HortFlora Research Spectrum, Vol. 2 (1) 2013

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Volume 2 (1) Jan.-March 2013
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Date of Publication : 10-3-2013
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HORTFLORA RESEARCH SPECTRUM ISSN : 2250-2823
Volume 2(1), January-March, 2013
Contents
1. Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on plant growth
and nutrient uptake in aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn)
in sloppy degraded lands
R.S. Negi, B.S. Baghel, A.K. Gupta and Y.K. Singh 1-7
2. Response of cauliflower growth and development under
water scarcity conditions in temperature zone
P.S. Kashyap 8-13
3. Production and marketing of Mushroom in Kanpur Nagar
district of Uttar Pradesh
B.S. Sachan, Keshvendra Singh, Neeraj Kumar and
Jitendra Kumar
14-19
4. Changes in baking and sensory properties of wheat bread
and muffins with the addition of grapes
Suresh Bhise, Amarjeet Kaur and Poonam Aggarwal 20-24
5. Effect of gibberellic acid on periodical changes in
bio-chemical composition of ber cv. Umran
Rachna and Sukhdev Singh 25-29
6. Effct of IBA concentration on inducing rooting in stem
cuttings of Thuja compecta under mist house condition
K.K. Singh, J.M.S. Rawat, Y.K. Tomar and
Prabhat Kumar
30-34
7. Effect of some indigenous plant extracts on the inhibition
of egg hatching of nematode Melodiogyne incognita
Chitwood infesting mulbery
N. Vijaya Kumari and M. Lakshmi Devi 35-39
8. Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers with
nitrogen sources on floral parameters of tuberose
(Polianthes tuberosa L.)
A.P.S. Gangwar, J.P. Singh and Indra Pal Singh 40-44
9. Effect of low poly-tunnel on the growth, yield and
harvesting span of sweet pepper
Kulbir Singh, Rajinder Singh, D.S. Khurana and
Jaswinder Singh
45-49
10. Performance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hybrids in
agro-climatic conditions of Allahabad
Jitendra Kumar Patel, Vijay Bahadur, Devi Singh, V.M.
Prasad and S.B. Rangare
50-55
11. Varietal reaction of rose against black spot caused by
Diplocarpon rosae Wolf. in Arunachal Pradesh
Sunil Kumar, R.C. Shakywar, K.S. Tomar and M. Pathak 56-59
12. Effect of graded levels of nitrogen on production of
flower, oil and bulb of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.)
Avinash C. Rathore and J.N. Singh 60-63
13. Response of organic manures on growth and yield of
mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari
Mohit Kumar and Rajesh Kumar 64-67
14. Effect of different packaging films on shelf life and
quality of pear fruits under super market conditions
B.V.C. Mahajan, Nav Prem Singh and Mahesh Kumar 68-71
15. Review on biological control of soil borne fungi in
vegetable crops
Ramesh Singh and N.S. Sachan 72-76
16. Effect of micronutrients and plant growth regulators on
fruiting of Litchi
Amit Dixit, S.S. Shaw and Virendra Pal 77-80
17. Effect of IBA and NAA concentrations on rooting in stem
cuttings of night queen (Cestrum nocturnum L.) under
sub-tropical valley conditions
K.K. Singh, V. Rawat, J.M.S. Rawat, Y.K. Tomar and
Prabhat Kumar
81-83
18. Performance of Cabbage hybrids under rainfed mid-hill
conditions of Uttarakhand
Sanjay Pathak, Chandan Kumar, S.P. Uniyal and
Lalit Bhatt
84-86
19. Impact of micronutrient spray on growth, yield and quality
of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)
H.M. Singh and Jitendra Kumar Tiwari 87-89
20. Effect of natural and chemical floral preservatives on the
vase life of Dendrobium hybrid sonia-17
Prathamesh Vaidya and John P. Collis 90-92
EF FECT OF IN-SITU MOIS TURE CON SER VA TION ON PLANT
GROWTH AND NU TRI ENT UP TAKE IN AONLA (Emblica officinalis
Gaertn) IN SLOPPY DE GRADED LANDS
R.S. Negi
1
, B.S. Baghel
2
, A.K. Gupta
3*
and Y.K. Singh
4
1
Deendayal Re search In sti tute, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Satna (MP)-485 331
2
Col lege of Hor ti cul ture, JNKVV, Mandsour (MP)
3,4
Mahatma Gan dhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot.
*Email : drak.gupta108@gmail.com
AB STRACT: A field ex per i ment was con ducted in Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Deendayal Re search
In sti tute, Satna for two con sec u tive years to eval u ate the ef fect of var i ous in- situ mois ture
con ser va tion mea sures on es tab lish ment and growth of aonla in sloppy de graded lands. In-situ
mois ture con ser va tion mea sures in cluded for the study were prep a ra tion of cir cu lar ring ba sin +
mulch ing the ba sin with black poly thene, stag gered con tour trench ing 45 cm width and 3 m
length) on up per side of the plant ba sin, place ment of one sub merged pitcher in one side of the
plant for rain wa ter har vest ing, set ting the seed ling in a de pres sion of 1 m width and 15 cm deep,
sur rounded by a ring-shaped ridge with 25 cm width and 15 cm height and a 30 cm open ing on
the higher side to har vest rain wa ter + fill ing the de pres sion with straw + mulch ing with black
poly thene and con trol (no mi cro- catch ment or mulch). The data on growth pa ram e ters (scion
shoot length and di am e ter; num ber of branchlet, num ber of leaves, leaf area, fresh and dry
weight of shoots and roots) and nu tri ent con tent of leaves of budlings un der the five treat ments
were re corded. The re sults re vealed that plant ing one month old poly thene raised seed lings in a
pit de pres sion of 1 m width and 15 cm deep, sur rounded by a ring-shaped ridge with 25 cm width
and 15 cm height and a 30 cm open ing on the higher side to har vest rain wa ter and fill ing the
de pres sion with straw and cov er ing the pit with black poly thene and per form ing patch bud ding
next year dur ing end of June, which re sulted in max i mum budling growth, and nu tri ents up take
ob served to be the best in situ mois ture con ser va tion method and may be rec om mended for
re ha bil i ta tion of de graded sloppy lands.
Keywords: Aonla, in-situ mois ture con ser va tion, trench ing, sub merged pitcher, nu tri ent up take.
Aonla, on ac count of its drought har di ness and
wider adapt abil ity ap pear to be a better choice for
re ha bil i tat ing waste lands (Singh, 11). This mi nor
fruits has bright pros pects for ex tend ing its
cul ti va tion in waste/forestlands where the
cul ti va tion of other crops is ar du ous and less
prof it able. Dur ing the re cent years, this crop is fast
gain ing ground on ac count of its drought har di ness,
high me dic i nal and nu tri tional value,
non-per ish able na ture of the fruit, readily avail able
mar ket and high re mu ner a tion. Due to its in creas ing
de mand in Ayurvedic med i cines, an ex pan sion of
the area un der its cul ti va tion has be come nec es sary
to meet the de mands of phar ma ceu ti cal com pa nies.
Keep ing in view the di verse me dic i nal use of aonla
and its in creas ing com mer cial sig nif i cance in the
coun try, there is an ur gent need to give im me di ate
at ten tion to wards prob lems and pros pects in its
cul ti va tion. How ever, the great est bot tle neck in its
ex pan sion is the poor sur viv abil ity and growth of
plants on waste lands. The poor es tab lish ment and
growth of plants af ter trans plant ing is a ma jor
prob lem in the ex pan sion of area un der cul ti va tion
as heavy mor tal ity (up to 50 %) oc curs af ter
trans plant ing from nurs ery to field at dis tant places.
Al though, aonla is a drought hardy fruit crop, yet
the plants re quire wa ter ing dur ing the ini tial stage
of or chard es tab lish ment (Pareek, 9). But pro vid ing
regular ir ri ga tion is nei ther regular prac ti cal nor
eco nom i cal in the sloppy waste lands. Har vest ing of
rain wa ter and in-situ mois ture con ser va tion is the
only vi a ble al ter na tive to ar ti fi cial ir ri ga tion.
Sci en tific in for ma tion to es tab lish a stan dard
method of rain wa ter har vest ing tech nol ogy for
HortFlora Research Spectrum, 2(1): 1-7 (Jan.-March 2013) ISSN : 2250-2823
Received : 16.9.2012 Accepted : 24.11.2012
2 Negi et al.
aonla is in ad e quate, especially for the sloppy lands.
Therefore, an experiment was laid out to study the
effect of different models of rain water harvesting
on plant survival and growth ratios.
MA TE RI ALS AND METH ODS
The ex per i ment was con ducted dur ing
2005-06 and 2006-07 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra,
Satna on sloppy waste lands with five in-situ
mois ture con ser va tion meth ods. The ex per i men tal
site lies be tween 24 51' 15" to 24 57' 30" N
lat i tude and 80 43' 30" to 80 54' 15" E lon gi tude.
The an nual rain fall of the ex per i men tal area var ies
from 600 mm to 850 mm. July to Sep tem ber are the
wet test months ac count ing for about 80% of the
to tal pre cip i ta tion in the area. Tem per a ture rises to
45-48C in May and falls to 3-5C dur ing
De cem ber/Jan u ary. The soil of the ex per i men tal
site was stony, grav elly and the gravel con tent of
the soil var ied from 46-58%. The ex per i ment was
laid out in a Ran dom ized Block De sign with three
rep li ca tions and 20 plants in each rep li ca tion. The
ex per i ment site was cleared off all the
shrubs/bushes in the month of May dur ing both the
years. Pits of 90 x 90 x 90 cu. m. size were dug out
dur ing May. The pits were filled with a mix ture of
good soil and FYM in the ra tio of 1:1. Ex per i ment
was laid out in a tri an gu lar sys tem at a plant ing
dis tance of 5x5m. One month old seed lings raised
in poly bags were trans planted in pits sub jected to
dif fer ent in-situ mois ture con ser va tion mea sures
with the on set of mon soon dur ing 2005 and 2006.
Un der each rep li ca tion, out of 20 trans planted
seed lings, 10 seed lings were patch bud ded with
NA-7 dur ing the last week of June in the fol low ing
year i.e. 2006 and 2007. For tak ing ob ser va tions on
growth pa ram e ters and nu tri ent con tent of leaves,
five plants in each rep li ca tion were marked
per ma nently. The data on length and di am e ter of
scion shoot; num ber of branch lets and num ber of
leaves were re corded at monthly in ter val af ter 45
days of bud ding till the ces sa tion of growth took
place. The height was mea sured from the bud un ion
to the ter mi nal bud of the main axis. Whereas, the
di am e ter was mea sures just above the bud un ion
with the help of ver nier cal li per. The data on
num ber of branch lets were re corded dur ing
Sep tem ber. The leaf area was re corded dur ing
Oc to ber. Ten leaves were col lected at ran dom from
each bud ding, and out of the pooled leaves, ten
leaves were fur ther se lected at ran dom for
mea sur ing the leaf area. The leaf area was mea sured
with the help of LICOR 6100 Leaf Area Me ter and
ex pressed in cm2. The ob ser va tions on fresh shoot
and root weights were re corded dur ing De cem ber,
at the end of grow ing sea son. The plants were dug
out care fully with out dis turb ing the pri mary roots
and were washed in wa ter. The stem por tions and
Ta ble 1: Treat ment de tails and spec i fi ca tion of in-situ mois ture con ser va tion mea sures.
Treatments
Specifications
T
1
: Polythene mulching Preparation of circular ring, and mulching the basin with black polythene.
T
2
: Trench + straw mulching
Staggered trenches of 3m length, 0.45 m width and depth across the slope were
prepared in a aligned contour. Half of the trench was filled with straw and the plants
were planted on the downstream side of the trench bund.
T
3
: Submerged pitcher
Placement of one submerged pitcher on upper side of the plant for rainwater
harvesting.
T
4
: Pit depression
Seedlings were set in a depression of 1 m width and 15 cm depth, surrounded by a
ring-shaped ridge with 25 cm width and 15 cm height and a 30 cm opening on the
higher side to harvest rainwater. The depression was filled with straw and covered
with black polythene as mulch.
T
5
: Control Control (no micro-catchments and no mulch).
root por tions were sev ered from the point of
tran si tion of shoot and root. The weight was
mea sured with the help of an elec tronic bal ance and
ex pressed as av er age weight of root and shoot in
gm. Af ter re cord ing fresh weight, the roots and
shoots por tions were dried in an elec tric oven at
65C for 72 hours. For de ter min ing the dry weight,
shoot and root por tions were weighed in an
elec tronic bal ance and the data ex pressed as
av er age weight of root and shoot in gm. For
cal cu lat ing the nu tri ent con tent in leaves, the
phys i o log i cally ma ture leaves (3-4 months old)
from the mid dle por tion of shoots were col lected
(Awasthi et al., 1). The leaves were washed and
dried in the elec tric oven at 65C till a con stant
weight was ob tained. The sam ples were then
grounded and an a lyzed for ni tro gen, phos pho rus
and po tas sium con tents and the data ex pressed in
per cent. The ni tro gen con tent in the leaves was
de ter mined by Kjeltec N- autoanalyzer as
ad vo cated by Singh et al. (11). The phos pho rus
con tent in the leaves was de ter mined by wet
di ges tion method de vel op ing vanadomolybdo
col our as sug gested by Singh et al. (10). The
potassium content in the leaves was estimated by
wet digestion with the help of a flame photometer
as described by Jackson (7).
RE SULTS AND DIS CUS SION
Budlings Growth
The data on the ef fect of dif fer ent mois ture
con ser va tion meth ods on length of scion shoot,
di am e ter of scion shoot just above the graft un ion
and num ber of branch lets per bud ding are pre sented
in Table 2.
Sev eral work ers have dem on strated the
ben e fi cial ef fects of in-situ mois ture con ser va tion
meth ods on plants growth (Ghosh et. al., 5; Badhe
and Magar, 2) in aonla. In the pres ent stud ies also,
all the treat ments were ob served to en hance the
growth of budlings in terms of length of scion
shoot, di am e ter of scion shoot just above the graft
un ion, and num ber of branch lets per budling. The
max i mum length of scion shoot (40.70 cm),
di am e ter just above the bud un ion (0.58 cm), and
num ber of branch lets (21.25), was re corded in
budlings grow ing in pit de pres sion method of
in-situ mois ture con ser va tion. The next best
treat ments in re spect of growth were stag gered
trench + straw mulch ing (38.78 cm, 0.56 cm, 18.75)
and sub merged pitcher (37.47 cm, 0.52 cm and
17.50) meth ods of wa ter har vest ing. The treat ment
of mulch ing with black poly thene re corded the
mean min i mum val ues of growth parameters (32.56
cm, 0.45 cm, 16.17 branches).
In creased growth of budlings un der in-situ
mois ture con ser va tion treat ments might have been
due to more mois ture and nu tri ents avail able in the
soil dur ing the ac tive growth pe riod. Thus in the
pres ent study, pit de pres sion method of mois ture
con ser va tion was ob served to be a more ef fec tive
method for en hanc ing budlings growth. The higher
growth of budlings un der the pit de pres sion method
of mois ture con ser va tion may be at trib uted to
higher avail able soil mois ture for lon ger pe ri ods
Effect of in-situ moisture conservation on plant growth and nutrient uptake in aonla 3
Ta ble 2: Ef fect of in-situ mois ture con ser va tion meth ods on growth of Aonla budlings.
Treatment Scion shoot length (cm)
Scion shoot diameter
(cm)
No. of Branchlets/
budling
2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean
T
1
: Polythene mulching 31.51 33.60 32.56 0.43 0.46 0.45 16.00 16.33 16.17
T
2
: Trench + straw mulching 38.14 39.41 38.78 0.54 0.57 0.56 18.67 18.83 18.75
T
3
: Submerged pitcher 37.33 37.62 37.47 0.51 0.53 0.52 17.25 17.75 17.50
T
4
: Pit depression 38.92 42.47 40.70 0.56 0.59 0.58 20.58 21.92 21.25
T
5
: Control 28.31 28.94 28.63 0.39 0.41 0.40 14.67 14.91 14.79
CD (P=0.05) 1.97 3.17 2.42 0.03 0.04 0.04 1.72 2.10 1.84
4 Negi et al.
due to a big ger mi cro-catch ments area, and better
mois ture con ser va tion through com bined mulch ing
of straw and poly thene. These re sults are in
con for mity with the find ings of Ghosh et. al. (5 ) who
also re corded better growth of the plants in cus tard
ap ple un der pit de pres sion method of mois ture
con ser va tion.The trend ob served in in crease in all the
growth pa ram e ters as in flu enced by dif fer ent
mois ture conservation methods was almost similar
during 2006 as well as 2007.
No. of Leaves and Leaf Area
The data on the ef fect of dif fer ent in-situ
mois ture con ser va tion treat ments on leaf num ber and
leaf area are pre sented in Ta ble 3. A pe rusal of the
data re veals that all the in-situ mois ture con ser va tion
treat ments re sulted in sig nif i cant in crease in leaf
num ber and leaf area over con trol dur ing the year
2006 and 2007 as well as when pooled anal y sis of
vari ance was car ried out. Among the dif fer ent in-situ
mois ture con ser va tion treat ments, the max i mum leaf
num ber and leaf area was ob tained un der pit
de pres sion treat ment (611.96, 0.48 cm
2
), which was
sig nif i cantly higher than other treat ments. The next
best treat ment was found to be stag gered trench +
straw mulch ing (503.37, 0.46 cm
2
). The treat ment
poly thene mulch ing re corded the low est val ues
(442.11, 0.36 cm
2
).
Fresh Weight of Shoot and Root
The data on the ef fect of dif fer ent in-situ
mois ture con ser va tion meth ods on fresh shoot and
root weight and dry shoot and root weight (Ta ble 4)
re veals that dif fer ent in-situ mois ture con ser va -
tion treat ments had a sig nif i cant ef fect on fresh
shoot and root weight. The mean fresh weight of
shoot and root per plant ranged be tween 16.35 g
to 23.14 g, and 16.28 g to 22.07 g re spec tively.
The mean max i mum fresh weight of shoot and
root (23.14 g and 22.07 g) was re corded with
budlings raised un der pit de pres sion method of
mois ture con ser va tion which was sig nif i cantly
higher than all the other treat ments, ex cept
stag gered trench + straw mulch ing. The low est
mean fresh shoot and root weight (16.35 g and
16.28 g) was re corded un der con trol, which was
sig nif i cantly lower than all other treatments.
Dry Weight of Shoot and Root
The mean dry shoot and root weight of
budlings ranged be tween 7.33 g to 10.40 g, and
8.30 g to 11.80 g, re spec tively. All the treat ments
were ob served to in crease the dry shoot and root
weight sig nif i cantly over the con trol. Among the
dif fer ent treat ments, the mean max i mum dry
shoot and root weight was re corded un der pit
de pres sion (10.40 g and 11.80 g). The sec ond
high est val ues (9.93 g and 11.25 g) of dry shoot
and root weights were ob served un der stag gered
trench + straw mulch ing treat ment, but were
sta tis ti cally at par with pit de pres sion and
sub merged pitcher method of mois ture
con ser va tion. Fur ther more, the dry weight of
shoot and root was ob served to fol low the same
pat tern as fresh weight in re spect of the ef fect of
in-situ moisture conservation methods.
Ta ble 3: Ef fect of in-situ moisture conservation methods on num ber of leaves and leaf area of Aonla budlings.
Treatment
Number of Leaves
Leaf Area (cm
2
)
2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean
T
1
: Polythene mulching 446.63 437.60 442.11 0.36 0.35 0.36
T
2
: Trench + straw mulching 505.59 501.16 503.37 0.47 0.44 0.46
T
3
: Submerged pitcher 505.73 491.63 498.68 0.43 0.39 0.41
T
4
: Plant set in depression 631.15 592.78 611.96 0.49 0.46 0.48
T
5
: Control 383.25 376.89 380.07 0.33 0.31 0.32
CD (P=0.05) 57.41 47.05 50.34 0.03 0.05 0.02
The in crease in the dry and fresh mat ter
con tent of shoots and roots un der mois ture
con ser va tion treat ments could be at trib uted to the
better sap flow, nu tri ent up take and their di rec tional
flow, as the treat ment which pro duced higher dry
and fresh weight of shoots, also re corded higher
con tent of NPK in leaves.
Nu tri ent Up take
The data per tain ing to the ef fect of dif fer ent
meth ods of in-situ mois ture con ser va tion on
nu tri ent con tent of leaves (Ta ble 5) revealed that all
the mois ture con ser va tion treat ments sig nif i cantly
im proved the nu tri ent up take of the roots. The
dif fer ent in-situ mois ture con ser va tion treat ments
re sulted in a sig nif i cant in crease in NPK con tent of
the leaves over the con trol. Among the dif fer ent
meth ods of in-situ mois ture con ser va tion, the pit
de pres sion method of rain wa ter har vest ing, along
with black poly thene mulch ing proved to be the
most ben e fi cial for in creas ing the NPK con tent of
leaves and. gave the high est val ues of NPK con tent
(2.36, 0.27, 1.41 per cent) in leaves. The next best
treat ments, in re spect of leaves NPK con tent were
stag gered trench (2.22, 0.24, 1.39 per cent) and
sub merged pitcher (2.07 per cent). Whereas, the
low est NPK con tent was re corded un der poly thene
mulch ing treat ment (1.74, 0.20, 1.21 per cent).
Chandra (4) also re ported that mois ture
con ser va tion tech niques in crease the nu tri ent
con tent of leaves in aonla. He ad vo cated that the
nu tri ent move into the wet vol ume in a man ner
con sis tent with the flux of wa ter in the soil, thereby
en sur ing ad e quate avail abil ity to plants.
Fur ther more, the N, P and K con tent of leaves was
ob served to fol low the same pat tern in re spect of
the ef fect of in-situ moisture conservation methods
on nutrient content of leaves.
The better nu tri ent up take un der in-situ
mois ture con ser va tion treat ments may be due to
en hanced avail abil ity of nu tri ents and mois ture in
soil for lon ger du ra tion and the higher con tent of
NPK in leaves may be at trib uted to in creased
avail abil ity of soil mois ture which might have
fa cil i tated higher up take of nu tri ent and
es tab lish ment of better soil-water-air relationship.
In the pres ent in ves ti ga tions, mulch was found
more ef fec tive in in creas ing seed ling as well
budlings growth (height, di am e ter, num ber of
leaves and branch less, fresh and dry weight of root
and shoot), when used in com bi na tion with in-situ
rain wa ter har vest ing mod ule, as com pared to when
used alone. The ben e fi cial ef fect of black poly thene
and straw mulch ing on plant growth has also been
re ported in guava (Borthakur and Bhattacharya, 3).
Higher growth of aonla plants un der dif fer ent
in-situ mois ture con ser va tion treat ments can be
at trib uted to the better mois ture con ser va tion for
Ta ble 4: Ef fect of in-situ moisture conservation methods on fresh and dry weight of shoot and root in Aonla.
Treatment Shoot Fresh
Weight (g)
Root Fresh Weight
(g)
Shoot Dry Weight
(g)
Root Dry Weight
(g)
2006 2007 Mea
n
2006 2007 Mea
n
2006 2007 Mea
n
2006 2007 Mea
n
T
1
: Polythene
mulching
18.84 20.09 19.47 17.93 19.11 18.52 8.07 8.61 8.34 9.14 9.75 9.44
T
2
: Trench +
straw mulching
21.80 22.53 22.17 21.56 22.28 21.92 9.77 10.10 9.93 11.06 11.43 11.25
T
3
: Submerged
pitcher
21.33 21.49 21.41 21.24 21.40 21.32 9.56 9.63 9.60 10.83 10.91 10.87
T
4
: Pit
depression
22.12 24.16 23.14 21.17 22.97 22.07 9.97 10.83 10.40 11.29 12.32 11.80
T
5
: Control 16.17 16.52 16.35 16.11 16.46 16.28 7.25 7.41 7.33 8.21 8.39 8.30
CD(P=0.05) 2.01 1.98 1.68 2.11 1.76 1.37 0.95 0.90 0.75 1.01 1.00 0.62
6 Negi et al.
lon ger pe riod of growth, which im proved the
nu tri ent up take by the plant. These re sults con forms
the find ings of sev eral work ers, who also re ported
en hanced growth of fruit plants due to better
con ser va tion of soil moisture fol low ing mulch ing
(Hegde and Srinivas, 6; Mishra, 8).
CON CLU SION
From the re sults of these stud ies, it may be
in ferred that in-situ mois ture con ser va tion is a must
for better es tab lish ment and de vel op ment of aonla
plants on de graded sloppy lands, as the growth and
NPK con tent of the leaves were sig nif i cantly
im proved when the plants were sub jected to
dif fer ent in-situ mois ture con ser va tion meth ods.
Among the dif fer ent meth ods of in-situ mois ture
con ser va tion, the treat ment plant ing one month old
poly thene raised Seed lings in a pit de pres sion of 1
m width and 15 cm deep, sur rounded by a
ring-shaped ridge with 25 cm width and 15 cm
height and a 30 cm open ing on the higher side to
har vest rain wa ter and fill ing the de pres sion with
straw and cov er ing the pit with black poly thene
and per form ing patch bud ding next year dur ing
end of June, which re sulted in max i mum growth
and plant nu tri ent up take found to be the best
in-situ mois ture con ser va tion method and may be
recommended for rehabilitation of degraded sloppy
lands.
REF ER ENCES
1. Awasthi, O.P.; Pathak, R.A. and Pathak, R.K.
(1993). Ef fect of age and po si tion of shoot on
min eral com po si tion of aonla. In dian J. Hort.,
50(2): 134- 138.
2. Badhe, V.T. and Magar, S.S. (2004). In flu ence
of dif fer ent con ser va tion mea sures on run off,
soil and nu tri ent loss un der cashewnut in
lateritic soils of south Konkan re gion. In dian J.
Soil Cons., 32 (2): 143-147.
3. Borthakur, P.K. and Bhattacharya, R.K. (1992).
Or ganic mulches in guava or chards. In dian
Hort., 37 (2) : 43-44.
4. Chandra, S. (2000). Ef fi cacy of drip ir ri ga tion
and mulch ing on aonla ber crop ping sys tem in
sodic soil. Ph. D the sis submiited to N D U
A&T, Faizabad.
5. Ghosh, S.N.; Mathew, B. and Manna, S. (2002).
Ef fect of in-situ mois ture con ser va tion on
growth, yield and fruit qual ity of cus tard ap ple.
J. Maharashtra Ag ri c. Uni ver si ties, 27(3):
263-265.
6. Hedge, H.M. and Srinivas, K. (1989). Ef fect of
mulches and anti transpirants on growth, yield
and wa ter use of ba nana. Prog. Hort., 21 (1-2):
44.47.
7. Jack son, M.L. (1973). Soil chem i cal anal y sis.
Prentice Hall of In dia Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi.
Ta ble 5: Ef fect of in-situ moisture conservation methods on leaf nutrient content in Aonla.
Treatment Nitrogen Content (%) Phosphorus Content (%) Potassium Content (%)
2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean 2006 2007 Mean
T
1
: Polythene mulching 1.89
(7.90)
1.91
(7.94)
1.90
(7.92)
0.21
(2.63)
0.19
(2.50)
0.20
(2.56)
1.19
(6.26)
1.22
(6.34)
1.21
(6.30)
T
2
: Trench + straw
mulching
2.21
(8.55)
2.23
(8.59)
2.22
(8.57)
0.23
(2.75)
0.24
(2.81)
0.24
(2.78)
1.37
(6.72)
1.40
(6.80)
1.39
(6.76)
T
3
: Submerged pitcher 2.04
(8.21)
2.09
(8.31)
2.07
(8.27)
0.22
(2.69)
0.23
(2.75)
0.23
(2.72)
1.27
(6.47)
1.33
(6.62)
1.30
(6.55)
T
4
: Pit depression 2.33
(8.78)
2.38
(8.87)
2.36
(8.84)
0.27
(2.98)
0.26
(2.92)
0.27
(2.95)
1.44
(6.89)
1.38
(6.75)
1.41
(6.82)
T
5
: Control 1.73
(7.56)
1.75
(7.60)
1.74
(7.58)
0.19
(2.50)
0.17
(2.36)
0.18
(2.43)
1.02
(5.80)
1.11
(6.05)
1.07
(5.93)
CD (P = 0.05) 0.42 0.35 0.29 0.14 0.16 0.11 0.41 0.32 0.27
8. Mishra, L.N. (1998) Ef fect of mulch ing on the
con ser va tion of soil mois ture and plant growth
in aonla + guava crop ping sys tem. M.Sc.(Ag)
the sis, De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, NDUA&T,
Kumarganj, Faizabad.
9. Pareek, O.P. (1993). Wa ter man age ment in fruit
crops. In: Ad vances in Hor ti cul ture Vol. 2, Fruit
crops Eds. K.L. Chadha and O.P. Pareek,
Malhotra Pub lish ing House, New Delhi, pp.
725-762.
10. Singh, D., Chhonkar, P.K. and Pandey, R.N.
(1999). Soilplantwa ter anal y sis A meth ods
man ual. Pp. 57-67.
11. Singh, R.K. (1992). Research strategies at
national level for fruit cultivation and utilisation
of wastelands. Agric. Situation in India, 47(5):
359-364.
RE SPONSE OF CAU LI FLOWER GROWTH AND DE VEL OP MENT
UN DER WA TER SCAR CITY CON DI TIONS IN TEM PER ATE ZONE
P.S. Kashyap*
De part ment of Soil & Wa ter Con ser va tion En gi neer ing
G. B. Pant Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture & Tech nol ogy, Pantnagar263 145
*E-mail: pskashyap@ya hoo.com
AB STRACT : The study was car ried out at the Col lege of For estry & Hill Ag ri cul ture, Hill
Cam pus, Ranichauri, Uttarakhand. Soil mois ture con tent was mea sured us ing gravimetric
method pe ri od i cally in 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm soil pro files. Field ex per i ments were
con ducted on cau li flower (Bras sica oleracea) crop dur ing 2007-08 and 2008-09. The crop was
trans planted in Oc to ber and har vested in Feb ru ary span ning 100 and 99 days, re spec tively. Four
ir ri ga tion treat ments were main tained based on the max i mum al low able de ple tion (MAD) of
avail able soil wa ter. The treat ments were 15% (T
1
), 30% (T
2
), 45% (T
3
) and 60% (T
4
) max i mum
al low able de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter. No wa ter stress was main tained at the ini tial stages of
the crop de vel op ment in or der to al low the plants at tain a healthy growth. Results re vealed that
ir ri ga tion sched ule with 45% max i mum al low able de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter gave the
max i mum wa ter use ef fi ciency for cau li flower crop. It was found that for sched ul ing of ir ri ga tion
for cau li flower crop 0-30 cm soil pro file should be con sid ered as most of the wa ter was found to
be ex tracted from this layer by the plant.
Keywords : Cau li flower, growth, al low able de ple tion of mosture, wa ter use ef fi ciency, soil pro file.
Cau li flower is one of sev eral veg e ta bles in the
spe cies Brassica oleracea, in the
fam ily Brassicaceae. It is an annual plant that is
re pro duced by seed. Typ i cally, only the head
(the white curd) is eaten. The cau li flower head is
com posed of a white in flo res cence meristem.
Cau li flower heads re sem ble those in broc coli,
which dif fers in hav ing flower buds. Its name
co mes from Latin word cau lis (cab bage) and
flower, Bras sica oleracea also in cludes cab bage,
brussels sprouts, kale, broc coli, and col lard greens,
though they are of dif fer ent generic cultivar groups.
Cau li flower is one of the most pop u lar crop
through out the world. It thrives well in all soil
tex tures that have good in ter nal drain age. It is
rel a tively sen si tive to soil wa ter def i cits.
Cau li flower needs fre quent ir ri ga tions for its good
growth and yield (Rangarajan, 8).
The wa ter re quire ment var ies widely from
crop to crop and also dur ing the pe riod of growth of
in di vid ual crop (Doorenboss and Pruitt, 2). In case
of sit u a tions where wa ter sup ply is lim ited, the
ir ri ga tion de mand of the en tire crop ping pat tern can
not be met fully. In these con di tions, de lib er ate
un der ir ri ga tion, also known as def i cit ir ri ga tion
can play a ma jor role (Iqbal et al., 5). By def i cit
ir ri ga tion, crops are pur pose fully un der ir ri gated
dur ing plant growth stages that are rel a tively
in sen si tive to wa ter stress as re gards to the qual ity
and quan tity of the harvestable yield (Musick, 7).
Iden ti fy ing growth stages of a par tic u lar cultivar
un der lo cal con di tions of cli mate and soil fer til ity
al lows ir ri ga tion sched ul ing for both max i mum
crop yield and most ef fi cient use of scarce wa ter
re sources (Doorenbos and Kassam, 3).
With these back ground con sid er ations a
com pre hen sive field in ves ti ga tion was un der taken
on a silty clay loam soil at the ex per i men tal fields
of Ag ri cul tural En gi neer ing Sec tion, Hill Cam pus,
Ranichauri, Tehri-Garhwal, Uttarakhand. The
ex per i men tal crop cv. Pusa Snow ball of cau li flower
was se lected, which is a pop u lar va ri ety of the
re gion. The ef fects of var i ous sched ul ing of
ir ri ga tion on the pro file soil wa ter sta tus, crop yield,
bio mass and wa ter use ef fi ciency were stud ied.
Ir ri ga tion sched ules were based on 15, 30, 45 and
Received : 30.12.2013 Revised : 24.1.2013 Accepted : 14.2.2013
60 % max i mum al low able de ple tion (MAD) of
avail able soil wa ter (ASW).
The present study was carried out at the
experimental terraces of the Agricultural
Engineering Section, College of Forestry & Hill
Agriculture, Hill Campus, Ranichauri,
Uttarakhand, India. The field is located on a sloping
terraced land situated at an altitude of 1850 m
above mean sea level. Ranichauri is intersected by
30 18 N latitude and 78 24 E longitude. The
local climate is sub-humid in temperate zone with
an average rainfall of 1240 mm concentrated over
the months of June to September. During both years
experiments, the temperatures were generally
moderate and suitable for the growth of cauliflower
crop. The physical properties of the soil of
experimental field used for cauliflower crop were
as given in Table 1.
Field ex per i ments were con ducted on cultivar
Pusa Snow ball of cau li flower, which is a pop u lar
100-120 days veg e ta ble crop of the lo cal ity and
suits to the pre vail ing cli mate of the re gion. Wa ter
def i cits dur ing the pe riod of curd for ma tion have
the great est ad verse ef fect on the yield of the crop,
whereas early veg e ta tive and mat u ra tion pe ri ods
are less sen si tive (Doorenbos and Kassam, 3). The
first field ex per i ment was con ducted dur ing the
pe riod from 20
th
Oc to ber 2007 to 27
th
Jan u ary 2008.
The sec ond ex per i ment was con ducted dur ing 26
th
Oc to ber 2008 to 1
th
Feb ru ary 2009.
Field lay out and ex per i men tal de tails
Cau li flower was grown in a ter raced land of
180 m
2
area. The field was di vided into 20 plots of
3 m x 3 m size. Farm Yard Ma nure (FYM) was
mixed man u ally with top 20 cm of soil layer at the
rate of 20 kg/ha 10 days be fore trans plant ing.
Sec ond dose of FYM was ap plied at the time of
curd for ma tion (30 days af ter trans plant ing) at the
rate of 10 kg/ha. The trans plant ing was done at a
spac ing of 60 cm (row to row) and 60 cm (plant to
plant) dur ing both years ex per i ments.
Ir ri ga tion treat ments and sched ul ing
The ir ri ga tion treat ments dur ing ex per i ments
con sisted of ir ri ga tion sched ul ing based on
max i mum al low able de ple tion (MAD) of avail able
soil wa ter (ASW) cri te ria, which was as : T
1
= 15%
max i mum al low able de ple tion (MAD) of avail able
soil wa ter (ASW), T
2
= 30% MAD of ASW, T
3
=
45% MAD of ASW and T
4
= 60% MAD of ASW.
Ir ri ga tion sched ul ing was based on the
per cent age de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter in the
root zone. The avail able soil wa ter was taken as the
dif fer ence be tween root zone wa ter stor age at field
ca pac ity and per ma nent wilt ing point. For
es ti mat ing wa ter stor age the ef fec tive root zone of
cau li flower crop was con sid ered as 45 cm (Allen et
al., 1), ir re spec tive of growth stage. Us ing the data
of soil mois ture mea sured gravimetrically, the
per cent age de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter in the
ef fec tive root zone was es ti mated. The plots were
ir ri gated us ing a hose pipe and a wa ter me ter to give
the ex act vol ume of wa ter.
Response of cauliflower growth and development under water scarcity conditions in temperate zone 9
Ta ble 1.Phys i cal prop er ties of soil pro files of the ex per i men tal field.
Soil depth
(cm)
Particle size distribution (%) Bulk density (g/cc) Saturated hydraulic
conductivity (cm/day)
Clay Silt Sand
0-15 30.0 29.5 40.5 1.60 15.2
15-30 32.2 33.3 34.5 1.55 10.3
30-45 34.8 35.8 29.4 1.57 3.3
45-60 34.9 32.1 33.0 1.62 2.5
60-90 35.7 34.0 30.3 1.65 1.6
10 Kashyap
Data col lec tion
For the study of wa ter bal ance, crop and
bio mass re sponse to def i cit ir ri ga tion and wa ter use
ef fi ciency, the data on pro file soil mois ture con tent
and the growth at trib utes of the crop un der
con sid er ation was col lected. In or der to as sess the
change in soil wa ter bal ance, soil mois ture was
mea sured in 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm soil
pro files. The mois ture con tent of soil lay ers were
mea sured gravimetrically. Mois ture mea sure ments
were taken on ev ery al ter nate day.
In order to assess the depth and time variation
of soil moisture under different scheduling of
irrigation, soil moisture was measured periodically
in 0-15, 15-30, 30-45, 45-60 and 60-90 cm soil
profiles during both the experiments.
Depth and time vari a tion of soil mois ture
The tem po ral vari a tions of soil mois ture in the
root zone and be low the root zone of the
ex per i men tal crop are pre sented in Fig. 1. The
fig ures re veal that the soil mois ture ex pe ri enced a
cy clic tem po ral vari a tion at all soil depths. This
trend was ob served ir re spec tive of the level of
ir ri ga tion (MAD level). The am pli tude of this
cy clic vari a tion (Fig. 1) was higher in up per lay ers
than in lower lay ers. In ex per i ment 1, there was a
rapid de cline of soil mois ture in 0-15 cm soil pro file
at 82 days af ter trans plant ing (DAS) to the end of
growth pe riod. The lower lay ers of 15-30, 30-45,
45-60 and 60-90 cm soil pro files also ex hib ited a
grad ual de cline in that or der upto the end of the
growth pe riod. The de cline was quite slow in 60-90
cm soil pro file. The am pli tude of cy clic vari a tion
was more in 0-15 cm soil pro file be cause most of
the ap plied ir ri ga tion wa ter was lost through
evap o ra tion from the soil sur face be side the
tran spi ra tion. In ad di tion to this, a por tion of the
ap plied ir ri ga tion wa ter per co lated to the lower
lay ers also. Since the fre quency of ir ri ga tion was
high un der T
1
, plants ex tracted more wa ter from the
up per lay ers. There fore, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60 cm
soil pro files did not ex hibit much cy clic vari a tion.
This trend was ob served in both the ex per i ments.
In re sem blance to the tem po ral vari a tion of
soil mois ture un der T
1
, soil mois ture in 0-15, 15-30,
30-45 and 45-60 cm soil pro files un der 30% MAD
(T
2
) also ex hib ited cy clic pat tern (Fig. 1).
Con tin u ous sharp de clines of soil mois ture in all
soil pro files were ob served on 82 DAS. The
mag ni tude of cy clic vari a tion was higher in 30-45
and 45-60 cm soil pro files as com pared to sim i lar
lay ers of T
1
dur ing both the crop sea sons (Fig. 1).
High am pli tude of cy clic vari a tion was noted
in all soil pro files of the root zone un der 45% MAD
(T
3
). Since the ir ri ga tions were sched uled at 45%
MAD, the plant roots pen e trated deeper in search of
wa ter as it was not ad e quate in the up per soil lay ers.
The tem po ral vari a tion of soil wa ter was ob served
to be sim i lar dur ing both the ex per i ments. The
tem po ral vari a tion un der T
3
ex hib ited cy clic pat tern
upto 84 DAS in 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil pro files
dur ing ex per i ment 1, while 30-45, 45-60 and 60-90
cm soil pro files showed a grad ual de cline on 68
DAS. A sim i lar trend was ob served dur ing other
ex per i ment also.
Con sid er able soil mois ture fluc tu a tion was
ob served un der 60% MAD (T
4
) sched ule. All soil
pro files ex hib ited dis cern ible cy clic vari a tion, with
con sid er ably low am pli tudes in the lower depths as
com pared to those ob served at up per depths. This
was as cribed to the large vol ume of wa ter ap plied at
a time dur ing ir ri ga tion.
The 60-90 cm soil pro file tended to re main
steady upto the last ir ri ga tion ap plied, af ter which it
de creased only mar gin ally dur ing the re main ing
growth pe riod. Soil mois ture be low the root zone
(60-90 cm soil pro file) of the ex per i men tal plots
ex pe ri enced min i mum cy clic vari a tion with time. A
slight con tin u ous de cline was ob served when
ir ri ga tions were dis con tin ued. This trend was
ob served dur ing both ex per i ments, confirming to
results of Kashyap and Panda (6).
Table 2.Water use efficiency (WUE) of Cauliflower crop under different scheduling of irrigation during experiments 1
and 2.
Expt. No. Treatments Fresh yield ET Irrigation Crop-WUE Field-WUE
kg/ha mm mm kg/ha/mm kg/ha/mm
1 (2007-08) T
1
12320 218 210 76.45 79.37

T
2
12300 200 182 75.00 82.42
T
3
13220 180 159 78.70 89.10
T
4
11980 181 142 69.06 88.03
2 (2008-09) T
1
14800 200 202 75.00 74.26

T
2
14600 198 175 68.18 77.14
T
3
14760 165 156 77.27 81.73
T
4
14320 160 121 70.31 92.98

Profile Soil Moistute Content at treatment T1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
days after sowing
v
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
c
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
%
0_15
15_30
30_45
45_60
Figure 1: Profile soil moisture content at different soil profiles at 15% MAD (T
1
)

6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
days after sowing
v
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
c
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
%
0_15
15_30
30_45
45_60
2
)
12 Kashyap
Crop wa ter use ef fi ciency
The crop wa ter use ef fi ciency was taken as the
ra tio of the fresh yield and the crop
evapotranspiration. The re sults per tain ing to wa ter
use ef fi ciency of the cau li flower crop un der
dif fer ent sched ul ing of ir ri ga tion dur ing crop
ex per i ments 1 and 2 (Ta ble 2) revealed that the
high est crop wa ter use ef fi ciency was at tained
when the ir ri ga tion was sched uled at 45% de ple tion
of ASW (T
3
). A ris ing trend of crop wa ter use
ef fi ciency was no ticed from T
1
to T
3
and af ter that it
de creased for T
4
and T
5
as the ir ri ga tions were
de layed. A sim i lar trend was ob served dur ing both
crop sea sons.
Field wa ter use ef fi ciency
The field wa ter use ef fi ciency was es ti mated
in terms of fresh yield ob tained per unit of land
used and per unit of wa ter avail able to the field. The
re sults (Ta ble 2) re vealed that the high est field
wa ter use ef fi ciency was at tained when the
ir ri ga tion was sched uled at 45% de ple tion of ASW
(T
3
). Sim i lar to crop wa ter use ef fi ciency, a ris ing
trend of field wa ter use ef fi ciency was no ticed from
T
1
to T
3
af ter that it de creased for T
4
and T
5
as the
ir ri ga tions were de layed. This trend was same
dur ing both crop sea sons. Field ex per i ments
con ducted dur ing both crop sea sons re vealed that
ir ri ga tion sched ule with 45% max i mum al low able

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
days after sowing
v
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
c
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
%
0_15
15_30
30_45
45_60
3
)

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
days after sowing
v
o
l
u
m
e
t
r
i
c
m
o
i
s
t
u
r
e
c
o
n
t
e
n
t
,
%
0_15
15_30
30_45
45_60
4
)
de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter could safely be
main tained dur ing the non-crit i cal stages to save
wa ter with out sac ri fic ing the yield.
CONCLUSIONS
The re sults of the study re vealed that un der
wa ter scar city con di tions, when soil wa ter stress is
im posed dur ing non-crit i cal stages of growth,
ir ri ga tion is to be sched uled at 45% max i mum
al low able de ple tion of avail able soil wa ter for
cau li flower crop grown in silty clay loam soils in a
sub-hu mid and tem per ate re gion. A soil wa ter stress
of 45% MAD gives the high est crop wa ter use
ef fi ciency as well as field wa ter use ef fi ciency.
Only 0-30 cm of soil pro file is to be con sid ered for
sched ul ing of ir ri ga tion for cau li flower crop grown
in a silty clay loam soils, since most of the wa ter
used by the crop is ex tracted from this layer.
REF ER ENCES
1. Allen, R.G., Pereira, L.S., Raes, D. and Smith,
M. (1998). Crop evapotranspiration. Guide lines
for com put ing crop wa ter re quire ments. FAO
Irrig. and Drain. Pa per No.56. FAO, Rome,
It aly. 300pp.
2. Doorenboss, J. and Pruitt, W.O. (1977). Crop
wa ter re quire ments. Re vised 1997. FAO Irrig
Drain Pa per 24. FAO of United Na tions, Rome.
P 144.
3. Doorenboss, J. and Kassam, A.H. (1979). Yield
re sponse to wa ter. FAO Irrig. and Drain. Pa per
No. 33. FAO, Rome, It aly. 181pp
4. Hillel, D. (ed.) 1971. Soil and Wa ter: Phys i cal
Prin ci ples and Pro cesses. Ac a demic press, New
York.
5. Iqbal, M.M., Shah, S.M., Mohammad, W. and
Nawaz, H. (1999). Field re sponse of cau li flower
sub jected to wa ter stress at dif fer ent growth
stages. In: Crop yield re sponse to def i cit
ir ri ga tion. Kirda, C., Moutonnet, P., Hera, C.,
Niel sen, D.R. (eds.). Kluwer Ac a demic
Pub lish ers, The Neth er lands.
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ir ri ga tion sched ul ing on pro file soil wa ter sta tus
and wa ter use ef fi ciency un der scar city
con di tions. Pro ceed ings of the In ter n.
con fer ence on Ad vances in civil en gi neer ing
held at IIT, Kharagpur, In dia. Jan u ary 3-5, 2002.
Vol I: Pa per No. 144.
7. Musick, J.T. (1994). Gen eral guide lines for
def i cit ir ri ga tion man age ment. Pa per pre sented
at Cen tral Plains Ir ri ga tion Short Course,
Feb ru ary, 7-8, 1994. Gar den City, Kan sas, USA.
8. Rangarajan, S. (2000). Cauliflower production
in India. Survey of Indian Agriculture-2000.
National Press, Chennai. December, 1999.
35-40pp.
PRO DUC TION AND MAR KET ING OF MUSH ROOM IN KANPUR
NAGAR DIS TRICT OF UTTAR PRADESH
B.S. Sachan
1
, Keshvendra Singh
2
, Neeraj Kumar
2
and Jitendra Kumar
1
Deptt. of Ag ri cul tural Eco nom ics, C.S. Azad Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture and Tech nol ogy, Kanpur
Deptt. of Ag ri cul tural Eco nom ics, B.N.V. Col lege Rath, Hamirpur, U.P.
AB STRACT: The pre sent study was con ducted in Kanpur Nagar dis trict of Uttar pradesh with 60
mush room grow ers se lected from five vil lages and cat e go rized as small, me dium and large
based on wheat straw used by them mainly to study the mar ket ing prac tices and chan nels
in volved in the mar ket ing of mush room and to es ti mate the se lect ing costs, mar gins and price
spread. The study re veals that women co-op er a tive so ci ety was the most im por tant agency in
the mar ket ing of mush room. Av er age quan tity sold on per form ba sis was 6.17 quin tals. Half of
the pro ducer sell ers pre ferred to sell mush room in 1 to 2 quin tals size plot. Mush room quan tity
(about 66 per cent) of mush room was sold with in the vil lage by ma jor ity of pro ducer-sell ers
(about 70 per cent). Three chan nels were iden ti fied in the mar ket ing of mush room. Pro ducers
share in con sumers ru pee was the high est (98.53 per cent) in chan nel-1 (farmer-con sumer).
Re tailer earned to max i mum mar ket ing mar gin (12.89 per cent) in the mar ket ing of mush room.
Keywords: Mush room, pro duc ers, con sum ers, re tail ers, whole saler, paddy straw, wheat straw.
The mush room crop is grown prac ti cally all
over In dia with 50,000 tonnes pro duc tion dur ing
2009-10. The ma jor mush room grow ing states are
Uttar Pradesh, Tamilnadu, Rajasthan, Maharashtra,
Punjab, Haryana and Andhra Pradesh.
In Uttar pradesh, the work on mush room was
ini ti ated in late six ties. The state has con duc tive
cli mate for rip en ing but ton, oys ter and paddy straw
mush room. At pres ent in Uttar Pradesh mush room
pro duc tion is about 750 tonnes per an num due to
in stal la tion of some big mush room units nearby
Kannauj, Ramabai Nagar, Unnao, Fatehpur and
Fatehgarh cit ies. Among var i ous dis tricts of Uttar
Pradesh Kanpur Nagar ranks first it ranks the first
in pro duc tion of mush room. In Kanpur Nagar
Dis trict, All In dia Co-ordinated mush room
im prove ment pro ject is also func tion ing. Though
mush room is an im por tant cash crop of the state.
There is no lo ca tion spe cific in for ma tion on
mush room. With re gards to its growth and var i ous
pro duc tion and mar ket ing as pects like cost of
pro duc tion, dis posal pat tern, cost, mar gin and price
spread in the mar ket ing of mush room, the pres ent
study was un der taken in Kanpur Nagar dis trict of
Uttar Pradesh with the ob jec tives of : 1. To study
the mar ket ing prac tices and chan nels in volved in
the mar ket ing of mush room in the se lected area. 2.
To study the mar ket ing costs and mar gins in
mush room mar ket ing, and 3. To es ti mate the
pro duc tion share in con sumers ru pee.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A list of all vil lages where AIMCMIP (All
In dia Co or di nated Mush room Im prove ment
Pro ject) is pro vid ing tech ni cal sup port in Kanpur
Nagar dis trict was pre pared and out of these five
vil lages were pur pos ively se lected on the ba sis of
the high est num ber of mush room grow ers. The
se lected vil lages were di vided into two zones i.e.
zone 1 : vil lages on the road and dis tance of less
than 15 kms from the mar ket, and zone-II vil lages
away from the road and at dis tance of 15 kms and
more from the mar ket. Thus, out of these se lected
five vil lages, three vil lages viz, Bidhnu, Patara,
Kalayanpur were in zone 1 and re main ing two
vil lages viz., Singhpur and Sheorajpur were of zone
II.
A list of mush room grow ers was pre pared for
all the se lected vil lages sep a rately and the
pro duc ers were di vided in the three size groups on
the ba sis of wheat straw used for mush room
cul ti va tion.
1. Small size group: Less than one tonne
wheat straw used, 2. Me dium size group: 1-2
tonnes wheat straw used, 3. Large size group: More
than two tonnes wheat straw used.
From each se lected vil lage 12 re spon dents
were ran domly se lected in pro por tion in the num ber
of grow ers in each size hold ing. Thus in all 60
re spon dents were se lected. Both sec ond ary and
pri mary data were col lected for the year 2010-11.
To ful fill the stated ob jec tives, tab u lar anal y sis was
used. Mar ket ing ef fi ciency was cal cu lated by us ing
Acharysa in dex of mar ket ing ef fi ciency (Acharya
1).
The sale of mush room can vary ac cord ing to
the mush room grow ers size groups and the quan tity
pro duced. There fore the pro duc tion and sale of
mush room was ana lysed in re la tion to size groups
and size of pro duc tion.
The data pre sented in Ta ble 1 show that about
46 per cent of the to tal mush room pro duc tion was
con trib uted by me dium size group and the
re main ing 54 per cent was al most equally
con trib uted by small and large size groups.
Pro duc tion of mush room perfarm in creased with
the in crease in the size of unite. The av er age
pro duc tion per farm was 6.52 quin tals. Small,
me dium and large size groups pro duced 2.52, 15.00
and 17.50 quin tals of mush room per farm,
re spec tively.
Over all quan tity of mush room mar keted by
se lected grow ers was 93.33 per cent of the to tal
pro duc tion. Across the size groups, both small and
me dium grow ers sold 94.34 per cent while large
grow ers sold 97.14 per cent of their to tal mush room
pro duc tion. Thus, more than 93 per cent of the to tal
pro duc tion was sold by dif fer ent size groups
confirming the findings of Chanda (3).
The av er age quan tity of mush room sold per
seller farm was 6.17 quin tals. Quan tity of
mush room sale of per farm by small, me dium and
large size groups were 2.38, 14.00 and 17.00
quin tals, re spec tively. Thus sale of seller in creased
with in crease in size of unit.
The num ber of sell ers and quan tity of
mush rooms sold ac cord ing to size of lots by
dif fer ent size groups (Ta ble 2) clearly indicates that
nearly 80 per cent of the to tal quan tity was sold by
85 per cent pro ducer sell ers in dif fer ent size of lots
i.e <1, 1-2, 2-4 and above quin tals. The re main ing
20 per cent mush room quan tity was sold by 15 per
cent pro ducer sell ers in com bi na tion of dif fer ent
size of lots.
Max i mum num ber of pro duc ers sell ers sold
the max i mum quan tity i.e. 128.87 quin tals (34.83
per cent) of the to tal sale in lot size of 1-2 quin tals.
The min i mum quan tity i.e. 36.90 quin tals (9.97 per
cent) was sold by 12 (20.00 per cent) pro ducer
sell ers in the lot size of less than 1 quin tal.
Across the size groups pro ducer of small size
groups sold mush room in lot size of less than one
quin tals, 1-2 quin tals and in the com bi na tion of
these two lots. The max i mum quan tity (46.62%)
was sold by max i mum pro ducer-sell ers (59.52%) of
this size group in the lot size of 1-2 quin tals, 2-4
Production and marketing of mushroom in Kanpur Nagar district of U.P. 15
Ta ble 1: Mush room pro duc tion and sale ac cord ing to size groups.
Size group No. of
producer
Production (q) Quantity sold (q)
Total Per farm Total Per farm
Small 42 106 252 100 238
Medium 12 180 15 168 14.00
Large 6 105 17.50 102 17.00
Total 60 391 6.52 370 6.07
16 Sachan et al.
quin tals, 4 quin tals and above and in the
com bi na tion of these three lots.
In this size groups also the max i mum quan tity
(48.96%) was sold by the max i mum
pro ducer-sell ers (41.67%) in the lot size of 1-2
quin tals. The pro ducer-seller of large size group did
not sell their mush room in small size of lot i.e. less
than 1 quin tal and 1-2 quin tals, 4 quin tals and
above and the com bi na tion of these two lots. The
max i mum pro ducer-sell ers (66.66%) of this group
sold their max i mum quan tity (54.16%) in the lot
size of 2-4 quin tals. Thus, it can be con cluded that
max i mum quan tity was sold by max i mum num ber
of pro ducer sell ers in lot size of 1-2 quin tals and
min i mum quan tity was sold in the lot of size of less
than 1 quin tal. The min i mum num ber of
pro ducer-sell ers be longed to lot size of 4 quin tals &
above. The max i mum pro ducer-sell ers of small and
me dium size groups sold their max i mum quan tity
of mush room in the lot size of 1-2 quin tals while
the max i mum pro ducer-sell ers of large size group
sold the max i mum quan tity of mush room in the size
of 2-4 quin tals.
Place of sale:
The data pre sented in Ta ble 3 re veal that
max i mum quan tity i.e. 66 per cent of to tal
mush room was sold with vil lages while about 25
per cent quan tity was sold in Kanpur Nagar mar ket
and the re main ing 9 per cent quan tity of mush room
was sold in com bi na tion of dif fer ent places of sale
i.e., sold in more than one place of sale. In the sale
of small size of groups the higher num ber of
pro duc ers i.e. 35 (83.33 per cent) sold the
max i mum quan tity (83 per cent) with in the vil lage
fol lowed by 4 (9.53%). Pro ducer sell ers who sold
10 per cent quan tity of mush room in Kanpur Nagar
mar ket. The re main ing 7 per cent quan tity of
mush room was sold by 7.14 per cent pro ducer
sell ers in both the place of sale i.e. with in the
vil lage and sell ers in both the place of sale i.e. with
in the vil lage and in Kanpur Nagar mar ket.
In me dium size group about 74 per cent of the
to tal quan tity was sold by 50 per cent of the
pro ducer sell ers with in the vil lage fol lowed by 25
per cent pro ducer sell ers who sold 20 per cent
quan tity of mush room in Kanpur Nagar mar ket.
The re main ing 6 per cent quan tity of mush room
was sold by 25 per cent pro ducer sell ers in both
places of sale.
In the large size group two-third of pro ducer
seller (66.67 per cent) sole of the max i mum
quan tity i.e. 47.06 per cent of their to tal sale of
mush room in Kanpur Nagar mar ket and one-sixth
(16.67 per cent) of pro ducer- sell ers sold (36.27 per
cent) with in vil lage. The re main ing one sixth
Ta ble 2: Num ber of sell ers and quan tity of mush room sold ac cord ing to size of lots by dif fer ent size-groups.
Particulars Size of lots (quintals)
<1 1-2 2-4 4 & above Combination
of different
size of lots
Total
Small number of sellers 12
(28.57)
25
(59.52)
- - 5
(11.91)
42
(100.00)
Medium number of sellers - 5
(41.67)
3
(25.00)
1
(8.33)
3
(25.00)
12
(100.00)
Quantity sold (qtls) - 82.25
(48.96)
19
(11.59)
33.36
(19.80)
33.02
(19.65)
168
(100.00)
Total No. of sellers 12
(20.00)
30
(50.00)
7
(11.67)
2
(3.33)
9
(15.00)
60
(100.00)
Quantity sold (qtls) 36.90
(36.90)
46.82
(46.62)
- - 16.48
(12.48)
100
(100.00)
Figure in parenthesis are percentage of respective row total.
(16.66 per cent) pro ducersell ers sold the
re main ing one-sixth quan tity of mush room in
both these place of sale. The findings are in
consonance with Acharya and Agrawal (1) and
Chauhan and Sood (4).
In all, the max i mum pro duce of 244.32
quin tals (66.03 per cent) was sold with in the
vil lage by the ma jor ity of pro ducer sell ers i.e. 70
per cent, whereas about 92 quin tals (about 25 per
cent) was sold in Kanpur Nagar mar ket by 18 per
cent pro ducersell ers. The re main ing 34.08
quin tals (9.21 per cent) of mush room was sold by
11.67 per cent pro ducer sell ers in both the places
of sale i.e., with in the vil lage and in Kanpur Nagar
Mar ket.
Mar ket ing chan nels:
Mar ket ing chan nels are the routes through
which mush room moves from pro ducer to ul ti mate
con sumer. In this pro cess, mush room has to pass
through more than one hand, ex cept when it is
di rectly sold to con sumer by pro duc ers. In the
mar ket ing chan nels for mush room var i ous
agen cies. The fol low ing chan nel were iden ti fied in
mush room mar ket ing in the study area.
Channel I:
In this chan nel pro duc ers sold 14.19 per cent
of to tal mush room di rectly to con sumer or
con sum ers pur chased mush room di rectly from
pro duc ers.
Chan nel II:
In this chan nel, pro duc ers sold 60.81 per cent
of the to tal sale of mush room to so ci et ies with in
the vil lage.
Chan nel III:
Through this chan nel pro duc ers sold 25 per
cent of the to tal mush room to whole saler in
reg u lated mar ket of kanpur Nagar by ar rang ing
their own trans por ta tion. Thus, it can be con cluded
that chan nel- II was the most im por tant chan nel by
which max i mum quan tity of mush room (60.81 per
cent) reached the con sumer fol lowed by chan nel-
III (25 per cent).
Chan nel I was less im por tant be cause only
Ta ble 3: Num ber of sell ers and quan tity of mush room sold ac cord ing to place of sale by dif fer ent size group of farms.
Particulars Within village Place of sale Total
Kanpur Nagar
market
Combination of
different places
of sale
Small no. of sellers 35
(83.33)
4
(9.53)
3
(7.14)
42
(100.00)
Quantity sold (qtls) 83
(83.00)
10
(10.00)
7
(7.00)
100
(100.00)
Medium no. of sellers 6
(50.00)
3
(25.00)
3
(25.00)
12
(100.00)
Quantity sold (qtls) 124.32
(74.00)
33.60
(20.00)
10.08
(6.00)
168
(100.00)
Large no. of sellers 1
(16.67)
4
(66.66)
1
(16.67)
6
(100.00)
Quantity sold (qtls) 34
(36.27)
48
(47.06)
17
(16.67)
102
(100.00)
Total 42
(70.00)
11
(18.33)
7
(11.67)
6
(100.00)
No. of sellers/quantity sold (qtls) 244.32
(66.03)
91.60
(91.60)
34.08
(9.21)
370
(100.00)
18 Sachan et al.
(14-19 per cent quan tity) of mush room was sold
through this chan nel.
Mar ket ing cost of mush room in dif fer ent
mar ket ing chan nels:
The mar ket ing charges of the dif fer ent
chan nels are sum ma rized in Ta ble 5. Mar ket ing
charges var ied con sid er ably from chan nel to
chan nel and were re lated di rectly with the length of
chan nels dis tance of the mar ket), i.e. the lon ger the
chan nel and dis tance, more were the charges.
Channel III (producer wholesaler retailer
consumer) being the longer channel and in this
channel the highest marketing cost per quintal i.e.
Rs. 127.48 were observed. The channel I is the
smallest channel accounting for the lowest
marketing charges i.e. Rs. 97.06 per quintal.
Thus it may be con cluded that as the length of
chan nel in crease the mar ket ing cost also in creases
and vice-versa.
Pro duc ers share in con sumers ru pee in
mush room mar ket ing :
A com par a tive view of pro ducers share and
the mar ket ing costs and mar gins of the var i ous
in ter me di ar ies in volved in the dif fer ent mar ket ing
chan nels it is pre sented in Ta ble 6. It is ev i dent from
the ta ble that pro ducers share in con sumers ru pee
de creased with the in crease in the length of the
mar ket ing chan nels. The pro ducers net share was
the high est (98.53%) in chan nel- I while the low est
(79.23%) in chan nel-III.
Channel-III was the least favourable to the
producers at their share was the lowest in
consumers rupee. The consumers paid the lowest
price when they purchased directly from the
producer (Channel-I) and the highest price paid
when to intermediaries were involved between the
producer and consumer i.e. wholesaler and retailer
in channel-III in the kanpur nagar market. The price
paid by the consumer increased with the increase in
the distance to sale of mushroom and the length of
the marketing channels. In channel-III, where two
intermediaries were involved the margin in
channel-I as no marketing intermediary was
involved and producer sold their produce directly to
consumer. the retailer margin was more compared
to wholesaler in channel-III. The profit of the
wholesaler was 5.44 per cent and that of retailers
was 13.99 per cent. The margin of societies was
8.91 per cent in channel-II. Findings of Boonlart (2)
and Singh and Kalra (5) are also in line of present
analysis.
Mar ket ing ef fi ciency :
In chan nel-I since no in ter me di ary was
Ta ble 4: Quan tity of mushromm moved through var i ous mar ket ing chan nels.
S. No. Channels Quantity moved (qtls) Percentage of quantity moved
1. Producer consumer 52.50 14.19
2. Producer societies consumer 225.00 60.81
3. Producer wholesaler retailer -consumer 92.50 25.00
Total 370.00 100.00
Ta ble 5: Mar ket ing cost of mush room in dif fer ent mar ket ing chan nels. Rs. q/ha
Marketing channel Producer Societies Wholesaler Retailer Total
Channel - I 97.06
(100.00)
- - - 97.06
(100.00)
Channel - II 7.58
(7.15)
98.47
(92.85)
- - 106.05
(100.00)
Channel - III 85.30
(86.91)
- 20.10
(15.77)
21.08
(17.32)
127.48
(100.00)
in volved and less quan tity was moved from
pro ducer to con sumer, mar ket ing ef fi ciency was not
es ti mated for the chan nel.
The marketing efficiency presented in Table-7
for the remaining two channels, indicate that
channel-II (861.61 per cent) was more efficient
compared to channel-III (38.58 per cent).
REF ER ENCES
1. Acharya, S.S. and Agrawal, N.L. (2004).
Ag ri cul tural Mar ket ing in In dia. Ox ford & IBH
Pub lish ing Co. pvt. Ltd. New delhi, p. 390.
2. Boonlart-sa-optisttisak (1989). Pro duc tion and
Mar ket ing of Straw Mush room. MacMillan
Com pany, New York 9: 108.
3. Chanda, K.L. (1978). In fra-struc ture for
mush room re search in In dia. Na tional
sym po sium on mush room, 8-10, April, pp.
27-34.
4. Chauhan, S.K. and Sood, R.P. (1992).
Eco nom ics of pro duc tion and mar ket ing of
mush room in Kangara distt., Himanchal
Pradesh. In dian J. Ag ri c. Mar ket , 6: 44-49.
5. Singh, S. P. and Kalra Ashok (1995). Eco nomic
anal y sis of mush room pro duc tion in distt.
Sonipat of Haryana State, In dian J. Ag ri c.
Mar ket, 9: 105-114.
Ta ble 6: Quan tity of mush room moved through var i ous mar ket ing channels.
S.
No.
Particular Channel-I Channel-III Channel-III
Rs. q/ha % Rs. q/ha % Rs. q/ha %
1. Net price received by producer/
net share
6524.94 98.53 6384.93 89.60 5828.52 79.23
2. Market cost incurred by
i. producer 97.06 1.47 7.58 0.11 85.30 1.16
ii. Societies - - 98.47 1.38 - -
iii. Wholesaler - - - - 20.10 0.27
iv. retailer - 1.47 - 20.10 22.08 0.30
Total marketing cost 97.06 1.47 106.05 1.49 127.48 1.74
3. Net margin of
i. Societies - - 635.00 8.91 - -
ii. Wholesaler - - - - 100.00 5.44
iii. retailer - - - - 100.00 13.59
Total profit margin - - 635.00 8.91 1400.00 19.03
Price paid by consumer 6622.00 100.00 7126.00 100.00 7356.00 100.00
Ta ble 7: Mar ket ing ef fi ciency of mush room for dif fer ent mar ket ing chan nels.
S. No. Particular Channel- II Channel-II
1. Net price received by producers (q/ha) 6384.95 5878.52
2. Total marketing cost (Rs./qtl) 106.05 127.48
3. Total marketing margins (Rs./qtl.) 633.00 1400.00
4. Consumers price (Rs./qtl.) 7125.00 7356.00
5. Marketing efficiency (%) 8.62 3.82
CHANGES IN BAK ING AND SEN SORY PROP ER TIES OF WHEAT
BREAD AND MUF FINS WITH THE AD DI TION OF GRAPES
Suresh Bhise*, Amarjeet Kaur and Poonam Aggarwal
De part ment of Food Sci ence & Tech nol ogy
Punjab Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Ludhiana-141004
*E-mail: sureshbhise_cft@ya hoo.co.in
AB STRACT: Grape juice res i due i.e. peel and seeds were dried in a cab i net drier at 60oC for 5
hours. Dried grape peel and seed pow der were uti lized in the bread and muf fins, which were
found to be rich in to tal phe no lic com pounds, anthocyanins and ascor bic acid. On ad di tion of
grape peel and seed pow der to the bread at 2 per cent and 4 per cent in each there was in crease
in weight, vol ume, spe cific vol ume. The shelf life of bread with grape peel and seed pow der was
more than con trol. The ap pear ance, col our, tex ture and taste of bread and muf fins with grape
peel and seed pow der was more eye ap peal ing than con trol with higher sen sory scores.
Keywords: Grape juice res i due, to tal phenolics, anthocyanins, ascor bic acid, bak ery prod ucts.
Grape (Vitis vinifera), ba si cally a sub- trop i cal
crop, is cul ti vated in an area of 64.3 thou sand ha
with a to tal pro duc tion 1,630.7 thou sand tons and
pro duc tiv ity of 25.4 tons/ha. Be cause of spe cial
ar bour train ing sys tems pro vided for grape
cul ti va tion in In dia, pro duc tiv ity is high est among
the grape grow ing coun tries of the world.
Grapes, the ed ible fruit of the grape vine, are a
prime ex am ple of a true berry. A berry in bo tan i cal
terms is a class of fleshy fruit lack ing a stony layer,
with the fruit wall be ing fleshy or pulpy (Rob in son,
12). Grapes grow in bunches which vary in size and
shape de pend ing on the grape va ri ety (Galet, 4)
with varying colours from green to yel low, pink,
crim son, dark blue, and black, with the ma jor ity of
grapes be ing yel low or very dark pur ple (Rob in son,
12).
The sig nif i cant parts of the berry are the flesh,
skin, and seeds (Rob in son, 12). The flesh or pulp is
the bulk of the berry. The pulp con tains the juice in
vac u oles of pericarp cells (Mul lins et al., 11). A
cen tral core of vas cu lar strands con nects to a mesh
of veins that en cir cles the outer edge of the flesh
like a chicken-wire cage. The grape skin is a
tough en vel op ing layer around the grape that holds
it to gether. The out side layer, or bloom, con sists of
waxy plates and cutin, which re sist wa ter, fun gal
spore growth and other bi o log i cal in fec tions.
Be low the bloom are the cell lay ers that form the
skin and con tained within these lay ers are
con cen trated ca rot en oids, xan tho phylls and
anthocyanins (Mul lins et al., 11). Tan nins, along
with a sig nif i cant amount of the grapes fla vor
com pounds, are also lo cated in the skin. Seeds
con tain tan nins, mostly pro-anthocyanidins, which
if crushed, con fer a bit ter taste (Rob in son, 12).
Dis posal of grape pomace, the waste
gen er ated dur ing wine mak ing, has posed a ma jor
chal lenge for win er ies. Dur ing wine pro duc tion,
wine grapes are har vested and pressed to ex tract
juice for fer men ta tion. As a re sult of press ing, the
skins, stems, and seeds are left be hind as waste.
Re moval of this pomace is costly and if the pomace
is not treated ef fec tively, it can ini ti ate a num ber of
en vi ron men tal haz ards, rang ing from sur face and
ground wa ter con tam i na tion to foul odours (Bonilla
et al., 2).
Win ery waste can also have an en vi ron men tal
im pact through the in crease of the chem i cal ox y gen
de mand (COD) and bio chem i cal ox y gen de mand
(BOD) within wastewater streams. The high COD
and BOD lev els of the grape pomace orig i nate from
their high pol lu tion loads and high con tent of lipids
and other or ganic sub stances such as sug ars,
tan nins, polyphenols, poly al co hols and pectins
(Schieber et al., 14). Due to the en vi ron men tal
prob lems that these high COD and BOD cause, it is
ben e fi cial for win er ies to find other ap pli ca tions for
their grape pomace waste other than an i mal feeds or
fer til iz ers (Inbar et al. 6). To help al le vi ate the
is sues as so ci ated with grape pomace, its use in
al ter na tive ap pli ca tions has been ex plored.
Ap pli ca tions have in cluded the pro duc tion of
value-added prod ucts such as di etary sup ple ments
for dis ease pre ven tion (Shrikhande, 15), grappa
(grape pomace al co hol) pro duc tion (Hang and
Woodams, 5), laccase (Moldes et al., 10) and
pullulan (Israilides et al., 7) pro duc tion. In ad di tion
to find ing a pro duc tive use for a waste prod uct,
these prod ucts have been pro duced in re sponse to a
chang ing con sumer de mand for nat u rally
pro cessed, ad di tive-free, and safe prod ucts.
Con sum ers tend to pre fer safe, tra di tional prod ucts,
which are pro moted as nat u ral and with out other
ad di tives (Bi anco and Uccella, 1). Thus, the
sub sti tu tion of cur rently used syn thetic food
an ti ox i dants by ones pereceived as nat u ral by
con sum ers in ter ests the re search com mu nity. The
mar ket de mand for nat u ral an ti ox i dants rather than
chem i cal an ti ox i dants added to baked prod ucts has
di rectly in creased the de mand for novel
polyphenolic con tain ing in gre di ents. As part of this
trend, the for ma tion of an ti ox i dant rich flours
milled from dried grape waste and the sub se quent
in cor po ra tion of these flours into baked foods is a
prom is ing op tion.
The bak ing mar ket is an im por tant seg ment
within the food and bev er age in dus try. The ma jor
prod ucts mar keted within this in dus try in clude
bread, morn ing goods, bis cuits, cakes, and past ries
(Gale, 3). Con sum ers are in creas ingly con cerned
about their health and are aware of the re la tion ship
be tween nu tri tious food and op ti mal health.
In creas ing con sumer de mand for healthy and
con ve nient food has caused the bak ing in dus try to
search for in no va tive yet func tional in gre di ents,
which will al low them to cap i tal ize on the cur rent
mar ket trends.
Var i ous con cerns have caused con sum ers to
closely mon i tor their di etary re quire ments. The
ris ing in ci dence of health con di tions such as
obe sity, di a be tes and car diac prob lems, con cerns
over phys i cal ap pear ance and the in creas ing price
of health care have all con trib uted to the de mand
for health ier bak ery prod ucts (Lem pert, 9). One
way to cre ate a health ier bak ery prod uct with an
en hanced nu tri tional pro file is through the ad di tion
of func tional in gre di ents such as phytosterols,
multigrain, prebiotics, mul ti vi ta mins, and
polyphenolics.
Grape seed flour has been shown to be rich in
polyphenolic com pounds and be cause of this
pro file, a grow ing de mand ex ists for the in clu sion
of this flour into pro cessed foods. Proantho-
cyanidins are the ma jor polyphenols found in red
wine and grape seeds with grape seeds be ing rich
sources of monomeric phe no lic com pounds such as
(+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin, (-)-epicatechin-3-o-
gallate, and dimeric, trimeric, and oligomeric
procyanidins (Saito et al., 13). How ever, there is
con cern that food prep a ra tion pro cesses such as
bak ing cause a loss of some of the health ben e fits
through phytochemical loss (Wang and Zhou, 17).
Thus it is crit i cal to con sider the chem i cal changes
which oc cur dur ing food prep a ra tion.
The antioxidative prop er ties of grape peel and
seed, cou pled with an in creased in ter est by
con sum ers in wheat-based prod ucts con tain ing
value-added in gre di ents, pres ent a sig nif i cant
op por tu nity for re search and de vel op ment with the
ob jec tives- to de velop bak ery prod ucts by uti liz ing
grape peel and seeds, and to study the shelf life of
the prod ucts
Raw ma te ri als-flour, sugar, salt, yeast and
other in gre di ents for prod uct prep a ra tion was
pro cured from lo cal mar ket. Grapes (Punjab
Purple) variety was procured from Department of
Fruit Science, PAU, Ludhiana. Grape juice was
extracted by using mechanical type of juice
extractor. Bread was pre pared af ter in cor po ra tion of
grape peel and seed pow der such at lev els of 0-4 per
cent and packed in dif fer ent pack ag ing ma te ri als
(Low Den sity Poly eth yl ene and Poly propy lene)
Changes in baking and sensory properties of wheat bread and muffins with the addition of grapes 21
22 Bhise et al.
which were stored un der am bi ent (301C)
con di tions. De ter mi na tion of physico-chem i cal
char ac ter is tics of raw ma te ri als was done us ing
stan dard pro ce dures (AACC, 2000). Prod ucts-
bread and muf fins were pre pared ac cord ing to
stan dard pro ce dures (AACC, 2000) with slight
mod i fi ca tion. Prod uct pre pared was eval u ated for
sen sory prop er ties by panel of semi trained judges
(Larmond, 8). For shelf life de ter mi na tion, breads
were stored for 10 days at am bi ent and re frig er ated
tem per a tures and an a lyzed for shelf life study.
Physico-chem i cal anal y sis, prod uct qual ity,
organoleptic qual ity and shelf life of raw ma te rial
and prod uct were ob served and av er age data
ob tained were sub jected to tech niques of anal y sis
of vari ance (Singh et al., 16).
Grape char ac ter is tics
Grapes had 50 per cent juice yield, 12.7 per
cent peel, 6.3 per cent seed, 31 per cent wines, 69
per cent ed ible part and 19 per cent juice res i due
(Ta ble 1). Punjab Pur ple grape juice had 19.67B
TSS, 18.2 per cent to tal solids, 0.5 per cent acid ity,
8.13 mg/100g ascor bic acid, 5.47 mg/100g
anthocyanins and 6.713 mg/100g tan nins. The
grape peel had 24.5B TSS, 22 per cent to tal solids,
0.48 per cent acid ity, 18.09 mg/100g ascor bic acid,
15.07 mg/100g anthocyanins and 34.68mg/g to tal
phe nols. Grape seed con tains 37.5mg/g to tal
phe nols (Ta ble 2). On an av er age, Red grapes
con tain 18.1 B TSS, 0.49 per cent acid ity, 8.06
mg/100g ascor bic acid, 5.06 mg/100 anthocyanins
and 3.92 pH (Gale et al., 3). Similarly, the amount
of to tal phe nols from the dif fer ent parts of the red
grape berry were es ti mated to be ~33 per cent in the
skins, ~62 per cent in the seeds, ~1 per cent in the
pulp, and ~4 per cent in the juice. Grapes (blue
va ri ety) have 850.9 per cent mois ture, 2.70.2
g/100g fi ber and 239 mg/100g ascor bic acid. They
also re ported that grapes con tain ma jor min er als
(mg/100g) like Ca (301.8), Mg (400.8), Na
(40.8), P (201.8), K (24915) and other trace
min er als like Fe, Zn and Cu.
A grape seed con tains mainly phe nols such as
proanthocyanidins (oligomeric proantho-
cyanidins). Sci en tific stud ies have shown that the
an ti ox i dant power of proanthocyanidins is 20 times
greater than vi ta min E and 50 times greater than
vi ta min C. Re searches sug gest that grape seed oil
helps to pro tect the body from sun dam age,
im prove vi sion, im prove flex i bil ity in joints,
im prove blood cir cu la tion, and re duce LDL
ox i da tion and the oc cur rence of cor o nary heart
dis ease. The di etary con sump tion of grape and its
prod ucts is as so ci ated with a lower in ci dence of
de gen er a tive dis eases such as car dio vas cu lar
dis ease and cer tain types of can cers. Anthocyanins,
flavanols, flavonols and resveratrol are the most
im por tant grape polyphenols be cause they pos sess
many bi o log i cal ac tiv i ties, such as an ti ox i dant,
cardioprotective, anticancer, anti-in flam ma tion,
antiaging and antimicrobial prop er ties. They
con cluded that the polyphenols from grape could
widely be em ployed to pre vent and treat dis eases in
as so ci a tion with re ac tive ox y gen spe cies, such as
ath ero scle ro sis, cor o nary heart dis eases and can cer.
Bak ing qual ity of bread
Sig nif i cant vari a tions were found in weight,
height, vol ume and spe cific vol ume of bread
pre pared af ter in cor po ra tion of dried grape juice
res i due. Loaf weight in creased with in creas ing
level of dried grape juice res i due. Sim i larly loaf
height, vol ume, spe cific vol ume and shelf life of
bread in creased with in creased level of dried grape
juice res i due as com pared with con trol sam ple
(Ta ble 3).
Ta ble 1: Per cent re cov ery of var i ous por tions of grape
va ri ety Punjab Pur ple.
Portions Percentage
Juice Yield 50.0
Peel 12.7
seed 06.3
Wines 31.0
Edible part 69.0
Juice Residue 19.0
The earlier works reveal that bread with the
ad di tion of GSE had stron ger an ti ox i dant ac tiv ity
than that of blank bread, and in creas ing the level of
GSE ad di tion fur ther en hanced the an ti ox i dant
ca pac ity of the bread. How ever, ther mal pro cess ing
caused an ti ox i dant ac tiv ity of GSE added to bread
to de crease by around 3040 per cent. Also the
ef fect of GSE on the for ma tion of det ri men tal
N-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML), a fa mous
ad vanced glycation end prod uct in bread was
stud ied. Ac cord ing to the re sults, GSE could re duce
CML in bread and acted in a dose-de pend ent
man ner. Mean while, ex cept for an ac cept able
col our change, add ing GSE to bread had only lit tle
ef fect on the qual ity at trib utes of the bread.
Al to gether, find ings in di cated that GSE-for ti fied
bread was prom is ing to be de vel oped as a
func tional food with rel a tively lower CML-re lated
health risks, yet a high an ti ox i dant ac tiv ity.
Changes in baking and sensory properties of wheat bread and muffins with the addition of grapes 23
Ta ble 2: Physico-chem i cal char ac ter is tics of grape juice
and peel.
Parameters Grape
juice
Grape
peel
Grape
seed
Total soluble solids(oB) 19.67 24.5 -
Total solids (per cent) 18.2 22.0 -
Acidity (per cent) 0.50 0.48 -
Ascorbicacid (mg/100g) 8.13 18.09 -
Anthocyanins (mg/100g) 5.47 15.07 -
Total phenols (mg/g) - 34.68 37.5
Fig. 1: Effect of grape peel and seed on the baking
quality of bread.
Fig. 2: Effect of grape peel and seed on the baking quality of muffins.
Ta ble 3: Ef fect of dif fer ent con cen tra tions of grape juice res i due on the qual ity of bread.
Level
(%)
Weight
(g)
SD Height
(cm)
SD Volume
(cc)
SD Specific
Volume
SD Room
Temp.
(days)
Refrige
rator
Temp.
(days)
Control 132.98 2.364494 9.47 0.25 677.33 2.52 5.08 0.096 7 27
2 141.39 1.624856 9.67 0.25 701.66 7.64 4.95 0.087 8 30
4 137.27 2.927526 10.07 0.25 692.33 2.52 5.03 0.108 8 32
Ta ble 4: Ef fect of dif fer ent con cen tra tions of grape juice res i due on the sen sory qual ity of Bread and Muffins.
Bread Muffins
Samples Appeara
nce
Texture Taste Overall
acceptabi
lity
Appeara
nce
SD Texture SD Taste SD Overall
acceptabi
lity
SD
Control 7.75 7.50 7.63 7.63 8.75 0.83 8.50 0.91 8.63 0.97 8.25 0.33
2 per cent 7.63 7.63 7.88 7.88 8.25 0.56 8.00 0.22 8.32 0.67 8.00 0.55
4 per cent 8.50 8.33 8.33 8.33 8.50 0.72 8.25 0.51 8.88 0.45 8.50 0.31
24 Bhise et al.
Sen sory eval u a tion of bread and muf fins
Sig nif i cant vari a tions were found in over all
ac cept abil ity of bread and muf fins pre pared af ter
in cor po ra tion of dried grape juice res i due at
dif fer ent level (Ta ble 4). Over all ac cept abil ity was
more at 4 per cent grape peel (8.33) as com pared to
con trol (7.63). Over all ac cept abil ity of muf fins
pre pared af ter in cor po ra tion of dried grape juice
res i due was found more at 4 per cent as com pared
to con trol (Ta ble 4).
CON CLU SION
On ad di tion of grape peel and seed pow der to
the bread at 2 per cent and 4 per cent in each
showed the in crease in weight, vol ume, spe cific
vol ume and shelf life. The shelf life of bread with
grape peel and seed pow der was more than con trol.
The ap pear ance, col our, tex ture and taste of bread
with grape peel and seed pow der was more eye
ap peal ing than con trol with higher sen sory scores
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EF FECT OF GIBBERELLIC ACID ON PE RI OD I CAL CHANGES IN
BIO-CHEM I CAL COM PO SI TION OF BER CV. UMRAN
Rachna* and Sukhdev Singh
De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Fac ulty of Ag ri cul ture and For estry,
Khalsa Col lege, Amritsar-143003, Punjab
*E-mail: deepak_veg@rediffmail.com
AB STRACT: The pres ent stud ies aimed at eval u at ing the ef fects of vary ing doses of GA
3
on the
bio-chem i cal changes of ber fruit dur ing de vel op ment. GA
3
@ 10, 30 and 50 ppm was ap plied at
fruit set stage and then su per im posed one month there af ter. The pe ri od i cal bio-chem i cal
anal y ses of de vel op ing ber fruits re vealed that to tal sol u ble sol ids con cen tra tion in creases
max i mum dur ing ini tial stages of fruit de vel op ment i.e. be tween in ter val of 25 to 50 days of GA
3
ap pli ca tion while to tal sug ars and ascor bic acid in crease and acid ity de creases as the fruit
reaches ma tu rity i.e. be tween 75 to 100 days of GA
3
ap pli ca tion. The GA
3
50 ppm dose re sulted
in max i mum ex pres sion of acid ity, to tal sug ars and ascor bic acid at fi nal har vest of ber. Thus it is
im pli cated that GA
3
ap pli ca tion is ben e fi cial in im prov ing fla vour and taste of ber.
Keywords: Ber, gibberellic acid, bio-chem i cal changes, acid ity, sugar con tent, in ter val.
Ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) is
dis trib uted through out the trop i cal and sub-trop i cal
re gions of the world. It is one of the most hardy
fruit trees with wider adapt abil ity to ad verse soil
and cli ma tic con di tions and thus is rec om mended
for cul ti va tion on mar ginal land. In dia ranks first
among the ber grow ing coun tries of the world. The
fruit is equally rel ished by peo ple of all classes. A
com par i son of nu tri tive value of ber and ap ple
re veals that the ber is richer in the amount of
pro tein, min eral mat ter, cal cium, phos pho rus,
car o tene and vi ta min than that of ap ple. Thats why
ber is re ferred to as the ap ple of arid zone.
In Punjab, the flow er ing in ber starts from first
week of Sep tem ber and con tin ues till first week of
No vem ber, whereas the fruit set ting starts in sec ond
week of Oc to ber. The most ac tive phase of fruit
growth is first six weeks of fruit set (Bal and Mann,
2). Dur ing this time the de vel op ing fruits un dergo
nu mer ous phys i cal and bio-chem i cal changes
which in crease the fruit size and im prove the taste.
The ap pli ca tion of growth reg u la tors like
gibberellic acid (GA
3
) is re ported to have pro found
ef fects on im prov ing the fruit qual ity (Bal et al., 3,
Kale et al., 8; Singh and Randhawa, 13; and Singh
and Singh, 14). These ef fects are more pro nounced
if the ap pli ca tion is done dur ing ac tive growth
phase. In the pres ent stud ies the pe ri od i cal changes
in bio-chem i cal com po si tion of ber fruits as
brought about by vary ing doses GA
3
were
eval u ated.
The pres ent in ves ti ga tions were car ried out in
the Fac ulty of Ag ri cul ture and For estry, Khalsa
Col lege, GNDU, Amritsar dur ing the year 2007-08
and 2008-09. Eight years old trees of ber cv Umran
with uni form size and vig our were se lected for the
ex per i ment. The trees were sprayed dur ing ac tive
growth phase in the 3rd week of Oc to ber and again
su per im posed spray was ap plied one month
there af ter. The growth reg u la tor i.e. gibberellic acid
(GA
3
) was ap plied in vary ing con cen tra tions i.e. 10,
30 and 50 ppm in ad di tion to wa ter sprayed con trol.
There were three rep li ca tions each with one tree per
rep li ca tion. The trees were sprayed uni formly by
us ing knap sack sprayer with flood jet noz zle. Five
uni form branches per tree were se lected and tagged.
Af ter sec ond spray at 25 days in ter val (i.e. af ter 25
days, 50 days, 75 days, 100 days and then at
har vest), the de vel op ing fruits were pe ri od i cally
har vested and the ob ser va tions on four
bio-chem i cal traits viz., to tal sol u ble sol ids (%),
acid ity (%), to tal sug ars (%) and ascor bic acid
(mg/100g) were re corded to eval u ate changes in
26 Rachna and Singh
chem i cal com po si tion of de vel op ing ber fruits. To
re cord TSS per cent age, the juice of ten ran domly
se lected fruits from each rep li ca tion was ex tracted
and strained through a mus lin cloth and TSS
con tent of juice was mea sured with the help of
Bausch and Lomb hand refractometer. The val ues
of to tal sol u ble sol ids were then cor rected to 20 C
with the help of tem per a ture cor rec tion chart
(AOAC, 1). To de ter mine cit ric acid per cent age,
10g of fruit pulp was ex tracted and ti trated against
N/10 NaOH so lu tion us ing phenolphthalein as an
in di ca tor. The to tal sug ars were es ti mated by Lane
and Eynon method (AOAC, 1). The ascor bic acid
was de ter mined by ti tra tion method us ing 10 g of
fruit pulp mac er ated in 3 per cent meta phos pho ric
acid so lu tion and ti trated against 2,6-dichloro-
phenol indophenol dye.
The data per tain ing to ef fect of vary ing
con cen tra tions of GA
3
on TSS con tent of Umran
ber (Ta ble 1 and Fig ure I) revealed that at the fi nal
har vest, all the treat ments had im proved the TSS
over con trol, which re vealed that ap pli ca tion of
GA3 had di rect ef fect on as sim i la tion of met a bolic
com pounds within the fruits which im proved TSS
con trol and ul ti mately the fruit fla vour and taste.
Im prove ment in TSS is very im por tant from
pro cess ing point of view, as prod ucts like ber
candy; Jelly, dried ber etc. have di rect as so ci a tion
with TSS per cent age of the fruit. There was
max i mum in crease in TSS with ap pli ca tion of GA
3
50 ppm fol lowed by GA
3
30 ppm. The pe ri odic
in crease was sig nif i cant for all the treat ments as
TSS in creased sig nif i cantly from 25 days to
har vest, with the max i mum in crease ob tained from
25 to 50 days af ter sec ond spray. The stud ies
cor rob o rated with the find ings of Bal et al. (3), Kale
et al. (8), Singh and Randhawa (13), and Singh and
Singh (14) who re ported ben e fi cial ef fects of GA
3
in im prov ing TSS of ber fruits.
Among the bio-chem i cal fruit char ac ter is tics,
acid ity is one of the most im por tant traits as it
sig ni fies the char ac ter is tic tangy fla vor of ber fruit.
On pe ri odic in ter vals, the acid ity de creased
sig nif i cantly with ap pli ca tion of GA
3
as com pared
to con trol (Ta ble 2 and Fig ure II). Sim i larly, all the
treat ments dif fered sig nif i cantly among each other
confirming to reports of Bankar and Prasad (4),
Sandhu et al. (12) and Singh and Randhawa (13).
The max i mum pe ri odic de crease in acid ity of fruits
was seen in in ter val of 75 to 100 days af ter
ap pli ca tion i.e. as the fruit reaches to wards ma tu rity
the acid ity de creased. The de crease in acid ity
to wards rip en ing may be at trib uted to faster
move ment of po tas sium into fruits with GA
3
ap pli ca tion which in turn in creased the mem brane
per me abil ity of cells al low ing res pi ra tion of stored
ac ids within the cells, for ma tion of com plex
com pounds of malic acid (Kliewer, 9) and re duced
abil ity of fruits to syn the size or ganic ac ids to wards
ma tu rity (Hardy, 7).
Like TSS, the fla vour and taste of any fruit is
largely de pend ent on the to tal sugar content of the
fruit. The ap pli ca tion of GA
3
im proved the
per cent age of to tal sug ars in ber fruit at fi nal
har vest but the sig nif i cant im prove ment was
brought about by only 50 ppm dose of GA
3
(Ta ble 2
and Fig ure III). Bhati and Yadav (5) and Masalkar
and Wavhal (10) re ported sim i lar ben e fi cial ef fects
of GA
3
in im prov ing fruit sug ars of ber. There was
sig nif i cant pe ri odic in crease in sug ars con tent at
ev ery in ter val with max i mum in crease re corded
be tween 75 to 100 days in ter val i.e. to wards fruit
ma tu rity. This in crease can be at trib uted to in crease
in con cen tra tion of vol a tile com po nents
con cen tra tion in fruits along with hy dro ly sis of
starchy com pounds to wards ma tu rity. These
hydrolytic changes usu ally lead to for ma tion of
sug ars. The ex tent of these hydrolytic changes
might have in creased with GA
3
ap pli ca tion.
More over, the or ganic ac ids pres ent in fruits are
translocated into sug ars to wards ma tu rity and this
translocation is made faster with GA
3
ap pli ca tion
(Drawert and Steffen, 6).
Ber is one of the rich est sources of ascor bic
acid and is val ued for in nu tri tional prop er ties.
Like wise other bio chem i cal con stit u ents vi ta min C
con tent is also di rectly in flu enced by ap pli ca tion of
PGRs as is ex pressed in Ta ble 2 and Fig ure IV.
There was sig nif i cant im prove ment in ascor bic acid
con tent of ber fruits with GA
3
50 ppm how ever, in
as so ci a tion to pres ent eval u a tions, GA
3
(10 and 25
ppm) when ap plied at slow growth phase ex hib ited
the sig nif i cant in crease in ascor bic acid con tent of
fruits (Pandey, 11, and Singh and Randhawa, 13).
There was sig nif i cant pe ri odic im prove ment in
ascor bic acid con tent with ev ery in ter val of 25
days. The max i mum in crease was no ticed to wards
ma tu rity i.e. be tween 75 to 100 days in ter val.
Sim i lar pe ri odic im prove ment in ascor bic acid of
ber has been re ported by Sandhu et al. (12).
Effect of gibberellic acid on periodical changes in bio-chemical composition of ber cv. Umran 27
Ta ble 1: Ef fect of GA
3
on TSS (%) and acid ity (%) of ber fruits dur ing de vel op ment.
Treatment Parameter
Days after second spray
2007-08 2008-09
25 50 75 100 At
harvest
25 50 75 100 At
harvest
GA
3
10 ppm TSS 8.37 10.17 10.88 12.28 13.26 9.04 10.38 12.27 13.10 13.21
Acidity 0.46 0.38 0.33 0.27 0.24 0.45 0.37 0.37 0.25 0.22
GA
3
30 ppm TSS 8.90 10.91 12.22 13.23 14.62 8.63 11.37 12.40 13.41 15.00
Acidity 0.45 0.38 0.32 0.27 0.23 0.46 0.38 0.31 0.22 0.21
GA
3
50 ppm TSS 9.73 11.59 12.54 13.54 15.29 9.21 11.17 12.42 13.62 15.72
Acidity 0.42 0.36 0.29 0.21 0.16 0.46 0.37 0.30 0.23 0.17
Control TSS 8.78 10.13 11.22 12.08 12.60 9.06 10.15 10.94 12.83 13.19
Acidity 0.48 0.43 0.38 0.28 0.22 0.49 0.46 0.38 0.28 0.23
TSS (%) C.D. (P = 0.05) Acidity (%)
Intervals (A) 0.43 Year (B) NS Intervals (A) 0.013 Year (B) NS
Treatments (C) 0.38 AB NS Tratrments (C) 0.011 AB NS
AC NS BC NS AC 0.025 BC 0.016
ABC NS NS ABC NS
Ta ble 2: Ef fect of GA
3
on to tal sug ars (%) and ascor bic acid (mg/100g) of ber fruits dur ing de vel op ment.
Treatment Parameter
Days after second spray
2007-08 2008-09
25 50 75 100 At
harvest
25 50 75 100 At
harv
est
GA
3
10ppm Total sugars 2.25 3.09 4.86 7.32 7.86 2.81 3.74 5.18 7.18 7.77
Ascorbic acid 13.22 27.50 47.02 69.54 81.90 13.11 26.65 45.45 67.97 79.22
GA
3
30ppm Total sugars 2.62 3.52 4.97 7.14 8.34 2.58 3.77 5.08 7.20 8.60
Ascorbic acid 14.06 28.14 48.00 76.31 87.40 14.02 28.11 48.57 74.32 83.74
GA
3
50ppm Total sugars 3.06 4.01 5.63 8.08 8.91 2.53 3.49 5.65 8.27 8.90
Ascorbic acid 14.77 33.90 52.99 82.01 91.50 15.01 33.47 51.57 81.27 90.17
Control Total sugars 2.07 3.37 5.47 7.63 8.12 2.20 3.30 5.33 7.55 7.99
Ascorbic acid 14.44 30.99 41.81 72.05 79.51 13.22 30.70 41.49 71.92 80.91
TSS (%) C.D. (P = 0.05) Acidity (%)
Intervals (A) 0.22 Year (B) NS Intervals (A) 1.79 Year (B) NS
Treatments (C) 0.19 AB NS Tratrments (C) 1.60 AB NS
AC 0.43 BC NS AC 3.59 BC NS
ABC NS NS ABC NS
28 Rachna and Singh
REF ER ENCES
1. A.O.A.C. (1980). Of fi cial Meth ods of Anal y sis.
13
th
Ed., As so ci a tion of Of fi cial An a lyt i cal
Chem ists. Wash ing ton D.C., USA.
2. Bal, J. S. and Mann, S. S. (1978). Ascor bic acid
con tent of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana) dur ing
growth and ma tu rity. Sci. and Cult., 44:
238-239.
3. Bal, J. S., Singh, S. N., Randhawa, J. S. and
Jawanda, J. S. (1984). Effect of growth
regulators on fruit drop, size and quality of ber.
Indian J. Hort., 41: 182-85.
4. Bankar, G. J. and Prasad, R. N. (1990). Ef fect of
gibberellic acid and NAA on fruit set and qual ity
of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv. Gola.
Prog. Hort., 22: 60-62.
5. Bhati, B. S. and Yadav, P. K. (2003). Ef fect of
fo liar ap pli ca tion of urea and NAA on the
qual ity of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv.
Gola. Haryana J. Hortic. Sci., 32: 32-33.
6. Drawert, F. and Steffan, H., (1966). Bio-
chemisch-physiologitche Untersuchungen on
Traubenbeeren III. Stoff Wechsel von
Zugefiihrten C 14 Verbindungen and ide
Bedeutung des saure-Zucker-Metabolismus fur
die Reifung Von Traubanbeern. Vitis, 5:
377-84.
7. Hardy, P. J. (1966). Me tab o lism of sug ars and
or ganic ac ids in im ma ture grape ber ries. Plant
Physiol., 43: 224-28.
8. Kale, V.S., Dod, V.N., Adpawar, R.M. and
Bharad, S.G. (2000). Ef fect of plant growth
reg u la tors on fruit char ac ters and qual ity of ber
Fig. I : Effect of GA
3
on TSS (%) of ber fruits during
development (pooled over both the seasons).
Fig. II : Effect of GA
3
on acidity (%) of ber fruits
during development (pooled over both the seasons).
Fig. III : Effect of GA
3
on total sugars (%) of ber
fruits during development (pooled over both the
seasons).
Fig. IV : Effect of GA
3
on ascorbic acid (mg/100g) of
ber fruits during development (pooled over both the
seasons).
(Zizyphus mauritiana L.). Crop Res., 20(2):
327-33.
9. Kliwer, W.M. (1977). Ef fect of day tem per a ture
and light in ten sity on con cen tra tion of malic and
tar taric ac ids in Vitis vinifera L. grapes. J Amer
Soc. Hort. Sci., 97: 372-77.
10. Masalkar, S.D. and Wavhal, K.N. (1991). Ef fect
of var i ous growth reg u la tors on physico-
chem i cal prop er ties of ber cv. Umran.
Maharashtra J. Hort., 5 (2): 37-40
11. Pandey, V. (1999). Ef fect of NAA and GA3
spray on fruit re ten tion, growth, yield and
qual ity of ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) cv.
Banarasi Ka raka. Orissa J. Hort., 27 (1): 69-73.
12. Sandhu, S.S., Thind, S.S. and Bal, J.S. (1990).
Ef fect of NAA on physico-chem i cal char ac ters
of Umran ber. Punjab Hort. J., 30 (1-4):123-30
13. Singh, K. and Randhawa, J.S. (2001). Ef fect of
growth reg u la tors and fun gi cides on fruit drop,
yield and qual ity of fruit in ber cv. Umran. J.
Res. Punjab Agric. Univ., 38 (3-4): 181-84.
14. Singh, U. R. and Singh, N. (1976). Effect of
plant regulators on fruit drop, size and quality of
ber (Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk.) var. Banarasi.
Haryana J. Hortic. Sci., 5: 1-8.
Effect of gibberellic acid on periodical changes in bio-chemical composition of ber cv. Umran 29
EF FECT OF IBA CON CEN TRA TION ON IN DUC ING ROOT ING IN STEM
CUT TINGS OF Thuja compecta UN DER MIST HOUSE CON DI TION
K.K. Singh*, J.M.S. Rawat, Y.K. Tomar and Prabhat Kumar
De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Chauras Cam pus, HNB Garhwal Cen tral Uni ver sity, Srinagar (Garhwal)
246174, Uttarakhand, In dia
*E-mail : forekrishna@gmail.com
AB STRACT:The ex per i ment was car ried out in ran dom ized block de sign at Hor ti cul tural
Re search Cen tre, Chauras Cam pus, HNB Garhwal Uni ver sity Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand,
In dia. Soft wood cut tings of T. compecta were col lected from 3 to 4 year old plants and 15 cm
long cut tings with api cal por tion. The cut tings were treated with 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5g L
-1
IBA so lu tions
by quick dip method. Vermicompost was used as the root ing me dia. The tem per a ture of the
vermicompost was 26 2C. Ex per i ment was con ducted in the mist house. Among all the
treat ments, high est num ber of root per cut ting (19.67) was re corded un der 5g L
-1
IBA
con cen tra tion. The max i mum length of roots per cut ting (9.33 cm) was re corded un der 2g L
-1
IBA
con cen tra tion. The max i mum di am e ter of root per cut ting (0.20 cm) was ob served in 4g L
-1
and
5g L
-1
IBA con cen tra tion. Max i mum (82.70%) roots per rooted cut ting was ob served in 5g L
-1
IBA
con cen tra tion. The min i mum (23.67 days) taken to cal lus for ma tion was no ticed in 4g L
-1
IBA
con cen tra tion.
Keywords : Soft wood cut ting, IBA, Thusa compecta, root ing per cent, quick dip.
Thuja compecta, com monly known as White-
Ce dar or Ar bor vi tae or North ern White-Ce dar, a
mem ber of Cupressaceae fam ily is a na tive to North
Amer ica. Thuja plants are planted in parks and
gar dens, due to its dec o ra tive as pect and can be
eas ily mod eled into dif fer ent and de sired shapes. In
or na men tal ar range ments it is usu ally found as
shrub reaching upto 20 m heights. The
char ac ter is tics of this plant are erect stalk, with
red dish-brown bark that exfoliates in long stripes.
The pyr a mid shaped co rona con sists of a great
num ber of branches al most equal in length. The
stems are com pressed, dis posed hor i zon tally and
oblique, dark green on the up per part and light
green on the back side with out any white spots. The
scale-shaped leaves are op po sitely dis posed
pre sent ing on the back side a prom i nent resin gland.
Dur ing win ter the fo liage turn into a rusty col our.
Flow ers are uni sex ual monoecious and the cones
are nar row and oval-shaped, 1-1.5 cm long, hav ing
about 3-6 pairs of imbricated, shinny, yel low ish-
brown, dry, mucronated scales Thuja is an an cient
rem edy for sev eral types of ail ments, this
prep a ra tion should be used with cau tion due to its
strength and toxic prop er ties. T. occidentalis is
widely used as an ornamental tree, par tic u larly for
screens and hedges, in gar dens, parks and
cem e ter ies. Oc ca sion ally thuja trees are prop a gated
through seeds, but can also be eas ily prop a gated
us ing veg e ta tive meth ods, the most com mon be ing
heel cut tings (Posta and Hernea, 9).
Hard wood cut tings of T. occidentalis can be
rooted in mid win ter un der mist in the green house.
Best root ing is of ten found with cut tings taken from
older plants that are no lon ger mak ing rapid growth.
The cut tings should be about 20 cm (6 inch) long
and may be taken ei ther from suc cu lent, vig or ously
grow ing ter mi nals or from more ma ture side growth
sev eral years old. Wound ing and treat ing with
3,000 to 8,000 ppm IBA quick-dip or talc is
ben e fi cial. No shad ing should be used. Cut tings
may also be made in mid sum mer and rooted
out-of-doors in a shaded, closed frame.
Over all root ing for soft wood, semi-hard wood,
and hard wood, cut tings was 85%, 86%, and 96%,
re spec tively. Semi-hard wood cut tings were the
only cut tings in which per cent root ing was af fected
by IBA treat ment or cut ting type, with lat eral
cut tings root ing in higher per cent ages than ter mi nal
cut tings (92% vs. 79%, re spec tively), while IBA
con cen tra tions of 3000 (0.3%) or 6000 ppm (0.6%)
proved op ti mal for both cut ting types (Grif fin et al.,
4).
The pres ent in ves ti ga tion was con ducted in
the mist house lo cated at the Hor ti cul tural Re search
Cen tre, HNB Garhwal Uni ver sity, Srinagar
Garhwal, Uttarakhand, In dia. The re search cen tre is
sit u ated in the Alaknanda val ley at 30 13 25.26
N and 78 48 04.93 E and 563 m above mean sea
level, and ex hib its a sub trop i cal cli mate with dry
sum mer and rig or ous win ters with oc ca sional dense
fog in the morn ing hours from mid De cem ber to
mid Feb ru ary. The av er age tem per a ture and rel a tive
hu mid ity in side the mist house dur ing ex per i ment
was 35 3C and 75 5%, re spec tively. The soil
tem per a ture mea sured was around 26 2C.
Soft wood cut tings of T. compecta were col lected
from 3 to 4 year old plants and 15 cm long cut tings
with api cal por tion. Vermicompost was used as the
root ing me dia. It was filled in the root train ers of
size 15 15 cm. There were six treat ments of
growth reg u la tor for mu la tions used at dif fer ent
con cen tra tions; twenty cut tings were used for each
treat ment which was rep li cated thrice. The
pre pared cut tings were planted in pots af ter dip ping
in so lu tions of IBA at 1g L
-1
, 2g L
-1
, 3g L
-1
, 4g L
-1
and 5g L
-1
. The ex per i ment was laid out in
ran dom ized block de sign and rep li cated thrice with
10 cut tings in each treat ment. Ex per i ment was
con ducted in the mist house which had the
ar range ment for in ter mit tent mist ing to 60 sec onds
at ev ery 10 min utes in ter val be tween 8 AM and 8
PM. The basal 1.5-2.0 cm por tion of the cut tings
was dipped in growth reg u la tor so lu tion for 10
min utes and im me di ately planted in me dium to a
depth of 6-8 cm. Af ter cut tings were planted, the
mist ing was started. The planted cut tings were
al lowed to root for 90 days. The cut tings (nine
num bers per treat ment per rep li ca tion) were
care fully re moved from the pots and dipped in
wa ter to re move the soil par ti cles ad her ing to roots
to re cord the ob ser va tions per tain ing to roots viz.,
days taken for cal lus for ma tion, to tal length of
cut ting, num ber of roots/cut ting, length of
roots/cut ting, di am e ter of roots/cut ting and
per cent age of cut ting rooted. The data re corded
were sub jected to sta tis ti cal anal y sis for least
sig nif i cant dif fer ence (RBD) as de scribed by
Snedecor and Cochran (12).
A pe rusal of Figure 1 and Table 1 shows that
the ef fect of dif fer ent con cen tra tions of IBA
sig nif i cantly af fected the var i ous growth char ac ters
of leafy cut tings in Thuja compecta.
Among IBA con cen tra tions, 5g L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA showed the high est
per cent age of rooted cut ting (82.700%) fol lowed
by 4g L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA. The min i mum
per cent age of rooted cut ting (7.167%) was
re corded un der con trol. The en hance hydrolytic
ac tiv ity in pres ence of ap plied IBA cou pled with
Effect of IBA concentration on inducing rooting in stem cuttings of Thuja compecta under mist house condition 31
Table1: Ef fect of IBA con cen tra tion on root ing of Thusa compecta.
Treatment
Total length
of cutting
Number of
roots
Length of
roots
Diameter of
root
Rooting % Callus
IBA 1g L
-1
29.333
a
0.667
b
0.967
c
0.067b
c
45.433
e
53.000
b
IBA 2g L
-1
31.000
a
8.667
b
9.333
a
0.133
b
54.333
d
49.667
c
IBA 3g L
-1
26.667
a
7.000
b
8.000
a
0.167
a
66.733
c
30.000
d
IBA 4g L
-1
27.667
a
7.667
b
4.667
ab
0.200
a
80.000
b
23.667
e
IBA 5g L
-1
29.000
a
19.667
a
5.767
ab
0.200
a
82.700
a
25.000
e
Control 26.833
a
0.333
b
0.333
c
0.033
c
7.167
f
69.333
a
CD (P = 0.05) 8.087 9.898 5.277 0.088 2.057 3.232
Means followed by same letter within each column are not significant (P < 0.05).
32 Singh et al.
ap pro pri ate plant ing time might be re spon si ble for
the in creased per cent age of rooted cut tings. High
car bo hy drate and low ni tro gen have been re ported
to fa vour root for ma tion (Carlson, 2). These find ing
are agreed with the find ing of Bose et al. (1) in
Bou gain vil lea.
The max i mum av er age length of roots per
cut ting (9.333 cm) was re corded un der 2g L
-1
concentration of IBA fol lowed by 3g L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA, while the min i mum av er age
length of roots per cut ting (0.333 cm) was re corded
un der con trol set. Auxin ap pli ca tion has been found
to en hance the histological fea tures like for ma tion
of cal lus and tis sue and dif fer en ti a tion of vas cu lar
tis sue (Mitra and Bose, 7). These find ing were
Figure 1: Effect of IBA on callus formation, rooting %, number of roots, length of roots, diameter
of roots and total length of cutting in Thuja compecta cuttings.
sim i lar to Panwar et al. (8) in Bou gain vil lea cv.
Alok with re spect to length of roots per cut ting.
The high est num ber of root per cut ting
(19.667) was re corded un der IBA 5g L
-1
concentration of IBA fol lowed by IBA 2g L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA while the min i mum num ber
of root per cut ting (0.333) was re corded un der
con trol dur ing pres ent in ves ti ga tions. The
en hanced hydrolytic ac tiv ity in pres ence of ap plied
IBA cou pled with ap pro pri ate plant ing time might
be re spon si ble for the in crease num ber of pri mary
root per cut ting (Carlson, 2). These find ing are
agreed with the find ing of Bose et al. (1) and Singh
et al. (11) in Bou gain vil lea, with re spect to high est
num ber of root per cut ting.
The max i mum av er age di am e ter of thick est
root (0.200 cm) was re corded un der 4g L
-1
and 5g
L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA fol lowed by 3g L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA and the min i mum av er age
di am e ter of thick est root (0.033 cm) was re corded
un der con trol. Ac cord ing to Thimmappa and
Bhattacharjee (13), auxins nat u rally oc cur ring or
ex og e nously ap plied are re quired for ini ti a tion of
ad ven ti tious roots on stems. It ap pears prob a ble
that the suc cess of IBA is due to its low auxin
ac tiv ity and its slow deg ra da tion by auxin
de stroy ing en zyme. These find ing are agreed with
the find ing of Mahros (5) in Bou gain vil lea glabra
cv. Var ie gate.
Among IBA con cen tra tions, 2g L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA showed the to tal length of
cut ting (31.000 cm) fol lowed by 1g L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA. The min i mum to tal length of
cut ting (26.667 cm) was re corded un der 3g L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA. The find ings of Singh et al.
(10) also re ported sim i lar re sults in re spect to to tal
length of cut ting.
The minimum days (23.67 days) taken to
callus formation in softwood cuttings of T.
compecta was noticed under IBA concentration at
4g L
-1
and maximum days (69.34 days) taken was
found with control set of cuttings after insertion in
to the rooting medium. Auxin application has been
found to enhance the histological features like
formation of callus and tissue and differentiation of
vascular tissue (Mitra and Bose, 7). These finding
Effect of IBA concentration on inducing rooting in stem cuttings of Thuja compecta under mist house condition 33
Plate 1: Root formation in Thusa compecta with IBA treatments.
34 Singh et al.
are agreed with the finding of Mishra and Sharma
(6) in Bougainvillea cv. Dr. R. R. Pal.
CON CLU SION
Among var i ous con cen tra tion of IBA, 5g L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA show the best per for mance in
terms on high est per cent age of rooted cut ting,
high est num ber of root per cut ting, max i mum
av er age di am e ter of thick est root while av er age
length of root per cut ting, to tal length of cut ting
was re corded un der 2g L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA.
Hence 5g L
-1
IBA was found most ef fec tive for the
root ing of Thuja cut ting and may be used by
nurs ery man for easy and faster mul ti pli ca tion of
Thuja compecta.
REF ER ENCES
1. Bose, T.K., Singh, P.K. and Bose, S. (1968).
Prop a ga tion of trop i cal or na men tal plants from
cut ting un der mist. In dian J. Hort., 27: 213-217.
2. Carlson, M.C., (1929). Mi cro-chem i cal stud ies
of root ing and cut tings. Bot. Gaz., 87: 64.
3. Chang, L.C. Song L.L. and Park, E.J. (2000).
Bioactive con stit u ents of Thuja occidentalis. J.
Nat. Prod. 63: 12358.
4. Grif fin, J.J., Blazich, F.A. and Ranney, T.G.
(1998). Prop a ga tion of Thuja x Green Gi ant by
Stem Cut tings Ef fects of Growth Stage, Type of
Cut ting, and IBA treat ment. J. En vi ron. Hort.,
16(4):212-214.
5. Mahros, O.M. (2002). Rootability and growth
of some types of Bou gain vil leas cut ting un der
IBA stim u la tion. Assiut. J. Agri. Sci.,
31(1):19-37.
6. Mishra, S.N. and Sharma. C.P. (1995). Ef fect of
plant growth reg u la tors on root ing of stem of
Bougainvillea, http.//www.chow.com/thuja.
7. Mitra, G.C. and Bose, N. (1954). Root ing and
histological re sponses of de tached leaves to B-
Indolebutyric acid with spe cial ref er ence to
Boerhavia diffusa Linn. Phytomorphology,
7:370.
8. Panwar, R.D., Gupta, A.K., Sharma, J.R. and
Rakesh (1994). Ef fect of growth reg u la tors on
root ing in Bou gain vil lea var. Alok. Int. J.Trop.
Agri., 12:255-61.
9. Posta, D. S. and Hernea, C. (2008). Re searches
Con cern ing The Pro duc tion of Plant ing
Ma te rial us ing veg e ta tive prop a ga tion on Thuja
plicata D. Don. (Sin. T. gigantea Nutt.). Bul le tin
UASVM, Hor ti cul ture, 65(1): 217-220.
10. Singh, B., Singh, S. and Singh, G. (2009).
In flu ence of plant ing time and IBA on root ing
and growth of pome gran ate (Punica granatum
l.) Ganesh cut tings. Acta Hort. 890: II
In ter na tional Sym po sium on Pome gran ate and
Mi nor-in clud ing Med i ter ra nean.
11. Singh, K.K. Rawat, J.M.S. and Tomar, Y.K.
(2011). In flu ence of IBA on root ing po ten tial of
Torch Glory Bou gain vil lea glabra dur ing win ter
sea son. J. Hor tic. Sci . & Or na . Plants, 3 (2):
162-165.
12. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1968).
Sta tis ti cal Meth ods. Ox ford and IBH Pub. CO.
Kolkata. 469p.
13. Thimmappa, D.K. and Bhattacharjee, S.K.
(1990). Stan dard iza tion of prop a ga tion of
scented ge ra nium from stem cut tings. In dian
Perf., 34: 56-60.
EF FECT OF SOME IN DIG E NOUS PLANT EX TRACTS ON THE IN HI BI TION OF EGG
HATCH ING OF NEM A TODE Meloidogyne In cog nita Chitwood IN FEST ING MUL BERRY
N. Vijaya Kumari* and M. Lakshmi Devi
De part ment of Seri cul ture,
Sri Padmavati Mahila Visvavidyalayam, Tirupati-517 502, Andhra Pradesh
*E-mail: vijji nelaballe@ya hoo.co.in
AB STRACT: Root knot dis ease caused by the nem a tode Meloidogyne in cog nita is one of the
ma jor dis eases of Mul berry, Morus spp. which causes major reduction in yield affecting both
quality as well as quantity of leaves and fruits. Plants pro duce a high di ver sity of sec ond ary
me tab o lites for self de fense and sur vival in their hab i tat. Some of the plants are known to be
in hib it ing the de vel op ment of the nem a todes. The pres ent study was car ried out to screen the
lo cally avail able plants for their nematicidal ac tiv ity. Twelve plants spe cies were se lected and
meth a nol ex tracts with dif fer ent con cen tra tions (25, 50, 75 and 100%) of dif fer ent plants were
tested for in hi bi tion of hatch ing of M. in cog nita egg and ju ve nile mor tal ity in dif fer ent du ra tions.
The plant ex tracts of Neem, Clitoria ternatea and Passiflora foetida were re corded to be highly
effective for in hi bi tion of hatch ing of egg and increasing ju ve nile mor tal ity of M. in cog nita. Which
will be im mense help ful to re duce the qual i ta tive and quan ti ta tive loss of mul berry leaf and fruit
with eco-friendly plant ex tract.
Keywords: Meloidogyne in cog nita, ju ve nile mor tal ity, egg hatch ing, nematicidal ac tiv ity.
Mul berry, Morus spe cies is com mer cially
im por tant plant and its leaves are used for rear ing of
silk worm, Bombyx mori and hor ti cul tural value as
fruits. Among the dis eases of mul berry, root knot
dis ease caused by the nem a tode Meloidogyne
in cog nita Chitwood is the ma jor one which causes
10-12% leaf yield loss be sides caus ing de ple tion in
nu tri tive value (Govindaiah et al., 4). Nem a tode
in fested plants show typ i cal symp toms like root
gall ing, stunted growth, nu tri ent de fi ciency
par tic u larly ni tro gen de fi ciency (Siddiqui et al., 9).
Chem i cal con trol is ex pen sive and is eco nom i cally
vi a ble only for high value crops and cre ates a
po ten tial haz ard to the en vi ron ment and hu man
health (Tsay et al., 12). Plant prod ucts a high
di ver sity of sec ond ary me tab o lites for self de fense
and sur vival in their hab i tat. A wide va ri ety of plant
spe cies, rep re sent ing 57 fam i lies have been shown
to nematicidal com pounds (Sukul, 10), which
in cludes isothiocynates, thiophenics glycosides,
al ka loids, phenolics and fatty ac ids (Gommers, 3).
Plant ex tracts showed nematicidal ac tiv ity i.e.
in hi bi tion egg hatchting and ju ve nile mor tal ity of
Meloidogyne in cog nita by Neem leaf ex tract in
to mato (Mukhtar et al., 6, and Dash and Pradhi, 2),
by shoot and root ex tracts of Ocimum sanc tum
(Akhtar and Farzana, 1), Pongamia leaf ex tracts
(Sharma et al., 8) and Annona leaf ex tracts
(Poornima et al., 7). The leaf ex tracts of Prosopios
juliflora, Abutilon indicum, Datura, Tridax
procumbens, Xan thium indicum on the in hi bi tion of
nem a tode Pratilenchus coffeae in ba nana
(Sundararaju and Cannayane, 11) had also shiwed
in hibitary effects. The ef fect of leaf ex tracts of
Glyricidia maculata, Ricinus communis
and Cratolaria juncea were le thal to Radopholus
similis at di lu tions of 1:5 within 24 hr and
nem a tode mor tal ity de creased with in crease in
di lu tions of the ex tract (Jasy and Koshy, 5). Hence,
the pres ent study was con ducted to screen some
lo cally avail able plant spe cies for their nematicidal
prop er ties against root-knot nematode,
Meloidogyne in cog nita, infesting mulbery.
Twelve plants namely Abutilon indicum Linn.
(T
1
), Azadirachta in dica Linn (T
2
), Datura
stramonium Linn. (T
3
), Prosopis juliflora Sw. (T
4
),
Tridax procumbens Linn. (T
5
), Xan thium indicum
Linn. (T
6
), Annona squamosa Linn. (T
7
), Ricinus
36 Kumari and Devi
cummunis Linn. (T
8
), Ocimum sanc tum Linn. (T
9
),
Pongamia pinnata Linn. (T
10
), Clitoria ternatea
Linn. (T
11
) and Passiflora foetida Linn. (T
12
) were
se lected for the pres ent study. Thsese plants were
se lected mainly from the uni ver sity cam pus. Leaves
were col lected from the se lected plants and were
shade dried. Leaf pow der was pre pared for each
se lected plant with the help of grinder. Meth a nol
ex tracts of leaves were pre pared us ing Soxh let
ap pa ra tus. The ex tract was dis solved in Meth a nol
(1:10) w/v and stock so lu tion was pre pared.
Dif fer ent con cen tra tions (25, 50, 75 and 100 %.) of
plant ex tracts were pre pared us ing dis tilled wa ter.
Nem a tode cul ture main te nance: Three
months be fore the study, Meloidogyne in cog nita
cul ture was main tained by rais ing to mato seed lings
in earthen pots filled with ster il ized soil and farm
yard ma nure. When to mato seed lings were well
es tab lished (one month of seed sow ing) ju ve nile
nem a todes were col lected from nem a tode in fested
mul berry gar den by bayermanns fun nel tech nique
and to mato seed lings were in oc u lated with 500
ju ve niles /seed ling. Pure nem a tode cul ture was
ob tained af ter 3 months main te nance and uti lized
for pres ent study.
Stud ies on nem a tode egg hatch ing and
ju ve nile mor tal ity: Ma ture nem a tode egg masses
(containing 100 to 105 eggs) were taken in petri
plates @ 5 egg masses/plate of con tain ing
5ml/plate dif fer ent con cen tra tions of plant ex tracts.
The same pro ce dure was follwed for all the ten
plants and con trol (Dis tilled wa ter). The egg masses
were kept for hatch ing and hatch ing per cent age was
cal cu lated af ter 24, 48 and 72 hrs for each lot. The
treatments were replicated thrice and nematode egg
inhibition percentage was calculated taking the
average of five egg masses.
Data (Table 1) re vealed that all plant ex tracts
showed nematicidal ac tiv ity by af fect ing the
hatch ing of eggs of root knot nem a tode,
Meloidogyne in cog nita Chitwood (Fig. 1). The
hatch ing of nem a tode eggs was ob served to be
vary ing af ter 24, 48 and 72 hrs in dif fer ent
con cen tra tions in dif fer ent plant ex tracts. The
high est per cent age of egg hatch ing in hi bi tion was
re corded in Azadirachta in dica leaf ex tract treated
lots (99.00%) at 100 per cent con cen tra tion of
ex tract fol lowed by Clitoria ternatea (93.3%),
Passiflora foetida (92.4%), Prosopis juliflora
((87.7%), Abutilon indicum (82.0%), Datura
stramonium (75.9%), Ricinus communis (73.8%),
Xan thium indicum (70.8%), Ocimum sanc tum
(70.5%), Tridax procumbens (68.5), Annona
squamosa (66.6%) and Pongamia pinnata
(59.17%), af ter 72 hr of ap pli ca tion. The im pact of
plant ex tracts is dose (con cen tra tion) and time
de pend ent. In this study it was ob served that
Passiflora foetida and Clitoria ternatea were at par
with Azadirachta in dica in is in hib it ing nem a tode
egg hatch ing.
In pres ent find ings all plant ex tracts showed
nematicidal ac tiv ity by in hib it ing of eggs hatch ing
and ju ve nile mor tal ity of nem a tode Meloidogyne
in cog nita caus ing root knot dis ease of mul berry and
are inconformity with the re ports of Mukhtar et al.
(6), and Dash and Pradhi (2) who ob served the
ef fect of Neem leaf ex tracts on nem a tode
Meloidogyne in cog nita in ci dence in to mato. The
in ci dence of M. in cog nita was also re duced by
shoot and root ex tracts of Ocimum sanc tum (Akhtar
and Farzana, 1), Pongamia leaf ex tracts (Sharma et
al., 8) and Annona leaf ex tracts (Poornima and
Vadivelu, 7) which sup ported pres ent find ings. The
leaf ex tracts of Prosopios juliflora, Abutilon
indicum, Datura, Tridax procumbens, Xan thium
indicum showed the in hi bi tion of nem a tode
Pratilenchus coffeae in ba nana (Sundararaju and
Cannayane, 11). In the pres ent study it was
re corded that ef fect plant ex tracts on in hi bi tion of
hatch ing of eggs of M. in cog nita was dose and time
de pend ent and re sults are in con for mity with the
re port of Jasy and Koshy (5) that the ef fect of leaf
ex tracts of Glyricidia maculata, Ricinus
communis and Crotolaria juncea were le thal to
Radopholus similis at di lu tions of 1:5 within 24 hr
Effect of some indigenous plant extracts on the inhibition of egg hatching of nematode 37
Ta ble 1. Ef fect of dif fer ent plant ex tracts with dif fer ent con cen tra tions at dif fer ent du ra tion on hatch ing of eggs of
Meloidogyne in cog nita Chitwood.
Name of the plants Duration
(hours)
Inhibition of Egg hatching (%)
Concentration of plant extract (%)
100% 75% 50% 25%
Abutilon indicum Linn. (T
1
) 24 11.00 16.30 20.10 25.10
48 15.40 19.20 24.30 28.90
72 18.40 20.20 26.80 30.10
Azadirachta indica Linn. (T
2
) 24 0.00 1.20 2.30 5.00
48 0.00 3.50 5.40 8.10
72 1.00 6.50 8.40 10.50
Datura stramonium Linn. (T
3
) 24 13.30 19.30 25.60 29.90
48 19.80 23.90 29.70 31.00
72 24.60 27.70 31.00 35.60
Prosopis juliflora Sw. (T
4
) 24 6.50 9.40 14.80 18.40
48 8.30 12.40 16.90 24.80
72 12.50 16.80 19.00 28.50
Tridax procumbens Linn. (T
5
) 24 21.80 27.40 30.00 34.70
48 30.50 31.90 39.60 41.50
72 32.20 33.40 42.10 46.60
Xanthium indicum Linn. (T
6
) 24 17.60 21.00 28.90 35.40
48 26.50 28.90 34.00 36.80
72 29.80 33.50 38.70 39.60
Annona squamosa Linn. (T
7
) 24 23.90 29.40 31.10 35.60
48 31.60 32.90 40.60 41.60
72 34.20 33.40 42.10 46.60
Ricinus cummunis Linn. (T
8
) 24 14.10 20.30 27.60 31.90
48 22.00 24.70 30.70 33.20
72 26.80 29.70 33.00 37.60
Ocimum sanctum Linn. (T
9
) 24 19.80 24.60 29.50 33.70
48 28.10 30.90 38.60 40.40
72 30.20 36.50 41.10 45.60
Pongamia pinnata Linn. (T
10
) 24 25.50 3.40 7.80 10.80
48 36.20 6.10 10.00 15.40
72 41.92 7.20 12.50 18.30
Clitoria ternatea Linn. (T
11
) 24 2.90 3.60 8.80 10.80
48 4.70 6.10 11.00 16.40
72 6.80 7.90 14.50 19.30
Passiflora foetida Linn. (T
12
) 24 4.90 5.60 9.00 11.50
48 6.70 6.90 13.00 16.90
72 7.70 9.00 14.50 20.30
Control 24 75.80
48 81.50
72 98.40
38 Kumari and Devi
and nem a tode mor tal ity de creased with in crease in
di lu tions of the ex tract.
REF ER ENCES
1. Akhtar Haseeb and Farzana Butool (1990).
Eval u a tion of nematicidal prop er ties in some
mem bers of the fam ily Lamiaceae. Intl.
Nematol. Net work Newsl., 7(2): 24-26.
2. Dash, B. and Pradhi, N.N. (1998). Rel a tive
ef fects of neem prod ucts against root knot
nem a tode on to mato. In dian. J. Nematol.,
28(2):163-167
3. Gommers, F.G. (1973). Nematicidal prin ci ples
in Compositae. Mededelingen Landbouwhoges
school, Wageningen. The Nethherlands,
17:71-33
4. Govindaiah, Dandin, S.B. and Sharama, D.D.
(1991). Patho ge nic ity and avoid able leaf yield
loss due to Meloidogyne in cog nita in mul berry
(Morus alba. L). In dian J. Nematol., 21:52-57

0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
T
7
T
8
T
9
T
1
0
T
1
1
T
1
2
C
o
n
t
r
o
l
Different plant extracts
I
n
h
i
b
i
t
i
o
n
o
f
e
g
g
s
h
a
t
c
h
i
n
g
(
%
)
100% 75% 50% 25% Control
Fig.1. Impact of different plant extracts on inhibition of eggs hatching of Meloidogyne incognita Chitwood after 72 hours.
T
1
: Abutilon indicum Linn., T
2
: Azadirachta indica Linn, T
3
:Datura stramonium Linn.,T
4
: Prosopis juliflora Sw.,
T
5
: Tridax procumbens Linn.,T
6
: Xanthium indicum Linn., T
7
: Annona squamosa Linn., T
8
: Ricinus cummunis Linn.,
T
9
: Ocimum sanctum Linn., T
10
: Pongamia pinnata Linn, T
11
: Clitoria ternatea Linn., T
12
: Passiflora foetida Linn and
control.
Plate 1 : Photographs of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infesting mulberry roots.
5. Jasy, R. and Koshy, P.K. (1992). Ef fect of
cer tain leaf ex tracts and leaves of Glyricidia
maculate (HB&K) Steud as green ma nure on
Rodophylus similis. In dian. J. Nematol., 22:
117-121.
6. Mukhtar, T., Ahmad, R.R, M.Inam-ul-Haqand
and Javed, N. (1994). Ef fect of leaf ex tracts of
some plants on Meloidogyne in cog nita.
Pa ki stan J. Phytopathol., 6: 35-37.
7. Poornima, K. and Vadivelu, S. (1990).
Com par a tive ef fi cacy of nematicides, oil cakes
and plant ex tracts in the man age ment of
Meloidogyne in cog nita, Pratylenchus delattrei
and Rotyenchulus reniformis on brin jal. In dian.
J. Nematol., 20: 170-173.
8. Sharma, R., Sharma, K. and Patel, Y.M. (2012).
Nematicidal and pre ven tive ef fect of Pongamia
pinnata and Thevetia peruviana leaf ex tracts
and pow der against Meloidogyne in cog nita. J.
Adv. De vel op men tal Res., 3 (1) 2012: 52-55
9. Siddiqui, Z.A., Iqbal, A. and Mahmood, I.
(2001). Ef fect of Pseu do mo nas fluorescens and
fer til iz ers on the re pro duc tion of Meloidogyne
in cog nita and growth of to mato. Ap plied Soil
Ecol., 16(2): 179-185.
10. Sukul, N. C. (1992). Plant an tag o nis tic to plant
par a sitic nem a todes. In dian Rev. Life Sci., 12:
23-52.
11. Sundararaju, P. and Cannayane, I. (2002).
Antinemic ac tiv ity of plant ex tracts against
Pratylenchus coffeae in fect ing Ba nana. In dian
J. Nematol., 32(2) : 121-124.
12. Tsay, T.T., Wu, T.S. and Lin, Y.Y. (2004).
Evaluation of Asteraceae plant for control of
Meloidogyne incognita. J. Nematol., 36: 36-41.
Effect of some indigenous plant extracts on the inhibition of egg hatching of nematode 39
IN FLU ENCE OF NI TRO GEN AND PHOS PHO RUS FER TIL IZ ERS WITH
NI TRO GEN SOURCES ON FLO RAL PA RAM E TERS OF TUBEROSE
(Polianthes tuberosa L.)
A.P.S. Gangwar*, J.P. Singh and Indra Pal Singh
De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Chandra Sekhar Azad Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture and Tech nol ogy,
Kanpur (U.P.)
*E-mail : gangwarajai7@gmail.com.
AB STRACT: An ex per i ment was laid out dur ing two con sec u tive years in Hor ti cul ture gar den of
Chandra Shekhar Azad Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture and Tech nol ogy Kanpur. There were three
ni trog e nous sources viz. urea, am mo nium sul phate and cal cium ammonium ni trate, four lev els of
ni tro gen viz. 0, 50,100 and 150 kg/ha and four lev els of phos pho rus viz. 0,100,200 and 300
kg/ha, thus a total of fourty treat ments were taken. The re sults showed that emer gence of skipe
un der the in flu ence of N sources ranged from 97.27-98.35 and 95.58-97.91 days dur ing first and
sec ond year of study. Cal cium am mo nium ni trate caused 1.08 and 2.33 days ear lier spike
emer gence than urea treat ment. Ni tro gen ap plied@ 150kg/ha proved more ef fec tive in de lay ing
spike emer gence but 300kg/ha phos pho rus in duced ear li est emer gence. Length and width of
spikes was im proved with am mo nium sul phate fol lowed by CAN re corded 78.19 and 80.99 cm
long and 0.88 and 0.90 cm thick spikes, re spec tively. Ni tro gen ap plied @150 kg/ha caused
78.16 and 81.14 cm length of spike and 0.88 and 0.89 cm thick spikes in first and second year,
respectively. Length of rachis was reg is tered 1.45 and 1.65 cm lon ger un der am mo nium
sul phate. 150 kg ni tro gen per hect are max i mized length of rachis (26.74,27.85 cm) whereas,
phos pho rus @ 300kg/ha re vealed max i mum (26.26 and 27.38 cm) length of rachis. Num ber of
flower max i mum in flu enced by CAN re vealed 39.69 and 40.83 flow ers dur ing both years.
Ni tro gen @ 150kg/ha max i mized (40.80 and 41.20) num ber of flow ers. Fer til iza tion with cal cium
am mo nium ni trate ex hib ited lon gest blos som ing du ra tion. Du ra bil ity of spike in creased
con sis tently with in crease in ni tro gen lev els up to 150/ha dose re cord ing 21.41, 22.39 days
du ra tion dur ing both ex per i men tal years. Phosphrous @ 200kg pro longed self life by 3.46 and
2.67 days when com pared with con trol reg is ter ing 20.89 and 22.33 days du ra bil ity.
Keywords: Ni tro gen, phos pho rus, urea, am mo nium sul phate, cal cium am mo nium ni trate, rachis length.
Tuberose, Polianthes tuberosa Linn. is na tive
of Maxico and cul ti vated on large scale in many
trop i cal and sub-trop i cal ar eas in clud ing In dia. It is
however, adapted to North In dian cli ma tic
con di tions yet it grows well in Uttar Pradesh.
Tuberose oc cu pies very se lec tive spe cial po si tion
among or na men tal bul bous plants to flower lov ing
peo ple be cause of its pret ti ness, el e gance and
pleas antly sweet fra grance. Inspite of great
or na men tal im por tance, it has great eco nomic
po ten tial for cut flower trade and es sen tial oil
in dus try (Sadhu and Bose, 10).
The pres ent investigations were con ducted
un der the eco-edaphic con di tions pre vail ing at
Hor ti cul ture Gar den of Chandra Shekhar Azad
Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture and Tech nol ogy Kanpur
(U.P.), In dia dur ing the year 1998-99 and
1999-2000. Uni form and healthy bulbs of tuberose
cv. Dou ble hav ing 2.5-3.0 cm di am e ter were
pro cured from N.B.R.I. Lucknow. The re quired
doses of ni tro gen 50,100 and 150kg/ha and
phos pho rus 100, 200 and 300kg/ha as treat ments
were ap plied. K
2
O@200 kg/ha and F.Y.M.@40
tonnes/ha were also ap plied as per reccommenda-
tion. The sources of ni tro gen were Urea,
am mo nium sul phate and cal cium am mo nium
ni trate. Phos pho rus and pot ash were ap plied with
the help of super phos phate and muriate of pot ash,
re spec tively. Full dose of phos pho rus and pot ash
with half dose of ni tro gen were ap plied as basal
dress ing, re main ing half dose of N was ap plied as
split doses at 60 and 90 days af ter bulb plant ing. All
the rec om mended cul tural and plant pro tec tion
mea sures were ap plied. The ex per i ments were laid
out un der Fac to rial Ran dom ized Block De sign in
the both con sec u tive years of ex per i men ta tion with
three rep li ca tions. Thus 120 plots (1.0 1.0 m size)
were used for 40 treat ment com bi na tions. Data of
ex per i ments were an a lyzed as per Panse and
Sukhatme (6). Days to emer gence of spike were
com puted from the plant ing date of bulbs till first
scape tip was vis i ble. The length of spike was
mea sured from the lower ex posed por tion up to
apex of last flo ret with the help of me ter scale.
Di am e ter of spike was mea sured from 5cm above
the ground level with the help of ver nier cal i pers
and length of rachis was mea sured from the first
basipetal flo ret to apex of last flo ret with the help
of me ter scale. The num ber of flow ers per spike
was counted at dif fer ent pick ing un der each
treat ment. For fresh flower weight tagged spikes
were picked and mixed gently treat ment wise for
ob tain ing ho mo ge neous sam ples. Ran domly
se lected ten fresh flow ers were weighted (g) on
elec tronic bal ance un der each treat ment. The
pe riod be tween open ing of first and last flo ret on
spike was noted and mean value was treated as
du ra tion of flow er ing. The du ra tion be tween
plac ing of spike in vase and fad ing of last flo ret was
noted as vase life of spike. For ob tain ing of spike
yield and the num ber of spike was counted
treat ment wise dur ing en tire ex per i men tal pe riod on
tagged plant and per hect are val ues were
cal cu lated. The yield per hect are (tonnes) was
de rived with the help of yield per plot un der all the
treat ments and the data ob tained were pro cessed
sta tis ti cally dur ing both the years of study.
1. Ef fect on the days to emer gence of spike and size
of spike
Cal cium am mo nium ni trate in duced
sig nif i cant ear lier flow er ing when com pared with
other sources bar ring am mo nium sul phate dur ing
first year (Table 1). Ear li est emer gence of spike
un der CAN was reg is tered re quir ing 97.27 and
95.58 days against 98.35 and 97.91 days un der urea
treat ment dur ing first and sec ond year of
in ves ti ga tion. Ni tro gen in in creas ing doses de layed
the spike emer gence sig nif i cantly. The high est dose
of nitrogen sig nif i cantly de layed emer gence
show ing 98.54 and 97.72 days against the ear li est
un der con trol (96.22 and 94.44 days) dur ing
cor re spond ing years of in ves ti ga tion.
Phos pho rus in in creas ing dose caused ear lier
emer gence of spike in tuberose. The high est dose
i.e. 300 kg/ha re quired 96.27 and 95.15 days,
fol lowed by 200 kg/ha treat ment (97.07 and 96.12
days). The plants un der P con trol de layed the
pa ram e ter ex hib it ing 99.08 and 97.67 days,
re spec tively. These find ings are in agree ment with
the re ports of Sadhu and Bose (9) in tuberose and
Niengboi and Singh (5) in glad i o lus.
The size (length and di am e ter) of tuberose
spikes was im proved when the plants were
fer til ized with am mo nium sul phate fol lowed by
cal cium am mo nium ni trate. It was re corded 78.19
and 80.99 cm long un der am mo nium sul phate
treat ment as com pared to urea. Sim i larly, di am e ter
of spike in creased to the max i mum (0.88 and 0.90
cm) un der am mo nium sul phate treat ment. The
trend of vari a tion in di am e ter of tuberose spikes
was sim i lar to its length dur ing both the years.
In creas ing lev els of ni tro gen caused sig nif i cant
in crease in the length of spike. 150 kg N/ha
pro duced 78.16 cm and 81.14 cm long spikes in
respective years fol lowed by 100 kgN/ha treat ment.
Sim i larly, 150 kg/ha ni tro gen proved most ef fec tive
in in duc ing 0.88 and 0.89 cm di am e ter dur ing first
and sec ond year, re spec tively fol lowed by its 100
kg dose (0.85 and 0.87 cm di am e ter).
Among the four lev els of phos pho rous
nu tri tion, 200 kg/ha pro duced sig nif i cantly lon gest
spikes when com pared with rest of doses
ex press ing 77.21 and 80.28 cm val ues un der both
the years (Table 1). Sim i larly, out of four lev els of
phos pho rus, 200 kg/ha in duced sig nif i cantly
max i mum di am e ter (0.87 and 0.88 cm) re main ing
at par with 300 kg/ha dose dur ing both the years.
Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers with nitrogen sources on floral parameters of tuberose 41
42 Gangwar et al.
The pres ent finding is in ac cor dance with the
re ports of Mukhhopadhyay et al. (4) but
con tra dic tory to re sults of Preeti Hatibarua et.al.
(7), Kumar and Mishra (3) and Bhattacharjee (2) in
glad i o lus.
2. Ef fect on the length of rachis and number of
florets per spike
Am mo nium sul phate pro duced sig nif i cantly
lon gest (26.78 and 28.00 cm) rachis than the rest of
sources stud ied dur ing both the years fol lowed by
CAN (26.34 and 27.17 cm) fer til iza tion. Lon gest
rachis mea sur ing 26.74 and 27.85 cm were
reg is tered when 150 kg N was ap plied fol lowed by
100 kg dose (26.46 and 27.17 cm) dur ing both the
years. N
2
and N
3
(100 kg and 150 kg N/ha),
how ever, when com pared be tween them selves
showed non-sig nif i cant vari a tion un der both the
tri als. In creas ing lev els of P in creased the length of
rachis con sis tently dur ing both the years bar ring P
3
(300 kg/ha) dur ing sec ond year of study. The
lon gest rachis were reg is tered, 26.26 and 27.59 cm,
un der P
3
and P
2
(300 kg and 200 kg P/ha) dur ing
both the years of study. Results are in consonance
with Singh (10).
Ap pli ca tions of am mo nium sul phate pro duced
max i mum (39.97 and 40.91) florets per spike
dur ing both the years fol lowed by CAN (39.69 and
40.83). Urea showed min i mum num ber of flo rets
(37.55 and 38.33) per spike dur ing both the years of
study. Max i mum num ber of florets 40.80 and 40.20
revealed un der 150 kg N/ha fol lowed by 100 kg N
(39.26 and 40.65) dur ing both the years of
in ves ti ga tion.
Phos pho rus nu tri tion in flu enced the
pro duc tion of flo rets/spike dur ing both the years of
trial. It was how ever, sig nif i cantly max i mized
un der 200kg P
2
O
5
ha level when com pared with
rest of doses bar ring sec ond year of trial, where it
was ob served to be akin with 300 kg dose. P
2
(200
kg P
2
O
5
/ha) pro duced the max i mum (39.87 and
40.63) florets per spike fol lowed by 300 kg/ha (P
3
)
dose re vealing 38.97 and 40.03 florets per spike
dur ing both the year of trial, re spec tively.
3. Ef fect on the weight of fresh flow ers(g) and
duration of flowering (days)
Among three sources of ni trog e nous
fer til iz ers, am mo nium sul phate (33.36 and 33.86 g)
proved su pe rior over CAN and urea re vealed 33.26,
33.63g and 32.04, 33.29g fresh flower weight,
re spec tively dur ing both the year of study.
Am mo nium sul phate, how ever, re mained
sta tis ti cally at par with CAN dur ing both the years.
Ni tro gen in in creas ing doses re corded greater test
weight of fresh flower dur ing both the years. 150 kg
N/ha (N
3
) re veal ing 33.55 and 34.15g val ues were
found sta tis ti cally akin to N
2
(100 kg N/ha)
exhibiting 33.15, 33.67g fresh weight in both years,
respectively.
Ap pli ca tion of 200kg P/ha had in creased the
test weight of fresh flow ers to the max i mum
(32.99g) dur ing first year but in sec ond year it was
noted greater un der 100 kg /ha (33.49 g fresh
weight).
Cal cium am mo nium ni trate (CAN) proved
more ef fec tive ex hib it ing 21.06 and 22.40 days
flowering span of spikes fol lowed by am mo nium
sul phate (20.17 and 21.76 days) dur ing both the
years of study. How ever, 150 kg/ha dose be ing
su pe rior than the rest of lev els ex pressed max i mum
21.41 and 22.39 days blooming, re spec tively. The
max i mum of 20.89 and 22.33 days shelf life of
tuberose spikes were shown dur ing both the years
were ob tained with 200 kg/ha. How ever, 200 kg
and 300 kh P/ha re mained sta tis ti cally akin in this
re gard.
4. Ef fect on the vase life and yield of tuberose
The mean val ues ob vi ously in di cated that
among three sources of ni trog e nous fer til iz ers,
(Table 1) CAN re vealed the lon gest (9.59 and 9.52
days) vase life fol lowed by am mo nium sul phate
(9.27 and 9.40 days) dur ing both the year of study.
How ever in com par i son of CAN and am mo nium
sul phate, the for mer was sig nif i cantly most
ef fec tive. Ni tro gen ap plied in var ied lev els af fected
the vase life sig nif i cantly. Its in creas ing lev els
con sis tently showed lon ger keep ing qual ity up to
150 kg N dose dur ing both the year re cord ing 9.55
Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers with nitrogen sources on floral parameters of tuberose 43
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44 Gangwar et al.
and 9.58 days vase life. 150 kgN/ha when
com pared with N
2
(100 kg/ha) proved sig nif i cantly
su pe rior in pro long ing the vase life of tuberose
spikes un der first year trial. Phos pho rus nu tri tion at
200 kg/ha re main ing par with 100 and 300 kg/ha
showed the lon gest vas life (9.10 days) when
com pared with its con trol dur ing first year of trial
but in sec ond year vary ing doses of P failed to cause
sig nif i cant dif fer ences in this pa ram e ter.
Vary ing sources of ni trog e nous fer til iz ers
brought about sig nif i cant dif fer ences in yield of
tuberose spikes dur ing both the years of
in ves ti ga tion. Fer til iza tion with am mo nium
sul phate max i mized the pro duc tion (4.23 and 4.43
lac spikes/ha) fol lowed by CAN(4.18 and 4.29 lac
spikes/ha). How ever, both of these fer til iz ers when
com pared with each other re mained sta tis ti cally at
par re veal ing greater yield as com pared to urea
dur ing both the years of trials. 150kg N/ha
pro duced yield of 4.43 and 4.51 lac spikes fol lowed
by 100 kg N treat ment (4.18 and 4.26 lac).All the
lev els of ni tro gen in creased pos i tively pro duc tion
of spike in this re gard. Phos pho rus @ 200 kg/ha
max i mized spikes pro duc tion i.e.4.20 and 4.34 lac
spikes/ha fol lowed by its 300 kg dose (4.08, 4.31
lac spikes).
In three sources of ni trog e nous fer til iz ers,
am mo nium sul phate gave 19.93 and 21.96
tonnes/ha yield be ing sig nif i cantly higher than urea
(18.19 and 19.83 tonnes) fer til iza tion but re main ing
at par with CAN (19.59 and 21.25 tonnes) dur ing
both the years.150 kg ni tro gen/ha proved
sig nif i cantly su pe rior than the rest of dose as well
as con trol yield ing 20.86 and 22.55 tonnes/ha
flowers dur ing first and sec ond years of trial,
re spec tively. In creas ing dose of P fer til iza tion up to
200 kg/ha brought about sig nif i cant in crease in the
yield of flower when com pared with rest of doses
bar ring 300 kg/ha dur ing sec ond year trial.
The yield of spike and fresh flow ers/ha was
ob tained max i mum when the plant were fer til ized
with am mo nium sul phate. The im prove ment in
these at trib utes brought about by am mo nium
sul phate are ob vi ously due to in creased num ber of
spikes/plant and flowers/spike which caused the
sig nif i cant in crease in the yield/ha. The plants
nour ished by am mo nium sul phate also availed the
ben e fit of sul phur which aids in the syn the sis of oils
and ap pears to be as so ci ated with chlo ro phyll
syn the sis there fore it plays a vi tal role in the
phys i ol ogy of bul bous plants. The find ings of the
pres ent in ves ti ga tions are in agree ment with the
re ports of Bhattacharjee (1), Mukhhopadhyay et al.
(4) and Rob ber and Hecher (8) in tuberose and
chrysanthemum.
REF ER ENCES
1. Bhattacharjee, S.K. (1995). Re search ad vances
in post har vest han dling of flow ers. Pros pects of
Flori cul ture in In dia, pp. 223-243.
2. Bhattacharjee, S.K. (1981). In flu ence of
ni tro gen, phos pho rus and po tas sium
fer til iza tion on flow er ing and corm pro duc tion
in glad i o lus. Singapur J. Pri mary In dus tries,
9(1):23-27.
3. Kumar, R. and Mishra, R.L. (2011). Stud ies on
ni tro gen ap pli ca tion in com bi na tion with
phos pho rus or po tas sium on glad i o lus Cv. Jester
Gold. In dian J. Hor t ., 68 (4):535-539.
4. Mukhopadhyay, A.; Sujatha, K. and Singh, K.P.
(1986). In flu ence of dif fer ent sources of
ni tro gen on growth and flow er ing of tuberose
Cv. Sin gle. South In dian Hort., 34(6):
435-436.
5. Niengboi, Haokip and Singh, U.C. (2005).
Re sponse of ni tro gen and phos pho rus on
growth and flow er ing pa ram e ters in glad i o lus.
J. Or na . Hort. New Se ries; 8(4):314-315.
6. Panse, V.G. and Sukhatme, P.V. (1978).
Sta tis ti cal Method for Ag ri cul tural Work ers. pp.
156-165.
7. Preeti, Hatibarua; R.L. Mishra and P. Hatibarua
(1999). Ef fect of ni tro gen sources on veg e ta tive
and flo ral char ac ters of glad i o lus Cv.
Dhanvantari. J. Orna. Horti. New se ries
2(2):111-114.
8. Rober, R. and K.Hecker(1971).The in flu ence of
vari able fer til izer ap pli ca tion on the growth of
chry san the mum. Gar ten Bauwises, 436:
275-279.
9. Sadhu, M.K. and T.K. Bose (1973).Tuberose for
most ar tis tic gar lands. Ind. Hort; 18(3):17-20.
10. Singh, K.P. (2000). Response of graded levels
of nitrogen in tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.)
c.v. Single. Advances in Plant Sci;
13(1):283-289.
EF FECT OF LOW POLY-TUN NEL ON THE GROWTH, YIELD AND
HAR VEST ING SPAN OF SWEET PEP PER
Kulbir Singh*, Rajinder Singh, D. S. Khurana and Jaswinder Singh
De part ment of Veg e ta ble Sci ence, Punjab Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Ludhiana
*E-mail: kulbirpawar@pau.edu
ABSTRACT: To study the impact of low plastic tunnel on the performance of bell pepper, an
experiment was conducted from 2004-05 to 2006-07 at vegetable experimental area, Punjab
Agricultural University, Ludhiana. The treatments consisted of transplanting of bell pepper during
November under low plastic perforated tunnel, low plastic non perforated tunnel, without
protection and February transplanting in open field. The results clearly indicated that early yield
(68.7q/ha), total yield (278.2 q/ha), fruit number per plant (18.9), plant height (49.44 cm), fruit
girth (33.17 cm) and harvesting span (93 days) were significantly more in low plastic non
perforated tunnel as compared to unprotected and February transplanted crops. However
average fruit weight was at par in all the treatments.
Keywords: Sweet pep per, poly-tun nel, har vest ing span,
Under Punjab conditions bell pepper is
generally transplanted during February in open. By
the time the crop comes to flowering and fruiting in
April when the temperature already crosses 35C.
The threshold temperature for bell pepper to flower
and fruiting is 32C beyond which flowering and
fruiting is badly affected. Further during the month
of May the temperature crosses 40C affecting
flowering and fruiting severely. The Punjab has
extreme low temperature in winter season touching
0C and as high as 45C in summer thereby limiting
the harvesting span of the crop. This situation
suggests to modify microclimate which will
increase availability span of vegetables and farmers
can capture the market early in the season to get
good return of the produce. The low plastic tunnel
technology is very useful in protecting the crop
from frost during winter along with growth of the
plants which enables the farmer to get early crop
and for longer period. Further the low plastic
tunnels can be easily dismantled and utilized in the
next year. Therefore, the present investigation was
conducted to standardize the low plastic technology
for raising the sweet pepper during early summer.
The pres ent ex per i ment was con ducted dur ing
three years (2004-05 to 2006-07). The treat ments
con sisted of per fo rated plas tic tun nel (T
1
),
Non-per fo rated plas tic tun nel (T
2
), Un pro tected
trans plant ing (T
3
) and open field (T
4
). In treat ment
T
1
plants were pro tected with the help of plas tic
sheet but small holes were made with the help of
nee dle in the plas tic sheet. In treat ment T
2
plants
were com pletely pro tected with the help of plas tic
sheet with out any hole whereas no pro tec tion was
pro vided in treat ment T
3
and in T
4
. Nurs ery of
sweet pep per was sown in mid Oc to ber un der net
tun nel to avoid the at tack of white fly and
trans planted in third week of No vem ber in
treat ment T
1
, T
2
, and T
3
. Nurs ery of T
4
treat ment
was sown in first week of No vem ber and
trans planted in first week of Feb ru ary when the risk
of frost is over. The poly thene sheets for treat ments
T
1
and T
2
were re moved as soon as the risk of frost
is over. The trans plant ing was done on the both
sides of raised beds main tain ing the dis tance of 120
cm and 30 cm be tween rows and plants
re spec tively. All the cul tural prac tices were done as
per pack age of prac tices for open cul ti va tion. Data
was re corded on plant height (cm), days taken to
first har vest, early yield (q/hac), av er age fruit
weight (g), fruit girth (cm), num ber of fruits per
plant, har vest ing span and to tal yield (q/ha).
The anal y sis of pooled data for three years
46 Singh et al.
(Table 1) re vealed that plant height and plant spread
un der pro tec tion were con sid er ably higher than
un pro tected crop. In crease in height and plant
spread were due to higher tem per a ture in side the
tun nel (Fig 1). Kacjan and Osvald (3) also ob served
taller plants un der low plas tic tun nels.
Days taken to first har vest were more in case
of crop trans planted dur ing No vem ber with out
pro tec tion i.e. T
3
(129.50) while Feb ru ary
trans planted crop (T
4
) was ready for first pick ing in
78.50 days. On the other hand the early yield
re corded was 68.7 q/ha un der low tun nel which was
sig nif i cantly higher than un pro tected crop (24q/ha)
and the Feb ru ary trans planted crop pro duced no
early yield. This might be due to the fact that crop
grown un der low tun nel es caped from the frost
in jury in De cem ber and Jan u ary and there was
Table 1: Ef fect of dif fer ent treat ments on growth con trib ut ing at trib utes in bell pep per.
Treatment Plant height (cm) Plant spread Leaf area (cm
2
)
2004-
05
2005
-06
2006
-07
Mean 2004
-05
2005-
06
2006-
07
Mean 2004-
05
2005-
06
2006-
07
Mean
T
1
Perforated
plastic tunnel
49.5 48.1 49.1 48.9 55.1 49.0 52.0 52.1 1266.1 1284.0 1283..9 1278.0
T
2
Non perforated
plastic tunnel
48.7 47.4 48.2 48.2 54.4 48.9 51.7 51.7 1279.5 1278.6 1279.3 1279.1
T
3
Unprotected 34.2 33.5 34.2 34.0 45.9 42.5 43.6 44.0 1227.4 1221.7 1223.2 1224.1
T
4
February
transplanting
35.2 34.1 35.0 34.8 45.4 41.8 43.9 43.7 1229.4 1224.3 1224.4 1226.0
C.D. (P=0.05) 4.0 3.9 4.1 4.1 4.9 4.8 5.0 5.0 NS. NS. NS. NS
Ta ble 2: Ef fect of dif fer ent treat ments on yield and yield con trib ut ing at trib utes in bell pep per.
Treatment
Fruit number per plant Average fruit weight (g) Early yield (q/ha) Total yield (q/ha)
200
4-05
200
5-06
200
6-07
Mea
n
200
4-05
200
5-06
200
6-07
Mea
n
200
4-05
200
5-06
200
6-07
Mea
n
200
4-05
200
5-06
200
6-07
Mea
n
T
1
Perforated
plastic tunnel
19.0
13.5 18.2 16.9 35.0 34.6 38.7 36.1 59.4 39.1 57.4 52.0 269.
9
169.
5
220.
3
219.
9
T
2
Non
perforated
plastic tunnel
18.8
13.7 18.8 17.1 35.3 34.0 40.3 36.5 66.0 38.6 51.0 51.9 268.
7
166.
6
235.
3
223.
5
T
3
Unprotected
12.6
9.8 11.3 11.2 35.2 33.5 35.7 34.8 20.0 11.3 20.4 17.2 190.
5
103.
6
163.
6
152.
6
T
4
February
transplanting
8.4
7.9 9.0 8.4 33.8 32.0 32.5 32.8 - - - 165.
2
101.
2
143.
5
136.
6
C.D.
(P=0.05)
1.8
2.1 1.0 1.9 NS NS NS NS. 7.0 5.5 7.5 6.9 33.2 15.1 11.0 21.5
Table 3: Effect of different treatments on harvesting in bell pepper.
Treatment Days taken to first harvest Harvesting span
2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Mean 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 Mean
T
1
Perforated plastic tunnel
105.7
105.0 120.3 110.3 92.0 95.3 96.0 94.4
T
2
Non perforated plastic tunnel
103.7
103.3 120.3 109.1 92.7 93.3 84.7 90.2
T
3
Unprotected
128.0
120.0 138.0 128.7 61.7 64 63.7 63.1
T
4
February transplanting
79.0
78.7 89.3 82.3 51.7 53.7 42.3 49.2
C.D. (P=0.05)
7.5
8.4 10.3 4.5 4.9 4.6 5.3 2.5
Effect of low poly-tunnel on the growth, yield and harvesting span of sweet pepper 47

Effect of low tunnel on maximum and minimum
tempeature during December 04- January 05
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
We e kly inte rv al
T
e
m
p
e
r
t
u
r
e
C
T1(max-Open)
T2(ma x Tu nn e l )
T3(Min -Tun n el)T
T4(Min Op en )
(a)

temperature during December 05 - January,06
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Weekly interval
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
C
T1(max-Open)
T2(max Tunnel )
T3(Mi n-Tunnel )T
T4(Mi n Open)
(b)

temperature during December 06 - January07
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Weekly interval
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
C
T1(max-Open)
T2(max Tunnel )
T3(Min-Tunnel )T
T4(Min Open)
(c)
Fig. 1: Effect of low tunnel on maximum and minium temperature (at weekly interval) (a) 2004-05,
(b) 2005-06, (c) 2006-07.
48 Singh et al.
continous growth of the plants due to high
tem per a ture in the tun nel (Fig 1). The growth of the
un pro tected plants was severly af fected by the frost
dam age and when these plants re gained their
veg e ta tive growth dur ing the month of Feb ru ary the
plants un der low tun nel started flow er ing. Pakyurek
et al. (6) re ported 39% in crease in ear li ness in
cap si cum un der pro tected con di tions over con trol.
Sim i larly, Sari et al. (7) re vealed 51% in crease in
early yield un der low tun nel in cu cum ber. They also
found that av er age air and soil tem per a ture were
high est un der low tun nel. Immirzi et al. (4) re ported
that pep per grown un der plas tic tun nel were 20
days in ad vance. Cheema et al. (2) also re ported
that to mato plants un der pro tected con di tions were
ear lier than nor mal grown con di tions.
The pres ent in ves ti ga tion also re vealed that
to tal yield was sig nif i cantly higher than
un pro tected and al most dou ble than the Feb ru ary
trans planted crop (Table 2). This is mainely due to
in crease in har vest ing span of the crop. Fur ther the
bell pep per got the max i mum fa vour able time for
its growth, flow er ing and fruit ing than the Feb ru ary
trans planted crop. The crop grown with out
pro tec tion got some chill ing in jury due to frost and
took some time to re cover. Buczkowska et al. (1)
re vealed that to tal yield un der low tun nel was
higher than un der open con di tions. Sari et al. (7)
re ported that in crease in yield un der low tun nel was
due to in crease in har vest ing span in cu cum ber.
Fruit num ber per plant was re corded more
un der pro tected con di tions and it was sig nif i cantly
higher than un pro tected as well as Feb ru ary
trans planted crop. It was also seen that un pro tected
bell pep per had also more fruit num ber than
Feb ru ary trans planted crop. This is due to the fact
that bell pep per grown un der plas tic tun nel got
fa vour able con di tions for max i mum growth,
flow er ing and fruit ing in com par i son to other
treat ments re sult ing in more num ber of fruits per
plant. Kacjan and Osvald (3) ob tained more fruits
per plant un der plas tic tun nel in pep per. They
at trib uted it to the in crease in tem per a ture in
tun nel dur ing the frost pe riod which re sults in more
growth and yield of the crop.
The av er age fruit weight un der low tun nel was
non sig nif i cantly higher than other teartments. It
was also ob served that av er age fruit weight in first
two pick ing was sig nif i cantly higher in low tun nel
than the un pro tected and Feb ru ary trans planted
crop. Fruit girth was more un der pro tected
con di tions (33.17cm) than the un pro tected (27.94)
and Feb ru ary trans planted crop (28.15cm).
Data pre sented in the Ta ble 3 clearly in di cated
that har vest ing span of crop un der low tun nel (93
days) was sig nif i cantly more than the pro tected as
well as Feb ru ary trans planted crop. This is due to
fa vour able en vi ron ment of growth un der low tun nel
than other treat ments. Macua et al. (5) re ported in
to mato that by use of plas tic cov ers the crop get
early and pro long for lon ger du ra tion than the
nor mal grown crop.
The re sults ob tained dur ing the two year study
clearly in di cated that the tech nol ogy will help the
grow ers to raise the bell pep per in early sum mer
and in crease the har vest ing span of the crop
fetch ing higher price.
REF ER ENCES
1. Buczkowska, H., Babik, I. and Rumpel, J.
(1994). Use ful ness of a slid able tun nel in
ac cel er ated veg e ta ble grow ing. Sev enth
In ter na tional sym po sium on tim ing field
pro duc tion of veg e ta bles, Skierniewice, Po land,
23-27 Au gust 1993. Acta Hort., 371: 297-304.
2. Cheema, D.S.; Kaur, P. and Kaur, S. (2004).
Offseason cul ti va tion un der net house
con di tions. Acta Hort., 659 : 177-81.
3. Kacjan Marsin, N. and Osvald, J. (1997). The
in flu ence of dif fer ent cover ma te ri als of
green houses on growth and de vel op ment of
pep per (Cap si cum annuum L.). Zbornic-
Biotehniske-Fakultete-Univerze-v-Ljubljani,-
Kmetijstvo, 69: 141-46.
4. Immirzi, B; Malinconico, M; Casale, E.,
Mormile, P., Shenker, Y. and Ben-Yehoshua, S.
(1998). Testing of innovative co-extruded films
in anticipated cultures in South Italy. 14th
International Congress on Plastics in
Agriculture, Tel Aviv, Israel, March 1997-1998,
pp. 177-80.
5. Macua, H; Santos, A. and Zuniga, J. (1999). The
ef fect of the plant ing date on the programmation
of yield and qual ity of pro cess ing to mato in
Navar re (Spain). Acta Hort., 487: 229-32.
6. Pakyurek, A.Y., Abak, K., Sari, N., Guler, H. Y.,
Cockshull, K.E., Tuzel, Y. and Gul, A. (1994).
In flu ence of mulch ing on ear li ness and yield of
some veg e ta bles grown un der high tun nels.
Sec ond sym po sium on pro tected cul ti va tion of
solanacea in mild win ter cli mates, Adana,
Tur key, 13-16 April 1993. Acta Hort., 366:
155-160.
7. Sari, N., Guler, H.Y., Abak, K., Pakyurek, Y.,
Babik, I. and Rumpel, J. (1994). Ef fect of mulch
and tunnel on the yield and harvesting period
of cucumber and squash. Seventh International
symposium on timing field production of
vegetables, Skierniewice, Poland, 23-27 August
1993. Acta Hort., 371: 305-310.
Effect of low poly-tunnel on the growth, yield and harvesting span of sweet pepper 49
PER FOR MANCE OF CU CUM BER (Cucumis sativus L.) HY BRIDS IN
AGRO-CLI MA TIC CON DI TIONS OF ALLAHABAD
Jitendra Kumar Patel*, Vijay Ba ha dur, Devi Singh, V. M. Prasad and S. B. Rangare
De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Allahabad School of Ag ri cul ture, Sam Higginbottom In sti tute of
Ag ri cul ture, Tech nol ogy and Sci ences, Allahabad (U.P.)
*E-mail: jitendrakumarpatelbanda@gmail.com
AB STRACT: Twenty cu cum ber hy brids were eval u ated for growth, yield and fruit qual ity traits in
Allahabad agroclimic conditions. The study re vealed that the hy brid Garima Super re corded
high est vine length (249.17 cm), num ber of branches per vine (11.42), num ber of male flow ers
(206.33) and fe male flow ers (29.17) per vine, num ber of fruits per vine (13.83), fruit weight
(168.33 g), fruit length (168.33 cm), fruit di am e ter (4.03 cm), fruit yield (2.24 kg/ vine and 36.24 t
ha
-1
), TSS (5.50 Brix), vi ta min C con tent (7.28 mg/100 g) and organoleptic scores for var i ous
fruit qual ity traits while, the low est days to ap pear ance first male flower (31.92) and fe male flower
(35.83), node num ber at which first male flower (3.42) and fe male flower (4.83) ap peared and
days to first fruit har vest (44.83) were ob served in same hy brid. Hy brid Garima Super was found
su pe rior based on the over all per for mance of dif fer ent cu cum ber hy brids for growth, yield, qual ity
char ac ters and eco nomic re turns for cul ti va tion of cu cum ber un der Allahabad con di tions.
Keywords: Cu cum ber, hybirds, TSS, vi ta min C, organoleptic test.
Cu cum ber bo tani cally known as Cucumis
sativus L. is one of the most im por tant crop of
Cucurbitaceae. It is na tive of In dia. Cu cum ber is
con sid ered as fourth most im por tant veg e ta ble crop
af ter to mato, cab bage and on ion. Of the var i ous
veg e ta bles grown in In dia, cu cum ber has high place
in the diet as a rich source of car bo hy drates, as a
break fast fruit and as in gre di ent of sal ads.
Cu cum ber (Cucumis sativus L.) is one of the old est
amongst the cul ti vated veg e ta ble crops and has
been found in cul ti va tion since 3000 to 4000 years.
Bio chem i cally the cu cur bits are char ac ter ized by
bit ter prin ci ples, called cu cur bi ta cins i.e. tetracyclic
triterpenes (Jeffery, 4). Ma jor ity of the cu cur bits are
ei ther monoecious or andromonoecious (a few
dioecious) with trail ing habit and are pol li nated by
in sects. It is one of quick est ma tur ing vine
veg e ta bles crops. It is a warm sea son crop and
grown mostly dur ing kharif and sum mer sea sons in
all the parts of the coun try in clud ing hilly parts of
North In dia. The in ves ti ga tion was taken with the
ob jec tives to find out the most suit able hy brid in
terms of growth, yield and qual ity of cu cum ber for
com mer cial cul ti va tion in rainy sea son un der
Allahabad con di tion.
The pres ent in ves ti ga tion was car ried out at
veg e ta ble re search farm, De part ment of
Hor ti cul ture, Allahabad School of Ag ri cul ture,
Sam Higginbottom In sti tute of Ag ri cul ture,
Tech nol ogy and Sci ences, Allahabad (U.P.) in the
year 2011 dur ing rainy sea son. There were twenty
cu cum ber hy brids viz., Joolie, F
1
Fumiko-10, R.
K.-180, J. K. Manali, Dash, Khiaudon, Manvi Plus,
Alisha, Noori, LG-40, Hy brid Mala, Agro Priya,
Prasad-100, Hy brid -512, Sheetal, Taksin, Kanene,
NCH-2, US-249 and Garima Super, which were
sown for rais ing rainy sea son cu cum ber crop. All
the hy brids were sown on 18
th
July, 2011 by the
raised bed method with spac ing of 1.0 m and 1.5 m
plant to plant and row to row, re spec tively.
Adopt ing the rec om mended cul ti va tion prac tices
for rais ing a healthy crop and used the trel lis sys tem
for vines climb ing. The experiment was laid out in
ran dom ized block de sign with three rep li ca tions.
Ob ser va tions on var i ous char ac ters namely, vine
length (cm), num ber of branches, days to first
ap pear ance of male and fe male flower, node
num ber at which first male and fe male flower
ap pears, num ber of male and fe male flow ers,
num ber of fruits per vine, fruit di am e ter (cm), fruit
length (cm), fruit weight (g), days to first fruit
har vest, fruit yield (kg/ plant), fruit yield tonnes per
hect are, T. S. S. (Brix), vi ta min C mg / 100g and
sen sory eval u a tion of cu cum ber by organoleptic
prop er ties were re corded from five ran domly
se lected plants of each hy brid. Data was
sta tis ti cally an a lyzed for the eval u a tion of hy brids.
The maximum vine length was found with
Garima Super (249.17cm) followed by LG-40
(237.92cm), US-24 (222.92cm) and minimum vine
length was recorded with Agro Priya (183.75cm)
(Table 1). The variation in vine length might have
been due to specific genetic makeup of different
hybrids, inherent properties, environment factor,
hormonal factor and vigour of the crop. Similar
results have been reported by Solanki and Seth (9)
in cucumber. Maximum number of branches per
vine was recorded in Garima Super (11.42)
followed by Alisha (10.67) and US-249 (10.50)
while, the lowest number of branches per vine was
recorded in Hybrid-512 (7.33). The variation in
number of branches per vine might have been due
to its own genetic makeup and also due to vine
length, internodal length, hormonal factor and
environmental factor confirming to reports of
Sharma and Bhattarai (8) in cucumber. Minimum
days to first appearance of male flower were
observed in Garima Super (31.92 days) followed by
Joolie (32.00 days) and US-249 (32.25 days).
Maximum days to first appearance of male flower
were found in J.K. Manali (38.83 days). The days
of first appearance of male flower plays an
important role in deciding the earliness or lateness
of crop in general. Minimum days to first
appearances of female flower were observed with
Garima Super (35.83 days) followed by LG-40
(36.42) and US-249 (36.83 days). Maximum days
were recorded to first appearance of female flower
with Dash (39.83days). The number of days from
sowing to first appearance of female flower is an
important character that indicates earliness or
lateness of the crop in general. The variation in first
appearance of male and female flower might have
been due to internodal length, number of
internodes, genetic nature, environmental factor
and vigour of the crop. Similar results have been
reported by Sahni et al. (7) in ridge gourd,
Badgurjar and More (2) and Bairagi et al. (3) in
cucumber. Minimum node number at which first
male flower appeared were observed in Garima
Super (3.42 node) followed by Manvi Plus (4.00
node) and US-249 (4.08 node). Maximum node
number at which first male flower appeared was in
R.K.-180 (6.25nodes). Minimum node number at
which first female flower appeared was recorded in
Garima Super (4.83 node) followed by Alisha
(4.92node) and US-249 (5.25 node). Maximum
node number at which first female flower appeared
was in Joolie (7.42 node). The variation in node
number at which first male and female flower
appears might have been due to specific genetic
makeup of different hybrids and prevailing
environmental conditions. Similar results have
been reported by Bairagi et al. (3) and Sharma and
Bhattarai (8) in cucumber. Maximum number of
male flowers per vine was recorded in Garima
Super (206.33) followed by Hybrid-512 (194.5)
and US-249 (163.42). The minimum number of
male flowers per vine was found in hybrid Mala
(103.83). Maximum number of female flowers per
vine was found with Garima Super (29.17)
followed by LG-40 (25.58) and US-249 (23.67).
The minimum number of female flowers per vine
was recorded in Hybrid-512 (13.83). The variation
in number of male and female flowers per vine
might have been due to their genetic makeup,
environmental factor, hormonal factor and vigour
of the crop. Similar results have been reported by
Solanki and Seth (9), Rastogi et al. (6) and Bairagi
et al. (3) in cucumber.
Data pre sented in Ta ble 2 revealed that the
max i mum num ber of fruits per vine was re corded in
Garima Super (13.83) fol lowed by LG-40 (12.42)
and US-249 (11.17). The low est num ber of fruits
per vine was re corded in Hy brid-512 (8.33). The
num ber of fruits per vine is one of the ma jor fac tors
for de cid ing the yield of the crop. The vari a tion in
num ber of fruits per vine might have been due to
Performance of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) hybrids in agroclimatic conditions of Allahabad 51
52 Patel et al.
sex ra tio, fruit set per cent age, ge netic na ture and
their re sponse to vary ing en vi ron men tal con di tions.
Vari a tion in num ber of fruits per vine was also
re ported by Nag et al. (5) in invy gourd and
Srivastava and Srivastava (10) in bit ter gourd.
Max i mum fruit di am e ter was re corded in Garima
Super (4.03cm) fol lowed by Joolie (3.99 cm) and
US-249 (3.98 cm). The min i mum fruit di am e ter
was found in Hy brid-512 (3.49 cm). In creas ing in
fruit yield is mostly in flu enced by fruit di am e ter.
The fruit di am e ter will be high then au to mat i cally
fruit yield will be also high. Sig nif i cantly max i mum
fruit length was re corded in Garima Super (19.58
cm) fol lowed by LG-40 (18.75 cm) and US-249
(18.17 cm). The min i mum fruit length was re corded
with J. K. Manali (12.75 cm). The vari a tion in fruit
length and di am e ter might have been due to ge netic
na ture, en vi ron men tal fac tor and vig our of the crop
Ahamed et al. (1) and Rastogi et al. (6) have also
re ported sim i lar find ings in cu cum ber. Garima
Super (168.33g) showed sig nif i cantly max i mum
fruit weight fol lowed by LG-40 (167.33g) and
US-249 (166.17g) and the low est fruit weight was
found in Hy brid-512 (141.25g). The higher fruit
di am e ter and higher fruit length re sult in to higher
fruit weight. The high est fruit weight in Garima
Super may be due to its hy brid vig our and
adoptability to Allahabad agro-cli ma tic con di tions
confirming to findings of Prasad (5) in bot tle gourd.
Min i mum days to first fruit har vest from sow ing
was found with Garima Super (44.83 days)
fol lowed by Alisha (46.67 days) and US-249
(46.92). Hy brid Joolie (50.25 days) had taken very
much time to first har vest ing. The vari a tion in days
to first fruit to har vest ing might have been due to
ge netic fac tor, en vi ron men tal fac tor, hor monal
fac tor and vig our of the crop. Sig nif i cantly
max i mum yield per vine (Table 2) was re corded in
Ta ble 1: Mean per for mance of dif fer ent hy brids of cu cum ber (Cucumis sativus L.) in growth yield and qual ity.
Hybrids Vine
length
(cm)
Number
of
branches
per vine
Days to
first
appearance
of male
flower
Days to
first
appearance
of female
flower
Node
number
at which
first male
flower
appears
Node
number at
which first
female
flower
appears
Number
of male
flowers
per vine
Number
of female
flowers
per vine
Joolie 212.33 7.42 32.00 39.00 5.00 7.42 125.75 19.50
F
1
Fumiko-10 207.08 9.25 34.33 39.42 5.75 6.33 123.50 14.92
R.K-180 198.75 9.83 33.25 36.92 6.25 5.67 146.92 17.17
J.K. Manali 195.83 8.42 38.83 38.83 5.00 5.50 125.00 21.67
Dash 201.25 9.33 34.42 39.83 4.50 5.58 123.08 22.00
Khioudon 212.10 8.67 32.75 38.33 4.83 5.83 130.42 22.92
Manvi Plus 193.75 8.00 34.17 38.92 4.00 6.33 121.58 14.67
Alisha 215.42 10.67 32.67 37.17 4.17 4.92 157.17 23.65
Noori 195.00 8.92 35.08 38.42 4.75 7.33 143.67 20.42
LG- 40 237.92 10.00 34.17 36.42 4.75 5.33 128.92 25.58
Hybrid Mala 202.08 9.92 34.83 38.75 4.67 5.42 103.83 17.00
Agro Priya 183.75 9.08 36.08 39.19 5.50 7.17 112.42 21.83
Prasad-100 199.58 9.17 34.92 38.88 4.75 6.50 127.83 22.25
Hybrid- 512 212.08 7.33 37.00 39.25 5.92 6.33 194.50 13.83
Sheetal 201.67 7.83 35.17 38.83 6.08 6.25 138.17 18.67
Taksin 188.23 9.50 36.00 39.17 5.58 6.25 129.50 21.83
Kanene 193.75 7.92 34.25 37.00 5.08 5.58 134.67 21.08
NCH-2 205.00 8.67 32.83 38.75 5.00 5.42 125.50 22.67
US-249 222.92 10.50 32.25 36.83 4.08 5.25 163.42 23.67
Garima Super 249.17 11.42 31.92 35.83 3.42 4.83 206.33 29.17
C.D. (P=0.05) 3.96 0.30 0.33 0.33 0.33 0.28 1.48 0.48
Garima Super (2.24 kg) fol lowed by LG-40 (1.99
kg) and US-249 (1.8 kg). The low est fruit yield per
vine was found in Hy brid-512 (1.31kg). The
vari a tion in fruit yield per vine (kg) might have
been due to fruit set per cent age, fruit length,
num ber of fruits per vine, fruit weight, fruit width,
ge netic na ture, en vi ron men tal fac tor and vig our of
the crop. These find ings are in close con for mity
with find ings of Sharma and Bhattarai (8) in
cu cum ber and Srivastava and Srivastava (10) in
bitter gourd. Garima Super re corded max i mum
yield (36.24 t ha
-1
) fol lowed by LG-40 (31.72 t ha
-1
)
and US-249 (28.7 t ha
-1
). The low est yield was
found in Hy brid-512 (20.417 t ha
-1
). The sig nif i cant
vari a tion in fruit yield might have been due to
num ber of fruits per vine and yield per vine. Sim i lar
re sults have also been re ported by Rastogi et al. (6)
and Yadav et al (11) in cu cum ber, Sahni et al. (7) in
ridgegourd.
Significantly maximum T.S.S. was found with
Garima Super (5.50Brix) followed by Prasad-10
(5.36Brix) and US-249 (5.33Brix). The minimum
TSS value was found with Noori (4.08Brix). The
higher TSS value in Garima Super may be due to its
inherent characteristics. Maximum vitamin C was
found with Garima Super (7.28 mg) followed by
LG-40 (7.23 mg) and US-249 (7.25 mg). The
lowest vitamin 'C' mg/100g was found with Dash
(6.25mg).
Sen sory eval u a tion was done for over all
per for mance of cu cum ber hy brids on the ba sis of
their col our, aroma, tex ture, taste, fla vour and
over all ac cept abil ity of cu cum ber fruits (Ta ble 3).
Among 20 hy brids, Garima Super was found to be
the best for col our on the ba sis of sen sory
eval u a tion which se cured high est score (7.44) on
9.0 hedonic scale fol lowed by Joolie (7.33) and
Ta ble 2: Mean per for mance of dif fer ent hy brids of cu cum ber (Cucumis sativus L.) in growth yield and qual ity.
Hybrids
Number
of fruits
per vine
Fruit
diameter
(cm)
Fruit
length
(cm)
Fruit
weight
(g)
Days to
first
fruit
harvest
Fruit
yield per
vine (kg)
Fruit
yield
(t ha
-1
)
Total
soluble
solids
(Brix)
Vit-C
(mg /
100 g)
Joolie 9.72 3.99 16.17 165.08 50.25 1.60 25.76 4.42 6.92
F1 Fumiko-10 9.33 3.72 15.67 155.00 49.25 1.47 23.13 4.75 6.92
R.K.-180 9.67 3.63 15.25 152.67 48.75 1.39 21.85 4.58 6.83
J.K. Manali 8.42 3.94 12.75 159.50 49.75 1.41 22.45 4.25 6.67
Dash 10.50 3.80 15.75 162.50 48.75 1.68 27.28 4.76 6.75
Khioudon 9.00 3.64 15.00 151.25 49.75 1.37 21.80 4.60 6.67
Manvi Plus 9.27 3.80 16.00 159.83 49.75 1.34 21.30 4.61 6.42
Alisha 11.00 3.96 18.00 165.25 46.67 1.71 27.84 5.25 7.08
Noori 9.75 3.61 16.58 150.75 49.75 1.48 23.50 4.08 6.92
LG.-40 12.42 3.94 18.75 167.33 47.17 1.99 31.72 5.08 7.23
Hybrid Mala 9.00 3.52 17.08 146.83 49.50 1.49 23.94 5.09 6.83
Agro Priya 9.25 3.61 13.75 151.00 49.50 1.41 22.35 5.00 6.92
Prasad-100 10.33 3.85 17.33 161.17 49.08 1.67 25.84 5.36 6.92
Hybrid-512 8.33 3.49 17.58 141.25 49.75 1.31 20.41 4.50 6.25
Sheetal 8.58 3.50 15.42 148.58 49.25 1.42 22.56 4.75 6.92
Taksin 9.42 3.66 16.00 153.67 49.50 1.44 23.15 4.93 6.83
Kanene 9.92 3.64 17.92 155.33 50.00 1.54 24.62 4.92 6.92
NCH-2 8.92 3.63 16.25 152.67 49.83 1.36 21.81 4.59 6.58
US-249 11.17 3.98 18.17 166.17 46.92 1.80 28.79 5.33 7.25
Garima Super 13.83 4.03 19.58 168.33 44.83 2.24 36.24 5.50 7.28
C.D. (P=0.05) 0.21 0.06 0.36 0.98 0.56 0.05 0.35 0.24 0.22
54 Patel et al.
US-249 (7.17). While, the min i mum marks (6.00
each) was se cured by both Manvi Plus and NCH-2.
How ever, in case of aroma, Garima Super ob tained
high est (7.67) scores fol lowed by Joolie (7.17) and
US-249 (7.11) whereas, the min i mum marks (5.67
each) were scored by Dash and Prasad-100 hy brids
both. In case of tex ture, Garima Super ob tained the
high est (7.67) scores fol lowed by Joolie (7.44),
US-249 (7.33) and the min i mum scores (6.00 each)
was taken by F
1
Fumiko-10, R.K.-180, Hy brid
Mala, Prasad-100, Hy brid-512 and Kanene. The
high est scores for taste was ob served in Garima
Super (7.67) fol lowed by Joolie (7.75) and low est
scores (5.67 each) in Khioudon, Manvi Plus and
Kanene. In case of fla vour, Garima Super ob tained
high est marks (7.67) fol lowed by Joolie (7.72) and
US-249 (7.11) while, min i mum marks (5.67) was
re corded in Agro Priya. In case of over all
ac cept abil ity, Garima Super achieved high est
scores (7.62) fol lowed by Joolie (7.73) and US-249
(7.21) whereas, min i mum scores (6.13) was
obtained by Khioudon.
Hybrid Garima Super recorded maximum
gross return (289,955 Rs. ha
-1
) as well as net return
(211, 090 Rs. ha
-1
). The highest cost benefit ratio
(1: 3.68) was obtained in Garima Super followed by
LG -40 (1: 3.18).
REF ER ENCES
1. Ahmed, M., Hamid, A. and Zarqa, A. (2004).
Growth and yield per for mance of six cu cum ber
(Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars un der
agro-cli ma tic con di tions of Rawalakot, Azad
Jammu and Kash mir. In ter na tional J. Agric &
Bio., 2: 396-399.
2. Badgujar, C.D. and More, T.A. (2004). Off
sea son per for mance of se lected trop i cal
Table 3: Organoleptic scores for fruits of different hybrids of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).
Hybrids Colour Aroma Texture Taste Flavour Overall
acceptability
Joolie 7.33 7.17 7.44 7.75 7.22 7.33
F
1
Fumiko-10 6.67 6.67 6.00 6.00 6.33 6.33
R.K-180 7.00 6.67 6.00 6.33 6.00 6.40
J.K. Manali 6.67 6.67 6.33 6.33 6.67 6.53
Dash 6.33 5.67 6.33 6.67 6.00 6.20
Khioudon 6.33 6.33 6.33 5.67 6.00 6.13
Manvi Plus 6.00 6.67 6.67 5.67 6.33 6.27
Alisha 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00
htNoori 6.00 6.33 6.33 6.67 6.33 6.33
L-40 6.67 6.67 6.67 6.00 6.67 6.53
Hybrid Mala 6.33 6.67 6.00 6.33 6.33 6.33
Agro Priya 6.33 6.44 6.33 6.67 5.67 6.29
Prasad-100 6.67 5.67 6.00 6.67 6.67 6.33
Hybrid-512 6.33 6.00 6.00 6.67 6.33 6.27
Sheetal 6.33 6.33 6.33 6.00 6.67 6.33
Taksin 6.33 6.33 6.00 6.33 6.00 6.20
Kanene 6.33 6.67 6.00 5.67 6.67 6.27
NC-2 6.00 6.33 6.33 6.67 6.33 6.33
US-249 7.17 7.11 7.33 7.33 7.11 7.21
Garima Super 7.44 7.67 7.67 7.67 7.67 7.62
C.D. (P=0.05) 0.46 0.49 0.42 0.51 0.50 0.23
gynoecious cu cum ber hy brids grown un der
dif fer ent re gimes. South In dian Hort., 52:
97-103.
3. Bairagi, S. K., Ram, H.H., Singh, D.K. and
Maurya, S.K. (2005). Ex ploi ta tion of hy brid
vig our for yield and at trib ut ing traits
in cu cum ber. In dian J. Hort., 62: 41-45.
4. Jeffery, C. (1983). Proc con fer ence on the
bi ol ogy and chem is try of cucurbitaceae, Cor nell
Uni ver sity, Ithaca, New York, Au gust 1980.
5. Nag, H., Singh, D., Bahadur, V. and Collis, J.P.
(2012). Evaluation of ivy gourd (Coccinia
cardifolia L.) genotypes in Allahabad
agroclimatic condition. HortFlora Res.
Spectrum, 1 (3) : 259-262.
6. Rastogi, K.B., Arya, Deepak and Deep, A.
(1990). A note on in ter re la tion ship be tween
yield and im por tant plant char ac ters of
cu cum ber (Cucumis sativus L.). Veg Sci., 17:
102-104.
7. Sahni, G.P., Singh, R.K. and Saha, B.C. (1987).
Genotypic and phenotypic vari abil ity in ridge
gourd (Luffa acutangula Roxb.). In dian J. Agril.
Sci., 57: 666-688.
8. Sharma, M.D. and Bhattarai, S.P. (2006).
Per for mance of cu cum ber cultivars at low hill
dur ing sum mer-rainy sea sons. J. Inst. Agric.
Anim. Sci., 27: 169-171.
9. Solanki, S.S. and Seth, J.N. (1980). Stud ies and
ge netic vari abil ity in cu cum ber. Prog. Hort., 12:
43-49.
10. Srivastava, V.K. and Srivastava, L.S. (1976).
Genetic parameters, correlations coefficients
and path coefficient analysis in bitter gourd
(Momordica charantia L.). Indian J. Hort., 33:
66-70.
11. Yadav, Y.C., Kumar S. and Singh, R. (2012).
Studies on genetic variability, heritability and
genetic advance in cucumber (Cucumis sativus
L.); HortFlora Res. Spectrum., 1(1) : 34-47.
VA RI ETAL RE AC TION OF ROSE AGAINST BLACK SPOT CAUSED BY
Diplocarpon rosae Wolf. IN ARUNACHAL PRADESH
Sunil Kumar*, R.C.Shakywar, K.S.Tomar and M.Pathak
Col lege of Hor ti cul ture and For estry, Cen tral Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Pasighat -791102, Arunachal
Pradesh
*E-mail: sunu159@ya hoo.co.in
AB STRACT: Va ri etal re ac tion trial was con ducted at In struc tional farm, De part ment of
Flori cul ture, Col lege of Hor ti cul ture and For estry, Cen tral Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Pasighat,
Arunachal Pradesh dur ing April 2011 to March 2012. Out of the thirty seven rose va ri et ies
eval u ated un der open con di tion none were found highly re sis tant or re sis tant. Three va ri et ies
namely Par a dise, Shabnam and Pixie were mod er ately re sis tant. Eleven varieties namely
An gel ica Rinae, Atago, Folk lore, Granada, Hot Co coa, Mardigras, Mi das Touch, Mrinalini,
Re vival, Tipus flame and Vic tor hugo were re corded mod er ately sus cep ti ble. Twelve va ri et ies
viz., Baccardi, Claudia Ribond, Charies Mallerier, Crim son Lace, Dr. Pal, Im pa tient, Madam
Dulbourde, Marcopolo, Mel ody, Rain bow End, Sonia and Sugandha gave sus cep ti ble re ac tion.
Eleven va ri et ies viz., Angelique, Christiandior, Gem ini, Glad i a tor, Golden Ju bi lee, Priyadarsini,
Sand, Centaury, R. R. M. Roy, Sweet Prom ise, Unforgotten and Vale of Cloyd were re corded
highly sus cep ti ble re ac tion against black spot of rose in cited by Diplocarpon rosae Wolf.
Keywords: Black spot, Diplocarpon rosae, open con di tion, rose, screen ing, va ri et ies.
Black spot (Diplocarpon rosae Wolf.) dis ease
is eco nom i cally the most im por tant and dev as tat ing
dis ease in or na men tal roses (Horst and Cloyd, 7),
es pe cially in hot and hu mid cli mates. Dis ease
out breaks at the be gin ning of the grow ing sea son
are ini ti ated by rain-splashed patho gen spores
overwintered on fallen leaves. In fected leaves
de velop char ac ter is tic dark spots, chlorosis, and
drop pre ma turely. When left un treated, the dis ease
can lead to re duced plant vigour, fewer blos soms,
com pro mised aes thet ics, and even tual fail ure of the
plant (Henn, 5). Pre vi ous re ports (Lily and Barnett,
9, Palmer et al., 11, and Svejda and Bolton, 13)
firmly doc u mented dif fer en tial patho ge nic ity of
Marssonina rosae (Lib.) Lind (Im per fect stage of
Diplocarpon rosae Wolf) iso lates to var i ous spe cies
and cultivars of roses. Other work ers (Jenkins, 8,
Palmer and Semeniuk, 10 and Palmer et al., 12)
re ported dif fer ent plant re sponse to a sin gle iso late.
In Arunachal Pradesh there is some com mer cial
rose pro duc tion and many rose fan ci ers face
dif fi cul ties mainly due to black spot dis ease since it
is ap par ently im pos si ble to pur chase mo dem plants
with known re sis tance. No spe cific in for ma tion
was avail able on M. rosae per for mance. There fore,
pres ent in ves ti ga tion was car ried out to de ter mine
the ex is tence of M. rosae vari ants within the state
with an tic i pa tion to iden tify source of re sis tance
against black spot dis ease of rose.
MA TE RIALS AND METH ODS
In ves ti ga tions on va ri etal eval u a tion of roses
were car ried out at In struc tional farm, De part ment
of Flori cul ture, Col lege of Hor ti cul ture and
For estry, Cen tral Ag ri cul tural Uni ver sity, Pasighat,
Arunachal Pradesh dur ing April 2011 to March
2012. Thirty seven va ri et ies of rose were planted in
raised beds with a spac ing of 1 1 m un der open
con di tion. The plants were pro vided with all the
in puts as per pack age and prac tices for rose
cul ti va tion. The ex per i ment was laid out in
ran dom ized com plete block de sign (RCBD) and
rep li cated thrice with 9 plants for each rep li ca tion.
The black spot dis ease de vel oped from the nat u ral
in ocu lums. Ob ser va tions on dis ease ap pear ance
was re corded at weekly in ter val by ran domly
se lect ing 5 plants from each rep li ca tion for dis ease
as sess ment.
Dis ease se ver ity was re corded on the up per
and lower leaf sur faces from ini tial growth stage to
ma tu rity and rated on 1 to 6 scale (Stan dard dis ease
se ver ity scale) where, 1 = 0.00 de fo li a tion (highly
re sis tant), 2 = 1-10% de fo li a tion (re sis tant), 3 = 11-
25% de fo li a tion (mod er ately re sis tant), 4 = 26-
50% de fo li a tion (mod er ately sus cep ti ble), 5 = 51-
75% de fo li a tion (sus cep ti ble) and 6 = 76-100%
(highly sus cep ti ble) re ac tion to black spot of rose
(Holcomb, 5). Us ing the stan dard dis ease score
chart, the per cent dis ease in dex (PDI) was worked
out ac cord ing to the FAO (4) for mula and the data
an a lyzed sta tis ti cally.
Per cent dis ease in dex (PDI) =

Sumof total numerical rating
Total number of observations Maximum grade
100
The use of re sis tant ge no types is con sid ered to
be the best method for dis ease man age ment.
There fore, the pres ent in ves ti ga tion was car ried out
to de ter mine source of re sis tance against
Diplocarpon rosae Wolf. Thirty seven rose
va ri et ies were eval u ated un der open con di tions
dur ing April 2011 to March 2012 crop ping sea son
(Ta ble 1). Out of the thirty seven rose va ri et ies
eval u ated, none were found highly re sis tant and
re sis tant. How ever, three va ri et ies namely Par a dise,
Shabnam and Pixie were found mod er ately
re sis tant. Eleven va ri et ies namely An gel ica Rinae,
Atago, Folk lore, Granada, Hot Co coa, Mardigras,
Mi das Touch, Mrinalini, Re vival, Tipus flame and
Vic tor hugo showed mod er ately sus cep ti ble
re ac tion. Twelve va ri et ies viz., Baccardi, Claudia
Ribond, Charies Mallerier, Crim son Lace, Dr. Pal,
Im pa tient, Madam Dulbourde, Marcopolo, Mel ody,
Rain bow End, Sonia and Sugandha gave
sus cep ti ble re ac tion. Eleven va ri et ies viz.,
Angelique, Christiandior, Gem ini, Glad i a tor,
Golden Ju bi lee, Priyadarsini, Sand. Centaury, R. R.
M. Roy, Sweet Prom ise, Unforgotten and Vale of
Cloyd were re corded highly sus cep ti ble against
black spot of rose in cited by Diplocarpon rosae
Wolf.
Among the dif fer ent va ri et ies screened data
per tain ing to dis ease se ver ity (%), num ber of
flow er ing shoots plant-1, flower di am e ter (cm), bud
length (cm) and di am e ter of bud (mm) is pre sented
in Ta ble 2. Three va ri et ies namely Par a dise (15.00,
26.33, 10.68, 11.40 and 12.15), Pixie (20.33, 25.68,
8.80, 9.40 and 12.66) and Shabnam (21.67, 24.00,
11.40, 10.26 and 11.78) showed mod er ately
re sis tant re ac tion rang ing from 11-25% against
black spot. Sim i larly, eleven va ri et ies, viz. An gel ica
Renae (28.10, 8.30, 7.16, 4.06 and 1.80), Atago
(31.27, 3.00, 10.50, 7.75 and 14.00), Folk lore
(38.10, 2.50, 13.00, 4.75 and 2.00), Granada
(31.30, 4.68, 10.00, 6.25 and 2.15), Hot Co coa
(46.10, 4.00, 9.72, 3.40 and 2.00), Mardigras
(43.10, 5.67, 10.73, 4.83 and 12.00), Mi das Touch
(42.67, 5.00, 10.50, 6.50 and 2.40), Mrinalini
Varietal reaction of rose against black spot caused by Diplocarpon rosae Wolf. in Arunachal Pradesh 57
Ta ble 1: Va ri etal re ac tion of rose against black spot caused by Diplocarpon rosae.
Scale Range of
Defoliation (%)
Reaction No. of varieties Name of varieties
1 0.00 HR Nil Nil
2 1-10 R Nil Nil
3 11-25 MR 3 Paradise, Shabnam, Pixie
4 26-50 MS 11 Angelica Renae, Atago, Folklore, Granada, Hot
Cocoa, Mardigras, Midas Touch, Mrinalini, Revival,
Tipus flame, Victor Hugo
5 51-75 S 12 Baccardi, Claudia Ribond, Charles Mallerin, Crimson
Lace, Dr. Pal, Impatient, Madam Dulbourde,
Marcopolo, Melody, Rainbow End, Sonia, Sugandha
6 76-100 HS 11 Angelique, Sand. Centenary, Christian Dior, Gemini,
Gladiator, Golden Jubilee, Priyadarsini, R.R.M.Roy,
Sweet Promise, Unforgotten, Vale of Cloyd
HR = Highly re sis tant; R = Re sis tant; MR = Mod er ately re sis tant; MS = Mod er ately sus cep ti ble; S = Sus cep ti ble; HS = Highly
sus cep ti ble. (As per dis ease rat ing scale given by Holcomb,2002).
58 Kumar et al.
(31.00, 2.67, 13.00, 5.68 and 2.15), Re vival (42.33,
2.66, 4.80, 5.60 and 1.98), Tipus flame (43.67,
3.00,7,00, 5.20 and 8.50) and Vic tor Hugo (34.67,
3.00, 11.50, 5.00 and 2.78) showed mod er ately
sus cep ti ble re ac tion rang ing from (26-50 %).
Like wise, twelve va ri et ies viz., Baccardi (63.67,
2.67, 8.50, 3.83 and 2.30), Claudia Ribond (62.33,
3.67,9.50,4.42 and7.00), Charles Mallerin (60.01,
3.00, 10.18, 5.60 and 2.20), Crim son Lace (65.78,
6.00, 5.60, 4.83 and 1.70), Dr. Pal (66.33, 3.00,
6.00, 7.50 and 2.20), Im pa tient (61.67, 4.00, 10.00,
9.00 and 2.00), Madam Dulbourde (59.00, 4.33,
11.17, 7.50 and 11.00), Marcopolo (65.67, 4.00,
6.50, 10.25 and 1.95), Mel ody (70.00, 3.00, 7.00,
6.00 and 2.20), Rain bow End (644.78, 15.00, 5.16,
4.30 and 11.00), Sonia (65.33, 3.67, 7.50, 6.00 and
Ta ble 2: Va ri etal re sponse of rose against black spot dur ing April 2011 to March 2012.
Varieties Disease
Severity (%)
No. of
flowering
shoots plant-1
Flower
diameter (cm)
Bud length
(cm)
Diameter of
bud (mm)
Angelica Renae 28.10 8.30 7.16 4.06 1.80
Angelique 82.00 6.50 5.50 4.25 2.60
Atago 31.27 3.00 10.50 7.75 14.00
Baccardii 63.67 2.67 8.50 3.83 2.30
Charles Mallerin 60.01 3.00 10.18 5.60 2.20
Christian Dior 79.00 4.00 11.32 10.58 6.00
Claudia Ribond 62.33 3.67 9.50 4.42 7.00
Crimson Lace 65.78 6.00 5.60 4.83 1.70
Dr. Pal 66.33 3.00 6.00 7.50 2.20
Folklore 38.10 2.50 13.00 4.75 2.00
Gemini 87.33 2.35 7.00 5.35 2.83
Gladiator 79.00 2.30 10.50 9.50 3.00
Golden Jubilee 87.33 4.00 5.50 3.40 2.00
Granada 31.30 4.68 10.00 6.25 2.15
Hot Cocoa 46.10 4.00 9.72 3.40 9.00
Impatient 61.67 4.00 10.00 9.00 2.00
Madam Delbourde 59.00 4.33 11.17 7.50 11.00
Marcopolo 65.67 4.00 6.50 10.25 1.95
Mardigras 43.10 5.67 10.73 4.83 12.00
Melody 70.00 3.00 7.00 6.00 2.20
dctlparMidas Touch 42.67 5.00 10.50 6.50 2.40
Mrinalini 31.00 2.67 13.00 5.68 2.15
Paradise 15..00 26.33 10.68 11.40 12.15
Pixie 20.33 25.68 8.80 9.40 12.66
Priyadarsini 87.33 9.50 8.75 4.75 1.45
R.R.M.Roy 89.00 2.33 5.00 8.25 6.75
Rainbow End 64.78 15.00 5.16 4.30 11.00
Revival 42.33 2.66 4.80 5.00 1.98
Sand. Centenary 89.00 3.50 7.50 3.00 3.90
Shabnam 21.67 24.00 11.40 10.26 11.78
Sonia 65.33 3.67 7.50 6.00 2.25
Sugandha 60.00 3.00 3.80 7.75 2.60
Sweet Promise 85.00 3.50 8.00 7.00 6.50
Tipus Flame 43.67 3.00 7.00 5.20 8.50
Unforgotten 87.00 3.00 4.20 7.00 2.80
Vale of Cloyd 89.11 5.00 4.00 4.00 2.50
Victor Hugo 34.67 3.00 11.50 5.00 2.78
2.25) and Sugandha (60.00, 3.00, 3.80, 7.75 and
2.60) de vel oped black spot rang ing from 51-75 %.
How ever, eleven va ri et ies i.e. Angelique (82.00,
6.50, 5.50, 4.25 and 2.60), Chris tian Dior (79.00,
4.00, 11.32, 10.58 and 6.00), Gem ini (87.33, 2.35,
7.00, 5.35 and 2.83), Glad i a tor (79.00, 2.30, 10.50,
9.50 and 3.00), Golden Ju bi lee (87.33, 4.00, 5.50,
3.40 and 2.00), Priyadarsini (87.33, 9.5, 8.75, 4.75
and 1.45), R.R.M. Roy (89.00, 2.33, 5.00, 8.25 and
6.75), Sand. Cen te nary (89.00, 3.50, 7.50, 3.00 and
3.90), Sweet Prom ise (85.00, 3.50, 8.00, 7.00 and
6.5), Unforgotten (87.00, 3.00, 4.20, 7.00 and 2.80)
and Vale of Cloyd (89.11, 5.00, 4.00, 4.00 and 2.50)
showed highly sus cep ti ble re ac tion rang ing from
76-100 % in fec tion dur ing the course of the
in ves ti ga tion.
The re sults of pres ent in ves ti ga tion were in
close con for mity with Baker & Ken neth, (1),
Colbaugh et al. (2) and Drewes-Alvarez (3) who
eval u ated 107 roses cultivars re ac tion to nat u rally
hap pen ing rose black spot dis ease. They used
dis ease of the en tire plant, with 0-no black spot,
1-slight de fo li a tion, 2-mi nor de fo li a tion,
3-mod er ate de fo li a tion, 4-se vere de fo li a tion and
5-com plete de fo li a tion. The cultivars Sir Thomas
Lipton, Knock out, Rec Cas cade, Sea Foam,
Caldwell Pink, The Fairy and New Dawn were
found highly re sis tant to the dis ease, while Spice,
Juane, Desprezx and Perle dOr were also re sis tant
but with ver i fied vari a tions in dis ease re ac tion
dur ing the study. In the pres ent in ves ti ga tion, black
spot screen ing meth od ol ogy for rose un der open
con di tion has been es tab lished and few mod er ately
re sis tant va ri et ies of rose against black spot have
been iden ti fied. These va ri et ies may be uti lized for
fu ture breed ing programme to evolve source of
re sis tance against black spot of rose.
REF ER ENCES
1. Baker and Ken neth, F. (1948). The his tory,
dis tri bu tion and no men cla ture of the rose black-
spot fun gus. Plant Dis ease Re port,, 32:
260-274.
2. Colbaugh, P.F., Crow, W.T. Mackay, W.A. and
George, S.W. (2001). Black spot; Diplocarpon
rosae Texas A&M Re search and Ex ten sion
Cen ter at Dal las, Dal las, Texas, 75252.
3. Drewes-Alvarez, R. (2003). Dis ease / black
spot. In: En cy clo pe dia of Rose Sci ence
Neth er lands, 89: 148-153.
4. FAO (1967). Crop losses due to dis eases and
pest. Food and Ag ri cul tural Or ga ni za tion,
Rome.
5. Henn, A. (2010). The Plant Doc tor-Black spot
and pow dery mil dew of rose. Am. Rose Ann. :
155-156.
6. Holcomb, G.E. (2002). Re ac tion of rose
cultivars to black spot dis ease. Acta Hort., 424:
209-213.
7. Horst, R.K. and Cloyd, R.A. (2007).
Com pen dium of Rose Dis eases. APS Press, St.
Paul, MN. 96 p.
8. Jenkins. W.R. (1955). Vari abil ity of
patho ge nic ity and phys i ol ogy of Diplocarpon
rosae Wolf, the rose black spot fun gus. Amer.
Rose Ann., 40:92-97.
9. Lily, V.G. and Barnett, H.L. (1951). Phys i ol ogy
of the Fungi. McGraw Hill Book Com pany,
New York. 464
10. Palmer, J.G. and Semeniuk. P. (1961).
Com pa ra ble sus cep ti bil i ties of fifty spe cies and
hy brid roses in oc u lated with black spot fun gus
from plants field grown in Mary land in 1959.
Amer. Rose Ann. 46:125-133.
11. Palmer, J.G., Semeniuk, P. and Stew art, R.N.
(1966). Roses and Black spot. I. Patho ge nic ity
to ex cised leaf lets of Diplocarpon rosae from
seven geo graphic lo ca tions. Phytopatho. 56:
1277-1282.
12. Palmer, J.G., Semeniuk, P. and Stew art, R.N.
(1966). Roses and Black spot. II. Sea sonal
vari a tion in host sus cep ti bil ity and de cline of
vir u lence in cul ture of conidia from Diplo-
carpon rosae. Phytopatho. 56: 1283-1286.
13. Svejda, F.J. and Bolton, A.J. (1980). Resistance
of rose hybrids to three races of Diplocarpon
rosae. Can. J. Plant Pathol., 2:23-25.
Varietal reaction of rose against black spot caused by Diplocarpon rosae Wolf. in Arunachal Pradesh 59
EF FECT OF GRADED LEV ELS OF NI TRO GEN ON PRO DUC TION OF
FLOWER, OIL AND BULB OF TUBEROSE (Polianthes tuberosa L.)
Avinash C. Rathore* and J. N. Singh
De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, In sti tute of Ag ri cul tural Sci ences, Banaras Hindu Uni ver sity, Varanasi
Pres ent ad dress: Cen tral Soil and Wa ter Con ser va tion Re search and Train ing In sti tute, 2 Kaulagarh
Road, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
*E-mail: rathoreac@gmail.com
AB STRACT: A field ex per i ment was con ducted to de ter mine the ef fect of dif fer ent lev els of
ni tro gen on flow er ing, es sen tial oil and bulb pro duc tion in tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L. cv
Rajat Rekha). Four treat ments of graded level of ni tro gen as (N
0
=0, N
1
=120, N
2
= 220 and N
3
=
320 kg/ha
-1
) were evaluated un der hot sub trop i cal cli ma tic con di tions on loamy soils. Ap pli ca tion
of graded level of ni tro gen sig nif i cantly in creased the num ber of leaves / clump (20.47%), plant
height (37.35%), leaf area (32.86%), spike length (35.25%), num ber of flo rets / spike (43.23%)
and flower yield / clump (93.03%) in N
3
as com pared to con trol, N
1
and N
2
, re spec tively. Ni tro gen
ap pli ca tion @ 220 kg ha
-1
re duced days to flow er ing (by 13.36%), in creased vase life (by 17.57
%), en hanced es sen tial oil (by 0.128 %) and in creased to tal bulb yield (by 66.94%, 34.01%) and
3.97% over con trol, N
2
and N
3
, re spec tively.
Keywords: Bulb yield, es sen tial oil, ni tro gen, tuberose.
Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa Linn.) known
as Rajnigandha is an im por tant com mer cial flower
crop. Tuberose oc cu pies a very se lec tive and
spe cial po si tion in In dian or na men tal bul bous
plants due to its lovely pretty flow ers, el e gance and
pleas antly sweet fra grance. The flow ers are widely
used for ta ble dec o ra tion, flo ral or na ments, cut
flower, fra grance and es sen tial oil. Spikes are used
in prep a ra tion of very ar tis tic gar lands in dif fer ent
parts of the coun try and are in great de mand dur ing
fes ti vals, mar riages and other func tions. There is
912 ha area un der cul ti va tion of tuberose. The
bulbs of tuberose have me dic i nal im por tance that
has been re ported since in Ve dic era. The bulbs are
used for mak ing a paste by add ing with tur meric
and but ter and ap plied over red rashes of in fants.
Dried bulbs in a pow dered form are used as a
rem edy for gon or rhea. Ni tro gen plays an im por tant
role in im prov ing the plant growth be cause it is a
ma jor con stit u ent of chlo ro phyll, pro tein and amino
ac ids that ac cel er ates syn the sis of amino ac ids and
chlo ro phyll. That in creases pro duc tion of green
leaves, which syn the sized car bo hy drates, pro tein
(Arnon., 2). It also im proves bulbs pro duc tion by
pro mo tion of cell pro lif er a tion and stor age of starch
in re sult ing cells. The main func tion of ni tro gen is
the ini ti a tion of meristematic ac tiv ity which
ac cel er ates cell di vi sion and cell-en large ment.
Ni tro gen in flu ences emer gence, pro duc tion and
qual ity of spikes (Singh, 9). Hence this study was
un der taken to in ves ti gate the ef fect of graded lev els
of ni tro gen ap pli ca tion on flow er ing, es sen tial oil
and bulb pro duc tion in tuberose cv. Rajat Rekha.
An ex per i ment was con ducted at In sti tute of
Ag ri cul tural Sci ences, Banaras Hindu Uni ver sity,
Varanasi, on me dium loamy soil hav ing pH 7.4,
E.C. 0.4 mmhos/cm, or ganic car bon 0.50% and low
avail able ni tro gen (209 kg ha
-1
) for two con sec u tive
years (2000-2002). Healthy bulbs of sin gle type of
tuberose cv Rajat Rekha were planted at 5 cm depth
in the last week of March and the study was
re peated again in the sub se quent year. Dur ing
plant ing, half dose of ni tro gen (60, 110 and 160 kg
ha
-1
) in the form of urea, full dose of phos pho rus
(250 kg ha
-1
) as sin gle super phos phate and full
dose of pot ash (250 kg ha
-1
) muriate of pot ash were
ap plied as basal dose be fore bulbs plant ing. The
re main ing half dose of ni tro gen was ap plied at the
two month of plant ing. Treat ments of graded
ni tro gen (N
0
=0, N
1
=120, N
2
=220 and N
3
=320 kg
ha
-1
) were eval u ated and each treat ment was
rep li cated thrice in a ran dom ized block de sign
(RBD). The ob ser va tions were re corded from 3
plants/clump of each treat ment at weekly in ter vals
on plant height, leaf num bers/clump, leaf area, days
taken for flow er ing, spike length, num ber of flo rets
per spike, flower yield, vase life, es sen tial oil and
bulb yield. Es ti ma tion of es sen tial oil con tent was
done by the sol vent ex trac tion method as out lined
by Guenther (5).
The re sults de picted in Ta ble 1 to 3 re veal that
ap pli ca tion of ni tro gen sig nif i cantly in flu enced
al most all growth pa ram e ters, flower qual ity,
es sen tial oil (%) and bulb pro duc tion.
The num ber of leaves/clump, plant height and
leaf area sig nif i cantly in creased due to ap pli ca tion
of var i ous graded lev els of ni tro gen. The num ber of
leaves/clump, plant height and leaf area in creased
by 20.47%, 37.35% and 32.86%, re spec tively
(Ta ble 1) in N
3
over con trol. Fa vour able ef fect of
ni tro gen in pro mot ing veg e ta tive growth of plant
can be at trib uted to N ap pli ca tion which in creased
me tab o lite trans port for growth (Marschner, 6).
To tal leaf area, plant height and num ber of leaves
per plant in creased sig nif i cantly with N ap pli ca tion.
The in crease in leaf area due to photosynthetic
abil ity re sult ing in pos i tive in flu ence on growth
pa ram e ters (Anamika and Lavania, 1) in rose
confirms present findings. Du ra tion re quired for
emer gence of flower scape ex hib ited sig nif i cant
in flu ence of ni tro gen ap pli ca tion. It ap pears that the
ni tro gen fer til ized plants ex hib ited has tened
flow er ing due to the simulative ef fect of ni tro gen in
pro tein syn the sis and car bo hy drates as sim i la tion
that even tu ally pro moted the de vel op ment of flo ral
pri mor dial on the mother bulbs. Treat ment with
220 kg ha
-1
ni tro gen re duced days for flow er ing by
13.36% as com pared to con trol (Ta ble 1). Singh (9)
also re vealed similar reports in tuberose un der Agra
con di tion.
Ni tro gen ap pli ca tion sig nif i cantly in flu enced
length of spike and num ber of flo rets per spike
(Ta ble 2). The length of spike in creased by 35.25%
and num ber of flo rets per spike by 43.23% was
ob served in N
3
as com pared to con trol. A
pro por tion ate in crease in length of spike and
num ber of flo rets as a con se quence of ni tro gen
fer til iza tion may be due to the sub stan tial in crease
in the spike length. It is pos si ble that the pro duc tion
of higher num ber of flo rets at higher N doses
in creased the lon gev ity of spike, as pointed out by
Arvind and Kale (3) in rose cultivars where they
re ported an in crease in stick length with a
cor re spond ing in crease in N dose.
Vase life of spikes sig nif i cantly in creased by
17.57%, 12.26% and 10.61% in N
2
, N
1
and N
3
treat ments, re spec tively over con trol (Ta ble 2).
Ac cord ing to Woltz (11), high doses of ni tro gen
pro duce soft and ten der stalk, which causes
del e te ri ous ef fects on vase life of cut flow ers.
Age ing pet als show break down of pro tein and
nu cleic ac ids at the on set of wilt ing and the
ac tiv i ties of var i ous hydrolases en zymes are
in creased dra mat i cally. En dog e nous eth yl ene
pro duc tion shoots up in flow ers and pet als causes
de te ri o ra tion of vase life. In age ing pet als at the
cel lu lar level, lysosomal sec tion acts by the
auto-phagic ac tiv ity of the vac u ole. Dur ing the last
phase of se nes cence, the tonoplast rup tures and
com plete di ges tion of the cy to plasm con stit u ents
oc curs in the autolysins cells. The fac tors, which
play a key role in gov ern ing the vase life of cut
flow ers, in clude car bo hy drates sup ply and wa ter
bal ance. Ad di tion of a sugar and an anti-mi cro bial
agent to the hold ing so lu tion pro longs vase life
sub stan tially. Low pH, how ever, helps in im prov ing
the colour of flow ers (Mohan Ram and Chandra, 8).
Ap pli ca tion of ni tro gen sig nif i cantly
in creased spike yield/clump by 15.71%, 45.69%
and 93.03% in N
3
as com pared to N
2
, N
1
and
con trol, re spec tively. In crease in flower yield by
ni tro gen ap pli ca tion may be at trib uted to in creased
me tab o lite trans port re quired for growth
(Marschner, 6). The per cent age of es sen tial oil
in creased sig nif i cantly with the cor re spond ing
Effect of graded levels of nitrogen on production of flower, oil and bulb of tuberose 61
62 Rathore and Singh
in crease in the level of ni tro gen ap pli ca tion from
N0 (con trol) to 220 kg/ha
-1
but de clined at 320
kg/ha
-1
. The high est es sen tial oil yield (0.128%)
was re corded in N
2
treat ment as com pared to
con trol (0.099%), N
1
(0.114%) and N
3
(0.116%)
(Ta ble 2) be cause of high est N up take in N
2
treat ment, which has also been re ported by
Mohandas and Sampath (7) in ge ra nium where
herb age and oil yield in creased by the ap pli ca tion
of ni tro gen.
Bulb production was differed significantly
with all doses of graded nitrogen application except
N
3
, indicating that minimum bulb yield (12.25
tha
-1
), fresh weight of bulb / clump (124.41 g),
number of bulb / clump (9.23), fresh weight of
bulblet / clump (8.78 g), number of bulblet / clump
(4.45) in the control plot. Further, the bulb yield
increased significantly with different graded levels
of nitrogen upto 220 kg ha
-1
and failed to increase
further at a dose of 320 kg/ha
-1
. Nitrogen
application @ 220 kg ha
-1
produced the highest
bulb yields (20.45 t ha), number of bulbs per clump
17.15, maximum bulb weight per clump 257.24 g,
highest number of bulblets per clump 7.60 and
maximum fresh weight of bulblets per clump was
found 13.62 g as compared to control, N
1
and N
3
,
and proved its superiority over all nitrogen
applications. Nitrogen application @ 220 kg ha
-1
produced maximum under ground biomass per ha
and was proved most effective in improving bulb
yield. Formation and development of bulbs/bulblets
are directly related with nitrogen fertilization and
depends upon promotion of cell proliferation and
storage of starch in the resulting cells. Cell division
Ta ble 1: Ef fect of graded levels of ni tro gen on plant growth and flower char ac ters.
Treat ments
(Nitrogen)
Number of leaves/clump Plant height (cm)
Leaf area (cm
2
)
Days taken
to flowering
0 kg/ha 82.18 35.7 27.34 137.26
120 kg/ha 90.13 (9.67) 39.6 (10.87) 30.27 (10.71) 126.53 (7.82)
220 kg/ha 89.07 (8.38) 45.73 (28.13) 34.16 (24.95) 118.92 (13.36)
320 kg/ha 99.00 (20.47) 49.02 (37.35) 36.59 (32.86) 130.05 (5.25)
C.D(P=0.05)
1.73 1.37 1.02 2.61
Figures in parentheses are percentage increase over control.
Table 2: Effect of graded levels of nitrogen on flower yield and the essential oil.
Treat ments
(Nitrogen)
Spike length
(cm)
Florets number
/ Spike
Vase life (days) Flower yield/
clump (g)
Essential oil
(%)
0 kg/ha
75.88 27.62 8.48 24.68 0.099
120 kg/ha
85.98 (13.31) 31.32 (13.40) 9.52 (12.26) 32.70 0.114
220 kg/ha
95.26 (25.54) 35.67 (29.15) 9.97 (17.57) 41.17 0.128
320 kg/ha
102.63 (35.25) 39.56 (43.23) 9.38 (10.61) 47.64 0.116
CD P=0.05)
1.38 1.45 0.30 1.48 0.004
Ta ble 3: Ef fect of graded levels of ni tro gen on bulb yield and yield contributive char ac ters.
Treat ments
(Nitrogen)
Bulbs yield
(t/ha)
Fresh weight of
bulbs / clump (g)
Number of
bulbs / clump
Fresh weight of
bulblets /clump (g)
Number of
bulblets/ clump
0 kg/ha
120 kg/ha
220 kg/ha
320kg/ha
C.D (P=0.05)
12.25
15.26 (24.57)
20.45 (66.94)
19.67 (60.57)
3.75
124.41
167.63 (21.41)
257.24 (93.94)
250.92 (77.97)
3.980
9.23
12.42 (34.56)
17.15 (85.81)
15.48 (67.71)
1.162
8.78
11.72 (33.49)
13.62 (55.13)
12.59 (43.39)
0.687
4.45
5.05 (13.48)
7.60 (70.79)
6.07 (36.40)
0.211
Figures in parentheses are percentage increase over control.
and cell enlargement are accelerated by ample
supply of nitrogen which initiates meristematic
activity as reported by Crowther (4) in crops. The
accumulation of starch or carbohydrates depends
upon the surplus production of photosynthates,
which depends upon rate and area available for
photosynthesis. Formation and development of
bulbs and bulb-lets increased due to more
photosynthate accumulation on account of
increased leaf area and number of leaves per clump
under influence of nitrogen application. Talukdar et
al (10) recorded profound increase in the size of
bulbs and bulb yield per plant in tuberose.
It could be concluded from this study that
graded nitrogen (N
320
kg ha
-1
) influenced vegetative
growth and flower yield while nitrogen @ (220 kg
ha
-1
tended to influence the bulb yield and essential
oil production in a hot subtropical climatic
conditions of loamy soils.
REFERENCES
1. Anamika and Lavania, M.L. (1990). Effect of
nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth,
yield and quality of rose. Haryana J. Hortic.
Sci., 19 (3-4): 291-298.
2. Arnon, D.I. (1949). The phys i ol ogy and
bio chem is try of ni tro gen in green plants.
3. Arvind, S.S. and Kale, P.B. (1994). Stud ies on
growth and flower pro duc tion of im por tant
rose cultivars as in flu enced by ni tro gen and
po tas sium lev els. Flori cul ture-Tech nol ogy,
Trades and Trends (Eds. Prakash, J. and
Bhandary, K.R.). Ox ford and IBH Pub lish ing
Com pany Pri vate Lim ited, 66 Janpath, New
Dehli, pp. 81-85.
4. Crow ther, F.M (1935). Com par a tive tri als of
cal cium cynamide and other ni trog e nous
fer til iz ers on crops. Em pire J. Expt Agric.,
3:129-143.
5. Guenther, E. (1952). The essential oils. Vol.
I-IV. D.Van Nastered Company, New York.
6. Marschner, H. (1983). In tro duc tion to the
min eral nu tri tion of plants. Hand book of Plant
Phys i ol ogy., 154:31-38.
7. Mohandas, S. and Sampath, V. (1984). Ef fi cacy
of fo liar feed ing of ni tro gen on fo liage and oil
yield in ge ra nium (Pelargonium graveolens L.).
In dian Per fumer, 27(1): 9-11.
8. Mohan Ram, H.Y. and Chandra, Geeta (1980).
Se nes cence of flow ers. J. Sci . In dus t. Re s.
39:337-341.
9. Singh, R.S. (1973). Stud ies of NPK on tuberose.
Ph.D. The sis. Agril. Uni. Agra.
10. Talukdar, M.C., Baruah, N. and Mohanta
Sangita (2003). Re sponse of N P K on yield and
qual ity of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.)
cultivar sin gle. J. Or na. Hort. New Se ries, 6 (4) :
335-340;
11. Woltz, S.S. (1968). Effect of nitrogen,
potassium and calcium on quality and yield of
gladiolus flowers and corms. Proc. Amer. Soc.
Hort. Sci., 6:427-37
Effect of graded levels of nitrogen on production of flower, oil and bulb of tuberose 63
RE SPONSE OF OR GANIC MA NURES ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF
MANGO (Mangifera in dica L.) CV. DASHEHARI
Mohit Kumar and Rajesh Kumar*
De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, G. B. Pant Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture & Tech nol ogy, Pantnagar 263 145
(Uttarakhand)
*E-mail: kamboj783@ya hoo.com
AB STRACT: The pres ent in ves ti ga tion was car ried out at Hor ti cul ture Re search Cen tre,
Patharchatta, G. B. Pant Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture and Tech nol ogy, Pantnagar. The ex per i ment
was laid out with thir teen treat ments and three rep li ca tion in Ran dom ized Block De sign.
Max i mum tree height was ob served with the ap pli ca tion of poul try ma nure 25 kg per tree,
whereas, max i mum tree girth was re corded with ap pli ca tion of neem cake 30 kg per tree dur ing
both the years. Min i mum num ber of fruits and fruit yield (kg) per tree was re corded in con trol,
while max i mum num ber of fruits and fruit yield (kg) per tree with ap pli ca tion of 75 kg
vermicompost per tree dur ing both the years. Ap pli ca tion of dif fer ent or ganic ma nures on mango
trees is use ful for im prov ing the growth and yield char ac ter is tics.
Keywords: Mango, or ganic ma nures, growth, yield.
Mango is the main fruit of Asia and this fruit
has de vel oped its own im por tance all over the
world. Be ing an use ful and de li cious fruit, it was
the part of cul ture and re li gion since long time.
From an cient time, it has been fa vour ite of the
kings and com mon ers be cause of its nu tri tive value,
taste, at trac tive fra grance and health pro mot ing
qual i ties and now, it is rec og nized as one of the best
fruits in world mar ket. As many as 63 coun tries of
the world have been grow ing mango but In dia is
still a lead ing na tion in area and pro duc tion of
mango (Chattopadhyay, 1). Man age ment of min eral
nu tri tion of fruit trees is an im por tant prac tice in an
or chard. In fact, in ten sive mango cul ture is not
pos si ble with out ad e quate ma nur ing.
In dis crim i nate use of chem i cals causes bi o log i cal
im bal ance lead ing to soil de te ri o ra tion and
en vi ron men tal pol lu tion. The ever in creas ing cost
of chem i cal fer til iz ers and de cline in soil health due
to ex ces sive de pend ence on chem i cal in puts left us
with other op tion of uti liz ing bi o log i cal in puts like
or ganic ma nures. Or ganic ma nures have been
sought to be one of the an swers to re store the soil
health apart from solv ing nu tri tional prob lem of
plants. Keep ing these points in mind, the pres ent
in ves ti ga tion was, there fore, un der taken to study
the re sponse of or ganic ma nures on growth, yield
and qual ity of mango cv. Dashehari.
The ex per i ment was con ducted at Hor ti cul ture
Re search Cen tre, Patharchatta, G. B. Pant
Uni ver sity of Ag ri cul ture and Tech nol ogy,
Pantnagar, Uttarakhand dur ing the years 2007-08
and 2008-09. The ex per i ment was con ducted on 18
years old mango trees of cv. Dashehari con sist ing
of thir teen treat ments viz., T
1
-Con trol, T
2
-FYM 100
Kg/ tree, T
3
-FYM 125 Kg/ tree, T
4
-FYM 150
kg/tree, T
5
-Vermicompost 25 kg/tree, T
6
-Vermi-
compost 50 kg/tree, T
7
-Vermicompost 75 kg/tree,
T
8
-Poul try ma nure 25 kg/tree, T
9
-Poul try ma nure
50 kg/tree, T
10
-Poul try ma nure 75 kg/tree,
T
11
-Neem cake 10 Kg/tree, T
12
-Neem cake 20
Kg/tree and T
13
-Neem cake 30 kg/tree in
Ran dom ized Block De sign with three
rep li ca tions. The to tal num ber of trees in cluded in
the ex per i ment was 39. All the se lected trees were
al most uni form in growth and vig our. The trees
were given uni form cul tural op er a tions dur ing the
course of in ves ti ga tion. All treat ments were ap plied
on 15 De cem ber 2007 and 2008. Full dose of farm
yard ma nure, vermicompost, poul try ma nure and
neem cake were ap plied as basal. No ma nure was
ap plied to the con trol. Ob ser va tions on tree height,
tree girth, tree vol ume and shoot length of each
plant were re corded dur ing win ter month
(Dor mancy pe riod). Flow er ing and fruit set
(Re pro duc tive char ac ters) were re corded in terms
of pan i cle length, num ber of flower per pan i cle and
num ber of fruits per pan i cle at mar vel stage in
March-April and yield pa ram e ters were re corded at
the time of har vest.
Growth
It is evident from the Table 1 that the different
treatments showed significant response on growth
characters during both the years. Data showed that
maximum tree height was observed with the
application of poultry manure 25 kg per tree which
was closely followed by application of FYM 150
kg per tree during both the years which is similar to
the findings of Hemang et al. (2) who reported that
the application of poultry manure 15 kg per plant
attained maximum plant height in banana.
Maximum tree girth was recorded with application
of neem cake 30 kg per tree which was significant
over T
1
, T
5
, T
6
, T
11
and T
12
treatments followed by
vermicompost 75 kg per tree in the year 2007-08. In
2008-09, trees attained maximum tree girth with
vermicompost 75 kg per tree.
Ob ser va tions re vealed (Ta ble 1) that
cal cu lated tree vol ume was min i mum with
ap pli ca tion of vermicompost 50 kg per tree in
2007-08, while in 2008-09, it was min i mum in
con trol trees. The max i mum tree vol ume in
2007-08 was cal cu lated with ap pli ca tion of poul try
ma nure 25 kg per tree confirming to reports of
Yadav et al. (8), and in 2008-09 cal cu lated tree
vol ume was max i mum with the ap pli ca tion of
vermicompost 75 kg per tree. Max i mum shoot
length was ob served with ap pli ca tion of
vermicompost 75 kg per tree fol lowed by neem
cake 30 kg per tree and min i mum shoot length was
re corded in con trol dur ing both the years.
Ap pli ca tion of or ganic ma nures have been re ported
to fa cil i tate the wider ab sorp tion of macro and
mi cro nu tri ents which helps in better growth and
de vel op ment of plants (Kononova, 3). Better
growth in the plants treated with or ganic ma nures
may be be cause of more IAA biosynthesis in the
plants. This is also in agree ment with the find ing of
Li et al. (4) who re ported that or ganic ma nures
in creased IAA and cytokinins in the soil.
Response of organic manures on growth and yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari 65
Ta ble 1: Re sponse of or ganic ma nures on growth char ac ters of mango cv. Dashehari
Treatment Tree height (m) Tree girth (cm) Tree volume (m
3
) Shoot length (cm)
2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008 2007 2008
T
1
-Control 6.50 6.67 77.00 81.33 130.37 141.43 10.80 10.73
T
2
-FYM 100 kg/ tree 6.33 6.70 79.33 85.67 132.17 149.25 11.90 11.93
T
3
-FYM 125 kg/ tree 6.12 6.45 80.33 87.33 140.00 156.69 12.85 12.78
T
4
-FYM 150 kg/ tree 6.47 6.73 78.67 85.67 151.22 166.41 13.00 13.10
T
5
-Vermicompost 25 kg/tree 6.07 6.44 67.67 75.67 129.77 147.22 13.45 13.53
T
6
T
7
T
8
- Poultry manure 25 kg/tree 6.77 6.98 82.00 87.67 166.30 178.65 12.80 12.95
T
9
-Poultry manure 50 kg/tree 6.00 6.28 78.00 83.67 136.20 150.76 13.55 13.43
T
10
-Poultry manure 75 kg/tree 6.28 6.58 79.00 85.00 157.29 171.95 13.77 13.60
T
11
-Neem cake 10 kg/tree 5.93 6.21 74.67 81.00 134.13 147.26 13.38 13.28
T
12
-Neem cake 20 kg/tree 6.27 6.55 74.67 80.00 150.62 166.16 13.93 14.10
T
13
-Neem cake 30 kg/tree 6.23 6.52 90.00 96.00 154.73 170.50 14.13 14.23
C.D. (P=0.05) 0.56 0.54 10.76 10.42 15.00 19.22 0.40 0.59
66 Kumar and Kumar
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The treatments (Table 2) showed significant
response on yield characters during both the years.
Data revealed a significant impact of various
treatments on panicle length. Data indicated that
the application of FYM 100 kg per tree and
vermicompost 75 kg per tree were best having
maximum panicle length in both the years. While,
control trees showed minimum panicle length in
both the years. The maximum number of flowers
per panicle was recorded with application of 10 kg
neem cake per tree which was closely followed by
25 kg poultry manure per tree applied in the years
2007-08 and 2008-09.
All the treatments showed significant
response over control on initial fruit set (Pea stage)
and final fruit set (Harvest stage) per cent during
both the years. The maximum initial fruit set (Pea
stage) was recorded with application of 75 kg
vermicompost per tree which was closely followed
by 10 kg neem cake per tree in the years 2007-08
and 2008-09. The data indicated that higher fruit
retention (Harvest stage) was recorded in the
treatments T
6
, T
7
, T
11
, T
12
and T
13
in year 2007-08,
while, in the year 2008-09, the higher fruit retention
was recorded under the treatments T
7
and T
11
.
However, minimum final fruit retention (Harvest
stage) was observed in control treatment
confirming to the results of Shirol et al. (6) in
Sapota and Yadav et al. (8) in guava.
Data re corded on num ber of fruits and yield
(kg) per tree (Ta ble 2) showed that there was
min i mum num ber of fruits and yield (kg) per tree in
con trol, while, max i mum num ber of fruits per tree
and yield (kg) per tree with ap pli ca tion of 75 kg
vermicompost per tree fol lowed by 50 kg
vermicompost per tree and 30 kg neem cake per
tree dur ing both the years. The in crease in yield and
yield con trib ut ing char ac ters due to ap pli ca tion of
vermicompost and neem cake have been due to
their con tri bu tion to more C/N ra tio and greater
pres ence of es sen tial plant nu tri ents for
phys i o log i cal pro cesses. This may lead to better
met a bolic ac tiv i ties in the plant which ul ti mately
leads high pro tein and car bo hy drates syn the sis
(Singh et al., 7). In crease in yield and other yield
con trib ut ing char ac ters ap par ently re sulted from
im proved chem i cal and phys i cal prop er ties of the
soil that were in duced by or ganic ma nure
ap pli ca tion (Mahendra et al., 5).
REF ER ENCES
1. Chattopadhyay, T.K. (1994). A text book on
Pomology, Nu tri tion of Fruit Plants and Or chard
Ma nur ing Prac tices, Ed. Kalyani Pub lish ers,
153 p.
2. Hemang, O.B., Asante, J.S. and Fer ris, R.S.B.
(1995). In flu ence of poul try ma nure and
in or ganic fer til izer on plan tain growth and
yield. Musafrica, 3(6): 1-4.
3. Kononva, M.M., Nowakowski, T.Z. and
Newman, A.C.D. (1966). In : Soil Organic
Matter. Its nature, its role in soil formation and
in soil fertility. (2
nd
ed.). Perganeio Press,
Oxford. 523 p.
4. Li, X.J., Dong, S.F. and Liu, Y.S. (1998).
De ter mi na tion of IAA and cytokinins in the soil
with dif fer ent or ganic ma nure for pot-cul tured
ap pli ca tions. Plant Physiol. Comm., 34(3):
183-185.
5. Mahendra, S.B., Ken neth, S.D., Venkateswara,
R.S. and Vencent, E.P. (1988). Ap pli ca tion of
poul try ma nure in flu ence Thomp son Seed less
grape pro duc tion and soil prop er ties. Hort. Sci.,
23(6): 1010-1012.
6. Shirol, A.M., Kanamadi, V.C. and Thammaiah,
N. (2003). Ef fect of or ganic and in or ganic
fer til iz ers on growth and yield of sapota cv.
Kalipatti. Or ganic Farm ing in Hor ti cul ture for
Sus tain able Pro duc tion, 29-30 Au gust, CISH,
Lucknow. pp 36.
7. Singh, Kirti, Gill, I.S. and Verma, O.P. (1970).
Studies on poultry manure in relation to
vegetable production, I-Cauliflower. Indian J.
Hort., 27(1-2): 42
8. Yadav, R.I., Singh, R.K., Kumar, P. and Singh,
A.K. (2012). Effect of nutrient management
through organic sources on the productivity of
guava (Psidium guajava L.). HortFlora Res.
Spectrum, 1(2) : 158-161.
Response of organic manures on growth and yield of mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dashehari 67
EF FECT OF DIF FER ENT PACK AG ING FILMS ON SHELF LIFE AND
QUAL ITY OF PEAR FRUITS UN DER SUPER MAR KET CON DI TIONS
B.V.C. Mahajan, Nav Prem Singh* and Mahesh Kumar
Punjab Hor ti cul tural Postharvest Tech nol ogy Cen tre,
De part ment of Fruit Sci ence, P.A.U., Ludhiana 141 004
*E-mail: navpremsingh@pau.edu
AB STRACT: Pear fruits cv. Patharnakh were har vested at phys i o log i cal ma ture stage, packed
in pa per moulded tray and tightly wrapped with dif fer ent pack ag ing films viz. Low den sity
poly eth yl ene (LDPE), High den sity poly eth yl ene ( HDPE), and Shrink. The film-packed fruits and
con trol (with out film pack ag ing) were stored un der super-mar ket con di tions i.e. 20-21C and
85-90% RH and an a lyzed for var i ous physico-chem i cal pa ram e ters af ter ev ery 7 days in ter val.
Shrink film proved to be most ef fec tive in ex tend ing the stor age life of pear fruits up to three
weeks and main tained su pe rior qual ity as in di cated by lower weight loss, de sir able fruit firm ness,
to tal sol u ble sol ids, to tal sug ars, acid ity, and higher organoleptic score.
Keywords: Pear, poly meric films, shelf-life, qual ity.
In In dia pear is grown in warm hu mid
sub-trop i cal plains and cold dry tem per ate re gions
oc cu py ing an area of 37,970 ha with an an nual
pro duc tion of 3.34 lakh MT (Anon., 3).
Patharnakh is the lead ing cultivar of pear,
pre dom i nantly grown in Punjab state. The
har vest ing of Patharnakh pear starts in the third
weak of July and con tin ues up to the end of Au gust.
Gen er ally, this pe riod co in cides with heavy rain fall
and high tem per a ture, which in ter feres with
post-har vest qual ity and mar ket abil ity of the fruits
and ul ti mately leads to glut and postharvest losses.
In Punjab, these fruits are ei ther mar keted in gunny
bags or loose or some times in wooden boxes, thus
fetch lower prices in the mar kets. The role of
pack ag ing for hor ti cul tural pro duce seems to be
still un der es ti mated. Pack ag ing of fresh fruits is
es sen tial in the whole dis tri bu tion cy cle, start ing
from pro ducer to the fi nal user.The ba sic prin ci pal
of pack ag ing tech nol ogy is that once pro duce is
placed in a pack age and sealed with poly meric
films, an en vi ron ment dif fer ent from am bi ent
con di tions will be es tab lished in side the pack age
such as high CO
2
and low ox y gen which helps in
main tain ing the qual ity and in creasing the shelf life
(Hardenburg, 6 and Zora et al, 15). Hence the
pres ent in ves ti ga tion was planned to study the
ef fect of poly meric films on the stor age life and
qual ity of pear fruits un der super mar ket
con di tion i.e. at 201C tem per a ture.
The fruits of pear cv Patharnakh were
har vested at phys i o log i cal ma ture stage. The
bruised and dis eased fruits were sorted out, and
only healthy and uni form sized fruits were se lected
for the study. Three types of pack ag ing films viz
Low den sity poly eth yl ene film (LDPE 25 ), High
den sity poly eth yl ene film (HDPE 20 ) and Shrink
film (10 ) were used for pack ag ing of pear fruits in
pa per moulded trays (22 cm 13 cm). Pear fruits
were packed in trays and tightly sealed with
dif fer ent pack ag ing films. There af ter, the packed
fruits as well as con trol (non-packed) fruits were
stored at 20-21C and 85-90% RH (super-mar ket
con di tions). The ex per i ment con sisted of 4
treat ments and 5 stor age in ter vals and laid out in
com pletely ran dom ized de sign with three
rep li ca tions for each treat ment and each stor age
in ter val. The var i ous physico-chem i cal pa ram e ters
were re corded at weekly in ter val for four weeks.
The phys i o log i cal loss in weight (PLW) af ter each
in ter val of stor age was cal cu lated by sub tract ing
fi nal weight from the ini tial weight of the fruits and
ex pressed in per cent. The fruit firm ness was
mea sured with the help of a pen etrom eter (Model
FT- 327, USA) us ing 8 mm stain less steel probe and
ex pressed in terms of kilogram force pres sure (Kg
force). The over all organoleptic rat ing of the fruits
was done by a panel of five judges on the ba sis of
ex ter nal ap pear ance of fruits, tex ture, taste, and
fla vor, mak ing use of a 9-point Hedonic scale
(Amerine et al., 2). The to tal sol u ble sol ids (TSS) of
the fruit juice were de ter mined us ing a hand
refractometer and ex pressed as per cent TSS af ter
mak ing the tem per a ture cor rec tion at 20C. The
to tal sug ars and titratable acid ity were es ti mated as
per stan dard pro ce dure (AOAC, 4).
The phys i o log i cal loss in weight (PLW) of
fruits, in gen eral, in creased with the ad vance ment
of stor age pe riod rather slowly in the be gin ning but
at a faster pace as the stor age pe riod ad vanced
(Ta ble 1). The shrink film packed fruits re corded
the low est mean PLW (3.50%). The un packed fruits
(con trol) showed the high est PLW (6.20%). The
PLW of fruits packed in shrink film ranged be tween
1.20 to 6.30 per cent from 7 to 28 days of stor age as
com pared to con trol whereas PLW ranged be tween
3.10 to 10.05 per cent dur ing four weeks of stor age.
The fruits packed in dif fer ent pack ag ing films
re corded lower weight loss, which is ob vi ous due to
role of films in check ing rate of tran spi ra tion
/res pi ra tion and main tain ing higher hu mid ity in side
the wrap pers (Ben Yehoshua, 5). The lower PLW
has been re ported in heat shrink able cryo vac film in
Nagpur man da rin (Sonkar and Ladaniya, 12).
It is ev i dent from the data that the fruit
firm ness, in gen eral fol lowed a de clin ing trend
com men su rate with ad vance ment in stor age pe riod
(Ta ble 1). The fruits packed in shrink film
main tained the high est av er age firm ness (5.92 kg
force) closely fol lowed by cling film (6.40 kg
force) and also at all stages of stor age in ter vals. The
con trol fruits reg is tered the low est mean firm ness
(5.38 kg force). In case of shrink film packed fruits
the de cline in firm ness was grad ual, whereas in
case of con trol fruits, the de cline was found to be
sharp. This re veals that shrink film pack ag ing
de lays the soft en ing pro cess in pear fruits, and
fi nally re tained the de sir able fruits firm ness, which
might be due to re duced tran spi ra tion loss and
res pi ra tion ac tiv ity and thus re tained more tur gid ity
of the cells as ob served in pome gran ate fruits
(Nanda et al, 9)
The max i mum sen sory score (Ta ble 1) was
shown by fruits packed in shrink film (7.76). On the
other hand, con trol fruits reg is tered the min i mum
sen sory score (6.38). The sen sory score of shrink
packed fruits in creased grad u ally up to 21 days and
there af ter de clined, whereas, in con trol fruits, the
sen sory score in creased up to 14 days of stor age
and there af ter de clined at faster pace. The shrink
film packed fruits were rated as very much
de sir able to mod er ately de sir able af ter 3 and 4
weeks of stor age as com pared to con trol which
were found ac cept able up to 2 weeks of stor age.
The de vel op ment of better sen sory score in the
shrink packs could be pos si bly due to cre ation of
fa vour able gas eous at mo sphere un der con ge nial
tem per a ture (Heaton et al, 7).
The fruits packed in shrink film re corded
max i mum TSS con tent (12.11%). The con trol fruits
re corded the low est av er age TSS con tent (11.23%).
It was fur ther ob served that in shrink film packed
fruits the TSS con tent in creased slowly and steadily
up to 21 days (13.25%) and there af ter grad u ally
de clined af ter 28 days stor age (10.95%). On the
other hand, con trol fruits re corded a faster rise in
TSS con tent up to 14 days (13.23%) and there af ter
de clined at a faster rate and re corded 9.15% TSS at
the end of 4 weeks of stor age (Ta ble 2).
The fruits packed in shrink film (Ta ble 2)
re corded max i mum to tal sugar con tent (8.36%).
The con trol fruits re corded the low est av er age to tal
sugar con tent (7.80%). It was fur ther ob served that
in shrink film packed fruits the to tal sugar con tent
in creased slowly and steadily up to 21 days (9.60%)
and there af ter grad u ally de clined af ter 28 days
stor age (7.50%). On the other hand, con trol fruits
re corded a faster rise in to tal sugar con tent up to 14
days (9.50%) and there af ter de clined at a faster rate
and re corded 6.00% to tal sugar at the end of 4
weeks of stor age. The de layed in crease in TSS and
to tal sug ars over a lon ger pe riod of time in shrink
wrapped pear fruits might be at trib uted to de lay in
eth yl ene pro duc tion and res pi ra tion rate of fruits
(Abeles et al, 1). The in crease in TSS/sug ars dur ing
stor age may pos si bly be due to break down of starch
into sug ars, as on com plete hy dro ly sis of starch no
Effect of different packaging films on shelf life and quality of pear fruits under super market conditions 69
70 Mahajan et al.
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fur ther in crease in sug ars oc curs and sub se quently a
de cline in these pa ram e ters is pre dict able as they
along with other or ganic ac ids are pri mary sub strate
for res pi ra tion (Wills et al., 14). Sim i lar find ings of
in crease in TSS and sug ars of plum fruits dur ing
stor age have been re ported Mahajan et al., (8).
The data re vealed that acid ity of pear fruits
ex pe ri enced a lin ear de cline as the stor age pe riod
ad vanced (Ta ble 2). In shrink film packed fruits the
acid ity ranged from 0.50 to 0.19 per cent, and in
con trol fruits, it ranged from 0.50 to 0.12 per cent
from 7 to 28 days of stor age. The de crease in
titratable ac ids dur ing stor age may be at trib uted to
uti li za tion of or ganic acid in pyruvate
decarboxylation re ac tion occuring dur ing the
rip en ing pro cess of fruits (Pool et al. 10).
Venkatesha and Reddy (13) re ported that acid ity
de creased in guava fruit with in crease in stor age
pe riod, this might be due to the rea son that
poly eth yl ene pack ag ing ar rested the rip en ing
pro cess by check ing tran spi ra tion and res pi ra tion
thereby re tained higher level of acid ity.
From the pres ent study, it can by con cluded
that pear fruits packed in pa per moulded tray with
shrink can be mar keted for 21 days with highly
ac cept able qual ity at trib utes un der super mar ket
con di tions (20-21C and 85-90% RH) .
REF ER ENCES
1. Abeles F.B., Mor gan, P.W. and Saltveit, M.E.
(1992). Eth yl ene in Plant Bi ol ogy. Ac a demic
Press, New York
2. Amerine, M.A, Pangborn, R.M. and Roessler,
E.B. (1965). Prin ci ples of Sen sory Eval u a tion of
Food. Ac a demic Press, Lon don. p 5.
3. Annonymous (2011). FAO. http.//faostat.foo.
org.
4. AOAC (1990). Of fi cial and Ten ta tive Meth ods
of An a lyt i cal Chem ists, Wash ing ton DC, USA
14
th
edi tion.
5. Ben, Yehoshua (1985). In di vid ual seal
pack ag ing of fruits and veg e ta bles in plas tic
films- a new postharvested tech nique. Hortic
Sci., 94: 524-528.
6. Hardenburg R.E. (1971). Ef fect of in-pack age
en vi ron ment on keep ing qual ity of fruits and
veg e ta bles. Hort Sci., 6: 178.
7. Heaton, E.K., Dobson, J.W., Lane, R.P. and
Beuchat, L.R. (1990). Eval u a tion of shrink wrap
pack ag ing for main tain ing qual ity of ap ples. J.
Fd Pro tec tion, 53 (7): 598-599.
8. Mahajan, B.V.C., Randhawa, J.S., Kaur,
Harminder and Dhatt A.S. (2008). Ef fect of
postharvest ap pli ca tion of cal cium ni trate and
gibbrellic acid on the stor age life of plum.
In dian J. Hor t. , 65 (1): 94-98
9. Nanda, S, Sudhakar, Rao, D.V. and
Krishnamurthy, Shantha (2001). Ef fects of
Shrink film wrap ping and stor age tem per a ture
on the shelf life and qual ity of pome gran ate fruit
cv. Ganesh. Postharvest Biol Technol., 22 (1):
61-69.
10. Pool, K.M., Weaver, R.J. and Kliewer, K.M.
(1972). The ef fect of growth reg u la tors on the
changes in fruit fruits of Thomp son seed less
dur ing cold stor age. J. Amer Soc. Hort. Sci., 97:
67-70.
11. Salunkhe, D.K., Deshpade, P.B. and Do, J.R.
(1968). Ef fects of ma tu rity and stor age on the
phys i cal and bio chem i cal changes in peach and
apri cot fruits. J. Hort. Sci., 43: 235-42.
12. Sonkar, R.K. and Ladaniya, M.S. (1998). Ef fect
of tray over wrap ping by heat shrink able and
stretch able films on Nagpur man da rin fruits.
In dian Fd Packer, 52 (5): 22-26.
13. Venkatesha, M. and Reddy, T.V. (1994).
Ex ten sion of stor age life of guava (Psidium
guajava L.) fruits. In dian Fd. Packer, 48 (5):
5-10.
14. Wills, R.B.H, Cam bridge, P.A. and Scott, K.J.
(1980). Use of flesh firm ness and other
ob jec tive tests to de ter mine con sumer
ac cept abil ity of de li cious ap ples. Aus tra lian, J.
Exp. Agri. Anim. Husb., 20: 252-56
15. Zora, S., Janes, J., Tan, S.C., Subhadrabandhu,
S. and Pichakum, A. (2002). Effects of different
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fruit ripening, quality and postharvest storage of
mango under modified atmosphere packaging.
Acta Hort. 509: 113-117.
Effect of different packaging films on shelf life and quality of pear fruits under super market conditions 71
RE VIEW ON BI O LOG I CAL CON TROL OF SOIL BORNE FUNGI IN
VEG E TA BLE CROPS
Ramesh Singh* and N.S. Sachan
De part ment of Plant Pa thol ogy, T. D. (P.G.) Col lege, Jaunpur
Oil Seed Section , C.S.A. Univ. of Agri. & Tech., Kanpur
*E-mail: ramesh.ramesh.singh37@gmail.com
ABSTRACT : Biological control involves the use of beneficial organism, their gens, and/ or
products, such as metabolites, that reduce the negative effect of plant pathogen and promote
positive response by the plant. Disease suppression, a medicated by bio-control agents, is the
consequences of the interactions between the plant, pathogen and microbial community.
Mycoparasitism, spatial and nutrient competition, antibiosis by enzymes and secondary
metabolites and induction of plant defense system are typical bio-control action of these fungi.
Faster metabolic rates, anti-microbial metabolites and physiological conformation are key
factors which chiefly contributes to antagonism. V.A. Mycorrhizae play major role in biological
control of plant diseases owing to their capabilities of amelioration crop yields by multiple role as
bio-pesticides and plant growth promotion.
Keywords : Soil borne dis eases, mycoparsitism, lysis, bac te ria, mycoplasma.
Soil sup ports rich est num ber and kinds of
mi cro or gan ism in ter act ing with each other and thus
may mod i fi ca tion or al ter ation in soil con di tions
greatly in flu ence the mi cro bial com mu nity and
their ac tiv ity in soil eco sys tem. Soil physico-
chem i cal and bi o log i cal fac tors in ter act to pro vide
rap idly chang ing eco log i cal niches and mi cro bial
com po nents fluc tu ate in re sponse to change in soil
con di tion (Cook and Baker, 8). There are large
ev i dences that ag ri cul tural prac tices of ten fa vour
an tag o nis tic mi cro or gan ism (Cook and Baker, 8)
and there fore, bi o log i cal con trol of plant patho gens
could be pos si ble through ma nip u la tion of soil
con di tion. Soil or ganic mat ter also has a pro found
in flu ence on mi cro or gan ism in soil, par tic u larly
those, in clud ing some patho gen, saprophytic and
ob li gate plant par a sites.
Dur ing eight ies sev eral bio-agents avail able in
na ture have been tested against plant patho gen but
Trichoderma and Gliocladium have gained
max i mum suc cess and pop u lar ity. It is now well
es tab lished that cer tain bio-agents have tre men dous
po ten tial and can be ex ploited suc cess fully in
mod ern ag ri cul ture for con trol of plant dis eases
(Mukhopadhyay, 16). Re cently sev eral com mer cial
prod ucts of Trichoderma like Antagon, Biocure,
Bioderma, Dermapack, Trichofit and Trichosan in
in dia and Binab-7, Azadderma, F-stop,
Trichodermin, and Trichodex in abroad have
ap peared in the mar ket (Joe, 10), which re veal that
bioagents are be com ing pop u lar. The rec og nized
type of an tag o nism are (i) Fungistasis or fail ure of
propagule ger mi na tion be cause of in hi bi tion or
com pe ti tion for nu tri ents; (ii) antibiosis or
pro duc tion of toxic me tab o lites that re duce or
pre vent ger mi na tion, in voke lysis or in hibit growth;
(iii) Lysis dis so lu tion of mycelia or sur vival
struc tures; (iv) In hi bi tion by com pe ti tion for
nu tri ents, sub strates and space and (v)
Mycoparasitism and pre da tion, the par a sitic or
pred a tory de struc tion of patho gen by other
mi cro or gan isms.
Some prin ci ples or con cepts on which bi o log i cal
con trol is based on :
1. Mi cro or gan isms oc cur in greater num bers
and ac tiv ity around the plant that at some dis tance.
2. Soil borne patho gen in creases with re peated
plant ing of sus cep ti ble crops and de creases when
crop ro ta tions are used.
3. Most soil borne patho gen are re tarded or
pre vented when high amount of or ganic ma te ri als
are added in sick soil, due to in creased an tag o nism
of the patho gens by mi cro or gan ism stim u lated by
the amend ments.
4. Spores of fungi re main mostly or en tirely
dor mant in most or all soil un less stim u lated to
ger mi nate by an ex ter nal source of nu tri ents and
en ergy.
Mech a nisms and Pro cess of Bi o log i cal Con trol:
As there are nu mer ous re ports and re views
deal ing with var i ous as pect of bi o log i cal con trol
(Agarwal, 2) we in tend to em pha size the role of
non-patho genic fungi and VA mycorrhizae in
en hanc ing the biocontrol ef fi ciency of myco-
parasites in the in te grated biocontrol of soil borne
fungi.
Inspite of nu mer ous re ports on myco-
parasitism and sup pres sive soils, biocontrol of soil
borne fungi is not a prac ti cal re al ity and
com mer cially fea si ble. Fail ure of biocontrol agents
un der field con di tion is at trib uted mainly to its
in abil ity to es tab lish and oc cupy the new eco log i cal
niches to dis place the patho gen. Mycoparasites are
ef fec tive, only at high rate of inoculum and
col o nized ef fec tively in ster ile, fu mi gated or soil
less mix in green house but not when ap plied to
nat u ral soil.
Sup pres sive soils :
In duc tion of soil suppressiveness to soil-borne
fungi may pro vide a long-term plant pro tec tion.
The phe nom e non of dis ease sup pres sion in soils is
wide spread and it may be nat u ral supperssiveness
as so ci ated with soil phys i cal fac tors or it may be
in duced by ag ri cul tural prac tices of mono cul ture of
sus cep ti ble crop. The most no ta ble among the
known sup pres sive soils are take-all de cline. (Cook
and Baker, 8).
The supperssiveness of soil to soil-borne fungi
es pe cially Rhizoctonia solai and Pythium spp. has
been of ten at trib uted to na tive or in tro duced
Trichoderma spp. Suc ces sive mono cul ture of
rad ishes gen er ated soil supperssiveness to
Rhizotonia solani. En hanced T. harzianum
propagule den sity was closely ac com pa nied by soil
supperssiveness (Liu and Baker, 13). High
propagule den sity of Trichoderma was found to be
as so ci ated with nat u rally sup pres sive Co lom bian
soils than the con duc tive soils due to acidic pH 5.1
which en hanced the prop a ga tion of fungi and
Trichoderma in par tic u lar (Chung et al., 7).
Mycoparasitism :
Mycoparasitism is an act where one fun gus
par a sit izes on an other. This term has been gen er ally
used with hyperparasitism, di rect par a sit ism or in ter
fun gus par a sit ism (Boosalis and Mankau, 4). The
mycoparasitism in cludes dif fer ent kinds of
in ter ac tion, viz., coil ing of hyphae, pen e tra tion,
pro duc tion of haustoria and lysis of the hyphae. In
the nar row sense mycoparasitism could be taken to
in clude only di rect con tact of the mycoparasitic
fun gus with the po ten tial host.From prac ti cal point
of view, how ever, the pro duc tion of an tag o nis tic
me tab o lites which pre cedes the phys i cal con tact
nec es sary to in va sion of the my ce lium of the
po ten tial host could rea son ably be con sid ered to
con sti tute part of the es sen tial re ac tion which leads
to overt phys i cal par a sit ism of the host.
There are a num ber of ex am ples of fungi that
par a sit ize plant patho gens (Lumsden, 14) of these
only a few have been stud ied to any ex tent with the
aim of bi o log i cal con trol. Trichoderma and
Gliocladium spe cies prob a bly have been stud ied to
the great est ex tent (Papavizas, 18). Other
mycoparasites re ported to have some po ten tial for
biocontrol are Chaetomium globosum, Conio-
thyrium minitans, Laetisaria aravalia, Pythium
nunn, Talaromyces flavus and Sporidesmium
sclerotivorum (Ad ams, 1).
Trichoderma hamatum hyperparasitic on
Rhizoctonia solani pro tected pea and rad ish seeds
from in fec tion when ap plied as seed dresser and
in clu sion of chitin fur ther im proved con trol of
seed ing dis eases in green house con di tion (Har man
et al., 12), lsolates of T. knoingii and T. harzianum
pro tected seed rots of pea in soil nat u rally in fested
with the patho gen, Pythium spp. (Hadar et al., 11).
Biological control of soil borne fungi in vegetable crops 73
74 Singh and Sachan
Coniothyrium minitans is a po ten tial
mycoparasite against Sclerotinia spp. Ap pli ca tion
of C. minitans inoculum to soil have been re ported
to re duce the sur vival of sclerotia of Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum (Cael et al., 6). The abil ity of C.
minitans to par a sit ize sclerotia of Sclerotinia
sclerotiorum in side host plant root and stems as
well as those on root sur face of in fected sun flower
plants was dem on strated that up to 65% of sclerotia
of S. trifoliorum were de stroyed in field soil by
ap pli ca tion of pycnidal dust prep a ra tion of C.
minitans (Turner and Tribe, 22).
Lysis :
Lysis is the com plete or po ten tial de struc tion
of a cell by en zymes. Two types of lysis, viz.,
endolysis and exolysis have been dis tin guished.
Endolysis or autolysis is the break down of the
cy to plasm of a cell by the cells own en zymes
fol low ing death, which may be caused by nu tri ent
star va tion or by an ti bi ot ics or other tox ins.
Endolysis usu ally does not in volve de struc tion of
cell wall. Exolysis or heterolysis is the de struc tion
of a cell by the en zymes of an other or gan ism.
Typ i cally, exolysis is the de struc tion of the wall of
an or gan ism by chitinases, cellulases etc. and these
re sults in the death of the at tacked cell. In exolysis
death is caused by the lysis, but in endolysis death
is the cause of the cells own lysis. There could
some times be over lap ping, if an or gan ism pro duces
the cell wall de grad ing en zymes as well as
an ti bi otic and tox ins to cause endo- and exolysis
both and it is dif fi cult to know which pre cedes the
other. Elad et al. (9) men tioned that T. hamatum
was at tached to the host S. rolfsii or R. solani by
hyphal coil, hooks or appressoria and caused lysis
of host cells. Trichoderma hamatum caused lysis of
Drechlera sorokinina my ce lium by tightly coil ing
around the host patho gen. (Mandal, 15).
An ti bi ot ics :
The tox ins pro duced by an or gan ism kill ing
an other or gan ism at very low con cen tra tion (less
than10 ppm) are called an ti bi otic. These should be
dis tin guished from other prod ucts of the at tack ing
or gan isms such as hy dro gen ions which may
change pH or eth a nol. These are re quired at much
higher con cen tra tion to act. True an ti bi ot ics are the
most stud ied mech a nisms of an tag o nism be tween
mi cro or gan isms. It is pos si ble to iso late an ti bi otic
pro duc ing or gan isms from leaves and other plant
parts, but they are most com mon in soils. The
an ti bi ot ics may have a sig nif i cant role in bi o log i cal
con trol as these cause cell death.
The first knowl edge of toxic me tab o lites
pro duc tion by spe cies of Trichoderma and
Gliocladium was largely expressed by Weindling
(23) who showed the pro duc tion of an antifungal
me tab o lite by Trichoderma lignorium, later stated
be Gliocladium fimbriatum. The me tab o lite was
named as gliotoxin. A sec ond fungistatic an ti bi otic
viridin was shown to pro duced by Trichoderma
viride (Brian and Mc-Gowan, 5). Trichodermin
(from T. viride and T. polysporum) and gliovirin
(from G. virens) are other an ti bi ot ics iso lated from
these fungi.
Bac te ria:
Ba cil lus spe cies are the prom is ing biocontrol
agents as they pro duce endo spores that are tol er ant
to heat and des ic ca tion. Seed treat ment with B.
subtilis suc cess fully con trolled dis eases in pea nut
and on ion. Pseudommnas spe cies are more
fa voured in biocontrol as they are ef fi cient root
col o niz ers en hanc ing the yield con sid er ably in
po tato, sugarbeet and rad ish. Ba cil lus subtilis,
an tag o nism to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, can be
dem on strated by marked in hi bi tion zone which
de velop in dual cul ture or by in hi bi tion of scle ro tial
ger mi na tion (Singh et al., 20).When ap plied as soil
amend ments, Ba cil lus subtilis sig nif i cantly re duced
the de vel op ment of Sclerotinia blight of brin jal
un der green house con di tion (Singh, 19).
Siderophores :
A par tic u lar form of nu tri ent com pe ti tion
in volv ing iron has been pro posed as a mech a nism
of bi o log i cal con trol. They can be com pe ti tion for
fer ric ion by the pro duc tion of siderophores. These
are low mo lec u lar weight, high af fin ity iron (III)
chelators than trans port iron in the cells. Di rect
cor re la tion was ob served be tween siderophore
pro duc tion by var i ous flu o res cent pseudomonads
and their in hi bi tion of chlamydospore ger mi na tion
in soil. Dis ease was sup pressed more strongly by
the highly flu o res cent sidrerophore pro duc ers than
by other iso lates (Sneh et al., 21).
Mycorrhizae :
VA mycorrhizal fungi have the po ten tial to
in crease plant growth and vig our un der a num ber of
stress con di tions like nu tri ent defficiency and
soil-borne fungi. Re cently sev eral work ers
re viewed the ef fect of VA mycorrhizal fungi on root
dis eases (Agarwal, 2) and mi cro bial in ter ac tion in
the mycorhizosphere (Bagyaraj, 3). He fur ther
sug gested screen ing sev eral spe cies or iso lates to
se lect an ef fec tive iso late and to use sev eral
mycorrhizal fungi to gether against var i ous cultivars
of the host.
Four ectomycorrhizal fungi were tested with
six com mon root patho gens and found Suillus
brevipes in hib it ing all the root patho gen. The
ectomycorrhizal fun gus, Laccaria bicolor (Syn.
Laccaria laccata) pro vided tem po rary or par tial
pro tec tion against Fusarium oxysporum in fec tion
in Douglas- fir un der con trolled and field con di tion
(Natarajan and Govindasamy, 17). This
mycorrhizal fun gus also pro tected roots of Pinus
against Cylindrocarpon destructans, F.
moniliforme and Rhizoctonia solani.
Sev eral spe cies of Glomus are im pli cated in
the re duc tion of root dis eases viz., G. fasciculatum
con trol ling pea root rot caused by Aphanomyces
euteiches; G. intraradices in the con trol of crown
and root rot of to mato in cited by F. oxysporum f. sp.
radicis-lycopersici while G. mosseae pro tected
to mato plants against Erwinia caratovora.
REF ER ENCES
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2. Agarwal, G.P. (1991). Bi o log i cal plant
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th
Sci ence
Con gress, ISCA, 20pp.
3. Bagyaraj, D.J. (1984). Bi o log i cal in ter ac tions
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oil seed crops. A new bi o log i cal con trol
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Herr. L.J. (1988). Ef fects of or ganic mat ter
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on the inoculum po ten tial of Rhizoctonia solani
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and Prac tice of Bi o log i cal Con trol of plant
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12. Har man, G.E. Chet, I. and Baker, R. (1980).
Biological control of soil borne fungi in vegetable crops 75
76 Singh and Sachan
Trichoderma hamatum ef fects on seed and
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EF FECT OF MICRO NUT RI ENTS AND PLANT GROWTH REG U LA TORS
ON FRUIT ING OF LI TCHI
Amit Dixit*, S.S. Shaw and Virendra Pal
De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Col lege of Ag ri cul ture, Indira Gan dhi Krishi Vishwavidayalaya, Raipur
Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Bagpat (S.V.P. Univ. of Agri. & Tech., Meerut)
*E-mail: amitdixit1872@ya hoo.com
AB STRACT: The pres ent in ves ti ga tion was con ducted in the li tchi or chard of the Farm Area of
R.M.D., Col lege of Ambikapur in the year 2007 to 2009 to as sess the ef fect of micro nut ri ents and
growth reg u la tors on fruit ing in Li tchi cv. Ambika Li tchi -1. The ap pli ca tion of bo rax 0.4 per cent
re sulted in max i mum fruit set (41.20%), fruit re ten tion (22.60%), size of fruit (4.10 cm 3.10 cm),
num ber of fruits per tree (4625), weight of in di vid ual fruit (21.05 g) and fruit yield (92.85 kg/tree).
GA
3
10 ppm also was found ef fec tive treat ment to in crease fruit set, fruit re ten tion and size of
fruit. GA
3
20 ppm pro duce max i mum num ber of fruit/tree and yield. In ter ac tion be tween bo rax
0.4 per cent and GA
3
20 ppm ex hib ited in max i mum re ten tion of fruit and fruit yield. Max i mum
fruit crack ing of 13 per cent was ob served in bo rax 0.4 per cent.
Hor ti cul tural prod ucts in gen eral and fruits in
par tic u lar are pre mier com mod i ties of ex port.
Amongst fruit crops, li tchi (Li tchi chinensis Sonn.)
oc cu pies prime place of im por tance. So far as
ex port of ag ri cul tural prod ucts is con cerned by
vir tue of its de li cious taste, ex cel lent fla vour,
pleas ant fra grance, at trac tive ap pear ance and high
nu tri tional val ues, it has pop u lar ity in many parts of
the world open ing up new vis tas for ac cel er ated
ex port op por tu nity. How ever, to stay in global
mar ket which is turn ing more com pet i tive day by
day, it is of par a mount im por tant to main tain high
stan dard in the qual i ties of fruits pro duced. Be sides
im part ing fas ci nat ing ap pear ance to them and
pro vid ing lon ger shelf life. From eco nomic point of
view, it is equally im por tant to get a good har vest,
be sides hav ing im prove ment in qual ity as pect.
Zinc plays a vi tal role in the met a bolic
ac tiv i ties of plant. The prin ci ple func tions of zinc in
plant are as a metal ac ti va tor of en zymes like
dehydrogenase (pyridine nu cle o tide, glu cose-6
phosphodiesterase, car bonic anhydrase etc.). It is
in volved in the syn the sis of tryptophane, a
pre cur sor of IAA, it is as so ci ated with wa ter up take
and wa ter re ten tion in plant bod ies (Noggle and
Fritz, 4). Bo ron, on the other hand is con sid ered to
be nec es sary for hor mone me tab o lism,
photosynthetic ac tiv i ties, cel lu lar dif fer en ti a tion
and wa ter ab sorp tion in plant parts. It is also
in volved in re pro duc tion, ger mi na tion of pol len
tube and fer til iza tion. In case of bo ron de fi ciency,
flow ers are pro duced least and more ster ile, fruits
are de formed and ren der them selves com mer cially
use less (Yawalkar et al., 8)
The ef fect of micro nut ri ents in aug ment ing
li tchi yield and qual ity is a fore gone con clu sion, but
the ben e fi cial ef fect of micro nut ri ents in
com bi na tion with plant growth reg u la tors was yet
to be fully ex plored. This paves and path for the
cur rent ex per i men ta tion.
The ex per i ment was con ducted in
Hor ti cul tural farm of Raj Mohini Devi Col lege of
Ag ri cul ture and Re search Sta tion, Ambikapur
dur ing 2007 to 09. The cli mate of the re gion is
sub trop i cal with an an nual rainfall of 1300-1400
mm. The soil of the ex per i ment plot was me dium
loam of av er age fer til ity and well drained. Two
micro nut ri ents (ZnSO
4
and bo rax) and two plant
growth reg u la tors (2, 4-D and GA
3
) each at their
two lower and higher lev els ZnSO
4
at 0.4 per cent
(M
1
) and 0.8 per cent (M
2
); Bo rax at 0.2 per cent
(M
3
) and 0.4 per cent (M
4
) and 2,4-D at 10 ppm (P
1
)
and 20 ppm (P
2
) and GA
3
also at 10 ppm (P
3
) and 20
ppm (P
4
) spray were tested in Ran dom ized Block
De sign (Fac to rial) rep li cated thrice. One con trol
78 Dixit et al.
plot was also there in each rep li ca tion for mak ing
ef fec tive com par i son. Macronutrients were sprayed
on new growth flushes be fore ini ti a tion of
in flo res cence, whereas, PGRs were sprayed af ter
com ple tion of fruit set ting. The li tchi va ri ety used
for ex per i men ta tion was Ambika Li tchi-1. The
li tchi trees were 7.62 m apart in both di rec tion i.e.,
be tween the rows and within rows hav ing an
av er age height of 7.1 m. The fer til ity sta tus as
en vis aged through the sta tus of avail able N (294.8
kg), P
2
O
5
(23.8 kg) and K
2
O (203.5 kg) was in the
me dium range hav ing soil re ac tion in the acidic
range pH 6.5.
The micro nut ri ents in gen eral were ef fec tive
in in creas ing fruit set ting sig nif i cantly in
com pres sion to con trol (Ta ble 1). Ex cept 0.8%
ZnSO
4
(M
2
) and 20 ppm 2,4-D (P
2
), all the
con cen tra tions of ZnSO
4
and bo rax sig nif i cantly
in creased fruit set ting in li tchi. Amongst the
micro nut ri ents, Bo rax 0.4% (M
4
) ex hib ited the
high est fruit set ting (41.2%), but had sta tis ti cal
par ity with 0.4% ZnSO
4
(M
1
) and 0.2% bo rax (M
3
).
All the four treat ments per tain ing to PGR
ap pli ca tion showed sta tis ti cal equal ity amongst
them selves in in creas ing fruit set ting in li tchi. The
results are in consonance with Mishra et al. (3).
Fruit re ten tion also in creased due to micro nut ri ents
and PGR and fruit crack ing re duced sig nif i cantly as
com pared to con trol. Amongst the micro nut ri ents,
bo rax 0.4% was the most ef fec tive in in creas ing
fruit re ten tion and re duc ing fruit crack ing.
Amongst the PGRs, GA
3
20 ppm had sig nif i cantly
the least fruit crack ing. Fruit re ten tion was also the
max i mum in 20 ppm GA
3
, but it was sta tis ti cally
alike to those un der 10 ppm 2,4-D and 10 ppm,
GA
3
. It was only 20 ppm 2,4-D which ex hib ited
lower fruit re ten tion. Ac cord ing to the main ef fect
of micro nut ri ents and plant growth reg u la tors 0.4%
bo rax (M
4
) had sig nif i cantly the max i mum fruit
re ten tion per cent age. How ever, as per M x P
in ter ac tion (Ta ble 2), the 0.4% bo rax (M
4
) was
sig nif i cantly su pe rior to all other micronutrient and
their vary ing strengths only when 20 ppm GA
3
was
in com par i son un der all other sit u a tions of PGR
ap pli ca tion it had sta tis ti cal par ity with 0.4%
ZnSO
4
and 0.2% bo rax, if 10 ppm 2,4-D was
ap plied. Like wise it was at par with 0.4% ZnSO
4
and 0.2% bo rax, if 10 ppm 2,4-D sprayed.
Sim i larly, when 10 ppm GA
3
was ap plied, 0.4%
bo rax was com pa ra ble with 0.2% bo rax and 0.4%
ZnSO
4
.
Length and di am e ter of fruit were the
max i mum un der 0.4% bo rax ap pli ca tion. How ever,
di am e ter of fruit un der 0.4% ZnSO
4
was also
com pa ra ble. The ben e fi cial ef fect of micro nut ri ents
and PGRs can be ex plained on the ba sis of their role
in plant phys i ol ogy and plant me tab o lism. The
mech a nism of ac tion of zinc may be through auxin
stim u la tion. Zinc is in volved in syn the sis of
tryptophan, a pre cur sor of NAA. A num ber of
work ers have been re ported that heavy drop at early
stage was due to the for ma tion of abscission layer.
The cell at or near the abscission zone gets re duced
and ei ther dis in te grates or dis solves re sult ing
sep a ra tion of fruit from the stock. The for ma tion of
abscission layer is as so ci ated with pres ence of
weak auxin gra di ents in fruit. The in crease in fruit
set and fruit re ten tion due to bo rax ap pli ca tion may
be as cribed to its ben e fi cial ef fect on re pro duc tion,
ger mi na tion of pol len tube and fer til iza tion pro cess.
2, 4-D it self func tions as an auxin for mer in its
lower con cen tra tion. Thus, all these chem i cals
ul ti mately help in cell di vi sion, cell elon ga tion, cell
en large ment and in re duc tion of abscission layer
(Salis bury and Ross, 6). Com par a tively less
ef fec tive ness of higher con cen tra tion of zinc may
be at trib uted to it scorch ing ef fect on the ju ve nile
in flo res cence. Sim i larly, sub dued im pact of higher
con cen tra tion of 2, 4-D (20 ppm) may be due to
show ing up of in her ent her bi cidal ef fect of the
chem i cal for which it is pri mar ily known (Yawalkar
et al., 8). Up take of wa ter and solutes are gov erned
by the pres ence of zinc and other micro nut ri ents. In
case of en hanced wa ter up take, sol utes
ac cu mu lated in the fruits and min i mize the pres sure
on the skin re sult ing in less crack ing. Auxin
sim u la tion both due to 2,4-D and GA
3
might be the
rea son for the ac cu mu la tion of build ing block at
Effect of micronutrients and plant growth regulators on fruiting of Litchi 79
Ta ble 1: Ef fect of micro nut ri ents and PGRs on fruit set, fruit re ten tion, crack ing and size of li tchi fruit.
Treatments Fruit set (%) Fruit
retention (%)
Cracking of
fruit (%)
Length of
fruit (cm)
Diameter of
fruit (cm)
M
1
-ZnSO
4
(0.4%) 40.80 20.40 14.10 3.80 2.90
M
2
-ZnSO
4
(0.8%) 38.10 18.30 13.80 3.70 2.80
M
3
-Borax (0.2%) 40.10 20.80 13.20 3.60 2.85
M
4
-Borax (0.4%) 41.20 22.60 13.00 4.10 3.10
C.D. (P=0.05) 1.3 .610 0.36 0.08 0.076
P
1
2, 4-D (10 ppm) 41.38 20.10 13.90 3.90 2.80
P
2
2,4-D (20 ppm) 40.10 19.10 13.10 3.60 2.65
P
3
GA
3
(10 ppm) 41.10 21.10 12.90 3.65 2.85
P
4
GA
4
(20 ppm) 40.80 21.40 12.10 3.60 3.00
C.D. (P=0.05) 0.682 0.320 0.067 0.078 0.084
Table 2: Fruit retention percentage as influenced by micronutrients PGRs interaction.
Plant Growth
Regulators
2,4-D
10 ppm (P
1
)
2,4-D
20 ppm (P
2
)
GA
3
10 ppm (P
3
)
GA
3
20 ppm (P
4
)
Mean
M
1
-ZnSO
4
(0.4%) 23.10 22.23 22.85 23.85 23.22
M
2
-ZnSO
4
(0.8%) 21.20 20.10 21.85 20.10 20.81
M
3
-Borax (0.2%) 22.85 21.25 22.65 22.10 22.81
M
4
-Borax (0.4%) 23.15 21.85 22.65 23.20 22.71
Mean 22.57 21.35 22.5 22.31
C.D. (P=0.05) M P 1.25
Ta ble 3: Ef fect of micro nut ri ents and PGRs on yield pa ram e ters li tchi.
Treatments No. of fruits per tree Weight of individual fruit (g) Fruit yield (kg/tree)
M
1
-ZnSO
4
(0.4%) 4524 20.80 90.15
M
2
-ZnSO
4
(0.8%) 4415 18.10 80.25
M
3
-Borax (0.2%) 4585 20.95 90.25
M
4
Borax (0.4%) 4625 21.05 92.85
C.D. (P=0.05) 260.15 0.76 4.65
P
1
-2,4-D (10 ppm) 4605 20.70 90.15
P
2
-2,4-D (20 ppm) 4325 19.10 82.25
P
3
-GA
3
(10 ppm) 4485 20.85 91.25
P
4
GA
4
(20 ppm) 4685 20.75 92.18
C.D. (P=0.05) 290.25 1.275 6.25
Ta ble 4: In ter ac tive ef fect of micro nut ri ents and PGRs on fruit yield per tree of li tchi.
PGRs
Micronutrients 2,4-D
10 ppm (P
1
)
2,4-D
20 ppm (P
2
)
GA
3
10 ppm (P
3
)
GA
3
20 ppm (P
4
)
Mean
M
1
ZnSO
4
(0.4%) 90.25 85.15 88.15 92.15 88.92
M
2
ZnSO
4
(0.8%) 80.85 76.15 80.10 76.15 78.31
M
3
Borax (0.2%) 91.25 80.15 89.15 90.25 87.70
M
4
Borax (0.4%) 92.15 88.15 89.85 94.15 91.08
Mean 88.62 82.40 86.81 88.17
C.D. (P=0.05) 10.32
80 Dixit et al.
faster rate and better ex e cu tion of source-sink
re la tion reg is ter ing higher fruit set ting, re ten tion
and less crack ing (Kumar et al, 2).
Application of borax @ 0.4% (M
4
) was
instrumental in formation of maximum fruits per
tree, maximum weight of individual fruit which and
fruit weight per tree (Table 3). However, it had
statistical equality with 0.4% ZnSO
4
application.
0.2% borax (M
3
) was also comparable in case of
weight of individual fruit. 0.8% ZnSO
4
was the
least effective. Amongst the PGRSs, 10 ppm GA
3
and 20 ppm GA
3
fared equally well so far as
number of fruits per tree, weight of individual fruit
and weight of fruit per tree was concerned. 20 ppm
2,4-D appeared to be the least effective. The
micronutrients and PGRs as such were significantly
superior to the control confirming to the reports of
Mishra et al. (3). However, according to M P
interaction, the result was more complex. If 0.4%
borax or 0.4% ZnSO
4
were sprayed the maximum
fruit yield was under 20 ppm GA
3
. If 0.2% borax
was sprayed, the highest fruit yield was under 10
ppm GA
3
and if 0.8% ZnSO
4
was sprayed, the
maximum fruit yield was under 10 ppm GA
3
. The
results of the present investigation get support in
the works of Brahmachari and Kumar (1), Kumar et
al, (2), Raina et al. (5) and Sharma et al. (7).
REF ER ENCES
1. Brahmachari, V.S. and Kumar, Rajesh (1997).
Ef fect of fo liar spray of min eral nu tri ents on
fruit set re ten tion and crack ing of li tchi (Li tchi
chinensis Sonn:) fruit. Haryana J. Hortic. Sci.,
26 (3-4): 177-180.
2. Kumar, M., Kumar, R. and Singh, R.P. (2009).
Effect of micronutrients and plant growth
regulators on fruiting of litchi. Intern. J. Agric.
Sci., 5 (2): 521-524.
3. Mishra, D.S., Kumar, P. and Kumar, R. (2012).
Effect of GA
3
and BA on fruit weight, quality
and ripening of Rose Scented litchi. HortFlora
Res. Spectrum, 1 (1) : 80-82.
4. Noggle, G.R. and Fritz, G.T. (1980).
In tro duc tory Plant Phys i ol ogy, Prentice Hall of
In dia Pvt. Ltd. Pub li ca tion, New Delhi.
5. Raina, B.L., Bhatt, S.K. and Muthoo, A.K.
(2001). Ef fect of fo liar spray of NAA and 2,4-D
on yield and qual ity of li tchi (Li tchi chinensis
Sonn.) cv. Dehradun. Ad v. in Plant Sci., 14 (2):
385-389.
6. Salisburry, F.D. and Ross, C. (1969). Plant
Physilogy (ed.) 1969 Wardworth Pub lish ing
com pany Inc. Belmont, Cal i for nia.
7. Sharma, P., Sharma, R.M., Singh, A.K. and
Tiku, A.K. (2005). Ef fect of plant bioregulators
and micro nut ri ents on tree pro duc tiv ity, fruit
crack ing and aril pro por tion of li tchi (Li tchi
chinensis Sonn.) cv. Dehradun. Haryana J.
Hortic. Sci., 34 (3-4): 220-221.
8. Yawalkar, K.S., Agarwal, J.P. and Bokde, S.
(1992). Ma nures and Fer til iz ers, Sev enth
edi tion. Agri. Hor ti cul tural Pub lish ing House,
52, Bajaj nagar, Nagpur.
Re search Note :
EF FECT OF IBA AND NAA CON CEN TRA TIONS ON ROOT ING IN STEM
CUT TINGS OF NIGHT QUEEN (Ces trum nocturnum L) UN DER
SUB-TROP I CAL VAL LEY CON DI TIONS
K.K. Singh*, V. Rawat, J. M. S. Rawat, Y. K. Tomar and Prabhat Kumar
De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Chauras Cam pus, HNB Garhwal Uni ver sity, Srinagar (Garhwal) 246174,
Uttarakhand, In dia
*E-mail: forekrishna@gmail.com
AB STRACT: The ex per i ment was car ried out in sim ple ran dom ized block de sign the dif fer ent
length stem cut tings of Ces trum nocturnum were treated with IBA and NAA so lu tions at 100, 200
and 300 mg L
-1
by soak ing method. Among all the treat ments, num ber of sprouted cut tings and
root ing per cent (76.53), length of the roots/cut ting (23.76 cm), fresh weight (6.06 g) and dry
weight (1.33 g) of roots were higher in IBA 100 mg L
-1
. While the max i mum length of
sprout/cut ting (190.00 cm) was in IBA 300 mg L
-1
and high est num ber of roots/cut ting (91.00)
was re corded in NAA 300 mg L
-1
treat ment.
Keywords: Ces trum nocturnum, stem cut ting, IBA, NAA, root ing per cent age.
Ces trum nocturnum (Night Jas mine or Night
Queen or Rat Ki Rani) na tive of trop i cal Amer ica
and West In dies is a shrub of fam ily Solanaceae
(Night shade fam ily). It is a pop u lar land scape plant
in warm cli mate, for a mixed bor der, mid row
plan ta tion or as a back ground. It is also used as a
free stand ing spec i men. This shrub is at trac tive and
un pre tend ing and widely planted for its noc tur nal
fra grance. No fra grant gar den should be with out a
Ces trum. It is an un dis puted cham pion of fra grance
at higher ground. The white flow ers are not
par tially showy but on a warm, hu mid sum mer
night as a plant in full bloom will pump out its rich,
slightly musky aroma to a dis tance of 200 fit or
more. Bloom ing be ing in the late spring and
con tinue through out the sum mer.
C. nocturnum is com monly cul ti vated in many
coun tries as an or na men tal plant due to its fra grant
flow ers that bloom at night (Tharman et al., 13 and
Vander, 15). It pro duces small white ber ries about
8-10 mm long, with 1-3 seeds ca pa ble of be ing
dis persed by birds (Tharman et al., 13), though it
can also be prop a gated by asex ual means from cut
roots or buds from creep ing roots. Al though it is
eas ily prop a gated by cut tings but early root ing with
suf fi cient num ber amount hav ing more chances of
sur vival af ter trans plant ing are still needed by
gar den ers. Tak ing above con cept this ex per i ment
was taken and con ducted.
This in ves ti ga tion was con ducted at the
Hor ti cul tural Re search Cen tre of HNB Garhwal
Uni ver sity, Srinagar (Garhwal), Uttarakhand, In dia.
The ex per i men tal ma te ri als, con sisted of 15 cm
long hard wood stem cut tings of C. nocturnum,
were col lected from 3 year old plants. While
pre par ing the cut tings, a slanting cut in each cut ting
was given on dis tal end and smooth sharp cut was
given at lower (proximal) end just be low the lower
node. The ex per i ment was rep li cated thrice with 10
cut tings in each treat ment. A to tal 210 cut tings were
tested. The cut tings were treated with IBA and
NAA so lu tions at 100, 200 and 300 mg L
-1
by
soak ing method for 24 hrs. The cut tings were
planted in 1 kg ca pac ity per fo rated white poly thene
bags con tain ing soil, sand and FYM mix ture in
1:1:1 (v/v) ra tio and kept in open con di tion for
root ing. Experiment was laid out in randomizzed
block design with three replications. The num ber of
sprouted cut tings, num ber of sprouts per cut ting,
length of sprout per cut ting, num ber of pri mary
roots per cut ting, length of root per cut ting and
fresh and dry weight of roots were re corded af ter
three months. The data re corded were sub jected to
82 Singh et al.
sta tis ti cal anal y sis for least sig nif i cant dif fer ence as
de scribed by Snedecor and Cochran (11).
A pe rusal of Ta ble 1 shows that the ef fect of
dif fer ent con cen tra tions of IBA and NAA
sig nif i cantly af fected the var i ous growth char ac ters
of cut tings in C. nocturnum. The max i mum (76.53)
per cent ages of sprouted and rooted cut tings were
re corded in IBA 100 mg L
-1
treat ment. The
sprout ing and root ing per cent age dras ti cally
re duced (43.27%) in IBA 300 mg L
-1
treat ment.
Data fur ther re vealed that the sprout ing per cent age
con tin ued to de crease (29.17%) by NAA
ap pli ca tion from 100 mg L
-1
up to 300 mg L
-1
. The
min i mum per cent age of cut tings (22.23%) was
sprouted and rooted in con trol set (Ta ble 1). These
re sults are in line with the find ings of Rauch and
Yamakawa (4) in re spect to cut tings sprouted in
night queen. The promotive ef fect of IBA on
root ing has also been doc u mented by (Thimmpappa
and Bhattacharjee, 14) in ge ra nium and Sarasvathy
et al. (6) in Gymnema sylvestre. Auxins nat u rally
oc cur ring or ex og e nously ap plied are re quired for
ini ti a tion of ad ven ti tious roots on stems
Thimmappa and Bhattacharjee (14). It ap pears
prob a ble that the suc cess of IBA is due to its low
auxin ac tiv ity and its slow deg ra da tion by auxin
de stroy ing en zyme. Leopold (3) sug gested that IBA
is quite a strong auxin, while NAA is readily
de stroyed.
The max i mum num ber of sprouts/cut ting
(22.20) were re corded in NAA 200 mg L
-1
con cen tra tion. How ever in case of IBA, the ef fect
on num ber of sprouts/cut ting re mained con stant.
These find ing are sim i lar to Gupta et al. (2) who
re ported that num ber of sprouts/cut ting was high est
in NAA treat ments. The max i mum length of
sprout/cut ting was re corded in 300 mg L
-1
(190.00
cm) con cen tra tion of IBA fol lowed by 200 mg L
-1
(169.33). While, NAA ap pli ca tion re sulted
de crease in length of sprouts with a min i mum
length of sprout/cut ting (Ta ble 1). These find ings
are sim i lar to Singh (9) in Bou gain vil lea in re spect
av er age length of sprout per cut ting. The num ber of
leaves/cut ting was re corded max i mum (56.66) in
300 mg L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA. The min i mum
num ber of leaves/cut ting (44.43) was re corded in
con trol. These find ings are in consonance with
Singh (10) in re spect to num ber of leaves per
cut ting in jas mine (Jasminum sambac). In crease in
leaf num ber may be due to their sig nif i cant ef fect
on in duc ing vig or ous root ing sys tem by growth
reg u la tors thus en abling the cut tings to ab sorb more
nu tri ents thereby pro duc ing more leaves as re ported
by Stancato et al. (12).
The high est num ber of roots/cut ting (91.00)
was re corded in 300 mg L
-1
con cen tra tion of NAA.
The low est num ber of roots/cut ting (29.00) was
re corded in con trol treat ment (Ta ble 1). These
find ings are sim i lar to Reddy et al. (5) in re spect to
num ber of roots. The max i mum length of
roots/cut ting (23.76 cm) was re corded in 100 mg
L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA and the min i mum length
of roots/cut ting (9.66 cm) was re corded in con trol
Ta ble 1: Ef fect of IBA and NAA on veg e ta tive prop a ga tion through stem cut ting of Ces trum nocturnum.
Treatment Sprouted
cuttings
Rooting
per cent
Number
of
sprouts/
cutting
Length
of
sprout/
cutting
(cm)
Number
of
leaves/
cutting
Number
of
primary
roots/
cutting
Length
of root/
cutting
(cm)
Fresh
weight
of roots/
cutting
(g)
Dry
weight
of roots/
cutting
(g)
100 mg L
-1
IBA 76.53 76.53 22.20 136.33 53.33 33.33 23.76 6.06 1.33
200 mg L
-1
IBA 53.28 53.28 15.53 169.33 45.53 51.00 19.83 6.04 1.27
300 mg L
-1
IBA 43.41 43.41 15.53 190.00 56.66 46.00 22.00 3.70 0.92
100 mg L
-1
NAA 60.00 60.00 15.53 127.33 47.76 83.66 18.00 3.52 0.90
200 mg L
-1
NAA 46.53 46.53 15.53 125.33 50.00 82.00 22.00 6.03 1.15
300 mgL
-1
NAA 42.50 42.50 12.20 102.30 50.00 91.00 19.33 4.27 0.95
Control 22.23 22.23 15.53 114.33 44.43 29.00 9.66 1.59 0.26
C.D. (P=0.05) 9.16 9.16 1.64 16.95 48.67 13.99 17.98 0.92 0.86
(Ta ble 1) confirming to results of Singh et al. (8) in
long pep per with re spect to length of roots/cut ting.
The max i mum fresh weight (6.06 g) of root/cut ting
was re corded in 100 mg L
-1
concentration of IBA
and the min i mum weight (1.59 g) of fresh
root/cut ting was re corded in con trol. Sim i larly, the
max i mum dry weight (1.33 g) of roots/cut ting was
re corded in 100 mg L
-1
con cen tra tion of IBA and
the min i mum dry weight of roots/cut ting (0.26 g)
was re corded in con trol (Ta ble 1). These find ings
are agreed with the find ings of Singh et al. (8) in
long pep per. Reddy et al. (5) in Bou gain vil lea,
Singh (10) in Bou gain vil lea peruviana and Awad et
al. (1) in Bouganvillea glabra with re spect to
av er age dry weight of roots/cut ting in night queen.
REF ER ENCES
1. Awad, A.E., Dawh. A.K., Attya, M.A. (1988).
Cut ting thick ness and auxin af fect ing the
root ing and con se quently the growth and
flow er ing of Bouganvillea glabra L. Acta Hort.,
226(11): 445-454.
2. Gupta, V.M., Banerji, B.K. and Dutta, S.K.
(2002). Ef fect of auxin on the root ing and
sprout ing be hav iour of stem cut tings of
bou gain vil lea cv. Los Banos Variegata
Sil ver-Mar gin un der mist. Haryana J. Agri. Sci.,
31(1-2): 42-44.
3. Leopold, A.C. (1995). Auxins and plant growth
sub stances. Barkeley and Loss An gels. Univ.
Cal i for nia Press, Cal i for nia pp372-377.
4. Rauch, F.D. and Yamakawa, R.M. (1980).
Ef fect of auxin on root ing of Ixora acuminata.
Hort Sci., 15(1): 97p.
5. Reddy, B.S., Angadi, M.S., Murgod, M.I. and
Praveen, J. (2003). In flu ence of cut ting and
growth reg u la tors on the root ing po ten ti al ity at
Bou gain vil lea un der mist house. Haryana J.
Hortic. Sci., 31(3-4): 205-206.
6. Sarasvathy, S., Azhkiamanavalan, R.S. and
Vadivel, E. (2001). Ef fect of IBA on root ing of
cut ting in gymneme (Gymnema sylvestre R Br).
South In dian Hort., 8: 50-52.
7. Singh, A.K. (2001). Ef fect of wood type and
root pro mot ing chem i cal on root ing of
Bou gain vil lea peruviana L. Adv. Hort.,
For estry, 8: 179-184.
8. Singh, A.K., Singh, R., Millat, A.K., Singh, Y.P.
and Jauhari, S. (2003). Ef fect of plant growth
reg u la tors in sur vival, root ing and growth
char ac ters in long pep per (Piper longum L.).
Prog. Hort., 35(2): 208-211.
9. Singh, S..P (1993). Ef fect of auxins and plant ing
time on car bo hy drate and ni tro gen fac tors in
semi- hard wood cut tings of bou gain vil lea cv.
Thimma un der in ter mit tent mist. Adv. Hort.
For estry, 3: 15-163.
10. Singh, A.K. (2001). Ef fect of auxin on root ing
and sur vival of jas mine (Jasminum sambac)
stem cut tings. Prog. Hort., 33(2): 174-177.
11. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1968).
Sta tis ti cal Meth ods. Ox ford and IBH Pub. CO.
Kolkata. 469p.
12. Stancato, G.C., Aguiar, F.F.A., Kanashiro. S.
and Tavares, A.R. (2003). Rhipsali grandiflora
Haw. Prop a ga tion by stem cut tings. Scientia
Agricola, 56: 185-190.
13. Tharman, R.R., Fosberg, F.R. Manner, H.J. and
Hassall, D.C. (1994). The flora of Nauru.
Smith so nian In sti tu tion, Wash ing ton. Atoll
Re search Bul le tin, 392: 1-223.
14. Thimmappa, D.K. and Bhattacharjee, S.K.
(1950). Stan dard iza tion of prop a ga tion of
scented ge ra nium from stem cut tings. In dian
Per fumer, 31(1): 56-60.
15. Vander, Velde Nancy (2003). The vascular
plants of Majuro Atoll, Republic of the Marshall
Islands. Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
Atoll Research Bulletin, 503: 1-141.
Effect of IBA and NAA concentrations on rooting in stem cuttings of night queen 83
Re search Note :
PER FOR MANCE OF CAB BAGE HY BRIDS UN DER RAINFED MID-HILL CON DI TIONS OF
UTTARAKHAND
Sanjay Pathak, Chandan Kumar*, S.P. Uniyal and Lalit Bhatt
De part ment of Veg e ta ble Sci ence, G.B. Pant Uni ver sity of Agri. & Tech., Pantnagar, Uttarakhand
De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, In sti tute of Agricultural Sci ences, BHU, Varanasi-221 005
*E-mail: chandankumarveg.sc@gmail.com
AB STRACT: The pooled data in di cated con sid er able vari a tion for veg e ta tive char ac ters,
amongst which the max i mum leaf area (1022.71 cm
2
) was ob served in Varun, while the hy brid T
-50 top ranked with re spect to num ber of wrap per leaves (14.98) and plant spread (68.56 cm).
Golden Acre, an open pol li nated check va ri ety, took min i mum num ber of days to ma tu rity (44
days from trans plant ing). Best qual ity and yield pa ram e ters viz., the max i mum ascor bic acid
con tent (139.53 mg/100 g) and head size (515.05 cm
2
) were re corded in Blue Di a mond and
NBH-Arun, re spec tively, whereas, T-50 mea sured the max i mum head weight (2.106 Kg) and
yield (801.19 q/ha).
Keywords: Per for mance, cab bage, hy brids, net profit.
Among the Cole crops, cab bage (Bras sica
oleracea var. capitata L., 2n = 2x = 18) is grown in
more than ninety coun tries through out the world
and con sumed glob ally (Singh et al., 8). It is a rich
source of pro tein com pris ing all es sen tial amino
ac ids, es pe cially sul phur con tain ing amino ac ids,
min er als such as cal cium, iron, mag ne sium,
so dium, po tas sium, phos pho rus and an ti ox i dants,
which are re ported to have anti-car ci no genic
prop er ties (Singh et al., 9). Al though, in de vel oped
coun tries more than 90 per cent cab bage area is
un der hy brids, while in In dia hy brids are con fined
to only 30 per cent of cab bage grown area. In
Uttarakhand mid-hills, it is grown from April to
No vem ber dur ing the time its pro duc tion is not
pos si ble un der the agro-cli ma tic con di tion of
plains, as a re sult the cab bage grow ers in hilly ar eas
fetch pre mium prices and im mense po ten tial in
max i miz ing the profit and im prov ing the
socio-eco nomic sta tus of veg e ta ble grow ers.
The cab bage cultivars show great vari a tion in
re spect of shape, size and col our of the leaves as
well as tex ture of head and be have dif fer ently un der
dif fer ent agro-cli ma tic re gion. The hill farm ers are
grow ing the va ri et ies / hy brids rec om mended for
the ir ri gated con di tion of north ern plains and these
per form poorly dur ing the sum mer-rainy sea son
(off-sea son) un der the dif fer ent altitudic zone of
hills. There fore, in or der to max i mize cab bage yield
in this region it has be come im per a tive to se lect the
suit able va ri et ies and work out cul tural prac tices.
There fore, it is the needed to eval u ate the yield
per for mance of some of the va ri et ies of cab bage
es pe cially hy brids, un der the agro-cli ma tic
con di tion of Uttarakhand to find out the best va ri ety
/ hy brid for com mer cial cul ti va tion at farm ers field
in or der to max i mize the profit.
The experiment was under taken for two
consecutive years 2009 and 2010 to evaluate
performance of ten cabbage hybrids/varieties under
rainfed mid hill conditions of Uttarakhand. The site
of experimentation was Research farm of
Department of Vegetable Science. G.B. Pant
University of Agriculture and Technology, Hill
Campus, Ranichauri, Uttarakhand.
The ex per i men tal ma te ri als com prised of 9
cab bage hy brids viz., FM-Super, Suttind Manas,
T-50, T-621, Green Hero, Varun, NBH-Arun,
In dica, and Blue Di a mond were procured from
dif fer ent lead ing seed com pa nies tested with the
avail able pop u lar va ri ety of the re gion i.e. Golden
Acre in a Ran dom ized Com plete Block De sign
rep li cated thrice. About one month old seed lings
were trans planted on 8
th
July 2009 and 3
rd
July 2010
(1
st
and 2
nd
year, re spec tively) in a plot size of 3 x
2 m
2
at a spac ing of 5050 cm. Dur ing
trans plant ing FYM and N: P
2
O
5
: K
2
O @ 20 t/ha and
120:75: 60 kg/ha, re spec tively, were ap plied
uni formly dur ing both years. Data were re corded
for leaf area (cm
2
), num ber of non-wrap per leaves,
plant spread (cm), head size (cm
2
), net head weight
(Kg), plant mor tal ity (%), days to mar ket able
ma tu rity, head com pact ness (g/cm
3
), ascor bic acid
con tent (mg/100 g) and yield of mar ket able head
(q/ha) and average data were analysed statistically.
The data (Ta ble 1) re vealed that the cab bage
hy brids se lected for the study in both years dif fered
sig nif i cantly with each other for the traits un der
in ves ti ga tion.
(a)Veg e ta tive char ac ters
It is ev i dent from the re sults that among 9
hy brids and 1 open pol li nated variety se lected for
the ex per i ment, sig nif i cant dif fer ences were
ob served for leaf area, num ber of non-wrap per
leaves, plant spread, plant mor tal ity and days to
mar ket able ma tu rity. The of leaf area ranged from
439.96 cm
2
(Suttind Manas) to 1022.71 cm
2
(Varun). With re spect to num ber of non wrap per
leaves it was in be tween 11.75 (T-621) to 14.98
(T-50). Sim i lar ob ser va tion was also ob served by
Boswell and Pearson (2) who re ported high
vari abil ity amongst va ri et ies with re spect to non
wrap per leaves. Sim i larly, the cultivars also
dif fered sig nif i cantly for plant spread with a
max i mum value of 68.56 cm in T-50 and min i mum
value of 55.73 cm in Golden Acre plants. In
gen eral, the plant hav ing the more spread al ways
re quires wider spac ing for its cul ti va tion. The
sim i lar kind of vari a tions for plant spread in
cab bage var i eties were also re corded by Srihari and
Satyanarayans (10) and Znidarcic et al. (12). Plant
mor tal ity in cab bage va ri et ies was mainly at trib uted
to dis ease like root rot, col lar rot and head rot. The
find ings also re vealed that among 9 hy brids, Blue
Di a mond and In dica were least af fected by these
dis ease with al most neg li gi ble per cent of plant
mor tal ity i.e. zero or less than 1 per cent. Whereas,
con trary to these, the mor tal ity was max i mum
(27.39 %) in check va ri ety Golden Acre, Sim i lar
kind of ob ser va tions in cab bage/ hy brids was also
re corded by Reis et. al. (6). As ev i dent from Ta ble 1
that amongst all 10 va ri et ies in the study, check
va ri ety, Golden Acre took the min i mum days to
ma tu rity i.e. 44 days from the date of trans plant ing,
whereas, Suttind Manas and In dica took max i mum
du ra tion i.e. 63.66 and 63.00 days, re spec tively.
These ob ser va tions of pres ent study had also been
Performance of cabbage hybrids under rainfed mid-hill conditions of Uttarakhand 85
Ta ble 1: Per for mance of dif fer ent hy brids/va ri eties of cab bage un der mid- hills of Uttarakhand (Pooled
(2009 and 2010).
Hybrids/
variety
Leaf
area
(cm
2
)
Number
of
non-wra
pper
leaves
Plant
spread
(cm)
Head
size
(cm
2
)
Net
head
weight
(kg)
Plant
mar-
tality
(%)
Days
to mat-
urity
Head
compact
-ness
(g/cm
3
)
Ascorbi
c acid
content
(mg/
100g)
Yield
(q/ha)
Green Hero 685.19 13.73 59.66 397.05 1.19 1.69 53.83 14.39 136.80 441.95
Blue Diamond 724.76 13.28 59.76 464.63 1.36 0.00 53.83 14.78 139.53 544.80
T-50 773.97 14.98 68.56 511.50 2.10 3.60 53.83 19.63 101.70 801.19
Suttind Manas 439.96 12.84 57.66 405.37 1.58 4.08 63.66 19.52 125.68 463.24
Varun 1022.71 13.81 60.80 453.05 1.15 4.99 54.16 12.72 114.48 441.57
T-64 714.08 11.75 59.67 403.82 1.29 13.92 49.16 17.31 115.30 466.77
Indica 897.30 13.58 59.77 423.65 1.37 0.69 63.00 17.37 117.23 525.04
FM-Super 615.15 13.21 57.90 318.24 1.03 6.80 58.00 17.89 122.97 380.63
NBH-Arun 837.26 12.70 62.44 515.05 1.47 10.00 57.66 12.85 125.21 537.29
Golden Acre 444.04 11.82 55.73 311.27 0.91 27.39 44.00 14.84 93.20 269.72
86 Pathak et al.
found in con for mity with the find ings re ported by
Bhagchandani et al. (1), Islami et al. (3), Srihari
and Satyanarayans (10) and Sharma and Verma (7).
(b) Qual ity and Yield pa ram e ters
The qual ity at trib utes stud ied were head
com pact ness and ascor bic acid con tent. The head
com pact ness was max i mum in T-50 (19.63 g/cm
3
)
and was closely fol lowed by Suttind Manas (19.52
g/cm
3
) while, the min i mum value was in Varun
(12.72 g/cm
3
) and NBH-Arun (12.85 g/cm
3
).
Sim i lar to the pres ent find ings, Swarup and Sharma
(11) had also no ticed wide range of vari a tions in the
head com pact ness amongst the cab bages cultivars.
Whereas, the ascor bic acid was found max i mum in
hy brid Blue Di a mond (139.53 mg/100 g) fol lowed
by Green Hero (136.80 mg/100 g) and it was
Golden Acre (93.20 mg/100 g) re cord ing the
min i mum ascor bic acid con tents in leaves. Sim i lar
kind of vari a tion in leaf ascor bic acid con tent of
broc coli va ri et ies were also re ported by Kaur et. al.
(4) study.
With re gard to yield pa ram e ters viz., head
size, net head weight and yield (q/ha) the hy brids
NBH-Arun and T-50 pro duced the larg est head size
be ing at par to each other i.e. 515.05 cm
2
and
511.50 cm
2
, re spec tively. The max i mum net head
weight (2.106 kg) and yield (801.19 q/ha) was
ob served in hy brid T-50 was sig nif i cantly su pe rior
over all other for net head weight and yield (q/ha).
The min i mum yield pa ram e ters were found in open
pol li nated var iety i.e. Golden Acre. In a sim i lar
study Pandey et al. (5) re ported that yield of
cab bage var ies greatly de pend ing upon cultivar and
early ma tur ing cultivars gen er ally pro duced lower
yield due to a shorter grow ing sea son as com pared
to mid and late cultivar as ob served in the pres ent
study.
REF ER ENCES
1. Bhagchandani, P. M., Varma , T. S. and Singh,
N. (1977). Study on se lec tion of cab bage
cultivars for sum mer cul ti va tion in the hills.
In dian J. Hort. 34(1): 60-63.
2. Boswell and Pearson. (1934). De scrip tion of
types of prin ci pal va ri et ies in cab bage. US
De part ment of Ag ri cul ture Mis cel la neous
Pub li ca tion. 169 p.
3. Islami, Prifti, T. and Shumeli, M. (1990).
Agrobiological eval u a tion of some forms of
cab bage. buletinii Skencacea Bujdesore, 28
(4):59-63.
4. Kaur, C., Kumar, K., Dahuja, A. and Kapoor,
H.C. (2007). Vari a tion in an ti ox i dant ac tiv ity in
broc coli cultivars. J. Food Biochem. 31(5) :
621-638.
5. Pandey, V., Ahmad, Z. and Kumar, N. (2002).
Per for mance of cab bage hy brids in the mid dle
hill con di tions of the cen tral Hi ma la yas. Sabaro
J. Breed . and Ge net ., 34(1):45-47.
6. Reis, Casali, Macedo and Reis. (2003).
De part ment de Quimica, Universidable Fedral
de Vicosa, Vicosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 53(4):
325-333.
7. Sharma, K.C. and Verma, S. (2000).
Per for mance of some cab bage cultivars un der
dry tem per ate high hills of Himanchal Pradesh.
In dian J. Hort., 57(3) : 248-249.
8. Singh, B.K., Sharma, S.R. and Singh, B. (2009).
Heterosis for min eral el e ments in sin gle cross-
hy brids of cab bage. Sci. Hort., 122 (1): 32 -36.
9. Singh, B.K., Sharma, S.R. and Singh, B. (2010).
Vari a tion in min eral con cen tra tions among
cultivars and germplasms of cab bage. J. Plant
Nutri. 33 (1): 95-04
10. Srihari and Satyanarayans (1992). Eval u a tion of
some ex otic cab bage F
1
hy brids and cultivars.
South In dian Hort., 40 (1) : 28-33.
11. Swarup, V. and Sharma, B.R. (1965).
In her i tance of some ex otic cab bage F
1
hy brids
and cultivars. South In dian Hort., 40 (1): 28-33.
12. Znidarcic, Marsic, osvald, pozrl, and Trdan.
(2007). Yield and quality of early cabbage in
response to within row plant spacing. Acta Agri.
Slovenica. 89(1):15-23.
Re search Note :
IM PACT OF MICRONUTRIENT SPRAY ON GROWTH, YIELD AND
QUAL ITY OF TO MATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)
H.M.Singh* and Jitendra Kumar Tiwari
Na tional Hor ti cul tural Re search and De vel op ment Foun da tionKota
*E-mail:-hmsingh1983@ya hoo.com; jktiwari17@ya hoo.in
AB STRACT: The pres ent ex per i ment com prised of five lev els of micronutrient and two lev els of
con cen tra tion. The max i mum plant height, num ber of leaves per plant, num ber of flowers per
plant, num ber of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plot, T.S.S. % and ascor bic acid (mg/100g) were
found with the ap pli ca tion of T
8
(Bo ric acid + Zinc sul phate + Cop per sul phate @ 250 ppm each).
The max i mum to tal sugar (%) was found un der T
0
(Con trol).
Keywords : To mato, bo ron, cop per, zinc.
To mato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)
be longs to fam ily Solanaceae hav ing chro mo some
no. 2n = 24. A large num ber of high yield ing
va ri et ies and hy brids of tomato has been de vel oped
by uni ver si ties, ICAR and other pri vate sec tors but
the na tional av er age yield has not re corded as
sig nif i cant level one of the main rea sons for this
wide gap is that proper em pha sis has not been given
on nutritional management. Ap pli ca tion of
micronutrients has got the tremendous ef fects
be sides the use of ma jor nu tri ent fer til izers to
in crease crop yield. Adams (1) re ported that
micro nut ri ents like bo ron, cop per and zinc if
ap plied through fo liage can also im prove the
veg e ta tive growth, fruit set and yield of to mato.
Re sponse of veg e ta ble crops to ap pli ca tion of
small quan tity of micro nut ri ent el e ments has been
re ported by Mallick and Mathukrishnan (4). The
main func tions of micronutrients are to help in the
pho to syn the sis of green plants as well as the
syn the sis of chlo ro phyll. The el e ments bo ron,
cop per, man ga nese, iron, zinc and mo lyb de num are
clas si fied as es sen tial micronutrients be cause their
re quire ment is rel a tively low but they are as
essential as the larger amount of primary and
secondary nutrients for plant growth and
development.
The pres ent in ves ti ga tion on yield and qual ity
of F
1
hy brid to mato var. Rashmi was car ried out
un der field con di tions in the De part ment of
Hor ti cul ture, Allahabad Ag ri cul tural In sti tute,
Naini Allahabad (U.P.) dur ing win ter sea son of
2005-2006. There were a total of 11 treatments viz.
T
0
-Con trol, T
1
-Bo ric acid @100 ppm, T
2
-Bo ric
acid @ 250 ppm, T
3
-Zinc sul phate @100 ppm,
T
4
-Zinc sul phate @ 250 ppm, T
5
-Cop per sul phate
@ 100 ppm, T
6
-Cop per sul phate @ 250 ppm,
T
7
-Bo ric acid + Zinc sul phate + Cop per sul phate @
100 ppm each, T
8
-Bo ric acid + Zinc sul phate +
Cop per sul phate @ 250 ppm each, T
9
-Com mer cial
for mu la tion (Mul ti plex) @100 ppm and
T
10
-Com mer cial for mu la tion (Mul ti plex) @ 250
ppm.
Treatments were applied as faliar spray of
micro-nutrients two times at 30 and 45 days after
tomato seedlings transplanting which were
replicated thrice in randomized block design. All
cultural practises recommended for growing good
crop were followed. Observations on various
growth and yield parameters were recorded and
analysed statistically.
The ob ser va tions (Table 1) revealed at that the
max i mum plant height (80.40 cm) was re corded in
treat ment T
8
(80.40cm) fol lowed by T
7
(77.20 cm)
and T
6
(77.07 cm) whereas, the min i mum plant
height (66.60 cm) was re corded in treat ment T
0
(con trol) fol lowed by T
3
(72.07 cm). Com bined
ap pli ca tion of micronutrient in creased the plant
height which might be due to the fact that zinc may
serve as source of en ergy for syn the sis of auxin,
which helps in elon ga tion of stem. Sim i lar find ings
88 Singh and Tiwari
were also re ported by Bose and Tripathi (2).
Max i mum num ber of leaves per plant was re corded
in treat ment T
8
(54.40) fol lowed by T
7
(52.33)
while min i mum num ber of leaves per plant was
re corded in T
0
3
(48.20) and
T
9
(48.73).
Max i mum num ber of flow ers per plant was
re corded in T
8
6
and T
7
(39.07), whereas min i mum num ber of flow ers was
re corded in T
0
3
(34.93) and
T
9
(36.07). The vari a tion in num ber of flow ers per
in flo res cence might be due to e nhancement in
translocation of car bo hy drate from the site of
syn the sis to stor age tis sue in plant and due to
micronutrient com bi na tion par tic u larly bo rax.
Sim i lar re sults have also been reported by Pandita
et al. (5).
The max i mum fruit yield per plant was
ob served with T
7
and T
8
(1.18 kg each) fol lowed by
fol lowed by T
6
(1.17 kg), while min i mum fruit
yield per plant was re corded in T
0
and T
3
(1.09 kg
each) fol lowed by T
9
(1.10) and T
1
and T
5
(1.11 kg).
The max i mum TSS per cent age was re corded in
treat ment T
8
7
(8.53%) while
min i mum TSS % was re corded in T
0
(7.87%)
fol lowed by and T
3
(7.93%) and T
9
(7.97%). The
re sults are in agree ment with the find ings of Rawat
and Mathpal (6).
The max i mum to tal sugar (Brix) was
re corded with T
0
(4.53 Brix) fol lowed by T
1
(4.33)
and T
2
(4.23), whereas min i mum to tal sugar was
re corded with T
10
8
and T
9
(3.90 Brix). The max i mum ascor bic acid was
re corded in T
8
(931.99 mg/100g) fol lowed by T
7
(31.33) and T
6
(30.64), while min i mum ascor bic
acid was re corded in T
0
(28.08). Mallick and
Muthukrishnan (4) and Chatterjee et al. (3)
con firmed that zinc in creased the ascor bic acid
con tent.
The max i mum fruit yield per ha was re corded
with T
8
(375.94 q) fol lowed by T
7
(353.77 q) and T
6
(348.03 q), whereas min i mum fruit yield per ha was
re corded in T
0
(291.67 q) fol lowed by T
3
(306.94 q)
and T
9
(308.64 q).
On the ba sis of the above result it is con cluded
that fo liar ap pli ca tion of bo ric acid + zinc sul phate
Ta ble 1: Ef fect of treat ments on dif fer ent pa ram e ters of to mato cv. Rashmi.
Treat-
ments
Plant
height
(cm)
Number
of leaves/
plant
Number
of
flowers/
plant
Number
of fruits/
plant
Fruit
yield/
plant
(kg)
Fruit
yield
(q/ha)
T.S.S.
(%)
Total
sugar
(%)
Ascorbic
acid
(mg/
100g)
T
0
66.60 41.67 30.87 21.53 1.09 291.67 7.87 4.53 28.08
T
1
75.07 49.27 36.60 28.07 1011 319.13 8.20 4.33 29.00
T
2
76.13 50.93 37.67 29.67 1.15 344.70 8.50 4.23 30.16
T
3
72.07 48.20 34.93 26.20 1.09 306.94 7.93 4.20 28.41
T
4
75.53 49.80 36.80 28.33 1.12 328.70 8.20 4.20 29.17
T
5
72.93 48.93 36.20 26.80 1.11 314.70 8.17 4.10 28.93
T
6
77.07 50.93 39.07 31.40 1.17 348.03 8.50 4.07 30.64
T
7
77.20 52.33 39.07 32.67 1.18 353.77 8.53 4.00 31.33
T
8
80.40 54.40 41.47 35.67 1.18 375.94 8.70 3.90 31.99
T
9
72.13 48.73 36.07 26.53 1.10 308.64 7.97 3.90 28.60
T
10
75.67 50.80 37.67 29.47 1.14 339.76 8.27 3.83 29.77
CD
(P=0.05)
0.98
1.18 1.05 0.84 0.02 5.26 0.13 0.13 0.44
+ cop per sul phate @ 250 ppm each was found
su pe rior over other treat ments for growth,
flow er ing, yield and qual ity of to mato.
REF ER ENCES
1. Ad ams, P. (2004). Ef fect of nu tri tion on to mato
qual ity. To ma toes in peat. How feed vari a tions
af fect yield. Grower, 89 (20): 1142-1143, 1145.
2. Bose, U.S. and Tripathi, S.K. (1996). Ef fect of
micro nut ri ents on growth, yield and quality of
to mato cv. Pusa Ruby in M.P. Crop Re s., Hissar,
12 (1): 61-64.
3. Chatterjee, C., Sinha, P., Sinha, Pratima and
Dube, B.K. (2003). Ef fect of zinc on the yield
and qual ity of to mato. In dian J. Hor t., 60 (1):
59-63.
4. Mallick, M.F.R. and Muthukrishnan, C.R.
(1980). Ef fect of micro nut ri ents on to mato
(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), II. Ef fect on
flow er ing, fruit-set and yield. South In dian
Hor t., 28 (1): 14-20.
5. Pandita, M.L., Arora, S.K. and Kirti Singh
(1976). Ef fect of plant reg u la tors on the fruit set,
early and to tal yield of to mato va ri ety HS-101
dur ing sum mer sea son. Haryana J. Hort. Sci., 8
(3-4): 112-116.
6. Rawat, P.S. and Mathpal, K.N. (1984). Ef fect of
micro nut ri ents on yield and sugar me tab o lism of
some of the veg e ta bles un der Kumaun Hill
con di tions. Sci ence and Cul ture, 50 (8):
243-244.
Impact of micronutrient spray on growth, yield and quality of tomato 89
Re search Note :
EF FECT OF NAT U RAL AND CHEM I CAL FLO RAL PRE SER VA TIVES ON
THE VASE LIFE OF DEN DRO BIUM HY BRID SONIA-17
Prathamesh Vaidya* and John P. Collis
De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, Sam Higginbottom In sti tute of Ag ri cul ture, Tech nol ogy and Sci ences,
Allahabad-211007(U.P.)
*E-mail: pratham1828746@gmail.com
AB STRACT: Observations on vase life and bud opening of cut flowers of Dendrobium cv.
Sonia-17 as influenced by floral preservatives revealed that maximum vase life (37.33 days),
flower diameter (8.14 cm), number of florets open at a time (7.30) and longest blooming period
were recorded with 75 ppm HQC + 75 ppm AgNO
3
+ 2% sucrose.
Keywords : Or chid flower, pre ser va tives, wa ter up take, vase life.
Or chids, be long ing to the fam ily Orchidaceae,
are the most fas ci nat ing and beau ti ful flow ers. They
con sti tute an or der of roy alty in the world of
or na men tal plants and they are of im mense
hor ti cul tural im por tance and play a very use ful role
to bal ance the for est eco sys tem be cause of rich ness
of the or chids flora. In the pro duc tion of cut flower
one of the most im por tant as pects is to de liver the
flower in gar den fresh con di tion to the mar ket, but
this is rather a del i cate job. Flow ers are not adapted
to long term sur vival. The cut flower dif fers from
other hor ti cul tural prod ucts in many ways. Flo ral
pre ser va tive are com monly used to re tard the
se nes cence pro cesses in the vase life of cut flowers.
Pre ser va tives can of ten at least dou ble the lon gev ity
of cut flow ers. Keep ing this in view, the pres ent
in ves ti ga tion was carried out.
The study was con ducted in the lab o ra tory of
the De part ment of Hor ti cul ture, SHIATS,
Allahabad in com pletely ran dom ized de sign (CRD)
u sing dif fer ent con cen tra tions and com bi na tion of
chem i cals with nine treat ments and one con trol
rep li cated thrice with ten flowers per treatment, viz.
T
1
(con trol), T
2
(25% co co nut wa ter), T
3
(50%
co co nut wa ter) T
4
(150 ppm 8-HQC + 2% su crose),
T
5
(25 ppm AgNO
3
+ 2% su crose), T
6
(50 ppm
AgNO
3
+ 2% su crose), T
7
(150 ppm STS + 2%
su crose), T8 (75 ppm 8-HQC + 150 ppm Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2% su crose), T
9
(10 ppm KMNO
4
) and T
10
(75
ppm 8-HQC + 75 ppm AgNO
3
+ 2% su crose).
The flow ers of Dendrobium cv. Sonia-17 were
cut in the early morn ing, wrapped in Craft pa per in
groups and translocated ver ti cally un der dry
con di tions to the lab o ra tory within two hours. Then
the flow ers were rap idly precooled by plac ing them
in cool wa ter for 3 hours. The flow ers were placed
in glass bot tles con tain ing 250 ml of pre vi ously
men tioned chem i cal pre ser va tive so lu tions as well
as dis tilled wa ter as con trol treat ment and kept in
the lab o ra tory at room tem per a ture (25 2C) for
10 days; 30 35 % RH and con tin u ous light ing
with flu o res cent lamps 1000 lux. The ob ser va tions
on days to bud open ing, vase life (days), flower
fresh weight (g) and fresh ness (days), flower
di am e ter (cm), no. of max i mum open flo ret at a
time, so lu tion up take (ml), pig men ta tion ex tend
(days), bud open ing (%), days to open ing of first
bud and to tal bloom ing pe riod (days) were
recorded.
The re sults ex pressed in Ta ble 1 re vealed that
max i mum vase life of cut flower (37.33 days) was
re corded in the treat ment T
10
(75 ppm 8-HQC + 75
ppm AgNO
3
+ 2% su crose) and the min i mum vase
life (17.66 days) was re corded with T
1
(con trol).
High vase life was ac com pa nied by low ion leak age
per cent age. Apart from be ing a broad spec trum
bac te rium and fun gi cides, 8-HQC com pound have
been re ported to re duce the phys i o log i cal stem
block age in ster ile tis sue. Data on flower wa ter
con tent (Ta ble 1) with low ion leak age per cent age
had high wa ter con tent. Meeteren (5) re ported that
wa ter con tent can cause de crease in wa ter re tain ing
ca pac ity of the pet als. The on set of the de cline in
wa ter con tent was de pended on the cultivar and
as so ci ated with in crease of ion leak age. It is
nec es sary to men tion that high wa ter con tent and
also high ion leak age prob a bly oc curs due to
dif fer ent phys i o log i cal be hav iour from one cultivar
to an other. So in the pres ent study, phys i o log i cal
be hav iour in this man ner may be ob serv ing.
The flower di am e ters were sig nif i cantly
in flu enced by 8-HQC, su crose and its
con cen tra tions. Max i mum flower di am e ter (8.14
cm) was re corded with T
10
(75 ppm 8-HQC + 75
ppm AgNO
3
+ 2% su crose) and min i mum flower
di am e ter (6.40 cm) was re corded with con trol T
0
.
The flower di am e ter is a suit able in dex to flower
open ing and the stem di am e ter is im por tant fac tor
of flower qual ity and play im por tant role in flower
mar ket ing. The re sults in di cated that the ef fect of
treat ments on wa ter up take was sig nif i cant. .
Pre-har vest fac tors have di rect ef fect on fresh
weight of cut flow ers. Evap o ra tion and
tran spi ra tion are two im por tant fac tors that cause to
re duce fresh weight and re duc ing of fresh weight
play im por tant role to de ter mine vase life. Wilt ing
of pet als re duces their or na men tal value as it
sup ported in the ex per i ment re sults (Amariulei and
Burgo, 1 and Nowak and Rudnicki, 6).
Data (Ta ble 1) in di cated that max i mum vase
so lu tion up take (7.30 ml) was ob served in treat ment
T
10
(75 ppm 8-HQC + 75 ppm AgNO
3
+ 2%
su crose) fol lowed by 75 ppm 8-HQC + 150 ppm
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 2% su crose (6.99 ml) and sig nif i cantly
in creased wa ter up take in most cases as com pared
to flow ers plac ing in other so lu tions or dis tilled
wa ter (con trol). Also, it is clear from data that with
the ex ten sion of shelf life pe riod, a grad u al de crease
in the amount of wa ter up take was ob served af ter
that day in most treat ments. The re sults are in
agree ment with those of Farahat and Gaber (3) on
Monestera deli ci osa. Su crose helps in main tain ing
the wa ter bal ance and tur gid ity. Hence, ad di tion of
su crose to hold ing so lu tion might have lead to
in creased up take of the hold ing so lu tion. In our
study, the de clin ing of wa ter up take by flow ers
when they placed in wa ter may be due to vas cu lar
block age par tic u larly at the stem base and us ing
8-HQS at var i ous con cen tra tions acted as a biocide
in hib it ing mi cro bial pop u la tion that might have
Effect of natural and chemical floral preservatives on the vase life of dendrobium hybrid sonia-17 91
Table1: Ef fect of nat u ral and chem i cal flo ral pre ser va tives on the quantative char ac ters of den dro bium or chids.
Treatment
details
Vase life
(days)
Floral
diameter
(cm)
Vase solution
uptake (cm)
Pigmentation
extend (days)
Percentage of
bud opening
(%)
Days to opening
of the first bud
T
1
17.66 6.40 4.45 17.66 54.00 7.33
T
2
23.55 6.73 4.99 23.55 63.44 6.44
T
3
25.33 6.77 4.88 25.33 67.54 6.44
T
4
32.33 7.18 5.99 30.33 73.42 4.55
T
5
29.22 7.18 5.22 27.33 65.00 5.99
T
6
30.55 7.35 5.11 28.55 62.46 5.66
T
7
31.44 7.00 5.21 29.22 66.00 4.66
T
8
34.88 7.94 6.99 23.85 74.28 4.33
T
9
2.15 6.65 4.88 19.15 65.40 6.99
T
10
37.33 8.14 7.30 32.33 70.27 4.33
Mean 28.24 7.13 34.47 26.71 66.18 5.67
CD (P=0.05) 1.58 0.12 1.11 1.08 2.32 0.27
re sulted in block age of the vas cu lar tis sues, and
sub se quently caused stem break.
Pig men ta tion ex tent of flower in clud ing
Den dro bium cv. Sonia-17 sig nif i cantly de pends on
the qual ity of vase wa ter, mois ture retention
ca pac ity of flower and wind ve loc ity. The data
(Ta ble 1) showed max i mum pig men ta tion ex tent
(32.33 days) was re corded in treat ment T
10
(75 ppm
8-HQC + 75 ppm AgNO
3
+ 2% su crose) fol lowed
by treat ment 150 ppm 8-HQC + 2% su crose (30.33
days) and min i mum was (17.33 days) re corded in
con trol.
It is ev i dent from the data (Table 1) that the
per cent ages of bud open ing were sig nif i cantly
af fected by all flo ral pre ser va tives as com pared
with con trol. Among all the treat ments, the
max i mum per cent age of bud open ing was re corded
with treat ment T
8
(74.28%) fol lowed by T
4
(73.42%), T
10
(70.27%) and min i mum (54.00%)
re corded in con trol. HQC was more ef fec tive in
in creas ing bud open ing and vase life than AgNO
3
.
This was sim i lar to the re sults (Ketsa and Boonrote,
4) for Den dro bium Youppadeewan flow ers. The
su pe ri or ity of HQC over AgNO
3
may have been
due to the rel a tive im mo bil ity of AgNO
3
in the stem
(Veen and Van de Geijin, 7). How ever, when
AgNO
3
was re placed by STS in the hold ing
so lu tion, bud open ing and vase life were not
in creased confirming to reports of Chand et al. (2).
In fact, STS re duced vase life (Ta ble 1) and wa ter
up take of or chid flow ers, par tic u larly the whole
in flo res cence and halved in flo res cence bear ing
only open flo rets. The com bi na tion of HQC and
AgNO
3
was more ef fec tive in main tain ing wa ter
up take and pro long ing vase life than when ei ther
HQC or AgNO
3
was used alone in com bi na tion
with glu cose. This sug gests that the syn er gis tic
ef fect of HQC and AgNO
3
on in creas ing vase life
and in creased wa ter up take. Both HQC and AgNO
3
may have spe cific antimicrobial ac tiv i ties which is
why they can not be sub sti tuted for each other.
REF ER ENCES
1. Amariulei, A. and Burgo. L. (1981). Ef fect of
su crose con cen tra tion in the hold ing so lu tion on
the qual ity of car na tion. Pro duc tive Veg e ta ble
Hor ti ., 30 (2): 34-38.
2. Chand, S., Kumar, V. and Kumar, J. (2012).
Ef fect of AgNO
3
and 8-HQC on vase life of cut
rose. HortFlora Res. Spec trum, 1 (4):380-382
3. Farahat, M.M. and Gaber, A. (2009). In flu ence
of pre ser va tive ma te ri als on postharvest
per for mance of cut win dow leaf fo liage
(Monstera deli ci osa). Acta Hort., 3: 1715-1718.
4. Ketsa, S. and Boonrote, A. (1990). Hold ing
so lu tions for max i miz ing bud open ing and
vase-life of Den dro bium Youppadeewan
flow ers. J. Hortic. Sci., 65: 41-47.
5. Meeteren, Van U. (1978). Wa ter re la tions and
keep ing-qual ity of cut gerbera flow ers. I. Wa ter
bal ance of ag ing flow ers. Scientia Hort. 9:
189-197.
6. Nowak, J. and Rudnicki, R.M. (1990).
Postharvest han dling and stor age of cut flow ers,
flo rist greens and pot ted plants, Or e gon. U.S.A,
Tim ber press. Inc. Reid M (2001). Ad vances in
ship ping and han dling of ornamentals. Acta
Hort. 543: 277-284.
7. Veen, H. and Van de Geijin, S.C. (1978).
Mobility and ionic form of silver as related to
longevity of cut carnations. Planta, 140: 93-96.
92 Vaidya and Collis

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