-

p inncn i xpnr

H
nx crynrin cnnintnocr 6.030508 inncn i xpnr,
6.030509 nix i ynr, 6.030504 'xonomix ninpncmcrn,
6.030507 pxrnnr
nironont, 200

. oncnxr nxni nx crynrin cnnintnocr 6.030504
'xonomix ninpncmcrn, 6.030507 pxrnnr npictxn pxnnn
rporxnonoriunn yninpcnrr, 2009 - c.55
!" x..n., onnr nyx ..
#$##" x...n., onnr xpn inncn i xpnronynnxo ..
ononnn yxrnrp cxp pnsonctxoro pony
nopistxo oncri oontctx ..
osrnxnyro r pxomnonno o pyxy n scinni xpn
200 p., nporoxon N . rnpxno mronunom
xomicicm xyntrry xonomixn r isncy 200 p., nporoxon N
.
rnpxno n scinni mronuno n xyntrry xonomixn r isncy
(nporoxon N ni 200p.)
2
%
cryn
m 1: cnonn inncin ninpncmcrn
m 2: prnisnix rpomonnx pospxynxin ninpncmcrn
m 3: pomoni nxoxnnx ninpncmcrn
m 4: opmynnnx i posnoin npnyrxy
m 5: norxynnnx ninpncmcrn
m 6: oporni xomrn
m 7: pnrynnnx ninpncmcrn
m 8: inncon ssnunnx nirnopnnx ocnonnnx scoin
m 9: ninx innconoro crny ninpncmcrn
m 10: inncon nnnynnnx n ninpncmcrnx
m 11: inncon cnnix ninpncmcrn
nncox nirprypn
3

4
# &
'( )
#"

&.& inncn ninpncmcrn r cpn innconnx ninocnn.

&.* ynxni inncin.
&.+ innconi pcypcn ninpncmcrn.
&., innconn mxnism.
&.- inncon poor r innconn xonrpont.
."
/#'"
&.& )# )0
inncn cintctxorocnopctxnx ninpncmcrn xx ucrnn inncono cncrmn
oxonnmmrt nponcn crnopnnx, posnoiny i nnxopncrnnx y npricni opmi.
inncn ninpncmcrn c nnxom inncono cncrmn, nonn mmrt nxnnn snunnx
nx opmynnnx pxnnnx inncin, cnnuymun norxn i crnopmmun pooui
micnx.
inncn ninpncmcrn xonomiuni ninocnnn, xxi non`xsni s xpyrooirom
scoin, crnopnnxm, posnoinom i nnxopncrnnxm onin rpomonnx xomrin. pn
ntomy cp innconnx ninocnn cxncrtcx:
s ninocnn mix ninpncmcrnom i oro scnonnnxmn
(nncnnxmn) s npnnoy opmynnnx crryrnoro ony;
mix ninpncmcrnom i pxnom y mxx sxononcrn npo
onorxynnnx, conintn crpxynnnx, opmynnnx srntnnx pxnnnx
nintonnx rpomonnx onin;
ninocnnn mix ninpncmcrnom i nxmn s npnnoy opxnnx i
nonpnnnx xpnrin, rxox cnnrn nicorxin s xopncrynnnx nnmn;
ninocnnn mix ninpncmcrnom i oro nocruntnnxmn i
noxynnxmn s npnnoy nnxonnnx rocnopctxnx oronopin i soon`xsnt;
ninocnnn mix ninpncmcrnom i oro niposinmn s npnnoy
posnoiny npnyrxy, rxox opmynnnx onin nrpomxnnx i
cnoxnnnnx;
ninocnnn mix ninpncmcrnom i oro npninnnxmn s npnnoy
crnopnnx ony onnrn npni, mrpintnoro soxounnx r inm;
ninocnn mix ninpncmcrnom i crpxonnmn xomnnixmn r
innconnm pnnxom.
5
&.* '!$1 )
nponci nirnopnnx inncn ninpncmcrn npoxnnxmrt r nnpxmrt
cnom cyrnicrt ups nnni ynxni:
onprnnn opmynnnx innconnx pcypcin y nponci
rocnopctxo ixntnocri;
posnointu posnoin i nnxopncrnnx innconnx pcypcin nx
ssnunnx ixntnocri nnxonnnx soon`xsnt np innconom nxinctxom
cncrmom r nx xonomiunoro posnnrxy ninpncmcrn;
xonrpontn xonrpont s opmynnnxm r nnxopncrnnxm innconnx
pcypcin ninpncmcrn mnxxom oninxn xrnnnocri oro ixntnocri.
&.+ #'
innconi pcypcn nnrpnisonni i nnrpnisonni rpomoni onn
nintonoro npnsnunnx, xxi opmymrtcx n nponci posnoiny i npposnoiny
nnionntnoro rrcrn, cyxynnocri cycnintnoro npoyxry r nnionntnoro
oxoy i npnsnuni nx nnxopncrnnx y ninoninocri s snnnxm conintno-
xonomiunoro posnnrxy cycnintcrn i xonxrnnin oxpmnx ninpncmcrn.
nnrpnisonni onn rpomonnx xomrin, xxi nnxopncronymrtcx n nponci
inncono ixntnocri npcrnnxmrt coom innconi pcypcn nnponnunx
o`cnnt ninpncmcrn i rnys nponoro rocnopmnnnx, rxox ncnnnx.
innconi pcypcn ninpncmcrn rpomoni onn nintonoro npnsnunnx,
xxi opmymrtcx n nponci posnoiny i npposnoiny nnionntnoro rrcrn,
cyxynnocri cycnintnoro npoyxry r nnionntnoro oxoy, rxox nnxopncrnnx y
crryrnnx ninxx ninpncmcrn.
rntn cym innconnx pcypcin y xoxnomy ninpncmcrni cxncrtcx s
crrri s rxnx nmnrin:
crryrnn on;
orxonn xnirn;
pspnnn on;
nnrpnisonni xomrn nx inncynnnx xnirntnnx nxnnt;
cnnintni onn i ninton inncynnnx;
moprnsninn on;
nicrpoun norxon sopronnicrt;
pspnn ncrynnnx nnnnr i nnrxin;
nposnoinnn npnyrox y rocnopctxomy onixy;
onrorpminoni i xoporxorpminoni xpnrn xompninnx nxin;
nosnxoni xomrn ni pnisni nncnnx ninnnx nnpin (xpim npnnnno
mici xni);
xpnropctx sopronnicrt ncix nnin;
inmi xomrn, xxi niopxmrtcx n ncnni yxrnrpctxoro nncy
ninpncmcrn.
6
oyri yxnnnnx npo r, xx cym innconnx pcypcin (nncnnx i nosnunnx)
c y posnopxxnni ninpncmcrn y nn momnr moxn nipxynnmn x s
cntonnm nncom . xrnn nncy c ninonit n snnrnnx xx ninpncmcrno
posmicrnno nxnni innconi pcypcn i xyn nonn cnpxmonymrtcx n ry
cxnnnx yxrnrpctxoro sniry .
&.,2 #0
innconn mxnism ninpncmcrn n cncrm ynpnninnx inncmn,
npnsnun nx oprnisni nscmoi innconnx ninocnn i rpomonnx onin s
mrom onrnmisni xntoro nnnnny n xinnni psyntrrn oro ixntnocri.
nrnmntn nscmoix innconnx ninocnn ocxrcrtcx nnxopncrnnxm ycix
innconnx xrropi (nnpyux, npnyrox, moprnsnix, ooporni xomrn, xpnr,
mxr, norxn), nopmrnnin, pisnoro poy crnmynin, nintr, cnxni r inmnx
innconnx nxnin.
nunnx ynpnninnx inncmn ninpncmcrn nonxrc n rxi oprnisni
poorn innconnx cnyx, xx c smory snyunrn orxoni innconi pcypcn n
nnnrinimnx ymonx, inncrynrn x s nintmnm xrom, npononrn
npnyrxoni onpni n innconomy pnnxy.
yx nxnnnnm y nponci ynpnninnx inncmn ninpncmcrn c nnsnunnx
rxo norpn n oopornnx xomrx, xx ssnuynn minimntno noxini
posmipn nnponnunx sncin, nsnpmnoro nnponnnrn, snnmxin rorono
npoyxni nx nnxonnnx nnponnuo nporpmn. pxom nncnnx oopornnx
xomrin nx norounoro inncrynnnx noxino nnsnunrn norpy n nosnuxonnx
xomrx.
npnninnx inncmn nxnmuc rxox cpy innconoro ssnunnx
xnirntnnx nxnnt n rxniun nponnnnx, pxoncrpyxnim r posmnpnnx
ninpncmcrn.
snocpnim snnnx ynpnninnx inncmn ninpncmcrn c ssnunnx
opmynnnx r npnnntnoro posnoiny nnpyuxn ni pnisni npoyxni nx
ninonnnnx oopornnx xomrin, opmynnnx moprnsninoro ony, nnonoro r
uncroro oxoy.
npnninnx inncmn ninpncmcrn nxnmuc rxox cpy opmynnnx,
posnoiny r nnxopncrnnx npnyrxy, xxn snnmcrtcx n posnopxxnni
ninpncmcrn. osnoin npnyrxy c onicm s opm pnisni xonomiunnx inrpcin
yucnnxin nponcy nirnopnnx.
5. inncon ixntnicrt n cncrm nnxopncrnnx pisnnx opm i mroin
nx innconoro ssnunnx ynxnionynnnx ninpncmcrn r ocxrnnnx nnmn
nocrnnnnx nin, roro n r npxrnun inncon poor, mo ssnuyc
ixntnicrt ninpncmcrn, noninmnnx psyntrrin.
inncony ixntnicrt ninpncmcrn cnpxmonno n nnxonnnx rxnx ocnonnnx
snnt:
- inncon ssnunnx onpnino, inncrnnino ixntnocri;
- nomyx pspnin sintmnnx oxoin, npnyrxy, ninnmnnx
pnrntnocri r nnrocnpomoxnocri;
7
- cnocucnicrt nnxonnnx innconnx soon`xsnt np cy`cxrmn
rocnopmnnnx, mxrom, nxmn;
- moinisnix innconnx pcypcin y ocxsi, noxinomy nx inncynnnx
nnponnuoro i conintnoro posnnrxy, sintmnnx nncnoro xnirny;
- xonrpont s xrnnnnm, nintonnm posnoinom r nnxopncrnnxm
innconnx pcypcin.
inncon poor ninpncmcrn sicnmcrtcx s rxnmn ocnonnnmn
nnpxmxmn:
- inncon npornosynnnx r nnnynnnx;
- onprnnn, noroun inncono-xonomiun poor;
- nnis r xonrpont nnponnuo-rocnopctxo ixntnocri.
3( 4"
8
# *
56 0'! . 0'! ! #$1
#"

*.& yrnicrt rpomonnx pospxynxin ninpncmcrn.

*.* srorinxoni i rorinxoni pospxynxn.
*.+ ponnnx xconnx onpni.
*., nn nxinctxnx pxynxin i nopxox x nixpnrrx.
."
/#'"
*.&'( 760 0'!
nponci xyninni-npoxy ronpin, nnnx nocnyr, rxox nnxonnnx
pisnoro poy soon`xsnt y rpomoni opmi niynmrtcx pisnomnirni pospxynxn
r nnrxi. nrxi rxox sicnmmrtcx npn posnoini i npposnoini rpomonnx
xomrin. yxynnicrt ycix nnrxin crnopmc rpomonn oopor.
pomonn oopor n nnxnnnnx cyrnocri rpom y pyci. in oxonnmc
nponcn posnoiny ominy. ocxr i crpyxrypy rpomonoro oopory n
ninpncmcrni cnpnnxmrt nnnnn cri nnponnnrn r cnoxnnnnx.
pomonn oopor n xoxnomy ninpncmcrni non`xsnn s rxnmn
nnpxmxmn:
ssnunnx nponcy nnponnnrn (sxyninnx cnponnnn, mrpinin,
xomnnxrymunx, nnnnr spoirno nnrn);
pnisnix npoyxni ( poir, nocnyr), roro nimxoynnnx nnrpr i
opmynnnx oxoin;
cnnr norxin, oon`xsxonnx nipxynnt i sopin;
ssnunnx cnintno ixntnocri ninpncmcrn;
orpnmnnx i normnnx xpnrin i cnnr nicorxin s xpnr xpnrnnm
ycrnonm.
i npnnntno oprnisni rpomonnx pospxynxin y ninomy snxnrt
onprnnnicrt x sicnnnx i innconn crn ninpncmcrn.
*.*8#7! 7! 0'!
pomoni pospxynxn moxyrt nnprn xx rorinxono, rx i srorinxono
opmn.
srorinxonnm rpomonnm pospxynxm nmrt intmy npnry. H
noxcnmcrtcx rnm, mo s nnxopncrnnx srorinxonnx pospxynxin ocxrmrt
snuno xonomi nnrpr n x sicnnnx. mnpoxomy scrocynnni srorinxonnx
9
pospxynxin cnpnxmrt nxinctxi ycrnonn, n romy uncni n nnx snixnnn
pxn, cm s rouxn sopy nnnunnx, prynmnnnx i xonrponm rpomonoro oopory.
py srorinxoni i rorinxoni pospxynxin posmxonno.
orinxon opm pospxynxin scroconycrtcx nx ocnyronynnnx ncnnnx,
cm nx nnnnrn spoirno nnrn, mrpintnoro soxounnx, nninin,
nnci, rpomono onomorn. cnom upry ncnnnx nnrpuc ni xomrn n xyninnm
ronpin, npoyxrin xpuynnnx, onnuyc nocnyrn i sicnmc nnrxi.
srorinxoni opmn pospxynxin n rpomoni pospxynxn, xxi sicnmmrtcx
s onomorom snncin n pxynxx y nxx, roro xonn xomrn cnncymrtcx s
pxynxy nnrnnx i npxsymrtcx o pxynxy yrpnmynu xomrin.
osnnrox pnnxonnx ninocnn npnsnin o nnnnx smin y cncrmi xonnmnix
pospxynxin. x, nnpnxn, nocrnonom ni 11 xonrnx 1998 poxy N473 nci
rorinxoni pospxynxn mix ninpncmcrnmn moxyrt sicnmnrncx xx s pxynox
xomrin, orpnmnnx y xci nxy, rx i s pxynox nnpyuxn ni pnisni npoyxni
r inmnx xconnx nxoxnt.
inonino o rpnropintnoro posmimnnx ninpncmcrn i nxinctxnx
ycrnon, mo x ocnyronymrt, srorinxoni pospxynxn noinxmrt n:
micnni
mixmictxi
mixnponi.
srorinxoni pospxynxn noinxmrt:
pospxynxn s ronpnnmn onpnixmn pospxynxn non`xsni s
pnisnicm npoyxni, nnxonnnxm poir, nnnxm nocnyr.
pospxynxn s nronpnnmn onpnixmn - non`xsni s innconnmn
onpnixmn, roro s xpnrnom, mxrnom cncrmmn i cnnrom innconnx
cnxni.
srorinxoni onpni sicnmmrtcx snxxn cniymunm srorinxonnm
pospxynxm:
nnrixnnmn opyunnxmn;
nnrixnnmn nnmormn-opyunnxmn;
uxmn;
xpnrnnmn;
nxcnxmn;
inxconnmn opyunnxmn.
*.+##4 !0 #$2
coni onpni ninpncmcrn non`xsni xx s npnnxrrxm, rx i s nnum rorinxn.
opxox nnnx xconnx onpni prnmnrycrtcx i nomnpmcrtcx n nci
ninpncmcrn nsnxno ni opm nncnocri.
ci ninpncmcrn, xxi mmrt norouni pxynxn n nxy, soon`xsni cm rm
spirrn cno xomrn. rpnmynrn rorinxy s nncnoro pxynxy ninpncmcrn
moxyrt n spoirny nnry, mrpintn soxounnx, n nipxxnnx r n
srntnorocnopctxi nnrprn .
10
rpnmnnx rorinxn s norounoro pxynxy sicnmcrtcx s nnxopncrnnxm
rpomonoro uxy. nnncymun rpomonn ux, ninpncmcrno rnm cm c
posnopxxnnx nxy nnrn nnonnonxni ocoi ssnuny n uxoni cymy
rorinxn. pn oopmnnni ux n onycxmrtcx ni xxi nnnpnnnnx.
ospxynxn rorinxom ninpncmcrnmn ncix nnin ixntnocri r opm
nncnocri nponoxrtcx s oopmnnnxm rxnx oxymnrin:
norxon nxnn;
npnyrxonn i nnrxonn xconn opp;
xconn o ronpnn ux;
xnnrnni;
oronip xyninni-npoxy;
xrn npo sxyninnm ronpin o nnxonnnx poir.
opmn norxono nxnno, nnnx xnnr onixy npnnnx r npoxy
ronpin (poir, nocnyr), nopxox x snonnnnx, rxox cncrmy onixy nnx
onpni nnsnuc pxnn norxon minicrpnix.
cim ninpncmcrnm, xxi mmrt pxynxn n ycrnonx nxin i sicnmmrt
xconi onpni s rorinxom, ncrnonnmmrtcx nimirn snnmxy rorinxn n xci. H
nimir ncrnonnmcrtcx nxinctxom ycrnonom s ypxynnnxm pxnmy i cnnnixn
poorn ninpncmcrn, nicrni oro ni ycrnonn nxy, ni posmipin xconnx
ooporin, ycrnonnnnx crpoxin i nopxxy npnnnx rorinxn n nx.
inpncmcrno mc npno rpnmrn n cnox xcx rorinxy rintxn n mxx
nimirin, xxi moxyrt yrn nprnxnyri n norxsi poxy.
ci nxoxnnx i nnu rorinxn n nnionntni nnmri ninpncmcrn
pccrpymrt y xconi xnnsi.
nncn o xcono xnnrn nponoxrtcx xcnpom nicnx opxnnx o nnui
rpom s xoxnnm npnyrxonnm xconnm oppom i nnrxonnm oxymnrom.
Bonno nnpnxinni poouoro nx xcnp nnnonrt snnmox rpom y xci n
ncrynn uncno i npc o yxrnrpi xx snir. onrpont s npnnntnnm nnnxm
xcono xnnrn noxncrtcx n rononnoro yxrnrp ninpncmcrn.
xoxnomy ninpncmcrni y ncrnonnni xpinnnxom crpoxn ( n pim
onoro psy n xnprn) npononrtcx pnisix xcn. nnmox rorinxn n xci
snipxcrtcx s nnmn onixy s xconom xnnrom.
pnipxn xcono ncnnnninn sicnmmrtcx oprnmn pxnno
norxono minicrpni, pxnno xonrpontno-pnisino cnyxn, innconnmn
oprnmn r ycrnonmn nxin.
inonintnicrt s orpnmnnx xcono ncnnnninn noxncrtcx n
xpinnnxin ninpncmcrn, rononnnx yxrnrpin, xpinnnxin innconnx cnyx i
xcnpin.
*., !(!0 0'! 4! 10 !4
y`cxrn ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri nx spirnnx xomrin i sicnnnx
ncix nnin nxinctxnx onpni nixpnnmrt pxynxn n nxx n nncnn nnip i
s sroom nnx nxin.
11
oxn ninpncmcrno mox nixpnnrn n i intm norounnx pxynxin y
nnionntni nnmri r pxynxn n inosmni nnmri.
ixpnnmun pxynxn ninpncmcrny, ycrnon nxy noniomnxc npo n
norxonn oprn s micnm pccrpni nncnnx pxynx r nionntnn nx
nporxrom rptox poounx nin is nx nixpnrrx pxynxy. npni s pxynxmn
sicnmmrtcx rintxn nicnx orpnmnnx noniomnnnx ni norxonoro oprny npo
nsxrrx nnx pxynxin n onix.
nxnnocri nox norounnx pxynxin y nnionntni nnmri nncnnx
pxynxin nporxrom rptox poounx nin is nx nixpnrrx o sxpnrrx xoxnoro
ncrynnoro pxynx nnsnuc onn is nnx xx ocnonnn i noniomnxc oro nomp
norxonomy oprny s micnm pccrpni r nxm, n xxnx nixpnro orxoni
pxynxn n nnionntni r pxynxn n inosmnnx nnmrx. cnom upry, nxn, mo
n nnx nixpnro orxoni pxynxn n nnionntni r pxynxn n inosmnnx nnmrx,
rxox nporxrom rptox poounx nin noniomnxmrt npo n nx, n xxomy nixpnro
ocnonnn pxynox.
inpncmcrn r xni nioxpmnni niposinn moxyrt mrn rxi pxynxn n
nnionntni nnmri:
norouni pxynxn, mo nixpnnmrtcx nx spirnnx rpomonnx xomrin r
sicnnnx ncix nnin nxinctxnx onpni;
mxrni , mo nixpnnmrtcx ninpncmcrnmn, xxnm nninxmrtcx xomrn
s pxynox pxnnoro o micnnoro mxrin nx nintonoro x nnxopncrnnx;
xpnrni, mo nixpnnmrtcx n yt-xxi ycrnoni nxy, xorp mc npno
nnnrn xpnrn;
nosnrni, mo nixpnnmrtcx mix nncnnxom pxynx r ycrnonom nx
n nnsnunn crpox.
nx nixpnrrx norounnx pxynxin ninpncmcrn nomrt ycrnonm nxin
rxi oxymnrn:
sxny n nixpnrrx pxynxy;
xonim cnionrn npo pxnny pccrpnim;
xonim crryry, scniuny norpintno un oprnmn pccrpni;
xonim oxymnr, mo nirnpxyc nsxrrx ninpncmcrn n norxonn
onix;
xprxy si spsxmn ninncin oci, xxnm nno npno posnopxxnnx
pxynxom r ninncy pospxynxonnx oxymnrin si spsxom ninrx nurxn
ninpncmcrn;
xonim oxymnr npo pccrpnim n oprnx ncinoro ony xpnn.
nxinctxi pxynxn n inosmni nnmri noinxmrtcx n:
norouni pxynxn nixpnnmrtcx ninpncmcrny nx nponnnx pospxynxin
y srorinxoni r rorinxoni inosmni nnmri y psi sicnnnx norounnx
onpni;
posnointui pxynxn npnsnuni nx nonpntoro spxynnnx xomrin y
inosmni nnmri;
12
xpnrni pxynxn npnsnuni nx onixy xpnrin, nnnx cnocoom
onnrn pospxynxonnx oxymnrin un cnocoom npxsy xpnrnnx xomrin n
norounn pxynox nosnuntnnx ninonino o ymon xpnrno yron;
nosnrni (nxnni).
13
# *
#7!0 0'!
#"

*.& pnnnnnn oprnisni srorinxonnx pospxynxin.

*.* ospxynox nnrixnnmn opyunnxmn.
*.+ ospxynox nnrixnnmn nnmormn-opyunnxmn.
*., ospxynox uxmn.
*.- xcntn opm pospxynxy.
*.9 ospxynox xpnrnnmn.
."
/#'"
*.&$ 7$1 #7!0 0'!
xrnnn ynxnionynnnx xonomixn n ninomy i n ninpncmcrni snunom
mipom snxnrt ni oprnisni pospxynxin.
pnnnnnn oprnisni:
ninpncmcrn oon`xsxono nonnnni spirrn rpomoni xomrn n pxynxx
n ycrnonx nxy;
ninpncmcrnm nno npno nnopy ycrnonn nxy nx nixpnrrx
pxynxin ycix nnin;
ninpncmcrno cmocrino nnnpc opmy pospxynxy i sxpinnnnx x y
cnox oronopx r yrox;
xomrn s pospxynxy ninpncmcrn cnncymrtcx s posnopxxnnxm oro
nncnnx;
norouni pxynxn ninpncmcrn nixpnnmrtcx rintxn npn ymoni
noniomnnnx npo n norxonnx oprnin;
momnr sicnnnx nnrxy mc yrn mxcnmntno nnnxnnm o ucy
ninnrxnnx ronpin, nnxonnnx poir, nnnx nocnyr;
nnrxi sicnmmrt n mxx snnmxy xomrin n pxynxx nnrnnx o n
mxx nnoro nxinctxoro xpnry;
pospxynxn mix cy`cxrmn ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri moxyrt
sicnmnrncx rorinxom. pn ntomy nocruntnnx orpnmynu xomrin nonnnn
cymy orpnmno rorinxn nponcrn ups xcony xnnry i nonpnyrn n nonnomy
ocxsi n cni pxynox y nx.
*.*0'! 3: ';#4
nrixn opyunnx nnctmon opyunnx nncnnx pxynxy nppxynrn
ninoniny cymy is cnoro pxynx n pxynox orpnmynu xomrin.
14
nrixn opyunnx scroconycrtcx n pospxynxx moo micnnnx, rxox
mixmictxnx nocrnox s ronpn, poorn i nocnyrn. onn ssnuymrt
mxcnmntn nnnxnnx crpoxin orpnmnnx ronpno-mrpintnnx ninnocr i
sicnnnx nnrxy, npncxopmmrt oprnnx oopornnx xomrin; snoirmrt
nnnnxnnnm xpnropctxo sopronnocri noxynnin.
ospxynxn nnrixnnmn opyunnxmn sicnmmrtcx rxox s nronpnnmn
onpnixmn (nnrxi n mxr, o nintonnx pxnnnx onin, nnrxi
xpnropctxnx ycrnon i r..).
*.+0'! 3: 7<';#4
nrixn nnmor-opyunnx xominonnn pospxynxonn oxymnr, xxn
cxncrtcx s nox ucrnn. pxnx ucrnn nnmor ninpncmcrn-nocruntnnx
o ninpncmcrn-noxynnx cnnrnrn npricrt ronpy, poir, nocnyr. nxnx ucrnn
opyunnx noxynnx ( nnrnnx rpomonnx xomrin) nxy, xxn oro ocnyronyc,
npxsrn nnxny cymy xomrin s oro pxynxy n pxynox nocruntnnx. H
pospxynxonn oxymnr snonnmc nocruntnnx (orpnmynu rpomonnx xomrin) i
nnpnnxc noxynnni ( nnrnnx xomrin). oxynnt, xxmo nin sron onnrnrn
ronp, snonnmc nnxnm ucrnny ntoro oxymnr i nnpnnxc oro y cni nx nx
npxsy xnnronno cymn n pospxynxonn pxynox nocruntnnx.
ospxynxoni nnrixni nnmorn-opyunnx moxyrt yrn s xnnrom o s
xnnry. nrnnxn mmrt npno nonnicrm nimonnrnct ni xnnry nnrixno
nnmorn-opyunnx, xxmo ronpn n yno smonnno o ninnrxno n
nnoroxny pcy, xpim roro, xonn ronpn nocrnnno s nopymnnxm crpoxy ,
xonn ronpn nopoxxicni, nxomnnxrni o xonn nnoroxno niny ronpy.
crxon nimon ni xnnry nnrixno nnmorn-opyunnx moxnnn roi, xonn
nopx is smonnnnmn ronpmn ninnrxno i orxoni ronpn, xonn
oxymnrntno ncrnonnn nxnnicrt nopoxxicnoro o n yxomnnxronno
ucrnnn ronpy, y psi snnmnnx nin o pnmrnunnx nomnnox y ronpnnx
rpncnoprnnx oxymnrnixx.
ospxynox nnrixnnmn nnmormn-opyunnxmn scroconymrt npnxno n
mixmictxnx pospxynxx s ninnrxni ronpno-mrpintni ninnocri, nnxonnni
poorn i nnni nocnyrn.
cnonom nimonn ni xnnry mox yrn nopymnnx ymon xonrpxry. po
nimony ni xnnry nnrnnx soon`xsnn y ncrnonnnn rpmin noniomnrn nx
i nocruntnnx, ssnunnmn.
*.,0'! ;#!
x nnctmon posnopxxnnx cnocmy nxy cnnrnrn si cnoro pxynxy
np`xnnnxy ux ninoniny rpomony cymy.
pospxynxx mix ninpncmcrnmn scroconymrtcx pospxynxoni uxn.
ospxynxonn ux oxymnr crnprno opmn s opyunnxm uxonnx
cnocmy nxy npxsrn xomrn n pxynox np`xnnnx ux. ospxynxonn ux
snonnmc nnrnnx, ux npcrtcx nnrnnxom ninpncmcrny snocpnto ni
15
uc sicnnnx rocnopctxo onpni. orpnmynu nnrxy noc y cni nx ux
nx onnrn.
nx orpnmnnx rorinxn s pxynxin y nxinctxnx ycrnonx nnxopncronymrt
rpomoni uxn (nx nnnnrn spnnr, npmi, nnnropo, nninin, xomrn n
nipxxnnx, n rocnopctxi nnrprn).
xon opm pospxynxin norpyc ni nxinctxo ycrnonn orpnmynrncx
ninoninnx npnnn i nx soon`xsnn ynnnnrncx n ocronipnocri ux (opm,
rpmin i, nicyrnicrt nnnpnnnt, ninoninoro ninncy).
xon opm pospxynxin mc nnni npnrn np inmnmn opmmn, rx xx
xpxrpnsycrtcx ninocnom mnnxicrm pospxynxin, mo cnpnxc smnmnnm
xpnropctxo sopronnocri.
*.-#!#3( ) 0'!'
xcntn opm pospxynxy pospxynox mix nocruntnnxom
(orpnmynum xomrin) i noxynnm (nnrnnxom xomrin) s nicrpouxom nnrxy, xxn
oopmnxcrtcx nxcnm.
xcnt nnctmon symonn soon`xsnnx, opron posnncx crnprno
opmn, mo c npno nncnnxy nnmrrn cnnrn y nnsnuni n nxcni cymn ni
ocon, xx nnn nxcnt y ninoninn crpox i y ninoninomy micni.
*.90'! !#
xpnrnn n pospxynxonn oxymnr is opyunnxm onic xpnrno
ycrnonn inmi sicnnrn s pxynox cnnintno s nononnnx xomrin onnry
ronpno-rpncnoprnnx oxymnrin s ninnrxnn ronp.
cnyc xintx nnin xpnrnnin.
oxpnrn n rxn xpnrnn, xxn npuc nonpnc nonynnnx
xomrin. ntomy psi nx nnrnnx (nx-mirnr) cnncyc xomrn s pospxynxonoro
pxynxy nnrnnx i npxsyc ni xomrn y nx nocruntnnx (nx-nnxonnnt) n
oxpmn nnconn pxynox ,xpnrnn.
noxpnrn n xpnrnn, xonn nnrxi nocruntnnxy rpnryc nx.
rxomy psi nnrnnx snprcrtcx o cnoro nxy s xnonornnxm nncrnnrn nx
ntoro rpnronnn xpnrnn.
isnnnn - n xpnrnn, xxn mox yrn sminnn o nyntonnn
nxom-mirnrom n nnmory noxynnx s nonpntoro noroxnnx s
nocruntnnxom.
snisnnnn - n xpnrnn, xxn n moxn sminnrn o nynmnrn s
sron nocruntnnx, n xopncrt xorporo yno nixpnro xpnrnn.
3( 4"
16
# +
56 0:#4
#"

+.& xn i xpxrpncrnx rpomonnx nxoxnt ninpncmcrn.

+.* npyux ni pnisni npoyxni, poir r nocnyr.
+.+ npyux ni inmo pnisni.
+., pomoni nxoxnnx ni inncono-inncrnnino ixntnocri.
+.- oxon ni nospnisninnx onpni. cnrnynnnx is mxry.
+.9 osnoin nnpyuxn ni pnisni npoyxni, poir r nocnyr.
."
/#'"
+.&!3 0!#! 760 0:#(
nxnnnimom croponom ixntnocri ninpncmcrn c ssnunnx
rpomonnx nxoxnt,xxi norpini nx nimxoynnnx nnrpr nnponnnrn r
oiry, cnocucnoro nnxonnnx innconnx soon`xsnt np pxnom,nxmn r
inmnmn cy`cxrmn rocnopmnnnx, opmynnnx oxoin i npnyrxy
ninpncmcrn.
xpnmn rpomoni nxoxnnx noinxmrtcx n:
nnyrpimni
sonnimni
o nnyrpimnix xpn ninocxrtcx nxoxnnx xomrin, mo moinisymrtcx
n innconomy pnnxy.
nyrpimni rpomoni nxoxnnx noinxmrtcx n rpynn:
1.nnpyux ni pnisni npoyxni, poir r nocnyr;
2.nnpyux ni inmo pnisni;
3.oxon ni inncono-inncrnnino ixntnocri;
4. oxon ni nospnisninnx onpni;
5.cnrnynnnx is mxry.
pomoni nxoxnnx ninpncmcrn niirpmrt snuny pont y nponci
xpyrooiry xomrin. imxoonymun nnconni y nnponnnrno nxnnnx,
opmymun oxon i onn rpomonnx xomrin, nonn crnopmmrt xonomiuni ymonn
nx nonoro nnxny nnponnnrn i pnisni npoyxni, rxox yocxonnnnx i
posmnpnnx nncnoro ninpncmcrn.
+.*';! #3$1 '!$1= 3'7
1. npyux ni pnisni poir, nocnyr, npoyxni snxnrt ni ocnonno
ixntnocri ninpncmcrn (spno, conxmnnx i r..). nisnix npoyxni n
17
xinnn crix xpyrooiry xomrin ninpncmcrn. on cniunrt npo snpmnnx
nponcy nnponnnrn i onnnx npoyxni o cnoxnnu. osmip nnpyuxn
osmip nnpyuxn snxnrt ni:
xintxocri
xxocri
coprnmnry npoyxni.
pnisni nin i nnrixno ncnnnninn.
oxpmi nnn npoyxni pxn mox ncrnonnmnrn ixconni un
pryntonni ninn.
ixconni ninn ncrnonnmmrtcx minicrprnnno (pxnom) npnxno n
nocnyrn npmo noxinocri i n ronpn, xxi mononontno nnroronnxmrtcx
pxnom (rs, nxponprix).
ryntonni ninn ncrnonnmmrt omxnnx pinnx pnrntnocri ronpin
npmo noxinocri (xnioynouni nnpon o 15, nrxu xpuynnnx).
npn x ncrnonnnni npxonymrt coinpricrt npoyxni i
pnrntnicrt. orim npxonymrt xnnsnn sip, xxmo n nixnnsni ronpn i
npxonycrtcx .
npyux ni pnisni npoyxni n cym xomrin, xxi nimnn n pxynox
ninpncmcrn s pnisnim npoyxni. on c ocnonnnm xpnom rpomonnx
oxoin i innconnx pcypcin ninpncmcrn. npyux ni pnisni rxox c
ocnonnnm xpnom nimxoynnnx xomrin n nnponnnrno, pnisnim npoyxni i
yrnopnnx oxoin ninpncmcrn.
+.+';! 61 #3$1
o nnpyuxn ni inmo pnisni ninocxrtcx: rpomoni nxoxnnx
ninpncmcrn, xxi nonn opxymrt ni pnisni niconnx rocnopcrn,
nnorpino r nnnmxono cnponnnn, nninpnxrin r in. mrpinin, ocnonnnx
scoin, mo nnynn s nnponnnrn, nmrpintnnx xrnnin r in. mn.
pomoni nxoxnnx ni pnisni snnx r nnorpinnx ocnonnnx scoin
i mrpintnnx sncin nnsnumrtcx s ninmn x pnisni.
cnonni scon, mo ynn n xcnnyrni, pnisonymrtcx n nnxu ni ninn x
nncono nprocri s minycom moprnsninnx nipxynnt. xinnnomy
nicymxy rxi ocnonni scon i mrpinn pnisonymrtcx s oronipnnmn ninmn.
+.,56 0:#4 )<#$21 43(
omyx innconnx xpn posnnrxy ninpncmcrn y nnpxmxy
nxrnnnimoro inncrynnnx innconnx pcypcin, onpni s ninnnmn
nnpmn r in. nnrnnxmn inncono ixntnocri mmrt nxnnn snunnx nx
inncono cnyxn ninpncmcrn n pnnxonnx ymonx.
inpncmcrn orpnmymrt oxon ni rxnx nnin inncono ixntnocri:
npnnnx xni, onirni, in. ninnnx nnpin r x pnisnix
nintoni rpomoni nxnn
18
nnmrni onpni
noni nncxn r ucnxon yucrt y ixntnocri in. ninpncmcrn
nnnx nosnx (nxcntni onpni, ronpni xpnrn)
nisnnroni r opnni onpni.
xnnnnm nnpxmxom inncono ixntnocri n ymonx pnnxono xonomixn c
pnionntn nnxopncrnnx innconnx pcypcin, nomyx xrnnnoro inncrynnnx
xomrin, xxi nrnmyrt ninpncmcrny orxonnn npnyrox.pnyrxon
inncrynnnx rpomonnx xomrin sicnmcrtcx n innconomy pnnxy.
- opm onrocrpoxono opnn, xx npuc npn xopncrynnnx
mnom cy`cxrm ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri n nnrni ocnoni i n nnsnunn
yroom rpmin.
`cxrom nisnnry c mrpintni ninnocri, xxi nxoxrt o cxny ocnonnnx
scoin.
nisnnroni yroi pyrt yucrt rpn croponn :
ninpncmcrno nocruntnnx
nisnnron ipm
opnrop, xxn orpnmyc npyxom mno i xopncrycrtcx nnm
nporxrom nnsnunoro ucy.
C n nnn nisnnry:
innconn npuc nnnnry nocruntnnxy (nisnnroni ipmi)
nprocri onnnnx, xx smonnno opnropom i npuy oro n opny.
pn innconomy nisnnry, crpox opnn oro ninoninoro crpoxy
moprnsni. innconn nisnnr mc rxox nsny nisnnry s nonnom nnnnrom o s
nonnom oxynnicrm. H osnuc, mo nisnnronnt nporxrom unnnocri oronopy
nonprc coi ncm npricrt mn i orpnmyc npnyrox ni nisnnronnx onpni.
icnx sxinunnx crpoxy i oronopy, opnrop mox nnxynnrn o`cxr nisnnry s
snnmxonom npricrm o nonpnyrn oro nisnnronnm, o yxncrn nonn
xonrpxr n opny.
onprnnnn nisnnr yxncrtcx n uc mnmn s moprnsninn
npio mn.
icnx sxinunnx oronopy, o`cxr nisnnry nonprcrtcx nisnnronnm o
snony scrtcx n pny.
xnnnnm cnxrom nisnnronoro oronopy c , xx snxnrt
ni nny ocnonnnx scoin, crpoxy nisnnry r in. ymon oronopy. x npnnno
nisnnron nnr c ixconnom i nnocnrtcx onxonnmn ucrnnmn nporxrom yctoro
rpminy i oronopy.
ymonx pnnxono xnomixn psyntrrn inncono-inncrnnino ixntnocri
c nocrinnm xpnom rpomonnx oxoin i nnconoro npnyrxy ninpncmcrn.
19
+.- 0 #3$20 #$2. 7'4 >:#'
nponci inncono-rocnopctxo ixntnocri moxyrt scroconynrncx
xonomiuni cnxni o ninpncmcrn.
nycrox nnsnun sxonom o oronopom rpomon cym, xxy
on cropon nonnnn cnnrnrn in. croponi n psi nnnxonnnx o
nnnxnoro nnxonnnx soon`xsnt.
isnonnmn nycroxn c :
nnx
* mrp.
ncrnonnnn sxonom o oronopom mrp s nopymnnx crpoxin
nnxonnnx soon`xsnt, cm cnnrn nnrxin i nncxin. pxynnnx n xoxnn
nt npocrpounnx nnrxy o s nnnxonnnx in. soon`xsnt i nnsnumrtcx y
nicorxx.
rpomoni crxrnnnx, mo oro nxnc cy o minicrprnnnn
oprn y nnnxx mxx ncrnonnnnx sxonom.
o oxoin ni nospnisninnx onpni ninocxrt npnyrox mnnynnx
poxin.
nn cnrnynnnx is mxry:
orni oconnnn nn cnrnynnnx s pxnnnx i micnnnx mxrin
nx snncynnnx oxoin i nnrpr no oxpmnm nnm npoyxni nx nixnini
snrxin o crnmynmnnnx nnponnnrn nninomy.
orni moxyrt yrn y nnrnxi cnncnnx snrxin.
cycni onomor y rpomoni opmi, mo ncrtcx pxnom o
micnnnm mxrmn, rxox cnnintnnmn onmn mpnnunnm i isnunnm
ocom.
cynnnix nn rpomono onomorn micnnnm oprnm nnn, xx
cnpxmonn n inncynnnx nnnoro sxoy (nporpm, npoxrin i r. .).
+.9 3 ';! #3$1 '!$1= 3'7
nisnix npyxni i nxoxnnx nnpyuxn c snpmntnom cricm
xpyrooiry xomrin ninpncmcrn, xx mc nnnx snunnx nx nopmntno
ixntnocri.
pxynox rpomonnx nxoxnt ni pnisni npyxni:
cnnuymrtcx norxn, sopn r in. oon`xsxoni nnrxi o mxry ( ,
xnnsnn sip, nnisn mnro, norxn i sopn, xxi nxnmumrtcx n coinpricrt
npoyxni: nipxynnnx n yinnnnrno, pmonr i yrpnmnnx nromointnnx opir,
nipxynnnx n pxnnn innonninn on.).
nimxoonycrtcx npricrt cnoxnrnx n nponci nnponnnrn scoin
nnponnnrn:
* nimxoonycrtcx npricrt mrpintnnx nnrpr, mo snocpnto
non`xsni nnponnnrnom npoyxni i oymonnni rxnonoricm r oprnisnicm
nnponnnrn.
20
* nnrxi n oon`xsxon crpxynnnx mn
* nnrprn n nnnnry nicorxin s innconnmn xpnrmn opxnnmn nx
nnnynnnx nncnnx xomrin, rxox npnnnx nnponnunx onin i
nmrpintnnx xrnnin
* opmycrtcx nnonn oxo ninpncmcrn oro moxn opxrn, xxmo is
pnisonno npoyxni ninxrn norxpni nnrxi r npricrt cnoxnrnx scoin is
nnonoro oxoy:
nnnnuycrtcx ocnonn i orxon spoirn nnr nocrinnm, rnmuconnm i
csonnnm npninnnxm ninpncmcrn
nppxonymrtcx nipxynnnx n pxnn conintn crpxynnnx i
nncinn ssnunnx, o pxnnoro ony cnpnxnnx snxrocri ncnnnx
inmi nnrprn (onomor no nnpnsrnocri nncniox nnponnunx rpnm
s pimnnxm cyy, nnnnrn npninnnxm snintnnnm y sn`xsxy s poprnisnicm o
cxopounnxm mrrin ninpncmcrn.
xnm unnom, nnpyux ni pnisni poir, npoyxni r nocnyr c onnm is
nxnnnnx xpn innconnx pcypcin ninpncmcrn. npyux crnopmc xonomiuni
ymonn nx nonoro nnponnuoro nnxny. osmip i crpoxn nxoxnnx nnpyuxn npxmo
nnnnnmrt n inncon nonoxnnx i nnrocnpomoxnicrt ninpncmcrn.
3( 4"
21
# ,
'4 3 '!'
#"

,.& yrnicrt npnyrxy.

,.* nn npnyrxy r mron x opmynnnx.
,.+ yrnicrt i mron ouncnnnx pnrntnocri r nopmn npnyrxy.
,., osnoin i nnxopncrnnx npnyrxy.
."
/#'"
,.& '( '!'
c nnponnuom innconom r xonomiunom xrropicm
ronpnoro nnponnnrn, ocxintxn xpxrpnsyc nnponnui, posnointni i
xonomiuni ninocnnn, xxi cxnmrtcx n nponci nnponnnrn.
xonomiunom ocnonom, xpnom yrnopnnx npnyrxy nncrync orxonn
npoyxr, mo yrnopmcrtcx n nponci nnponnnrn.
pnyrox pnisonn npricrt orxonoro npoyxry o pnisonnn
uncrn oxo.
intxicno npnyrox c pisnnnm mix nnpyuxom ni pnisni r nnpxmmn
norxmn i nonnom coinpricrm npoyxni.
pnyrox c nicymxonnm noxsnnxom, xinnnnm psyntrrom nnponnuo-
inncono ixntnocri ninpncmcrn i snxnrt ni :
1. cpn ixntnocri
2. rnysi
3. ncrnonnnoro n pxni nopxx opmynnnx nnrpr n
nnponnnrno npoyxni
4. ouncnnnx i xntxynxni coinprocri npoyxni
5. pinnx nin
6. posnnrxy pnnxonnx ninocnn
7. opmn nncnocri.
pnyrox c o`cxrnnnom xrropicm, n oro opmynnnx nnnnnmrt
nponcn,mo niynmrtcx n pxni y cpi nnponnnrn, posnoiny i
npposnoiny i .
pnyrox c ysrntnmmunm noxsnnxom ixntnocri ninpncmcrn i
xpxrpnsyc xonomiuny xrnnnicrt.
*. '!' # 10 )'4.
xm opmynnnx uncroro npnyrxy.
pnyrox ninpncmcrn opmycrtcx s nyx ucrnn :
- npnyrox ni snnuno ixntnocri
22
- npnyrox (snrox) ni nsnnunnx noi.
pnyrox ni snnuno ixntnocri noinxmrtcx n :
1. ni onpnino ixntnocri : ocnonn ixntnicrt r inm ixntnicrt.
cnonn ixntnicrt pnisnix ocnonno npoyxni, ronpin, poir, nocnyr.
nm onpnin ixntnicrt : pnisnix oopornnx xrnnin, pnisnix inosmno
nnmrn, oxon ni onpni opnn, nrprn (oxon) ni onpni xypconnx
pisnnnt, opxnnx nni, oxon ni cnncnnx xpnropctxo sopronnocri,
nimxoynnnx pnim cnncnnx xrnnin, opxni rpnn i cycni, inmi oxon i
nnrprn.
2. innconi onpni :
- oxon (nrprn) ni inncrnni n conionni ouipni ninpncmcrn
- oxon (nrprn) ni cnintno ixntnocri
- nninn opxni
- nicorxn s onirnixmn r inmnmn ninnnmn nnpmn
- inmi oxon ni innconnx onpni.
3. i inmo snnuno ixntnocri :
- pnisnix innconnx inncrnni
- pnisnix ocnonnnx scoin
- pnisnix nmrpintnnx xrnnin
- nixninix noopornnx xrnnin
- oxi (nnrprn) ni onpni xypconnx pisnnnt
- yninx noopornnx xrnnin
- inmi oxon (nrprn) ni snnuno ixntnocri.
pnyrox (snrox) ni nsnnunnx noi cxncrtcx s :
- nnrprn ni crnxinoro nnx
- nnrprn ni rxniunnx xrcrpo i npi
- nimxoynnnx snrxin ni nsnnunnx noi
- inmi nsnnuni oxon r nnrprn.
+.'( # ;3#4 ##3( '!'.
osnuc npnyrxonicrt o oxinicrt nnponnnrn i pnisni ncic npoyxni
(poir, nocnyr) un oxpmnx nnin; oxinicrt ninpncmcrn, oprnisni, ycrnon y
ninomy xx cy`cxrin rocnopctxo ixntnocri; npnyrxonicrt pisnnx rnys
xonomixn.
nrntnicrt snocpnto non`xsn s orpnmnnxm npnyrxy. nx n
moxn ororoxnmnrn conmrnom cymom orpnmnoro npnyrxy. nrntnicrt
ninocnn noxsnnx, roro pinnt npnyrxonocri, mo nnmipmcrtcx y nicorxx.
ncnixnix noxsnnxin pnrntnocri.
nrntnicrt oxpmnx nnin npoyxni:
- npnyrox ni pnisni / coinpricrt
- npnyrox ni pnisni / coinpricrt s minycom mrpintnnx nnrpr
- npnyrox ni pnisni / npricrt s ninmn nnponnx.
nrntnicrt ninpncmcrn, oprnisni, ycrnon:
- srntnn npnyrox / nnconn npricrt
23
- npnyrox ni ocnonno onpnino ixntnocri / norouni nnrprn
(coinpricrt)
- npnyrox ni ocnonno onpnino ixntnocri / ocxr pnisonno npoyxni
s ninmn nnponnx.
nrntnicrt rnys xonomixn :
- npnyrox rnysi / nnconn npricrt
- npnyrox rnysi / norouni nnrprn
- npnyrox rnysi / ocxr pnisni.
,. 3 !4 '!'.
pnyrox c ocnonnnm xpnom posmnpnoro nirnopnnx, posnnrxy conintno
cpn r nrpomxnnx ninpncmcrn.
osnoin npnyrxy sicnmcrtcx n n rnn :
1. ntomy rni yucnnxmn posnoiny c pxn i ninpncmcrn.
ponosnni posnoiny mix nnmn nnsnucrtcx norxonom nonirnxom pxnn.
ntomy rni ninpncmcrno cnnuyc npxmi norxn o mxry : norox n smnm i
norox n npnyrox ninpncmcrn.
pim roro s sroom ninpncmcrn moxyrt crnopmnrn s pxynox npnyrxy
nnrpnisonni rpomoni onn i pspnn n pinni minicrpcrn i niomcrn, xxi
nnxopncronymrt n xonxprni sxon nporpmn n xxnx snixnnni ninpncmcrn.
2.posnoin i nnxopncrnnx npnyrxy, mo snnmnncx y posnopxxnni
ninpncmcrn. ntomy rni moxyrt crnopmnrnct no xnnm ninpncmcrn
nintoni onn :
- pspnni onn (o 5 )
- onn posnnrxy i nocxonnnnx nnponnnrn
- onn xomrin, mo cnpxmonni n conintni norpn
- onn soxounnx
- nninnn on.
inpncmcrno cmocrino nnpimyc, xxy ucrnny uncroro npnyrxy nnpnnrn o
pspnnoro ony, o ony nocxonnnnx i posnnrxy nnponnnrn r inmnx
onin, nnxoxun is xonxprnnx su posmnpnnx i posnnrxy nnponnnrn,
ninnmnnx oro xrnnnocri r nnpimnnx conintnnx nnrnt posnnrxy
ninpncmcrn.
on xomrin, mo cnpxmonni n posnnrox i nocxonnnnx nnponnnrn,
nnxopncronymrtcx n yinnnnrno nnponnunx cnopy i npnmimnt, n npnnnx
rxnixn i onnnnx, n opmynnnx ocnonnoro cr, n npnpicr nopmrnny
oopornnx xomrin n inmi onpnini nnrprn.
on xomrin, mo cnpxmonni n conintni norpn nnxopncronymrtcx n
noxpnrrx snrxin ni xcnnyrni xnrnono-xomynntnoro rocnopcrn, n
yrpnmnnx o`cxrin xyntrypn, cnopry, oxoponn sopon`x, nrxunx omxintnnx
sxnin i r. in.
osmip nipxynnt o pspnnoro ony ninpncmcrn ncrnonnmmrt s
ypxynnnxm nrrnnnoro nnnnny noronnx ymon y cintctxomy rocnopcrni,
snnxnnx pinnx xonomixn n oxpmi poxn r noxinocri nnnx ixntnocri n
ninoninomy pinni.
24
pnnnnnon snunnx n posnopxxnni uncroro npnyrxy mc ocxrnnnx
onrnmntnoro cninninomnnx mix onmn nrpomxnnx i onmn
cnoxnnnnx.
?" @8@@ @A BC @5%DE
1. yrnicrt i ocnonn oprnisni oopornnx xomrin;
2. nsnunnx norpn n oopornnx xomrx r cyrnicrt x nopmynnnx;
3. xpn opmynnnx oopornnx xomrin;
4. nsnunnx nxnnocri xrnnnocri oopornnx xomrin
&. '( 7$1 0 !6
oporni onn cnoxnnmrtcx n onomy nnponnuomy nnxni, i xnx npricrt
ninxom npnocnrtcx n npricrt nnroronnno npoyxni. pn ntomy on xnx
ucrnn n puoni opmi nxonrt y crnopnn npoyxr i nnpc ronpno opmn,
n xxi y nnxopncrno cnoxnnum. nm ucrnn rxox nonnicrm
cnoxnncrtcx n nponci nnponnnrn, n, nrpumun cnom cnoxnnny npricrt, y
puoni opmi n npoyxr npni n nxonrt (nnpnxn nnnno).
xonomiuni nirprypi icnymrt pisni nixon o nnsnunnx cyrnocri
oopornnx xomrin. xro s xonomicrin cnpomno rpxryc x xx npmrn npni,
mrpintni xrnnn, rpomi, mo npynmrt n oiry. ucrim moxn
nrpnnrn n n nnsnunnx oopornnx xomrin:
!6 F n rpomoni pcypcn, mo x nxnno n ooporni nnponnui
onn i onn oiry nx ssnunnx snppnnoro nnponnnrn r pnisni
nnroronnno npoyxni;
!6 F n xrnnn, xxi nporxrom onoro nnponnuoro nnxny o
onoro xnnpnoro poxy moxyrt yrn nprnopni n rpomi.
opornn xnirn npoxonrt rpn cri xpyrooiry: rpomony, nnponnuy
ronpny.
nnponnui cpi oopornn xnirn (ooporni xomrn) nncymrtcx n
ooporni nnponnui onn i onn oiry:
25
nc. 1. xn i posmimnnx oopornnx xomrin.
@2 !3 G !6H n xomrn, nnconni n ooporni
nnponnui onn i onn oiry nx ssnunnx snppnnocri nponcy
nnponnnrn, pnisni npoyxni r orpnmnnx npnyrxy.
!3 0 !6 n cyxynnicrt oxpmnx nmnrin oopornnx
nnponnunx onin i onin oiry.
'!' 0 !6 n nnrom nr nprocri oxpmnx crr
oopornnx nnponnunx onin i onin oiry n srntni cymi oopornnx xomrin.
rn i nnxopncrnnx oopornoro xnirny oxpmoro ninpncmcrn snxrt ni
crny xonomixn pxnn n ninomy. nocm uprom, crn xonomixn pxnn sn-
xnrt ni crny xoxnoro oxpmoro ninpncmcrn xrnnnocri nnxopncrnnx
nnm oopornoro xnirny.
@7$4 0 !6 cnpnnxc nnxxn nnnnn n
psyntrrnnnicrt i xrnnnicrt poorn ninpncmcrn, oro inncony crixicrt.
oporni xomrn ninpncmcrn xncnixymrt s rptom osnxmn:
1. %3#: '; 10 ' !'77' !6 (noinxmrtcx n ooporni
xomrn, nnconni n ooporni nnponnui onn, r ooporni xomrn, nnconni y
onn oiry);
26
@8@@ @A
oporni nnponnui onn
(cp nnponnnrn)
onn oiry
(cp oiry)
oporni xomrn y
nnponnunx
sncx
oporni xomrn y
nnponnnrni
oron npoyxnix omrn i xomrn y
pospxynxx
- cnponnn, ocnonni
mrpinn, xynonni
nninpnxrn.
onomixni
mrpinn;
- rp, nnnno,
sncni ucrnnn;
- nsnpmn
nnponnnrno;
- nninpnxrn
nncnoro
nnponnnrn;
- nnrprn
myrnix
npioin.

cxni
inn-
rxn
- xomrn n
pxynxx y nxx
i n xci
ninpncmcrn;
- xomrn n
pospxynxx.
iropctx
sopronnicrt.
opmonni ooporni xomrn
nopmonni ooporni xomrn
2. % # 3'4, npnnnnnmn oprnisni r prynmnnnx (n
nopmonni r nnopmonni);
oxinicrt posnoiny oopornnx xomrin n nopmonni nnopmonni
nnnnnnc s xonomiuno onintnocri ocxrnnnx nninmnx psyntrrin s
nmnmnx nnrpr. crnonnnnx nopmrnnin s oxpmnmn crrrxmn oopornnx
xomrin ymoxnnnnmc ssnunnx snppnno ixntnocri ninpncmcrn s ymonn
onrnmntnnx nnponnunx sncin, posmipin nsnpmnoro nnponnnrn,
snnmxin rorono npoyxni.
o 0 oopornnx xomrin nnxrt ooporni xomrn y nnponnunx
sncx, nsnpmnomy nnponnnrni r nnrprx myrnix npioin, y snnmxx
rorono npoyxni n cxnx ninpncmcrn.
#i ooporni onn nxnmumrt onn oiry s nnnxrxom rorono
npoyxni n cxni.
3. % :##3 )'4 (nncni r npnpinnxni o nnx, snyuni, inmi).
ncnixnix oopornnx xomrin mc nxnnn snunnx, ocxintxn c
moxnnnicrt ninpncmcrny nnsnunrn onrnmntnn cxn i crpyxrypy, norpy r
xpn opmynnnx oopornnx xomrin. i ntoro snunom mipom snxnrt
innconn crn ninpncmcrn.
# 7$1 oopornnx xomrin npuc:
no-npm, nnnx ninpncmcrnm cmocrinocri moo posnopxxnnx r
xpynnnx oopornnmn xomrmn, roro onprnnno cmocrinocri y nnxopncrnni
oopornnx xomrin;
no-pyr, nnsnunnx nnnono norpn n oopornnx xomrx s oxpmnmn
nmnrmn niposinmn r xntoro posmimnnx, roro pospxynox
onrnmntno xintxocri oopornnx xomrin, xx ssnunn snppnnicrt
nponcy nnponnnrn, nnxonnnx nnnonnx snnt s pnrmiuno poorn
(posponnnx nopm rpnnno i r mopiunnx nopmrnnin);
no-rprc, xopnrynnnx pospxynxonnx i unnnnx nopmrnnin s ornxy n ri
nnmorn rocnopmnnnx, mo sminmmrtcx: ocxrin nnponnnrn, nin n cnponnny
r mrpinn; nocruntnnxin i cnoxnnuin; opm scroconynnnx pospxynxin;
no-urnpr, onrnmisnim crpyxrypn xpn opmynnnx oopornnx xomrin,
mo osnuc opmynnnx oopornnx xomrin s pxynox nncnnx pcypcin i
snyunnx xomrin y posmipx, mo ssnuymrt nopmntnn innconn crn
ninpncmcrn;
no-n'xr, xonrpont s pnionntnnm posmimnnxm i nnxopncrnnxm
oopornnx xomrin, roro nocrinn nnis xrnnnocri xpyrooiry xomrin, mo
nnxopncronymrtcx, nx npncxopnnx xntoro oopory.
*. ;#4 # 0 !60
nsnunnx norpn n oopornnx xomrx c onnm s o'cxrin innconoro
nnnynnnx i niopxnnx n onixy r snirnocri. osmip oopornoro xnirny,
xxn yrnopmc cxnony norounnx xrnnin, mc ninonirn norpm i
moxnnnocrxm ninpncmcrn si crnopnnx pnisni npoyxni.
27
nnynnnx oopornnx xomrin sicnmcrtcx ninonino o xomropncin nnrpr
n nnponnnrno i nnnponnui norpn r isnc-nnny, xxn oxonnmc non'xsyc
nnponnui innconi noxsnnxn, crnopmmun nnm ymonn nx ycnimno
xompnino ixntnocri r posnnrxy ninpncmnnnrn.
;#4 # 0 !60 2>(4 ;## 10
'4. opmynnnx oopornnx xomrin npuc npxynnnx rrtox
xropin, xxi nnnnnmrt n rocnopctxy ixntnicrt ninpncmcrn.
ninpncmcrnx nnponnuo cpn o nnx nnxrt:
ymonn nocrunnx ninpncmcrn ronpno-mrpintnnmn ninnocrxmn: xintxicrt
nocruntnnxin, crpoxn nocrnxn, posmip rpnsnrnnx npri, xintxicrt
nmnynnt mrpintnnx ninnocr, opmn pospxynxin s mrpintni
ninnocri;
oprnisnix nponcy nnponnnrn: rpnnnicrt nnponnuoro nnxny, xpxrp
posnoiny nnrpr nporxrom nnponnuoro nnxny, nomnxnryp nnnymno
npoyxni;
+ ymonn pnisni npoyxni: xintxicrt cnoxnnuin rorono npoyxni, x
micnsnxoxnnx, npnsnunnx npoyxni, ymonn rpncnoprynnnx, opmn
pospxynxin s ninnrxny npoyxnim.
xmo cxn, crpyxryp i nxnnicrt oopornnx xomrin ninonirnmyrt
snnnonnomy ocxry nnponnnrn pnisni, ro ninpncmcrno orpnmynrnm
npnyrox s minimntnnmn nnrprmn.
psi snnxnnx posmipy oopornnx xomrin moxnnni npo n nocrunni
nnponnuomy nponci, smnmnnx ocxry nnponnnrn r npnyrxy, nnnnxnnnx
npocrpounnx nnrxin i sopronnocri, inmi nrrnnni xnnm n rocnopctxi
ixntnocri.
nnmox oopornnx xomrin npnsnonrt o nrpomxynnnx nmipnnx
sncin cnponnnn, mrpinin, nocnnnnx pxnmy xonomi, crnopnnx ymon nx
nnxopncrnnx oopornnx xomrin n s npnsnunnxm.
nunnx nopmynnnx oopornnx xomrin nonxrc n rxomy.
o-npm, npnnntn nnsnunnx nopmrnny oopornnx xomrin ssnuyc
snppnnicrt i snpinicrt nponcy nnponnnrn.
o-pyr, nopmynnnx oopornnx xomrin c smory xrnnno nnxopncronynrn
ooporni xomrn n xoxnomy ninpncmcrni.
o-rprc, ni npnnntno ncrnonnnoro nopmrnny oopornnx xomrin snxnrt
nnxonnnx nnny nnponnnrn, pnisni npoyxni, npnyrxy r pinnx
pnrntnocri.
o-urnpr, orpynronni nopmrnnn oopornnx xomrin cnpnxmrt sminnnnm
pxnmy xonomi, minimisni pnsnxy ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri.
nsnunnx nnnono norpn n oopornnx xomrx npuc posponnnx
nopm ninocno rpnnno i i nopmrnnin n xonxprnn npio pix (xx
snnuno), ninpiuux, xnprn. H ocxrcrtcx nponnnxm rxnx poir:
1. nsnunnx nopm sncin s crrrxmn nopmonnnx oopornnx
xomrin. opm oopornnx xomrin n ninocnn noxsnnx, xxn ouncnmcrtcx y
nxx, nicorxx un rpnnnxx. opmn y nxx moo nnponnunx sncin
pospxonymrtcx s oxpmnmn nnmn mrpintnnx ninnocr.
28
2. opm ononnoro nnrpunnx xomrin nnsnucrtcx s xomropncy nnrpr n
nnponnnrno. nsnumun ononni nnrprn nx ouncnnnx ocxrin ns-
npmnoro nnponnnrn, nnxoxrt is cymn nnrpr n nnponnnrno nnono un
ronpno npoyxni. Boo rorono npoyxni nx pospxynxy pyrt nnponnuy
coinpricrt.
3. opmrnn oopornnx xomrin s xoxnom crrrm n rpomonomy nnpsi
ncrnonnmcrtcx mnoxnnxm ononnnx nnrpr y rpomonomy nnpsi n
ninoniny nopmy sncy n nxx.
4. '!'2 , o srntn norp n oopornnx xomrx, n
ninpncmcrni ouncnmcrtcx nicymonynnnxm nopmrnnin s oxpmnmn crrrxmn.
innnn rn nopmynnnx nnsnunnx nopm r nopmrnnin s oxpmnmn
crrrxmn oopornnx xomrin nx niposinin ninpncmcrn, nnxopncronymrtcx
mrpintni ninnocri r nnroronnxcrtcx npoyxnix.
intm rpyomicrxnm i cxnnnm c posponnnx nopm sncy. opmn sncy n
nxx scroconymrtcx nporxrom xintxox poxin, xxmo cyrrcno n sminmmrtcx ymonn
nnponnnrn, nocrunnx r syry, pospxynxin.
inpncmcrnm nno npno cmocrino pospxonynrn nopmrnnn oopornnx
xomrin. inonino o ocrnonn inry inicrpin xpnn i nionntnoro
nxy xpnn ni 19 xnirnx 1993 poxy N 279 po nopmrnnn sncin ronpno-
mrpintnnx ninnocr pxnnnx ninpncmcrn i oprnisni r xpn x no-
xpnrrx inicrpcrnom xonomixn psom s inicrpcrnom inncin yxnnno
nnonn nopxox nnsnunnx nopm sncin ronpno-mrpintnnx ninnocr.
nx nciunoro xomnnxcnoro nnisy inncono-xonomiunoro crny
ninpncmcrn, ynopxxynnnx r onrnmntnoro nnxopncrnnx nnponnunx sncin
nxsom innpomnonirnxn xpnn ni 16.12.97 p. N 332 npun
nnxopncrnnx yxnnnnx rnm cmnm nxsom ronunnx mrpinin po
nopxox nnsnunnx nopmrnny nncnnx oironnx xomrin nx ninpncmcrn,
oprnisni, ycrnon ycix opm nncnocri.
npxrnni nnxopncronycrtcx # ;#4 # n oopornnx
xomrx: npxmn i xonomiunn.
# 47 0'!' npuc posponnnx orpynronnnx nopm i
nopmrnnin n xoxnomy ninpncmcrni s ypxynnnxm rrtox xropin, xxi
non'xsni s oconnnocrxmn nocrunnx, nnponnnrn r pnisni npoyxni.
H mro c smory sponrn pospxynxn innniyntnnx i cyxynnoro
nopmrnnin. o innniyntnnx nnxrt nopmrnnn oopornnx xomrin: y
nnponnunx sncx (cnponnn, ocnonni onomixni mrpinn, xynonni
nninpnxrn, nnnno, rp, sncni ucrnnn, mnoninni r mnnxosnomynni
npmrn); y nsnpmnomy nnponnnrni i nninpnxrx nncnoro nnponnnr-
n; y nnrprx myrnix npioin; y roroni npoyxni.
nponnui sncn crnopmmrtcx n ninpncmcrni nx ssnunnx
snppnnoro nponcy nnponnnrn pnisni npoyxni. cxni nnponnunx
sncin nintmy nnromy nry mmrt cnponnn, mrpinn xynonni
nninpnxrn.
opmrnn oopornnx xomrin moo nnx sncin pxomnycrtcx nnsnurn s
opmynom:
29

n
N,
nopmrnn oopornnx xomrin nx cnponnnn, mrpinin i xynonnnx
nninpnxrin, rnc. rpn;

n
ononni nnrprn cnponnnn, mrpinin, nninpnxrin, rnc. rpn;
N nopm oopornnx xomrin, nin.
crnonnnnx norpn n oopornnx xomrx npxmnm mroom npuc
nnxonnnx pospxynxin nx xoxnoro nmnr oopornnx xomrin. onn
sicnmmrtcx n rpnnnn npio i n npumrt pnronnx smin coprnmnry
npoyxni, rxnonori nnponnnrn, ymon nocrunnx r syry. ps n
ouncnnn mroom npxmoro pospxynxy nopmrnn norpyc mopiunoro xopnry-
nnnx s ypxynnnxm smin nnponnuo nporpmn i mnnxocri oopory oopornnx
xomrin. nx xopxni nnxopncronycrtcx #!;2 # 0'!'.
connnicrt nnsnunnx norpn n oopornnx xomrx xonomiunnm mroom
nonxrc n rim, mo nopmrnn n norounn pix inxrt n ni ucrnnn. o npmo
ucrnnn ninocxrt nopmrnnn oopornnx xomrin s crrrxmn, posmip xxnx npxmo
snxnrt ni ocxry nnrpr n nnponnnrno: cnponnn, ocnonni mrpinn, xy-
nonni nninpnxrn, onomixni mrpinn, rp, nsnpmn nnponnnrno r
roron npoyxnix (nnponnun nopmrnn). o pyro ucrnnn nxnmumrt ri crrri
nopmonnnx oopornnx xomrin, posmip xxnx npxmo n snxnrt ni sminn nnrpr
n nnponnnrno: sncni ucrnnn nx pmonrin ycrrxynnnx, mnoninni i
mnnxosnomynni npmrn, nnrprn myrnix npioin (nnnponnun
nopmrnn).
nx nnsnunnx nopmrnny oopornnx xomrin n nnnonn pix nnponnun
nopmrnn sintmycrtcx ninonino o rmnin spocrnnx nnponnuo nporpmn n
nnnonomy npioi.
nnponnun nopmrnn oopornnx xomrin sintmycrtcx n 50 ni
spocrnnx nnponnuo nporpmn.
rpnmn srntn cym nopmrnny smnmycrtcx n cymy xomrin, mo
nnnintnxmrtcx n psyntrri nnnonoro (npornosonnoro) npncxopnnx oopornocri
oopornnx xomrin.
niminy ni mroy npxmoro pospxynxy, xxn c ocnrt rpyomicrxnm,
xonomiunn mro n norpyc nnxonnnx cxnnnx pospxynxin.
ro npxmoro pospxynxy scroconycrtcx n nonnx ninpncmcrnx, rxox
roi, xonn rp nponnisynrn crn oopornnx xomrin nx nnxnnnnx o
nnorpinnx, nnnmxonnx, nnixninnx nnponnunx sncin, o pspnin
cxopounnx rpnnnocri nnponnuoro nnxny, o npnunn nrpomxnnx rorono
npoyxni n cxnx. xonomiunn mro pospxynxy nopmrnny oopornnx
xomrin scroconycrtcx n imunx ninpncmcrnx. xonomiunn mro onintno
rxox nnxopncronynrn n pinni rnysnnx minicrpcrn, niomcrn, nnponnunx
o'cnnt y nponci npcnxrnnnoro nnnynnnx un npornosynnnx.
+. :##3 )'4 0 !6
30
'xcynnnx xpn opmynnnx oopornnx xomrin c nxnnnom inxnxom
inncono poorn n ninpncmcrni.
ocrrnicrt rxnx xpn npnsnonrt o nocrrntoro inncynnnx
rocnopctxo ixntnocri r o innconnx ycxnnnt. romicrt nnnmox
oopornnx xomrin n ninpncmcrni cnpnunnmc crnopnnx nnopmrnnnnx sncin
ronpno-mrpintnnx ninnocr, ninonixnnx oopornnx xomrin s rocnopct-
xoro oopory, snnxnnx ninonintnocri s ninton pnionntn nnxopncrnnx
xx nncnnx, rx i nosnunnx (snyunnx) xomrin.
3 :##3 )'4 0 !6. ncnn oopornn xnirn
rro nxnrt n oprnisni xpyrooiry rpomonnx xomrin, ssnuyc mnony
onprnnny cmocrinicrt, inncony crixicrt ninpncmcrn.
inpncmcrn, mo nnoxrtcx n im, snxno ni xnix oprnisnino-npnonnx
opm crnopmmrt nncni ooporni xomrn s pxynox nonnx nncxin unnin-
scnonnnxin, nncxin inosmnnx yucnnxin (nx cnintnnx ninpncmcrn),
nxoxnt ni mici ninnnx nnpin. Hi xomrn nxnmumrtcx n crryrnn on
nonocrnopnoro ninpncmcrn.
imunx ninpncmcrnx nncnnmn xpnmn inncynnnx oopornnx
xomrin c uncrn npnyrox ninpncmcrn, nxoxnnx ni mici ninnnx nnpin,
rxox crni soon'xsnnx.
cxr xomrin, mo cnpxmonymrtcx n nononnnnx nncnnx oopornnx xomrin,
snxnrt ni ouixynnnx posmipin npnpocry nopmrnny oopornnx xomrin,
srntnoro ocxry npnyrxy, moxnnnoro ocxry snyunnx nosnuxonnx xomrin r
inmnx xropin.
o xomrin, xxi moxn npnpinnxrn o nncnnx, nnxrt 3 I44. H
xomrn nintonoro npnsnunnx, xxi n psyntrri nnno cncrmn rpomonnx
pospxynxin nocrino npynmrt y rocnopctxomy oopori ninpncmcrn, onx
omy n nnxrt. o x nnxopncrnnx s npnsnunnxm nonn n cymi minimntnoro
snnmxy c :##3 )'4 0 !6 .
3 I44 n minimntn (crix) sopronnicrt is spoirno
nnrn npninnnxm, nipxynnt n oon'xsxon pxnn nncin crpxynnnx,
n conintn crpxynnnx, pspn myrnix nnrxin, nncynnnx noxynnin
(smonnnxin). nni n yxrnrpctxomy nnci n nnoxpmnmmrtcx crni
soon'xsnnx, xx n yno pnim. n s ntoro n cni ponrn nncnonxy, mo crni
soon'xsnnx nsrni snnxnn. iu y rim, mo non mronx nnsnunnx nncnnx
oopornnx xomrin ninpncmcrn n posmxonyc crnnx i xoporxorpminonnx
soon'xsnt. iopxmrtcx nonn n posini ncnny nncy.
mrom nonnimoro snyunnx innconnx pcypcin i xxicnoro xpynnnx nnmn
ninpncmcrn mmrt smory nnnynrn crni soon'xsnnx, roro n xpno, no
cyri, c nnnonnom xpnropctxom sopronnicrm. nxno ni nny crnnx
soon'xsnt moxyrt scroconynrnct pisni mronxn xntoro pospxynxy.
noxpnrrx npnpocry nopmrnny oopornnx xomrin cni nnnynrn n ncm
cymy crnnx soon'xsnt, rintxn npnpicr n nnnonomy poni, ocxintxn sony
cymy nx npxonno n nonpni poxn.
!4 !(!0 !# 34 )'4 0 !6.
osmip oopornnx xomrin ninpncmcrn n c nocrinom nnnunnom. ym nncnnx
31
oopornnx xomrin ni uc cxnnnx innconoro nnny mopoxy yrounmcrtcx y
sn'xsxy si sminom ocxry nnponnnrn, coprnmnry npoyxni, ymon nocrunnx i
syry. pim roro, n ninpncmcrnx mox rpnnxrnct ncnocucn nxoxnnx
xomrin s ninnrxny npoyxnim, nrpomxnnx n cxni npnisonno
rorono npoyxni, ncnocucn i nnonn nnxonnnx oronipnnx soon'xsnt
nocruntnnxmn, mo nnxnnxc norpy n orxonnx xomrx.
onontnnrn nm norpy nncnnmn scomn crc npxrnuno nmoxnnnnm.
omy opmynrn ooporni xomrn rintxn s pxynox nncnnx xpn nnni
xonomiuno nonintno, o n snnxyc moxnnnocri ninpncmcrn moo
inncynnnx nncnnx nnrpr i sintmyc pnsnx nnnnxnnnx inncono
ncrintnocri.
x nonrtcx, ninpncmcrno snyuc innconi pcypcn y nnrnxi
xoporxocrpoxonnx xpnrin nxy r inmnx xpnrin, xompninoro xpnry,
xpnropctxo sopronnocri.
pnsnunnx nxinctxnx xpnrin nonxrc y inncynnni nnrpr, non'xsnnx s
npnnnxm ocnonnnx i norounnx xrnnin, is csonnnmn norpmn ninpncmcrn,
rnmuconnm sintmnnxm nnponnunx sncin, s nnnnxnnnxm (sintmnnxm)
iropctxo sopronnocri, norxonnmn nnrxmn r inmnmn soon'xsnnxmn.
pnrn nxy mrt smory oprniuno non'xsrn nci xpn oopornnx xomrin
i cnpnnxmrt xrnnnn nnnnn n pnionntn opmynnnx sncin cnponnnn,
mrpinin, rorono npoyxni r inmnx nnin mrpintnnx ninnocr.
6 :##3 )'4 0 !6. o snyunnx nnxrt
xomrn inmnx xpnropin, mo nonn nmrtcx ninpncmcrnm y nosnuxy ni
nnnn nicorox n rpmin o onoro poxy s oopmnnnxm nxcnx un inmoro
opronoro soon'xsnnx.
#!#3( n nnpocrim nnomnpnim opm xpnrnnx rpom. oro
nnnncyc opxnnx i npc xpnroponi. m xr nnui nxcnx osnuc
nprnopnnx (npxi) ronpy n rpomi. ps nxcnt pnisycrtcx
nsononnn nonnr n rpomi xx sci nnrxy. onn rxnx rpom nocrrnto,
x sminmc nxcnt.
ocnrt nomnpnom opmom snyunnx xomrin inmnx cy'cxrin
rocnopmnnnx c !#$22 !#. in nnxopncronycrtcx ninpncmcrnmn
s pxom innconnx pcypcin y noxynnx (cnoxnnu) i s nmoxnnnocri
pospxynrncx s nocruntnnxom. ntomy psi nnnnxc norp nixnnnx
nnrxin. xmo nocruntnnx noroxycrtcx n n, ro ni cnoxnnu smicrt
rpom s nocrnnny npoyxnim nin opxyc nxcnt un inm opron
soon'xsnnx.
nxopncrnnx xompninoro xpnry nyno nnnoro posnnrxy n npio
crnonnnnx pnnxono xonomixn, crnopnnx ninpncmcrn s pisnomnirnnmn
opmmn nncnocri r nnnx snuno cmocrinocri ninpncmcrnm. ninomy
oro nnxopncrnnx nosnrnnno nnnnnc n xonomixy ninpncmcrn i nponoro
rocnopcrn, ocxintxn cnpomyc pnisnim ronpin, npncxopmc oir oopornnx
xomrin i smnmyc norpy n xpnrnnx i rpomonnx pcypcx.
#(! 7( nnxnrt o nosnnnonnx snyunnx xpn
opmynnnx oopornnx xomrin. nopoxyc px nncnnx oopornnx xomrin.
32
xnnicrt xpnropctxo sopronnocri nocruntnnxm cniunrt npo yucrt y
rocnopctxomy oopori ninpncmcrn xomrin inmnx cy'cxrin rocnopmnnnx.
nxm xxyun, xpnropctx sopronnicrt n xoporxocrpoxoni
soon'xsnnx ninpncmcrn, xxi nnnnxmrt: s pospxynxmn s mxrom; s
pospxynxonnmn oxymnrmn, crpox onnrn xxnx n ncrn i xxi n cnnuno n
crpox; s nnixryponnnmn no-crnxmn-pospxynxmn nscmnnx nnmor; s
nxcnxmn, crpox onnrn xxnx n ncrn i xxi n cnnuno n crpox; s xoporxocrpo-
xonnmn xpnrmn.
pnropctx sopronnicrt c onycrnmom (nopmntnom), xxmo symonnno
unnnnm nopxxom pospxynxin. npnxn, sopronnicrt nocruntnnxm s
pospxynxonnmn oxymnrmn, rpmin onnrn xxnx n ncrn, s
nnixryponnnmn nocrnxmn. nx n ninpncmcrni mox yrn i
npocrpoun xpnropctx sopronnicrt, mo yrnopmcrtcx nncniox nopymnnx
noxynnxmn nopxxy i rpminin onnrn pospxynxonnx oxymnrin. xmo noxynnt,
nnxopncronymun n oopori nonnuni ronpno-mrpintni ninnocri, opxyc
orxoni xomrn, xxi omy n nnxrt, ro nocruntnnx smymnn snprrncx o
nosnnnonoro npposnoiny nxnnnx xomrin, o nomyxin orxonnx xpn
opmynnnx oro norounnx innconnx pcypcin.
psi xpnropctxo sopronnocri nocruntnnxm snyunnx xomrin
niyncrtcx y ronpni opmi, n niminy ni nncnnx oopornnx xomrin i
nxinctxoro xpnry, xxi nncrynmrt n rpomoni opmi. osmip i rpnnnicrt
npocrpouno xpnropctxo sopronnocri snxrt ni xonxprnnx ymon
oprnisni r nnxopncrnnx oopornnx xomrin, oconnno ni posmipy r
rpnnnocri npocrpouno iropctxo sopronnocri, rononnnm xpnom
noxpnrrx xxo i c xpnropctx sopronnicrt.
i xpn opmynnnx oopornnx xomrin snunom mipom snxnrt mnnxicrt
xntoro oopory xrnnnicrt x nnxopncrnnx. nionntn opmynnnx
xpn oopornnx xomrin (nncnnx i snyunnx) cnpnnxc unmnn nosnrnnnn
nnnnn n nponc nnponnnrn, n innconi psyntrrn i innconn crn
ninpncmcrn, cnpnxc ocxrnnnm mrn s minimntno noxinnmn s nnx ymon
oopornnmn xomrmn.
,. ;#4 4 2 #)#! !4 0 !6
inonino o onoxnnx (crnpry) yxrnrpctxoro onixy 2 (() 2)
nnc 3 !6 ninpncmcrn crnonnxrt pisnnnm mix
nicymxonom cymom posiny ncnny nncy 1 ncnn xnirn s
onnnxm cymn onrocrpoxoni xpnrn nxin r nicymxom posiny xrnny
nncy.
rx, is cymn pxx 380 posiny ncnny nncy ncnn xnirn r cymn
pxx 440 onrocrpoxoni xpnrn nxin nnpxonycrtcx cym noxsnnxin
posiny xrnny ooporni xrnnn (pxox 080).
opinnxnnx nxnnocri nncnnx oopornnx xomrin s norounom norpom n nnx
c smory nnsnunrn px o nnnmox nncnnx oopornnx xomrin. ;
# 0 !60 opinnmc pisnnni cymn ncix norounnx xrnnin
33
(nicymox posiny 11 xrnny nncy, pxox 260) minyc xoporxocrpoxoni
soon'xsnnx (nicymox posiny IV ncnny nncy, pxox 620).
moxnnnicrt noxpnrn norouny norpy n oopornnx xomrx nncnnmn
scomn osnuc ncruy o ninxonnrn px nncnnx oopornnx xomrin.
H mox crrncx s nnnn cmoro ninpncmcrn, inmnx ninpncmcrn, y psyntrri
sminn ymon rocnopmnnnx, n nsxrnx o ynrn cnocucno (xx, nnpnxn,
ncnocucn inncynnnx npnpocry norpn y nncnnx oopornnx xomrx), ups
crnxin nnxo r s inmnx npnunn, soxpm: nsonintno poorn mpxrnnrono
cnyxn; nnnxonnnx nnnin npnyrxy; cnxo ninonintnocri ninpncmcrn s
opmynnnx i spxnnx nncnnx oopornnx xomrin r x nninton
nnxopncrnnx; nxnnocri snuno iropctxo sopronnocri noxynnin.
pnunnom ninxonnroro pxy nncnnx oopornnx xomrin mox yrn snun
ninnmnnx nin y psyntrri innxninnx nponcin.
nnmox nncnnx oopornnx xomrin crnopmcrtcx n psi npnnmnnx nncnnx
oopornnx xomrin non xnm norpy. in mox nnnnxrn nncniox
npnnxonnnx nnny npnyrxy, nnonnoro nncxy nnrxin o mxry;
sonnrnoro nxoxnnx (orpnmnnx) ronpno-mrpintnnx ninnocr ni
inmnx oprnisni; nnonnoro nnxopncrnnx npnyrxy n nini, npuni
innconnm nnnom.
H nnnmox mox yrn nnnpnnnm y psi npnnxonnnx nnny nnnycxy
npoyxni, npnuomy rintxn roi, xonn rmnn spocrnnx nopmrnnnnx sncin n
nnnpxmrt rmnin spocrnnx ocxry nnponnnrn.
? 9" # ##;#4 #4 0
.
1. yrnicrt ocnonnnx scoin r x nirnopnnx.
2. noc i moprnsnix ocnonnnx onin.
3. ron npxynnnx moprnsni.
4. oxsnnxn crny r xrnnnocri nnxopncrnnx ocnonnnx scoin.
5. yrnicrt i cxn xnirntnnx nxnnt.
6. xpn inncynnnx xnirntnnx nxnnt.
xon xpnn 'po onorxynnnx npnyrxy ninpncmcrn ni 28.12.94p., n
pxni ni 22.05.97 si sminmn i ononnnnxmn 24.12.02p. N349 V
rrrx 8 'moprnsnix
onoxnnx (crnprn) yx. onixy 7.
&. '( 0 10 #4.
innmnnx xrnnnocri nnxopncrnnx ocnonnnx scoin ninpncmcrn c
onnm s ocnonnnx nnrnt n cyucnnx ymonx romy, mo ni nnpimnnx nic nponmn
snxnrt innconn crn ninpncmcrn r xonxypnrocnpomoxnicrt oro
npoyxni n pnnxy.
34
cnonni scon n mrpintni ninnocri, mo nnxopncronymrtcx y
nnponnui ixntnocri ninpncmcrn non onoro xnnpnoro poxy c nourxy
nnnnx x n xcnnyrni.
irnopnnx ocnonnnx nnponnunx scoin n nponc snppnnoro x
nononnnnx. ospisnxmrt:
1) npocr nirnopnnx sicnmcrtcx n romy cmomy ocxsi, xonn
niyncrtcx smin oxpmnx snomnnx ucrnn ocnonnnx onin o smin
crporo ycrrxynnnx n nnoriun, roro roi xonn nocrino
ninonnmcrtcx nonpnx nnponnu noryxnicrt.
2) osmnpn nirnopnnx npuc xintxicn r xxicn sintmnnx
imunx ocnonnnx onin, xxi ssnuymrt nnmn pinnt npoyxrnnnocri
ycrrxynnnx.
ponc nirnopnnx ocnonnnx nnponnunx scoin mc xpxrpni osnxn:
1.cnonni nnponnui scon nocrynono npnocxrt cnom npricrt n npricrt
nnponno npoyxni;
2. nponci nirnopnnx ocnonnnx nnponnunx scoin onoucno
niyncrtcx pyx nprocri ocnonnnx scoin;
3.pxynnnx moprnsninnx nipxynnt sicnmcrtcx nrpomxnnxm n
rpomoni opmi, ucrxono npncno nprocri ocnonnnx nnponnunx scoin n
rorony npoyxnim;
4. cnonni nnponnui scon nononnmmrtcx n nrypntni opmi nporxrom
rpnnnoro ucy, mo crnopmc moxnnnicrt mnnpynrn xomrmn moprnsninoro
ony.
nponci rocnopctxo ixntnocri xpyrooir ocnonnnx nnponnunx scoin
npoxonrt rpn cri:
1.iyncrtcx npoyxrnnn nnxopncrnnx ocnonnnx nnponnunx scoin r
npxynnnx moprnsninnx nipxynnt. ni cri n nponci xcnnyrni
snomymrtcx ocnonni scon i npxonycrtcx cym snocy.
2.iyncrtcx nprnopnnx ucrnnn ocnonnnx nnponnunx scoin, xxi
npynnn n npoyxrnnni opmi n rpomoni xomrn ups npxynnnx
moprnsni;
3. nponci nnponnnrn niyncrtcx nononnnnx cnoxnnuo nprocri ucrnnn
ocnonnnx nnponnunx scoin.
con nnponnnrn snpxx i npmrn npni.
nxno ni nintonoro npnsnunnx ocnonni onn noinxmrt:
- ocnonni nnponnui onn (c/r npnsnunnx, nnponnnrno n c/r
npnsnunnx, roprinnx, yinnnnrno, rpomctx xpuynnnx);
- ocnonni nnnponnui onn (oicn, xonropn).
rino s onoxnnxm (crnprom) yx. onixy 7 o ocnonnnx scoin ninocxrt
mrpintni xrnnn, xxi ninpncmcrno yrpnmyc s mrom nnxopncrnnx x n nponci
nnponnnrn o nocrunnx ronpin i nocnyr, nnnx n opny inmnm ocom o
nx sicnnnx minicrprnnnnx i con.-xyntr. ynxni, ouixynnn crpox
xopncnoro nnxopncrnnx (xcnnyrni) xxnx intm poxy.
i rpminom 'cnonni onn cni posymirn mrpintni ninnocri. Bo
npnsnumrtcx nnrnnxom norxy nx nnxopncrnnx y rocnopctxi ixntnocri
35
nnrnnx norxy nporxrom npioy, xxn npnnmyc 365 xnnpnnx nin s rn
nnnnx n xcnnyrnim rxnx mrpintnnx ninnocr, r npricrt xxnx
nocrynono smnmycrtcx y sn`xsxy s isnunnm o mopntnnm snocom.
rino smin ni 24.12.2002p. n xoni xpnn 'po onorxynnnx npnyrxy
ninpncmcrn s 01.01.2004p. nci ocnonni onn noinxmrtcx n uornpn rpynn.
cnonni onn ninxrmrt posnoiny s rxnmn rpynmn:
1 rpyn. yinni, cnopyn, x crpyxrypni xomnonnrn r npnntni npncrpo,
n romy uncni xnni ynnxn r x ucrnnn, npricrt xnirntnoro noninmnnx smni;
2 rpyn. nromointnn rpncnopr r nysnn (sncni ucrnnn) o ntoro, mni,
noyroni nxrponni, onrnuni, nxrpomxniuni npnnn r incrpymnrn, inm
xonropctx (oicn) onnnnx, ycrrxynnnx r npnnx o nnx;
3 rpyn. - yt-xxi inmi ocnonni onn, n nxnmuni o rpyn 1, 2 i 4;
4 rpyn. nxrponno-ouncnmnntni mmnnn, inmi mmnnn nx nromrnunoro
oponnnx inopmni, x nporpmn ssnunnx, non`xsni s nnmn scon
sunrynnnx o pyxy inopmni, inmi inopmnini cncrmn, rnonn (y romy
uncni crintnnxoni), mixpoonn i pni, npricrt xxnx npnnmyc npricrt
mnoninnnx ronpin (npmrin).
nponci nnponnnrn ocnonni onn snomymrtcx isnuno i crpimrt
mopntno. rynint isnunoro sncy ocnonnnx onin nnsnucrtcx pinnm
npxynnnx moprnsni.
*. % $4 0 )
3. connno nxnnn snunnx n mxnismi nirnopnnx ocnonnnx scoin mc
moprnsnix, ocxintxn non, s onoro oxy, c nmnrom nnponnunx nnrpr, mo
nxnmucrtcx n coinpricrt npoyxni, s inmoro c xpnom xomrin nx
pnonni (ninonnnnx ocnonnoro scoy n xxicno noni ocnoni). H nxnnnn
nxint ynpnninnx nponcom nirnopnnx.
moprnsnix n nponc nocrynonoro npncnnx nprocri nnponnunx onin
i nmrpintnnx xrnnin s npxynnnxm nnrpr n x npnnnx, s nnroronnnnx
o noninmnnx srino s nopmmn moprnsninnx nipxynnt, ncrnonnnnx
sxononcrnom, n npoyxnim, mo nnroronnxcrtcx s x onomorom. xnm unnom,
moprnsnix c xonomiunnm snocom, xxn nnpxnn n rpomoni opmi.
rino smin ni 24.12.2002p. n xoni xpnn 'po onorxynnnx npnyrxy
ninpncmcrn norxon minicrpnix c rx nnsnunnx moprnsni: 'i
rpminom moprnsnix ocnonnnx onin i nmrpintnnx xrnnin cni posymirn
nocrynon nincnnx nnrpr n x npnnnx. nnroronnnnx o noninmnnx, n
smnmnnx cxopnronnoro npnyrxy nnrnnx norxy y mxx nopm
moprnsninnx nipxynnt.
moprnsni ninxrmrt nnrprn n :
- npnnnx ocnonnnx onin r nmrpintnnx xrnnin nx nncnoro
nnponnuoro nnxopncrnnx, nxnmumun nnrprn n npnnnx nnminno
xyon r npnnnx, sxnnnx i nnpomynnnx rropiunnx ncxnt
o nourxy nnoonomnnx;
36
- cmocrin nnroronnnnx ocnonnnx onin nx nncnnx nnponnunx
norp, nxnmumun nnrprn, xxi ynn snxri n nnroronnnnx rxnx
ocnonnnx onin;
- nponnnx ncix nnin pmonry, pxoncrpyxni, mopnisni r inmnx nnin
noninmnnx ocnonnnx onin;
- xnirntni noninmnnx smni, n non`xsni s yinnnnrnom, cm: ipnrnix,
ocymnnx, srunnx r inmi noini xnirntni noninmnnx smni.
ninxrmrt moprnsni r nonnicrm ninocxrtcx o cxny nnonnx
nnrpr snirnoro npioy nnrprn n :
1. pnnnx i niroinnm npoyxrnnno xyon
2. npomynnnx rropiunnx ncxnt
3. pnnnx ocnonnnx onin o nmrpintnnx xrnnin s mrom x
nontmoro npoxy inmnm ocom.
ninxrmrt moprnsni i nponoxrtcx s pxynox ninoninnx xpn
inncynnnx :
1. nrprn mxrin n yinnnnrno r yrpnmnnx cnopy
nroycrpom r xnnnx ynnxin, npnnnx i spxnnx iniorunnx i
xrnnnnx onin.
2. nrprn mxrin n yrpnmnnx nromointnnx opir srntnoro
xopncrynnnx.
nrprn n npnnnx i spxnnx nnionntnoro pxinnoro ony xpnn,
rxox iniorunoro ony, mo opmycrtcx r yrpnmycrtcx s pxynox mxrin r
pxinnnx onin.
+. # 0'4 $1
moprnsnix ocnonnnx scoin (xpim inmnx noopornnx mrpintnnx xrnnin)
npxonycrtcx srino () N7 is scrocynnnxm rxnx mroin:
1) pxmonininoro, s xxnm piun cym moprnsni nnsnucrtcx innnxm
nprocri, xx moprnsycrtcx, n ouixynnn npio ucy nnxopncrnnx
o`cxr ocnonnnx scoin
2) mnmnnx snnmxono nprocri, s xxnm piun cym moprnsni
nnsnucrtcx xx oyrox snnmxono nprocri o`cxr n nourox snirnoro
poxy o npnicno nprocri n ry nourxy npxynnnx moprnsni (y
nicorxx) ouncnmcrtcx xx pisnnnx mix onnnnm r psyntrrom xopnx
crynnx xintxocri poxin xopncnoro nnxopncrnnx o`cxr s psyntrry
niinnnx nixninino nprocri o`cxr n oro npnicny npricrt.
3) pncxopnoro smnmnnx snnmxono nprocri, s xxnm piun cym
moprnsni nnsnucrtcx xx oyrox snnmxono nprocri o`cxr n
nourox snirnoro poxy o npnicno nprocri n ry nourxy npxynnnx
moprnsni r piuno nopmn moprnsni, xx ouncnmcrtcx nnxoxun si
crpoxy xopncnoro nnxopncrnnx o`cxr, i nonomcrtcx.
4) ymynxrnnnoro, s xxnm piun cym moprnsni nnsnucrtcx xx oyrox
nprocri, xx moprnsycrtcx. r xymynxrnnnoro xoinicnry. ymynxrnnnn
xoinicnr pospxonycrtcx innnxm xintxocri poxin, mo snnmmrtcx o
37
xinnx ouixynnoro crpoxy nnxopncrnnx o`cxr ocnonnnx scoin, n cymy
uncn poxin oro xopncnoro nnxopncrnnx.
5) nponnuoro, s xxnm micxun cym moprnsni nnsnucrtcx xx oyrox
xrnunoro micxunoro ocxry npoyxni (poir, nocnyr) r nnponnuo
crnxn moprnsni. nponnu crnx moprnsni pospxonycrtcx
innnxm nprocri, xx moprnsycrtcx, n srntnn ocxr npoyxni (poir,
nocnyr), xxn ninpncmcrno ouixyc nnponrn (nnxonrn) is nnxopncrnnxm
o`cxr ocnonnnx scoin.
inpncmcrno nonnnno scroconynrn nopmn i mron npxynnnx moprnsni
ocnonnnx scoin, npuni norxonnm sxononcrnom. nomy nnnxy
nopmn moprnsni ncrnonnmmrtcx y nicorxx o nncono nprocri xoxno s
rpyn ocnonnnx onin n nourox snirnoro (norxonoro) npioy n rxomy posmipi
(n pospxynxy n norxonn xnprn)
pix yno
p. 1 2 8 1) 1,25 5
p. 2 10 40 2) 6,25 25
p. 3 6 24 3) 3,75 15
p. 15 60
(im ninnmnnx nopm moprnsni synnnno n 2004p. nx ocnonnnx onin rp.
1-3, xpim i nnx nopm o moprnsni nnrpr, sicnnnx nicnx 1 ciunx 2004p.)
osmip moprnsninnx nipxynnt snxnrt ni nncono nprocri ocnonnnx
scoin i nopm rxnx nipxynnt, rxox ni mroin x npxynnnx. pxynnnx
moprnsni npononrtcx momicxuno.
inonino o unnnoro sxononcrn cy`cxrom ninpncmnnntxo ixntnocri
npononycrtcx xx sy nx npxynnnx moprnsni scroconynrn snnmxony
npricrt ocnonnnx nnponnunx scoin, cxopnronny n cymy xnirntnoro
pmonry non cymn nincni n nnrprn nnponnnrn s nonpnxom n inxc
innxni.
nrnnx norxy mox npnnxrn pimnnx npo scrocynnnx inmnx nopm
moprnsni, mo n npnnmyc nopmn moprnsni ncrnonnni sxononcrnom.
snun pimnnx:
- npnmcrtcx nnrnnxom norxy o nourxy snirnoro norxonoro poxy r
n mox yrn sminn nporxrom rxoro poxy;
- ononrtcx o niom norxonoro oprny psom is nonnxm xnpni s
npmn xnprn rxoro snirnoro norxonoro poxy.
inonino o norxonoro sxononcrn, ninpncmcrn ncix opm nncnocri
mmrt npno scroconynrn mopiuny inxcnim nncono nprocri rpyn
ocnonnnx onin r nmrpintnnx xrnnin n xoinicnr inxcni (i), xxn
nnsnucrtcx s opmynom:
oinicnr inxcni (i) (nxc innxni poxy 10) / 100
xmo snunnx (i) n npnnmyc onnnni (10), inxcnix n npononrtcx.
,. !! ' #)#! !4 0 .
o ocnonnnx noxsnnxin, mo xpxrpnsymrt ssnunicrt r xrnnnicrt
nnxopncrnnx ocnonnnx onin, nnxrt:
38
onoospocnicrt n ninomnnx nncono nprocri ocnonnnx nnponnunx
onin o cpntoonixono uncntnocri npninnnxin.
onossnunicrt ninomnnx nncono nprocri ocnonnnx nnponnunx
onin o nprocri nnponno npoyxni.
ononiu n ninomnnx nprocri nnponno npoyxni o nncono
nprocri nnponnunx onin.
oinicnr snocy nnponnunx onin n ninomnnx cymn snocy ocnonnnx
nnponnunx onin o nncono nprocri ocnonnnx nnponnunx onin.
oinicnr npnrnocri ocnonnnx nnponnunx onin ninomnnx snnmxono
nprocri ocnonnnx onin o nncono nprocri nnponnunx onin (o
xoinicnr snocy).
oinicnr ononnnnx ocnonnnx nnponnunx onin ninomnnx nprocri
nnnnx ocnonnnx onin s snirnn npio o nprocri ocnonnnx onin n
xinnt poxy.
oinicnr nnyrrx ocnonnnx nnponnunx onin n ninomnnx nprocri
nnnnnx ocnonnnx onin s snirnn npio o nprocri ocnonnnx onin n
nourox poxy.
nrntnicrt ocnonnnx nnponnunx onin n ninomnnx uncroro npnyrxy
o nncono nprocri ocnonnnx onin n xinnt snirnoro npioy, nnpxn y
nicorxx.

-. '( !3 !3(0 !3#(
nirntni nxnnnx n nnrprn n crnopnnx nonnx pxoncrpyxni i
rxniun npospocnnx imunx ocnonnnx scoin. onomorom xnirntnnx
nxnnt sicnmcrtcx xx npocr rx i posmnpn nirnopnnx ocnonnnx scoin.
nx nnsnunnx posmipy xnirntnnx nxnnt n ninpncmcrni cxncrtcx
mxr xnirntnnx nnrpr, roro pospxynox snnnonnnx nnrpr n xnirntni
nxnnnx.
mxr xnirntnnx nnrpr nxnmuc rxi ni :
1. pnicny npricrt ycix ocnonnnx scoin n nourox nnnonoro
npioy.
2. xnnicrt n nnxopncrnnx moprnsninnx nipxynnt n
nourox nnnonoro npioy.
3. ym moprnsninnx nipxynnt, xx y npxonn nporxrom
nnnonoro npioy.
4. picnronnn nipxynox nprocri ycrrxynnnx, xxn ninxrc
smini o npoxy nporxrom nnnonoro npioy.
5. nsnucrtcx opicnronn cym moprnsninnx nipxynnt n
npnnnx ocnonnnx scoin nporxrom nnnonoro npioy.
6. nsnucrtcx npricrt ocnonnnx scoin r cym moprnsninnx
nipxynnt, xx y n ninpncmcrni n xinnt nnnonoro npioy.
nxinnmn npymonmn pospoxn mxry xnirntnnx nxnnt c :
1. nnpnn nnn pnisni inncrnninoro npoxry
39
2. mxrni sxnxn n nnxonnnx oxpmnx nnin poir i npnnnx
mrpinin, mxnismin, ycrrxynnnx, posponnnx nnxonnnxmn oxpmnx
ynxnionntnnx noxin npoxry
3. rntn crprrix inncynnnx inncrnninoro npoxry
4. onpni rpix noroxy inncrnninnx nnrpr, cxnnn n rni
pospoxn isnc-nnny npoxry
5. innconn crn inncropin npoxry.
mxr xnirntnnx nxnnt nxnmuc cnixymui posinn :
1. nirntni nxnnnx
2. inncynnnx o nxoxnnx nnrpr.
9.:##3 4! )'4 !3(0 !3#(
rpyxryp xpn inncynnnx xnirntnnx nxnnt ninpncmcrn
snxnrt ni rrtox xropin, soxpm :ni onorxynnnx oxoin ninpncmcrn;
rmnin spocrnnx pnisni ronpno npoyxni r xnto crintnocri; crpyxrypn
xrnnin ninpncmcrn; crny pnnxy xnirny; romo.
npnnxrnimnm nx ninpncmcrn c xomnnxcnn nixi o nnopy xpn
inncynnnx xnirntnnx nxnnt. oi ocnonnom npymonom nnsnunnx
onrnmntno crpyxrypn rxnx xpn mox yrn rntnn nnis :
o-npm, moxnnnoro ocxry nnyrpimnix xpn inncynnnx
xnirntnnx nxnnt;
o-pyr, moxnnnoro ocxry snyunnx orxonnx xomrin,
non`xsnoro is noopoxunnxm xnirntnnx nnrpr.
xpn inncynnnx xnirntnnx nxnnt:
1) ncni innconi pcypcn:
- xomrn scnonnnxin ninpncmcrn;
- npnyrox ninpncmcrn;
- moprnsnini nipxynnnx;
- xomrn ni npoxy nncnoro mn;
- xomrn ni snnnx nncnoro mn ninpncmcrn n opny, scrny;
- nnxopncrnnx nnyrpimnix pcypcin y yinnnnrni.
2) Hnrpnisonni innconi pcypcn:
- xomrn pxnnoro mxry r micnnnx mxrin;
- xomrn pxnnnx mxrnnx onin;
- xomrn nroinnx onin.
3) nyuni r nosnuni innconi pcypcn:
- onrocrpoxoni xpnr xompninnx nxin;
- xomrn ni mici r pnisni ninnnx nnpin;
- inosmni inncrnni.
inonino o unnnoro sxononcrn xpnmn inncynnnx xnirntnnx
nxnnt moxyrt yrn :
1. ncni innconi pcypcn;
2. osnuni innconi pcypcn;
3. omrn, orpnmni ni npoxy ninnnx nnpin, nncxn unnin
rpyonnx xonxrnnin;
40
4. omrn pxnnoro mxry r micnnnx mxrin;
5. omrn inosmnnx inncropin.
ncni innconi pcypcn nxnmumrt nncxn scnonnnxin ninpncmcrn,
moprnsnini nipxynnnx; npnyrox, xxn nnxopncronycrtcx y nnrnxi scoin,
pspnin y nponci rocnopctxo ixntnocri.
ym moprnsninnx nipxynnt, mo cnpxmonycrtcx n xnirntni
nxnnnx, snxnrt ni nncono nprocri ocnonnnx scoin, nopm
moprnsninnx nipxynnt, crpyxrypn ocnonnnx nnponnunx scoin. ym
npnyrxy, mo nnxopncronycrtcx n xnirntni nxnnnx, snxnrt ni posmipy
npnyrxy, xxn snnmcrtcx n posnopxxnni ninpncmcrn.
onn xnirntn yinnnnrno sicnmcrtcx rocnopctxnm cnocoom, y
ninpncmcrn yrnopmmrtcx cnnniuni xpn inncynnnx, xxi moinisymrtcx n
nponci yinnnnrn.
oinisnix nnyrpimnix pcypcin y yinnnnrni c xpnom inncynnnx
xnirntnnx nxnnt roi, xonn n nponci yinnnnrn cxopouycrtcx norp n
oopornnx xomrx n nnnonn npio.
ym moinisni (immoinisni ) nnyrpimnix pcypcin () nnsnucrtcx s
opmynom :
( ) (1 2)
ouixynn nxnnicrt oopornnx xrnnin y xnirntnomy yinnnnrni n
nourox nnnonoro npioy;
nnnon norp n oopornnx xomrx n xinnt nnnonoro npioy;
1 nxnnicrt xpnropctxo sopronnocri n nourox nnnonoro npioy;
2 npxin xpnropctx sopronnicrt n xinnt nnnonoro npioy.
xmo psyntrr y si snxom , n cniunrt npo moinisnim
nnyrpimnix pcypcin. nx , n immoinisnix oopornnx xomrin. rxomy psi
noxin snyunnx oopornnx xomrin.
opxox inncynnnx xnirntnnx nxnnt snxnrt ni cnocoy
nponnnx xnirntnnx poir.
nipxnoro cnocoy yinnnnrno o`cxrin sicnmcrtcx ninoninnmn
nipxnnmn oprnisnixmn.
ipxn oprnisnix onpc norpin ycrrxynnnx, smonnxc oro, monryc,
nnxonyc yinntni poorn i sc o`cxr. monnnx nc npoxrny oxymnrnim,
xynyc i ocrnnxc n yony ycrrxynnnx, xoncrpyxni r rni.
inonintnicrt s o`cxr yinnnnrn noxncrtcx n rnpntnoro
nipxunx, xxn nnxonyc ocnonni yinntni poorn.
inpncmcrno-smonnnx i nipxunx yxnmrt oronip n yinnnnrno is
ssnunnxm: opmn pospxynxin; oronipno nprocri yinnnnrn; o`cxrin
yinnnnrn is nxsinxom n nxnnicrt npoxry xomropncy nx xoxnoro o`cxr;
xpn inncynnnx yinnnnrn r inmnx noxinnx nnx.
inncynnnx yinnnnrn pospxynxn srino s oronopom moxyrt mrn
opmy nnconnnx nnrxin s nnxonni nmnrn poir o sicnmnrncx nicnx
snpmnnx poir n o`cxri yinnnnrn.
ocnopctxn cnoci yinnnnrn scroconycrtcx s yinnnnrn nnnnxnx
o`cxrin, pxoncrpyxni r posmnpnnx imunx ninpncmcrn. ocnopctxn cnoci
41
nipisnxcrtcx ni nipxnoro rnm, mo ninpncmcrno cmocrino, nncnnmn cnnmn
sicnmc yinntno-monrxni poorn, roro o`cnyc ynxni i smonnnx, i
nipxunx. icnx snpmnnx yinnnnrn ninpncmcrno nnsnuc innnrpny
npricrt xoxnoro nnnoro n xcnnyrnim nmnr n cxni o`cxr yinnnnrn.
? J" @5%DE 8K@5@ ?E

1. oxinicrt r ynxni xpnry

2. pnnnnnn xpnrynnnx
3. cnonni nnn xpnry
4. `cxrn xoporxocrpoxonoro xpnrynnnx. nnynnnx xpnry
5. pnrnn oronip
6. nu r normnnx xpnry

&. #0( )'!$1 !#'
pnr-n nosnx y rpomoni o nrypntni opmi, xx ncrtcx n
ymonx nonpnnnx i cnnrom nicorxin s xopncrynnnx onicm isnunom un
mpnnunom ocoom inmnm.
`cxrnnn noxinicrt xpnry n ymonx pnnxono xonomixn
symonnmcrtcx sxonomipnicrm xpyrooiry ocnonnoro r oopornoro xnirny y
nponci posmnpnoro nirnopnnx.
yrnicrt xpnry npoxnnxcrtcx ups oro ynxni :
1. pposnoin rpomonnx xomrin s mrom nintm xrnnnoro
x nnxopncrnnx
2. mimnnx nxnnnx rpom n nnrixnomy oopori
3. icnnnx xonrponm s nintonnm nnxopncrnnxm xomrin
2.pnnnnnn xpnrynnnx
pnrynnnx sicnmcrtcx n ocnoni rxnx npnnnnnin :
1. pnnnnn crpoxonocri, n osnuc, mo nosnx mc yrn nonpnn
nosnuntnnxy, xpnropy y nonpnto ncrnonnni crpoxn
2. pnnnnn nintonoro npnsnunnx nxnnnx nosnxonnx xomrin
y xonxprno-rocnopctxn nponc
3. pnnnnn ssnunocri mc mry sxncry inrpcin nxy i
nonymnnx snrxin npn nnonpnnni opry nncniox
nnnrocnpomoxnocri nosnuntnnx
4. pnnnnn nnrnocri xpnr ncrtcx s nnry(ni nponnr)
+.@ !#'
8!(!2 !# n rpomon nosnx, mo ncrtcx nxmn r inmnmn
xpnrnnmn ycrnonmn, ynxnionymunm ninpncmcrnm i ninpncmnxm.
npnsnunnxm i xpxrpom nnxopncrnnx nxinctxnx xpnrin nninxmrt:
osnxn roprono-npomncnonnm ninpncmcrnm
42
osnxn ni npyxomicrt
intctxorocnopctxi nosnxn
pnr ni ninni nnpn
pnr ni nxcntni soon`xsnnx
ixnxinctxn xpnr
! 7 3
#$22 xpnr n xpnr, xxn ncrtcx cnoxnnuy,
nocruntnnxm npoyxni y nnrnxi ronpin o rpom. pn nnni ronpin,
xpnr oopmnmcrtcx nxcnm xx scrnn opron soon`xsnnx noxynnx.
ntomy nxsycrtcx cym nosnunnx xomrin i nnr s xpnr. rpoxn nnrxy i inmi
ymonn ysroxni croponmn.
!2 !# n xpnr, mo ncrtcx innconnm oprnmn n
ocnoni xpnrno yron yxnno ninpncmcrnom s norxonom minicrpnicm nx
cnnrn norxin n npnyrox.
:;2 !# n xpnr, mo ncrtcx ncnnnm y nnrnxi
nicrpounnx nnrxy s ronpn onrocrpoxonoro xopncrynnnx.
#:2 !# n cyxynnicrt xpnrnnx ninocnn mix nosnuntnnxom
n ocoi pxnn r ninpncmnxmn i ncnnnxm xx oro xpnropmn. cnonnnmn
opmmn pxnnoro xpnry + pxnni omni cprnixrn, xsnuctxi
soon`xsnnx, onirni, smn r rpomono-puoni norp. ps ni opmn pxn
moinisyc rpomoni xomrn mpnnunnx i isnunnx oci n ymonx nonpnnnx i
nnrnocri i nnxopncronyc x n noxpnrrx pxnnnx nnrpr.
cnonn mc xpnrin ncrtcx ni ssnunnx, mo c onnm is ocnonnnx
npnnnnnin xpnrynnnx.
opmn ssnunnx soon`xsnt no xpnry moxyrt yrn:
1. crnx mn nosnuntnnxm.
2. pnrix o nopyunrntcrno.
3. pycrynx n xopncrt nxy xonrpxrin, nnmor i pxynx
nosnuntnnx rpri ocoi.
4. oronip crpxynnnx s nnormnnx sopronnocri no nosnni.
5. Bnxxoni i ronpni oxymnrn, ninni nnpn r inmi rpomoni
nnmorn nosnuntnnx o rprto ocon
pnrn ynmrt rptox nnin:
1. oporxocrpoxoni (nmrtcx o onoro poxy).
2. pntocrpoxoni (nmrtcx ni onoro o rptox poxin).
3. onrocrpoxoni (nmrtcx intm rptox poxin).
4.`cxrn xoporxocrpoxonoro xpnrynnnx. nnynnnx xpnrym.
!!2 !# n xpnr, mo ncrtcx n crpox o onoro
poxy ycrnonmn nxin ninpncmcrn nx noxpnrrx nnrpr n opmynnnx
oopornnx scoin.
pxynox xoporxocrpoxonoro xpnry noxpnnmrtcx nnrprn i crnopmcrtcx
sncn ninnocr y posmipx nocrui nncnnx xomrin.
cnonn opm nnui xoporxocrpoxonoro xpnry c npxm nxinctx
xpnrynnnx. oro nnu nxmn nosnxn snocpntoro ninpncmcrnm
43
nopxxy onnrn pospxynxono-nnrixnnx oxymnrin s npnni ronpno-
mrpintni ninnocri, orpnmni nocnyrn i n onnry npni npninnnxm ocnonnoro
nny ixntnocri.
rponpomncnoni ninpncmcrn s nnmn nnnin nnponnuoro i conintnoro
posnnrxy nnsnumrt nncny norpy y xoporxocrpoxonnx xpnrx.
nnonn posmip xpnry xpxrpnsyc rpnnuno onycrnmn pinnt
nosnuxono sopronnocri ninpncmcrn, nxy n ninoniny ry.
nnynnnx norpn n nosnuxonnx oopornnx xomrx nxnmuc pospxynox
noxino cymn xpnry s ypxynnnxm snnmxy nopmonnnx ronpno-
mrpintnnx ninnocr i nnsnunnx norpn y xpnri. ym xpnry
nnsnucrtcx nx xoxnoro o`cxry xx pisnnnx mix snnnonnom npricrm
mrpintnnx ninnocr s unnnnmn ninmn i nncnnmn oopornnmn xomrmn.
nx nnsnunnx nnnonoro posmipy xpnry rponpomncnonoro ninpncmcrn
sicnmmrt pospxynox norpn y xoporxocrpoxonnx xpnrx nxy. in
cxncrtcx n nnnonn pix s posnnxom nnx n xnprntni rn s npocrmunm
nicymxom.
nnon norp y xpnri ni cyxynnn o`cxr xpnrynnnx nnsnucrtcx
cnincrnnnnxm srntno cymn nxnnt y ronpno-mrpintni ninnocri; rorony
npoyxnim;nnponnui nnrprn y pospxynxx n ninoniny ry s nxnnnmn y
rocnopcrni xpnmn x noxpnrrx; nncnnmn oopornnmn xomrmn;
xpnropctxom sopronnicrm rpomonnmn nncmn ni srorinntnnx
oprnisni.
nopmnin s:
ni piunoro sniry s mnnynn pix.
niyxrnropctxnx nncin n xnprntni rn.
ni innconoro nnny,oronip n mrpintno-rxniun
nocrounnx,rxnonoriuni xprn,oronopn n nnyrpimnto-rocnopctxypny i
inm.
5.pnrnn oronip.
pnrnn oronip nnsnuc nscmni son`xsnnx i xonomiuny
ninonintnicrt s orpnmnnx npnnnnnin xpnrynnnx nyx cropin.rpox i
xpnrnoro oronipy symonnmcrtcx oconnnocrxmn oiry oopornnx scoin
rponpomncnonnx ninpncmcrn.in mox sxnmurncx n pix un mntm.
xpnrnomy oronipi nxsycrtcx mr xpnrynnnx,ymonn,nopxox
nnnx i normnnx nosnxn, cnoci ssnunnx xpnry, nicorxoni crnxn s
xpnr, npn, oon`xsxn i ninonintnicrt cropin i inmi ymonn.
osinn xpnrnoro oronipy:
1. rntni nonoxnnx.
2. pn i oon`xsxn nosnuntnnx.
3. pn i oon`xsxn nxy.
4. inonintnicrt cropin.
5. opxox nnpimnnx cnopin.
6. pmin i oronopy.
7. Rpnnuni pcn cropin.
44
inpncmcrno mox nnmorrn ni nxy nimxoynnnx snrxin,mo nnnnxnn
nncniox nopymnnx son`xsnt moo nnnx xpnry o nnnx oro n n
nnnomy ocxsi. nnonn nnxopncrnnx xpnry ninpncmcrno nnrnrt xpnropy
nycroxy n posmipi nnrn nxy s snyuni xpnropctxi pcypcn inorpnmno,
mpni ysnirnomy npioi. icnx yxnnnx xpnropctxo yron nx nixpnnc
ninpncmcrny nosnuxonn pxynox, n xxn spxonycrtcx ninonin cym xpnry.
pnrn nmrtcx ninpncmcrnm y srorinxoni opmi mnxxom onnrn
nnrixnnx oxymnrin s nosnuxonoro pxynxy mnxxom nppxynnnx n norounn
pxynox ninpncmcrn, xxmo inmi nnpuni xpnrnnm oronopom n rorinxoni
opmi nx pospxynxy s cintctxo-rocnopctxo npoyxni.
6.nu r normnnx xpnry.
nnnxnnnx xpnrnnx ninocnn mix ninpncmcrnmn i nxmn moxnnn s
ymon:
ucnnxn xpnrno yron mmrt yrn mpnnunnmn ocomn i
ynxnionynrn n npnnnnnx xompninoro pospxynxy.
inpncmcrno mc yrn o nncnnxom mn o mrn npno n
xopncrynnnx r posnopxxnnx nnm.
oxin nxnnicrt xonomiunnx i mpnnunnx rpnri
nonpnnnx xpnry nicnx nnnoro crpoxy.
pnrop mc yrn rx cmo snixnnnn y nnui xpnry xx i
ninpncmcrno n oro orpnmnni.
ponyp orpnmnnx xpnry ninpncmcrnom npuc:
onpni npronopn.
onnx n nx sxnn i inmnx oxymnrin n orpnmnnx xpnry.
ninx nxom xompnino yron (inncrninoro npoxry
ninpncmcrn).
inncnnx xpnrnoro oronopy mix ninpncmcrnom i nxom.
nnx xpnry.
onrpont nxy s nnxonnnx ninpncmcrnom ymon
xpnrynnnx.
nnmory nxy ninpncmcrno nnc omy rxi oxymnrn:
xn npo nnnx xpnry.
oropintn scniunnx,crryr ninpncmcrn.
Rpnun scniunnx, ycrnonun oronip.
ccrpnin nocniunnx (cnionrno) o nrnr.
oronip pnn un inmi oxymnrn,moo npnonncnocri n smnm un
rnmucon xopncrynnnx smntnom inxnxom.
onrpxrn mix nponnm i noxynnm,smonnnxom inipxnnxom n
nnxonnnx yinntno-monrxnnx poir.
onix s nxy npo posmip cnnunoro crryrnoro ony, rxox
nnrxrn s norounoro i nnmrnoro pxynxy ninpncmcrn.
inncon snirnicrt (opm 1,2,3 ).
ncnonox ynropctxo opmn moo innconoro crny ninpncmcrn.
45
xnixo-xonomiun orpynrynnnx yron un npoxry.
innsix n npoxr, xxn xpnrycrtcx.
irnpxnnx minicrpcrn sonnimnto-xonomiunnx sn`xsxin xpnn
npo nxnnicrt xnorn.
irnpxnnx nxnnocri cxnctxnx npmimnt.
irnpxnnx nxnnocri nnponnunx nnom i noryxnocr.
oronip scrnn,nopyunrntcrno,rpnrix,oronip crpxynnnx (onn s
nnx oxymnrin ).
nonornnx micnnnx i pxnnnx oprnin nnn npn nnni
ninpncmcrny xpnry.
ospxynox nxnnnx rpomonnx nxoxnt.
icnx orpnmnnx oxymnrin nx:
1. nnuc opmntno i nopmntno inopmnim npo
ninpncmcrno.
2. ninmc oro inony pnyrnim i imix.
3. nnisyc xpnrocnpomoxnicrt ninpncmcrn, npononrt
nornnnn ocrxnnx oro innconoro crny i nnsnuc mipy pnsnxy.
4. nsnuc npcnxrnnn posnnrxy ninpncmcrn.
5. pnipxc nxnnicrt xpn i rpnri normnnxxpnry.
pnrocnpomoxnicrt ninpncmcrn oninmcrtcx n ocnoni cncrmn
noxsnnxin, xxi niopxmrt posmimnnx i xpn ixntnocri.nip noxsnnxin
snxnrt ni oconnnocr nnponnuo ixntnocri rnysno cnnnixn,opmn
nncnocri i inm.i uc nnisy xpnrocnpomoxnicri npxonycrtcx nxnnicrt un
nicyrnicrt y mnnynomy xpnropctxnx ninocnn ninpncmcrn s nxom,posmip i
crpoxn nnnx nosnxnm.nx sicnmc oninxy innconoro crny ninpncmcrn
np nnnxm nosnxn, n nontmomy moxnprntno.
xpni xpnrpicm oninxn innconoro crny nnsnucrtcx xoxnnm crnom
cmocrino. ucry npxonymrtcx rxi noxsnnxn:
- cxr pnisni.
- pnyrox, snrox.
- nrntnicrt.
- ixninicrt.
- pomoni noroxn.
- xn i nmix xpnropctxo,iropctxo sopronnnocri.
opxox normnnx xpnry- n cnoci normnnx ocnonno oro cymn i
npxonnnx nicorxin.pnr normmrt nonnicrm nicnx sxinunnx rpminy
xpnrno yron o nocrynono ucrnnmn. icorox npxonycrtcx n cymy
nnormnoro xpnry.
cnocoom normnnx,xpnrn ynmrt:
1. normnnxm y ninoninn rpmin
2. onrocrpoxonnm normnnxm.
xpn normnnx xpnry:
npyux ni pnisni npoyxni, xxy orpnmyc ninpncmcrno n nponci
pnisni npoxry xpnrynnnx.
46
npyux ni pnisni npoyxni nncnoro nnponnnrn nnon`xsnoro s
npoxrom xpnrynnnx.
ci inmi xomrn ni sicnnnx rocnopctxo ixntnocri.
monn normnnx xpnry:
1. Hintonoro cnpxmynnnx.
2. cxrin i rpminy nosnxin.
3. opxxy i crpoxin nxoxnnx xomrin n pxynxn
ninpncmcrn.
4. sonnocri i nnxniunocri nnponnnrn.
5. innx nnrocnpomoxnocri i ninocri mrpintnoro
ssnunnx ninpncmcrn.
6. icorox s xopncrynnnx xpnrom npxonycrtcx momicxuno n
posmipi npunoro oronopom, x cnnr sicnmcrtcx s xrnuny
xintxicrt nin xopncrynnnx nosnxom
#" @? /E C
1. micr i snnnx innconoro nnnynnnx.
2. ron innconoro nnnynnnx.
3. micr innconoro nnny i nopxox oro cxnnnx.
4. micr i snunnx onprnnnoro innconoro nnny.
&. % 4 )7 3'4
inncon nnnynnnx noxin nx ssnunnx innconnmn pcypcmn
posmnpnoro xpyrooiry nponnunx onin, ocxrnnnx nncoxo psyntrrnnnocri
rocnopctxo-inncono ixntnocri, ssnunnx nnrocnpomoxnocri i inncono
crixocri ninpncmcrn.
cyucnnx pnnxonnx ymonx ninpncmcrno posponxc nncni nnnn s mrom
ocxrnnnx nncoxo xrnnnocri rocnopmnnnx. m ups rx inncon
nnnynnnx snprcrtcx snun ynr n pnionntn i xrnnn nnxopncrnnx
nnponnunx noryxnocr ninpncmcrn, pnionntn nnxopncrnnx mrpintnnx,
rpyonnx i innconnx pcypcin ninpncmcrn.
inncon nnnynnnx opicnrycrtcx n pntn opxnnx nncnnx i
snyunnx xpn i nnsnunnx nnpxmin x nintonoro nnxopncrnnx y nnnonomy
poni. nx ntoro y nponci nnnynnnx npucrtcx xnnn nxoxnnx
rpomonnx xomrin, npnnnx ocnonnnx i oopornnx xomrin, rxox nmy
nnponnuoro xnny.
inncon nnnynnnx npononrtcx s rxnmn npnnnnnmn oprnisni:
nopinnxnnx innconnx nnrpr s oxonicrm i rpminmn x
oxynnocri;
ocxrnnnx mxcnmntno moxnnnoro pinnx pnrntnocri i
nopmn npnyrxy;
47
snncynnnx pnsnxin, nx uoro nnrprn s nncoxom innconom
nium noxino nocnynrn s inncrynnnxm xomrin y nnrprn mnm
pnrntni, n intm nini;
inncynnnx onrocrpoxonnx nnrpr nintm xonomnnmn
mromn;
mron snyunnx onrocrpoxonnx innconnx pcypcin,
nnpxmxn inncrynnnx xomrin noxino yn`xsrn s nnrocnpomoxnicrm i
nixninicrm, mo n onycrnrn nxpyrcrn ninpncmcrn.
inncon nnnynnnx n nponc nnsnunnx rntnoro ocxry innconnx
pcypcin s xpnmn opmynnnx i nnpxmxx x nprnopnnx y npoyxrnnnn
xnirn ninpncmcrn n nnnonn npio.
r innconoro nnnynnnx n ssnunnx nnponnuoro nponcy
noxinnmn xpnmn inncynnnx. inncon nnnynnnx sxnmucrtcx y
cxnnni innconnx nnnin.
cnonnnmn snnnxmn innconoro nnnynnnx c:
ssnunnx nnponnuo r inncrnnino ixntnocri
noxinnmn innconnmn pcypcmn;
nnsnunnx ocxrin rpomonnx scoin, mo ninpncmcrno mox
mrn n cnocmy posnopxxnni, rxox nnsnunnx xpn x nxoxnnx;
ncrnonnnnx pnionntnnx innconnx ninocnn s cy`cxrmn
rocnopmnnnx, pxnnnmn nnrpnisonnnmn onmn, nxmn,
crpxonnmn xomnnixmn r inmnmn xpnropmn;
nnsnunnx mnxxin xrnnnoro nxnnnx xnirny, oninx
pnionntnocri oro nnxopncrnnx;
nnxnnnnx r moinisnix pspnin, ninnmnnx npnyrxy
ninpncmcrn s pxynox pnionntnoro nnxopncrnnx mrpintnnx,
smntnnx, rpyonnx r rpomonnx pcypcin;
orpynrynnnx pnionntnnx nponopni posnoiny npnyrxy
ninpncmcrn;
orpynrynnnx r ssnunnx pntno snnconnocri
nnnonnx nnrpr i oxoin ninpncmcrn n npnnnnni cmoinncynnnx i
cmooxynnocri.
&. # )7 3'4.
nirunsnxni xonomini nintm nomnpnnm mroom c nnconn mro.
oro smicr nonxrc y romy, mo oxpim nncynnnx nicymxonnx noxsnnxin oxoin
i nnrpr ssnumrtcx xonxprni xpn noxpnrrx nx xoxno crrri
nnrpr , npn ntomy nnxopncronymrtcx pisni mron:
opmrnnnn mro nonxrc n romy, mo n ocnoni ncrnonnnnx
innconnx nopm r rxnixo-xonomiunnx nopmrnnin pospxonycrtcx norp
rocnopmmuoro cy`cxr y innconnx pcypcx r nnsnunnx xpn nnx
pcypcin. opmrnnmn c:
crnxn norxin;
crnxn rpnin, sopin, nncxin;
48
nopmn moprnsninnx nipxynnt;
nopmn oopornnx xomrin.
ospxynxono-nnirnunn mro nonxrc n romy, mo nnnoni
noxsnnxn pospxonymrtcx n nicrni nnisy xrnunnx innconnx
noxsnnxin, xxi pyrtcx s sy r inxcin x smin n nnnonomy npioi.
nrnmisnix nnnonnx pimnt nonxrc n posponi npinrin
nnnonnx pospxynxin nx roro, mo oprn nonrnmntnimi. pnrpixmn y
ntomy nnnxy moxyrt yrn:
mxcnmym npnyrxy n nxnnn xnirn;
mxcnmym spxnnx innconnx pcypcin;
minimym norounnx nnrpr;
minimntni nxnnnx xnirny npn mxcnmntno
xrnnnomy psyntrri i r..
xonomixo-mrmrnun monmnnnx. H mro c
moxnnnicrt xintxicno nnpsnrn nscmosn`xsox mix innconnmn
noxsnnxmn r xropmn, xxi x nnsnumrt.
xonomixo-mrmrnun mont n rounn mrmrnunn onnc xropin,
xxi xpxrpnsymrt crpyxrypy r sxonomipnicrt sminn noro xonomiunoro xnnm
i sicnmmrtcx s onomorom mrmrnunnx npnomin (pinnxnnx, rnnni,
rpixn).
*. % )7 3' 4! 27 !34.
innconn nnn n nnxnnnimn nmnr isnc-nnny , xxn
cxncrtcx nx orpynrynnnx xonxprnnx inncrnninnx npoxrin, rxox nx
ynpnninnx
norounom i crprriunom ixntnicrm ninpncmcrn.
innconn nnn cxncrtcx s rxnx posinin:
npornos ocxrin pnisni;
nnc rpomonnx nxoxnt r nnrpr;
cxncrtcx rnnnx oxoin r nnrpr;
npornosonnn nnc xrnnin r ncnnin ninpncmcrn;
pospxynox rouxn ssnrxonocri.
xnnnx innconoro nnny xx npnnno niyncrtcx y rpn rnn:
1.) nnis ouixynnoro nnxonnnx innconoro nnny norounoro
poxy.
2.) osrnx r nnnunnx nnponnunx noxsnnxin, yxnnnx
oronopin, xon`cxrypn ronpnoro pnnxy n nicrni xxnx pospxonymrtcx
nnnoni innconi noxsnnxn.
3.) ospox npoxry norounoro innconoro nnny.
innconn nnn cxncrtcx n pix s posnnxom no xnprnx, romy nnc
oxoin i nnrpr niopxc xinnni psyntrrn nnnonnx pospxynxin, smicr
innconnx nponcin, xpxrpnsyc myrni nxoxnnx innconnx pcypcin i
nnpxmn x nnxopncrnnx.
49
nponci innconoro nnnynnnx sicnmcrtcx xonxprn yn`xsx xoxnoro
nny nnrpr r nipxynnt s xpnom inncynnnx.
+. % ;#4 #7 )7 3'.
nnc nxoxnnx xomri cxncrtcx y nnrnxi rnnni. o nxoxnt
nxnmumrt:
nnpyux ni pnisni npoyxni (poir, nocnyr) ni ocnonno
ixntnocri;
nnpyux ni pnisni ocnonnnx onin, nmrpintnnx xrnnin;
mrpn, nni r inmi nxoxnnx ni xonomiunnx cnxni;
nxoxnnx ni pnisni ninnnx nnpin i nnmrn;
nninrn, nponnrn, npnyrxn ni ninnnx nnpin r nosnrin;
normnnx npocrpouno iropctxo sopronnocri;
xpnrn orpnmni;
nncn ni noxynnin i smonnnxin;
nxoxnnx opnn r nisinrono nnrn;
snonoporn inncon onomor;
nintoni nxoxnnx;
xomrn, mo nxoxrt nx opmynnnx crryrnoro ony;
inmi nxoxnnx;
nctoro nxoxnt
o nnrxin nxnmumrt:
nrni norpn;
spoirny nnry i npxynnnx nponnrin no spoirni nnri n
mxr;
nnrxi o mxry;
nncxn o onin;
onnr s ronpno-mrpintni ninnocri;
normnnx xpnropctxo sopronnocri;
normnnx rpminonnx nosnuox nxy;
normnnx npocrpounnx nosnuox nxy;
nnconni nnrxi;
nnrxi n nxcni opxynuin;
opnn nnr;
nnnnr nninin;
inmi nnrxn;
nctoro nnrxin.
nrixnn xnnp niopxc nct rpomonn oopor ninpncmcrn.
ntomy ixcycrtcx nci nnn rpomonnx nxoxnt r nnrxin, n snxno ni
nnpxmxin x yrnopnnx i nnnnxnnnx. in c moxnnnicrt innconnm cnyxm
ssnunrn onprnnn inncynnnx, nnxonnnx pospxynxonnx r nnrixnnx
50
soon`xsnt i c moxnnnicrt ixcynrn nnrocnpomoxnicrt i nixninicrt
ninpncmcrn.
4 ' $3 L M"
1. inncn ninpncmcrn r cpn innconnx ninocnn.
2. ynxni inncin.
3. innconi pcypcn ninpncmcrn.
4. innconn mxnism.
5. inncon poor r innconn xonrpont.
6. yrnicrt rpomonnx pospxynxin ninpncmcrn.
7. srorinxoni i rorinxoni pospxynxn.
8. ponnnx xconnx onpni.
9. nn nxinctxnx pxynxin i nopxox x nixpnrrx.
10.pnnnnnn oprnisni srorinxonnx pospxynxin.
11.ospxynox nnrixnnmn opyunnxmn.
12.ospxynox nnrixnnmn nnmormn-opyunnxmn.
13.ospxynox uxmn.
14.xcntn opm pospxynxy.
15.ospxynox xpnrnnmn.
16.xn i xpxrpncrnx rpomonnx nxoxnt ninpncmcrn.
17.npyux ni pnisni npoyxni, poir r nocnyr.
18.npyux ni inmo pnisni.
19.pomoni nxoxnnx ni inncono-inncrnnino ixntnocri.
20.oxon ni nospnisninnx onpni. cnrnynnnx is mxry.
21.osnoin nnpyuxn ni pnisni npoyxni, poir r nocnyr.
22.yrnicrt npnyrxy.
23.nn npnyrxy r mron x opmynnnx.
24.yrnicrt i mron ouncnnnx pnrntnocri r nopmn npnyrxy.
25.osnoin i nnxopncrnnx npnyrxy.
26.yrnicrt i ocnonn oprnisni oopornnx xomrin;
27.nsnunnx norpn n oopornnx xomrx r cyrnicrt x nopmynnnx;
28.xpn opmynnnx oopornnx xomrin;
29.nsnunnx nxnnocri xrnnnocri oopornnx xomrin
30.yrnicrt ocnonnnx scoin r x nirnopnnx.
31.noc i moprnsnix ocnonnnx onin.
32.ron npxynnnx moprnsni.
33.oxsnnxn crny r xrnnnocri nnxopncrnnx ocnonnnx scoin.
34.yrnicrt i cxn xnirntnnx nxnnt.
35.xpn inncynnnx xnirntnnx nxnnt.
36.oxinicrt r ynxni xpnry
37.pnnnnnn xpnrynnnx
38.cnonni nnn xpnry
39.`cxrn xoporxocrpoxonoro xpnrynnnx. nnynnnx xpnry
40.pnrnn oronip
41.nu r normnnx xpnry
51
42.micr i snnnx innconoro nnnynnnx.
43.ron innconoro nnnynnnx.
44.micr innconoro nnny i nopxox oro cxnnnx.
45.micr i snunnx onprnnnoro innconoro nnny.
46.innconn crn ninpncmcrn r mron oro oninxn.
47.nopmnin ssnunnx innconoro crny ninpncmcrn.
48.oxsnnxn oninxn innconoro crny ninpncmcrn.
49.omnnxcn oninx innconoro crny ninpncmcrn.
50.norxynnnx npnyrxy ninpncmcrn.
51.nr s smnm.
52.ixconnn cintctxorocnopctxn norox.
53.orox s nncnnxin rpncnoprnnx scoin.
54.orox n npyxom mno.
55.orox n ony npricrt r oro nnnnn n ixntnicrt ninpncmcrn.
56.nnr xnnsnoro sopy.
57.nro r oconnnocri oro cnnrn.
58.nrxi (sopn) ninpncmcrn n srntnooon`xsxon pxnn nncin i
conintn crpxynnnx.
59.icnni norxn i sopn.
60.norxynnnx cy`cxrin mnoro ninpncmnnnrn.
61.inncon cnnix ninpncmcrn, xonomiunn smicr r nopxox
nponnnx.
62.nnynnnx r inncynnnx cnni ninpncmcrn.
63.xonomixo-npnoni cnxrn cnni r nxpyrcrn ninpncmcrn.
64.pxnn inncon nirpnmx cnni ninpncmcrn.
65.inncon xpns n ninpncmcrni: cnmnromn r xropn, mo cnpnunnxmrt.
52
! #!#1 3#'
&. xon xpnn 'po yxrnrpctxn onix i inncony snirnicrt n xpni ni
16.07.99 p. N 996-XIV // yxrnrpnx 2001: nnonntnt crnprt. rncrpt
yxrnrpcxoro yur. 2001. N 5.
*. xon xpnn po srntnooon'xsxon pxnn conintn crpxynnnx n
nnnox spoirrx ni 02.03.2000p. // r-pnr. 2000. N39.
+. xon xpnn po onorxynnnx npnyrxy ninpncmcrn ni 22.05.1997p. //
iomocri pxonno n xpnn. 1997. N27.
,. xon xpnn po sip n oon'xsxon pxnn nncin crpxynnnx ni
26.06.1997p. // iomocri pxonno n xpnn. 1997. N37.
-. xon xpnn po sip n oon'xsxon conintn crpxynnnx ni
26.06.1997p. // nnntxi xonrpxrn. 1998. N18.
9. xon xpnn po ixconnn cintctxorocnopctxn norox ni
17.12.1998p. // pxonn xyp'cp. 1999. 6 ciunx. N23
J. xon xpnn po norox n ony npricrt ni 03.04.1997p. // yxrnrp.
2000. N19 (103).
N. xon xpnn po onnry npni ni 24.03.1995p. // yxrnrp. 2000.
N17(101).
O. xon xpnn po norox s oxoin isnunnx oci ni 22.05.2003p. N889-
V. nopixxx: onnrp, 2003.
&P. xs psnnr xpnn po micnni norxn i sopn ni 25.05.1999p.
//yxrnrpctxn onix i ynr. 1999. N6.
&&. xpr inry inicrpin xpnn po xnnsnn sip ni 26.12.1992p. //
nnntxi xonrpxrn. 1997. N44.
&*. nnon nonoxnnx no nnnynnnm, onixy i xntxynmnnnm coinprocri
npoyxni (poir, nocnyr) n npomncnonocri. rnpxno nocrnonom 26.04.96
p. N 473.
&+. nnon nonoxnnx no nnnynnnm, onixy i xntxynmnnnm coinprocri
npoyxni yinntno-monrxnnx poir. rnpxno nocrnonom 9.02.96 N
186.
&,. ronx nponnnx nornnnnoro nnisy inncono-rocnopctxoro
crny nnnrocnpomoxnnx ninpncmcrn r oprnisni. rnpxn rnrcrnom s
nnrnt snoirnnx nxpyrcrny ninpncmcrn //nnntxi xonrpxrn - 1997. - N 40
&-. nnon .. cnont nnnconoro mnxmnr. .: nnnct n
crrncrnx, 1999.
&9. 8'! @..= .. . 43(( "
';! < ." /(= &OON.
&J. nonnnnxn .. nnnct npmt. ., 1998.
&N. pnc , npnx . yxonocrno no onnx +xrnnnocrn nnncrnnn:
p. c nrn.-.: nrp+xcnpr, -, 1995.
53
&O. npmn ., Bmnr . 3xonomnucxn nnns nnncrnnnonntx npoxron: p.
c nrn. .: nxn n npxn, R, 1997.
*P. nnx .. cnont nnnconoro mnxmnr. .: nx-Hnrp, 3ntr,
2000.
*&. pirxm .. cnonn innconoro mnxmnry.- ., 1999.
**. oponn .. nnnct npnpnxrn. - .: R, 1999.
*+. cnnnx .. pxnni inncn xpnn: nu.nocinnx. .: nm mx.,
1997.
*,. cnnnx .. opix inncin. ipyunnx. - .: , 2000.
*-. mnxo . . rmrnx nnnconoro mnxmnr. - , pcnxrnn,
1996r.
*9. opcr . nnrnoy . 3xonomnx npmt. - .: tcmx mxon, 1994.
*J. pxon .., ouypon .. nnnconx crprrnx npnpnxrnx. //
yxrnrpcxn yur. 1995. - N7.
*N. m`xnnxo .. xpn cnnrn norxin. // xonomix . 1999. - N7.
*O. nmon .. nnncont nnns. 2- ns., npp. n on. .: s-no
yxrnrpcxn yur, 1998.
+P. onnn .. nnnct n ynpnnnnn npnpnxrnm. - .: nnnct n
crrncrnx, 2000.
+&. opoon .. inncn npomncnonoro ninpncmcrn. - .: nit, 1999.
+*. onprtcn .. xropn ssnunnx inncono crixocri ninpncmcrn. //
inncn xpnn. 1997. - N9.
++. pno . nonx crprrnx. p. c nrn. - . : 3xonomnx, 1991.
+,. onnn .. pxrnxym no nnnconomy mnxmnry: oncnxr nxnn c
sumn. .: nnnct n crrncrnx,
+-. ypxmon .. inncn: nu. nocinnx. pcon, ni-nnmc, 2002
+9. ryrin .. pnrynnnx. / opix i npxrnx: nnuntnn nocinnx. .:
nnnx, 2000p.
+J. nxor .. inncon crprrix ynpnninnx ninpncmcrnom. // inncn
xpnn. 2001. - N2.
+N. nxymon .. nnncont ntuncnnnx. opnx n npxrnx: uno-
cnpnouno nocon. .: -, 2002.
+O. nxymon .. prnnsnnx n nnncnponnn nnncrnnn: uno
nocon. .: -, 2002.
,P. opos .. nxinctxi onpni. - , , 2000p.
,&. opos ., nunxo . c npo cnnn norox. // yxrnrpix n cintctxomy
rocnopcrni. 2001. - N6.
,*. npin .. inncn (srntn ropix): nu. nocinnx. ., , 2001.
,+. nnon .. nnnct npnpnxrnx. .: nnnct, R, 1998.
,,. cryxon .. rprriun nnnynnnx n ninpncmcrni. // xonomix
xpnn. 1999. - N5.
,-. rponctx .., nnnonn .. inncn (s nmnrmn crrncrnxn inncin):
nu. nocinnx .: H, 2002.
,9. cryxon . rprriunn nixi n ynpnninni ninpncmcrnom. // xonomix
xpnn. 1999. - N5.
54
,J. nnc .. rprrix ynpnninnx innconom crixicrm ninpncmcrn. //
inncn xpnn. 1999. - N5-6.
,N. (7 .. . Q ." ?= *PP,.
,O. yrxrnn R., ymxpt . rprrnx psnnrnx npnpnxrnx. // nsnc nnopm.
1998. - N20.
-P. ymxpt ., pn . sporx crprrnn psnnrnx npnpnxrnx. // nsnc
nnopm. 1998. - N20.
-&. nrn . . opnx nnncon: u. nocon. .: nxp, 1998.
-*. mysntcon .3xonomnx. 2-x r. p. c nrn. - .: "nro" ,
1992
-+. nmnnxon .. rprrix ynpnninnx innconom crixicrm
ninpncmcrn. // inncn xpnn. 2000. - N11.
-,. opnx nnncon. u. nocon / o p.. . xn, . . ncnxo.
nncx: tm+mx mx., 1997.
--. pmnxo .. pyixnn ocni r nirunsnxn npxrnx innconoro
osoponnnnx ninpncmcrn. // inncn xpnn. 1996. - N12.
-9. omc . pmn, ntpr . xmnn. nnns nnncontx oruron. .:
np - , 1998.
-J. ono . rprrnucxo npornosnponnn crnntnocrn npnpnxrn. //
nsnc nnopm. 1997. - N4.
-N. ntmn . . cnont ptnx nponsnontx nnntx ymr. .: ,
1996.
-O. inimonnxon .. inncn ninpncmcrn: nuntnn nocinnx. -nromnp,
2000.
9P. nnncont mnxmnr / o p. .. mconon. - .: nnnct, 1999.
9&. nnncono-xpnrnt cnonpt. .: nnnct n crrncrnx, 1994.
9*. nnnct: u. nocon / o p. . . onnno. .: nnnct n
crrncrnx, 1998.
55
56