"manishkumarphysics.

in"
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CHEMISTRY
fua ui4a
sf4
~ f-~ == = f4 = z 4 z= ~= , ~ - ~ f4 f ~ - ~t z ~, ~
= ~ ~. ~==~. ft f4 . f4 ~ f~ ~ :f~ ~- ~t z
t.(~ f =4f-~ +f~ = z ~t =4f-~ f ~. ~ ~-. ~f- ~- ~-
~~ z t. -. =4f-~ ~ff+4 , =f ~ "z ~t z = f ~- ~ f4 v4~
~t z
fuaiui4fa+ un
t i=il-+ -i +i l- -i n i--l- +- + ln (+ -+i t
l-i=il-+ =n <i +i + ti- t
nfa+ un 4i iat+ un fua siaat4 un
(+ -- i=il-+ ~lil+i l - iii ,ii (+ ~-- ~lil+i
l- iii --- +-i t =--- ti-i t
un +t aia
t <i ~z=n i-i t. + n (+ i+ ti-i t
l=n (+ ii- i+i ti -i t i +i :-+ ~i-i + ni
ln- n i t-i t
ii- i+i +i :n + i +ti i-i t -ii (+ -in+-i
-i ,ii --t ii i-i t
(+ ni =- ,ii <i-i ln-i +i ii i-i t
ni ua + +i4
ni = - (+ U-~i+ l- ini -i- -ln+i ti -i t i (+ ~l+ l -~i ini (+ ni + =ni- - i-i t
li +i i +- + ln( t <i ~z =n + ln- +i i -i t
t < +zi - li +i l----n +-i t <i < i + +zi - (= li) + i- --- lii-- +i < < = li li
+t- t
t ln- +i l- -<i=i--i -i i-i t -il+ l- iii +i nni-i it ti-i t
'ni = - n ln n K
+
-ii NO
3

~i-i + =ni- n ~ii =ni- nl-ziin-i + +ii (-i i+ ~i +=i+i iin -ii
+ii l+ ~-- iin +i l- -<i=i--i (+ =ii t-i t
l< ni =- ti l<i i( -i i--i ln+ zi- ti i-i t
ln- n ~l+ l- ~i + ~i- < = ~i-i + =ii l+i -ti +- t. -ii :n+i i ~i- - -i
~i+=i+ - ~i -i ti ~-l- ti - t
=ini-- +i (+ vi+ l-+ l - ~i i (-i + ii iin n ~nn ~nn ti - t . + =ii =-i -nn (t
ni ) + =ii ~n~n - i = ii i-i t
t <i l- ~i-i ln-i +i ilzi+i = lnl- ti- = i+-i t
< < zia fi :
< (+ <= + =ii =-+ +- t -i <i ln-i + i- lii-- --- ti -i t
rnai fi :
t v + n i (-i = +ii lzi- :n + i -i +i < i++i < -i t -ii + ii +i ~i ii --i t (+ l - li t .
i l - it+ n +tni-i t =ii ti := = n li ~ii = ni - ii +ti i-i t :=+i :+i: i - n t
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298 K -ii 1 i <i 1 M=i-<-i ln- + ~i-i -ii ii- :n + ii + i- --- lii-- +i ni-+
:n + i li +ti i-i t
iut+i fi(O.P.) : s4a fi (R.P.)
~i+=i+i ~z ~lil+i ~-- ~z ~lil+i
+ ln( :n + i li + ln( :n + i li
~i+=i+- ti - +i l- ~-l- ti- +i l-
~i +=i+i li (OP) l--i ~li+ ti ni ~-- li (RP) l--i ~li+ ti ni
~i+=i+ - ti - +i l- ii ~li+ ti ni ~-l- ti - +i l- ii ~li+ ti ni
rn ai + s +i ia+ sffifa rnai fif+4i s<zia
1. ii- :n + i ~-- : Zn
2+
+ 2e

Zn(s)
0
) s ( Zn / Zn
2 E + ( SRP)
(Zn :n +i, ~i+=i+i : Zn(s) Zn
2+
+ 2e

0
Zn / ) s ( Zn
2 E + (SOP)
Cu :n +i ~il<)
2. ti: i - i +=i: ~-- : 2e

+ 2H
+
+ H
2
O
2
2H
2
O
0
O H / O H
2 2 2
E
:n+ i ~i+=i+i : H
2
O
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e

0
O / O H
2 2 2
E
3. i += :n + i ~-- : MnO
4

+ 8H
+
+ 5e

Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
0
Mn / MnO
2
4
E +
4. ii- ii- ni ~-- : AgCl(s) + e

Ag(s) + Cl

0
Cl / ) s ( Ag / ) s ( AgCl
E
~ln :n + i ~i+=i+i : Ag(s) +Cl

AgCl(s) + e

0
Cl / ) s ( AgCl / ) s ( Ag
E
u-<i rn ai
(+ :n + i +i = <i :n + i ni-+ < = :n + i i + ln( =-<i :n + i + =-<i n :n + i li ai- +- t
ni-+ ti: i - :n+ i (SHE) ni-+ =-l-i- :n + i + n lni i-i t := :n+ i li +i 0.0 i -
+ n lni i-i t
ni-+ ti: i - li (SHE) i -n l-n :n + i +i i-i t H
2
n = ni-+ ~-ii l-il- (1 atmH
2
gas, 1
MH
+
(aq), 25C) ni H
+
~i- + =-+ n ti-i t
2H
+
(aq, 1M) + 2e

H
2
(g, 1 atm) E = 0.0 V
H
2
(g, 1atm) 2H
+
(aq, 1M) + 2e

E = 0.0 V
u nfi :
<i ~z = n ~lil+i~i (~i +=i+i ~z = n -ii ~-- ~z = n) + :n + i li n ~-- +i = n + l.i.
n ~ii = n li + n i-i i-i t
<i -i :n + i i +i ~-- li +in n lni i-i ti
E
cell
= + ii +i ~-- li (-i +i ~-- li = E
(Red
n
) + ii
E
(Red
n
)(-ii
(<i -i ~-- li t )
ni-+ = n li E t = n li t ~li+i+ -i< <i -i --+i ni-+ ~-ii~i n ti ln 1 M=i-< -i
n = 1 atm <i . ai = -ii < ziz n . =ii ti =ini--i :- =ii + ln( -i 25 Ct

0
cell
E (+ ~niziin+ (nizii---zi) n iin ti -i t :=ln( l+=i = i ,ii = n ~lil+i +i n iiiin < -
0
cell
E
=n -ti <nni
unfif+4i + fny a ai sfaa
n +- -i l- - AG(=i- -ninl-+i izii) -ii = n li E ((+ l - =il-+ nizii) <i -i (+ i=il-+
~lil+i + v + n +i nil- +- t
AG-ii E + ni- =ii =ni-i-i -ii l--- =ni+i ,ii =-l-i- ti- t
AG = nFE
ti n = ~lil+i n -ii-i--l- e

ni ni +i =i t
F = +i l--i+ = 96485 C/mole e

~ 96500 C/mole e

"manishkumarphysics.in"
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nfa+ un + fny uf+ia aiazia
(+ n = :n + i + ln( + ii +i l-il- n :n + i + -ii (-i + ln( :n + i + z-i- n = +i : ln-
l+i i-i t (~ii- Pt H
2
/ H
+
~ii H
+
/H
2
Pt)
rn ai fi +i sf+na
yai s +ii s
H
2
(g) 2H
+
+ 2e

2H
+
+ 2e

H
2
(g)
~i+=i+i li O.P. =
.) aq ( H / ) g ( H
2
E +
~-- li (R.P.)
) g ( H / H
2
E +
= RP
ni-+ ~-ii ni-+ ~-ii

.) aq ( H / ) g ( H
0
2
E
+
= SOP
0
) g ( H / H
2
E + = SRP
SHE + ln( =ii -i =-l-i- li zi - lni i-i t
SOP = SRP = 0, SHE + ln
l+=i < = :n + i + ln( ni-+ li l+ln- +- +
ln( (+ =n +i ni-+ ti:i- :n+i (SHE) + =ii
ln- l+i i-i t -ii :=+ li +i nii i-i t i l+ -=
:n + i + :n + i li +i ni- < -i t
yai : l+ :n+i
+ii : SHE
un : l+ :n+i || SHE
un fi :
E
=n
=
) g ( H / H
2
E +
E
Zn
2+
/Zn
= 0.76 V (298 K inin+ =)
~- E
0
Zn
2+
/Zn
= 0.76 V (SRP)
Zn
SO
4
2
Zn
2+
H O
2 2
Cl

N
+
H O
3
+
H
2
H O
2 2
Cl

Pt
H
2
os' k
Zn |Zn
2+
v ) Zl Sy d sl Sy foHko d sfy ,
, d xsYosfud l Sy A
xsYosuksehVj
y o. k fczt
, suksM
dSFkksM
E
0
Zn/Zn
2+
(aq)
= 0.76 V(SOP)
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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CHEMISTRY
fua iui4fa+ it
rnai fif+4i SRP (298 K )
* Li Li
+
+ e

Li(s) 3.05 V
K K
+
+ e

K (s) 2.93 V
Ba
Ca Ca
+2
+ 2e

Ca(s) 2.87 V
Na Na
+
+ e

Na(s) 2.71 V
Mg Mg
+2
+ 2e

Mg(s) 2.37 V
Al
* l- ~i (H
2
O) H
2
O(l) + e

2
1
H
2
+ OH

0.828 V
* Zn Zn
+2
+ 2e

Zn(s) 0.76 V
Cr Cr
+3
+ 3e

Cr(s) 0.74 V
* Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
-
Fe 0.44 V
Cd Cd
+2
+2e

Cd(s) 0.40 V
Co
Ni Ni
+2
+ 2e

Ni(s) 0.24 V
Sn Sn
+2
+ 2e

Sn(s) 0.14 V
Pb Pb
+2
+ 2e

Pb(s) 0.13 V
* H
2
2H
+
+ 2e

H
2
(g) 0.00 V
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e

Cu(s) 0.34 V
I
2
Fe Fe
3+
+ e

Fe
2+
0.77 V
Hg Hg
2
2+
+ 2e
-
Hg(l) 0.79 V
Ag Ag
+
+ e

Ag 0.80 V
Hg Hg
2+
Hg(l) 0.85 V
Br
2
Br
2
+ 2e

2Br

1.06 V
l - ~i
*
2
1
O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e

H
2
O() 1.23 V
* Cr
2
O
7
2
+ 14H
+
+ 6e

2Cr
+3
+ 7H
2
O 1.33 V
* Cl
2
Cl
2
+2e

2 Cl

1.36 V
* MnO
4

+ 8H
+
+ 5e

Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O 1.51 V
* F
2
+ 2e

2F

2.87 V
f<4 n4 {<i) rnaii +t uri4ai u aia rnai + rnai fi +i sf+na
l< n :n+ii +z inli-i llii +i =ti-i = 3
rd
:n+ i +i ~lil+i i-- +il(
- I
st
-ii 2
nd
~lil+i~i + ln AG + + z inli-i ~i zi- +i =ti-i = 3
rd
~lil+i +i AG l+ln-
+il(
~ai- E.P. l+ln- +- + ln AG
0
= nF E
0
elec
+- +il(

0
cell
E niziin+ --zi n iin t l< l+=i =i ,ii tn :n + i ~lil+i +i n iiiin +- t -i
0
cell
E ni-
ll-- -ti tini
~ii - Zn
2+
+ 2e

Zn(s) E = 0.76 V
2 + ,ii nii +-
2Zn
2+
+ 4e

2Zn(s) E = 0.76 V (=ni- t-i t)

Ex.6 l<i ni t l+ E
0
Cu
2+
/Cu
= 0.337 V -ii E
0
Cu
+
/Cu
2+
= 0.153 V. - E
0
Cu
+
/Cu
l+ln- +il( `
Sol. (i) Cu
2+
+ 2e

Cu AG
1
(ii) Cu
+
Cu
2+
+ e

AG
2
i - + z-i- Cu
+
+ e

Cu
AG
1
+ AG
2
= AG
3
2F
0
1
E F
0
2
E = F
0
3
E
E
3
= 2
0
1
E +
0
2
E = 2 x 0.337 0.153 = 0.674 0.153 = 0.521 V
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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CHEMISTRY
Ex.7
+
4
2
MnO / Mn
0
E = 1.51 V
2
2
Mn / MnO
0
E
+
= + 1.23 V
2 4
MnO / MnO
0
E

= ? (=ii ~-ni nin n )
Sol. 4H
2
O + Mn
2+
Mn

4
O + 8H
+
+ 5e

AG
1
(i) Mn

4
O + 8H
+
+ 5e

4H
2
O + Mn
2+
AG
1
2e

+ MnO
2
+ 4H
+
Mn
2+
+ 2H
2
O AG
2
(ii) 2H
2
O + Mn
2+
MnO
2
+4H
+
+ 2e

AG
2
(iii) 4H
+
+ Mn

4
O + 3e

MnO
2
+ 2H
2
O AG
3
(i) + (ii) = (iii)
AG
3
= AG
1
AG
2
3E
3
F = 5
0
1
E F + 2
0
2
E F
E =
3
] E 2 E 5 [
2 1
+
=
3
)] 23 . 1 ( 2 ) 51 . 1 ( 5 [ +
=
3
] 46 . 2 55 . 7 [ +
=
3
09 . 5 +
= 1.69 V
Ex.8 +i Fe
2+
lini- i-i+ - ti -i t . ~ii -ti `
Sol. := n in iil-zi +ti i-i t <ii il- (species) ~i- +i S.R.Pi i il- + SRP = ~li+ ti-i t . -
lini-i-i+i tini
aaa ut+i : (Nernst Equation)
=n li -ini- -ii ~lil+i lni + =na- l-i +-i t
t ln +i =i-<-i -ii l< +i: n= t -i -=+ <i l-i +-i t
-ninl-+i = =i-<-i :=+i l-i-i +i -- l+i i =+-i t
-ninl-+i =
AG = AG + RT ln Q
nFE = nFE + 2.303 R T log Q
E = E
nF
RT 303 . 2
log Q
l<i t ~i t T = 298 K
R = 8.314 J/mol K
F = 96500 C
~ tn i- t . E = E
n
059 . 0
log Q
ti n = -ii-i--l- :n+i- +i =i (~lil+i nii+) , Q= ~lil+i iin+n
~ni-+i ll-il-i + ~--n- = n li l+ln- +- + ln( --- =ni+i +- +i i =+-i t
-- - =ni+i +i ~z =n ~lil+i~i + ln( ii +- + =+- t
aaa ut+i + as4in
rnai fi + fn4 aaa ut+i
M
n+
(aq) + ne

M(s)
E
red
=
0
red
E
nF
RT
n (

+ n
M
) s ( M
E
red
=
0
red
E
nF
RT 303 . 2
log (

+ n
M
) s ( M
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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CHEMISTRY
298K . E
red
=
0
red
E
n
059 . 0
log (

+ n
M
1
riria rnai
H
2
(g) 2H
+
(aq) + 2e
E = E
0

2
0591 . 0
log
(
(

+
2
H
2
P
) H (
riia riia fn4t ni rnai
Zn
2+
+ 2e

Zn(s)
E
red
=
0
red
E
nF
RT 303 . 2
log |
|
.
|

\
|
+2
Zn
1
at 298K
E
red
=
0
red
E
2
059 . 0
log |
|
.
|

\
|
+2
Zn
1
nu rnai riria rnai
2H
+
+ 2e

H
2
(g)
E
red
=
0
red
E
2
059 . 0
log
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ 2
H
] H [
P
2
asis4t rnai
4H
2
O + Mn
2+
Mn

4
O + 8H
+
+ 5e

E
OX
=
0
ox
E
5
059 . 0

log
] Mn [
] H ][ MnO [
2
8
4
+
+
Ex.9 298K ti:i- :n+i +i R.P. l+ln- +il( ` i 1 atm<i 0.1 m=i-< -i + =ii (l=l+ ~-n +
ni ln- +i =ti-i = -ii i-i t (Ka = 1.8 10
5
)
Sol. [H
+
] =
c Ka
=
1 5
10 10 8 . 1


=
6
10 8 . 1

2H
+
+ 2e

H
2
E
red
=
0
red
E
2
059 . 0
log
2
H
] H [
P
2
+
(E
0
red.
= 0)
E
red
=
2
059 . 0
log |
|
.
|

\
|

6
10 8 . 1
1
=
2
059 . 0
[6 log (1.8)]
E
red
=
2
059 . 0
x 5.74 = 0.169 V
Ex.10 n ~i+=i+i+ +i -=i t `
(i) K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+ (+ ln- n . [Cr
2
O
7
2
] = 0.1 M [Cr
+3
] = 10
2
M-ii [H
+
] = 10
1
M
(ii) KMnO
4
+ (+ ln- n . [MnO
4

] = 10
1
M, [Mn
2+
] = 10
2
M, [H
+
] = 10
2
M
3 2
7 2
Cr / O Cr
0
E
+
= 1.33 V
2
4
Mn / MnO
0
E
+
= 1.51 V
Sol. (i) 14H
+
+ Cr
2
2
7
O 2Cr
+3
+ 7H
2
O + 6e

E
cell
= 1.33
6
059 . 0
log
(
(

14
4
10
10 10
= 1.33
6
059 . 0
x 111
E
red
= 1.33
6
649 . 0
= 1.330 0.108 = 1.222 V
(ii) 5e

+ 8H
+
+ Mn

4
O Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
"manishkumarphysics.in"
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CHEMISTRY
E
red
= 1.51
5
059 . 0
log
(
(

1 16
2
10 10
10
= 1.51 0.059 x 3 = 1.51 0.18 = 1.33 V
E
red.
~li+ t ~- ~-zi ~i +=i+i+ t
un fi + fny aaa ut+i
aA + bB CC + dD
E
=n
=
0
cell
E
nF
RT
lnQ
n :n+i -i +i = i i l+ =n ~lil+i +i -i- + <ii- l--- ti i-i t
fua iui4fa+ un ui4
AG
0
= nF
0
cell
E
AG = nF
0
cell
E
-ninl-+i =
AG = AG
0
+ RTnQ
i=il-+ =i- AG = 0
E
cell
= 0 =n l+=i +in +i -ti t i-i t
~- AG
0
= RTn K
eq
=i- nF
0
cell
E = 2.303 RT log (K
eq
)
log K
eq
=
RT 303 . 2
nF
0
cell
E
298 K -ii R = 8.314 J/mol K
log K
eq
=
059 . 0
n
0
cell
E
Ex.11 l--- +i E
cell
l+ln- +il(`
Pt(s)
( )
M 1 . 0 M 01 . 0
M 05 . 0 SO H in Cr , O Cr
M 10
) aq ( Cl
atm 1 . 0
) g ( Cl
4 2
3 2
7 2
2
2
=
+

l<i ni t l+
3
2
7 2 Cr /
0
O Cr
E
+

= 1.33 V , E
0
Cl

| Cl
2
= 1.36 V
Sol. 6e

+ 14H
+
+ Cr
2
2
7
O 2Cr
+3
+ 7H
2
O
[2Cl

Cl
2
+ 2e

] x 3
14H
+
+ 6Cl

+ Cr
2
2
7
O 3Cl
2
+ 2Cr
+3
+ 7H
2
O
0
cell
E = 1.33 (+1.36) = 0.03
E
cell
= 0.03
6
059 . 0
log
] O Cr [ ] Cl [ ] H [
] P [ ] Cr [
2
7 2
6 14
3
Cl
2 3
2
+
+
= 0.03
6
23 059 . 0
E
cell
= 0.26 V
Ex.12 25C ~lil+i Fe + Zn
2+
Zn + Fe
2+
+ ln E
cell
0.32 volt t Fe
2+
+i =i- =i-< -i +i ti ni. 1 M
Zn
2+
ln- n ~i- + (+ + +i ii i-i t ?
Sol. 25C tn --- =ni+i l--- i-- +- t
E =
n
0591 . 0
log K ... (i)
- l+ E
Cell
<i n: ~lil+i + ln( +iin+ t . :=ln( z- ~lil+i =--- ti -i t . l=+ ln( E
cell
+i ni- +0.32V
t, ~- Zn + Fe
2+
Fe + Zn
2+
; E
Cell
+ 0.32 V + ln(.
"manishkumarphysics.in"
8
CHEMISTRY
~, E =
n
0591 . 0
log
] Fe [
] Zn [
2
2
+
+
i 0.32 =
2
0591 . 0
log
] Fe [
1
2+
log [Fe
2+
] = 10.829 (i nin n-
[Fe
2+
] = 1.483 x 10
11
M
ui-<ai un :
(+ =i-<-i =n =ni- <ii = - <i :n+i = lnn+ -i ti-i i-i t l=n + :n+i :=+ ~i-i +
ln- n i ti -i t -ii ln- li-- =i-< -i ti -i t
(+ ni =- ,ii <i ln-i +i i+ l+i i-i t
a<iri, Ag(s) | Ag
+
(a
1
) || Ag
+
(a
2
) | Ag(s) (a
1
< a
2
) a
1
, a
2
+ ~z =n +i =i-<-i( t
LHS :n +i (-i : Ag (s) Ag
+
(a
1
) + e

RHS :n+i + ii : Ag
+
(a
2
) + e

Ag(s)
=-i =n ~lil+i : Ag
+
(a
2
) Ag
+
(a
1
) t
--- =ni+i l--- t.
E
cell
=
n
059 . 0
log
2
1
a
a
(ti n = 1, -ini-, 298 K)
:=i +i, <i lli-- <i P
1
-ii P
2
(P
1
> P
2
) <i ti:i- :n +i := =n l.i. n l--- t i (+ HCl
ln- n t ( t
E
cell
=
2
059 . 0
log
2
1
P
P
(298 K )
fn4ai nia+n aii fua ir+ n (riia riia fn4t ni rnai) :
(+ ~z =n ii- M= - -- ln- n :=+i ~- lni ni MA +- t ~ii - M(s) | MA (ni-+) ~ii, (+
ii- :=+i ~- ln i ni. =ni- +ii- + (+ ln i ni NaA + ln- + =ii =-+ n ti -i t
~ii- -ii l--- t M(s) | MA(s) | NaA
(+ ~- ln l,+ ni +i ln -i n i-+n (+ +i +i =i- l--i+ ti -i t
MX (s) M
+
(aq) + X

(aq) K
sp
= [M
+
] [X

]
yai s +ii s
M (s) M
+
(aq) + e

+ MX(s) M(s) + X

(aq)
usi fif+4i : MX (s) M
+
(aq) + X

(aq)
un s<zia : M | M
+
(ni-+ ln-) || NaA | MX (s) | M (s)
E
cell
= E
red
E
ox
-ninl-+i = AG = nFE
AG = 2.303 RT log K
sp
<i-i =ni+i +i i- 2.303 RT log K
sp
= nFE
~ii E =
nF
RT 303 . 2
log K
sp
E =
n
0591 . 0
log K
sp
25C
y+ un zii f+4i n4i +i4
(i) ni-i l+ l.i. n E+ (+ = n = 'n' + i ~i zi l-+in i- t . - = n ,ii l+i ni +i l--- +i = l+ln-
l+i i-i t
+i = ~i zi li = nFE
(ii) =n ,ii l+i ni +i = n +- -i n +ni
:=ln( AG = nFE
~ii W
~li+-n
= + nFE ti E =n +i ni-+ EMF t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
9
CHEMISTRY
Ex.13 -i- l< n l-n =n = i-- ~li+-n +i +i l+ln- +il(
Zn(s) | Zn
2+
(aq) || Cu
2+
(aq) | Cu (s). l<i ni t
Zn / Zn
2 E + = 0.76 V -ii
Cu / Cu
2 E + = + 0.34 V..
Sol. = n ~lil+i : Zn(s) + Cu
2+
(aq) Cu(s) + Zn
2+
(aq) ti n = 2
E
=n
= E
+ii
E
(-i
(~-- li + ~iii )
= + 0.34 (0.76) = 1.10 V
tn i-- t : W
~li+-n
= AG = nFE
= (2 mol) (96500 C mol) (1.10 V)
= 212300 C.V. = 212300 J (C.V. = J)
i W
~li+-n
= 212300 J
Ex.14 K
sp
l+ln- +il( ` l< 298 K -i- l< n :n+i + (PbSO
4
) E
=n
+i ni- 0.236 V t
Pb(s) |PbSO
4
(s)|Na
2
SO
4
(aq)||Pb(NO
3
)|Pb(s)
0.01 M 0.1 M
Sol. I E
=n
=
0
cell
E
2
059 . 0
log (

1 . 0
01 . 0
0.236 =
0
cell
E +
2
059 . 0
0
cell
E = 0.236 0.03 = 0.206 0.059 log[K
sp
]
Sol. II ni-i l+ t =i-<-i =n t.
(-i Pb(s)
+ 2
) a (
Pb +2e

+ ii
+ 2
) s (
Pb + 2e

Pb(s)
+ 2
) a (
Pb
+ 2
) a (
Pb
E
=n
=
0
cell
E
2
059 . 0
log
(
(

+
+
c
2
a
2
) Pb (
) Pb (
0.236 =
2
059 . 0
log
(
(

+
+
c
2
a
2
) Pb (
) Pb (
(Pb
2+
)
a
= 10
9
M
K
sp
= (Pb
2+
)
a a
2
4
) SO (

= 10
111
iai f+ 4f< 4r y+ ui-< un art r
(-i : Pb(s) +
2
4
SO (aq) PbSO
4
(s) + 2e

+ii : Pb
2+
(aq) + 2e

Pb(s)
= n ~lil+i Pb
2+
(c) +
2
4
SO (a) PbSO
4
(s)
0
cell
E =
0
Pb / Pb
2 E +
0
Pb | PbSO | SO
4
2
4
E =
0
Pb | Pb
2 E + (

+
+ + sp
0
Pb | Pb
K log
2
059 . 0
E
2
0
cell
E =
2
059 . 0
log K
sp
0.236 =
2
059 . 0
log K
sp

2
059 . 0
log
(
(

+
a ) SO ( ) Pb (
1
2
4 c
2
= log (

01 . 0 1 . 0
KSP
= log (

3
10
KSP
log10
8
K
sp
= 10
11
+ ni n rn ai
(+ + ni nn :n +i (+ -n l-n :n + i i-i t i + ninn (i: n+ i(I) +ni i: Hg
2
Cl
2
) -ii i lzin
+ni i: ln- + =ii =-+ n i n+i n i i i-i t
=ini-- ln- +i ilzin +nii: = =--- l+i i-i t
25C =n +i E
0
= 0.28 V(SHE + =i-i) t
ni-+ (=ini-) +ninn :n+i [Cl

] = 1M = 1N
yai s +ii s
"manishkumarphysics.in"
10
CHEMISTRY
2Hg()
+ 2
2
Hg (aq) + 2e
+ 2
2
Hg + 2e

2Hg()
+ 2
2
Hg (aq) + 2Cl

Hg
2
Cl
2
(s) Hg
2
Cl
2

+ 2
2
Hg (aq) + 2Cl

(aq)
2Hg() + 2Cl

(aq) Hg
2
Cl
2
(s) + 2e

Hg
2
Cl
2
(s) + 2e

Hg() + 2Cl
-
=n <zi- =n <zi-
Pt(s) |Hg() | Hg
2
Cl
2
(s) | Cl

(aq)|| +ii ((-i) || Cl

(aq) | Hg
2
Cl
2
|Hg() | Pt(s)
0
Cl / Cl Hg | Hg Pt
2 2
E
= SOP
0
) ( Hg | Cl Hg | Cl
2 2
E

= SRP
Hg / Cl Hg / Cl
2 2
E
=
0
Hg /
2
Cl
2
Hg / Cl
E


F
RT
n[Cl

]
Pt ) Hg ( M / M
n E +
=
0
Pt ) Hg ( M /
n
M
E
+

F
RT
n[
+ n
M
1
]
un fi +i ainfa+t4
tn i-- t l+ : AG
0
= nF
0
cell
E
AG = nFE
cell
G = H TS
-ninl-+i = H = E + PV (-i-i +n-
i- G = E + PV TS
~i lzi+ ~+n- ,ii
c G = c E + Pc V + Vc P T c S Sc T ...... (i)
-ninl-+i + 1
st
l-n =
E = q + W dW = PdV
c E = c q PdV
c q = c E + Pc V ...... (ii)
-ninl-+i + 2
nd
l-n =
ds =
T
dq
= dq = Tds ...... (iii)
=ni+i (i), (ii) -ii (iii) =
dG = Vc P Sc T
l-- <i i l+ i-- n =ii =i-ii- = n ~lil+i + ln( ll-il- t
dG = Sc T
S =
T
G
c
c
AS =
T
) G (
c
A c
AG = nFE
cell
AS = +nF
T
E
cell
c
c
T
E
cell
c
c
= =n ~lil+i +i -ini- nii+
AG = AH TAS
AH = nF E
cell
+ nFT
T
E
cell
c
c
f+i+ ut+i u ACp =
T c
c
(AH)
Cp (-i< +i) Cp (~li+i+ +i) =
T
E nF
cell
c
c
+ nFT
2
cell
2
T
E
c
c
+
T
E nF
cell
c
c
ACp = nFT
2
cell
2
T
E
c
c
"manishkumarphysics.in"
11
CHEMISTRY
fuasiaa aii fua sia4 un
fuasiaa :
l- ~i. i-i- -ii +ii- +i =i- ti - t i l+ nln- ~-ii n l- +i -in- + =+- t
t ~i-i +i nl- + +ii =i t l-=, t (+ l - ~i -i =+-i t
l- iii +i +- +- ti- ini i=il-+ l-- l- ~i- +n +tni-i t
l- ~i n iii + +ii ~i+=i+i -ii ~-- +i +n l - ~i- ti -i t
l- ~i- + <ii- i-- -i< l--- +i+i l-i +- t
l- ~i +i +l-
l- ~i +i =i-<-i
l - ~i- + <i i- ~i zi i- +i l<zii
:n+ i +i +l-
uf+4 aii faf+4 rnai :
= n n ii- :n + i =l+ ti -i t +i l+ ii- ( - ii ~z ~lil+i~i +i ~ ti -i t
= ti =n +in n n- t. l + :n+i +i <ni- +n ti-i i-i t -ii (-i ~z =n n [Zn
2+
] c-i t
:=i =n +i :n + i + < ni- n lz ti -i t . -ii + ii ~z = n n [Cu
2+
] n +ni ti -i t tn +t- t l+
:n + i Cu
2+
-n it ti -i t
+: -i-i ~lil+i~i + ln( l +i : ii ~li+i+ ~ii -i< :n + i +i -t +i +- +i =in -ti
i-i t :=ln( l-l+ :n + i i +i +in n n- t ~li+i zi- n +i: ~ii -nl-n +i z +i -in +- t .
( = <ii = n n i = n = :n + i -i +i it +- t n l+- ~z ~lil+i~i n iin -ti n - t
(+ i --i = n n i l+ l---lnli- ~z ~lil+i~i ~iiil- t . + z -ii + ln( -izii :n + i i +i -t
+i -ti +-i t
2I

(ni)

I
2
(s) +2e

[(-i ~i+=i+i]
MnO
4

(aq) + 8H
+
(aq) + 5e

Mn
2+
(aq) + 4H
2
O() [+ii ~--]
:=ln(. l-l+ :n +i in + ~z=n +i (+ l-~i ln- n ii i-i t l=n ~z~lil+i
= = li- =ii il-i = -l-i- ti -i t (-i ~z = n n . I

~i- ai = I
2
n ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t :n + i i +i
it n +i: (-i = -i n ti + n +i: + ii -+ t --i t ti = . MnO
4

~i- ,ii :n + i -i +i +in n lni

i-i t +i l+ Mn
2+
~i- n ~-l- ti i- t
fua siaa + a<iri
~l+ (Pt/n+i:) :n+i +i -in +-
+ii : Pb
2+
+ 2e

Pb(s) E
0
= 0.126V
yai : 2Br
-
Br
2
+ 2e
-
E
0
= 1.08 V
E
cell
= 0.126 (0.108) x 10 = 1.206 V
E
ext
> 1.206 V
nfna CuSO
4
+i fua siaa
+ii : Cu
2+
+ 2e

Cu E
0
= +0.34 V
yai : 2
2
4
SO S
2
2
8
O + 2e

E
0
= 2.05 V
H
2
S
2
O
8
izin n siut ir us4f+ n
E
cell
= 0.34 (2.05) = 1.71 V(wii-+ ui art)
H O S S
O O
O O
O H O O
nt4 CuSO
4
+i fua siaa
+ii : Cu
2+
+ 2e

Cu(s) E
0
= 0.34 V
2e + 2H
2
O() H
2
(g) + 2OH

(aq) E
0
= 0.83V
yai : 2
2
4
SO S
2
2
8
O + 2e

E
0
= 2.05 V
2H
2
O() O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e

E
0
= 1.23 V
"manishkumarphysics.in"
12
CHEMISTRY
nt4 NaBr fn4a +i fua siaa (sifi+pH=7)
+ii : Na
+
(aq) + e

Na(s) E
0
= 2 V
2e

+ 2H
2
O() H
2
+ 2OH

E
0
= 0.83 V
yai : 2Br
-
Br
2
+ 2e
0
OX
E = 1.08 V
2H
2
O () O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
0
OX
E = 1.23 V
int4 NaCl +i fua siaa
+ii : Na
+
+ e

Na E
0
= 2V
2e

+ 2H
2
O() H
2
(g) + 2OH
-
E
0
= 0.83 V
yai : 2Cl

Cl
2
+ 2e
0
OX
E = 1.30 V
2H
2
O() O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e
0
OX
E = 1.23 V
Cl
2
+ faii +t < O
2
nu + faii +t < u fri+ r
aia :ainfa+t + aui, H
2
O+ iut+i u O
2
+i a-si<a yai s riai r nf+a s4ini-+ =s u {iui4fa+
nfa+t + s4in u ) sai nai r f+ n + iut+i +t < -4-a ritt riat r+ ru+t < cia + fny,
fii + r4 fri+ -a ia r ru fi ifri4 4i i a ifri4 (fri+ i a ai) +ra r n f+a Cl

i4a
+ iut+i u 4 ui r i 4 yai s riat r+
uf-ria rnai {uf+4) +i fia siaa
nt4 CuSO
4
+i siaa Cu rnai +i as4in ++
+ii (s4a) : Cu
2+
+ 2e

Cu E
0
= + 0.34 V
2H
2
O() + 2e

H
2
(g) + 2OH

E
0
= 0.83 V
yai :
2
4
SO S
2
2
8
O + 2e
0
OX
E = 2.05 V
2H
2
O() O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 4e

E
0
= 1.23 V
Cu(s) Cu
2+
+ 2e E
0
= 0.34 V
l - ~i-i lziii-
AgNO
3
(nt4), Cu +ii aii Ag yai+i as4in +
+ii : Ag
+
+ e

Ag(s) E
0
= 0.8 V
2H
2
O () + 2e

H
2
(g) + 2OH

E
0
= 0.083 V
yai : NO
3

X (+i : ~lil+i -ti )

2H
2
O() O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e

E
0
= 1.23 V
Ag(s) Ag
+
(aq) + e

E
0
= 0.80 V
+i +i fua siaa fa4
si fa4 : l- ~i- + <ii- l+=i <ii +i ni t ~iit l-+ni-il<- t ~i <ni- l- ~i-
n ilt- ~i zi +i nizii + =ni- i-i ti -i t
W Q
W = ZQ
Z <ii +i l- i=il-+ --i+
Z +i :+i: =
dwykWe
eku nzO;
= Kg/C i Gm/C
Z = ln- n 1 C ~izi ilt- +- t - ni t~i <ni-
a4i+t <-4ia (E) : ln- n = l - ~i- + =n :n + i - (e

) + 1 ni n ilt- +- t -i l+=i <ii

+i i <ni- i-- ti-i t. -= - -i+i ii (E) +t- t
E =
k dh la[; r Dq iz; esa u @vip; vkWDlhdj.k
eku eksyj nzO;

e
-<iti
Ag
+
+ e

Ag E =
1
M
Cu
2+
+ 2e
-
Cu(s) E =
2
M
Al
3+
+ 3e

Al(s) E =
3
M
"manishkumarphysics.in"
13
CHEMISTRY
e

+ 1 ni n = 1 + i ~i zi
96500 C ~i zi En in ii- ~i zi +i l-i l- +-i t
1C
|
.
|

\
|
96500
E
g Z =
96500
E
W =
96500
EQ
=
k dh la[; r Dq iz;
eku eksyj nzO;

e
x
96500
Q
}
dQ
= i
}
dt
Q = it W =
96500
t x i
x
) e ( k dh la[; qDr iz;
eku eksyj nzO;

fzat4 fa4 : <i l - ~i -i = n n =ni- ~i zi ilt- +- t ~i t = n ii n ti - :n + i i

ni <ni- --+ l- i=il-+ --i+ + ~-i- i --+ --i+i <ni-i + ~-i- n tini
W = ZQ =
96500
EQ
2
1
W
W
=
2
1
z
z
=
2
1
E
E
( Q = =ni-)
fua <+iai:
l- <-i-i =
k os' izokfgr vk
k fod vkos' k x;k okLr qDr fd; iz; /kkjk esa qr | fo
x 100
l- <-i-i =
s ksuk pkfg; mRikfnr g tks eku nzO;
eku Lrfod nzO; mRikfnr ok
x 100
Ex.15 l< CuSO
4
+ 0.2 ni n + 1 Lln- +i l - ~i- 5.79Aiii 10000 = + -+ ilt- ++ +i- t STP
n= + n +- t( ~i-- +i ni-i +i
Sol. e

+ nini +i =i =
96500
10000 79 . 5
=
965
579
= 0.6
+ii : Cu
2+
(0.2 nin) + 2e
-
Cu(s) (0.4 nin)
2H
2
O() + 2e

H
2
+ 2OH

+ 0.2 nin S.T.P. H

2
+ 0.1 nin
(-i :
2H
2
O() O
2
+ 4H
+
+ 4e

+ 4 nin O
2
+ 1 nin
e

+ 0.6 nin O
2
+ 0.15 nin
~- +n nin = 0.25 nin
+n ~i-- = 5.6 ni
Ex.16 +i +i l- i=il-+ --i+ 0.0003296 g coulomb
1
t +i =-+ + ln- n 50 ln- -+ 0.5 (-i
iii ilt- +- l--i l- t ( +i +i nizii +i ni-i +i
Sol. +i + in l-n + ~-=i W = ZIt.
W = 0.5 50 60 0.003296 = 0.4944 g
Ex.17 -i- = n i ii +n n t --n +nzi ZnSO
4
, ~-ni n ~i CuSO
4
n = l - iii ilt- +- t .
Cu +i 6.25 g ni ti -i t - Zn ~i H
2
+i l+--i nizii n +- ti -i t Cu ~i Zn +i - -i +i ii +nzi 31.70 ~i
32.6 t
Sol. Cu +i --i+ = Zn +i --i+ = H
2
+i --i+
1
W
6 . 32
W
70 . 31
25 . 6
2
H
Zn
= =
"manishkumarphysics.in"
14
CHEMISTRY
Ex.18 (+ = n n -i- iin t t lzl< - lii+ = (~i i+ = ) = liil- t tn iin n 0.100 M+i i- (II) -i: +
5.00 L, < = n 0.100 MAgNO
3
+ 5.00 t ni-i l+ = n n i-in+ ~i +iin+ ~i-i ,ii ilt- iii =ni-
t = n n 0.100 nin :n + i- ilt- +- + i< + iii n + +i + ~i-i +i =i-< -i ni-i +il(
l<i ni t Co
2+
+ 2e

Co E = .28 V
Ag
+
+ e

Ag E = 0.80 V
-- ~lil+i t 2Ag
+
+ Co Co
2+
+ 2Ag E = 1.08 V
Sol. i iin n +i i-. +i i- (II) ~i- n ~i +=i+ - ti -i t <i iin n l=- ~i- l=- n ~-l- ti -i t 0.100
nin :n+i- ilt- +- + +ii nizii n l--- l- - ti -i t
iin 1 iin 2 iin 3
:n + i +i ii + 0.0500 nin Co
3+
0.100 ninAg
+
i-in+ ~i- +i nl- 0.0250 ninCo
2+
+ 0.0250 nin Co
2+
+ 0.0500 nin K
+
0.0500 nin K
+
+iin+ ~i- +i nl- + 0.0500 nin NO
3

0.0500 nin NO
3

5.0 L in iini n ni ni +i = i +i ni n ll-- ++ i - i ii- l--- liin <-i t

~l--n =i-<-i (M) Co
2+
0.015 Co
2+
0.00500 Ag
+
0.0800
NO
3

0.210 K
+
0.090 NO
3

0.0900
NO
3

0.100 K
+
0.0100
Co Ag
0.20 M NO
3

0.10 M Co
2+
0.10 M NO
3

0.10 M K
+
0.10 M NO
3

0.10 M Ag
+
5.0 L 5.0 L 5.0 L
fua siaat4 in+ai
in+ai i sfairi +i siifa +a in +i+:
1. ln ln ~--l+i (~--~il-+ ~i+ii n) l--i i<i ~i+ii n tini ---i ti ~li+
l-i i ti ni
n izi
2. lnlni+ ~--l+i (ni-~i-i +i lni+-) lni+- ~li+ tini
lni+- ~izi
vkdkj
1
l-ii ii i<i tini
Li
+
(~li+ nil-) Cs
+
(---n nil-)
LiCl +i l-ii > CsCl +i l-ii
3. lni+ lni+ ~--l+i (zi--i) l--i i<i zi--i tini l-i i ii ---i ~li+ tini
4. ais
T
|
R
+
"manishkumarphysics.in"
15
CHEMISTRY
5. l- ~i +i +l-
<n l-~i --- l-ii. n l- ~i l--- l-ii
sfai ri
R =
I
V
(~in +i l-n (
O
))
R =
A

l-ii+-illzi l-ii
(+ :+i: n-i: + -i + ~--i +i +i :+i: -izi+n +i l-ii = l-- = (
O
m)

RA
1 cm
2
~- -- +i -izi+n (n 1cm <i l-i- <i :n + i + n i i- in ln- + l-ii +i
l-i i+-i +t- t i
ln- +i l-i i+-i +i := -t liili- + n l+ ( = ln- +i l-i i i 1 cm
2
-i zi+n +i ~- -i +i +
i- ~i 1 cm iin n l-i- ti i
1 cm
3
+ fn4a +i sfairi, ru+t sfairi+ai rini
in+ai
=
R
1
= mho =
O
1
= S (=i:n-)
-in+-illzi -in+-i
K =

1
=
RA

=
A

:+i:
O
1
cm
1
= 1 cm
3
+ ln- +i -in+-i o ~izi it+i +i =i
K =

1
G =
R
1
K ( ~i-i +i = i) ~i zi it+i +i =i
ln- +i -in+-i ~i l-i i+-i :=+i =i-< -i l-i +-i t :=ln( ln- + ln <i ~i -t +i -in+-i
liili- +- t
in in+ai/(
m
):
1cm < i l-i- <i :n + i i + n i i- in 1ni n l - ~i +- ln- +i -in+-i +i -=+i ni n
-in+-i +t- t
ni-i l+ ln- +i nin-i 'C' t
1 ni + ln- n l- ~i + Cnin -l-i- t
:=ln( nin -in+-i = K

m
= KV
m
=
C
1000 K

m
=
eksyjrk
1000 K
:=+i :+i: Ohm
1
cm
2
mol
1
t
a4i+t in+ai (
eq
) :
1 g - -i + li- ~i +- ln- +i -in+-i +i -=+i --i +i -in+-i +t- t

eq
--i+i -in+-i

eq
=
ukeZyrk
1000 K
:=+i :+i: Ohm
1
cm
2
eq
1
t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
16
CHEMISTRY
i4fa+ nfazitnai
~il-+ nl-ziin-i = l- :+i: l - -i zi n ~i-i +i nl-
= =
:=+i :+i: v
1
cm
2
sec
1
~il-+ nl-ziin-i = u =
96500
0
M

=
F
0
M

iiai-afa +/fina u4i (Transport Number)

l+=i ~i- +i -ii-i--l- ~ + iii + + n iin +i t iin ti -i t i (+ ~i- ,ii n ii i-i t
i-i- +i -ii-i--l- ~+ =
; ~ V oS/kqrvo?k
0
M
0
M

Ex.19 l< 0.8 M KCl ln- +i -in+-i 2.5 x 10
3
O
cm t ln- + m +i ni-i +i
Sol.

= 2.5 x 10
3
O
cm
K =
5 . 2
10
3
= 4 x 10
2

m
=
8 . 0
10 1000 10 4
2

= 5 x 10
5
O
1
cm
2
mole
1
in+ai i in in+ai +i ui-<ai + uii sfaa
<n ~i n l- ~i <i -i n =i-<-i i- -in+-i ii tnzii i-i t
l- :+i: ~i-- n ~i-i +i =i i iii +i ln- n n i-i t, --+i i-i t
=i-<-i i- + =ii ti nin -in+-i c-i t t :=ln ti -i t , +i l+ 1 ni n li- ~i +- ln-
+i V + n ~i-- ii c ni
nin -in+-i ln- +i -in+-i t
=i-< -i zi - -+ t - i-i t . - ni n -in+-i =ini+ii ni n -in+-i +tni-i t :=
A
= <lzi - +-
t
sn fua sia4
n l- ~ii + ln
A
iiii --+i + =ii c-i t ~i := l--- =ni+i = <lzi- +- t
A
=
A
A CC
1/2
l< n lni+ + ln l--i + 'A' +i ni- -ii -i +i ni- l - ~i + +i l-i +-i t ln-
n l- ~i +i li- +i- = i-i- ~i +ii- ~i zi --- ti-i t
a<io NaCl, CaCl
2
, MgSO
4
, +nzi 1-1 , 2-1 ~i 2-2 l- ~i +tni- t
l+=i l-lz-- +i + =ii l- ~i 'A' + ln =ni- ni- i- t
<n fua sia4
--- =i-< -i < n l - ~i = (=il+ ~-n +i li - +i +i l l--- t ~i + z l - ~i i + ln
A
n -- -i + =ii l- - ln- + + n ~i-- i (+ ni n l - ~i i-i t n ~i-i +i = i n lz + +ii
ti -i t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
17
CHEMISTRY
~--- -- -i (=i-< -i c zi - ) l - ~i (o= 1) i - li l- ti i-i t . n l+- +n =i-< -i ln-
+i -in+-i ii +n ti -i t :=ln := ziz-i = nii -ti i =+-i
ni ln- n (l=l+ ~-n (< n l - ~i ) (n i lzin +ni i: ( n l - ~i) + ln( ni n
-in+-i (n c
1/2
+ n ~i i
+iniazi +i fa4 :
~--- -- -i li - i ti -i t - v + ~i- li - ~i +i - -i +i -in+-i +i ~i ~i- +i v+ l-
+ =-<i n l-lz-- i n<i- < -i t -ii ~--- -- -i l+=i ii i - ~i + ln( ni n -in+-i +i ni- --+
~i ~i-i + i n + i ti -i t

=
+
+

"~--- -- +i i zi - =i-< -i + ~i=i=. li - 100%ti - < = ~i-i +i + l- + =-<i n + ~i-

l- ~i +i - -i +i -in+-i +i ~i l-lz-- i n<i- <-i t +i l+ ~-- ~il-+ n zi - t
:= l-n + ~- =i ~- - -- -i li - i ti -i t -i l - ~i +i - -i + -in+-i n + ~i- ~-i
l-lz-- i n<i- < -i t -ii ~- - -- -i l+=i ii i - ~i + ln( ni n -in+-i +i ni- --+ ~i ~i-i
+ i n + i ti -i t
0
m vi?kV; fo?kqr

= v
+

+
+ v

ti nin -in+-i t
v
+
= l- ~i + vl- = zi n i-i-i +i = i
v

= li - ~i + vl- = zi n +ii-i +i =i
NaCl + ln
+
v = 1,

v = 1
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ ln
+
v = 2,

v = 3
0
eq

li -~i
=

+

eq
+

eq
0
eq+
=
k ij vkos' u /kuk;
0
m

0
eq
.Al
3+
=
3
Al
3 0
m
+

0
eq
=
k vkos' ij u /kuk;
0
m

0
eq
,
li -~i
=
k _.kkos' ij dqy u _.kk;
k /kukos' ij dqy u /kuk;
~; vi?kV qr | oS
;k
0
m

0
eq
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
=
0
eq
Al
3+
+
0
eq

2
4
SO =
3
Al
3 0
m
+

+
2
SO
2
4
0
m

0
eq
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
=
6
SO 3 2
2
4
0
mAl
3

+ +
"manishkumarphysics.in"
18
CHEMISTRY
Ex.20
0
m
Na
+
= 150 O
1
cm
2
mole
1
;
0
eq
Ba
2+
= 100 O
1
cm
2
eq
1
0
eq

2
4
SO = 125 O
-1
cm
2
eq
1 ; 0
m
Al
3+
= 300 O
1
cm
2
mole
1
0
m

+
4
NH = 200 O
1
cm
2
mole
1 ; 0
m
, Cl

= 150 O
1
cm
2
mole
1
- l+ln- +i
(a)
0
eq
, Al
3+
(b)
0
eq
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
(c)
0
m
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
(d)
0
m
NaCl, BaCl
2
. 6H
2
O (e)
0
m
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. 24H
2
O (f)
0
eq
NaCl
Sol. (a)
0
eq
Al
3+
=
3
300
= 100(b)
0
eq
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
= 100 + 125 = 225
(c)
0
m
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
= 2 x 200 + 2 x 125 = 650
(d)
0
m
NaCl.BaCl
2
.6H
2
O = 150 + 200 + 3 x 150 = 800 r
1
(e)
0
m
, (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. 24H
2
O
0
m
(NH
4
)
2
= 400 + 600 + 4 x 250 = 2000
(f)
0
eq
NaCl = 300 O
1
cm
2
eq
1
Ex.21 <n ~i +
0
m
i
0
eq
l+ln- +i
0
COOH mCH
3
=
0
COO mCH
3

+
0
m
H
+
= (
0
COO mCH
3

+
0
mNa
+ )
0
mNa
+ +
0
mH
+ +
0
mCl
+
0
mCl

0
COOH CH
3
=
0
COONa mCH
3
+
0
mHCl

0
mNaCl

Ex.22 ~i+= ln+ ~-n +

0
m
+i ni-i +i
l<i t
0
eq
Na
2
C
2
O
4
= 400 O
1
cm
2
eq
1
0
m
H
2
SO
4
= 700 O
1
cm
2
mole
1
0
eq
Na
2
SO
4
= 450 O
1
cm
2
eq
1
Sol.
0
m
H
2
C
2
O
4
= 700 + 800 900 = 600 O
1
cm
2
mole
0
eq
= 400 +
2
700
450
2
m

= 350 50 = 300
m
= 600
+iniazi fa4 + as4in u
i+ i+ ~i-i + A l+=i l- ~i + ln
A
+i ni-i + =+- t
li- l--i+ +i ni- (+ i l-+n- + i< tn <i n: =i-<-i c
A
~i
A
+i ni- ai- + =+- t
f4ia +t +ifa : --- -- -i ~i-i+i 100%ti ni. :=ln := ~--- -- -i +t- t l--- -- -i ~i-i+i
(~i-i n li-) 100%= +n ti ni ~i - -i +i -in+-i +n ti i ni
~ii -
eq
<
eq
li- +i +il
o =
0
eq
eq

=
k kadh pkydr ij rqY; vuUr ruqrk
k kadh pkydr j rqY; lkUnzrk i nh xbZ
<n fua sia4 +i f4ia fa4ai+
K
C
=
o
o
1
C
2
; o = li- +i +il, C = =i-<-i
"manishkumarphysics.in"
19
CHEMISTRY
li- +i +il =i-<-i C nin -in+-i
c
A ~i =ini+ nin -in+-i
A
+ ~-i- + nnin i ti-i
t o =
A
/
A
n l+- tn i-- t l+ <n l- ~i = (l=l+ ~-n + ln(
K
a
=
) 1 (
C
2
o
o
=
( ) A A A
A
/ 1
c
2
=
( ) A A A
A
2
c
f+ut s inazitn ni +i K
SP
aii fn4ai (S)
~- in-ziin ni = t - +n ln -i
ln-i = nin-i ~ 0
:=ln( ln- +i zi- =i-<-i i ~--- ---i +i ni-- t

m
, =--- =

M
=
rk foys;
1000 K
S = 0
M
1000 K

K
SP
= S
2
Ex.23 l< n +i -in+-i l=+i -in AgCl ln- +i =--- +- n ti-i t. 3.1 x 10
5
O
1
cm
1
i: n: t ~i
AgCl + ln- +i -in+-i = 4.5 x 10
5
O
1
cm
1
i: n: t
l<
0
M
AgNO
3
= 200 O
1
cm
2
mole
1
0
M
NaNO
3
= 310 O
1
cm
2
mole
1
AgCl + K
SP
+i ni-i +i
Sol.
0
M
AgCl = 140
+n =i-<-i = 10
5
S =
140
1000 10 4 140
5


=
14
10 4 . 1
4

S = 5.4 x 10
4
S
2
= 1 x 10
8
Ex.24 n + K
W
+i ni-i +i
H
2
O() + H
2
O() H
2
O
+
(aq) + OH

(aq)
m
=
0
O H , M
2
=
0
M
H
+
+
0
M
OH

=
eksyjrk
1000 K
- n + 100% lil- ~i~i +i =i-<-i
nin-i = [H
+
] = [OH

] =

M
1000 K
K
W
= [H
+
][OH

] =
2
0
M
1000 K
(
(

K
a
i K
b
=
O H
] OH ][ H [
2
+
aaai s fn4a +
m
,
eq
K ffi-aaiy
K ln- n ~i-i +i =i-< -i
n ~i < n l - ~i <i -i +i -- +- ~i-i +i =i-<-i i ni ~- Kii ini

m
or
eq
(K C) n l- ~i

m
=
ukeZyrk
K 1000
(K C K
a
) <n l- ~i

eq
=
ukeZyrk
K 1000
n l- ~i + ln

m

C
K

C
C
= l--
"manishkumarphysics.in"
20
CHEMISTRY
< n l - ~i + ln

m

C
K

C
C K
a

C
1
+ siif+ un
siif+ un::-t < ii ~ilzi- -ti l+i i =+-i t -<ic zi+ = n (n +nizii = n), n+i =n
(:- =ni +i -in zi =ni + n :n+il-+ -+ii n +- +- t)
E
cell
= l--i+
:=n =ii (= <iii +i -in ti-i t i i -i zi z ai = ti i zi z < ti
fzat4+ un : =i=i =-i+ i +i ~iinii:n (+ii:+) n -in ti-i t
yai : Pb(s)
+ii : PbO
2
(s)
H
2
SO
4
(=i-<.) +i nnin 38%ln- lni i-i t
yai : Pb(s) Pb
2+
(aq) + 2e

Pb
2+
(aq) +
2
4
SO (aq) PbSO
4
(s)
Pb(s) +
2
4
SO (aq) PbSO
4
+ 2e

~li+- PbSO
4
(s) +i ~-i n z ni ti i-i t
+ii : 2e

+ 4H
+
+ PbO
2
(s) Pb
2+
(aq) + 2H
2
O()
Pb
2+
(aq) +
2
4
SO (aq) +4H
+
+ 2e

PbSO
4
(s) + 2H
2
O()
PbSO
4
(s) + ii z n i-i t
Pb(s) + PbO
2
+ 4H
+
+ 2
2
4
SO (aq) 2PbSO
4
(s) + 2H
2
O()
E
cell
= 2.05 V
Note : =n + l-ilzi- ti- + <ii- H
2
SO
4
i- ti-i t :=ln( ln- n =il-<- tini := v+i ln- +i i-
~i zi- + <i i- i i-i t = n + ~i lzi- ti - + <i i- PbSO
4
, Pb(s) ~i PbO
2
(s) n <n i-i t . -ii H
2
SO
4
-il<- ti-i t
fa+n +f4 at
E
cell =
~lil+i +n zi z ai = < n tini. l-- tini
yai : Cd(s)
+ii : NiO
2
(s)
l- ~i : KOH
Cd + 2OH

Cd(OH)
2
+ 2e

2e

+ NiO
2
+ 2H
2
O Ni(OH)
2
(s) + 2OH

Cd(s) + NiO
2
(s) + 2H
2
O() Cd(OH)
2
(s) + Ni(OH)
2
(s)
rria un (H
2
O
2
un) :
yai : H
2
2H
+
+ 2e

x 2
+ii : 4e

+ 4H
+
+ O
2
2H
2
O

2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O()

CH
4
O
2
rria un :
yai : 2H
2
O + CH
4
CO
2
+ 8H
+
+ 8e

+ii : 4e

+ 4H
+
+ O
2
2H
2
O 2

CH
4
+ 2O
2
CO
2
+ 2H
2
O()
"manishkumarphysics.in"
21
CHEMISTRY
u+iii +t f+4iffri
iut+i : Fe(s) Fe
2+
(aq) + 2e

s4a : O
2
(g) + 4H
+
(aq) + 4e

2H
2
O(I)
i4nt4
iut+i : 2Fe
2+
(aq) + 2H
2
O() + 1/2O
2
Fe
2
O
3
(s) + 4H
+
(aq)
Ex.25 =i=i =n it+ = n + l-i zi- + <ii- H
2
SO
4
+i i-
1
g/cc = +n ti+
2
g/cc ti i-i t
1
g/cc i-
ini H
2
SO
4
ii = X% t -ii
2
g/cc i- ini H
2
SO
4
ii = Y%t = n. l-i zi- + ~-n +i Vni i-i
t =n + (-i n +- + n ~i zi ai- +il( ` l-i zi- + <i i- =l-nln- =ni+i l--- t
yai s : Pb +
2
4
SO PbSO
4
+ 2e

+ii s : PbO
2
+ 4H
+
+ SO
4
2
+2e

PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
Sol. =i=i =nit+ =n (LSB) + l-ilzi- ti- + tn ~-ni ln- +i <ni- = (V x 10
3
x
1
) g
= (1000 x V
1
)g
LSB + l-ilzi- ti- + tn H
2
SO
4
+i <ni- =
|
.
|

\
|

100
X
V 1000
1 g = (10 x V
1
X)g
l-izi- + <ii- liin ~lil+i : Pb + PbO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
~lil+i = l=z ti -i t l+ ll-n t ( :n + i- + ni n ((-i = in n -ii + ii n ti l+ n( :n + i -)
+- t( H
2
SO
4
+ ni n ~ii -il<- H
2
O+ ni ni + i ti- t ni-i l+ H
2
SO
4
+ +- ni n x t -
LSB + l-izi + <ii- -il<- H
2
O +i <ni- = (18x) g
LSB l-izi + <ii- +- H
2
SO
4
+i <ni- = (98x) g
LSB + l-ilzi- ti- + i< H
2
SO
4
+i <ni- = [(10
1
V X)] 98x] g
LSB + l-ilzi- ti- + i< ~-ni ln- +i <ni- = [(1000
1
V ) 98x + 18x] = [(1000
1
V ) 80x]g
H
2
SO
4
+i %LSB l-ilzi- ti- + i< =
eku dk nzO; u foy; ckn vEyh; ds kr gksus fujkosf'
eku dk nzO; ckn ds kr gksus fujkosf'
4 2
SO H
100
Y =
] x 80 ) V 1000 [(
] x 98 ) V 1000 [(
1
1


x 100 ~- =ii nizii( ai- ti . - x +i ni-i +i i =+-i t
+ii n+- t ~i + n ~izi Q= nF = xF..
Ex.26 (+ =i=i = -i+ = n l-i lzi- ti -i t l=+ +ii H
2
SO
4
l - ~i +i =i-< -i ii + 34.6%(i- 1.261g
ml
1
, 25C) = <n+ ii +i 27%ti i-i t l - ~i +i i--l+ ln- (+ ni t i + (-i
n +- t ( + n ~i zi +i ni-i +i ` i- i l+. = ti H
2
SO
4
+i -i n +- t . - = n ~lil+i + ,ii
n +i -i<- ti -i t =-i ~lil+i l--- ti ni
Pb(s) + PbO
2
(s) + 2H
2
SO
4
()

2PbSO
4
(s) +2H
2
O()
Sol. =i=i =-i+ i + l-ilzi- ti- = tn
ln- +i <ni- = 1000 x 1.261 = 1261 g
H
2
SO
4
+i <ni- =
100
6 . 34 1261
= 436.3 g.
n +i <ni- = 1261 436.3 = 824.7 g
=i=i =-i+ =n l-i lzi- ti- + i<
ni-i -il<- H
2
O+i <ni-. l-ilzi- ti- + <ii- liini ~lil+i
"manishkumarphysics.in"
22
CHEMISTRY
(Pb + PbO
2
+ 2H
2
SO
4
2PbSO
4
+ 2H
2
O) is x g t
H
2
O + -il<- nin =
18
x
= +- H
2
SO
4
+ nin
i- t~i H
2
SO
4
+i <ni- =
18
x
x 98
l-ilzi- ti- + i< ln- +i <ni- = 1261
18
x 98
+ x
l-ilzi- ti- + i< H
2
SO
4
+i % <ni- =
eku dk nzO; u ckn foy; ds kr gksus fujkosf'
eku dk nzO; k cps ks" '
4 2
SO H
x 100 = 27
=
x
18
x 98
1261
18
x 98
3 . 436
+

x 100 = 27 x = 22.59 g
uiizi
fua ui4a =i- +i t iin t l=n =i- ~i l - -i +i ~--l- - ti -i t n - l-+ = n n i=il-+
-i . l - -i n <n-i t . n -l-+ = n (+ l+- t l=n -- i += ~lil+i +i -i n + l - iii +i -i<-
+- t l - ~i = n n l - -i i=il-+ -i n <n-i t . (+ l - ~i-i = n n l - iii,(+ ~--
~lil+i ,ii =---i ti -i t t = lii-+ ti -i t ~i ~-- i+ i+ :n + i i ti -i t
t :n + i l= ~i+=i+i ti -i t (-i +tni-i t ~i t :n + i l= ~-- ti -i t + ii +tni-i
t = n li E (:= = n i - -i i l - it+ n ii +t- t ) = n ~lil+i + v + n +i l -i ni t = n
li -i. ~i- =i-< -i. n = <i l-i +-i t ni-+ = n -=+i ni-+ ~-ii n ti -i t AG= nFE ~i A
G
0
= nFE
0
=ni+i + ,ii = n li n +- -i l- - = =-l-i- t ti 1 ni n :n + i - ~i zi F = 96,500
C/mol e

+i r+
~z ~lil+i + ln ni-+ ~-- li +i , ni-+ ti: i - :n + i (S.H.E) + ln 0 V ni-+ liili- l+i
i-i t
2H
+
(aq, 1 M ) + 2 e

H
2
(g, 1 atm) E
0
= 0V.
ni-+ ~-- li =iii +i -i n ~i +=i+i+ (n ~-i+ <ii + -iil +i ~ii ti +n n l-i- +-
+ ln( l+i i-i t -ii = n ~lil+i + ln E
0
+ ni- +i ni-i +- t . ~i l-ii i +- t l+ +i : i+=
~lil+i -- t i -ti
-- =ni+i + -i n = ~ni-+ ~-ii ll-il- = n li +i ni-i + =+- t
25
0
C E = E
0

n
V 0592 . 0
log Q i- n
ti Q ~lil+i n ii + t =i-i-ii l-ii + K~i ni-+ = n li E
0
+i l--- =ni+i = =- li- +- t
25
0
C E
0
=
n
0592 . 0
log K i- n
(+ i n (+ i (+ = i<i n -il-+ = n ti =+- t : i- = n . i = l-+ n ~nn t :=n l+i+i+ +i
nni-i = n n ~i l- ti -i t-i t ni t n nn-i (Corrosion) =-t l - i=il-+ +n t ~i + ii -i zi
n ~i+=i- +i ~-- ti -i t ni t +i n nn- = -i- + ln -=+i =-t +i l+=i ii- = = l-i- + < - t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
23
CHEMISTRY
(l= +i l+ n - l-+i (galvaninzing) n li + ii- ,ii) ~ii ni t +i l+=i < =i ii- + =ii l - + =-+
n i - t . i l+ ~i=i-i = ~i+=i+ - ti i-i t t +n + ii i+ = -ii (cathodic protection) +tni-i t
l- ~i- t +n t l=n l- iii +i -in + i=il-+ l-- l+i i-i t := =iln.
+ni i-.=i ln ti: i +=i: ~i (-lnl-n (tin +n)(hall-heroult process) + l-nii n -ii l -
lzii i- -ii li - n - (electrorefining and electroplanting) n ti -i t :n + i i-- -i< ~-- li. ~i
--- i --i l-i +-i t i-- -i< +i nizii = n n = ilt- ti - in :n + i -i + ni ni +i =i l-i
+-i t i l+ iii + ni- -ii iii l+-- =n ilt- t : -= l-i +-i t
"manishkumarphysics.in"
24
CHEMISTRY
E = E
n
0592 .
log
vfHkdeZd
mRikn
E = E
n
0592 .
log
lkUnzrk vk;u dSFkksfMd
lkUnzrk vk;u uksfMd ,
"manishkumarphysics.in"
25
CHEMISTRY
MISCELLANEOUSSOLVEDPROBLEMS(MSPs)
1. < Hg +i + ii + n +- + NaCl ln- + l -~i- + ,ii Na ~nnnn +i -i l+i i-i t
10gmHg + (+ + ii 10%Na-Hg +i -i- + ln( 10 amp. +i iii l+-- =n -+ ilt- +i i-i -ilt(
(Na +i nii <ni- = 23).
(A) 7.77 min (B) 9.44 min. (C) 5.24 min. (D) 11.39 min.
Sol. (A)
90 gm Hg + =ii 10 gm Na t
10 gm Hg =
10 x
90
10
=
9
10
gm Na
Na +i ii =
n
M
x
96500
t x i
9
10
=
1
23
x
96500
t x 10
[ Na
+
+ e Na]
t =
23 x 10 x 9
96500 x 10
= 7.77 min
2. AgBr +i = - -- ln- lni ni t AgBr +i K
sp
12 10
14
t l< := ln- + 1 ni n 10
7
ni n AgNO
3
lnnii
i-i t. -i := ln- +i -in+-i 10
7
Sm
1
:+i: + <i n tini
[l<i t~i t

) Ag (
+
= 4 10
3
Sm
2
mol
1
) Br (

= 6 10
3
S m
2
mol
1
,

) NO (
3

= 5 10
3
Sm
2
mol
1
]
(A) 39 (B) 55 (C) 15 (D) 41
Sol. (A)
10
7
nin AgNO
3
+i -l-il- n AgBr +i ln-i 3 10
7
Mt
:=ln( [Br

] = 3 10
4
m
3
, [Ag
+
] = 4 10
4
m
3
-ii [NO
3

] = 10
4
m
3
:=ln( k
total
=
k
Br
+ +
k
Ag
+
k
3
NO
= 39 Sm
1
3. (+ ti: i - :n + i x +i =i ln (l= -ii (l=l+ ~-n + (+ + ln- +i a : b ~- i- n ii ni -ii
(+ ~- ti: i - :n + i y +i =i ln (l= -ii (l=l+ ~-n + (+ + ln- +i b : a ~- i- n ii ni
l< ni-+ ti: i - :n + i + = <i n <i -i = ni + ln( ~-- li ni- +nzi E
1
-ii E
2
i i- t - ~-n
+ pK
a
ni- l--- +i l<i i =+-i t
(A)
118 . 0
E E
2 1

(B)
118 . 0
E E
2 1
+
(C)
118 . 0
E
E
2
1

(D)
118 . 0
E E
1 2

Sol. (B)
H
+
+ e

2
1
H
2
(g)
E
1
= 0 .0591 log
1
) H (
1
+
E
1
= 0 + .0591 log [H
+
]
1
= .0591 pH
1
E
2
= .0591 pH
2
pH
1
= pk
a
+ log
Acid
Salt
pH
1
= pk
a
+ log
b
a
.............. (1)
pH
2
= pk
a
+ log
a
b
pH
2
= pk
a
log
b
a
.............. (2)
"manishkumarphysics.in"
26
CHEMISTRY
Add (1) & (2)
pH
1
+ pH
2
= 2 pk
a
2pk
a
=
0591 . 0
E
0591 . 0
E
2 1

pk
a
= (

+
118 . 0
E E
2 1
4.
] CO [
] Br [
2
3

+ l+= ni- + ln( l--- = n ~lil+i =i-i-ii ti ni `

Ag(s) |Ag
2
CO
3
(s) | Na
2
CO
3
(aq)|| KBr(aq)|AgBr(s) |Ag(s)
Ag
2
CO
3
+ ln( K
SP
= 8 10
12
-ii AgBr + ln( K
SP
= 4 10
13
(A) 1 10
7
(B) 2 10
7
(C) 3 10
7
(D) 4 10
7
Sol. (B)
(-i : Ag(s)

Ag
+
(aq) + 1e

+ii : Ag
+
(aq) + 1e

Ag

+n :
+
) AgBr (
Ag


e 1
+
) CO Ag (
3 2
Ag
0 = 0 +
1
059 . 0
log
] CO [
CO Ag K
] Br [
AgBr K
2
3
3 2 SP
SP

|
|
.
|

\
|

] Br [
AgBr K
SP

=
] CO [
CO Ag K
2
3
3 2 SP

12
13
10 8
10 4

=
] CO [
] Br [
2
3

] CO [
] Br [
2
3

=
2
10
7
5. (+ n -~i + -- ln- +- i+ n <i :n + i := +i i ti l+
t :n + i ln- n ai+ ~ii ti . - :-+i l-i i 50Onii ni l< ln-
+i ziz n (-n -in+-i) + ,ii := +i -- l+i i-i t l+ :n+ i i
= ln- n i- t - ln- ,ii - l-i i +i ni- ti ni
(A) 50 O (B) 100 O (C) 25 O (D) 200 O
Sol. (A)
R =
A k
1
A +i < n -i +- k ~iii ti i-i t := +i R, 50O ti t-i t
6. l--- =n + ln( EMF +i ni- mV n +i tini l<
298 K Pt | H
2
(1atm) | HCl (0.01 M) ||AgCl(s) |Ag(s)
l< 25C AG
f
+ ni- l--- +i t
AgCl(s) + ln( 109.56
mol
kJ
-ii (H
+
+ Cl

) (aq) + ln( 130.79

mol
kJ
t
(A) 456 mV (B) 654 mV (C) 546 mV (D) :-n = +i: -ti
Sol. (A)
0
reaction cell
G A = 2 ( 130.79) 2 ( 109.56)
= 42.46 kJ/mole
(for H
2
+ 2AgCl

2Ag + 2H
+
+ 2Cl

)
E
=n
=
96500 2
42460


= + 0.220 V
~ E
=n
= + 0.220 +
2
059 . 0
log
4
) 01 . 0 (
1
= 0.456 V = 456 mV..
"manishkumarphysics.in"
27
CHEMISTRY
7. 25C = n Ag(s)|AgBr(s)|Br

(aq)||AgCl(s) | Cl

(aq)| Ag(s) l<i t ~i t AgBr -ii AgCl + ln -i n i-+n
+nzi 5 x 10
13
-ii 1 x 10
10
t =n +i e.m.f. zi- ti i - Br

-ii Cl

+i =i-<-i ~- i- +i tini `
(A) 1 : 200 (B) 1 : 100 (C) 1 : 500 (D) 200 : 1
Sol. (A)
0
Ag AgBr Br
E =
0
Ag Ag
E + +
1
059 . 0
log K
SP
AgBr =
0
Ag Ag
E + 0.7257
~i
0
Ag AgCl Cl
E =
0
Ag Ag
E + +
1
059 . 0
log K
SP
AgCl =
0
Ag Ag
E + 0.59
~ = n ~lil+i
Ag + Br

AgBr + 1e

AgCl + 1e

Ag + Cl

Br

+ AgCl

e 1
Cl

+ AgBr
0 = (0.7257-0.59) +
1
059 . 0
log
] Cl [
] Br [

] Cl [
] Br [

= 0.005
8. ~li+i zi ll-il-i n ln- +i -in+-i +i ni- --n -l-i- ~i zi it+ (~i-i ) +i + n =i-< -i + =ii =ni- i-i
ti -i t -i +- - +i -i n +- t ( (+ ~-ni < n -ii BOH+i -in+-i (k) + l-zi- n +ni ai- +il(
l< :=+ 0.1 M=i-<-i + ln- +i :=+ il-i+ ~i-- = <n- ~i-- -+ -- l+i i-i t (BOH+ ln(
K
b
= 10
5
) (nil(
50
= 7.07).
Sol. il-i+ [OH

] =
1 . 0 10
5

= 10
3
[~i-]
+n
= 2 10
3
M
-z-i- [OH

] =
20
1
10
5

=
50
10
4
M
[~i-]
+n
=
50 2
10
4
M
[~i-]
+n
+i l-zi- l-- =
20
20 50 2
100 = 29.29%
Ans. 29
9. 0.04 M=i-< -i in - ~i + ln- +i ni n -in+-i +i ni- 5000 O
1
cm
2
mol
1
t l+ 0.01 M=i-< -i
:=+i ni- 5100 O
1
cm
2
mol
1
t ~iz+ - +i ni-- t . (t (+ n l- ~i t ) ~--- -- -i
:=+i ni n -in+-i +i ni-i +il( -ii 0.04 M=i-< -i := n l - ~i +i li - +i nizii ii l-ii l-
+il(
Sol.
ni+ = tn <i =+- t l+

M
+i ni- 5200 O
1
cm
2
mol
1
t
:=ln(. o =
5200
5000
= 0.9615 ~ 0.96
--i 96