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Contemporary Geographic
Issue
Migration.
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What is migration
MIGRATION is the movement of people from one country or
locality to another.
Migration affects the distribution of people within a country or
region as well as the total population of a region.
INTERNAL MIGRATION is movement from one place to
another place within a country
EXTERNAL MIGRATION is the movement across boarders of
countries (which affects the total population of a country)
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MIGRATION MODEL
PULL FACTORS
attractions to other areas:
Better jobs
Improved health, education
and entertainment
Peace, freedom and security
IMMIGRATION (inward
migration)

PUSH FACTORS
where people are forced
out of areas by:
lack of employment
Poor living conditions
Religious intolerance
Political unrest/war
EMIGRATION (outward
migration)



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NET MIGRATION
NET MIGRATION = IMMIGRATION EMIGRATION
Population increases when more people move to NZ than
move out of NZ. The reverse is also true, population will
decrease when more people leave than arrive.
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MIGRATION TRENDS
1960s onwards NZ birthrate is falling
War causes net migration losses.
NZ economy has caused fluctuating net migration loss.
Recent governments have tried to encourage young, educated,
and wealthy immigrants to NZ to boost population growth.
Historically from European countries but now increasingly from
Asia
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Create a timeline
1966: Cyclone increases P.I. population in NZ
1960s: Cook Islanders, Niueans and Tokelauans get free entry
as NZ citizens.
1860s: Gold rush brings in global immigrants.
2000: educated and skilled migrants most important.
mid 1970s: formal ending of assisted immigration from the UK
1870s: free or assisted ship passages for immigrants
1980s & 90s: Increase in South African & Asian migrants.
Late 1970s: refugees arrive from Uganda, Chile, Vietnam,
Cambodia & Laos.
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List the following into push or pull
Higher wages
Better job prospects
Improved housing
Low income
High unemployment
Housing shortages
Health care
Adverse climate
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Ethnic groups
in AKL
Male
%
Female
%
Ethnic groups
in NZ
Male
%
Female %
European 55 57 European 67 68
Maori 11 11 Maori 15 15
Pacific 14 14 Pacific 7 7
Asian 19 19 Asian 9 9
Middle eastern
/ Latin
American /
African
2 1 Middle eastern
/ Latin
American /
African
1 1
other 9 8 other 12 11
Ethnic groups in AKL vs NZ (2006)
Create 2 double line graphs