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Cycle-2

Experiment No.
Date:
Porell Governor

Aim of experiment: - Determination of characteristic curves of sleeve position against the speed
of porell governor.

Apparatus Used: - Porell Governor.

THEORY: - The function of a governor is to regulate the mean speed of an engine, when there are
variations in the load e.g. when the load on an engine increases, its speed decreases, therefore it
becomes necessary to increase the supply of working fluid. When the load on the engine decreases,
its speed increases and thus less working fluid is required. The governor automatically controls the
supply of working fluid to the engine with the varying load conditions and keeps the mean speed
within certain limits.
The governors may, broadly, be classified as
1. Centrifugal governor
2. Inertia governor
The centrifugal governors, may further be classified as follows:
1. Pendulum type (Watt governor )
2. Loaded type
(a) Dead weight governor (Porter governor and Porell governor)
(b) Spring controlled governors (Hartnell governor, Hartung governor, Wilson-Hartnell
governor and Pickering governor)
Porell Governor :- The porter governor is known as a Porell governor if the two balls (masses) are
fixed on the upward extensions of the lower links which are in the form of bent links DFB and EGC
(show in fig.).


Procedure:
1. Initially the radius of rotation of the governor, height of the governor and length of the
link are measured and are recorded.
2. The given sleeve weights are added to the sleeve through the central spindle and the auto
transformer is switched on.
3. The speed of the governor is gradually increased to get sleeve displacement.
4. At four different speed of the governor say 200, 250, 300 and 350 rpm and the
corresponding sleeve displacements are noted and tabulated.
5. The sleeve weights are removed in success and the procedure is repeated.
6. Thus the effect of sleeve weight on sleeve displacement, radius of rotation and hence the
force can be observed.

Standard Data: -
- Weight of each ball (w) = 0.38+0.38=0.76 kg.
- Height of the governor (H) = 10.0 cm
- Initial height of the governor (h)= 16.66 cm
- Length of each link (L)= 12.5 cm
- Initial radiation of rotation (r)= 12.5 cm
- Weight of Sleeve (W) = 2.0 kg.
- Weight for the sleeve = 1.020 kg. (2 Nos.)


Formulas:-
Centrifugal Force (Actual), F = w
2
r/g
Where, m = mass of each ball , kg
f
= angular velocity = ( 2N ) / 60 ( rps)
where, N = speed ( rpm )

Controlling force (F)= 1/2e {Mgf(b+c)}

Governor Speed (theoretical).N=
{(w+W)/w}*(91.2g/h)

Centrifugal Force (theo.) Fc= [w+W/2(1+k)]tan
Where
K=tan/tan
tan= r/h
Length of arms are equal to length of links.
Then tan=tan
Or k=1



Tabulation: -
OBSERVATION TABLE

Sl.No Sleeve Displacement
N(cm)
Actual Speed
N(RPM)
Height of Governor.
H(meter)
Theoretical Speed
N(RPM)
1.

2.

3.



CALCULATION TABLE
Sl.No Height.
H(m)
Radius of rotation.
(cm)
Actual Force.
F(Kg)
Theoretical Force
(Kg)
1.

2.

3.



Model Calculation:-
















Result:
Thus the characteristic curves of the proell governor are determined.






Viva Questions:
1) Explain proell governor working principle?
2) What is controlling force?
3) Explain the term power of governor?
4) Explain the term Hunting of governor?
5) Why is it that the speed ranges of a proell governor less than that of porter
governor?



Experiment No.
Date:

Position of counter balancing weight for a rotating mass system

Aim of The Experiment: - To determine experimentally the position of counter balancing weight
for a rotating mass system.
APPARATUS: Static and dynamic balancing machine.

THEORY:
A shaft is said to be statically balanced if the shaft can rest, without turning, at any angular position
in its bearings. This condition is attained when the sum of the centrifugal forces on the shaft due to
unbalanced masses is zero in any radial direction. The centrifugal force due to unbalanced mass of
weight W
i
with its center of gravity at a radial distance r
i
is proportional to W
i ri
. For a shaft to
be statically balanced, the summation of components of all such forces should be zero in any
radial direction. That is,

W
i
r
i
= 0

i
A shaft is said to be dynamically balanced when it does not vibrate in its running state. To make
a shaft dynamically balanced, it must first be statically balanced. In addition, the sum of the
moments of centrifugal forces due to the attached masses about any axis perpendicular to the
axis of the shaft must be zero. This condition is fulfilled when

W
i
r
i
l
i
= 0

i

where l
i
is the distance of the attached mass from one end of the shaft.

APPARATUS:

Static and dynamic balancing machine.

The machine consists of two frames - a small rectangular main frame and a large rectangular
support frame which stands vertically up on a platform. The shaft to be balanced is mounted in
the main frame and may be run by an electric motor attached to the lower member of the frame.
The axial distance of the masses can be measured by a scale attached to the lower member. The
position of masses is determined with the help of a protractor fitted to one end of the shaft. Four
different masses are provided which may be clamped on to the shaft at any axial and angular
positions.

PROCEDURES:

A. STATIC BALANCING

1. Clamp blocks 1 and 2 on to the shaft at given (known) angular positions and at any
convenient axial positions. The shaft becomes statically unbalanced. See figure below.
Y
W
2

W
3

u
3
r
2


r
3 u
2
r
1 W
1

u
1
X
u
4
r
4



W
4






2

2. To balance the shaft, blocks 3 and 4 are to be clamped at some angular positions which
will satisfy the following equations for static balancing;

(W
i
r
i
)
x
=

c t

( W
i
r
i
)
y
=

t t
(W
i
r
i
) cosu
i
= 0

( W
i
r
i
) sin u
i
= 0

The angular positions of blocks 3 and 4 can be found from the above equations. Knowing
the Wr-values of the four blocks, one should be able to find the unknown angles with the
help of the force polygon.

3. Clamp blocks 3 and 4 on the shaft at the determined angles.

3. They should be statically balanced. Verify that the shaft rests in its bearings at any
angular positions.
Before
Loading
After
Loading
Ball
joint
pendulum
u
unbalanced
disk


Schematic representation of the Static Balancing Machine


B. DYNAMIC BALANCING:

1. Take the main frame off from its rigid support and suspend it parallel to the support
frame with the help of three springs. Put on the motor belt.
2. Place blocks 1 and 2 at given axial and radial positions. Radial positions being calculated
earlier, axial positions of blocks 3 and 4 have to be determined for dynamic balancing
analytically be using the following equations or graphically by using the couple polygon;

(W
i
r
i
l
i
)
x
=

c t

(W
i
r
i
l
i
)
y
=

c t
(W
i
r
i
sin u
i
)L
i
= 0

(W
i
r
i
cosu
i
)L
i
= 0
Let their axial positions be indicated by L3 and L4 as required for dynamic balancing.




l
3


l
1


W
4
r
4
l
4

l
2


W
3
r
3
l
3

u
3






3. Clamp locks 3 and 4 at the calculated angular and axial positions.
4. Switch on the motor to run the shaft and verify that the shaft does not vibrate.

a
2
a
3
a
4
Reference Plane
(1)
(2) (3)
(4)
m1
m2
m3
m4
Axis Of
Rotation
u
1
u
2
u
4
u
3
e1
e2
e3
e4

General case of a 3-D system to be dynamically balanced

DISCUSSIONS:

1. While verifying the stages of balancing experimentally did you notice any deviation
from the ideal state? What were the deviations?
2. State the reasons for deviations if there were any.
3. Why dynamic balancing is so important to us?
4. Is the effect of unbalance of the shaft the same at all speeds of the shaft? If not,
what is the most dangerous speed?



Standard Data:-


Mass of 1 = 218.3 gm.
Mass of 2 = 229 gm.
Mass of 3 = 237 gm.
Mass of 4 = 218 gm.
Radius of 1,2,3,4 = 1.5cm
Angle between 2&3 = 25
Angle between 2&4 = 197
Angle between 2&1 = 188





Tabulation:-

Plane Mass (m) Angle
from
reference
line
Radius (r)
cm.
Mass
moment
(mr)
Distance
from
plane (L)
Couple
(mrl)




Model Calculation:-



















Conclusion:-
















Experiment No.
Date:
Torsional Vibration (undamped) of single rotor shaft system

Aim of experiment:- To study the free Torsional Vibration (undamped) of single rotor
shaft system.

Equipment: Shaft, two rotor disc, chuck, stop watch.

THEORY:
When the particles of the shaft or disc move in a circle about the axis of the shaft, then the
vibrations are known as torsional vibrations. The shaft is twisted and untwisted alternatively
and the torsional shear stresses are induced in the shaft. Since there is no damping in the
system these are undamped vibrations. Also there is no external force is acting on the body
after giving an initial angular displacement then the body is said to be under free or natural
vibrations. Hence the given system is an undamped free torsional vibratory system.

PROCEDURE:
1. Fix the brackets at convenient position along the lower beam.
2. Grip one end of the shaft at the bracket by chuck.
3. Fix the rotor on the other end of the shaft.
4. Twist the rotor through some angle and release.
5. Note down the time required for 10to20 oscillations.
6. Repeat the procedure for different length of the shaft.

Observation:-
Shaft diameter, d = 3 mm
Diameter of disc, D = 225 mm
Weight of the disc, W = 2.8 kg.
Modulus of rigidity for shaft, C = 0.810^6 kg. /cm
Observation Table:-

Obs. Length of Shaft L cm. No. of Oscillation
n
Time required for
n Oscillation
t secs.
Periodic time
T expt. = t/n


Calculation:-

1. Determination of Torsional stiffness Kt

Kt = (G Ip)/L
L= Length of the shaft

Ip= Polar M.I. of shaft = d^4/32

d= Shaft dia.

G= Modulus of Rigidity of the shaft = 0.8 10^6 kg/cm
2. Periodic time, T (theoretically) = 2I/Kt

I= M.I. of disc = W/g D/8
3. Periodic time, T (expt)
T = t/n

Calculation Table:-

Obs. No. Length of
Shaft
Kt T(Theo)
Secs.
T(Exp)
Secs.
F(Theo)
Cyc/sec
F(Exp)
Cyc/secs














Model Calculation:-















Result:-
FTheo = 1/TTheo FExp. = 1/TExp.











Experiment No.
Date:

Torsional Vibration (undamped) of two rotor shaft system

Aim of experiment:- To study the free Torsional Vibration (undamped) of two rotor shaft
system.

Equipment: Vibration machine, Shaft, chuck, stop watch.

Theory:
The system which requires two co-ordinates independently to describe its motion completely is
called a two degree of freedom system. The system having two degree of freedom has two natural
frequencies. The two rotor system consists of a shaft having torsional stiffness K and two rotors
having their inertias as Ii and L? at its two ends. Torsional vibration occurs only when the rotor 1 and
rotor 2 rotates in the opposite direction. If the rotor 1 and rotor 2 rotates in the same direction
then it has zero frequency. When the rotors rotate in the opposite direction then the amplitude
of vibration at the two ends will be in the opposite direction and there exists a point on the shaft
having zero amplitude is called node point.

Procedure:
1. Fix two discs to the shaft and fit the shaft in bearings.
2. Turn the disc in angular position in opposite direction by hand and release.
3. Note down the time required for particular number of oscillations.
4. Fit the cross arm to one of the disc say A and again note down the time.
5. Repeat the procedure with different equal masses attached to the ends of the cross arm
and note down the time.

Observations:-
Observation Table:-

Diameter of disc A, Big Disc = 225mm
Diameter of disc B, small Disc = 225 mm
Mass of disc A, m
A = 2.8kg
Mass of disc B, me = 1.8 kg
Mass of arm with bolts, m = 0.166 kg
Length of cross arm, R = 125 mm
Diameter of shaft, d = 3 mm
Length of shaft between rotors, L = 10.3 mm



Obs. No. No. of Oscillation n Time required for n
Oscillation
t secs.
Periodic time
T expt. = t/n






Calculation:-


1. Determination of Torsional stiffness Kt
Kt=(G*Ip)/L
L= Length of the shaft

Ip= Polar M.I. of shaft = d^4/32

d= Shaft dia

G= Modulus of Rigidity of the shaft = 0.8 10^6 kg/cm

Let, IA = M.I. of disc A
IB = M.I. of disc B
(With wts. On cross arm)

Then
IA = WA/g (DA) /8
IB = {WB/g (DB) /8} + {2W1/g R/8}
(Neglecting effect of cross arm)

Where, W1 = Wt. Attached to the cross arm
R = Radius of fixation of Wt. On the arm from the disc center

T theoretical = 2 (IA IB)/Kt (IA + IB)

T experimental = Time for n sec. / No. of oscillation n

F Exp. = 1/T Exp. F Theo. = 1/T Theo.



Model Calculation:-



























Result:-

IA IB T theo.
Sec.
F theo
Cps.
T exp.
Sec.
F exp.
Cps.
Kg
.
Cm Kg Cm



Experiment No.
Date:

Torsional Vibration of damped single rotor shaft system


Aim of the Experiment:- To study the free Torsional Vibration of damped single rotor shaft
system.

Equipment: Vibration machine, Shaft, chuck, stop watch.

Theory:-
The general arrangement for the experiment consist of a long elastic shaft gripped at the upper end
by the chuck in the bracket. The bracket is clamped to the upper beam of the main frame. A heavy
steel flywheel clamped at the lower end of the shaft suspends from the bracket. Damping drum is
fixed to the lower face of the flywheel. This drum is immersed in the oil which provides damping.
Rotor can be taken of and down for varying the depth of immersion of damping drum. Depth of
immersion can be read from the scale.

Recording drum is mounted to the upper face of the flywheel. Paper is to be wrapped around the
recording drum. Oscillation are recorded on the paper with the help of specially designed piston of
dash pot. The piston carries the attachment for fixing the sketching pen.

Procedure:-
1. Fix the bracket at convenient position along the tower beam.
2. Grip one end of the shaft at bracket by the chuck.
3. Fix other end of shaft in the rotor.
4. Twist the motor rotor to some angle and then release.
5. Note down the time for no. of oscillations.
6. Repeat the procedure for different length of shaft.

Observation Table:-

Sr. no.`` Length of
suspension
of shaft
(cms)
Depth of
immersion
(mm.)
Timet for
n
oscillation
(secs.)
No. of
Osc.
n
Periodic
time
Texpt (secs.)
t/n
Xn
cm.
Xntr.
cm.



Calculation:-

1. Torsional Stiffness Kt = G Ip / L

Where, G= modulus of rigidity of shaft = 0.8 10^6 Kg. / cm

Ip = Polar M.I. of shaft = d^4 / 32

Let,
d= shaft dia. =0.003m.

L= Length of shaft = 1.29


2. M.I. of flywheel

I= W/g D /8

W = Weight of disc = 8.9 kg.

D= Dia. Of disc = 250mm

3. Tth = 2I/Kt
T= Periodic time of oscillation in still air
4. Critical damping factor

Ctc = 4IKt

5. Logarithmic decrement = 1/r log (Xn/Xntr)

Where,
Xn = Amplitude of Vib. At the beginning of measurement to be found from record
Xntr = Amplitude of Vib. After n cycles from record.
r= No. of cycles

Model Calculation:-
























Result:-



Experiment No.
Date:
Forced Vibration system with damping load


Aim of the Experiment: - To study the Forced Vibration system with damping load.

APPARATUS:
Spring mass system, damper, exciter unit, voltage regulator and strip-chart recorder.

THEORY:
The vibration that the system executes under damping system is known as damped vibrations. In
general all the physical systems are associated with one or the other type of damping. In certain
cases amount of damping may be small in other case large. In damped vibrations there is a
reduction in amplitude over every cycle of vibration. This is due to the fact that a certain amount of
energy possessed by the vibrating system is always dissipated in overcoming frictional resistances
to the motion. The rate at which the amplitude of vibration decays depends upon the type and
amount of damping in the system. Damped vibrations can be free vibrations or forced vibrations.
Shock absorber is an example of damped vibration. Mainly the following two aspects are important
while studying damped free vibrations:
1. The frequency of damped free vibrations and
2. The rate of decay.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the exciter to D.C. motor.
2. Start the motor and allow the system to vibrate.
3. Wait for3 to 5 minutes for the amplitude to build for particular forcing frequency.
4. Adjust the position of strip-chart recorder. Take the record of amplitude Vs time on the strip-
chart.
5. Take record by changing forcing frequency.
6. Repeat the experiment for different damping. Damping can be changed adjusting the position of
the exciter.
7. Plot the graph of amplitude Vs frequency for each damping condition.

Given Data:-

Weight of the motor with disc plate and motor base = 10.5 kg.

Cross section of the beam = 25 12 mm.

Weight of the beam = 2.1 kg/m

Stiffness of the spring = 2 kg.

Observation Table:-

Sr.
No.


Number of
oscillations, n

Time required
for n
oscillations, t

Periodic
Time, T

Forcing
frequency,
f = 1/T
Amplitude,
mm






Model Calculation:-


















Result:-

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