K˛ylÈüüüÈ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùyñ Îy xyÓ˚ !lçfl∫ §_yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ã˛y!°ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç Îy ~ál !lçfl∫ §_yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z §M˛Ó˚Ùyl– xÌ≈yÍ
~Ó˚ Ê˛° •ˆÏFSÈ !Ó÷k˛ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ my!®μܲï˛y–
x!ï˛ §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ~•z •° 1844ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏá ˆ•ˆÏà°–
ˆ•ˆÏà° §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ G ˛õ)î≈yD ˲yÓly xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z Engels Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ “Ludwig Feuerbach and the End
of Classical German Philosophy”–@˝ÃˆÏsi– @˝Ãsi!ê˛Ó˚ Ù%áӈ϶˛ ~ˆÏD°§ çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÙyÜ≈˛§ 1859ÈüÈ~ Óy!°≈l ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ‘A Contribu-
tion to the Critique of Political Economy’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl 1845ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°§ñ ˆÎÔÌ˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
ÚÚxyÙyˆÏò ò,!‹T˲!DÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&k˛ï˛y x!˲ߨ˲yˆÏÓ àˆÏí˛¸ ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ çlƒ–ÛÛ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# Óƒyáƒyñ ÎyˆÏܲ Ù)°ï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§‰•z !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl çyÙy≈l ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyò¢≈àï˛ ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏï˛ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ï˛Íܲy°#l òy¢≈!lܲ l#!ï˛ÈüȈÓyˆÏôÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ–ÛÛ
ˆ§•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ò%ÛçˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ù•yl ˆÎÔÌ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Tyñ (The German Ideology) ï˛álܲyÓ˚ SÈy˛õyÓ˚ x«˛ˆÏÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚!l Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚
ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî– ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ 40 ÓSȈÏÓ˚ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly í˛zˆÏòƒyà ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ˆlGÎ˚y •Î˚!lñ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ•ˆÏà° ~ÓÇ Ê˛yˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ
G §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ xÓfliylÈüÈ!ê˛ flõ‹T •Î˚– Ù%áӈ϶˛Ó˚ ˆ¢£Ï!òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏD°§ !°áˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~•z °y•zl=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˆ≤Èϧ ˛õyë˛yÓyÓ˚ xyˆÏà xy!Ù xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ á%шÏç ÓyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ 1845ÈüÈ46ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly ˛õy[%˛!°!˛õê˛y ÚçyÙy≈l ò¢≈lÛ
ˆòá°yÙ– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÈüÈˆÜ˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎ xÇ¢!ê˛ ˆ°áyñ ˆ§!ê˛ ~áˆÏly x§¡õ)î≈– §¡õ)î≈ xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚
~ܲ!ê˛ Óî≈lyñ ˆÎê˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xÌ≈˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yl ˆ§ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Ü˛ï˛ x§¡õ)î≈ !SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÈüÈ~Ó˚
Ùï˛Óyò !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly !SÈ° lyó xï˛~Ó Óï≈˛Ùyl ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çˆÏlƒ ˆ§!ê˛ xˆÏÎyàƒ–ÛÛ
~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆã˛yˆÏáñ Heinrich Heine •ˆÏFSÈl ≤ÃÌÙ Óƒ!_´cñ !Î!l ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ÙÙ≈Ó›ˆÏܲ 1833ÈüÈ~ Ùï˛ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ í˛zk˛yÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆÎ !Óáƒyï˛ í˛zk,˛!ï˛!ê˛ §Çܲ#î≈Ùly §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zòyÓ˚˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲySÈ ˆÏ̈Ïܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ≤âǧy ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛y •°ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÎy !ܲS%È ÓyhflÏÓ ï˛y•z Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ Îy !ܲS%È Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ ï˛y•z ÓyhflÏÓ–ÛÛ
~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ~Ùl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ˆÎ ã˛°Ùyl ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏç Îy !ܲS%È xlƒyÎ˚ñ x˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ñ x˛õÓ˚yôÙ)°Ü˛ÈüüüÈï˛y §Ó•z ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÈüÈ•z
ÓyhflÏÓ– ï˛Íܲy°#l çyÙy≈l ¢y§Ü˛Ü)˛°ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛/ Frederick William III ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ xl%àyÙ#Ó˚y ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Ó_´ÓƒˆÏܲ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy
ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ÚÚ!ܲvÛÛñ ~ˆÏD°§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ ÚÚˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Îy !ܲS%È x!hflÏc¢#° ï˛yÓ˚ §Óê˛y•z ÓyhflÏÓÈüüüÈ ï˛y !ܲS%È §#!Ùï˛Ü˛Ó˚î SÈyí˛¸y §ï˛ƒ lÎ˚–ÛÛ
ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÌ ôˆÏÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
ˆ•ˆÏà° !lˆÏç•z ~ܲê˛y í˛zòy•Ó˚î !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈôÓ˚y Îyܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ~ܲê˛y !ӈϢ£Ï !l!ò≈‹T ܲÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfî ÓƒÓfliy ã˛y°% ܲÓ˚°– ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
ܲyÓ˚î ˆl•z ˆÎñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È•z ly ˆòˆÏá ÷ô% ~•z âê˛lyˆÏܲ•z ÓyhflÏÓ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ÓÓ˚Ç ~ê˛y Î!ò ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ly •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏÓ §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
§yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ˙ ÚܲÓ˚ !lÎ˚sfîÛ!ê˛ Óy!ï˛° Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l •ˆÏÓ– ÓyhflψÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~˲yˆÏÓ xÓyhflÏÓG ÌyˆÏܲ– ~ˆÏD°§ !°áˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚڈΠ!ç!l§ê˛y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ñ ˆ§ê˛y ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚– Î!ò ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ï˛_¥ ï˛Íܲy°#l ≤Ãy!¢Î˚yÓ˚ Ó˚y‹T…ΈÏsf
≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ÷ô%Ùye •Î˚ ˆÎ ~•z Ó˚y‹T… •° Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ñ Î%!_´Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§!ê˛ •° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
Î!òG ˆ§!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ù® Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáyÎ˚ñ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥Gñ Î!ò ˆ§ ï˛yÓ˚ x÷˲ ã˛!Ó˚e !lˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° Ó˚yˆÏ‹T…Ó˚ x÷˲
ã˛!Ó˚eÈüÈ~Ó˚ lƒy΃ï˛y ≤Ã!ï˛˛õy!òï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ≤ÃçyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ•z Ó˚Ü˛Ù x÷˲ ã˛!Ó˚eÈüÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y– ï˛Íܲy°#l §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚
˛≤Ãy!¢Î˚ylÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–ÛÛ
ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚y xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆÓ˚yÙyl !Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ ÓyhflÏÓñ !ܲv ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z ÓyhflÏÓ ˆÓ˚yÙyl §y¡Àyçƒñ Îy !Ó˚˛õyÓ!°Ü˛ áy!Ó˚ç ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– 1789ÈüȈï˛
Ê˛Ó˚y§# Ó˚yçï˛sf ~ï˛ê˛y•z xÓyhflÏÓ !SÈ° ˆÎñ ~Ó˚ §Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!SÈ°ñ ~ï˛ê˛y•z xˆÏÎÔ!_´Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà!SÈ° ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ
ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎ !Ó≤’Ó §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ•ˆÏà° ≤ÃÓ° í˛zͧy• !lˆÏÎ˚ Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ ï˛y•zñ Ó˚yçï˛sf •° xÓyhflÏÓ ~ÓÇ !Ó≤’Ó •°
ÓyhflÏÓ– ~˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲê˛y §ÙÎ˚ Îy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ñ Óy real, §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §yˆÏÌ ï˛y ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y •yÓ˚yÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÌyܲyÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ •y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚
ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°ñ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ xˆÏÎÔ!_´Ü˛ ~ÓÇ xÓyhs˝Ó˚ñ Ù%Ù)£Ï%≈– ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# ÓyhflÏÓï˛y xyˆÏ§ ¢y!hs˝˛õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Î!ò Ú˛õ%Ó˚yï˛lÛ ï˛yÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆ¢£Ï •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ó%ˆÏV˛ çyÎ˚ày ˆSȈÏí˛¸ ˆòÎ˚– x˛õÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ó≤’Ó •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ Ó°˛õ)Ó≈ܲñ Î!ò ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly lï%˛ˆÏlÓ˚ xy!ÓË≈˛yÓˆÏܲ ˆçyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚
xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yÎ˚–
~•z˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ my!®μܲï˛y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓly !lˆÏç•z !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚– ~ˆÏD°§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ°# xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ Îy ÓyhflÏÓñ ï˛yÈüÈ•z Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ÈüüüÈ ~•z ï˛_¥ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥≠
Îy !ܲS%È ÓyhflψÏÓ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÈüÈ•z ôÁLjϧÓ˚ ˆÎyàƒ–ÛÛ
ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ my!®μܲ ò¢≈lÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~ˆÏD°§ Îál xyÓ˚G §)- G §%!l!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ !ï˛!l !°áˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚˆÎÙl˲yˆÏÓ K˛yl ܲáˆÏly Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lá%Ñï˛ ˛õ)îy≈D xÓfliyÎ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ lyñ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ •z!ï˛•y§ÈüÈG
ܲálG ï˛y ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ lyó ~ܲ!ê˛ !lá%Ñï˛ ˆ◊¤˛ §Ùyçñ !láÑ%ï˛ xÓfliyñ ~=!° ÷ô%Ùye ܲ“lyˆÏï˛•z !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ §Ü˛°
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ÓƒÓfliy ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !lã%˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zã%˛ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xhs˝•#l !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ x“ܲy°fliyÎ˚# ôy˛õ–ÛÛ
~ˆÏD°§ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈l ˆÏ̈Ïܲ ˆÎ my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ !lÎy≈§ ˆÓÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏFSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚmy!®μܲ ò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ܲS%È•z x!hs˝Ùñ ˆ◊¤˛ñ §ˆÏÓy≈˛õ!Ó˚ Óy ˛õ!Óe lÎ˚– ~•z ò¢≈l §Ó!ܲSÈ%Ó˚ ~ÓÇ §Ó!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ x!ã˛Ó˚fliyÎ˚# ã˛!Ó˚eÈüÈˆÜ˛
!ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ó ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ܲS%È•z ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl !êÑ˛Ü˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly ÷ô%Ùye àë˛l ~ÓÇ ôÁLjϧÓ˚ ~•z xÓƒy•ï˛ âê˛lyÓ°# SÈyí˛¸yñ !lã%˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ
í˛Ñzã%˛˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~•z xhs˝•#l í˛zayl SÈyí˛¸yñ ~ÓÇ my!®μܲ ò¢≈l !ã˛hs˝y¢#° ÙlˆÏl ~•z !e´Î˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó¡∫ SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚–ÛÛ
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ§l–
ˆ•ˆÏà° ˆÜ˛yl‰ !§k˛yˆÏhs˝ ˆ˛õÔÑSȈϰl⁄ !ï˛!l ïÑ˛yÓ˚ my!®μܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ÈüÈˆï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l§Ù)•
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚ ly– ˜ï˛Ó˚# •Î˚ ÚÙllÛ Óy Ú≤Ãyî§_yÛÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •GÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏlÈÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ï˛ Ùlñ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈l §ÙyˆÏç Ó˚*˛õy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÏlÎ˚– ~ˆÏD°§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxï˛~Ó Îï˛•z ˆ•ˆÏà°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÚÎ%!_´Û xl%ÎyÎ˚#ñ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚&l ly ˆÜ˛l ˆÎ ~•z §lyï˛l §ï˛ƒ xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚ñ !lˆÏç•z •°
Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ Óy ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ܲyÎ≈yÓ°#ñ !ï˛!l ˆòáˆÏSÈl ˆÎ !ï˛!l !lˆÏç•z Óyôƒ •ˆÏFSÈl ~•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!hs˝Ù ˛õÎy≈Î˚ á%шÏç !òˆÏï˛ ÷ô%Ùye
~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî•z ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ ~•z ÓƒÓfliyˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ ˛õÎy≈ˆÏÎ˚ ˆ¢£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ï˛yÓ˚ ÚÎ%!_´ÛÈüÈˆï˛ !ï˛!l xyÓyÓ˚ ~•z x!hs˝Ù ˛õÎy≈Î˚ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÚxyÓ˚Ω˛Û
ÓylyˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl ܲyÓ˚î ~áyˆÏl í˛z˛õ§Ç•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õÎy≈Î˚!ê˛ñ Îy •° §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Ù ôyÓ˚îy ˆ§ê˛y ˛õÓ˚Ù ÷ô%Ùye ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚
ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z !ÜS%È Ó°yÓ˚ ˆl•zñ ï˛y !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚ xÌy≈Í ï˛y !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚
!ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ§ñ ÙlˆÏl ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§–ÛÛ
ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y=!° §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ ~ˆÏD°§ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ~•z˲yˆÏÓñ
ÚÚÎál Ó›Óyò ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ܲÙye ÓyhflÏÓ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏò ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •° ÷ô%Ùye ˛õÓ˚Ù Ë˛yÓÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ú!Ó!FSÈߨï˛yÛ–
ܲyÎ≈ï˛/ !ã˛hs˝y ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˛Ê˛° ˲yÓ •° ~áyˆÏl ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zq(ï˛ Ó›ñ Îy ÓyhflψÏÓ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÷ô%Ùye ˲yÓÈüÈ~Ó˚
§òÎ˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ òy!«˛ˆÏîƒÓ˚ çˆÏlƒñ ~ÓÇ ~•z mˆÏ®μ ï˛yÓ˚y Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó ï˛ï˛ê˛y lyܲy!l ˆã˛yÓy!l áyÎ˚–ÛÛ
ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ Ó›Óyò# ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y xye´Ùî ≤ÃÌÙ ~ˆÏ§!SÈ° FeuerbachÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘Essence of Chris-
tianity’ @˝ÃˆÏsi– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ≠ §ÙhflÏ ò¢≈lÈüÈ!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ x!hflÏc¢#°– xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zͲõߨ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ°•z Óí˛¸
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ !ܲS%È ˆl•z– ˆÎ §Ó ôÙ≈#Î˚ ܲ“ly=ˆÏ°y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙhflψÏܲ ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§=!° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
!lçfl∫ Ú!lÎ≈y§ÛÈüÈ ~Ó˚ x§yôyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ~•z Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y !ܲ òyÑí˛¸y°– ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲ°ˆÏÙÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ§ˆÏ¡øy•l ˆË˛ˆÏ. !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ÚÓƒÓfliyÛ ã%˛Ó˚ÙyÓ˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ˆÎ ÷ô%Ùye xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲ“lyÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yç
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰ ˆòáyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xÓ°%!Æ âˆÏê˛ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
ÚÚí˛zͧy• !SÈ° §y!Ó≈ܲó xyÙÓ˚y §Óy•z ï˛Í«˛îyÍ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°yÙ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏܲÓ˚ xl%àyÙ#– ~•z lï%˛l ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !ܲ í˛zͧy• ˲ˆÏÓ˚
x!˲®l çy!lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ xˆÏlܲ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly §ˆÏ_¥G !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲçlˆÏܲ ‘Holy
Family’ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá 1839ÈüÈ~ ï˛yÓ˚ ‘Principles of the Philosophy of the Future’ @˝ÃˆÏsi ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ !°áˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ
ÚÚˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ ˆày˛õl ܲÌyñ ˆ¢£Ï !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ñ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z !l!•ï˛ xyˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ï˛y ôÙ≈ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ò¢≈l myÓ˚y lyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ
ôÙ≈ï˛_¥ myÓ˚y lyÜ˛ã˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ !flõˆÏlyçy ˆÎÙl {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ûñ ˆ•ˆÏà° ˆï˛Ù!l {ŸªˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ lyÙ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˲yÓ– !ã˛hs˝y ~ÓÇ §_yÓ˚
x!˲ߨï˛yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §•Ùï˛ó !ܲv Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆ•ˆÏà° ~ê˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÷ô%Ùye !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ (only
within thought)– Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ •° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚=!°Ó˚ ܲyç•z •° Ó›ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚yñ ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ù!hflψϋÒÓ˚ ܲyç •° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ
ôyÓ˚îyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛!°ï˛ ܲÓ˚y– !ã˛hs˝y ~ÓÇ §_yÓ˚ x!˲ߨï˛yˆÏܲ ï˛y•z ç#Ó!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ lÎ˚–
‘Essence of Christianity’ÈüÈˆï˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ˆòáyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ x§Çრ§yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£ÏÈüÈ~Ó˚ ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !á fiê˛ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚
ܲy!•!l=ˆÏ°y àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ– ç#Ól ˆÌˆÏܲñ §yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˜òl!®lï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÎ ôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ñ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛zͲõ!_ñ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty
ˆ§ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ó›ˆÏܲñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ xÓfliyˆÏl ˆê˛ˆÏl xylˆÏï˛ !ӈϢ£Ï Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ ‘Thesis on Feuerbach’ å1845ä !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlñ ÎyˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ôyÓ˚îy=!° §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ «%˛o !ܲv flõ‹T
§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly– ~•z ˛Ó˚ã˛ly ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ludwig Feuerbach... å1883äÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ˛õ!Ó˚!¢‹T !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ‘Theses on
Feuerbach’ lyÙ!ê˛G ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚yñ ï˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ•z •yˆÏï˛ §¡õy!òï˛ •GÎ˚y ≤Ãܲy¢ly– 11!ê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ ˆSÈyê˛ xl%ˆÏFSȈÏò 1845ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ï˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚§ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ •°ÈüüüÈ
xyˆÏàܲyÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó›Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛l Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚G Ù)° ºy!hs˝ ~•z ˆÎ !ï˛!l Ó›ñ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yñ •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyˆÏܲ Ó›ÈüÈÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚•zñ ~ˆÏòÓ˚ xhs˝à≈ï˛
x!hflψÏcÓ˚ !òܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ÷ô% @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ܲál•z ï˛yˆÏܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ •z!wç ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xl%¢#°l (practice) !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !Ó£ÏÎ˚#àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î
ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ~•z !òܲ!ê˛ˆÏܲñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lñ §!e´Î˚ !e´Î˚yܲ°yÏ˛õˆÏܲ ÓÓ˚Ç §yÙˆÏl ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ Ë˛yÓÓyò– !ܲvñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ˲yÓÓyò ÷ô% !ÓÙ)ï≈˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z
ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈó ܲyÓ˚î ˲yÓÓyò §!ï˛ƒÜ˛yÓ˚ •z!wÎ˚ç ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õˆÏܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyˆÏl ly– ‘The Essence of Christianity’ @˝ÃˆÏsi ÷ô% ï˛y!_¥Ü˛
!ӈϟ’£Ïî Óy ò,!‹T˲D# (Theoretical attitude)ÈüÈˆÜ˛•z ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ùyl!Óܲ ò,!‹T˲!D !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ xyÓ˚ xl%¢#°l (practice)ÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ã˛!eï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÚˆlyÇÓ˚yÈüÈ•z‡ò#Î˚Û ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ÚÓ˚*˛õÛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ– ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ܲálG•z Ú!Ó≤’Ó#Ûñ ÚÓyhflÏÓ !Óã˛yÓ˚Ù)°Ü˛Û ܲyÎ≈ܲ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ˆÏܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l !l–
ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲yÓlyÎ˚ñ ˆÎ Ó›Óyò# Ó#«˛y ~ê˛y ӈϰ ˆÎ Ùyl%£Ï ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ ~ÓÇ °y°lÈüÈ˛õy°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛§°ñ ˆ§ ~ê˛y Ë)˛ˆÏ° ÎyÎ˚ ˆÎñ Ùyl%£Ï•z
˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏܲ xÓ¢ƒ•z !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !¢!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚– ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ùyl!Óܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲ°y˛õ Óy
xyd˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ §Ùy˛õï˛lˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye !Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ §v‹T llñ !ï˛!l ã˛yl •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ !Óã˛yÓ˚ñ @˝Ã•îˆÏÎyàƒï˛y– !ܲv !ï˛!l •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒï˛yˆÏܲ ÓyhflÏÓñ Ùyl!Óܲñ •z!wÎ˚ç
!e´Î˚yܲ°y˛õ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ó˚yç# ll–
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ÚôˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ !lÎ≈y§ÛˆÏܲ §Ùyôy ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ã˛yl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !lÎ≈y§ åÙl%£Ïƒ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ä !•§yˆÏÓ– !ܲv ÚÙyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !lÎ≈y§Û ~ܲçl Óƒ!_´
Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓÙ)ï˛≈ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ˆl•z– ï˛y xy§ˆÏ°ñ §yÙy!çܲ §¡õÜ≈˛=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ (social relations) ~ܲ âl#Ë)˛ï˛ Ó˚*˛õ– ~ÓÇ ï˛y•z Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá Îy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!lñ ï˛y •° ôÙ≈#Î˚ §ÇˆÏÓòl¢#°ï˛y !lˆÏç•z ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ §)e ôˆÏÓ˚ !Ó!SÈߨñ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ Óƒ!_´Ó˚
ˆÎ ôyÓ˚îy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ï˛yG xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ùyç ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ Ê˛§°– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ñ §Ù@˝Ã §Ùyçç#Ól•z ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ– §Ü˛° Ó˚•§ƒ ÎyÓï˛#Î˚
xÓƒyáƒyï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚§Ù)• ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ Î%!_´@˝Ãy•ƒ §Ùyôyl °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ˆÎ Ó›Óyò •z!wÎ˚ˆÏã˛ï˛lyˆÏܲ ~ܲ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ âê˛ly !•§yˆÏÓñ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ~ܲ §!e´Î˚ Ë)˛!Ùܲy !•§yˆÏÓ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ !Ó!FSÈߨ ~ܲܲ
Óƒ!_´ˆÏܲ•z ˆÜ˛Ó° á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚– ~!ê˛ á%шÏç ˛õyÎ˚ ~ܲ §%¢#° §ÙyçˆÏܲ– ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly Ó›Óyò ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛Ó° §%¢#° §ÙyçˆÏܲ•z =Ó˚&c ˆòÎ˚– xyÓ˚ lÓƒ Ó›Óyò
=Ó˚&c ˆòÎ˚ ÙylÓ §ÙyçˆÏܲ Óy §yÙy!çܲ ÙylÓï˛yÓyòˆÏܲ–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ܲyòy¢ !Ì!§ˆÏ§ ï˛yÓ˚ çà!máƒyï˛ Ùhs˝Óƒ!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ
ÚÚòy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó° lyly˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy•z ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– Îy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlñ ï˛y •° ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚y–ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°§‰ ~ܲˆÏe ÚçyÙ≈yl •z!í˛G°!çÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ÚÓ›ÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓK˛yl•z çy!l– ï˛y •° •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl– •z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛í˛z ò%•z !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ
~ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§ G ÙylˆÏÓ!ï˛•y§ÈüüüÈ ~•z ò%•z˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv ~•z ò%•z •z!ï˛•y§ x!ÓˆÏFSÈòƒ– Îï˛!òl Ùylӧ˲ƒï˛yÓ˚
x!hflÏc Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛ï˛!òl ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ •z!ï˛•y§ ÙylˆÏÓ!ï˛•y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÙ%_´ lÎ˚–ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ó!î≈ï˛ ÚÚçyÙ≈yl •z!í˛G°!çÛÛÈüÈˆï˛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ !ÓK˛yl G ÙylÓ§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ x!Ó!FSÈߨï˛y G xyhs˝/
§¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G !Ó¢ˆÏò Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ˆ°ál#Ó˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y ç!ê˛° !òܲ!ê˛ •° •z!wÎ˚ˆÏã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ çàÍ §¡õÜ≈˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ !ӈϟ’£Ïî G §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ xÓfliyl– ~ ≤çˆÏD ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚
ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî!ê˛ á%Ó•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– xlƒÌyÎ˚ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ò¢≈lG ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ܲ ¢!_´¢y°# Ó›Óyò# ò¢≈l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ •y!çÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
~ÓÇ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ ~!ê˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# ò¢≈l G Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ !§k˛yhs˝ @˝Ã•ˆÏîÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xÎÌy fliyl òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ ~ܲ Îy!sfܲ Ó›ÓyˆÏò xô/˛õ!ï˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–
ÚçyÙ≈yl •z!í˛G°!çÛÈüÈˆï˛ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•zÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ•z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ çàÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ܲálG ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ ˲yÓlyñ ܲálG ˆÜ˛Ó° xl%Ë)˛!ï˛– !ï˛!l Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓˆÏï≈˛ ~ܲ
ÚÚ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ùyl%Ï£ÏÛÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy ӈϰl– Ùyl%£Ï ~áyˆÏl xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲçl ÚçyÙ≈ylÛ– ≤ÃÌÙ ˆ«˛ˆÏe •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒï˛yÓ˚ çàÍ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
˲yÓlyÎ˚ ˆÎ §ÙhflÏ !ӣψÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly G xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ §Çâyï˛ âˆÏê˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °â% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏál– !ï˛!l °â% ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏál ˆ§•z §ÙhflÏ
!Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ Îy ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ)Ó≈!lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ Ë˛yÓlyÓ˚ §ˆÏD áy˛õ áyÎ˚ ly– ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ •° Ùyl%£Ï G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛– §Ù§ƒy ~í˛¸yˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l
~ܲ x˛õ!Óe ˜mï˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~ˆÏ•l çàˆÏï˛ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ò,!‹T– ~ܲ!ê˛ ò,!‹T ÙyÓ˚Ê˛Í !ï˛!l !lï˛yhs˝ flõ‹T !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°ˆÏܲ
ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyl xyÓ˚ x˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ò,!‹T ÙyÓ˚Ê˛Í !ï˛!l ˆòˆÏál Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ– !ï˛!l ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyl ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚
ã˛yÓ˚˛õyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ Ó› çàÍ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ x§#Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ xyàï˛ x˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l#Î˚ ~ܲ çàÍ lÎ˚– ~!ê˛ •° !¢“ÈüÈxÌ≈l#!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚y‹T…ÈüȧÙyˆÏçÓ˚
~ܲ §!¡ø!°ï˛ Ê˛° ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛•z ~ܲ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ í˛zͲõyòl Îy Ó‡ ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚ §!¡ø!°ï˛ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ê˛°– ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Ãçß√ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# ≤ÃçˆÏß√Ó˚
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ ~Ó˚ !¢“ G §yÙy!çܲ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l §yôl ܲˆÏÓ˚– Ú•z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ ÓyhflÏÓï˛yÛÓ˚ §yÙylƒï˛Ù Ó› G §yÙy!çܲ !Óܲy¢ñ !¢“ G ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ xyhs˝/§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ~ܲ à)ì˛¸ §ï˛ƒˆÏܲ
í˛z˛õfliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚– xlƒylƒ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ˆã˛!Ó˚Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ àySÈG xyçG §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– xÌã˛ ~!ê˛ Ùye ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ¢ï˛y∑#
˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xM˛ˆÏ° ÓƒÓ§y!Î˚ܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ≤ÃÌÙ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– xyÓ˚ ~˲yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲ !ӈϢ£Ï Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï §Ùyç
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ Ú•z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ Óy›Óï˛yÎ˚Û Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚–ÛÛ
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyˆÏîÓ˚ Ó›Óyò# !òܲ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°§‰ ӈϰlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÎál Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá !lˆÏç ~ܲçl Ú§yôyÓ˚î Ùyl%£ÏÛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ §%ÓyˆÏò !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyáƒy!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l ï˛ál ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ !ï˛!l
Ü˛ï˛ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛y!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈl– ܲyÓ˚î !ï˛!l ˲yÓˆÏSÈl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !Ó≤’Ó# Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ §ò§ƒ˛õˆÏòÓ˚ §ÇK˛yˆÏܲ
!lSÈܲ•z ~ܲ ÓˆÏà≈ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ §¡õÜ≈˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ~ܲÙye !§k˛yhs˝ÈüüüÈ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
˛õÓ˚flõÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ~ÓÇ ~•z ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl §Ó≈òy•z !ÓÓ˚yçÙyl ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ~˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l xlƒylƒ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y•z ~Ùl ~ܲ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !lç
§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ˆÎ !ӣψÏÎ˚ §Ü˛ˆÏ° •zˆÏï˛yÙˆÏôƒ•z §ˆÏã˛ï˛l– ~˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l !fliï˛yÓfliyÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛•z §GÎ˚y° ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç •° !fliï˛yÓfliyˆÏܲ S%ÈшÏí˛¸ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ° ˆòGÎ˚y–ÛÛ
ò¢≈lñ !ÓK˛yl G ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò
~ˆÏD°§‰ ÚÚ°%í˛í˛z•zà Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ~ÓÇ ÉÉÉÛÛ Ó•zˆÏï˛ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ Ù)°ï˛ ò%•z ˲yˆÏà ˲yà ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ Ë˛yÓÓyò# G Ó›Óyò#– ~˲yˆÏÓ !ï˛!l ~Ùl ~ܲ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚
!Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ çß√ ˆòl Îy ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ §Ùyl˲yˆÏÓ ã˛!ã≈˛ï˛– ˆã˛ï˛ly G Ó›Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ ≤ß¿!ê˛ˆÏܲ §!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏ°G ˆÎ
≤ß¿!ê˛ í˛zˆÏë˛ xyˆÏ§ ï˛y •° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓly !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò,¢ƒÙyl çàÍ G ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õÓ˚ §ˆÏD §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ˛õy!Ó˚˛õy!Ÿª≈ܲ çàÍ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆã˛ï˛ly í˛zͧy!Ó˚ï˛ SÈ!Ó!ê˛ !ܲ §ï˛ƒ⁄ ò¢≈ˆÏl ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏlyÓ˚ çlƒ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ÓyܲƒyÇ¢!ê˛ •°ÈüüüÈ ÚÚ˲yÓly G Ó›Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒÜ˛yÓ˚ §yò,¢ƒÛÛ–
ˆ•ˆÏà° G Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲!D á%шÏç ˛õy•z– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ܲyrê˛ G !•í˛zÙ §¡õ)î≈ !˲ߨ Ó_´Óƒ
ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl– ~ˆÏD°§‰ ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ˆ•ˆÏà° G Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá ܲyrê˛ G !•í˛zÙˆÏܲ !lç !lç ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚!ôÓ˚ Ùôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ Îï˛ê˛y §Ω˛Ó !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ~ÓÇ ï˛Í§• §Ùyôyl °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà G xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ÓÇ §!ë˛Ü˛ xˆÏÌ≈ Ó°ˆÏ° !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛– ~ ≤çˆÏD ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆ°ál#Ó˚ §Ó≈yˆÏ˛õ«˛y =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ Ü˛Ó˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛–
 ÚÚï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈñ xyô%!lܲï˛Ó˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !SȈϰl !•í˛zÙ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yrê˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ~ܲ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–ÛÛ
ÚÚÎ!ò xyÙÓ˚y ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ §ï˛ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ó Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lç
xÓfliyl Óò° ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §yôˆÏl ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ Ü˛yrê˛ Ó!î≈ï˛ xflõ¢≈l#Î˚ Ó›§_y lyÙܲ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛Ó˚
˛õ!Ó˚§Ùy!Æ âê˛ˆÏÓ– í˛z!qò G ≤Ãyî#ˆÏòˆÏ• í˛zͲõߨ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Ó›§Ù)• ~ˆÏ•l ÚÓ›§_yÛ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ•z !ÓòƒÙyl ÌyˆÏܲ– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚ Îál ~ܲ
Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ ~Ó˚y ~ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛zͲõy!òï˛ G Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛ál ÚÓ›§_yÛ ï˛yÓ˚ xydˆÏܲ!wܲï˛y ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚
§Ó≈çl#l •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏ벖 ˆÎÙlÈüüüÈ Ùƒyí˛yÓ˚ å~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆË˛£Ïç í˛z!qòäÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)ˆÏ° ≤ÃyÆ ~ܲ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ xƒy°çy!Ó˚lˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y
xyÓ˚ Ùƒyí˛yÓ˚ àyˆÏSÈ í˛zͲõߨ ܲ!Ó˚ ly– ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ Ü˛Ù áÓ˚ˆÏã˛ G §•ç˲yˆÏÓ xy°Ü˛yï˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ ܲ!Ó˚– !ï˛lˆÏ¢y ÓSÈÓ˚ Óƒy˛õ#
ˆÜ˛y˛õyÓ˚!lܲy§ Ó!î≈ï˛ ˆ§ÔÓ˚çàÍ ï˛yÓ˚ fl∫˛õˆÏ«˛ 100ñ 1000ñ 10000 / 1 ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî §Ω˛yÓly !lˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yçÙyl !SÈ°– !ܲv ~!ê˛ !SÈ°
!lSÈܲ•z ~ܲ xl%!Ù!ï˛– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚˛õÓ˚ ˆ°ˆÏ˲!Ó˚Î˚yÓ˚ ~•z xl%!Ù!ï˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ~ܲ xçyly @˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ í˛z˛õ!fli!ï˛ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ~ÓÇ
Ù•yܲyˆÏ¢ ~ˆÏ•l @˝ÃˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ ܲ!“ï˛ Ü˛«˛˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ SÈ!ÓG xÑyܲˆÏ°l– Îál àƒy!°!°G ~•z @˝Ã•!ê˛ˆÏܲ á%шÏç ˆ˛õˆÏ°l åˆl˛õã%˛lñ Óy!°≈l
xÓçyÓ˚ˆÏ˲ê˛Ó˚# ˆÌˆÏܲ 1846 §yˆÏ° xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ä ï˛ál ˆÜ˛y˛õyÓ˚!lܲy§ !§ˆÏfiê˛Ù ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •°– Î!òG çyÙ≈yl#ˆÏï˛ lÓƒ ܲyrê˛Óyò#Ó˚y
ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ Ùï˛ÓyòˆÏܲ ˛õ%l/≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y°yˆÏFSÈl ~ÓÇ •zÇ°ˆÏu˛ xˆÏK˛Î˚Óyò#Ó˚y !•í˛zˆÏÙÓ˚ Ùï˛Óyò !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ܲ•z ܲyç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl
刧áyˆÏl ~!ê˛ Ü˛ál•z í˛zôyG •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚!läñ ï˛Ó% ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ G Ó›àï˛ áu˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ò#â≈!òl ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ï˛y x!ç≈ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
!ÓK˛yl§¡øï˛ ò,!‹TÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÿ˛yò‰àÙl ~ÓÇ ÓyhflψÏÓ ~ •° çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §yÙˆÏl˛ xÓK˛y ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ Ó›ÓyòˆÏܲ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
ˆã˛‹Ty–ÛÛ
~ܲ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ x!ôܲ §ÙÎ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ y≈ k,˛ï˛ Ó_´Óƒ!ê˛ §¡õˆÏܲ≈ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ã˛°ˆÏSÈ– 1923 §yˆÏ° °%ܲyã‰˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ÚÚ•z!ï˛•y§ G ˆ◊!îˆÏã˛ï˛lyÛÛ @˝ÃˆsÏ i Ó!î≈ï˛ ~•z í˛zk˛, !ï˛
§¡õˆÏܲ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ)ˆÓÏ ≈ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ Ùï˛ ˆçˆÏl ˆlGÎ˚y ≤ÈÎÏ y˚ çl– ÚÚÓ›Óyò G §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÛÛ @˝ÃˆsÏ i ˆ°!llñ
ÙyáÈüÈ˛õsi#ˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆÓyàòyˆÏly˲ñ ˲yˆÏ°!hs˝ˆlÏ y˲ñ ÓyçyˆÏÓy˚ ˲ñ ã˛yl≈˲ ≤Ã˲, !ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ~ !ӣψÎÏ ˚ !Óï˛ˆÏܲ≈ xÇ¢ ˆll– ÚÚÓ›§_yÛÛ !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ ˆ≤’áylˆÏ˲Ó˚
Óƒyáƒy!ê˛ˆÏܲ çlàî §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly˛ ܲˆÏÓ–˚ ~•z ˆ°áy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z !ӣψÎÏ ˚ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ°ál#Ó˚ ê˛#ܲy Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚– xlƒï˛Ù Ùƒy!ܲfiê˛ G
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe lyÓ˚ò!lܲ !˲QÓ˚ ã˛yl≈˲ ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ó!î≈ï˛ ÚÚÓ›§_yÛÛ !Ó£ÏÎÜ˚ ˛ Óƒyáƒy!ê˛Ó˚ ˛≤ÃܲyÏ¢ƒ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓl˚ ÈüüüÈ
!˲QÓ˚ ã˛yl≈˲ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó•z ÚÚÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò G xï˛#!wÎ˚Óyò# ò¢≈lÛÛÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÚÚ°%퉲í˛z•zàÛÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi ~ˆÏD°§‰
ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ çà͈Ïܲ !ܲ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù⁄ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy G ˲yÓly§Ù)• !òˆÏÎ˚ !ܲ xyÙÓ˚y ÓyhflÏÓ çàÍÈüÈ~Ó˚
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!Ó ˛õy•z⁄ÛÛ
ã˛yl≈˲ ˆ≤’áylˆÏ˲Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ºyhs˝ xl%ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲ˆÏÎyà xyˆÏll– !ï˛!l ӈϰlñ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ÚÚ≤Ã!ï˛FSÈ!ÓÛÛ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛ ˆ°ˆÏál!l– !ï˛!l !°ˆÏá!SȈϰl ÚÚò˛õ≈ˆÏî
≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lÛÛ–
ˆ°!ll ã˛yl≈˲ˆÏܲ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ӈϰlñ ÚÚˆÏܲyl lÓƒ ܲyrê˛#Î˚ ~ܲÌy ˆË˛ˆÏÓ x!˲Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓl ly ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y xy°Ü˛yï˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!°çy!Ó˚l
xyÓ˚G §hflÏyÎ˚ G §•çï˛Ó˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ í˛zͲõyòl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚– !ܲv ~•z xy°Ü˛yï˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!°çy!Ó˚l Óƒï˛#ï˛ xyÓ˚G Îy í˛zͲõy!òï˛ •Î˚ ï˛y •°
ÚÚÓ›§_yÛÛÈüÈÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ áu˛l– ~ˆÏ•l xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛Ó° lÓƒ ܲyrê˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z lÎ˚ñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•z ~ܲ !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚–ÛÛ
ÚÚܲyrê˛ Ó›§_yàï˛ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ xK˛yï˛ !•§yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ~ܲÌy ˆçˆÏl ~ˆÏD°§‰È ~•z ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l
~ÓÇ !§k˛yhs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚l Îy !ܲS%È xK˛yï˛ ï˛y §Ó•z Ó›§_y–ÛÛ
ˆ°!ll ˆ°ˆÏál ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ°áy xl%Óyò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆ≤’áyl˲ G ã˛yl≈˲ ܲyrê˛#Î˚ xlyÎ˚_¢#° Ó›§_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy ˆÌˆÏܲ xlyÎ˚_¢#°ï˛yˆÏܲ xΈÏb
Óyò ˆòl– Îy•z ˆ•yܲ ly ˆÜ˛lñ ã˛yl≈ˆÏ˲Ó˚ ˆ°ál#Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆ°!ll ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ó› §_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óy!ï˛° ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛y §ï˛ƒ lÎ˚– ~ˆÏD°§‰ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ•z ӈϰl !ï˛!l
ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ xlyÎ˚_¢#° Ó›§_yˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ã˛yl≈˲ Ó›Ó˚ x!hflÏc §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏܲ ÙylÓ˜Ïã˛ï˛lƒ
!lÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD =!°ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°!SȈϰl– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ܲyrê˛#Î˚ ï˛_¥yl%§yˆÏÓ˚ Ó›§_y xˆÏK˛Î˚– ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ï˛_¥yl%ÎyÎ˚#
xˆÏK˛Î˚ï˛y•z •° Ó›§_y– ã˛yl≈˲ ÚxˆÏK˛Î˚Û ¢∑!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÚxK˛yï˛Û ¢∑ myÓ˚y ≤Ã!ï˛fliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv !ï˛!l ~ܲÌy Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l ˆÎ
~Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !ï˛!l xyÓyÓ˚G ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ò,!‹T˲D#ˆÏܲ !ÓÜ,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–ÛÛ
ã˛yl≈ˆÏ˲Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~ˆÏ•l ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° òy¢≈!lܲÓ˚y í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly ˆÎÈüüüÈ ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ó›§_yÓ˚
ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚ï˛ƒyà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ˆÜ˛yl‰!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl⁄ !ï˛!l Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ Ó›§_y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
xˆÏK˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛– ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ !ܲ⁄ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl Ó› !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ K˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ ~ܲçl Ó›Óyò# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ
~ˆÏD°§‰ Ó›§_yÓ˚ x!hflÏcˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ly– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ xÓܲy¢ ˆl•z– ã˛yl≈ˆÏ˲Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ñ ~ˆÏD°§‰ xy!°çy!Ó˚lÈüÈ~Ó˚
í˛zòy•Ó˚î!ê˛Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ Ü˛yˆÏrê˛Ó˚ xlyÎ˚_¢#° Ó›§_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚l– flõ‹Tï˛•z xK˛yï˛ Ó›Ó˚ K˛yï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛
ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ Ó›§_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– ~!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ó° ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ !ã˛hs˝ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ ºyhs˝ Óƒyáƒy– Î!ò ~ˆÏD°§‰ ~ܲÌy ӈϰl ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ Ó‡ xK˛yï˛
Ó› Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyÓ˚y ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ §¶˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ í˛zò‰ây!ê˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ xçyly Ó›ˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ê˛°ï˛ñ xˆÏK˛Î˚ ÚÚÓ›§_yÛÛ ÓˆÏ°
!ܲS%È •Î˚ lyñ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yÙ ˆÎ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l!l–
!ܲv ~ˆÏD°§‰ ~ܲÌy ӈϰl!l– ܲyÓ˚î ~!Ó£ÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l Ó‡!òl ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈•z ã˛ã≈˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– 1877 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!l ~!ê˛ ≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ ã˛ã≈˛y
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓˆÏ§l!l– 1845 §yˆÏ°•z !ï˛!l G ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÚçyÙ≈yl !Ê˛°§!Ê˛Û @˝ÃˆÏsi xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ §yÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ •°ñ Î!ò ï%˛!Ù ˆÜ˛yl Ó› !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒ çyly ÎyÎ˚ !ܲly ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÙyî ã˛yG ï˛ˆÏÓ ˆï˛yÙyˆÏܲ ˆ§ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ
ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲ ÚÚ!lç ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçˆÏl ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç °yàyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ Îy ˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ §¡øï˛
å~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yˆÏç °yàyˆÏly lÎ˚ä–
 Î!ò ~!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z Ê˛° ˆòÎ˚ñ Î!ò ~!ê˛ °«˛ °«˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛y!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ §ˆÏD
!وϰ ÎyÎ˚ ï˛ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎ Ó› §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ §ï˛ƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xÓ!•ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈó Ó›§_y ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ xˆÏK˛Î˚ lÎ˚– ~!ê˛ e´Ù!Óܲy¢Ùyl–
~ˆÏD°‰§ !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlñ xy°Ü˛yï˛Ó˚y ˆÌˆÏܲ xy!°çy!Ó˚ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͲõyòl ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y xy!°çy!Ó˚lˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ–
~ˆÏD°§‰ˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G !Ó¢ˆÏò ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° xyÙÓ˚y çylˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qò ˆòˆÏ• í˛zͲõߨ Ó˚y§yÎ˚!lܲ Ó›§Ù)•ˆÏܲ §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°G
Ó›§_yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !l/§ˆÏ®• •ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ly– !ܲv ˆÎ•z ˜çÓ Ó˚y§yÎ˚l ~•z §Ü˛° Ó›Ó˚ í˛zͲõyòl ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚ åÎyÓï˛#Î˚ ç!ê˛° ≤Ã!e´Î˚y
§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙä ~ÓÇ xyÙÓ˚y ~=!°Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ÷Ó˚& ܲ!Ó˚ ï˛ál•z ~Ó˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ •yÓ˚yÎ˚–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ ã˛ï%˛Ì≈ !Ì!§§ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe í˛zˆÏÕ‘ˆÏáÓ˚ òy!Ó Ó˚yˆÏá– Ó›§_yÓ˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ï˛y Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ôˆÏÓ˚ !l•z ï˛ˆÏÓ
~•z ܲÌy=!° xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ÈüüüÈ Úڧܲ° §yÙy!çܲ ç#Ól•z xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ– §Ü˛° Ó˚•§ƒ Îy ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ï˛yÓ˚
!òˆÏܲ !lˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y ÙylÓç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ Î%!_´ @˝Ãy•ƒ §Ùyôyl °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆÎ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ Ó›§_y Ó°y ã˛ˆÏ° ly– ~!ê˛ ~ܲ §Ó≈çl#l
Ó˚*˛õ °y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ Ó›!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Ó›!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ó •ˆÏÎ˚ GˆÏë˛ ~Ùl ~ܲ
Ó› ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ fl∫Ó˚*˛õ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl í˛zÂây!ê˛ï˛– ï˛ál ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ï˛#Ó  !Óï˛Ü≈˛ çß√°y˲ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!Óï˛Ü≈˛!ê˛ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ ÚÚÓ›Óyò G §y¡ÀyçƒÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÛÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚!l–
çç≈ °%ܲyã‰˛ ÚÚ•z!ï˛•y§ G ˆ◊!îˆÏã˛ï˛lyÛÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly!ê˛ !°!˛õÓk˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ~•z @˝ÃˆÏsi ÚÚÓ%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ˲yÓlyÓ˚ !Ó≤Ãï˛#ˆÏ˛õÛÛ xLjϢ !ï˛!l
ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ú§_yÛ G Ú§Ó≈çl#lï˛yÛ ˆÜ˛yl˲yˆÏÓ•z ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ lÎ˚– ï˛yÓ˚y ˲#£Ïî˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲyd– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yl !ܲS%ÈÓ˚
x!hflψÏcÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° ~!ê˛Ó˚ ~ܲ §Ó≈çl#l §_y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ xÌ≈yÍ ~!ê˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒÛ– Ó›§_y G ï˛yÓ˚ §Ó≈çl#l §_yÓ˚
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ •° Ó›Ó˚ fl∫ܲ#Î˚ §_y– xÌ≈yÍ Ó› ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ≤ÈÏÎ˚yàˆÏÎyàƒ ~ÓÇ !lç !ӣψÏÎ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l–ÛÛ
Ê˛°ï˛ ~ê˛y ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ ˆÎ °%ܲyã‰˛ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §•Ùï˛ !SȈϰl ly– xyÙÓ˚y !Óï˛Ü≈˛ê˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ ò)ˆÏÓ˚ §ˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚ ly–
~ál ≤ß¿ GˆÏë˛ ˆÎ in itself ~ÓÇ for itself !ܲ ˛õÓ˚flõˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD §¡õÜ≈˛Î%_´⁄
~ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ xyˆÏSÈ !ܲ⁄ ܲyrê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ ÚÓ›§_yÛÈüÈÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly– ܲyrê˛ G !•í˛zÙÈüÈ~Ó˚
ò¢≈làï˛ Ùï˛ˆÏ˲ò xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈–
!•í˛zÙÈüÈ~Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó_´Óƒ •° Ó›§_y ÓyhflψÏÓ ˆl•z– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏl!wÎ˚ Îy @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y•z ˆÜ˛Ó° •z!wÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly– lyly ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚
xl%Ë)˛!ï˛ÈüÈ•z xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù!hflÏˆÏ‹Ò ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓƒï˛y §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚– !Ù!°ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ï˛y ÓyhflψÏÓ Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ x!hflÏc ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– Ó›
xl%˛õ!fliï˛– !ܲv lylyÓ˚Ü˛Ù xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚ ÓyhflψÏÓ x!hflÏc xyˆÏSÈ– xˆÏK˛Î˚Óyò Ó›§_yÓ˚ x!hflÏc xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ xˆÏK˛Î˚ÓyòˆÏܲ Ó›Óyò G
˲yÓÓyò ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ òy¢≈!lܲ ˲yÓly !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z ôÓ˚y •Î˚– ܲyrê˛ !ܲv Ó›§_yÓ˚ x!hflÏcÈüÈ•z òy!Ó Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓ ò¢y çyly §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
ï˛y•z !ï˛!l ~ˆÏܲ xK˛yï˛ Ó›§_y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
Ù)° ≤ß¿ê˛y ~ˆÏD°§‰ ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°l ˆÎ Ó›§_y !ܲ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §!ï˛ƒ xˆÏK˛Î˚⁄
°%ܲyã˛ Ü˛yrê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ Ó›§_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ~ˆÏD°§‰ˆÏܲ ˆ•ˆÏà°˛õsi# ˆË˛ˆÏÓ!SȈϰl ˆÜ˛l ï˛y çyly ÎyÎ˚!l– !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛
!l‹±yî Ó›Ó˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ !ܲ for itself •GÎ˚y §Ω˛Ó⁄ ÙylÓ !ã˛hs˝yÎ˚ ~•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ Ó›Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy í˛zˆÏß√y!ã˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !SÈ°– ~ˆÏD°§‰
~áyˆÏl ÚÓ›§_yÛÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yl !ÓÓ˚&k˛ ôyÓ˚îy !òˆÏï˛ ã˛yl!l– xyˆÏ°yã˛lyê˛y ˆÜ˛yl Óy!•ƒÜ˛ Óy xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l !ӣψÏÎ˚ lÎ˚ ÓÓ˚Ç Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
˲yÓlyÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ x!hflÏc §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– Îál•z ˆÜ˛yl ˆ◊!î ‘in itself’ ˆÌˆÏܲ ‘for itself’ÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y ˆÜ˛yl xy˛õyï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l lÎ˚ñ §y!Ó≈ܲ
àë˛l G Ë)˛!ÙܲyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l– Ê˛ˆÏ° ~ê˛y ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó›Ó˚§_yÓ˚ ‘in itself’ G ‘for us’ xÓfliyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ï˛yÓ˚
Óî≈ly !SÈ° ~ܲ Ó›Ó˚ ÙylÓ ÙˆÏl !m!Óô ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°l §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛– ~•z ≤çˆÏD ~ˆÏD°§‰ ӈϰ!SȈϰl ˆÎ xyÙÓ˚y Ó› §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚
K˛yl xç≈l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ å!ï˛!l ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!lÓ˚#«˛y G !¢“ˆÏܲ í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚lä–
Ó›§_yñ Ê˛ˆÏ° xyÓ˚ xôÓ˚y Óy xˆÏK˛Î˚ Ó˚•z° ly– !ï˛!l ‘in itself’ G ‘for us’ ܲÌy ò%!ê˛ Ó› ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙylÓ ÙˆÏlÓ˚ xl%Ë)˛!ï˛Ó˚˛ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏܲ
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˆ°áyÎ˚ ‘in itself’ G ‘for us’ ÓyܲƒyÇ¢ ò%!ê˛ Ó›ˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲv Ó›ò¢y
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ ~•z §¡õÜ≈˛!ê˛ çÓ˚&!Ó˚•z Óy ˆÜ˛l⁄
ˆÜ˛l °%ܲyã‰˛ Ó°ˆÏ°l ly ˆÎ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §ˆÏD xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §¡õÜ≈˛ ˆl•z– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy xl%¢#°l–
÷ô% ˆ•ˆÏà° ˆÜ˛lñ ˆÜ˛yl òy¢≈!lܲ•z ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ xyˆÏà xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ë)˛!ÙܲyˆÏܲ Óí˛¸ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòˆÏál!l– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ÓyáG ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚
§ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛yÎ˚ Ó›Ó˚ x˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ Ó˚*˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ‘in itself’ G ‘for us’ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲yÓlyÎ˚ ܲáˆÏly xyˆÏ§ !l– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ K˛ylï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚
Ù)° !˲!_ xl%¢#°l ~ÓÇ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ !SÈ° Ó›Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚– ï˛y•z ~ê˛y ÷ô% §ˆÏã˛ï˛lï˛y G ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ my!®μܲ Ùôƒfliï˛y lÎ˚ Îy
ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏl ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl !SÈ°– xÌ≈yÍ ˆ•ˆÏà° ò!¢≈ï˛ ‘in itself’ G ‘for us’ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ˆã˛ï˛ly G Ó›Ó˚
my!®μܲ §¡õܲ≈ˆÏܲ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !˲!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚•z òÑyí˛¸ ܲÓ˚yˆÏly í˛z!ã˛ï˛È– ~SÈyí˛¸y Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ m®μï˛_¥ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ xl%¢#°lˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty
ܲ!Ó˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyˆÏÓ˚y !Óºyhs˝ •Ó– ï˛y•z °%ܲyˆÏã˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ÚڈΠ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïyàï˛ §Ù§ƒy!ê˛ ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏe ò%ˆÏÓ≈yôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ˆ§!ê˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ùyôyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛
•ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ °%ܲyˆÏã‰˛Ó˚ ~ˆÏ•l ≤ÈÏã˛‹Ty §•ç !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ xyˆÏÓ˚y ç!ê˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
°%ܲyã‰˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ÚÚ~ˆÏ«˛ˆÏeñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚§Ó˚ Ó,!k˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲyrê˛ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ó›_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ Óyôy !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏ° ܲyrê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚
K˛ylï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §¡õ)î≈ Ë%˛° Óƒyáƒy •ˆÏÓ– x˛õÓ˚!òˆÏܲ ܲyrê˛ ï˛Íܲy°#l xyô%!lܲï˛Ù !ÓK˛yl ÎÌy !lí˛zê˛l#Î˚ Ù•yܲy¢ !ÓK˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ !lç ï˛_¥ xy•Ó˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ G•z !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˲!Ó£Ïƒï˛ §Ω˛yÓly ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!l K˛yl ≤ÃyÆ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ˆ§•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî !ï˛!l !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆË˛ˆÏÓ!SȈϰl ~•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ܲ
§#Ùy•#l ˛õ!Ó˚Óƒy!Æ °yˆÏ˲ §ÙÌ≈– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ Ú§ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ !l!ò≈‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y •° §ÙhflÏ Úâê˛ly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ K˛ylÛ âê˛ly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ K˛yl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ•z
ÌyܲˆÏÓ åÓ›§_yÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ä– ~SÈyí˛¸y âê˛ly !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ K˛yl K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ àë˛làï˛ §#ÙyˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly xÌ≈yÍ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ܲÌyÎ˚ Ó°ˆÏ° Ó°ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~!ê˛ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲï˛y G ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó›Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#– ܲyrê˛ !lˆÏç xˆÏK˛Î˚Óyò G ï˛y §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !•í˛zˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ !ӣψÏÎ˚ flõ‹T ˲yˆÏÓ
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl å~SÈyí˛¸yG !ï˛!l ӈϰˆÏSÈl ~Ùl ~ܲçˆÏlÓ˚ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ï˛!l !ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l !SȈϰl !ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l ÓyÜ≈˛!°ä–
ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛ly!ê˛ ÚÚ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ áu˛lÛÛ @˝Ãsi!ê˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
~ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ °%ܲyã˛ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ my!®μܲï˛y çylˆÏï˛l ly– !ï˛!l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ò,!‹T˲!DˆÏï˛•z ˆòáˆÏï˛l– ~ê˛y ˆÜ˛yÌy ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÓ!ï≈˛ï˛
•°ñ ï˛ÑyÓ˚ ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ly!ܲ !ÓK˛yl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÓyV˛y ˛õí˛¸y ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ xl%§¶˛ylˆÏܲ à˲#Ó˚ xhs˝ò,≈!‹T ˆòáyˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
í˛zk,˛ï˛ xÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚ °%ܲyã‰˛ Ó!î≈ï˛ !ÓK˛yl x!ô!Óòƒy Óƒyï˛#ï˛ xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È lÎ˚– ≤ÃÌÙï˛ âê˛lyˆÏܲ!wܲ §yÙ!@˝Ãܲ K˛yl ˆÜ˛Ó° âê˛ly§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛
K˛yl xˆÏ˛õ«˛y ˆÓ!¢ !ܲS%È– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyàï˛ §#ÙyˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ï˛ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Îy!sfܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ï˛y•z ܲyrê˛
Ó›§_yˆÏܲ •z!wÎ˚@˝Ãy•ƒ ˲yÓly !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ Ó›§_y Ó› çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ |ˆÏk≈˛– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ my!®μܲï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛y °%ܲyã‰˛
fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ly– xyÓyÓ˚ !ÓK˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l ܲyrê˛#Î˚ ò,!‹T˲!DˆÏï˛ xyê˛ˆÏܲ !SȈϰl–
!ÓK˛yl !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏD°§ ÚÚ°%퉲!˲ܲ Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÛÛ @˝ÃˆÏsi !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚàï˛ ¢ï˛y!∑Ó˚ Ó›Óyò Ù)°ï˛ !SÈ° Îy!sfܲ– ܲyÓ˚î ˆ§ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye Îsf!Óòƒy G Ù)°ï˛ ˛õy!Ì≈Ó G Ù•yܲy¢àï˛
Ó›§Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ Îsf!Óòƒy ÎÌy Ù•yܲ£Ï≈ !ÓK˛yl !l!ò≈‹T ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– Ó˚§yÎ˚l !Óòƒy ˆ§ §ÙÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜¢¢Ó ˆ˛õˆÏÓ˚yÎ˚!l– ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚G ~ܲ•z
xÓfliyÈüüüÈ ≤Ãyî# G í˛z!qò §Ù)• fli(°Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˛õÓ˚#!«˛ï˛ !SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈e´ˆÏÙÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ï˛ Îy!sfܲ ˲yˆÏÓ– ˆòܲyˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ çv Îy !SÈ°ñ
x‹Tyò¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ Ó›Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Ùyl%£Ï !SÈ° ï˛yÈüÈ•zñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Îsf– Ó˚§yÎ˚l G ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Îy!sfܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y§Ù)• ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚ !ë˛Ü˛•z
!ܲv ~•z §Ü˛° Îy!sfܲ l#!ï˛ xlƒylƒ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ l#!ï˛ myÓ˚y ≤Ã˲y!Óï˛– ~áyˆÏl•z §lyï˛l# Ê˛Ó˚y!§ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y °%!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
Î!òG ~•z §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y ˆ§•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xl!ï˛e´Ùƒ•z !SÈ°–
~•z Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y •° ~!ê˛ Ù•y!ÓŸªˆÏܲ ~ܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– Ù•y!ÓŸª ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ˲yˆÏÓ
Óyôy•#l ~ܲ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈ ï˛y ~•z Ó›Óyò Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚!l– ï˛Íܲy°#l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yl !SÈ° x!ô!Óòƒyàï˛ G xmy!®μܲ– ~ˆÏ•l
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~•z §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# !SÈ°– ~ê%˛Ü%˛•z çyly !SÈ° ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ xhs˝•#lÓ˚*ˆÏ˛õ
à!ï˛¢#°– ï˛ˆÏÓ G•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy !SÈ° ~•z ˆÎ ~•z à!ï˛ Ó,_yܲyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲ•z˛õˆÏÌ˛ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚e´Ùî¢#° G ÓyÓ˚ ÓyÓ˚ ~ܲ•z Ê˛ˆÏ°
˛õÎ≈Ó!§ï˛–
ˆ§ÔÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛zͧ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ ï˛_¥ åˆÎ §)Î≈ ~ÓÇ @˝Ã•§Ù)• çˆÏß√!SÈ° xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲyIμ°ñ â)î≈yÎ˚Ùyl l#•y!Ó˚ܲy§Ù)• ˆÌˆÏܲä
í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° !ë˛Ü˛ G•z §ÙˆÏÎ˚•z ~ÓÇ ï˛álG ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ˆÜ˛Ó° ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÜ˛Ôï)˛•ˆÏ°Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ӈϰ•z àÓ≈ •ï˛– ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
•z!ï˛•y§ñ l,ï˛_¥ñ ï˛ál !SÈ° §¡õ)î≈ xçyly ~ÓÇ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ §ç#Ó ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ §_y§Ù)• ˆÎñ §Ó˚° ˆÌˆÏܲ ç!ê˛° !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ ò#â≈
˛õÓ˚¡õÓ˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°◊&!ï˛ ˆ§•z ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !ÓK˛yl §¡øï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y §Ω˛Ó •Î˚ !l– ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ x˜Ïl!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ò,!‹T˲!D ï˛ál
xÓ¢ƒΩ˛yÓ# !SÈ°–ÛÛ
~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!‹T˲!DÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ˆï˛y°y ≤ß¿=ˆÏ°yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe çÓ˚&!Ó˚ •ˆÏ°G í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚y_´ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚
˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ò,!‹T˲!D G Ó›§_y §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛ Óƒ_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
°%ܲyã‰˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆ§ ~ˆÏD°§‰ Ú˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛yÛ G Ú!¢“ÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ my!®μܲ G òy¢≈!lܲ !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%¢#°l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óà≈#Ë)˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ò¢≈l G xl%¢#°l
ò¢≈lï˛ˆÏ_¥ xl%¢#°l §Ó≈çlfl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ Óà≈ lÎ˚– ˲yÓÓyò G Ó›Óyò ~áyˆÏl !Ó˲_´– Ó›ÓyòG ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ !Ó!Óô Ó_´ÓƒˆÏܲ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y•z
~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùhs˝ˆÏÓƒ˛ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò# ò,!‹T˲!DˆÏï˛ Úxl%¢#°lÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ §K˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y–
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlñ
ÚÚ~ê˛y ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ e&!ê˛ ˆÎ ï˛y ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ó›!l¤˛ï˛y G xydÙ%á#lï˛y (Objectivity and Subjectivity), ÓyhflÏÓï˛y G
xÓyhflÏÓï˛yˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ ò,!‹TˆÏܲyî ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ ܲˆÏÓ˚ G í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòÎ˚–
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ï˛_¥ •° xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ Ê˛§°– !ܲv Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÈüÈ~Ó˚ xl%¢#°l Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ܲyÎ≈e´Ù lÎ˚– !ï˛!l !Ó£ÏÎ˚#àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– !ï˛!l ~Ó˚ !l‹±yî Ó›àï˛ !òܲ!ê˛ Ùye Úxl%¢#°ˆÏlÛ xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ Úxl%¢#°lÛ G Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy ï˛yÓ˚ Ó‡ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ӈϰl–
≤ÃÌÙï˛ñ !ï˛!l ˆçyÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ ӈϰl ˆÎ xl%¢#°l•z §Ü˛° K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zͧ–
ÚÚ!ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ÓyhflÏÓï˛y G xÈüÈÓyÓhflÏÓï˛yÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Óï˛Ü≈˛!ê˛ñ Îy xl%¢#°l ˆÌˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó÷k˛ ˛õ![˛ï˛§%°Ë˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚–ÛÛ å!mï˛#Î˚ !Ì!§§ñ
Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyˆÏáÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !Ì!§§ä
~áyˆÏl xl%¢#°l •° Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lñ §!e´Î˚ñ •z!wÎ˚ç ܲyÎ≈ñ Ó›Ó˚ åò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛ä G˛õÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ !e´Î˚yñ Îy Ó›Ó˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ e´Ù¢ §!ë˛Ü˛
ôyÓ˚îy àˆÏí˛¸ ˆÏï˛yˆÏ°– ~ê˛y ~ܲê˛y ≤Ã!e´Î˚y Îy Ó›§_yˆÏܲ e´Ù¢/ ˆã˛ï˛lyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ §•çàÙƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°– ~ˆÏD°§‰ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl≠
ÚÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ !e´Î˚yÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆòáy Ó› §yÙ@˝Ã# ˆÎ Ó›àï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ˆÏîÓ˚ §ˆÏD §yÙO§ƒ ˛õ)î≈ñ ï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚–Û åÊ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá
§¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !Ì!§§ä
ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ !mï˛#Î˚ Úxl%¢#°lÛ •° Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°lÛñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y G Ùyl!Óܲ !e´Î˚yܲ°y˛õ Óy xyd˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚
§Ùy˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy !ï˛!l Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– åÊ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyá §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !Ì!§§ä
~ÓyÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáÓ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆÜ˛yl‰ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ÓÏ°ˆÏSÈl– ~ˆÏD°§ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆ§•z xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆÎ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚
4lÇ !Ì!§ˆÏ§– åÊ˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚Óyáä Ùyl!Óܲ xl%¢#°l ~ÓÇ ~•z xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ˆÏï˛ §Ù@˝Ã ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y!lÓ˚#«˛y ˆï˛y ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ•z– ï˛ˆÏÓ•z
ly ÙyÜ≈˛§ ӈϰˆÏSÈl Ùyl!Óܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ §Ü˛° Ó˚•§ƒ Î%!_´!l¤˛ §ÙyôyˆÏl ˆ˛õÔÑSȈÏÓ– !¢“ ò%!òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ùyl!Óܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ xyGï˛yË%˛_´
•Î˚– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ ~Ó˚ §Ç!Ÿ’‹T G ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ !ÓK˛yl G ≤ÃÎ%!_´àï˛ !ӈϟ’£Ïî G ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zqÓ– !mï˛#Î˚ï˛/ ˛õîƒ !Ó!lÙÎ˚
ÓƒÓfliyÎ˚ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l •z!wÎ˚ç xÇ¢@˝Ã•î ~ÓÇ ï˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zq(ï˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛Ó˚ ï˛Ï_¥ G ˆ◊!îm®μÈüÈ~Ó˚ §Çe´yhs˝ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ çß√–
Ùyl!Óܲ xl%¢#°l !ܲlyñ ï˛y ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çlƒ ò%!ê˛•z Ùy˛õܲy!ë˛ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ܲyÎ≈!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §ˆÏã˛ï˛lñ §!e´Î˚ñ •z!wÎ˚ç ܲyÎ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏFSÈ !ܲlyñ xyÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ !ܲly–
˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÈüÈ!lÓ˚#«˛y G !¢“ ï˛y•z xÓ¢ƒ•z xl%¢#°l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î#Î˚– ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xlƒylƒˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ï˛y•z §!ë˛Ü˛ lÎ˚–
~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˲y[˛yˆÏÓ˚ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ܲƒy!˛õê˛y° Î!ò ˆ◊¤˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ !mï˛#Î˚ @˝Ãsi!ê˛ •GÎ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛ ~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Úxƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÛ– ~•z @˝ÃˆÏsi•z
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ G ò¢≈l §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ)î≈yDï˛yÎ˚ í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ G ï˛yÓ˚ =Ó˚&c !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~ܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ã˛ã˛y≈Ó˚ xD– xyÙÓ˚y ~ !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚Ó !Óáƒyï˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ˆç !Ó ~§
•°ˆÏí˛lÈüÈ~Ó˚ 1939ÈüÈ~ ˆ°áy Ùï˛yÙï ˛G ò,!‹T˲!DÓ˚ §y•y΃ !lˆÏÎ˚– •°ˆÏí˛l ~ ≤çˆÏD !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~ˆÏD°§ §ÙhflÏ !ÓK˛ylȈÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ï˛!l !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ SÈye !SȈϰl– 1861 ˆÌˆÏܲ
!ï˛!l Ó˚§yÎ˚l !ÓK˛yl# ‘Schorlemmer’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙƒylˆÏã˛fiê˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ~ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ !l!Óí˛¸ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏáˆÏSÈl– 1871 §yˆÏ° !ï˛!l
°u˛ˆÏl xyˆÏ§l ~ÓÇ Óƒy˛õܲ ÙyeyÎ˚ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ @˝Ãsi Ó˚ã˛ly ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ˛õí˛¸y ÷Ó˚& ܲˆÏÓ˚l– !ï˛!l ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó,•Í @˝Ãsi Ó˚ã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ •zˆÏFSÈ Ó˚yˆÏál
ˆÎá˛yˆÏl !ï˛!l ~•z Ó_´ÓƒˆÏܲ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ˆÎñ ˆÎ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù=!° •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ âê˛ly=!°Ó˚ xy˛õyï˛ xyܲ!fløܲï˛yȈÏܲ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ
ˆ§•z ~ܲ•z !lÎ˚Ù=!°Ó˚ myÓ˚y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓàñ ï˛yÓ˚ x§Çრ!Ó¢,C°ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚– Î!ò ~•z Ó•z!ê˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚§#Ù =Ó˚&c ÌyÜ˛ï˛–ÛÛ
•°ˆÏÈí˛l ~ܲÌy !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ my!®μܲï˛yÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤çˆÏD– ≤ÃÌÙï˛/ !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~•z ≤ß¿ ˆÎ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ~•z !ÓK˛yl ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ !ܲ !SÈ°– ï˛yÓ˚ §•Ùï˛ !SÈ° !ܲ⁄
≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ xlƒylƒ ¢yáyÓ˚ Ùï˛ !ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈Ó˚ ˆ«ˆÏeG ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ °yàyï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ~ê˛y•z ˆò!áˆÏÎ˚ ˆòÎ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ !SÈ° ˆÎÔÌ
K˛ylã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ Ê˛§°–
1873ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 30ˆ¢ ˆÙÈüÈˆï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆÜ˛ ˆ°áy ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ã˛!ë˛Ó˚ ~ܲyÇ¢ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxyç §Ü˛yˆÏ° Îál xy!Ù !ÓSÈylyÎ˚ ÷ˆÏÎ˚ !SÈ°yÙñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yl §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !l¡¨!°!áï˛ Ü˛ï˛=!° mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ˆ«˛e xyÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏl ~°≠
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› ï˛y •° çí˛¸ÈüÈ˛õòyÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛ñ ˛õòyÌ≈ˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly à!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xy°yòy ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
xlƒylƒ ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆÎ xÓfliylñ ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §¡õÜ≈˛ SÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly à!ï˛•#l ˛õòyˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ~ܲÙye à!ï˛Ó˚
ÙˆÏôƒ•z õòyÌ≈ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ í˛zˆÏß√yã˛l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– xï˛~Óñ ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !ÓK˛yl Ó›ˆÏòÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~ÓÇ à!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õܲ≈ °«˛ƒ
ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ Óî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl ã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ ò#â≈ §ÙÎ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎ !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ Ùï˛!Ó!lÙÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò%ÛçˆÏlÓ˚•z x§Çრ!ã˛!ë˛ÈüÈ˛õˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚ lÙ%ly
SÈ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– 1858ÈüÈˆï˛ DarwinÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘Origin of Species’ ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~ˆÏD°§ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxy!Ù ~ál í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zl ˛õí˛¸!SÈñ Îy ~ܲܲÌyÎ˚ x§yôyÓ˚îñ xyç xÓ!ô ܲáˆÏly ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ~ï˛ §%®Ó˚ ˆã˛‹Ty
•Î˚!l–ÛÛ
~Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ Ùyܲ≈§ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚí˛yÓ˚í˛z•zˆÏlÓ˚ @˝Ãsi á%Ó•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y xyÙyÓ˚ §ˆÏD á%Ó áy˛õ ˆáˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ï˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚
ˆ◊!î§Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ §ÙÌ≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛y ÷ô%Ùye ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ÙܲyÓ˚îÓyòÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÌÙÓyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ùï˛ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ xyâyï •yˆÏlñ ~•z lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç
àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÙ)°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ xÌ≈ˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
á%Ó flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ•z í˛zˆÏë˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ñÈüÈ ‘class struggle in history from the viewpoint of nature science’ÈüüüÈ•z!ï˛•y§ G
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl §¡õÜ≈˛– xƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛ƒ!Ó˚Ç @˝Ãsi!ê˛ ≤Ã̈ÏÙ ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ Herr Eugen Dühring’s Revolution in Science lyˆÏÙ– Îy
ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° çyÙy≈l §Ùyçï˛sf# ˛õ!eܲy VorwartsÈüÈ~– ~•z @˝Ãsi!ê˛ •° ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lñ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ
§Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ È~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ)î≈yD @˝Ãsi–
~ˆÏD°§ Îál Dialectics of NatureÈüȈ°áyÓ˚ ≤Û!ï˛˛õˆÏÓ≈ !ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈Î˚ í%˛ˆÏÓ xyˆÏSÈlñ ˆ§•z §ÙÎ˚ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ çyÙy≈l ˆ§y§ƒy° ˆí˛ˆÏÙyˆÏe´!ê˛Ü˛
˛õy!ê≈˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆlï˛y Bebel, Bracke, Bernstien, LiebknechtÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ˆlï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ° xl%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏôñ ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ òy!Î˚c ˆòl Eugen
DühringÈüÈ~Ó˚ ºyhs˝ Ùï˛ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ ~ܲê˛y ˛õ)î≈yD Ó_´Óƒ ≤Ã›ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ çlƒ– Engels çy!lˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎñ xƒy!rê˛Èüí%˛ƒ!Ó˚Ç @˝Ãsi!ê˛ Ü˛y°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y
˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ xl%ˆÏÙyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ÷ô% ï˛y•z lÎ˚ñ ~•z @˝ÃˆÏsi xÌ≈l#!ï˛ §Çe´yhs˝ xÇ¢!ê˛ Ü˛y°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚•z ˆ°áy–
xƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÈüÈ•z ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ~ܲÙye ˛õ)î≈yD @˝Ãsiñ ï˛y•zñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ~Ó˚ !Óï˛!Ü≈˛ï˛ xÇ¢=ˆÏ°yˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚
§•Ùï˛ !SÈ° !ܲly ~ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §Ùyôyl çÓ˚&Ó˚#–
ÓyhflÏÓï˛/ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°§ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õë˛lÈüÈ˛õyë˛l G Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ ܲyÎ≈!Ó˲yçl ܲˆÏÓ˚ !àˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù)° òy!Î˚c òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xÌ≈l#!ï˛ xLjϢ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚yñ ÎyÓ˚ Ê˛°yÊ˛° òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ‘Capital’ ~Ó˚ §,!‹T– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ òy!Î˚c òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ò¢≈lñ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yl !ӣψÏÎ˚ ÙˆÏly!lˆÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚y G ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ çÓyÓ ˆòGÎ˚yÎ˚– 1867ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 22 ç%ˆÏlÓ˚ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚˆï˛yÙyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ï,˛!Æ xyÙyÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ Óy!ܲ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï Îy ӈϰ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ÉÉÉÛÛ
˙ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛•z ÙyÜ≈˛§ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
 ÚÚÉÉÉxy!Ù ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ xy!Ó‹,Òï˛ ˆ§•z !lÎ˚Ù ˆÎ ÷ô% ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyîàï˛˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈l =îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏl Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚°yÙ ~ÓÇ
Ó_´Óƒ Ó˚yá°yÙ ˆÎ ~•z !lÎ˚Ù ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓ •z!ï˛•y§ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛ylÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ÈÏÎyçƒÛÛ
È1860ÈüÈ~Ó˚ 19ˆ¢ !í˛ˆÏ§¡∫Ó˚üÈ~Ó˚ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ Origin of Species §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~•z •° ˆ§•z Ó•z Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ !˲!_ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
Ùyܲ≈ˆ§Ï Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyˆÏï˛G xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ•z ˲yÓly ˛õy•z 1844ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùƒyly§‰!e´≤Wz§ÈüÈ~G ÙyÜ≈˛§ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚˚ !Ó¢y° K˛yl˲y[˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ÓÎ%_´
ÌyܲyÓ˚ çlƒ ò¢≈lˆÏܲñ òy¢≈!lܲˆÏòÓ˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èlñ ˆ§áyˆÏlG !ï˛!l ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛ !ÓK˛ylÈüÈˆÜ˛ §ÙhflÏ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓˆ˚ SÏ Èl– Ùyl%ˆ£Ï ÓÏ ˚
§yˆÏÌ ≤Ãܲ, !ï˛Ó˚ ˙ܲƒ fliy˛õlÈÈ•z !SÈ° Ùyܲ≈ˆ§Ï Ó˚ !Ó£ÏΖ˚
•zܲl!Ùܲ ~[˛ !Ê˛°ç!Ê˛Ü˛ƒy° Ùƒyly§‰!e´≤Wz§ÈüÈ~ ÙyÜ≈˛§‰ !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ !ÓÙ)ï≈˛ï˛yÎ˚ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ÙylÓ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ˆÏܲ !Ó!FSÈߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ï˛y Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚ÛÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ Îál ˆÜ˛í˛z
ˆÜ˛í˛z ~Ùl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ ÙyÜ≈˛§È ~ܲ•z @˝ÃˆÏsi !°ˆÏá ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏSÈl Ú~ܲÙye ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ•z •° ˆÜ˛yˆÏly!ܲS%ÈÛ–ÛÛ
ÚÚçyÙy≈l xyò¢≈Óyò ~ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl Ú~•z §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó!•/fli ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ =Ó˚&c •° xlye´yhs˝Û–
ÚÚ˛õ!Óe ˛õ!Ó˚ÓyÓ˚ÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl ÚÙyl%£Ï !lˆÏç Ó›ˆÏܲ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚!l ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ ˆ§ ܲáˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §,çl¢#° Óy í˛zͲõyòl¢#°
«˛Ùï˛y §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚˛ ly Î!ò ly Ó› xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z !ÓòƒÙyl ÌyܲˆÏï˛yÛ–
õ%Ñ!çÈüÈˆï˛ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈl Ú~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ xô/fli xÇ¢ §Ó§ÙÎ˚ ˛Óy!ܲ ÌyˆÏܲñ Îy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ §y•y΃ Óƒï˛#ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y §,!‹TÛ– ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ùyl%£Ï G ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ xy§ˆÏÓy– ï˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáÓ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓK˛ylÈüÈã˛ã≈˛yÓ˚ Ù)° ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòƒ!ê˛ˆÏܲ–
!ï˛l!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ˆÏÜ ~ˆÏD°§ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ my!®μܲï˛yÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ù)° xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôyÎ≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl≠
1ä ˆÜ˛y£ÏÈüÈ~Ó˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚
2ä ¢!_´Ó˚ §ÇÓ˚«˛î G Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù–
3ä ≤Ãçy!ï˛Ó˚ (species) !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ x!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚–
≤ÃÌÙ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚!ê˛Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ •° ï˛y ˜çÓ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ x!˲K˛ï˛yÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚– !mï˛#Î˚ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚!ê˛ ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãܲ,!ï˛ •° xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ x!ÓÓ˚yÙ
≤Ã!e´Î˚y– ï,˛ï˛#Î˚!ê˛ ÙylÓ •z!ï˛•y§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ í˛zͧÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÙyî ܲˆÏÓ˚–
~ˆÏD°§ ÙˆÏl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛ylÈüÈ~Ó˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ ~ܲ §DˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù%ˆÏá òyÑ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ° ÎyÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ˆÏÓ 1ä !Ó¢,C°y G
x§yÙO§ƒñ 2ä my!®μܲ §ÇˆÏŸ’ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ¢,C°y G §yÙO§ƒ fliy˛õl– !ï˛!l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ!Ó÷k˛ ≤ÃyˆÏÎ˚y!àܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚=!°ñ ˆÎ=!° !Ó˛õ%° ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏî çÙy •ˆÏFSÈñ ˆ§=!°ˆÏܲ ÷ô%Ùye !Ólƒy§ xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yçyˆÏlyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yÓ˚
çˆÏlƒ ˆÎ !Ó≤’ÓÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Ó°˛õ)Ó≈ܲ ôyÎ≈ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈñ ï˛y ~Ùl•z ~ܲ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˆÎ ï˛yˆÏܲ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ my!®μܲ
ã˛!Ó˚eÈüÈˆÜ˛ e´Ù¢ ˆÓ¢# ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ~Ùl!ܲ ˆ§•z §Ó ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà!ÓòˆÏòÓ˚˚ÈüÈG ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚y ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ¢#
!ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ my!®μܲï˛y @˝ÃˆÏsi §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !ÓK˛ylÈüÈˆÜ˛ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆÎ§Ó xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yÓ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏî §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚
˲y°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl •°ˆÏí˛lÈüÈ •z–
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ my!®μܲï˛y @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ Ù%áÓ¶˛ !°áˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l xï˛ƒhs˝ Ù)°ƒÓyl xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– 1939ÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l !°áˆÏSÈl ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚
˛õy[%˛!°!˛õÈüÈ!ê˛ 1872 ˆÌˆÏܲ 1882ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆ°áy ñ ï˛y•z 60 ÓSÈÓ˚ xyˆÏàÓ˚ !ÓK˛ylÈüÈã˛ã˛y≈ˆÏܲ xl%ôyÓl ܲÓ˚y•z Ù%¢!ܲ° Î!ò ~ܲçl ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ
xl%¢#°l G ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ly çyˆÏll– !ï˛!l !°áˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ§yÙ!@˝Ãܲ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ ¢!_´ x«˛Î˚ÈüüüÈ ~•z Ùï˛Óyò!ê˛ ï˛ál §ˆÏÓÙye ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyñ Ó˚§yÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ç#Ó!ÓòƒyÈüÈÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲvñ ï˛ál ~•z
Ùï˛Óyò á%Ó•z x§¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ í˛z˛õ°∏˛˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°– ÚÓ°Ûñ Úà!ï˛Û ~ÓÇ ‘vis viva’ÈüÈ~•z ܲÌy=!° ÎyˆÏܲ xyÙÓ˚y ˛xyç Ú¢!_´Û Ó!° ˆ§•z
çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°–ÛÛ
ÚÚà!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ xyܲyÓ˚ÛÛñ ÚÚà!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õÛÛ •zï˛ƒy!ò xLjϢ ~ˆÏD°§ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ !Óï˛Ü≈˛=!°ñ Îy ¢!_´ !ӣψÏÎ˚ x§¡õ)î≈ Óy e&!ê˛˛õ)î≈ ï˛_¥
ˆÌˆÏܲ çß√ !lˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ï˛Íܲy°#l ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ ¢∑ ‘vis viva’ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ !SÈ° à!ï˛Ó˚ ¢!_´ˆÏܲ !m=î ܲÓ˚yñ
~ál xyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚ly ~ÓÇ Ó° ¢∑!ê˛ ~ál ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÈüÈÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T xˆÏÌ≈•z ÷ô% ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ •Î˚– •ƒ°ˆÏí˛l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~ˆÏD°§ Óï≈˛Ùyl xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ ~=ˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛l ly ÷ô%Ùye ~•z ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˆÎñÈ ÈˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˲yÑê˛y §Çe´yhs˝ â£Ï≈î (tidal friction)
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ !ï˛!l xyÓ˚G xyô%!lܲ ˛õ!Ó˚˲y£Ïy ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlÛÛ– •ƒy°ˆÏí˛l !°áˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ ÚÚ!Óò%ƒˆÏï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê xyÓ˚G
xyˆÏà ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ‘Weidemann’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ x§D!ï˛Ó˚ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆÓ¢ ˆÜ˛Ôï) •°ÈüÈí˛zj#˛õܲ ~ÓÇ Ó˚§yÎ˚!lܲ !e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ
˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ !e´Î˚yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÎ §ÇˆÏÎyà ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%§¶˛yl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏÓòl !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆ§!ê˛ ˆ¢£Ï •Î˚– ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ~•z
xl%§¶˛yl ò%!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ê˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !òˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– ~•z ˲!ӣσÍÓyî# xyçˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ Ê˛ˆÏ° !àˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ‘Arhenius’ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘ionic
theory’ Ó˚§yÎ˚lÈüÈˆÜ˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ ‘Thornson’s electron theory’ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÎ˚ !Ó≤’Ó ~ˆÏlˆÏSÈ– ~áyˆÏlG ≤ÃܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈
˛õy[%˛!°!˛õÈüÈ!ê˛ !lÿ˛Î˚ xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚y •ï˛– 1882 §yˆÏ°Ó˚ 23ˆ¢ lˆÏ˲¡∫ˆÏÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆ°áy ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛!ë˛ˆÏï˛ !ï˛!l !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ Siemens !Ó !ê˛¢ ~ˆÏ§y!§ˆÏÎ˚¢lÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ï˛yÓ˚ §Ë˛y˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ˲y£ÏˆÏî ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ ӈϰÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l Ú~ܲܲ ÙyeyÛÈüÈÓ˚ §ÇK˛y
ˆòlñ ÎyÓ˚ lyÙ ÚGÎ˚yê˛Û (Watt), Îy ÚˆÓ˚yôÛ (Resistance) ~ÓÇ !Óò%ƒÍ≤ÃÓy• (Current)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ =ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ùyl%˛õyï˛–
!ï˛!l ~ˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏD ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà (Momentum) ~ÓÇ ¢!_´ (Energy)ÈüÈÓ˚ x!Ë˛Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ï%˛°ly ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ Îy !lˆÏÎ˚ !ï˛!l xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl
‘The measure of motion-work’ åà!ï˛!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùy˛õä lyÙܲ ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ˆÏï˛– !ï˛!l ~áyˆÏl !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ Îál xyÙÓ˚y ¢!_´Ó˚
~ܲ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xlƒ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚!SÈ ï˛ál ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ó˚° xl%˛õyï˛ ˛õy•z åÚà!ï˛Ó˚Û xl%˛õyˆÏï˛
Ú˲Ó˚ˆÏÓàÛ ~ÓÇ Ú!Óò%ƒÍ ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚Û xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ Ú˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ Ó°Ûä– !ܲvñ Îál Ú¢!_´Ûñ Úï˛y˛õÛ Óy ÚܲyˆÏçÛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •ˆÏFSÈ ï˛ál à!ï˛ xÌÓy
 ≤ÃÓy•ÈüÈˆÜ˛ !lˆÏçÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ =î ܲˆÏÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ÙyeyÈüÈ!ê˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Úxï˛~Óñ ~!ê˛ à!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §yôyÓ˚î !lÎ˚Ù ˆÎ!ê˛ xy!Ù ˛≤ÃÌÙ §)eÓk˛
ܲ!Ó˚Û– xyÙÓ˚y ~ál ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÜ˛l ï˛y §Ω˛Ó •ˆÏFSÈ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ñ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà ~ÓÇ ˜Óò%ƒ!ï˛Ü˛ Ó° ~•z ò%!ê˛Ó˚ !l!ò≈‹T !òˆÏܲ à!ï˛˛õÌ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ
ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ à!ï˛ Óy !Óò%ƒÍ ˛≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ !òܲ í˛zˆÏŒê˛ !òˆÏ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚G !òܲ í˛zˆÏŒê˛ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲvñ ¢!_´ ~ܲ•z ÌyˆÏܲ– xï˛~Ó à!ï˛ Óy ≤ÃÓy• ~•z §)ˆÏe
‘Square’ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xy§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yÓ˚î (–x)(–x)=X2ÛÛ
ÚÚÚˆçyÎ˚yÓ˚ ˲yÑê˛y §Çe´yhs˝ â£Ï≈îÛÈüÈ~•z ≤Ãӈ϶˛ ~ˆÏD°§ ~ܲ!ê˛ =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ Ë%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl xÌÓy xyÓ˚G ÎÌyÎÌ˲yˆÏÓ Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˆàˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê˛
Ë)˛° Îy ≤ÃÓ¶˛!ê˛ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ° =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ •ï˛–ÛÛ
ÚÚxlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ !ÜS%È Ó_´Óƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ=!° !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ x§ï˛ƒ ˆÎÙl l«˛e ~ÓÇ ‘Protozoa’ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xÇ¢=!°– !ܲvñ ~áyˆÏl
ï˛Íܲy°#l Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈K˛yl# G ≤Ãyî#!ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲçlˆÏܲ ˆÙˆÏl ã˛°yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆòy£ÏyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–ÛÛÈ
È•ƒy°ˆÏí˛lüÈ~Ó˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ~ˆÏD°§üÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ e&!ê˛=!° ôÓ˚y ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ Ü˛áˆÏly•z ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ly ˆÎ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ ò)Ó≈° •ˆÏFSÈ– ÓÓ˚Ç
~˲yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲê˛y òy¢≈!lܲ ò,!‹T˲D# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ fl∫Ó˚*˛õˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G flõ‹T G §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ܲySÈyܲy!SÈ
!lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚–
•ƒy°ˆÏí˛l !°ˆÏáˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÎál ~•z §Ü˛° §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏFSÈñ ~!ê˛ xï˛#Ó !ÓfløÎ˚ܲÓ˚ ˆÎ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ £Ïyê˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyÏ¢
!ï˛!l ˛õ)Óy≈ˆÏ•´•z í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–ÛÛ
ÚÚï˛yÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ Ó_´Óƒ ˆÎ ≤Ãyî •° ÚˆÏ≤Ãy!ê˛lÛ §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢‹TÙ)°Ü˛ xyã˛Ó˚î x!ôܲyÇ¢ ≤ÃyîÈüÈÓ˚§yÎ˚l!Óò (Biochemist)ÈüȈòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ
xï˛ƒhs˝ ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢ ò,!‹T˲D# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙˆÏl •ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ܲyÓ˚î ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ xhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ ˆ≤Ãy!ê˛l SÈyí˛¸y xyˆÏÓ˚y xlƒylƒ ç!ê˛° ˜çÓ˛õòyÌ≈
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆ¢£Ï ã˛yÓ˚ ˛ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ~ˆÏ§ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ !ܲS%È !Ó÷k˛ Úˆ≤Ãy!ê˛lÛ §!ï˛ƒ•z ≤Ãyî#çàˆÏï˛Ó˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ
≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îy •° !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚&Ͳõyòl ܲˆÏÓ˚ §ÇáƒyÓ,!k˛ ܲÓ˚y–ÛÛ
•ƒy°ˆÏí˛l Ù)°ï˛ ~ܲçl !ÓK˛yl#– ~ˆÏD°§ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ºy!hs˝ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl !ܲly ˆ§ !ӣψÏÎ˚ •ƒy°ˆÏí˛lüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ˆÏܲ Ùyey!ï˛!Ó˚_´ =Ó˚&c
ly ˆòGÎ˚yG ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ !Ü v !Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ xlƒï˛Ù ˆ◊¤˛ ~ܲçl !ÓK˛yl# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Îál ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÎ!ò ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y xyÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ï˛ñ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓK˛ylÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yÓly=!°Ó˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ñ Îy àï˛ !e¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚
•ˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y xyÓ˚G Ù§,î •ï˛– Î!ò í˛yÓ˚í˛z•zlÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ xyÓ˚G ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ •ï˛ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ˆÎÙl xy!Ù xˆÏlܲ
!ܲS%È !Ó¢,C° !ã˛hs˝y˲yÓly ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏçˆÏܲ ÓyÑã˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ï˛yÙ–ÛÛ
ï˛ál ˛≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ˆÏD°§üÈ~Ó˚ my!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ã˛Ùܲ≤Ãò §yÊ˛°ƒ xy@˝Ã• §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˜Ó!ܲú
!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl G ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l
!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !ÓK˛yl ã˛ã˛y≈Ó˚ ~ܲê˛y §yÙ!Î˚ܲ !ã˛e Óy !ӈϟ’£Ïî ~áyˆÏl xyˆÏ°yã˛ƒ lÎ˚– !ܲv Ӈܲy° ôˆÏÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÎ §¡õÜ≈˛ñ
!ӈϢ£Ï ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛!ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáˆÏSÈñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï ¢yáy!ê˛Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ à!ï˛üÈ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Gï˛ˆÏ≤Ãyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ ≤çˆÏD ï˛y•z !ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !ܲS%È ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ xy!Ó‹ÒyÓ˚ˆÏܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ ˆê˛ˆÏl xylyê˛y
xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛–
~Ùl•z ~ܲ ï˛_¥ •° Warner HeisenbergÈüÈ~Ó˚ x!lÿ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ (Uncertainty Principle)– 1972 §yˆÏ° Heisenberg ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z
!Óáƒyï˛ ï˛_¥ í˛z˛õfliy!˛õï˛˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– Heisenberg ï˛yÓ˚ ~•z ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ÷ô% ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ÈüÈ!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚•z §#ÙyÓk˛ Ó˚yˆÏál !lñ ~Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ
ï˛yͲõÎ≈ˆÏܲG §%flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈl– 1932 §yˆÏ° ï˛yÓ˚ system of matrix mechanicsÈüÈ~Ó˚ çlƒ !ï˛!l ˆlyˆÏÓ° ˛õ%Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˛õyl– x!lÿ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚
l#!ï˛ G ï˛yÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ Óƒyáƒy ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ âˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚y ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ï˛_¥yÎ˚lÈüÈ~Ó˚ çàˆÏï˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈˛õ)î≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#
§)eyÎ˚l–
HeisenbergüÈ~Ó˚ x!lÿ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ÈüÈÓ˚ Ù)° ܲÌy •°ÈüüüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ particleÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÓfliyl (position) ~ÓÇ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà (velocity) Î%à˛õÍ ˛õ)î≈
ܲy!A«˛ï˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ !lôy≈Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚– ParticleÈüÈ!ê˛Ó˚ xÓfliyl Îï˛ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓñ ï˛ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓà !lôy≈Ó˚î x!l!ÿ˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏÓ–
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛Ê˛°yÊ˛° ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ–
~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Ü˛ê˛ΔˆÏlÓ˚ xÓfliyl !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢!_´¢y°# xî%Ó#«˛î Îsf ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° •zˆÏ°Q…l!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛
‘Photon’ ܲîyÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ xyâyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y– xyˆÏ°yܲ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü˛îyÓ˚ Ùï˛ xyã˛Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z ~•z xyâyï˛ electronÈüÈ!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓà
(momentum)ÈüÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ– xÌy≈Í ˛õÎ≈ˆÏÓ«˛î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ electronÈüÈ!ê˛Ó˚ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓàÈüÈ•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆà°– ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l •ˆÏFSÈ
x!lˆÏò≈¢ƒ ~ÓÇ x!lÎ˚sfîˆÏÎyàƒ– ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ !ÓòƒÙyl quantum theory xl%ÎyÎ˚# xyˆÏ°yܲ quantumÈüÈ~Ó˚ precise angleÈüÈ~ lensÈüÈ~Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚
!lˆÏ«˛˛õ xyˆÏà ˆÌˆÏܲ•z çyly Óy !lÎ˚sfî ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚ñ ï˛y•z •zˆÏ°Q…l!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛ˆÏÓˆÏàÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ Ùyl G !òܲ !lô≈yÓ˚î ܲÓ˚y §Ω˛Ó lÎ˚–
≤ß¿ •ˆÏFSÈñ Î!ò xyÓ˚G í˛zß¨ï˛ ôÓ˚ˆÏlÓ˚ •zˆÏ°Q…l Ùy•zˆÏe´yˆÏflÒy˛õ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ï˛y•ˆÏ°⁄ í˛z_Ó˚ •°ñ ï˛yˆÏï˛G §Ù§ƒy !Ùê˛ˆÏÓ ly– ܲyÓ˚îñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛
§ÙhflÏ ˆ«˛ˆÏe energy xy§ˆÏÓ quantum !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ï˛y ~ܲ•z§yˆÏÌ ï˛Ó˚D ~ÓÇ Ü˛îyÓ˚ ôÙ≈ ≤Ãò¢≈l ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y•z §Ó ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ §Ù§ƒy
ˆÌˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏÓ–
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓàüÈ~Ó˚ !lá%Ñï˛ !lô≈yÓ˚îÈüÈ~Ó˚ çlƒ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl •° á%Ó !l¡¨ ˲Ó˚ˆÏÓàüÈ~Ó˚ light quanta– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚ wave light
•ˆÏÓ ˆÓ!¢– Ê˛°ï˛/ angle of diffraction •ˆÏÓ Óí˛¸ó ÈxÓfliyl !lôy≈Ó˚î ï˛ï˛ê˛y•z á%Ñï˛Î%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ–
Warner Heisenberg !°áˆÏSÈl (Physics and Philosophy, 1958)ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~ܲ!ê˛ •zˆÏ°Q…lñ ôÓ˚y Îyܲ ‘E’ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÚxÓfliylÛ (position) ~ÓÇ Úà!ï˛Û (volocity)ÈüÈ~•z ¢∑=!° ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙÙy≈Ì≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚
§Ω˛yÓƒ ˆÎyàyˆÏÎyà=!°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ÎÌyÎÌ ~ÓÇ mƒÌ≈•#l˲yˆÏÓ !fliÓ˚#Ü,˛ï˛ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ~ê˛y §!ï˛ƒ ˆÎ !lí˛zê˛l#Î˚ ˆÙܲy!lܲ§‰
 (Newtonian Mechanics)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ày!î!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z ¢∑=!° •° xï˛ƒhs˝ §%flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ ôyÓ˚îy– !ܲvñx!l!ÿ˛!ï˛Ó˚
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ò,!‹T ˆÌˆÏܲñ ~•z ¢∑=!° ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ xï˛ê˛y flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ lÎ˚ñ ~ܲçl Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ !lí˛zÏê˛l#Î˚ ˆÙܲy!l܉˛§ÈüÈ~
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚y flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ñ !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §ˆÏD ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ï˛yÓ˚y xï˛ê˛y lÎ˚– ~!ê˛ ˆòáyÎ˚ ˆÎ
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ ò%à≈Ù xLjϢñ ˆÎáyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ÷ô%Ùye !Ó¢ò ΈÏsfÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆË˛ò ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤çyÓ˚ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈‹T ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚
≤ÈÏÎ˚yˆÏàÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yl ˆÜ˛yl §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y xy§ˆÏÓñ ˆ§ê˛y xyÙÓ˚y ܲáˆÏly•z ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xy®yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ lyñ xï˛~Óñ ˆË˛ò ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÎ˚ñ
!ܲS%È §ÙÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy=!°ˆÏܲ ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ ••z ˆÎ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ï˛y ÌyˆÏܲ ly ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly
xÌ≈ Ó•l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– §¡õ)î≈ Î%!_´˛õ)î≈ flõ‹Tï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ ¢ï≈˛ñ ˆ§•z ¢ˆÏï≈˛Ó˚ çlƒ !çò !ÓK˛ylˆÏܲ x§Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏÓ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl
xyô%!lܲ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ myÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ܲÌy fløÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚ ˆÎ !Î!l ܲáˆÏly ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ë% ° ly Ó°yÓ˚ !çò ôˆÏÓ˚
ÌyˆÏܲlñ !ï˛!l ˆÎl ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ ã%˛˛õ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl–ÛÛ
ÓyhflÏÓï˛/ñ Heisenberg ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ Ó›§_yÓ˚˚ ˆÌˆÏܲG ˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ˆâÑˆÏ£Ï xyˆÏSÈl– ˆÎ §ï˛ƒ xyÙÓ˚y í˛zò‰âyê˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ÓˆÏ° xy˛õyï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ
ÙˆÏl •Î˚ñ ï˛yG ˆÎ §!ë˛Ü˛ lÎ˚ ˆ§ê˛y•z !ï˛!l ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy G ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ hflψÏÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl–
Heisenberg !°áˆÏSÈl (1958)ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxï˛~Óñ ÚܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚îÈüȧ¡∫¶˛ÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ‘a priori’ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛Ï ܲyrê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Î%!_´=!° xyçˆÏܲ xyÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ lyñ fl∫ï˛/
°∏˛ K˛yl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÚfliylÛ (space) ~ÓÇ Ú§ÙÎ˚Û (time)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ‘a priori’ ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xl%Ó˚*˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚– Ê˛°
~ܲ•z •ˆÏÓ– ‘a priori’ ôyÓ˚îy ÎyˆÏܲ ܲyrê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!Ó§¡∫yò# §ï˛ƒ ӈϰ àîly ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyô%!lܲ ˛õòy≈Ì≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚
ÙˆÏôƒ xÓfliyl ˆl•z–ÛÛ
HeisenbergÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy Óy ò¢≈l !ӣψÏÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚Ó ly– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ƒ G fl∫Ó˚*˛õ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛
!ܲS%È ≤Ãy§!Dܲ ܲÌy Ó°y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚–
HeisenbergÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !Ó!FSÈߨ ï˛_¥ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ lÎ˚ñ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ˲y£Ïyï˛_¥ G ò¢≈ˆÏl ˆÎ§Ó ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ x!ô˛õï˛ƒ ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢
¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ò¢Ü˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ•z ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyˆÏFSÈñ ~ ï˛yÓ˚•z ~ܲ xÇ¢– !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ 20ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢Ü˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §ÙhflÏ
¢yáyˆÏï˛•z Ó%ˆÏçy≈Î˚y Ùï˛yòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ˆÎ xy!ô˛õï˛ƒ ˆòáy ˆàˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ˲yˆÏÓ•z !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ G ≤Ã˲yÓ¢y°#
˲yÓÓyò# ò,!‹T˲D#ÈüÈÓ˚ ≤Ãܲy¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ HeisenbergÈüÈ~Ó˚ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– •y•zˆÏí˛àyÓ˚ Î!ò ˆ¢!°Ç ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆò!Ó˚òyÈüÈÓ˚ §)eÓy•Ü˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲl
ï˛ˆÏÓñ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Heisenberg ˆ§•z ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ Óy•Ü˛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚– •y•zˆÏí˛àyÓ˚ xyÓ˚ •y•zˆÏçlÓyà≈ ò%ÛçˆÏlÓ˚•z
Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ !Ù° •° ò%ÛçˆÏl !SȈϰl !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ §!e´Î˚ §ÙÌ≈ܲ–
HeisenbergÈüÈ~Ó˚ x!lÿ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ l#!ï˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÈüÈàï˛ !òܲ!ê˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲÓ˚Ó ly– !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ≤Ã˲yÓ
§¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ !ܲS%È ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ Ùhs˝Óƒ xyÙÓ˚y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛•z ˛õy!Ó˚–
≤ÃÌÙï˛/ •y•zˆÏçlÓyˆÏà≈Ó˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒy §Çe´yhs˝ ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ó‡ xyˆÏà•z Brownian motionÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy xyÙÓ˚y ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÎ˚ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ ˆÎáyˆÏl
gaseous ˛õÓ˚Ùyî%Ó˚ random, movementÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲÌy Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– my!®μܲ Ó›Óyò ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z °ƒy˛õˆÏ°§üÈ~Ó˚ !lôy≈Ó˚îÓyò# ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚y!ôï˛y
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎáyˆÏl «%˛oï˛Ù ܲîyÓ˚ §M˛Ó˚î G ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ G !lÿ˛Î˚ï˛yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝yàï˛ Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !l!ÿ˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– my!®μܲ
Ó›Óyò ÓÓ˚yÓÓ˚•z ~ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏáˆÏS x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛y G xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚˚ x!˲ߨï˛y !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ~ܲ!ê ܲîyÓ˚ §M˛Ó˚î ˆÓ¢ !ܲS%Èê˛y ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚
å~áyˆÏl x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õòyÌ≈!Óòƒyàï˛ ≤Ãܲy¢äÈüÈ~Ó˚ §y•yˆÏ΃ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓñ çyly ÎyˆÏÓó xyÓyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲê˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~Ó˚ Óy•zˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyˆÏܲ xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y
Ó°y •Î˚– mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ !òˆÏܲÓ˚ x!˲ߨï˛yüÈˆï˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏS ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆË˛ò– xÌy≈Í x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛y ܲálG ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚ xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚– xyÓyÓ˚
xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y G x!lÓyÎ≈ï˛yüÈˆï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ó!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚–
xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚È˚ xÌ≈ !ܲ⁄ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ !ܲ ~•z ˆÎ ~Ó˚ !˛õSȈÏl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ly– ly ï˛y lÎ˚– xy§ˆÏ° ~ܲ!ê Ó›Ó˚ à!ï˛ Óy
˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ G˛õÓ˚ x§#Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õyòyl ≤Ã˲yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ã˛!Ó˚eñ ÙyeyÓ˚ !Ó!Ëߨï˛yÓ˚ x§#Ù §Çáƒy– fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z
~ˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ (absolute) xˆÏÌ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ xy§y ÎyÎ˚ ly– ≤ÃyôylƒÜ˛yÓ˚#ñ !lôy≈Ó˚ܲñ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyòyl=!° Ó›!ê˛Ó˚ à!ï˛
Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈ ˆÏÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ Ó°y •ˆÏFSÈñ ï˛y !fliÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòÎ˚ñ xÓ!¢‹T x§#Ù §ÇáƒÜ˛ í˛z˛õyòyl Îy !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ã˛ˆÏ°
xy§ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ xyÓyÓ˚ ~ál ˆÎ§Ó í˛z˛õyòyl ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õí˛¸ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ §ÇÎ%_´ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lï%˛l
í˛z˛õyòylȧÙ)•– ~˲yˆÏÓ xy˛õ!ï˛Ü˛ï˛y G ܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ (causality) x!˲ߨï˛y àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆË˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xÓfliyÎ˚–
ܲyˆÏrê˛Ó˚ xˆÏK˛Î˚ Ó›§_yÓ˚ Îál !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lÈ üüüÈÈï˛yÓ˚ xÌ≈ ܲál•z ~Ùl lÎ˚ Ó›§_y ˆK˛Î˚ ã˛Ó˚Ù xˆÏÌ≈– ܲyÓ˚î ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚È ò¢≈l
x!hflÏc ~ÓÇ à!ï˛ Óy ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛lÈüÈ~Ó˚ fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛ SÈyí˛¸y xlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly K˛ylÈüÈˆÜ˛•z xlˆÏ˛õ«˛ ӈϰ ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò xlˆÏ˛õ«˛ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#–
Heisenburg Ó›Ó˚ xÓfliyl G à!ï˛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆÎ çylyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝ !láÑ%ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ çylyÓ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l ò¢≈lÈ àï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ï˛y
x§Ω˛Ó ÙˆÏl ܲˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ Ó›§_y ã)˛í˛¸yhs˝Ë˛yˆÏÓ xˆÏK˛Î˚ !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !§k˛yhs˝ •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Î%!_´§Dï˛ Óƒyáƒy Heisenburg ˆòl !l–
ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ˆÌˆÏܲ causalityÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ÈüüüÈï˛yÓ˚G ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Óƒyáƒy ˛õyGÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚ ly–
≤ÈÏÊ˛§yÓ˚ •ƒy°ˆÏí˛l 1941ÈüÈ ~ !°ˆÏá!SȈϰl (The Laws of Nature ≤Ãӈ϶˛äÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ˛õ!ç!ê˛!˲fiê˛ (Positivists)ÈüÈÓ˚y ~ÓÇ Ë˛yÓÓyò#Ó˚y ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛ !lˆÏÎ˚ xˆÏlܲ ˆá°y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ Ó‡ !lÎ˚Ùñ Îy !ÓK˛yl#ˆÏòÓ˚
myÓ˚y §)ey!Î˚ï˛ñ ˆ¢£Ï ˛õÎ≈hs˝ xÎÌyÎÌ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ §Ó !lÎ˚ÙÈüÈ•z ï˛y•z •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲv ~ê˛y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z ~•z ܲÌy!ê˛ Ó°yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î
lÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ ~Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !lÎ˚Ù Óy ôyÓ˚y ˆl•zñ ÎyÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ Ó_´Óƒ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÓ– ~ܲçl Ó°ˆÏï˛•z
˛õyˆÏÓ˚l ˆÎ •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ~ܲòÙ §!ë˛Ü˛ xyܲyÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùƒy˛õÈüÈ•z !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ˆ§ˆÏ•ï%˛ •zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyܲyÓ˚ ˆl•z–
ˆÎê˛y ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ x§yôyÓ˚î ï˛y •° §yôyÓ˚î Úxy§ß¨ ÙylÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ á%Ñï˛¢)lƒï˛y– ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ ܲyl Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ~•z
!lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù á%шÏç ˛õyGÎ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ~ܲçlˆÏܲ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ¢ïÈüȧ•flÀ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏܲ ˆòáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ xˆÏlܲ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ•z
 §ï˛ƒ ˛≤ÈÏÎy΃– !ܲS%È !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe xyÙÓ˚y ˆòáˆÏï˛ ˛õy•z ˆÜ˛l ~Ùl •Î˚– !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ ·˛y[˛ •° §Ù!‹TÓ˚ ˛õ%!Oï˛ Ó˚*˛õ– xˆÏlܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ˆÓ¢ Óí˛¸ Ê˛yÑܲ ˆÊ˛yܲÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÚÓˆÏÎ˚°Û (Boyle)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÚâlcÛ ï˛yÓ˚ Úã˛yˆÏ˛õÛÓ˚ §Ùyl%˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ Úã˛y°≈§Û
(Charles)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ ÚxyÎ˚ï˛lÛ ï˛yÓ˚ Úï˛y˛õÙyeyÛÓ˚ §Ùyl%˛õyï˛ñ ~=!° ~ܲòÙ !lá%Ñï˛ •ï˛ Î!ò àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xî%=!° ~ܲ
~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% •ï˛ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyÎ˚ï˛l ˆl•z ~ÓÇ ÎyÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ xlƒˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly– §yôyÓ˚î ï˛y˛õÙyey ~ÓÇ ã˛y˛õÈüÈ~ ~•z !lÎ˚Ù=!°
˛≤ÃyÎ˚ §ï˛ƒñ ܲyÓ˚î ˆÎ fliyˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ àƒy§ÈüÈ!ê˛ xÓfliyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛ «%˛o xÇ¢ àƒyˆÏ§Ó˚ xî%=!° òᰠܲˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ÓÇ
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ «%˛o xLjϢ ï˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲ xlƒˆÏܲ xyܲ£Ï≈î ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ï˛ï˛ê˛y ܲyˆÏSÈ xyˆÏ§– ~ܲ•z˲yˆÏÓñ l«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ à!ï˛ !lˆÏÎ˚
xˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ l«˛e=!° ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê˛y ò%Ó˚ˆÏc ÌyˆÏܲ ˆÎ á%Ó Ë%˛°e&!ê˛ SÈyí˛¸y ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó®% !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ôÓ˚y
ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÉÉÉ
ÚÚˆÙˆÏ[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ !lÎ˚ÙyÓ°#ñ Îy xl%ÎyÎ˚# ò%!ê˛ ôÓ˚î !ܲS%È ˆ«˛ˆÏe 1≠1 xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ ˆ«˛ˆÏe 3≠1 xl%˛õyˆÏï˛ í˛z!òï˛ •Î˚–
ï˛_¥àï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ §!ï˛ƒ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xÇ¢ (Nucleus)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˲yçˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y á%Ó•z !lÎ˚!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ Îál ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôÓ˚lÈüÈ•z ~ï˛ê˛y
ò)Ó≈° lÎ˚ ˆÎ àîly ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà ï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ •ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌÙ ¢ï≈˛!ê˛ Ü˛áˆÏly•z §!ï˛ƒ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ ¢ï≈˛!ê˛ ˆÓyô•Î˚ §!ï˛ƒ lÎ˚– !ܲv ≤ÃÌÙ
¢ï≈˛!ê˛Ó˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù á%Ó•z ܲòy!ã˛Í– ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӈϢ£Ï ˆ«˛ˆÏeñ ~ܲ!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ !Ó˲yçlÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ë%˛° •Î˚ ò¢ •yçyˆÏÓ˚ Ùye ~ÜÓyÓ˚– 1≠1 xl%˛õyï˛
!ܲÇÓy 3≠1 xl%˛õyï˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~Ó˚ Ê˛° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚y ÎyˆÏÓ ÷ô%Ùye ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ¢ï˛ °«˛ í˛z!qò !ܲÇÓy ≤Ãyî#Ó˚ àîly ܲˆÏÓ˚– xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛
ˆÎyàƒï˛yÓ˚ ï˛Ê˛yÍ xyÓ˚G ˆÓ!¢ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈– !ܲvñ ï˛y §ˆÏ_¥G ˆÙˆÏ[˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ xl%˛õyï˛=!° ܲáˆÏly xï˛ƒhs˝ !lá%Ñï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÙyê˛yÙ%!ê˛ Ë˛yˆÏ°y ˛õÌ!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚–ÛÛ
!e´ˆÏfiê˛yÊ˛yÓ˚ ܲí˛GˆÏÎ˚° å˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §B˛ê˛äÈüÈ~ ܲyÎ≈ܲyÓ˚î §¡õÜ≈˛ˆÏܲ ~•z˲yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–ÈÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxyô%!lܲ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓîï˛y ˜ï˛Ó˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ÚܲyÎ≈ÈüÈܲyÓ˚î §¡∫¶˛Û l#!ï˛ˆÏܲ Ú!lÎ˚!ï˛ÓyòÛ˘Ú!l!Ù_ÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚
ܲÓ˚y– ~!í˛Çê˛l §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ˆÎ ~•z ò%!ê˛ §ÙyÌ≈ܲ ˆï˛y ò)ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌyñ ï˛yÓ˚y x§Dï˛ñ ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
ܲyÓ˚î ˆÌˆÏܲ ܲyÎ≈ ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ¢!_´Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓy• ÓˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– ~ÓÇ ˆ§•zçˆÏlƒ ܲyÓ˚îÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî fl∫yô#lï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ ÌyˆÏܲ– !ܲvñ
Îál ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ âê˛ly •° §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ x˛õ!Ó˚•yÎ≈˲yˆÏÓ !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ñ ï˛ál !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛lyˆÏܲ ܲyÓ˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ã˛!•´ï˛
ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ Îál ˆ§!ê˛ §)ã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ !lôy≈!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ âê˛lyÓ˚ myÓ˚y⁄ÛÛ
!ÓK˛yl G ò¢≈ˆÏl §B˛ê˛ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ˙ Ó•z!ê˛ˆÏï˛•z ܲí˛GˆÏÎ˚° Quantum PhysicsÈüÈ~Ó˚ çß√òyï˛y PlanckÈüÈˆÜ˛ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xllƒ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ Óy Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ xyÙÓ˚y Óy§ ܲ!Ó˚– ~!ê˛ •° ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ Ù%•)ï≈˛ñ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ xy«˛!Ó˚ܲ xˆÏÌ≈– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
xyôƒy!dܲ ~ÓÇ Ó›àï˛ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ¢yáyÎ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ!ê˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ §!¶˛«˛ˆÏî ~ˆÏ§ ˆ˛õÔˆÏSÈ!SÈ– ~•z Ù)° l#!ï˛!ê˛ ~ál ÷ô%Ùye
çl§yôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ Óƒy˛õyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÓyhflÏÓ xÓfliyÎ˚ ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚ ï˛y lÎ˚ñ ÓÓ˚Ç Óƒ!_´àï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ ç#ÓˆÏlG ˆòáy ÎyÎ˚–
ÚÚ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ñ !SÈ° ÷ô% ôÙ≈ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛Óyò ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛Ó˚ ÓƒÓfliy=!°ñ Îy !SÈ° §ˆÏ®•Óy!òï˛y˛õ)î≈ xye´ÙˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›– ~Ó˚˛õÓ˚
≤Ã!ï˛ÙyÈüÈ˛õ)çy!ÓˆÏÓ˚yô#Ó˚y ˆ§•z§Ó xyò¢≈ ~ÓÇ l#!ï˛ ã)˛î≈ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚°ñ Îy ~ï˛!òl xÓ!ô !¢“ÈüÈܲ°yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl∫#Ü,˛ï˛ !SÈ°– ~ál !ï˛!l
!ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ Ù!®ˆÏÓ˚ ì%˛ˆÏܲˆÏSÈl– ~áyˆÏl xyhs˝!Ó˚ܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ fl∫ï˛/!§k˛ §ï˛ƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ !òˆÏl ˆÜ˛í˛z xyÓ˚ ܲálG
xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– !ܲv ~ܲ•z §ˆÏDñ ≤ÃyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÜ˛yl ~ܲ!ê˛ xÌ≈•#l ï˛_¥ Î!ò ï˛y !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ lyˆÏÙ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ°
ï˛y ≤ÃyÎ˚ !l!ÿ˛ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ•z ˆÜ˛yÌyG ly ˆÜ˛yÌyG !ÓŸªy§# ~ÓÇ Ë˛_´ˆÏòÓ˚ á%шÏç ÓyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
CaudwellÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ á%Ó §%flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ Óî≈ly ܲÓ˚y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ !ÓK˛yl G ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ÚÚxyòˆÏ¢≈Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe í˛z˛õ§à≈=!° ≤ÃyÎ˚ ~ܲ•z–ÛÛ
xyÙÓ˚y ~•z xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚ •z!ï˛ ê˛ylˆÏï˛ ã˛y•z CaudwellÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z!_´ !òˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ •° !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ çàˆÏï˛ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ §yÙˆÏl ˆÎ ã˛ƒyˆÏ°O S%ÈшÏí˛¸ ˆòGÎ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîˆÏܲ flõ‹T ܲÓ˚y–
ÚÚxy•zlfiê˛y•zl •° xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛ï˛y ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ çlܲ ~ÓÇ ˛≤’ƒyl܉˛ •° ˆÜ˛yÎ˚yrê˛yÙ (Quantum) ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ çlܲ– ï˛yÓ˚y !lç !lç
ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%çˆÏl•z Ú!Ó≤’Ó#Û !SȈϰl– ~Ùl!ܲñ ≤’ƒyl܉˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !ÓŸªy§ ~ÓÇ xy•zlfiê˛y•zlÈüÈ~Ó˚ xl%˛õ°!∏˛Ó˚ñ ˆ§•zçˆÏlƒñ xÙ#ÙyÇ!§ˆÏï˛ÏÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚
ˆê˛ˆÏl ˆï˛y°yÓ˚ «˛Ùï˛y Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲvñ ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ Ü˛Ù ÓÎ˚§# ˆ°yˆÏܲÓ˚y ˆÎÙl ˆ••zˆÏ§l‰Óyà≈ (Heisenburg), fl;˛!í˛ÇçyÓ˚
(Schrodinger) ~ÓÇ !í˛Ó˚yܲ (Dirac), ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÎ%!_´àï˛ §yÊ˛ˆÏ°ƒÈÓ˚ ~ܲ•zÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ú!Ó≤’Ó#Û ã˛!Ó˚e Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ˆÏ®• ˆl•z ˆÎ
~•z lï%˛l ôyÓ˚y!ê˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ xflõ‹T ~ÓÇ ò%ˆÏÓy≈ôƒ Ó ·˛y[˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ˆÎ ˛õ!Ó˚◊Ù Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛y e´Ù¢/ çlàˆÏîÓ˚ §ÙÌ≈l !çï˛ˆÏï˛ §Ê˛°
•ˆÏFSÈ–ÛÛ
åܲä ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ m®μ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛–
mˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù xyÙÓ˚y !ÓhflÏy!Ó˚ï˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈñ my!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆÎÔÌ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸yÓ˚
§)ã˛lyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– ~áyˆÏl xyÙÓ˚y ÚmÏ®μÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲyç ܲÓ˚Ó ~ÓÇ àï˛ 86 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ~•z ï˛_¥ xl%¢#°l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆÎ Ë%˛° ôyÓ˚îy ˜ï˛Ó˚#
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆ§=!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚Ó–
~ˆÏD°§ ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚Û ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÓшÏô ˆÊ˛ˆÏ°l ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ my!®μܲï˛yÛ @˝Ãsi!ê˛ˆÏï˛– !ï˛!l ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxï˛~Óñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ÙylÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ˆÌˆÏܲ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù=!° xy•Ó˚ î ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ï˛yÓ˚y xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È•z lÎ˚ ÷ô% ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛
!Óܲy¢ ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ §yôyÓ˚î !lÎ˚ÙyÓ°#– ~ÓÇ §!ï˛ƒñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ˆÏܲ ≤Ãôylï˛ !ï˛l!ê˛ˆÏï˛ ly!ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyly ÎyÎ˚≠
ÚÚÙyey ˆÌˆÏܲ =îÈüÈ~ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛!m˛õÓ˚#ï˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ùñ ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ ˆË˛òƒï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ùñ ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lÎ˚Ù–ÛÛ
~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ù•z ˆ•ˆÏà° !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚lñ !ܲvñ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓÓyò# !˲!_ˆÏï˛– ~ˆÏD°§ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~•z !ï˛l!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ù ˆ•ˆÏà° ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓÓyò# ˲D#ˆÏï˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÷ô% ˲yÓlyÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÙye !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ≠ ≤ÃÌÙ!ê˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ÚÎ%!_´ÛÈüÈÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ
 xLjϢ Ú§_yÓ˚ Ùï˛ÓyòÛ (Doctrine of Being)ÈüÈ~ó !mï˛#Î˚!ê˛ ï˛yÓ˚ ÚÎ%!_´ÛÈüÈÓ˚ !mï˛#Î˚ ~ÓÇ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢!ê˛ Ú§yÓ˚yLjϢÓ˚ Ùï˛ÓyòÛ
(Doctrine of essence)ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛˛õ!Ó˚˛õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚– ˆ¢£Ï xÓ!ôñ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚!ê˛ •° ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ÓƒÓfliy!ê˛Ó˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù–ÛÛ
ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ Ë% ° ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ !SÈ°⁄ ~ˆÏD°§ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚË%˛°!ê˛ !SÈ° ~•z çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆÎ ~•z !lÎ˚Ù=!°ˆÏܲ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xlƒyÎ˚˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyˆÏÓ˚y˛õ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !§k˛yhsy!ò ܲÓ˚y •Î˚!l– ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yÙyeyÎ˚ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤ÃyÎ˚•z xy˛õ!_çlܲ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ôÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zͧ •°
~ê˛y•z– Ó ·˛y[˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ã˛hs˝yÈüÈÓƒÓfliy xl%ÎyÎ˚# §yçyˆÏly •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆÎ !ã˛hs˝yÈüÈÓƒÓfliy Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˲yÓlyÓ˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T ôyˆÏ˛õÓ˚
§,‹Tñ xyÙÓ˚y Î!ò !ç!l£Ïê˛yˆÏܲ â%!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ !ç!l£Ï §yôyÓ˚î •ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ my!®μܲ !lÎ˚Ù=!°ñ Îy ˲yÓÓyò#
xyòˆÏ¢≈ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò%ˆÏÓy≈ôƒ °yà!SÈ° ï˛y •ë˛yÍ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏlÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yÓ˚ Ùï˛ §yôyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ flõ‹T •ˆÏÎ˚ í˛z벰–ÛÛ
xyÙÓ˚y ~áyˆÏl ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !lÎ˚Ù!ê˛ á%Ñ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲÓ˚Ó Îy ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ àë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù–
ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù
~ˆÏD°§ ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ í˛z˛õfliy˛õly ܲˆÏÓ˚l í%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÈüÈˆÜ˛ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ í%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛lyÎ˚– ~áyˆÏl í%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆ§•z ˆ°áyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢
í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y •°ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ•zÇ°ƒyˆÏu˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ xy!òÙ ˛õ%O#˲ÓlÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ l܉˛¢y •° xyˆÏ˛õ!«˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ @˝ÃˆÏsiÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï xÇ¢ ~ÓÇ ˆ§!ê˛
xyˆÏÓ˚y ˲yˆÏ°y •ï˛ Î!ò ly mˆÏ®μÓ˚ §y•yˆÏ΃Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˲Ó˚§y ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ï˛– ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ÚˆÏl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xyÓ˚G
˲yˆÏ°y ~ÓÇ flõ‹T xlƒ!ܲS%È ly ÌyܲyÓ˚ §%ÓyˆÏòñ ~áyˆÏl ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z xï˛#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ àË≈˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˲!ӣσï˛ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤Ã§Ó Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ôye#
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ÚÓƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_ÛÈüÈÓ˚ ˆ°y˛õñ Îy ˆ£Ïyí˛¸¢ ¢ï˛y∑# ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ í˛z˛õyˆÏÎ˚ ܲyÎ≈ܲÓ˚# •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ •° ≤ÃÌÙ
ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î– ~!ê˛Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï˛#≈ˆÏï˛ xyˆÏ§ ˛!mï˛#Î˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ Îy ÚˆÏl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ã˛!Ó˚e!ê˛ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ˆ§•zçˆÏlƒ ÚÓƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_Û
˛õ%lÓ≈•y° •Î˚ñ !ܲv xyÓ˚G í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õñ ç!Ù ~ÓÇ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ Îsf˛õy!ï˛Ó˚ §yÓ≈çl#l Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛– ~áyˆÏlñ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~•z lï%˛l
ÚÓƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_ÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ Ú§yÙy!çÜ˛Û §¡õ!_ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~•záyˆÏl ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ xyàÙl •Î˚ñ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ m®μÈüÈˆÜ˛
‘Sublate’ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏܲ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÌyÓ˚ ˆá°y Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ~ܲ•z§ˆÏD x!ï˛e´Ù ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–ÛÛ
í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zk,˛ï˛ xÇ¢!ê˛ •° í%˛ƒ!Ó˚Ç ˆÎ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !lˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ã˛yl ˆÎ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÙy!çܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y ≤ÃÙyî ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ !ܲS%È
ˆl•zñ ÷ô%Ùye ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚ ôyÓ˚îy SÈyí˛¸y ï˛yÓ˚È•z ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢– ~Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆD°§ ÙyÜ≈˛§ˆÏܲ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–
ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó˚ã˛ly ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛!l ˆÓyV˛yˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l ÚˆÏl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ !ܲ ~ÓÇ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ !ܲ– Ú˛õ%Ñ!çÛÈüÈˆï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~!ê˛ •° ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î– ~!ê˛ Óƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_ ˛õ)lÓ≈•y° ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ !ܲv ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# Î%ˆÏàÓ˚ ˆfl∫y˛õyç≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ñ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •°
Ù%_´◊!ÙܲˆÏòÓ˚ §•ˆÏÎy!àï˛y ~ÓÇ ç!Ù G í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ Îsf §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ §yÓ≈çl#l x!ôܲyÓ˚ G Ùy!°Ü˛yly– !Ó!FSÈߨ˲yˆÏÓ xÓ!fliï˛ Óƒ!_´àï˛
§¡õ!_ñ Îy Óƒ!_´àï˛ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ myÓ˚y §,‹Tñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# Óƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_ˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ÈüüüÈfl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ ~ܲ•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ï˛yÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ
§¡õ!_ˆÏï˛ ˛Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Îy xï%˛°l#Î˚˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓ¢# !Ó°!¡∫ï˛ñ Üœ˛y!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛!ë˛l– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# Óƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_ñ Îy ~ál•z
ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•z §yÙy!çܲ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ !˲!_Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ òyÖ!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
~ˆÏD°§ Óƒy˛õyÓ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈ Ó˚yˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚڈΠˆÜ˛yl Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ•zñ ˆÎ §•ç ܲÌy ˆÓyˆÏV˛ñ ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ •° ˆÎ §yÙy!çܲ Ùy!°Ü˛yly ç!Ù ~ÓÇ xlƒylƒ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ ÎsfÈüȧyÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚
í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓƒyÆ ~ÓÇ Óƒ!_´àï˛ Ùy!°Ü˛yly í˛zͲõy!òï˛ Ó› xÌy≈Í ˆË˛yàƒ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÓƒyÆ– ~•z !Ó£ÏÎ˚!ê˛ˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ SÈÎ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚
!¢÷ˆÏܲ ÎyˆÏï˛ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛yˆÏly ÎyÎ˚ñ ˆ§•zçˆÏlƒ 56 ˛õyï˛yÎ˚ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ӈϰˆÏSÈl ˆÎ Ú~ܲ!ê˛ Ù%_´ Ùyl%£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ˆày¤˛# Óy §¡±òyÎ˚ñ ÎyÓ˚y
§yÓ≈çl#l í˛zͲõyòl §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ˆÏSÈlñ ˆÎáyˆÏl ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ xy°yòy Óƒ!_´Ó˚ ◊ÙÈüÈ¢!_´ §ˆÏã˛ï˛l˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà
ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ~ܲ!eï˛ ◊ÙÈüÈ¢!_´ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓÛ ÎyÓ˚ xÌ≈ •° §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ à!ë˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ §Ùyç– !ï˛!l xyÓ˚G ӈϰl ÚxyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
ˆày¤˛#Ó˚ ˆÙyê˛ í˛zͲõyòl •° ~ܲ!ê˛ §yÙy!çܲ í˛zͲõyòlÛ– ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÇ¢ lï%˛l í˛zͲõyòlÈüȧyÙ@˝Ã# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Ü˛yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲ
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyÎ˚– !ܲvñ xlƒ xÇ¢!ê˛ ˛≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §Ë˛ƒ ˆË˛yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l ç#ÓlôyÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ~•z xÇ¢!ê˛ÈüÈÓ˚ Ó^˝ê˛l ˆ§•zçˆÏlƒ
çÓ˚&Ó˚#–ÛÛ
ÚÚ§¡õ!_ Îy ~ܲ•z§ˆÏD Óƒ!_´àï˛ ~ÓÇ §yÙy!çܲñ ~•z !Óºy!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚ ˆòyxÑy¢°yÉÉÉÉÉÉ~ÓÇ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ ˆ•Ó˚ í%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ Ó˚&!ã˛
xl%ÎyÎ˚# ܲˆÏÓ˚l!lñ ˆ§•zçˆÏlƒ ï˛yˆÏܲ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zÑã%˛ ~ÓÇ x!˲çyï˛ƒ˛õ)î≈ ˆÜ˛ï˛yÎ˚ !Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •° ~ÓÇ §¡õ)î≈ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈Ó˚
!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§ˆÏܲ x!˲Î%_´ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l ~Ùl §Ó !ç!l£Ï !lˆÏÎ˚ñ Îy ˆ•Ó˚ í%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÈüÈ~Ó˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˜ï˛Ó˚# ܲÓ˚y–ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲˆÏÌy˛õܲÌlÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈ •° ˆÎ §Ùyç !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ !lˆÏç !lˆÏç•z ~•z §Ó =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï˛≈ˆÏlÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ~ˆÏ§
˛õˆÏí˛¸– ÙyÜ≈˛§ ܲáˆÏly ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl xl%ÎyÎ˚# ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÈüÈ~Ó˚ my!®μܲ ï˛_¥ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ã˛y!˛õˆÏÎ˚ ˆòGÎ˚yÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y ܲˆÏÓ˚l !l– ~ˆÏD°§‰ ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ í˛zk,˛ï˛
ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~ܲ!òˆÏܲ Îál Ó,•Í ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ §Çáƒy e´Ù¢ Ü˛ÙˆÏSÈñ ÎyÓ˚y ~•z Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ §ÙhflÏ §%!Óôy=!°ˆÏܲ òá° ~ÓÇ ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚yܲÓ˚î
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ò%/áÈüÈòy!Ó˚oƒñ ˆ¢y£Ïîñ òy§c ¢,C° xô/˛õï˛l ~ÓÇ ÓM˛lyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyîG Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ~Ó˚ §ˆÏD•z Óyí˛¸ˆÏSÈ
◊!ÙܲˆÏ◊!îÓ˚ !ÓˆÏoy•– ˆÎ ˆ◊!î!ê˛ §ÇáƒyÎ˚ e´ÙÓô≈Ùyl ~ÓÇ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# í˛zͲõyòl ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ ~ܲ•z ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˙ܲƒÓk˛ñ ¢,C°y˛õÓ˚yÎ˚î
~ÓÇ §Çà!ë˛ï˛– ˆÎ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ xô#ˆÏl ~ÓÇ §ˆÏD í˛zͲõyòl ˛õk˛!ï˛ xy!Ó≈Ë)˛ï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ í˛zߨ!ï˛ °y˲ñ ˆ§•z ˛õ%Ñ!ç xyç í˛zͲõyòl ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
≤Ã!ï˛Ó¶˛Ü˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚– í˛zͲõyòl í˛z˛õyÎ˚ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛w#ܲÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ §yÙyç#!ܲܲÓ˚î xӈϢˆÏ£Ï ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ~ˆÏ§ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ
ˆÎ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ó!•Ó˚yÓÓ˚îÈ á%Ó ¢#â •z !ÓˆÏfl≥˛yÓ˚î âê˛ˆÏÓ– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# Óƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒ â!rê˛ ÓyçˆÏSÈ– òá°òyÓ˚ˆÏòÓ˚ òá°ã%˛ƒï˛ ܲÓ˚y
•ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
xï˛~Óñ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Î%!_´§Dï˛ Ü˛yÎ˚òyÎ˚ñ ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ xl%˛õÙ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ §,!‹TÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ñ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ x@˝Ãà!ï˛ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Î%!_´
§¡øï˛ !¢áˆÏÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ÷ô%Ùye ~Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÓ˚•z ~Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î §yÓ˚yÇ¢ÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ òy¢≈!lܲ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ï%˛ˆÏ° ôˆÏÓ˚l–
~ˆÏD°§‰ ˆ°ˆÏál ÚÚ~ܲÙye ~•z ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ñ •z!ï˛•y§ ~ÓÇ xÌ≈¢yflfÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛˛õyòl §¡õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
˛õˆÏÓ˚ñ !ï˛!l ~ˆÏàylÈüüüÈ Ú˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# í˛zͲõyòl ~ÓÇ x!ôܲyÓ˚Ù)°Ü˛ ˛õk˛!ï˛ñ xï˛~Ó ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# Óƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_ •°ñ Óƒ!_´Ó˚ Óƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_ åÎy
ï˛yÓ˚ ◊ˆÏÙÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ ˜ï˛!Ó˚ä ï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÃÌÙ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î– ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# í˛zͲõyòlñ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ x≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yôl#Î˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çß√
ˆòÎ˚– ~•z!ê˛ •° Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ~ÓÇ ~•z ˲yˆÏÓ•z ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÉÉÉ–
~•z!ê˛ •° Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ ÎyˆÏܲ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ §)eyÎ˚l ~•z˲yˆÏÓ•z ã˛°ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ ÉÉÉ– ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ
ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ ˆÓyV˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ– ~!ê˛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ à,•#ï˛ Óy §)eyÎ˚#ï˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ôyÓ˚îy lÎ˚– ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xÇ¢
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ •hflÏàï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ xll%ܲÓ˚î#Î˚ §)-ï˛yÓ˚ §!•ï˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ §Ùyçï˛sf G §yÙƒÓyˆÏò Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ
≤Ã!ï˛!°!˛õÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˆÓyV˛ÓyÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ xy!Ó≈˲yÓ ~ÓÇ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ˆÏܲ Ù)ï≈˛ ~ÓÇ §ÇˆÏ«˛˛õ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°ñ ï˛y òÑyí˛¸yÎ˚ ~•z Ó˚*Ï˛õÈüüüÈ
Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~•z ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyÛÈüÈÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xáu˛ xÇ¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ˲yÓÓyò#
!˲!_Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ï˛y xy°yòy •GÎ˚yÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ï˛y ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲D#ñ Úmy!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ x!ÓˆÏÓFSÈòƒ xLjϢ ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ çlƒ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xÙ)°ƒ xÓòylñ ˆ§•z §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §yÙy!çܲ ~ÓÇ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Î%!_´Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ
Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ Ù%!_´Ó˚ çˆÏlƒ §!ë˛Ü˛ ܲï≈˛Óƒ §)eyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ñ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ Óƒ!_´àï˛ §¡õ!_ åç!Ù ~ÓÇ í˛zͲõyòl í˛z˛õyÎ˚ §yÙ@˝Ã#Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyä ˆ°yˆÏ˛õÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ
=Ó˚&c Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z !ӈϢ£Ï xÇ¢!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl–
xï˛~Ó xyÙÓ˚y ~•z !§k˛yhs˝ !lˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ ˆÎñ òy¢≈!lܲ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ñ l#ã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ §Ùyç ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝yÓ˚ ˆÎ !Óܲy¢ ï˛yˆÏܲ
Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏ°ñ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ •° ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚Û ≤Ãôyl xÇ¢–
Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó≈yD#l ≤ÃÓ¶˛ ˆ°ˆÏál!l– ~•z ܲyç!ê˛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ §¡õߨ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛yÓ˚
Úxƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛!Ó˚ÇÛ @˝ÃˆÏsiñ !ï˛!l ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ ï˛ç≈Ùy ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
~ˆÏD°§‰ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚà!îï˛ ¢yˆÏflfÈüÈG ~ܲ•z !ç!l§– ôÓ˚y Îyܲñ xyÙÓ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó#çày!î!ï˛Ü˛ §Çáƒy ôÓ˚°yÙ– í˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚*˛õ ÚÜ˛Û– Î!ò ~!ê˛ˆÏܲ
}îydܲ xÌ≈yÍ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚y •Î˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z Ú–ÈÜ˛Û– Î!ò xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§!ê˛ˆÏܲG }îydܲ ܲ!Ó˚ xÌ≈yÍ ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲ!Ó˚ å–ܲä !òˆÏÎ˚
å–ܲä =î ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ˛õy•z å+ܲä2 xÌ≈yÍ ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ ôlydܲ Ùyeyñ !ܲv í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ôyˆÏ˛õñ !mï˛#Î˚ áyˆÏï˛ í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ÛÛ–
ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!°≈Ó˚ òylyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ô!Ó˚ñ ~Ó˚Ü˛Ù xÓ%≈òÈüÈ!lÓ%≈ò Óy!°≈ òyly çÑyï˛yܲˆÏ° =ˆÏí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ çˆÏ° Ê%˛!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ~ÓÇ âl ܲˆÏÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚
áyGÎ˚y •Î˚– !ܲv Î!ò ˆ§Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!°≈Ó˚ òylyÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ~Ùl ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏӈϢÓ˚ §y«˛yÍ •Î˚ Îy ï˛yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲñ Î!ò ˆ§
~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z˛õÎ%_´ ç!ÙˆÏï˛ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° ï˛y˛õÙyey ~ÓÇ xyo≈ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ã˲yˆÏÓñ ï˛yÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !l!ò≈‹T Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ âˆÏê˛ ï˛y xB%˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ó Óy!°≈Ó˚ òyly!ê˛
~ܲ Ó˚ܲÙ˲yˆÏÓ ÓyhflψÏÓ xyÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ àyˆÏSÈÓ˚ xy!Ó≈˲yÓ •Î˚ñ Îy ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ
•ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •ˆÏÎ˚– !ܲv ~•z àySÈ!ê˛Ó˚ fl∫y˲y!Óܲ ç#ÓlÎyey !ܲÓ˚ܲÙ⁄ ˆ§!ê˛ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ •Î˚ñ ˛õ%ˆÏ‹õ §Ù,k˛ •Î˚ñ àË≈˛Óï˛# •Î˚ ~ÓÇ
xӈϢˆÏ£Ï xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ ≤Ãã%˛Ó˚ Óy!°≈Ó˚ òyly í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ Îál•z ~=ˆÏ°y ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚ Ù)° àySÈ!ê˛ ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ xyÓyÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î
•Î˚– xï˛~Óñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xyÙÓ˚y xyÓyÓ˚ ˆ§•z ≤ÃyÓ˚!Ω˛Ü˛ Óy!°≈Ó˚ òyly ˆ˛õ°yÙñ !ܲv ~ܲܲ ÙyeyÎ˚
lÎ˚ ò¢ñ Ü%˛!í˛¸ñ !e¢ =ˆÏî–ÛÛ
ÚÚí˛zòy•Ó˚î fl∫Ó˚*˛õñ ≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛Ó˚y !í˛Ù ˆÌˆÏܲ í˛zͲõߨ •Î˚ !í˛ˆÏÙÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙñ !ܲS%È !l!ò≈‹T Ó˚*˛õyhs˝ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yÓ˚y ~!àˆÏÎ˚
ã˛ˆÏ° Îï˛«˛î ly ï˛yÓ˚y ˆÎÔl ˛õ)î≈ï˛y °y˲ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ ˆçyí˛¸y á%шÏç !lˆÏFSÈ ~ÓÇ §Ó ˆ¢ˆÏ£Ï ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •ˆÏFSÈñ !Ù°l §¡õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚ flf#
≤Ãçy˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ x§Çრ!í˛Ù í˛zͲõߨ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD ï˛yÓ˚y ÙyÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚–ÛÛ
ÚÚxyÙÓ˚y xyÓ˚G ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zòy•Ó˚î !l•zÈüüüÈ ≤Ãyã˛#l ò¢≈l !SÈ° xy!òÙñ fl∫ï˛fl≥)˛ï≈˛ ˲yˆÏÓ !Óܲ!¢ï˛ Ó›Óyò– ˆ§•z ˆ•ï%˛ñ ˆ§!ê˛ Ùll ~ÓÇ
çí˛¸Ó›Ó˚ §¡õܲ≈ˆÏܲ flõ‹T ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §«˛Ù •Î˚!l– !ܲvñ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿ flõ‹Tï˛yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y çß√ ˆòÎ˚ ˆò• ˆÌˆÏܲ xydyÈüÈˆÜ˛ ˛õ,Ìܲ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚
Ùï˛Óyòñ ˆ§áyl ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z xydyÓ˚ x!ÓlŸªÓ˚ï˛yÓ˚ ò,ì˛¸ ˆây£Ïîy ~ÓÇ xӈϢˆÏ£Ïñ ~ˆÏܲŸªÓ˚ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ çß√ ˆòÎ˚– xï˛~Óñ ≤Ãyã˛#l Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚
˲yÓÓyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î •Î˚– !ܲvñ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xyÓ˚G !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õˆÏÌñ ˲yÓÓyòÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ê˛!ܲˆÏÎ˚ Ó˚yáy x§yôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚
ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î âˆÏê˛ xyô%!lܲ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y– xyô%!lܲ Ó›Óyò ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ÷ô%Ùye ≤Ãyã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ%l/≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ≤Ãyã˛#l
Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ fliyÎ˚# !˲!_Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Î%_´ •Î˚ ò% •yçyÓ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ò¢≈l ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ !ÓK˛yl ~ÓÇ ~•z ò% •yçyÓ˚ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§– ˆ§!ê˛ ï˛ál
xyÓ˚ ÷ô%Ùye ò¢≈l lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓŸª ò,!‹T˲D#ñ ÎyˆÏܲ ï˛yÓ˚ !lˆÏçÓ˚ xܲyê˛ƒï˛yˆÏܲ fliy˛õl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ
Ú˛õ,Ìܲ#Ü,˛ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓK˛ylÛ (science of sciences apart)ÈüÈ~ lÎ˚ñ !ܲv ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ !ÓK˛yˆÏl– xï˛~Óñ ò¢≈l ~áyˆÏl ‘Sublated’ xÌ≈yÍ
x!ï˛e´!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛≠ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe x!ï˛e´yhs˝ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §yÓ˚ÙˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛–ÛÛ
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ~ˆÏD°§‰ ~áyˆÏl !lˆÏç •z!ï˛Óyã˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv ï˛y •° Karl Korsch,
George Lukacs !ܲÇÓy AlthusserÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ ~ܲòÙ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– ï˛yÓ˚y ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚l ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ܲS%È Ü˛Ù
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xÌÓy §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ åˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ lÎ˚ä– Ü˛y°≈ ܲ§≈ (Karl Korsch) ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚï˛yÓ˚y ÓÓ˚Ç ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ܲï≈˛Óƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòˆÏál ÷ô%Ùye ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈Ó˚ §ÙhflÏ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ˲yÓÓyò# ò¢≈l ÷ô% lÎ˚ñ ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚
ò¢≈l ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xyܲyÓ˚ G §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈ˆÏܲ !l!ò≈‹T˲yˆÏÓ x!ï˛e´Ù ~ÓÇ Óy!ï˛° ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ÉÉÉÛÛ
~ˆÏD°§‰ !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ §¡õ)î≈ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÓ˚ˆÏá!SȈϰl ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛Óyò ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲS%È x!ôܲ– ~áyˆÏlñ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ò¢≈l x!ï˛e´!Ùï˛ ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §yÓ˚ÙˆÏÙ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò¢≈l §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛– ~ê˛y á%Ó•z ˛õ!Ó˚‹ÒyÓ˚ ˆÎ ܲy°≈ ܲ§≈ (Karl Korch) ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ xy!Ó≈˲yˆÏÓÓ˚
≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ã˛!Ó˚e Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Ë%˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈ ~ÓÇ xyܲyÓ˚ ~•z ò%!ê˛ÈüÈ•z x!ï˛e´yhs˝– !ܲv !ï˛!l ~!ê˛ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ x§Ê˛° •l ˆÎ ò¢≈l !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ – !ï˛!l ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ
≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ x§Ê˛° •l– ¢∑!ê˛Ó˚ òy¢≈!lܲ xˆÏÌ≈Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Ú≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒylÛ ~ÓÇ Úˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ˆ§•z xˆÏÌ≈ñ xlƒylƒ
ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lñ !ÓŸªÈüÈˆÜ˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ ÷ô%Ùye ~ܲ!ê˛ •y!ï˛Î˚yÓ˚ lÎ˚– ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆ§ ~•z Ùï˛ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆÎ çàÍÈüÈˆÜ˛
~ܲÙye ï˛álÈüÈ•z §!ë˛Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyˆÏÓ Îál ï˛yˆÏܲ å§Ùyç Óy Ó›ä ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ÷Ó˚& ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– xï˛~Óñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚
ò¢≈lñ xlƒylƒ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#ˆÏܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚–
ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ •z!ï˛•y§ xÌ≈yÍ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ôyÓ˚îy •° Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ç#Óhs˝ !Ó£ÏÎ˚– §ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §ˆÏD §ˆÏD •z!ï˛•y§
x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ~ÓÇ x!ã˛!hs˝ï˛ ˛õ)Ó≈ ˛õyܲ G ÓÑyˆÏܲÓ˚ §ˆÏD˛ Ó‡ ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°– !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ñ Îál •z!ï˛•y§ !lˆÏçÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛
Ú§!˛õ≈°Û ˛õˆÏÌ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ã˛ˆÏ°ñ Îál !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°l xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˆë˛ˆÏ° ˆòÎ˚ñ ï˛ál §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !l¤%˛Ó˚ òy!Î˚c!ê˛ •z!ï˛•y§
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãòyl ܲˆÏÓ˚– ï˛ál ܲáˆÏly ܲáˆÏly xyÙÓ˚y !Óflø,ï˛ ••z ˆÎñ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÌ!ê˛ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy lÎ˚ó !ܲv ~ܲ!ê˛ §!˛õ≈° Óy xÑyܲyÓÑyܲy ˛õÌó xyÙÓ˚y
!Óflø,ï˛ ••z ˆÎ ôyÓ˚yÓy!•Ü˛ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ í˛zÕ‘¡≥˛lñ !Ó˛õ≈ÎÎ˚ G ˲yDl ÌyܲˆÏÓ–
~ál my!®μܲ Ó›Óyòñ Îy !lˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õÌÈüÈ!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ !ÓŸª ò,!‹T˲D# ~ÓÇ Îy !lˆÏç ~ܲ!ê˛ ˛õ%lÙ)≈°ƒyÎ˚l ~ÓÇ ˛˛õ%lÓ˚l%§¶˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ï%˛°lyÓ˚ l!çÓ˚ñ
ï˛y ܲáˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ mƒÌ≈ܲ ~ÓÇ xflõ‹T ôyÓ˚îy •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– ~ÓÇ ~•záyˆÏl•z •° §ÇÜ˛ê˛– !Óàï˛ ~ܲ¢ï˛ ÓSȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°l §ˆÏ_¥G ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚
!lÎ˚ÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ à˲#Ó˚ §ÇÜ˛ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~!ê˛ xl%§¶˛yl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Óï≈˛Ùyl §ÙˆÏÎ˚ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛
xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ xyˆÏòÔ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇÜ˛ê˛ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ܲ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–
åáä ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÛ ~ÓÇ Ú§Çܲê˛Û
xyÙÓ˚y xˆÏlܲ«˛î ôˆÏÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛ly=!° ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !˲!_G ÓˆÏê˛– !Óàï˛ ~ܲ¢ï˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y
xye´yhs˝ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ~ÓÇ !ï˛!l •ˆÏ°l ~ܲÙye ˆ°!llñ !Î!l !lˆÏçÓ˚ ÜÑ˛yˆÏô §¡õ)î≈ òy!Î˚c !lˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ï˛#Ó  ˆ◊î# §Ç@˝ÃyÙˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ñ !Î!l
ïÑ˛yÓ˚ @˝Ãsi ‘Materialism and Emperio-criticism’üÈ~ ≤ÃÓ° ˲yˆÏÓ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆà!SȈϰl ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ«˛ §Ù≈Ìl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛– !ܲv xyÙÓ˚y
•zˆÏï˛y˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ˆÎ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ï˛Ìyܲ!Ìï˛ ÚÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò# òy¢≈!lܲÛÈüÈÓ˚y ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ xyÓ˚G ï˛#Ó  ~ÓÇ xyˆÏÓ˚y
§Ó≈Óƒy˛õ# xyâyï˛ •yˆÏl !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ~ˆÏD°‰§ÈüÈˆÜ˛ xye´ÙˆÏîÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚– xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ≤Ãӈ϶˛ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ï˛_¥ ˆÎÙl Heidegger !ܲÇÓy ˆí˛!Ó˚í˛y !lˆÏÎ˚
xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲ!Ó˚!l– !ܲvñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ Óƒyáƒy ~ÓÇ Ú§yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚Û ˆ«˛ˆÏe Heidegger, Derida, Karl Korsch,
George Lukacs Óy Althusser ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇܲˆÏê˛Ó˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ~•z Ó%!k˛ç#Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ñ ˆÎˆÏ•ï%˛ §yÓ˚y !ӈϟªÓ˚ ܲÙ%í˛z!lfiê˛ÈˆÏòÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ
ˆÜ˛yˆÏly =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ §ÇˆÏÎyà ˆl•zñ ï˛y•z ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇÜ˛ê˛ Óy §Ù§ƒy §,!‹T ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y ~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚•z òÑy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ ˆl•z–
~ܲÙye ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ˆÏòÓ˚ xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛yñ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y ~ÓÇ !ÓÊ˛°ï˛y ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ~•z ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚–
!Óàï˛ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ !e¢ ò¢ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï !òܲ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ò%Ó≈°ï˛y xl%Ë)˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ ÌyˆÏܲ– ï˛Íܲy°#l xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ%í˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%•z!ê˛ Óí˛¸
˛õy!ê≈˛ÈüÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛í˛zÈüÈ•z ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ Heidegger, Heisenberg, Lukacs ~ÓÇ AlthusserÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãã˛[˛ xye´ÙîˆÏܲ í˛z_Ó˚ ˆòGÎ˚y ~ÓÇ
≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y çylyˆÏlyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ÎÌyÎÌ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l–
ܲÙ/ hflÏy!°l ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù/ ÙyGñ ˆ°!lˆÏlÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛#ܲyˆÏ° xyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%•z ≤Ãôyl ˆlï˛yñ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚
xye´Ùî ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyòÈüÈˆÜ˛ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çˆÏlƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ò%çˆÏl•z !˲ߨ í˛zͧ ~ÓÇ
ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈Ó˚ ÚÓ›ÓyòÛ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl Îy ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ Úmy!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛– hflÏy!°l ~ÓÇ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ myÓ˚y
ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚Û ~•z lï%˛l Óƒyáƒy xyhsç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲÙ%í˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏl ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸª ò,!‹T˲D#Ó˚ xˆÏÌ≈ ~ÓÇ ï˛yͲõˆÏÎ≈ =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
fl∫y˲y!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ•zñ !Óàï˛ §_Ó˚ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ñ xlƒylƒ §Ü˛° ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˛õÌ!lˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ ˆÎ Ùï˛Óyò ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó‡ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §¡ø%á#l •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y xl%ÎyÎ˚# my!®μܲ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ !˲!_ SÈyí˛¸y ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Óܲy¢ ܲáˆÏly âê˛yˆÏly ÎyˆÏÓ ly–
ܲÙ/ hflÏy!°l Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆòáˆÏï˛ xfl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ï˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ Úmy!®μܲ ~ÓÇ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ó›ÓyòÛÈüÈ~ !ï˛!l
ÚÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ my!®μܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ÛÈüȈΠÓî≈ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l ï˛y ã˛yÓ˚!ê˛ ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ myÓ˚y à!ë˛ï˛ñ ÎyˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%!ê˛ •° Ú≤ÃyÜ,˛!ï˛Ü˛ Ùyeyàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l ˛õ!Ó˚îï˛ •Î˚
=îàï˛ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÛ ~ÓÇ Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §•çyï˛ m®μÛÈüÈ~•z ò%!ê˛ •° ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §)eyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚y !ï˛l!ê˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%!ê˛– !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ §ˆÏD xyÓ˚G ò%!ê˛
!lÎ˚Ù ≤Ãôyl ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˆÎyà ܲˆÏÓ˚lÈüüüÈ Ú§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Û ~ÓÇ Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ •° xlhs˝ à!ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ xÓfliyÛ–
!ܲv !ï˛!l Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ !lÎ˚Ù!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óy ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ §)ey!Î˚ï˛ ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !ï˛l!ê˛ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚Û ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ùñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚Ü˛Ù Ü˛yÓ˚î Óy Î%!_´ ly !òˆÏÎ˚
≤Ãï˛ƒy•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l– ˆÜ˛l !ï˛!l ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈˆÜ˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ˛õk˛!ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏܲ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l !ï˛!l
mˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ˆÏÙÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ !lÎ˚Ùñ ÎyˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ xÙ)°ƒ xÓòyl §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥ñ
í˛z˛õl#ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §%ò«˛ ˲yˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ ï˛yˆÏܲ Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ Ê˛°ï˛ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ ~•z ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ xyÙÓ˚y
çy!l ly– ܲyÓ˚îñ !ï˛!l ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l–
Ú!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙ܲƒÛ !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲÙ/ hflÏy!°ˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ Îál !ï˛!l ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÎ%k˛ ~ÓÇ ¢y!hs˝Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ~ÓÇ ≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒñ ç#Ól ~ÓÇ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x!˲ߨï˛y ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ lyñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚y
•° ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛Ë˛yˆÏÓ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô# ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏܲ x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛sfÛÛ–
~•z!ê˛ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §!ë˛Ü˛ Óƒyáƒy lÎ˚– !ï˛!l ÷ô%Ùye §Ç@˝ÃyÙÈüÈˆÜ˛ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– !ܲv !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙ܲƒÈüÈˆÜ˛ lÎ˚– !ï˛!l !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆòˆÏál ~ˆÏܲ
x˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ fl∫ï˛sf !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ !ܲv ï˛yÓ˚y !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ xyhs˝/§¡õ!Ü≈˛ï˛ •ˆÏÎ˚ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ~•z!ê˛ •° ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃyÌ!Ùܲ
!¢«˛y– ~Ùl!ܲ ï˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛ly Ú≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛Ó˚ §•çyï˛ m®μÛÈüÈ~ ïÑ˛yÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢˛õly flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ˆÓyV˛y ÎyÎ˚–
~•z ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈˆÜ˛ xyÓ˚G ~ܲÓyÓ˚ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚y xÌ≈˛õ)î≈ •ˆÏÓÈüüüÈ
 ÚÚmˆÏ®μ Úˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ xÌ≈ ÷ô% ï˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á•z ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ lyñ !ܲÇÓy ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ !ç!l§ ÓyhflψÏÓ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyÈüüüÈ ˆ§ê˛yÓ˚ ˆây£ÏîyˆÏܲ
ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ly ~ÓÇ ˆÎÙl •zˆÏFSÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚yˆÏܲ ˆÓyV˛yÎ˚ ly– Ó‡!òl ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ !flõˆÏlyçy ӈϰ!SȈϰl ˆÎ Ú≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ §#ÙyÓk˛ï˛y Óy !lô≈yÓ˚î
~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ– ~ÓÇ xyÓ˚Gñ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ~áyˆÏl !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚ ≤ÃÌÙï˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î ã˛!Ó˚e ~ÓÇ !mï˛#Î˚ï˛
≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ !l!ò≈‹T ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ myÓ˚y– xy!Ù ˆÜ˛Ó°Ùye ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ܲÓ˚Ó lyñ !ܲv ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÈüÈˆÜ˛ ‘Sublate’ ܲÓ˚Óñ xy!Ù ~Ùl˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÃÌÙ
ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ xyˆÏÎ˚yçl ܲÓ˚Ó ÎyˆÏï˛ !mï˛#Î˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î˛ ÌyˆÏܲ !ܲÇÓy §Ω˛Ó˛õÓ˚ •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ⁄ ~•z!ê˛ !lË≈˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !l!ò≈‹T ~ܲܲ
ˆ«˛ˆÏeÓ˚ !l!ò≈‹T ã˛!Ó˚ˆÏeÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚– xy!Ù Î!ò ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy!°≈ òyly =ˆÏí˛¸y ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ò•z !ܲÇÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆ˛õyܲyˆÏܲ Ùy!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ !ò•z xy!Ù ï˛y•ˆÏ° !e´Î˚y!ê˛Ó˚
≤ÃÌÙ xÇ¢!ê˛ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚Ó !ܲv !mï˛#Î˚ xÇ¢!ê˛ˆÏܲ x§Ω˛Ó ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°Ó– ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ˛õ)î≈ í˛z˛õyÎ˚
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÎyˆÏï˛ ˆ§ ~ܲ!ê˛ !Óܲy¢ˆÏܲ çß√ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ~ÓÇ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ ≤ÃܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˲yÓly Óy ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Óƒy˛õyÓ˚ê˛y ~ܲ•z– xl%ܲ°l
(infinitesimal calculus) ˆÎ ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îˆÏܲ xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛y }îydܲ Óà≈Ù)° (roots) ˆÌˆÏܲ ôlydܲ âyˆÏï˛ (Power) ˜ï˛!Ó˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÎ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ÓƒÓ•*ï˛ •Î˚ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !˲ߨ– xlƒ §Ó!ܲS%ÈÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y ~ê˛yG !¢áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óy!°≈ àySÈ ~ÓÇ xl%ܲ°l ~•z ò%!ê˛ ˆÎñ
Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ !òˆÏÎ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛y!°ï˛ •Î˚ñ ÷ô%Ùye ~•z §yÙylƒ K˛yl xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ §Ê˛°Ë˛yˆÏÓ Óy!°≈ àySÈ ã˛y£Ï ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !ܲÇÓy ‘Differentiate
and integrate’ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– ˆÎÓ˚Ü˛Ù Ë˛yˆÏÓñ ï˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ myÓ˚y ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ !lô≈yÓ˚ˆÏîÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù=!° §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ~•zê%˛Ü%˛ K˛yl
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ˲yˆÏÎ˚y!°l ÓyçyˆÏï˛ §y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly– !ܲv ~ê˛y flõ‹T ˆÎ ˆ§•z Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ÎyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ÚÜ˛Û ˆ°áy
~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛ˆÏê˛ ˆòGÎ˚y ~•z Óy°§%°Ë˛ xˆÏ˲ƒ§!ê˛ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ܲÇÓy ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚y!ß∫ï˛ Ë˛yˆÏÓ ˆây£Ïîy ܲÓ˚y ˆÎ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°y˛õ •ˆÏ°y ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°y˛õ
~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆày°y˛õ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ܲS%È•z âˆÏê˛ lyñ ÷ô%Ùye ˆÎ•z Óƒ!_´!ê˛ ~•z Üœ˛y!hs˝Ü˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ §¡õߨ ܲÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ï˛yÓ˚ Ù)á≈y!Ù SÈyí˛¸y–ÛÛ
Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÓƒÓ•yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~Ùl ~ܲ!ê˛ §%flõ‹T ~ÓÇ xhs˝ˆÏË≈˛ò# !ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y ܲálG xhs˝ï˛˛õˆÏ«˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù•yl ˆlï˛yñ
ܲÙ/ hflÏy!°l ~ÓÇ Ü˛Ù/ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ ܲySÈ ˆÌˆÏܲ l#Ó˚Óï˛y !ܲÇÓy •yÕÒy xÙˆÏlyˆÏÎyà# Ùhs˝Óƒ ÷lÓ ÓˆÏ° xy¢y ܲ!Ó˚!l– !ܲvñ xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛
xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ~ê˛y•z §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ x≤Ãï˛ƒy!¢ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆÓòlyòyÎ˚ܲ âê˛ly–
ܲÙ/ ÙyG ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ~ˆÏD°§‰ !ï˛lˆÏê˛ !Ó˲yà !lˆÏÎ˚ ܲÌy ӈϰˆÏSÈlñ !ܲvñ xyÙyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy!Ù ~=!°Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ò%!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏà !ÓŸªy§ ܲ!Ó˚ ly– åÚ!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚
˙ܲƒÛ •° §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ùó Ùyey ~ÓÇ =ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ •° ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ùyey ~ÓÇ =ˆÏîÓ˚ ˙ܲƒ ~ÓÇ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚
ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ÓyhflψÏÓ xyˆÏòÔ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ lyä– Ùyey ~ÓÇ =ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ñ ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ~ÓÇ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙ˆÏܲƒÓ˚ !lÎ˚Ù
~=!°ˆÏܲ §Ù ˛õòˆÏfli ˛õy¢y˛õy!¢ Ó˚yáy •° Ú˜eôcÛ (triphism)ñ Ú~ܲcÓyòÛ (monism) lÎ˚– §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ •° !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˙ܲƒ–
Ùyey ~ÓÇ =ˆÏîÓ˚ ~ˆÏܲ xˆÏlƒÓ˚ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ •° ò%•z !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛ Ùyey ~ÓÇ =ˆÏîÓ˚ ˙ܲƒ– ˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ӈϰ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó› ˆl•z– •z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ
ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ •z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îñ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îüüüÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly !ç!lˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ñ ~ܲ!ê˛ âê˛ly ≤ÃÓyˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ §ÇˆÏÎyà •° Ú•z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ~ÓÇ
Úˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ò%!ê˛ÈüÈ•z– òy§ §Ùyç xy!òÙ §yÙƒÓyò# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !ܲv §yÙhs˝ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ§!ê˛ •° •z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îó
§yÙhs˝ §Ùyç òy§ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !ܲv ˛õÖ)!çÓyò# §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ§!ê˛ •° •z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îó ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# §Ùyç §yÙhs˝
§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î !ܲvñ §Ùyçï˛y!sfܲ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ •z!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î–ÛÛ
~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_ˆÏÓ˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ÙyG í˛z˛õˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ܲÌy=!° ӈϰl– ≤ß¿!ê˛ !SÈ° åÜ˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ˆ¢Çä≠ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒyl !ܲ !ï˛l!ê˛ !Ó˲yˆÏàÓ˚ §Ù§ƒyÓ˚ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !ܲS%È
Ó°ˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓl⁄
~!ê˛ Ó˚•§ƒÙÎ˚ !ܲ˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛l ܲÙ/ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ÙyˆÏ˛õÓ˚ ~ܲçl ˆlï˛y Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Ó£ÏÎ˚ˆÏܲ ~ï˛ê˛y •yÕÒy ˲yˆÏÓ
ˆòáˆÏ°lÈüüüÈ ÚÚˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ÓyhflψÏÓ xyˆÏòÔ !ÓÓ˚yç ܲˆÏÓ˚ ly–ÛÛ ~•z ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§‰ ˆÎ ˲D#ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ §yÓ˚Ó_y fl∫#ܲyÓ˚
ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛lñ ï˛yˆÏܲ §ÙyˆÏ°yã˛ly ~ÓÇ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ mƒÌ≈•#l˲yˆÏÓ my!®μܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚ ~ï˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ~ܲ!ê˛ xLjϢÓ˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ÓyhflÏ!Óܲ˲yˆÏÓ
~ˆÏܲÓyˆÏÓ˚ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ•z Óy!ï˛° ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòGÎ˚y–
~ܲ•z ≤Ãӈ϶˛ñ ÙyG ӈϰˆÏSÈlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ò%Ó≈°ï˛y ~•z çyÎ˚àyÎ˚ ˆÎ ˆ§!ê˛ Ü˛áˆÏly ~ܲ!ê˛ ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!lñ ÷ô% ˛õ%Ñ!Ìàï˛ ò¢≈l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
ÚÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈lÛñ Ú˛õ%Ñ!Ìàï˛ ò¢≈lÛÈüÈ~•z ܲÌy=!° ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ¢yˆÏflf ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y ÙyeyÎ˚ lï%˛l– ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲D# §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ò¢≈lˆÏܲ x!ï˛e´Ù ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ
ï˛yÓ˚ xyܲyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe– ˆ§!ê˛ x!ï˛e´yhs˝ ~•z xˆÏÌ≈ ˆÎ xlƒylƒ §Ü˛° ò¢≈l çà͈Ïܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛_¥ ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲñ !ܲv ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò
çà͈Ïܲ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲D# ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ÓÇ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD ˆ§!ê˛ Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚Û Ü˛ï≈˛Óƒ !fliÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚–
!ܲv ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò ÚÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈lÛ lÎ˚ ~ÓÇ Ü˛áˆÏly •ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ ly– xï˛~Óñ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ Óy ÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈lñ §Ü˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ çlƒ ò¢≈lÈüüüÈ ~=!° •°
Üœ˛y!§Ü˛y° ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ x˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ï˛– ÙyÜ≈˛§ Óy ~ˆÏD°§‰ ܲáˆÏly ò¢≈lˆÏܲ ˆ§Ë˛yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l– ò¢≈l ˛õí˛¸yˆÏï˛ ~ÓÇ
≤Ãòyl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xÓ¢ƒ•z §•ç ˲y£ÏyÓ˚ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲÓ˚y í˛z!ã˛ï˛– !ܲvñ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ§•z Ó˚*˛õˆÏܲ ܲáˆÏly•z ÚÓƒÓ•y!Ó˚ܲ ò¢≈lÛ Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly– •Î˚ˆÏï˛y ܲÙ/
ÙyG ˆ§Ó˚Ü˛Ù ~ܲ!ê˛ ò¢≈l ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ x!hs˝Ù Ê˛°yÊ˛° !SÈ° ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚Û §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ 刕ˆÏà°ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§
~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§‰ÈüÈ~Ó˚ m®μä ï˛Ó˚°#ܲÓ˚îñ ºy!hs˝ ~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛ ˛õÎ≈hs˝–
ò¢≈l §Çe´yhs˝ Ó˚ã˛lyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ ï˛yÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ çl!≤ÃÎ˚ ˆÎ Ó˚ã˛ly!ê˛ ÚmˆÏ®μ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛Ûñ ܲÙ/ ÙyG ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛ ˆÌˆÏܲ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛
Óyò !òˆÏÎ˚ ˆòl mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ~•z xï˛ƒhs˝ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢!ê˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ §¡õ)î≈ l#Ó˚Óï˛y ÓçyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá– !ï˛!l Ú!Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛Ó˚ m®μÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó¢ò˲yˆÏÓ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly
ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ §Ùyç Óy ÙlˆÏlÓ˚ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˛õÌ §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ !ܲS%È ÓˆÏ°l!l– ~•z ˛õÌ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áy ly §!˛õ≈°ñ !Óܲy¢ Óy x@˝Ãà!ï˛
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏlyˆÏܲ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyl ܲˆÏÓ˚ñ ly ï˛yÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î âê˛yÎ˚ñ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚yˆÏly !ܲ §¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ x!ï˛e´yhs˝ •Î˚ñ ly ï˛yÓ˚ !ܲS%È xÇ¢ §ÇÓ˚!«˛ï˛ ÌyˆÏܲÈüüüÈ Ü˛Ù/ ÙyG
~•z §Ü˛° ≤Èϟ¿ l#Ó˚Ó ˆÌˆÏܲˆÏSÈl–
Î!ò ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚Û ~•z ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ §yÓ˚Ó_yˆÏܲ fl∫#ܲyÓ˚ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ ~ÓÇ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ @˝Ã•î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •Î˚ñ ï˛y•ˆÏ° fl∫Î˚Ç ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸª ò,!‹T˲!DˆÏܲ
ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ §ÇˆÏ¢yôl ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~Ó˚ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ôyÓ˚îy ˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ ܲyÓ˚î ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ •° ˆ§•z
ò¢≈Ïlñ ˆÎ ò¢≈l Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyˆÏܲ Úmy!®μܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛Ó˚Û ~ܲ!ê˛ xï˛ƒhs˝ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ xÇ¢ ôyÓ˚î ܲˆÏÓ˚ òy¢≈!lܲ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ÙylÓçy!ï˛Ó˚
•z!ï˛•y§ˆÏܲ !ÓŸ’£Ïî ~ÓÇ xl%§¶˛yl ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆòáÓyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏjˆÏ¢ƒ–
xlƒ!òˆÏܲñ ܲÙ/ ÙyG !SȈϰl !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ !ܲÇÓòhs˝# !Ó≤’Ó# ˆlï˛y– ï˛ySÈyí˛¸yñ
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ §ÙÎ˚ñ Óï≈˛Ùyl ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆÜ˛yˆÏî ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏu˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ Ü˛Ù/ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ lyÙ ç!í˛¸ˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏSÈ åÚÙyGÓyòÛ Óy ÚÙyG !ã˛hs˝yôyÓ˚yÛ
!•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓä– Ê˛°ï˛ ÙyGÓyò# !Ó≤’Ó#ˆÏòÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛ly=!°ˆÏï˛ m®μÈüÈ~Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îy !lˆÏÎ˚ xyˆÏ°yã˛lyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ ôyÓ˚îy!ê˛ˆÏܲ ≤ÃyÎ˚
˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚•yÓ˚ ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
ˆ˛õÓ˚&ÈüÈÓ˚ ܲÙ%í˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ÈüÈÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛ly=!° Ó°ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
ÚÚÙyGÓyˆÏòÓ˚ xyˆÏôÎ˚ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ñ ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó£ÏÎ˚Ó› §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ñ xyÙÓ˚y ~•z ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ
ÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlñ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ §yÓ˚Ù≈Ùñ ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ï˛!l !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ܲÙye ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ~ÓÇ ï˛ySÈyí˛¸y
ÚK˛ylÈüÈï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚Û §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ï˛yÓ˚ à˲#Ó˚ my!®μܲ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛ !SÈ°ñ ÎyÓ˚ ˆÜ˛ˆÏw Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ò%!ê˛ í˛zÕ‘¡≥˛l Îy ~•z !lÎ˚Ù!ê˛ àë˛l ܲˆÏÓ˚ åxl%¢#°l ˆÌˆÏܲ
K˛yl ~ÓÇ ï˛!m˛õÓ˚#ï˛ó !ܲv K˛yl ˆÌˆÏܲ xl%¢#°l •° ≤Ãôylä– xyÙÓ˚y ~ê˛y ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y ˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎ !ï˛!l Ó˚yçl#!ï˛Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛ xï˛ƒhs˝ §%ã˛yÓ˚&˲yˆÏÓ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà ܲˆÏÓ˚l– ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ Óy!ܲ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÎyGÎ˚y ܲyçˆÏܲ §¡õ)î≈ ܲˆÏÓ˚l–ÛÛ
ò,¢ƒï˛•zñ ˆ˛õÓ˚&Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ˆÏD°§‰ !ܲÇÓy Ùyܲ§≈ÈüÈ~Ó˚ m®μ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §ˆÏD !lˆÏçˆÏòÓ˚ x!˲ߨ Ó˚*ˆÏ˛õ àîƒ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚l!l–
ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyG Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly fliyl ˆl•z–
xl%Ó˚*˛õ˲yˆÏÓñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲÙ%í˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ åÙyGÓyò#äÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆã˛Î˚yÓ˚Ùƒylñ ܲÙ/ ≤Ãã˛u˛ ÚÙyGÓyÏòÛ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ°ˆÏálÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÙyG ÚmˆÏ®μÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÛÈüÈˆÜ˛ my!®μܲ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ §yÓ˚ÙÙ≈ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ fliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l ~ÓÇ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ñ §Ùyç G ÙylÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ §Ü˛° ˆ«˛ˆÏe mˆÏ®μÓ˚
ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ fliy˛õl ܲˆÏÓ˚l– mˆÏ®μÓ˚ §Ó≈çl#l §_yÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî ~ÓÇ ≤Ãôyl m®μÈüÈˆÜ˛ !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ =Ó˚&cˆÏܲñ !ï˛!l
mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ lï%˛l í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈl– mˆÏ®μÓ˚ ˆÙÔ!°Ü˛ !lÎ˚Ù !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ Ó˚îl#!ï˛ ~ÓÇ Ó˚îˆÏÜ˛Ô¢° §)eyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ÓyÓ˚
çˆÏlƒ ˆÎ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï˛y flõ‹Tï˛ ≤Ãï˛#Î˚Ùyl–ÛÛ
Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ≤Ãã˛u˛ ÙyG ܲï≈,˛Ü˛ Úˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ùhs˝Óƒ ܲˆÏÓ˚l!l–
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈l §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ~•z ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚=!° •z!ï˛˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe =Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ §Ù§ƒy ~ÓÇ !Óºy!hs˝Ó˚ §,!‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ–
~ܲ xˆÏÌ≈ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xyò¢≈àï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛_¥àï˛ §Ω˛yÓly ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÃÓîï˛y Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl Ù)°ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ ã˛°Ùyl !Ó≤’Ó# ܲÙ≈ܲyˆÏ[˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ
§Çâyï˛ ÓyôyˆÏFSÈÈ– ~!ê˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §Ù§ƒyˆÏܲ ÓˆÏí˛¸y xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ Ó,!k˛ â!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
§Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ï˛_¥àï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyˆÏÙÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ G ܲï≈˛Óƒ
xyÙÓ˚y Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛ Ù)°ï˛ xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈lÈüÈ~Ó˚ §yÙƒÓyò# !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲!D •ˆÏÎ˚ Gë˛yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe Úmy!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ï˛_¥Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙy
≤çˆÏD– ÙyÜ≈˛§ÈüÈ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ~•z ï˛_¥ ≤Ãîy°# §Çe´yhs˝ (methodological) G K˛ylï˛_¥ §Çe´yhs˝ (epistemological) ò%•z !òܲ
ˆÌˆÏܲ•z ˆÎ §Ó x§yÙOˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ Ù%ˆÏá ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏSÈ xyÙÓ˚y ˆ§=!° !ã˛!•´ï˛ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆã˛‹Ty ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ– xlƒ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°ˆÏï˛ ò,!‹T˛õyï˛ Ü˛Ó˚yÓ˚ xyˆÏà xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚
≤ÃÌÙï˛ flõ‹T ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆlGÎ˚y òÓ˚ܲyÓ˚ ˆÎ ~•z !ÓŸªÈüÈò,!‹T˲!DÈüÈˆÜ˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§ G ~ˆÏD°§ §ÙyçÈüÈ•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆÎ xhs˝!l!•≈ï˛
!lÎ˚Ù !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ÓƒÓ•yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛yˆÏï˛ àˆÏí˛¸ í˛zˆÏë˛ˆÏSÈ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ Ó›Óyò Óy •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ôyÓ˚îy– §ÙyçÈüÈ•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÓ˚
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥Ü˛yë˛yˆÏÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly x§yÙO§ƒ ôÓ˚y ˛õí˛¸ˆÏ° xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z ï˛y Ó%V˛ˆÏï˛ Óy ˛õ%l!Ó≈ã˛yˆÏÓ˚ Ó˚y!ç ÌyܲˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– Óï≈˛Ùyl ≤Ãӈ϶˛
xÓ¢ƒ•z ˆï˛Ùl ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ç¢Î˚ Óy !çK˛y§yÓ˚ fliyl ˆòGÎ˚y •Î˚!l–
ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆàyê˛y !Óã˛yÓ˚ÈüÈ!ӈϟ’£ÏˆÏîÓ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÓ!¢ §ÙÎ˚ ÓƒÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ §y!•ˆÏï˛ƒÓ˚ §Ó≈ˆÏ◊¤˛ @˝Ãsi Das Capital Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ñ
ˆÎáyˆÏl !ï˛!l ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ÓƒÓfliyÓ˚ xhs˝!l≈!•≈ï˛ !lÎ˚Ù=!° Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ ôÁǧ •GÎ˚yÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ ÎyeyÓ˚ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y!ê˛ˆÏܲ Óî≈ly G
Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– xyÙÓ˚y •z!ï˛ÙˆÏôƒ•z ~ ≤çˆÏD !ܲS%È xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚!SÈ–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ñ ~Ùl!ܲ !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#Ó˚ ≤ÃÌÙ !òܲܲyÓ˚ ÓSÈÓ˚=!°ˆÏï˛ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ ¢)lƒï˛y
°«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚y Îy!FSÈ°ñ !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ Ùyܲ§≈#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ §Ù,!k˛ §yôlÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤Èϟ¿– Î!òG àï˛ ~ܲ ¢ï˛y∑# !l!Óí˛¸ Óƒy˛õܲ xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ í˛zq(ï˛
xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ §B˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ï%˛°ly•z ã˛ˆÏ° ly– ï˛Ó% ~ ≤çˆÏD È1903üÈ~ ˆ°áy ˆÓ˚yçy °%ˆÏ:ÙÓ%ˆÏà≈Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó˚ã˛ly xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ~ !ӣψÏÎ˚
§y•y΃ ܲÓ˚ˆÏÓ– ÚÙyÜ≈˛§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !Óܲy¢•#lï˛y G ≤Ãà!ï˛Û Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ !ï˛!l !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ!Óàï˛ ˆÓ¢ ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ xyÙÓ˚y Îy °«˛ƒ ܲÓ˚!SÈñ ï˛y !ܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !Óܲy¢•#lï˛yÓ˚ lÙ%ly⁄ÛÛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ âê˛ly •°ÈüüüÈ Ü˛ƒy!˛õê˛yˆÏ°Ó˚ ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ áˆÏu˛Ó˚
≤Ãܲy¢ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆ¢£Ï ˆ°áy §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ò%ÈüÈ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫yô#l Ó˚ã˛ly SÈyí˛¸y Óyܲ# Ó˚ã˛ly=!° x§yôyÓ˚î
çl!≤ÃÎ˚ G ÓƒyáƒyÙ)°Ü˛ Ó˚ã˛ly SÈyí˛¸y xyÓ˚ !ܲS%È lÎ˚– ~•z ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÙÙ≈Ó› ˜ÓK˛y!lܲ §ÙyçÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%•z ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ˆÎ hflψÏÓ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆà!SȈϰl ˆ§áyˆÏl•z
Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆàˆÏSÈ–
ˆÊ ˛í˛!Ó˚ܲ ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ Ù,ï%˛Ó˚ xyê˛ ÓSÈÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~•z !SÈ° ˆÓ˚yçyÈüÈÓ˚ í˛z˛õ°!∏˛– !ï˛!l xyˆÏ°yã˛ly ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò !ܲ ~Ùl•z ~ܲ xlÙl#Î˚ !˲!_
ܲyë˛yˆÏÙy ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ ˆÎ ܲyÓ˚ˆÏî ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ fl∫yô#l Ë)˛!Ùܲy ˛õy°l §Ω˛Ó •Î˚!l– !ï˛!l !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚxÌ≈yÍñ ~ê˛y Ó°y ÎyÎ˚ ly ˆÎñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ã˛hs˝yÈüȈ§ÔˆÏôÓ˚ xlÙl#Î˚ï˛y ~ÓÇ ˛õ)î≈yDï˛y•z ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚y!ôܲyÓ˚#ˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !Óܲy¢ ~!àˆÏÎ˚
!lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î–ÛÛ
ˆÜ˛l !ï˛!l ~˲yˆÏÓ !ã˛hs˝y ܲÓ˚ˆÏ°l⁄
!ï˛!l !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚï˛Ó% ÷ô%Ùye xÌ≈l#!ï˛ §Çe´yhs˝ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z xyÙÓ˚y ÷ô% ÙyÜ≈˛ˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ÎyGÎ˚y Ó#«˛yÓ˚ ÓƒyáƒyÎ˚ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ!¢ ˛õ)î≈yD Ó_´Óƒ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛
§«˛Ù– ï˛yÓ˚ !¢«˛yÎ˚ §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ Ù)°ƒÓyl xÇ¢ •z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# my!®μܲ ôyÓ˚îyñ Îy xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ •y!çÓ˚ Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ÷ô%Ùye xl%§¶˛yl
 ã˛y°yˆÏlyÓ˚ ~ܲ ˛õk˛!ï˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ ~Ùl ܲˆÏÎ˚ܲ!ê˛ í˛zj#˛õly §,!‹TܲyÓ˚# x@˝Ãî# !ã˛hs˝y Îy ~ܲ lï%˛l ò%!lÎ˚yÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ çlƒ ~ܲ
xy˲y§Ï ˆÓ˚ˆÏá ˆàˆÏSÈñ Îy xçyly !ã˛hs˝yˆÏ«˛ˆÏe xlhs˝ !e´Î˚y¢#°ï˛yÎ˚ fl∫yô#l ܲyÎ≈ƒyܲ°yˆÏ˛õ !môy•#l !Óã˛Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ òÓ˚çy á%ˆÏ°
!òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–ÛÛ
fiê˛ƒy!°l G ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ ˆ°!ll G ˆÓ˚yçy xï˛ƒhs˝ flõ‹T ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛ Óƒ_´ ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl ˆÎÈüüüÈ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ñ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚
!ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ ≤Èϟ¿ ºyhs˝ òy¢≈!lܲ ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ã˛y°yˆÏï˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ ~ܲ x§yÙylƒ í˛zFã˛ï˛yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ !òˆÏÎ˚ !àˆÏSÈl– ˆ°!ll
ï˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛ òy¢≈!lܲ Ó›ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ Ú§ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ flõ‹TÛ ~ÓÇ Ú˛õ)î≈ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚Û §¡∫!°ï˛ Óƒyáƒy ˛õyGÎ˚y òyÎ˚
~ˆÏD°§ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ å1ä Ú°%í˛!˲à Ê˛ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚Óyáñ !ã˛Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ çyÙ≈yl ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ xÓ§ylÛñ å2ä Úxƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÛ–
!ï˛!l !°ˆÏá!SȈϰlÈüüüÈ
ÚÚÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ÓÇ ~ˆÏD°§ §Ó≈òy•z òy¢≈!lܲ Ó›ÓyòˆÏܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ ò,ì˛¸ï˛yÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §%Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl ~ÓÇ ~•z !˲!_ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ !Óã%˛ƒ!ï˛Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ
Ìyܲy à˲#Ó˚ ºy!hs˝ˆÏܲ ÓyÓ˚ÓyÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ ò,!‹T˲!D §ÓˆÏã˛ˆÏÎ˚ flõ‹T˲yˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˛õ)î≈ !ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ ~ˆÏD°§ÈüÈ~Ó˚
Ó˚ã˛lyÎ˚ñ Ú°%í˛!˲à Ê˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ÓyáÛ ~ÓÇ Úxƒy!rê˛ÈüÈí%˛ƒ!Ó˚ÇÛÈüÈ~ñ Îy ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ Ùƒy!lˆÏÊ˛fiê˛yÓ˚ Ùï˛•z ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ˆ◊!î §ˆÏã˛ï˛l ◊!ÙˆÏܲÓ˚ ày•zí˛Ó%ܲ–ÛÛ
á%Ó•z flõ‹T ˆÎñ ÚÚmy!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÛÛ §Çe´yhs˝ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ˆ°!ll ~ˆÏD°ˆÏ§Ó˚ ÓƒyáƒyˆÏܲ•z ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ò,!‹T˲D# !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y˛õ%!Ó˚ @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl–
xyÙÓ˚y xÓ¢ƒ•z ÙˆÏl ܲ!Ó˚ ˆÎñ ò%•z Ù•yl ˆlï˛y fiê˛ƒy!°l G ÙyG ÚÓ›Óyò# my!®μܲï˛yÓ˚ !lÎ˚ÙÈÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÎ Óƒyáƒy í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlñ ï˛y §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆÓyV˛y˛õí˛¸y ~ÓÇ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe•z à˲#Ó˚ §B˛ˆÏê˛Ó˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– !ܲvñ ~Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~•z ºyhs˝ ôyÓ˚îyÓ˚ çß√ •GÎ˚y ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˲yˆÏÓ•z
í˛z!ã˛ï˛ lÎ˚ !Óàï˛ Ü˛Ù˛õˆÏ«˛ ˛õM˛y¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ ˆÎ ¢)lƒï˛y ˜ï˛!Ó˚ •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈñ ~Ó˚ çlƒ ïÑ˛yÓ˚y•z òyÎ˚#– ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ˆÏD°§ñ ˆ°!ll Ó˚!ã˛ï˛
•z!ï˛•yˆÏ§Ó˚ Ó›Óyò# ôyÓ˚îy xl%§yˆÏÓ˚ §Ë˛ƒï˛yÓ˚ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y (necessity) ~ÓÇ ˆ§ ˛ÎyeyÓ˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˛õˆÏÌ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §Ω˛yÓly
(Chance), Îy ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y (necessity)ÈüÈÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ §yÙO§ƒ˛õ)î≈ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ !òˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ÈüüüÈ ï˛yÓ˚ ˙ܲƒÓk˛Ü˛Ó˚î– ÙyÜ≈˛§Óyò
ˆçƒy!ï˛£Ï!Óòƒy°Î˚ lÎ˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyˆÏSÈ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ)Ó≈ !lô≈y!Ó˚ï˛ §)eyÎ˚l ˆl•z §Ùyçï˛sf Óy §yÙƒÓyòˆÏܲ §¡õyòl ܲÓ˚yÓ˚– ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ Î%ˆÏà ˜Ó≤’!Óܲ
xl%¢#°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ܲ“ly ˜ï˛!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ §ÙˆÏÎ˚ ~•z Ú§Ω˛Óly=!°Ó˚Û (Chances) §¡∫ˆÏ¶˛ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ !lçfl∫ ˲yÓly ~ÓÇ Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyôƒ •ˆÏÎ˚!SȈϰl–
ÙyÜ≈˛§ñ ~ˆÏD°§‰ñ ˆ°!llñ hflÏy!°lñ ÙyGÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~•z Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l=!°Ó˚ xˆÏlܲ=!° §¡õ)î≈ §!ë˛Ü˛ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ≤ÃÙy!îï˛ •Î˚ñ ~ܲ•z §ˆÏD !ܲS%È ºy!hs˝ÈüÈG !SÈ°–
!ܲv ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ü˛° ≤Ãôyl ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛Ó˚ Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝!Ó˚ï˛ •GÎ˚yñ 60 ÓSÈÓ˚ ôˆÏÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fli!ï˛
~ÓÇ ~Ùl!ܲ !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%k˛ ˛õÓ˚Óï≈˛# ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# !ӈϟª ˆÜ˛yˆÏly =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ Ó˚yç˜Ïl!ï˛Ü˛ xyˆÏ°yí˛¸l ~ÓÇ ◊!Ùܲ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ xl%˛õ!fli!ï˛
§¡õ)î≈˲yˆÏÓ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛_¥ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ xl%§¶˛yl ~ÓÇ ˛õ)l≈Ù)°ƒyÎ˚l ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ ç!ÙÓ˚ çß√ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ–
Óï≈˛Ùyl ˆ≤ë˛y˛õˆÏê˛ñ Úï˛_¥àï˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ §y!Ó≈ܲ ܲÙ≈§)ã˛# ˜ï˛!Ó˚Ó˚ çlƒ ܲï≈˛Óƒ=!° òy!Î˚c •Î˚ÈüüüÈ
1. §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ ≤Ã!ï˛!e´Î˚y¢#° Ó%ˆÏç≈yÎ˚y òy¢≈!lܲ G Ùï˛yò¢≈àï˛ ï˛_¥=!°Ó˚ !ÓÓ˚&ˆÏk˛ §Ç@˝ÃyÙ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ Ü˛Ó˚ˆÏï˛ÈüÈ•z my!®μܲ Ó›ÓyòÈüÈˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ñ
Ú!Ó≤’Ó# xl%¢#°lÛÈüÈ~Ó˚ ~ܲ ï˛_¥ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓñ §Ù§yÙ!Î˚ܲ xôƒÎ˚l G àˆÏÓ£ÏîyÓ˚ ~ܲ ç#Óhs˝ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ï%˛°ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
2. àï˛ ˆòí˛¸¢ ÓSȈÏÓ˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢yáyÓ˚ñ !ÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe å!ӈϢ£Ï˲yˆÏÓ ˛õòyÌ≈!ÓòƒyÓ˚ §y!Ó≈ܲ ã˛ã≈˛yÎ˚ñ ˆçƒy!ï˛!Ó≈òƒyñ §%≤Ãçll!Óòƒyñ
˜çÓ≤ÃÎ%!_´ñ ÙˆÏly!ÓK˛ylä ˲y£Ïyï˛_¥ñ ≤ÃÎ%!_´ !ÓK˛ylñ Óy›ï˛sf !Ó£ÏÎ˚ܲ xôƒÎ˚lñ !°DÈüȧÇe´yhs˝ xôƒÎ˚lñ l,ï˛_¥!Óòƒyñ çy!ï˛í˛zqÓ §Çe´yhs˝
!Óòƒyñ çyï˛ÈüÈ˛õyï˛ ~ÓÇ ôÙ≈ §Çe´yhs˝ xôƒÎ˚lˆÏܲ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ xyˆÏ°yˆÏܲ ˛õë˛lÈüÈ˛õyë˛lñ Óƒyáƒy ܲÓ˚yñ !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲÓ˚y G !Óܲ!¢ï˛ ܲÓ˚y–
3. ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ñ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ù•yl !¢«˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆlï,˛ˆÏc àˆÏí˛¸ Gë˛y xyhs˝ç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó#
xl)¢#°lÈüÈçyï˛ ~ÓÇ ï˛yÓ˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ ï˛_¥§Ù)•ñ Óƒyáƒy §Ù)ˆÏ•Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ìyܲy x§D!ï˛=!°Ó˚ ˛õ)l!Ó≈ˆÏÓã˛ly G !ã˛!•´ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î–
4. !l¡¨!°!áï˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚=!°ÈüÈÓ˚ !ӈϟ’£Ïî G ˛õ%l!Ó≈ˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚ !ӈϢ£Ï =Ó˚&c ˆòGÎ˚y ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçlÈüüüÈ (i) §Ùyçï˛ˆÏsf í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ Ú≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚Î˚
~ܲlyÎ˚ܲcÛ G Ú≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚Î˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÛÓ˚ my!®μܲ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛– (ii) !ӈϢ£Ïï˛ ˛õÿ˛yͲõò ˆò¢=!°ˆÏï˛ñ §Ùyçï˛sf í˛z_Ó˚ˆÏîÓ˚ ˛õÎ≈yˆÏÎ˚ í˛zͲõy!òܲy
¢!_´Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛zͲõyòˆÏlÓ˚ í˛z˛õܲÓ˚î=!°Ó˚ Ùy!°Ü˛ylyÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ xˆÏÌ≈ §yÙy!çܲ#ܲÓ˚î ≤Ã!e´Î˚yÓ˚ §¡õÜ≈˛– (iii) ˛õÿ˛yͲõò ˆò¢=!°ˆÏï˛
§Ùyçï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ !òˆÏܲ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ x@˝Ãà!ï˛Ó˚ §yˆÏÌ í˛zß¨ï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò# ò%!lÎ˚yÎ˚ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ xyhs˝/§¡õÜ≈˛– (iv) ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ Úàîï˛y!sfܲ
ˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÛÈüÈÓ˚ !e´Î˚yܲyˆÏ° ÚˆÜ˛!wܲï˛yÛ G Ú≤Èϰï˛yÓ˚#Î˚ àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚Û ˛õyÓ˚flõ!Ó˚ܲ xl%≤ÈÏÓ¢ (interpenetration) G Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚
(transformation)ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ã˛!Ó˚e G ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒó Ó˚y‹T…«˛Ùï˛y òáˆÏ°Ó˚ ˛õ)ˆÏÓ≈ G ˛õˆÏÓ˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ ~ÓÇ §Ù@˝Ã ≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ï˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ xyhs˝/
§¡õÜ≈˛ñ (v) ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ˛õ%Ñ!çÓ˚ §M˛Î˚ˆÏlÓ˚ ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ§Ù)• ~ÓÇ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# Ó˚y‹T…Îsf=!°Ó˚ !ÓÓï≈˛l ≤Ã!e´Î˚yó ~ÓÇ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ
~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ !ÓŸª ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyòÈüÈ~Ó˚ §B˛ê˛ÈüÈ~Ó˚ ã˛!Ó˚e G ˜Ó!¢‹Tƒ–
xyçñ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ §Ó≈e §Ü˛° òy!Î˚c¢#° ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ Ü˛Ù≈#ñ ˆlï,˛cñ @˝Ã&˛õ Óy ˛õy!ê≈˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ~ܲ =îàï˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛y xl%˲Ó
ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈl– ï˛yñ xyhs˝ç≈!ï˛Ü˛ hflψÏÓ˚ §Ü˛° òy!Î˚c¢#° ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ §Çàë˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ú≤ß¿Û Óy Ú!Óºy!hs˝Û !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ çß√ !lˆÏFSÈ Óy ˆÓ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ xy§ˆÏSÈ–
~Ùl!ܲñ ÙyGÓyò#ÈüÈÓ˚yG ~Ó˚ Óƒ!ï˛e´Ù ll– !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ñ ˆl˛õyˆÏ°Ó˚ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ ˛õy!ê≈˛ åÙyGÓyò#ä xyhs˝çy!ï≈˛Ü˛ ܲ!Ùí˛z!lfiê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏlÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe
=Ó˚&ï˛Ó˚ ï˛y!_¥Ü˛ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚ï˛yˆÏܲ ~ܲ xï˛ƒhs˝ flõ‹T ~ÓÇ !ã˛hs˝y¢#° ˛õk˛!ï˛ˆÏï˛ ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y˲yˆÏÓ ≤Ãܲy¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ– !§!˛õ~lå~Ùä ܲï≈,˛Ü˛
≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ Ú!ò GÎ˚yÜ≈˛yÓ˚ñ §Çáƒy 11, ç%°y•z 2007 §ÇáƒyÎ˚ Ú§y¡ÀyçƒÓyò G ~ܲ!ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛y∑#ˆÏï˛ ≤Èϰï˛yÓ˚#Î˚ !Ó≤’ÓÛ ≤Ãӈ϶˛ ˆ°áy •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ üüüÈ
ÚÚ•z!ï˛•y§ xˆÏlܲ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ≤ß¿ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ çlƒ •y!çÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈ– ≤Ãôyl ˆlï˛yÓ˚ Ù,ï%˛ƒÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚•z ˆÜ˛yˆÏly Ó˚_´˛õyï˛ SÈyí˛¸y•z ˆÜ˛l
≤Èϰï˛yÓ˚#Î˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲc ï˛yÓ˚ !Ó˛õÓ˚#ˆÏï˛ Ó˚*˛õyhs˝Ó˚ •Î˚⁄
ܲ#˲yˆÏÓ ˆ¢yôlÓyò# ¢!_´§Ù)• ~ï˛ §•ˆÏç ≤Èϰï˛y!Ó˚Î˚ ~ܲlyÎ˚ܲˆÏcÓ˚ ˛õï˛l âê˛yÎ˚ ~ÓÇ ¢!_´¢y°# ˆÓ˚í˛ xy!Ù≈ñ Ó˚y‹T…ÈüÈÓƒÓfliy ~ÓÇ !Ó≤’Ó#
çl§yôyÓ˚îÈüÈ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏl%y ≤Ã!ï˛ˆÏÓ˚yô SÈyí˛¸y•z ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò ˛õ%lÓ≈•y° ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚⁄ Ü˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ fiê˛ƒy!°l ˆçyÓ˚yˆÏ°y òÙlÈüÈÙ)°Ü˛ ˛õòˆÏ«˛˛õ ˆlGÎ˚y
§ˆÏ_¥G ï˛yÓ˚ ˆlï,˛cyô#l ˛õy!ê≈˛ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó≤’Ó# !ÓŸªy§âyï˛Ü˛ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zayl G !ê˛ˆÏܲ ÌyܲyˆÏܲ ôÁǧ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ÓƒÌ≈ •ˆÏ°l ˆÜ˛l⁄ ã˛#ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!Ó≤’Ó Ü˛#
~ܲ Ó˚yï˛yÓ˚y!ï˛ âˆÏê˛ ÎyGÎ˚y Ü%˛ƒˆÏòï˛y ly!ܲ ~Ó˚ ˆ˛õSȈÏl ~ܲ ò#â≈ xô/˛õï˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ≤Ã!e´Î˚y í˛z˛õ!fliï˛ !SÈ° Îy 1976üÈ~ ˛õ!Ó˚î!ï˛ ˆ˛õˆÏÎ˚!SÈ°⁄ÛÛ
ÚÚÜ˛ÙˆÏÓ˚í˛ ˆ°!ll §y¡ÀyçƒÓyòˆÏܲ ÙÓ˚ˆÏîy¡ø%á ˛õ%Ñ!çÓyò !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ §ÇK˛y!Î˚ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰl– !ܲv ˆÜ˛yl §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò ÷ô% !ê˛ˆÏܲ•z ÎyˆÏFSÈÈ
 lyñ ¢!_´¢y°#G •ˆÏFSÈ⁄ Û70üÈ~Ó˚ ˆò¢ˆÏܲ Îál xyhs˝/§y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ï,˛ï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏk˛Ó˚ ˆòyÓ˚ˆÏàyí˛¸yÎ˚ ˆ˛õÔшÏSÈ ˆà°ñ ÙyG
ӈϰ!SȈϰlñ ÚÚ•Î˚ !Ó≤’Ó Î%k˛ˆÏܲ ˆë˛Ü˛yˆÏÓñ ly •Î˚ Î%k˛ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ §)e˛õyï˛ âê˛yˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
ÚÚ!ܲv xyç ˛õÎ≈hs˝ ~Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏlyê˛y•z âˆÏê˛!l ˆÜ˛l⁄ 21 ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤Èϰï˛yÓ˚#Î˚ !Ó≤’ÓˆÏܲ ~!àˆÏÎ˚ !lˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÓ˚ çlƒ xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãçß√ˆÏܲ
~•z=!° ~ÓÇ ~Ùl•z xyÓ˚G ܲï˛Ü˛=!° xï˛ƒhs˝ =Ó˚&c˛õ)î≈ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ §!ë˛Ü˛ í˛z_Ó˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–ÛÛ
xyÙyˆÏòÓ˚ Ùï˛yÙï˛ •°ñ ~•z Ù%•)ˆÏï≈˛ ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Ú!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚Û ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ ~Ùl lÎ˚ ˆÎ ≤Ãã˛!°ï˛ ï˛_¥ÈüÈ~ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §ÇˆÏÎyçl xyçˆÏܲÓ˚ ã˛y!•òy ˆÙê˛yˆÏï˛
˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ– !ܲS%È ~ˆÏ°yˆÏوϰy ~ÓÇ ~ܲˆÏ˛õˆÏ¢ lï%˛l ï˛_¥ ˛õ!Ó˚!fli!ï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛l âê˛yˆÏï˛ ˛õyÓ˚ˆÏÓ ly–
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~ܲ=FSÈ §Çà!ï˛˛õ)î≈ G §y!Ó≈ܲ ï˛_¥ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl– ~ ≤çˆÏDñ §yôyÓ˚î˲yˆÏÓ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ §¡õˆÏÜ≈˛ ˆ°!llÈüÈˆÜ˛
˛õ%lÓ˚yÎ˚ í˛zk,˛ï˛ ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˛õy!Ó˚ÈüüüÈ
ÚÚ!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ôyÓ˚îyñ !ÓÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ôyÓ˚îy Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl ≤ÃyÎ˚ §Ù@˝Ã §yÙy!çܲ ˆã˛ï˛lyÎ˚ ≤ÈÏÓ¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈñ !ܲv ï˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈ xlƒ ˛õˆÏÌñ ˆ•ˆÏà°#Î˚
ò¢≈ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙyôƒˆÏÙ lÎ˚– ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ò¢≈ˆÏlÈüÈˆÜ˛ !˲!_ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ÙyÜ≈˛§ ~ˆÏD°§ ˆÎ˲yˆÏÓ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ §)e !òˆÏÎ˚ˆÏSÈl !ÓÓï≈˛l §Çe´yhs˝ Óï≈˛Ùyl ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚
ï%˛°lyÎ˚ ï˛y xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §y!Ó≈ܲ ~ÓÇ xhs˝Ó≈›ˆÏï˛ xˆÏlܲ ˆÓ!¢ §yÓ˚àË≈˛– x!ï˛e´yhs˝ hflψÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓï≈˛ˆÏlÓ˚ ÙˆÏï˛y !Óܲy¢ñ !ܲv ˛õ%lÓ˚yÓï≈˛l
xlƒ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ !˲!_ˆÏï˛ åˆl!ï˛Ó˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îäñ §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ !Óܲy¢ lÎ˚ñ Ó°y ˆÎˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ §!˛õ≈°Ó,_ Óy flõy•zÓ˚y° xyܲyˆÏÓ˚ !Óܲy¢ó
í˛zÕ‘¡≥˛lñ ôÁǧñ !Ó≤’ˆÏÓÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !Óܲy¢ó Úe´!Ùܲï˛yÓ˚ ˆSÈòÛó ˛õ!Ó˚Ùyî ˆÌˆÏܲ =ˆÏî í˛z_Ó˚îñ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ó›Ó˚ G˛õÓ˚ xÌÓy !l!ò≈‹T âê˛lyÓ˚
˛õ!Ó˚§#ÙyÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !ܲÇÓy ~ܲ!ê˛ §ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ x˲ƒhs˝ˆÏÓ˚ §!e´Î˚ !Ó!˲ߨ ¢!_´ G ≤ÃÓîï˛yÓ˚ !ÓˆÏÓ˚yô ˆÌˆÏܲñ §Çâyï˛ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õyGÎ˚y !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚
xy˲ƒhs˝Ó˚#î ï˛yí˛¸lyó ÉÉÉÛÛ [ˆ°!llñ ÚÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ Ùï˛ÓyòÛ ≤Ãӈ϶˛Ó˚ Úmy!®μܲï˛yÛ ¢#£Ï≈ܲ xÇ¢ñ ˆ°!ll ܲyˆÏ°Ü˛ˆÏê˛í˛ GÎ˚yÜ≈˛§ñ •zÇÓ˚y!çˆÏï˛ !ï˛l
˲°%ƒÙÈüÈ~ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ñ ≤ÈÏ@˝Ã§ ˛õyÓ!°¢y§≈ñ 1967]
ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ ~•z flõ‹T ò,!‹T˲!D Ùyl%ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ !ã˛hs˝y≤Ã!e´Î˚y ~ÓÇ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢G ≤ÈÏÎy烖 ÙyÜ≈˛§#Î˚ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ Óï≈˛ÙyˆÏl fl∫#Ü,˛!ï˛≤ÃyÆ xˆÏlܲ
xLjϢÓ˚ ˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚î ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ fl∫yˆÏÌ≈•z– ~ÓÇ ï˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !àˆÏÎ˚ñ ~ê˛y ÙyÌyÎ˚ Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ˆÎ Óç≈l Óy ôÁǧ§yôl lÎ˚ñ ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚
òy¢≈!lܲ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ƒˆÏܲ !ÓˆÏÓã˛lyÎ˚ ˆÓ˚ˆÏá Úˆl!ï˛Ü˛Ó˚îÛ •° ≤ÈÏÎ˚yçl#Î˚–
ÙylÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ xyÙÓ˚y ~ܲ §!˛õ≈° ˛õˆÏÌÓ˚ ÙˆÏôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ Îy!FSÈñ ˆÜ˛yˆÏly §Ó˚°ˆÏÓ˚áyÎ˚ lÎ˚ÈüüüÈ í˛zÕ‘¡≥˛lñ ôÁǧñ !Ó≤’Ó ~ÓÇ e´!Ùܲï˛yÓ˚ ˆSȈÏòÓ˚
ÙyôƒˆÏÙ ÙylÓK˛yˆÏlÓ˚ !Óܲy¢–
!ÓܲyˆÏ¢Ó˚ ~•z ã˛!Ó˚e ï˛y•zñ ÙylÓ K˛yˆÏlÓ˚ ~ܲ í˛zFã˛ï˛Ó˚ ôyˆÏ˛õ Îyeyñ ˆÎáyˆÏl !ÓŸªç%ˆÏí˛¸ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ˆÜ˛y!ê˛ ¢•#ˆÏòÓ˚ ç#ÓˆÏlÓ˚ òyˆÏÙ xl%¢#!°ï˛ ~ÓÇ
à,•#ï˛ ï˛_¥ˆÏܲ Ú~ܲ•z §yˆÏÌ Ó˚!«˛ï˛ ~ÓÇ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ÎyGÎ˚yÛ •ˆÏÓñ ˆ•ˆÏàˆÏ°Ó˚ ˲y£ÏyÎ˚ åÎy í%˛ƒ!Ó˚Ç Ú¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆË˛!ÕÒÓy!çÛ ÓˆÏ° !l®y ܲˆÏÓ˚!SȈϰlñ !ܲv
ܲy°≈ ÙyÜ≈˛§ §§¡øyˆÏl ~ÓÇ §y@˝ÃˆÏ• @˝Ã•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏSÈlä– ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ˆ§•z §Ó xÇ¢ ~ÓÇ xhs˝Ó›≈ˆÏܲ ˆ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓñ Îy xl%¢#!°ï˛ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ñ
§ÙˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ §yˆÏ˛õˆÏ«˛ ~ÓÇ §ˆÏÓ≈y˛õ!Ó˚ Ùyܲ≈§#Î˚ !ÓŸªÈüÈÓ#«˛yÓ˚ !Óã˛yˆÏÓ˚ x§D!ï˛˛õ)î≈ ~ÓÇ xã˛°ó ~ÓÇ xlƒ!òˆÏܲ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xhs˝Ë%≈˛_´ §Ù@˝Ã !Ó≤’Ó# ≤Ãyî§_yñ
Ú§ˆÏï˛ƒÛÓ˚ §yˆÏÌ ï˛yÓ˚ ˜lÜ˛ê˛ƒ ÓyhflÏÓ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ à,•#ï˛ ˛õ,!ÌÓ#Ó˚ ÎÌyÎÌ ~ÓÇ Ó›àï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛Ê˛°lñ ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ ÙˆÏôƒ Ìyܲy ˆ◊!î§ÙyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÎÔ!_´Ü˛ ~ÓÇ
my!®μܲ !ӈϢ£Ïî ~ÓÇ xÓ¢ƒ•z òy¢≈!lܲ Ó›Óyò Îy ˙ §Ü˛° ï˛ˆÏ_¥Ó˚ xhs˝!l≈!•≈ï˛ ~ÓÇ xhs˝@˝Ã≈!Ìï˛ ÙÙ≈Ó›ÈüüüÈ ï˛yˆÏܲ Ó˚«˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–
@˝Ãsi˛õO#≠
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